market town civil parish district north yorkshire england lies northern end york population according census served county town north riding yorkshire north yorkshire population settlement roman times growth importance began 11th century king william gifted land bishop durham bishop authority important centre religious affairs focus conflict subsequent years english scots notably battle standard nearby saw losses men later years trade transport important surrounding area discovered large reserves brought industry easy trade routes lying main route edinburgh london important stopping point coaches travelling route eventually superseded growth railways 19th century lying centre large rural area established market town royal charter market town today continues major retail centre local area today administrative centre district county north yorkshire councils associated public sector organisations headquarters town history origins early history proximity roman road relics earliest settlement form roman military station evidence romans signal station castle hills west town imperial roman postal system path connecting wall york ran neighbouring village church set york site present saints parish church early 7th century wood survives stone church built site fragments stone found restoration work provide strong evidence saxon church believed saxon town known developed history king alfred writes site number battles king brother alfred danish kings similar number later 10th century settled fine example english period found parish church survey norman named settlement reference area identical north riding named town origin town uncertain believed derives translates farm belonging king alfred alternatively referring trees grew nearby prefix north added 12th century differentiate parish miles kilometres south position major route way brought death destruction town occasions attempt quell rebellion north area laid waste armies william town totally destroyed years later described book est est waste town destroyed scots sir james douglas following capture battle standard august english forces repelled scottish army parish north town major battle scots english norman conquest major battles civil war king stephen empress english forces summoned archbishop york gathered local militia armies yorkshire north round ship mast carrying consecrated banners peter york john durham standard bearing gave battle scottish army led king david scotland king david entered england support niece empress viewed rightful english throne king stephen stephen fighting rebel barons south scottish armies taken cumberland northumberland city royal castle finding english defensive position hill david elected force battle counting superior numbers scots repeated attacks native scots failed onslaught english losses scots subsequent attack mounted knights met initial success fell lack infantry support battle ended david reserve deserted forcing retreat english elected pursue despite great losses scots able sufficient number capture castle victory english ensured safety northern england religious importance shortly accession william gave town lands adjacent durham patronage bishops diocese grew importance episcopal residence castle built west town adjacent north bishop expanded william seized durham castle expanded hugh garrisoned group flemish soldiers act enraged king henry_ii ordered razed ground substantial fortified palace surrounded moat built site replacing traditional bailey castle palace important administrative centre bishops lands yorkshire served major residence bishops staff palace lay main road york durham regular stopping place royalty dignitaries palace fell ruin site cemetery founded demolished soon dissolution monasteries site passed people farming built site subsequently hospital takes built following development site archaeologists uncovered remains monks artefacts centre trade transport market centre area drew traders annual reduced cattle bringing cattle horses sheep scotland regularly came town original cattle market church sheep sold high street early 20th century arrival railway built close station later closed today cattle market held court golden age coaching coaching high street serving passengers horses routes north arrival railway town maintained importance communications centre line london edinburgh york newcastle passed town line linking industrial west riding port steel town served railway station railway line railway station line closed passengers march goods september wider axe despite vigorous campaign local including nearby city city today route line city relief road station stands surrounded new housing development issue remains significant local politics movements wanting restore line reports suggest reopening line railway station economically viable costing million initially attract passengers day rising mps restore railway link legal history house correction opened east road prison served different times adult prison young institution military prison prison closed quarter sessions area held town 17th century buildings including guild hall vine house eventually courthouse built east road prison complex later moved town lane remains area court poor law union system introduced established town serve parishes area building hospital north riding founded county forces formed selected headquarters operating initially premises east road earliest records pertaining school grammar school date parts old school building seen adjacent saints church near north end high street famous old boy school john founder oxford john hospital physician william orange present day today main commercial function mixture light industry commerce agricultural services regular livestock auction market production high grade headquarters north yorkshire county council county hall district council civic centre located serve parishes area rural payments agency based nearby base raf major source employment income area prison house young offenders adults north yorkshire area closed world largest governance parish ancient parish covered wide area included detached high river places separate civil parishes 19th century parish council exercised right known town council town elected local government county york north riding administrative county formed divided municipal urban districts rural districts following review local government north riding abolished administrative county district council formed merger urban district rural district rural district rural district rural district rural district non metropolitan county north yorkshire town remains responsibility north yorkshire police responsibility north yorkshire fire rescue service fire station day station operates day outside hours town sur suburb paris france parliamentary representation parliamentary borough representatives john clerk stephen elected parliament king edward reason subsequent return privilege resumed order house_of_commons town formed parliamentary borough returning members parliament following great reform act boundaries extended include neighbouring representation reduced single member constituency abolished absorbed richmond division north riding serving member richmond constituency conservative held seat succeeded party leader foreign secretary william modern times ultra safe seat conservative party having held continually richmond included yorkshire constituency elections european parliament currently members method party list proportional representation geography topography lies north york south county durham west lie range hills rises east lie north york rise proximity hills significant area west town runs river services river turn serviced willow north run town small nature focus flash flooding town village recent years climate according classification british isles experience maritime climate characterised relatively cool summers mild winters compared parts country york slightly warmer summer colder winter owing inland position sheltered west north yorkshire counties receiving average rain year mean annual daily duration bright sunshine hours minutes distinct local weather phenomena marked lee winds caused proximity leading super winds reach excess mph commonly winter spring winter presence north york allow dense persistent fog form days nearest official met office weather station west temperature extremes ranged august december new averages met office climate changed dramatically compared places average april maximum temperature compared previously average yearly temperature decreased compared previously contrast places warmer days cooler nights warmer winters summers cooler gets additional rain year hours sunshine climate generally lost characteristics drier seasonal variation compared rest recorded december temperature record according united_kingdom census town total resident population total district figure combined area square kilometres provides population density figure inhabitants square kilometre higher average population density england km2 females males works females males place birth town residents united_kingdom republic ireland european_union countries world compared average england low proportions people born outside united_kingdom ethnic minorities average numbers people years age following table outlining population change town demonstrates trend slow population growth 19th century rapid growth 20th century particular past years population doubled fall population attributed collapse coaching railways popular education primary schools secondary school technology college completing primary education children school secondary school sixth form addition adult learning courses run college schemes college runs courses learn direct centre young institute close college addition number privately run infant day care nursery schools school school roots traced far originally sited near parish church initial role train boys grammar song school flourished 17th century thomas notable alumni period include theologian george royal thomas john doctor king william orange theologian thomas school struggled 19th century closed start 20th century number pupils single figures following education act north riding education committee resolved build grammar school end new school built near road opened pupils half girls time admitted school expanded 20th century following education act school entry based plus exam fees charges abolished grammar school merged secondary modern school opened taking pupils aged grammar school ages comprehensive system adopted grammar school renamed college better reflect school role community college merged school secondary school continues operate school sites economy county town north yorkshire county hall administrative headquarters north yorkshire county council headquarters district council north yorkshire fire rescue service east road based major employers include hospital employs staff rural payments agency office centre large rural area focus agriculture businesses needs farming auction regularly holds livestock economic activity residents aged time employment time employment self employed unemployed students jobs students jobs retired looking home family permanently sick disabled economically inactive reasons average price house month period ending july compared north yorkshire national average europe largest ice cream manufacturer richmond foods headquartered nearby bar popular fruit ice transport major stopping point coach routes scotland london lay old roman road ran scotland london coaching operations declined mid 19th century railway introduced town railway station run express lies east_coast main line scotland newcastle london addition railway serves cleveland durham routes going railway reached bus service operated district runs current terminus railway bar trains run hoped eventually passenger trains connect settle railway section line near known south curve upgraded allow trains run railway station reversing main line moment limited goods engineering excursion trains north curve main roads pass town runs approximately east west town acts link trunk road bar runs approximately north south addition runs nearest major airport durham valley airport approximately north town lying east sport culture sport football town play northern league second oldest football league world formed known alliance settling current southerly based team league team played minor leagues joining northern league division formation club declared financially closed rescued local businessmen time season club actually played playing ground near county hall moving current location regency stadium outskirts brothers michael defender andy hull city defender kevin town defender started football career town rugby rugby union football club play lodge outskirts team play 3rd division yorkshire league recently formed rugby league club reached agreement rugby union club play lodge facilities cricket cricket dates recorded match played cricket club early 1860s club founder member teams north yorkshire cricket league formed later went join district senior league winning title subsequently known york senior league won championship times club moved ground adjacent county hall current location end avenue tier pavilion built cost opened match yorkshire included boycott team currently plays north yorkshire south durham cricket league fields teams currently captained fourth team wolves plays league division aquatic sports leisure centre home amateur swimming club seals water polo play competitive matches recently came league division achievement club finished high long time seals water polo newly formed team aims attract local children small fun sport media major television radio east town broadcasts bbc national radio radio bbc commercial radio stations classic heart north east capital north east local radio stations digital television channels june finally got radio station owned local radio company broadcasts frequencies town served local newspapers north yorkshire editions daily northern echo weekly times published times published press publishers local offices town arts landscape photographer joe gallery town displays photographers work runs workshops landscape photography cinema theatre cinema lyric high street opened october served theatre capacity seats fell disrepair eventually closed june building bought new life baptist church converted place worship recently forum multi use arts community centre staged number theatre productions concerts having built run district council forum taken new registered charity august mid support yorkshire project run national media museum forum host latest digital cinema projection equipment showing films weekly basis retail future developments town major found small near town centre simply food high street northern developing area retail carpet right town industrial estate business parks ceased trading announced cease trading end current lease site profitable long high street provides wide variety shops restaurants national retailers coffee outlet pizza express new look fat face occupy premises claire alongside local independent regional retailers betty lewis cooper department store opened new store january road high street arcade array independent stores cover cover independent book shop town country originals find quality furniture home interiors gifts longest serving indian restaurant town lion asia located high street lion asia indian restaurant business years business today early 1990s current owner pioneer traditional pakistani indian cuisine bring area district council plans build lots new housing north development scheme involves creating link road meaning bridge railway need built homes taylor ltd submitted planning application construction dwellings york trailers site road public services health service north yorkshire york primary care trust guides primary care services general practitioners town directly provides adult social care services community health visiting funds hospital care specialist treatments town served house surgery house surgery hospital serves local community employing staff providing beds underwent million programme refurbishment new development close ties ministry defence acts partnership provide medical care military personnel number military doctors nurses support staff employed rehabilitation centre run north yorkshire york primary care trust provides specialist support stroke victims close spring building opened modern standards delayed lack space following merger east north yorkshire ambulance service trust south yorkshire ambulance service trust west yorkshire metropolitan ambulance service trust july yorkshire ambulance service trust responsible provision statutory emergency medical services town public utilities main source non school funding formula grant paid government local authorities based services provide remainder police fire authorities set raised council tax business rates water services provided yorkshire water following consumer choice energy supplier electricity provided electric trading natural gas supplied british gas distribution electricity transmission responsibility national grid having industries regulated provides fixed enabled telephone lines trunk code operators town july businesses regulated location grid notable people john fisher vicar later chancellor university_of_cambridge bishop rochester executed king henry_viii refusing accept head church_of_england bishop rochester thomas theologian writer george religious scholar dean worcester thomas writer royal john founder oxford john hospital physician william orange general secretary born april reach summit world highest peaks widely recognised best composer conductor author riley born hull city england defender michael born november brother united defender andy born october born started football careers town swimmer jackson born september


traditionally french pronunciation dutch town major ferry port northern france department sub far largest city department largest city population metropolitan area census dover point english channel wide closest french town england white cliffs dover easily seen clear day major port ferries france england channel tunnel linked nearby rail position middle ages major port important centre transport trading england annexed edward iii england grew thriving centre wool production town came called jewel english crown owing great importance gateway tin lead lace wool trades staples territorial possession england capture france staging area napoleon troops months planned invasion united_kingdom town virtually razed ground world war strategic bombing target invading german forces took town siege world war germans built massive coast preparation launching missiles england old town proper known situated artificial island surrounded canals modern town lies south south east centre old town place stands tour watch tower structure built 13th century lighthouse new lighthouse built port south east place church notre dame built english occupancy arguably church built english perpendicular style france church french president charles married wife south place opposite town hall 16th early 17th centuries today visited million annually aside key transport hub notable fishing port centre fish marketing people employed lace industry town famed history early history early history area limited romans called settlement mustered sailing boats horses strategic position attack time prior 10th century fishing village sandy beach backed creek natural harbour located western edge early medieval estuary river sand ridge extended eastward haven developed estuary progressively filled subsequently canals cut saint trading centre head estuary places west centre east newly formed coast respectively improved count flanders fortified count document mentioning existence community town charter granted count county richard documented landed journey crusade century pale english wool trade interests king edward iii claims heir kingdom france led battle england france followed edward siege capture angered english king demanded town citizens holding long ordered town population killed agreed spare condition principal citizens come ropes death arrival ordered execution pardoned queen spare lives event commemorated les famous sculptures erected city lives delegation members king edward drove french inhabitants settled town english municipal charter previously granted edward year treaty assigned collectively pale english rule assignment informally partially implemented february town staple port parliamentary borough sending house_of_commons parliament england remained diocese keeping ecclesiastical tie france town came called jewel english crown owing great importance gateway tin lead cloth wool trades staples customs revenues amounted times english government revenue wool important element far population people recorded having connected wool trade governorship lucrative highly prized public office famous dick simultaneously lord mayor city london mayor staple regarded years integral kingdom england representatives sitting english parliament continued english hold depended maintained fortifications town lacked natural defences maintaining costly business frequently tested forces france franco border running nearby british historian remarked expensive useless better lost kept duration english hold large extent result feud france sides town preferred hands english domestic rivals stalemate broken victory french crown following joan arc final battle siege later incorporation france 16th century english king henry_viii visited men calculated town beds horses september english thomas time french service betrayed authorities london french plans capture followed descent england author plans january king henry_ii france sent forces led francis duke guise laid siege french attacked able surprise english critical fort gates flooded attackers remained loss regarded queen mary england heard news reportedly said dead opened shall find philip husband lying heart region known renamed pays country commemoration recovery french use term reminiscent spanish french certainly familiar occurred context war spain philip spain time queen mary consort intended deliberate town captured spanish april invasion mounted nearby spanish netherlands albert austria returned france treaty 17th century world war remained important maritime city smuggling center 17th century century port began gradually nearby ports began rise compete french revolution end 18th century executions took place hosted napoleon army invasion fleet months aborted invasion britain october december british_army departing port return home occupying post france general murray appointed sir power oversee evacuation british troops france relations restored time december mayor wrote letter power express thanks treatment french town british expeditionary force arrived way nearby cutting flanders key port supply arms reinforcements western 1930s town known politically socialist stronghold world war virtually razed ground world war key objective invading german forces scene ditch defence siege diverted sizable german forces days immediately prior battle british french troops assisted royal_navy warships held 10th division town flattened artillery precision dive bombing strong defending force evacuated town fell helped operation evacuation allied forces 10th involved perimeter busy june allied troops escaped germans ensuing german occupation command post german forces flanders region heavily fortified generally believed germans allies invade point launch site flying bombs war germans region site railway guns bombard south eastern corner england built massive coast preparation launching missiles southeast england despite heavy preparations defence amphibious assault allied invasion took place west normandy day heavily bombed shelled successful effort disrupt german communications persuade allies target invasion normandy town largely ruins liberated general daniel 3rd canadian infantry division september october february suffered bombing raid time british bombers town time occupied german forces war little rebuilding historic city buildings modern ones 21st century migration issues earlier increasingly large number migrants refugees started arrive vicinity remain living jungle nickname given series makeshift camps people live attempt enter united_kingdom away ferries cars trains travelling port terminal people mix refugees asylum economic migrants afghanistan syria iraq troubled areas world crisis led escalating tension france summer blamed france stop migrants entering tunnel making attempts scale fences built border british prime minister david cameron released statement saying illegal immigrants removed reach island discourage migrants refugees jumping train government supplied fencing installed vehicles loaded train geography climate located marks boundary english channel north_sea located opposite end channel tunnel kilometres miles dover clear day white cliffs dover viewed channel aside important port boarding point france england nucleus major railway highway networks connected road lens located road east located north road french capital paris roughly hour minute journey bordered english channel north west south east core area city divided old town area old city walls younger suburbs connected boulevard coast cliff lined section northern french coast parallels white cliffs british coast geological formation known scenic cliffs cape cape wide area dunes artists inspired landscapes composer writers victor hugo charles painters turner painter coined area describe distinctive quality light climate temperate oceanic temperature ranges moderate winters mild unstable weather rains average year divided demographics changes number inhabitants known population conducted note massive growth population growth city saint merged according census people decrease town population ranked 60th nationally 53rd economy city proximity england major port centuries principal ferry crossing point england france vast majority channel crossings dover companies operating include currently ferries french end channel tunnel situated vicinity miles west town possesses direct rail links paris miles south million people visit annually medieval times english companies particularly important centre production trade wool cloth costs maintaining town england manufacturers based suburbs majority english major lace factories employees town exports early 20th century lace chemicals paper especially champagne spirits hay straw wool potatoes woven goods fruit glass lace metal principal imports early 20th century included cotton silk goods coal iron steel petroleum timber raw wool cotton years average annual value exports years imports fishing port notable fishing markets including les boulevard noted crabs brittany market sells mainly smoked fish including salmon trout herring notable landmarks place place largest squares city medieval times heart city english occupation known market square place end english occupation place francis duke guise francis gave right hold fair twice year square exists today wednesday saturday market town centre seen significant regeneration past decade dominated distinctive town hall place built flemish renaissance style commemorate unification cities saint previous town hall erected elegant landmarks city ornate metre high clock tower seen sea day protected series region building parts listed series historic monuments government decree june including roofs main hall glass roof staircase corridor serving floor rooms floor including decoration wedding room lounge lounge council cabinet room hall stained glass windows numerous paintings exquisite houses police offices notre dame notre dame cathedral originally built late 13th century tower added late 14th early 15th century like town hall city prominent landmarks arguably church english perpendicular style france current capacity church dates contains elements flemish gothic anglo norman tudor architecture cubic metre added church orders church dedicated virgin built form cross consisting nave old grand altar dated built marble wrecked coast transit genoa antwerp contained eighteen figures standing altar piece representing louis organ deep mellow tone highly figures relief built canterbury pulpit reading desk richly oak executed piece ecclesiastical altar piece assumption attributed anthony van reality van whilst painting altar believed peter paul high strongly built wall fortress cathedral aspect flanks building protects street ran old river course sea square massive norman tower arched windows face corner turrets shaped tower octagonal proportions topped short tower main viewing point anglo french survey linked paris observatory royal observatory cross channel sightings signal lights dover castle east sussex church assigned historic monument decree september stained glass smashed bombardment january falling roof general married april cathedral building experienced extensive damage world war partially rebuilt old altar replaced towers tour watch tower situated places surviving pre war buildings dating philip count built fortifications oldest monuments oldest remaining traces date height metres sources differ earthquake split tower time threatened collapse completely tower repaired purpose serving hall accommodate merchants damaged young stable boy set fire temporarily royal stables visit king louis repaired years bell identical original bell cast height late 17th century important post city centuries keeper tower forced leave brother installed telegraph office tower operated years office announced death napoleon french public dual function lighthouse rotating beacon oil finally replaced new lighthouse october world war served military observation post narrowly missed destruction world war tower classified historic monument november lighthouse built replacing old watch tower lighthouse port metre high tower electrified automated staircase steps leading day easily distinguishable coastal white color black lighthouse classified historical monument november forts citadel located avenue built site medieval castle built purpose construction fend invaders wasn long city successfully invaded albert austria april louis cardinal time considered expanding citadel great walled city military harbour purposes proposals came fort located coast avenue port entrance built english prevent supplies reaching sea siege november continued occupied restored france fort captured spanish netherlands returned french following treaty rebuilt visited fort time described home place hold fortification world war served air raid shelter contains lancaster tower given fort fort located avenue roger originally dated 12th 13th century english invasion gates added water defences fort built principle people fort defend town flooding april louis visited ordered complete rebuilding fort completed purpose protect bridge crossing river fort fallen ruined state wasn sold improved farmer tenants fort briefly site low key germans museums theatres cultural centres contains museums include des arts mode world war museum mode lace fashion museum located old factory contains workshops library restaurant regularly puts fashion shows world war museum located opposite town hall south train station building nazi bunker wartime military headquarters built organisation metre long structure contains rooms relics photographs related world war room dedicated world war theatres cultural centres include municipal centre auditorium art channel municipal theatre located boulevard built plot land cemetery theatre opened floor façade statues represent performing arts subjects poetry comedy dance music monuments memorials directly town hall bronze cast les sculpture commemorate men executed edward iii cast erected funded public grant based design fourteenth century account jean intended evoke viewer sympathy emphasizing expressions faces men executed monument des monument installed boulevard des transferred bronze sculpture attributed edward monument bronze monument built oscar centre roundabout near beach commemorating accidental sinking submarine beach steamer president republic government came state funeral victims victims drowned age beach dock city named monument dedicated june monument erected square opposite entrance theatre commemorates joseph marie popular contribution development lace invention tall column area city commemorates visit louis garden war memorial built old city redesigned contains statue designed remembering world wars figure representing peace olive branch breast hotels hotel established royal french charles later establish star paris famous luxury hotels earliest hotels continent europe specifically cater british elite hotel rebuilt suite rooms main centre night activity casino club month casino hosts dinner dance casino features slot machines poker facilities education schools include saint centre martin king art des centre saint provides education primary grades high school school seven colleges city martin king martin king avenue les college jean place arc sport represented association football compete national club founded racing club renamed racing union football club good reputation french cup competitions went far final season losing finally played stadium holds spectators rugby club rugby basketball popular teams basket male female male female teams club range sports including athletics football yacht club club les american football team transport sea port cable ship port europe fourth largest port france largest passenger traffic port accounts economic activity town cargo traffic past decades million tonnes traffic passed million passengers million trucks trailers million cars crossings year average ships sail port minutes new million euro project underway port create protecting pool meters long allowing virtually types ships stop rail large port town served railway stations des stop mainland europe line nearest station port trains europe road local bus services provided free car parking facilities available ferry terminal maximum stay days served airport airfield airport located kilometres east north east saint airfield located saint kilometres south west notable people international relations twin towns sister cities


town electoral ward somerset england situated miles south west miles east south somerset district close border civil parish west includes town lies river road west england main line railway earliest written record alfred great norman conquest held william survey described royal manor castle possibly norman castle town grew late period textile industry wealth preserved fifteenth century church 18th 19th centuries main industry cloth making including sails royal_navy local ecological sites include local nature reserve biological site special scientific interest railway station served south west trains main south western railway line local local shops local industry town birthplace notable people varied cultural sporting facilities including community school history thought derived british spur hill old english house especially town known alfred great left younger son manor held mistress king norman conquest held william church estate given normandy survey described royal manor john exeter cathedral vicar founded grammar school school survived parish castle possibly norman castle mound north west town known castle hill town grew late period textile industry wealth preserved fifteenth century parish church later prospered coaching stop georgian period manor farmhouse built early 17th century possibly incorporates medieval fragments building designated english_heritage grade listed building 18th 19th centuries main industry cloth making including sails royal_navy governance town council responsibility local issues including setting annual local rate cover council operating costs producing annual accounts public scrutiny parish council local planning applications works local police district council officers neighbourhood watch groups matters crime security traffic parish council role includes initiating projects maintenance repair parish facilities consulting district council maintenance repair improvement highways drainage public transport street cleaning conservation matters including trees listed buildings environmental issues responsibility council town falls non metropolitan district south somerset formed april local government act having previously urban district district council responsible local planning building control local roads council housing environmental health markets refuse collection recycling leisure services parks tourism electoral ward includes census population town hall occupies lower victoria hall market square building rebuilt altered south added demolition museum reading room library thomas create shops offices grade listed building somerset county council responsible running largest expensive local services education social services library roads public transport trading standards waste disposal strategic planning fire police ambulance services provided jointly authorities devon somerset fire rescue service somerset south western ambulance service county constituency represented house_of_commons parliament united_kingdom member parliament past post system election south west england constituency european parliament method party list proportional representation geography town lies west river main residential areas town centre park view south park north northern outskirts town hectares acres local nature reserve managed town council includes line beech trees years old grants obtained improve access site support planting new trees biological site special scientific interest consists complex mosaic pasture wet grassland tall standing running water willow climate rest south west england temperate climate generally rest country annual mean temperature approximately seasonal temperature variation extreme united_kingdom adjacent sea temperatures summer months july august mean daily approximately winter mean minimum temperatures common summer azores high pressure affects south west england convective cloud forms inland reducing number hours sunshine annual sunshine rates slightly regional average hours december days sun recorded rainfall south west caused atlantic depressions convection rainfall autumn winter caused atlantic depressions active summer large proportion rainfall caused sun heating ground leading convection showers thunderstorms average rainfall days snowfall typical november march highest mean wind speeds june august winds predominant wind direction south west transport following major roads pass northbound north street london north somerset southbound south maiden newton westbound west street exeter south west england eastbound east street salisbury southbound street railway station served south west trains main south western railway line trains operate london half hours away salisbury minutes opposite direction exeter hour station opened london south western railway july designed sir william designated grade listed building town served south west buses buses run south somerset service east west route monarch way mile long distance england escape route taken king charles_ii defeated battle worcester economy small market town centre shops wide selection public houses largest supermarket store opened november large situated south street multi storey car park smaller operative previously motor company based smallest automobile companies seven employees producing fewer cars year founded changed ltd company flagship car extremely light high performance car religious sites parish church stands high ground west town saxon church founded end 9th century main church saxon royal estate included area later parishes church replaced norman conquest larger stone building central tower completely rebuilt enlarged late 15th early 16th centuries church building visible today excellent example perpendicular style unusual individual features include west nave light aisle windows tudor style windows north east corner building material golden coloured hill stone nearby notable pair green man carvings church major alterations reformation changes interior accommodate phases church_of_england worship oven communion bread south east corner north chapel civil war considerable damage including destruction nearly medieval stained glass william iii england church following landing glorious revolution early 19th century medieval norman font disappeared new west galleries added latest restoration left church interior visible today took place late 19th century sympathetic church architectural character victorian time central section west gallery removed reveal great west window organ relocated south date attractive carved bench ends church designated english_heritage grade listed building contains left west country church tiny chapel away street methodist church south street shared roman catholic methodist congregations following closure proposed redevelopment peter catholic_church education primary schools school located located north street middle school called maiden beech middle school located road school students ages key stage grammar school situated house closed late 1960s grammar school combined school abbey street situated high street moved current position late 1970s senior school section closed serves pre school nursery school gymnasium located terrace undergoing repairs floor roof school students years old includes travelling surrounding villages november placed special measures failing inspection june successfully left special measures inspection showed school sufficiently progressed culture centre provides conference facilities featured exhibitions district museum wider heritage centre includes local archives meeting room museum opened old house 18th century frontage restored help grants heritage lottery fund somerset county council south somerset district council town council development 18th 19th centuries particular emphasis industry illustrated permanent display collections relate local coins medals costume fine art music personalities science technology social history weapons war sport centre provides swimming pool fitness gym facilities town located grounds park grammar schools playing fields school retained use playing fields junior section closed regular sports days tradition dating grammar school era town sports centre situated school campus cricket club play funeral plan cricket league whilst town rangers play perry street district league notable residents thomas traveller writer late early age born mathematician john born later traveller colonel born town surveyor soldier member house legislature colony virginia englishman emigrated american colonies william born founders massachusetts windsor connecticut grand jury new_england served life early colonial government played key role establishing democratic town government american colonies reader actor theatrical producer songwriter best known staging original gang variety members scouting movement born cricketer michael born town twin towns sur france


village ecclesiastical parish south east tip isle wales miles east town community comes welsh pen mean head end welsh word site historic monastery associated 12th century church walls near church oldest remaining christian building wales award winning beach coastal path follows shores provided stone important buildings structures including birmingham town hall bridges cross area popular locals visitors alike monuments air fine views south history according tradition community grew monastery established early 6th century saint land provided brother saint king eventually removed nearby island monastery prospered crosses set gate destroyed crosses decorated font remain time 12th century abbey church rebuilt 13th century monasteries started newer regular kind rule conventional buildings expanded surviving conquest wales king edward eventually dissolved buildings transferred ownership prominent local family use today land deer park built near church climate average temperature rainfall figures taken met office weather station bay miles east sea set table compared corresponding figures wales area seen warmer drier average location wales year demographics author history written said plenty remarkable large poor find constant employ fish foreign consumption population census recorded adult males years old majority residents labourers servants half male adult workers employed agriculture reaching high population declined low population rose imperial england wales noted good limestone marble found area recorded population houses property divided fact number houses exceed 19th century reaching time census ward includes parish population residents area born wales having born england residents able use welsh language degree residents identified white black black british compared ward lower proportion residents aged years compared higher proportion residents aged compared general health population ward poorer generally said health good reported limiting long term illness places interest interesting buildings histories match buildings church close site old monastery island note nearby island monastery called monastery grew size wooden church building 10th century wooden building destroyed rebuilt 12th century stone oldest parts church date survived initial norman invasion defended prince church enlarged early 13th century time rule records election calendar patent rolls prior mentioned dining hall floor cellar dormitory 16th century kitchen warming house added east building eastern range buildings gone southern containing dormitory stands successors church wealthy giving land taken away time dissolution monasteries church survived decline event prior members time church monastery diocese church given grant welsh assembly government repair goods tower roof superstructure building building house set court church received repair chimneys walls windows roof house crosses medieval crosses stood monastery 10th century existence today inside church cross larger badly stood outside deer park complete centimetres shaft head cross smaller arm cross cut windows modern stone base unlike cross case celtic churches period church associated built monks believed healing powers people visiting probably oldest buildings said lower stone walls near church 6th century oldest remaining christian building wales small chamber surrounds modern times water symbol island representatives launch ceremony 10th international island games held june 11th island games held islands july standing near church probably built times sir richard housing eggs meat large roof birds fly inside nesting boxes pillar centre supporting revolving ladder provide access nesting boxes central pillar remains ladder gone island established cell community island welsh island half mile coast time founded monastery tower 12th century church island tradition king half 6th century buried island large numbers rats reduced bird population 1890s lewis morris survey coast wales suggested tower ruined church island converted lighthouse suggestion implemented august castle wooden steamer day trip liverpool sank heavy seas board people survived lighthouse station built try prevent similar station closed superseded years operation saved lives beach beach awarded seaside award wales group awarded yellow blue flag beaches meet mandatory standard water quality clean safe managed classified purposes rural beach result standards seaside award differ applied resort beaches expected wider selection facilities toilets car parks beach awarded flag onwards popular culture featured film setting fever film starring region choice london based production company represent eastern_europe country filmed north wales tomb cradle life apparently enchanted scenery scenes involving shot february filming took place depict deserted church extras filming bbc programme songs praise featuring jones comes village seven miles filming 1960s television danger man starring patrick notable residents don independent pop hip hop musician lived village time youth blames bleak depressing nature landscape making little sic geology geological features including fossils tunnel cliff cliff cliff limestone alternating layers moved times faults moving beds rock distinct lines beds moved cliff approximately metres high distribution limestone different near cliff gradual change limestone near lot metre rock nearer lot limestone cliff struck faults causing look unstable rocks fall time time close sea making prone erosion lot cliff eroded away causing arch form cliff eroded away faster limestone beds caused thinner beds limestone collapse reason arch metres high extend beds faults passing cliff displaced beds fault causing halfway tunnel grey brown limestone area known marble fossils found largest park worked limestone ltd 1970s limestone limestone build birmingham town hall help reconstruction liverpool manchester following destruction caused world war stone construction suspension bridge completed bridge completed


east riding yorkshire east riding yorkshire simply east yorkshire ceremonial county england located region yorkshire local government district authority status ceremonial purposes county includes city kingston hull separate authority named historic east riding yorkshire alongside north riding west riding constituted ceremonial administrative county area modern east riding yorkshire constituted northern non metropolitan county census authority population landscape consists crescent low chalk hills yorkshire surrounded low lying fertile plains york estuary north_sea mark southern eastern limits archaeological investigations revealed artefacts structures historical periods ice age large settlements industrial centres area administered ancient market ecclesiastical town christianity religion largest following area higher average percentage retired people residence economy mainly based agriculture tourism contributed rural seaside character riding aspects reflected places interest visitors major landmarks include historic buildings nature reserves way long distance open maritime aspects lack major urban developments led county allocated relatively high targets generation energy sources major sporting entertainment venues concentrated kingston hull seaside market towns support semi professional amateur sports clubs provide seasonal entertainment visitors bishop burton site agricultural college hull provides region university southern border close hull bridge spans estuary enable link north lincolnshire history glacial period ended hunter period followed animal land continental europe britain conditions continued improve vegetation able support greater diversity animals annual range seasonal movement communities decreased people fixed particular people appear exploited environment found communities came rely smaller territorial range population levels increased attempts began modify control natural world great valley samples date indicate forest cover area disturbed altered man open created yorkshire major focus human settlement period wide range natural resources oldest monuments found long round long region found dates people bronze age built bronze age round known exist yorkshire found isolation grouped form sites seen prominent features present day landscape later bronze age open cleared landscape grazing cultivation wetlands river hull valley york animal time iron age cultural changes area emerged distinctive local tradition known culture named site near market similarities culture groups northern europe burial practised area kingdom tribe known invading britain romans crossed estuary invade territory tribe travelled northwards built roads present day westwards river built fort evidence extensive use light soils grain farming roman era roman centres large agricultural estates identified low lying lands increase number settlements land drier accessible fall sea level lower lying land stock breeding years roman occupation anglo saxon raiders area second half fifth century settlement invaders taking place east yorkshire village names containing elements settlement names christianity established area seventh century onwards like evidence abandonment pagan burial practices great danish army captured town york remnants army settled yorkshire leader shared land scandinavian settlements names including elements scandinavian rule area came end death ruler norman conquest england william land east riding granted followers new norman king ecclesiastical institutions northern rebelled william north laid waste east riding villages land distributed powerful barons count family york lay lords ecclesiastical institutions including monasteries continued improve drain holdings middle ages charge mid sixteenth century henry_viii england dissolved monasteries resulting large areas land owned abbey monastic holdings confiscated crown subsequently sold large tracts land private ownership land belonging lay owners formed vast estate holdings continued exist riding twentieth century eighteenth nineteenth centuries saw expansion canals construction rail links river far upstream linked cutting canal canals cut join towns river hull improved aid navigation market canal connected town directly estuary early rail link constructed railway cross routes primarily served agricultural community helping products expanding industrial markets west riding yorkshire port hull export rail links served transport expanding coastal resorts canals rivers helped aid drainage low lying ill drained areas existed landscape east riding changed little enclosure open fields eighteenth nineteenth centuries removal allow use large agricultural machinery twentieth century geography location ceremonial county east riding yorkshire borders north yorkshire south yorkshire lincolnshire includes city kingston hull separate authority district east riding borders north east lincolnshire estuary north lincolnshire land hull york geology east riding district split parts western eastern section york southern extension levels area belt glacial lake deposits formed close ice age middle yorkshire chalk formation extends north coast head chalk south east district low lying coastal plain faces east north_sea south drains estuary south head features beaches far south east district peninsula ice age eastern coastline area located eastern foot yorkshire remnants beaches discovered north_sea ice sheet deposited huge amounts boulder clay retreated subsequently formed wet area plain ice sheet york retreated time leaving thick glacial deposits prominent west york deposits formed wetlands largely ice free drained chalk gradually conditions existed ice retreated gave way vegetation support grazing fauna lot water locked northern ice sheets sea level lower present day area land stretched eastwards low countries landscape area takes form elevated gently rolling plateau cut numerous deep steep sided flat valleys glacial origin chalk formation hills provides exceptionally good drainage result valleys dry surface water scarce head rise form high chalk cliffs water worn caves shore designated heritage coast coastal erosion head led visitors warned careful coastal paths landscape dominated deposits till boulder glacial lake deposited glacial deposits form continuous lowland plain filled depressions known locally mark presence lake beds glacial landscape features ridges holes scattered area drained glacial deposits provide fertile soils support intensive cultivation fields generally large bounded drainage ditches little woodland area leads landscape essentially rural flat exposed coastline suffers highest rate coastal erosion europe metres year average million tonnes material year transported drift material deposited head spit south coastline retreated noticeably years settlements flooded particularly odd major port destruction 14th century erosion ongoing concern area east riding yorkshire council carrying cliff erosion defences area drains eponymous river hull drains area north hull western district york borders drained river landscape generally low lying flat minor ridges glacial provide variations topography dry sandy soils remnants historic ancient semi natural woodlands fields dominate land cover area flood meadows left significant areas remain lower reaches river climate east riding generally cool summers relatively mild winters weather conditions vary day day season season latitude area means influenced predominantly westerly winds depressions associated fronts bringing unsettled weather particularly winter depressions small mobile bring periods fair weather winter bring cold dry weather summer tend bring dry settled conditions lead drought particularly latitude area mild winter cooler summer influence gulf stream northern atlantic_ocean air temperature varies daily seasonal basis temperature usually lower night january time year dominant influences climate area shelter worst moist westerly winds provided proximity north_sea high weather station east riding yorkshire areas lower nearer sea generally weather governance administrative history administrative division east riding yorkshire originated antiquity unlike counties great_britain divided hundreds yorkshire divided numerous riding separate riding established restoration separate quarter sessions statistical purposes 19th century east riding yorkshire registration county designated consisting entirety poor law unions hull york county council east riding yorkshire set covering administrative county cover county borough hull boundaries historic riding administrative county historic abolished local government act april riding going form northern creation cross authority unpopular culminated local government review 1990s saw abolished northern form authorities east riding district formed april ceremonial county area lord lieutenant east riding yorkshire represents crown established day covering hull district district entirely hull parishes charter trustees maintain charter borough replaced town council area consisting urban district divided parishes current administration east riding yorkshire council based headquarters county council east riding county council total district council yearly cycle seats election time elections year came powers shadow authority council overall control local elections conservative party gained majority seats including liberal democrat labour_party leaders council leader executive system leader stephen conservatives commission report covering council given star rating places authority best country local election results westminster parliamentary representation parliament united_kingdom bulk east riding district divided county east yorkshire conservative held hull borough kingston hull west area north lincolnshire hull seats labour held european parliamentary european parliament lies yorkshire constituency european election elected labour conservative demographics april east riding largest district largest authority england area second largest non metropolitan district england population following structural changes local government england fell fifth place area sixth place population east riding yorkshire covers hectares population office national statistics mid year estimates density people populous parishes main census hull urban area hull common hull hull cum half district population reside parishes half living parishes comparison hull population according census population density district people square densely populated authority isles east riding larger average number residents aged particularly strong deficit number young adults higher average level car ownership households car population travel work public transport compared nationally district lowest non white populations census reporting inhabitants white hull city size census reporting white areas east riding significant signs including parliamentary constituency mainly consists middle class suburbs towns villages including north area affluent highest proportions owner country crime rate east riding lower national average robbery sexual offences theft vehicle theft vehicle violence person christianity religion largest following area residents identifying census census figures single religion returned affiliation percentage population national average england time census population east riding ethnic composition white compared english average area slightly higher elderly population national average towns villages excluding kingston hull areas settlement east riding giving rise distinctive types small medium sized towns villages exceptional suburban villages hull urban area populous coastal settlements include towns villages flat agricultural area great valley eastern foot lie bishop burton low lying lands close estuary north bridge market south cave lie north west area river slope places interest wide range interesting places visit east riding include historic buildings hall burton manor house burton hall hall castle gun battery fort religious visited seasons sails seen providing power grind flour certain days natural sites provide interest cliffs mere estuary river hull river river river river trent river don owned run yorkshire wildlife trust navigation canal market canal canal offer bridge site famous battle yorkshire way long distance takes winding route yorkshire religious sites east riding east riding church_of_england diocese york includes yorkshire city hull coastline extending north point roman catholic diocese covers east riding yorkshire north yorkshire city york notable religious sites include historic parish church known king grade listed building churches trail tour east yorkshire churches built rebuilt restored family house nineteenth century transport east riding small segment motorway serves link hull area west yorkshire national motorway network incidentally passes district border near primary roads district include hull large railway station served line west yorkshire coast line north railway stations east riding yorkshire train operators active area northern virgin trains east_coast express hull trains open access operator established running fast services london hull bus services provided operators including provides services east riding york town service services provides services east riding hull lincolnshire east yorkshire motor services historically dominant area operator provides wide variety bus services east riding yorkshire provides services york leeds area rural transport charity provides community transport service north taking people medical appointments hull shops bridge road bridge links west hull lincolnshire west crossing river point bridges near railway bridge bridge area served airport located lincolnshire economy district generally rural towns approaching size hull market towns market coastal towns south district contains areas hull urban area outside city boundaries rural areas tend greater business stock urban areas reflecting number agricultural businesses small businesses rural areas registered businesses east riding agriculture related sectors number businesses fell coast site natural gas terminal gas terminal pipeline gas operated chart trend regional gross value added east riding yorkshire current basic prices figures millions british pounds sterling components sum totals rounding includes hunting forestry includes energy construction includes financial services indirectly measured east riding characterised high employment rate relatively low unemployment level overall unemployment rate percentage points lower national average unemployment unemployment levels tend course year lower levels summer months increased employment tourism food production sectors major year round employer east riding defence school transport raf trains personnel army royal_air_force royal marines year provides civilian jobs east riding yorkshire council joined hull city_council north east lincolnshire north lincolnshire councils hull ports city region partnership energy government set target generate electricity energy sources energy white paper sets government double figure additionally signed legally binding protocol requires reduction greenhouse gas emissions levels reduction emissions levels regional local authorities required contribute delivery national targets east riding average potential generate electricity local authorities region large wind energy potential east riding yorkshire set target target installed grid connected energy operational wind farms newton north estuary single turbines waste water treatment works bridge water treatment works near marsh addition wind developments given applying permission late february existing developed capacity planning approval energy wind farm developments overall energy target exceeded wind energy proposals assuming schemes operational east riding exceeded energy types included calculation estuary trials tidal stream generator successful develop larger models deployed unit power station capable homes education east riding local education authority supports schools primary schools secondary schools total net spending head population education rose primary school test results showed slide national performance table east riding authority dropping places national_league table 28th education authorities improved tests secondary level authority slipped seven places 39th authorities despite producing best set general certificate secondary education results inception east riding council percentage students achieving good grades including english rose cent cent national average cent bishop burton location bishop burton college education higher education college agriculture studies grammar school founded widely renowned oldest continuously operating state school england furthermore hull home schools including private college university university hull founded university college received university status home hull york medical school seen large scale expansion recent years cater growing number students public services east riding hull covered police area fire rescue service water supplied yorkshire water maintain system population use water private supplies usually remote parts east riding majority bore holes wells natural springs east riding yorkshire provides health services district nursing health visiting school nursing intermediate care therapy services works local practices ambulance services provide primary healthcare service hull east yorkshire hospitals trust provides hospitals castle hill hospital hull royal hospital north east yorkshire healthcare trust runs hospital provides health care community hospitals run local primary care east riding north yorkshire york small cottage community hospitals provide range services household waste recycling sites east riding financial year tonnes long tons short tons municipal waste collected east riding tonnes long tons short tons hull waste collected hull increased tonnes long tons short tons east riding tonnes long tons short tons target joint sustainable waste management strategy developed partnership hull city_council east riding yorkshire council overall aim achieve recycling outset anticipated recycling rates east riding end hull rate waste recycling group company working partnership hull city east riding yorkshire councils deal waste company plans build energy waste plant deal tonnes long tons short tons rubbish waste productive use providing power equivalent houses sport leisure hull main centre national level sport region hull city play premier league tier english football league system promotion championship play final win sheffield wednesday town play northern counties east league premier division professional rugby league teams based hull hull hull kingston teams play super league rugby union football club plays park hull ice hockey team plays highest tier sport elite league horse racing west organisers claim world oldest horse race derby held annually east riding dozen golf clubs riding including cliff course royal yorkshire yacht club based flying place airfield airfield media region covered bbc yorkshire lincolnshire based hull itv yorkshire broadcast leeds local radio stations include bbc radio capital yorkshire viking yorkshire coast radio local digital audio broadcasting based county community radio stations seaside serves area serves market serves surrounding areas newspapers include hull daily_mail owned media group east riding mail recently launched sister paper newspapers area include free press guardian times post times gazette


greater manchester town metropolitan borough greater manchester england miles southeast miles west manchester city centre situated low lying land north west chat moss historically lancashire originally centre large ecclesiastical parish covering merged forming local board district official town applied area parish church centuries town urban district added municipal borough town hall built king street replaced present building originally agricultural area noted dairy farming domestic spinning weaving led considerable silk 20th century cotton industry exploited underlying coal measures particularly town connected canals railways important engineering base legacy industrial past seen remaining red brick mills listed buildings mainly residential town victorian housing packed town centre present day economy based largely retail sector history derived old english meant place wood woodland clearing subsequently pasture meadow recorded include 16th century denotes district rich meadow pasture land produce cheese noted excellence west clearing named ending ton denotes enclosure manor old english ford probably brook gave include early history earliest signs human activity evidenced stone axe found bronze south gas street single roman coin found roman departure britain history anglo saxon england written evidence presence sparsely populated isolated country provided local township place names incorporate old english 12th century ancient parish including cum weekly markets held parish church cattle fair held twice yearly manor mentioned documents held sir henry family held 16th century actually lived landowners 14th century prominent family richard married daughter brought inheritance family lived house farm known south canal near old manor house hall survives today grade listed building prominent family sales hope hall great deal influence years owned land family secretly kept old faith roman catholicism subject civil criminal penalties hope hall nearby brick house manor house higher hall existed richard time manor married richard manor passed family remained male died later abandoned mining old hall manor marsh families lived old hall hall moat family owned hall replaced family held manor john male line died hall rebuilt owner samuel sold family let succession tenants james founder members silk manufacturing firm tenant later occupants charles jackson cotton manufacturer johnson founder mill resident george december george ltd offered hall grounds people gift accepted opened public august hall converted museum art gallery demolished grounds park civil war divided allegiance english civil war population supporting cause supported battle fought town december group men neighbouring beat routed troops command james stanley 7th earl derby sir thomas hall killed august battle lane buried chapel parish church earl derby passed spent night king arms going execution outside man inn industrial revolution end 16th century agriculture dairy industry particularly production cheese known important spinning weaving began develop cottage industry work brought manchester agents brought work weekly inn collected finished cloth work supplement income local farmers families cloth woven sort rough end 17th century masters dealing directly selling finished cloth manchester tradition town local man thomas highs inventor spinning water frame invention richard subsequently fortune patent royalties 18th century improvements spinning process meant great demand power introduced factories manchester work unemployment town silk weaving began result dispute labour shortage silk industry william walker opened silk mill quickly followed including james henry mill survived cotton mills built silk mills converted cotton took place august called strike time social unrest high levels unemployment high cost living mob gathered workers threatened burn mill detachment troops called special sworn local magistrate riot act read thomas hall mob dispersed later injured fighting took place arrests arrested severely punished ensured continued leading eventually electoral reform universal suffrage large multi storey spinning mills came later survive today mill complexes lane lane grade listed building lane mill close canal grade listed building people employed coal mining drift mines 12th century second half 19th century possible deeper coal began important industry coal mining largest user labour textile industry sunk deepest mines country going extent mining increased 1960s driving tunnel horizon tunnel accessed previously inaccessible high easy work compared previous coal wet series pumps remove water underground canals finally pumped canal winding engine steam engine extracted neighbouring superior electric system linked underground coal wound better winding facilities supplies entire lancashire closed deep mining open cast mines operation county mining disasters included explosion caused deaths miners august accidents men drowned shaft cage list coal mines operating manufacturing notable industry included tractor factory david brown limited located following acquisition harrison guest range farm machinery products rope manufacture local industry rope works twist lane rope hand rope walk factory burnt anchor cables large works close canal company bought cables later british cables major 20th century employer activated carbon brick making equipment governance covered electoral east south west metropolitan borough ward member metropolitan borough council local authority ward including leader council lord smith members labour_party control council historically formed west derby judicial division southwest lancashire ancient parish existed parish terms poor law amendment act formed poor law union established january responsible area covering ancient parish replaced union 1850s local board health established covering areas local boards health area local board township urban district granted borough status municipal borough exchange small areas urban district following local government act municipal borough abolished territory granted metropolitan borough local government district greater manchester area common ceded borough parts england different counties mid-20th century lancashire greater manchester andy represented parliamentary seat labour_party general election june general election secretary state department health general election retained seat votes majority representing vote elected constituency votes total vote cast geography low lying land south east close chat moss feet mean sea level highest land north west rises gently feet fragments raised covered large area north river manchester european_union designated special area conservation area river basin drained streams including brooks join flowing form brook southeast town soils rest sandstone coal measures north limestone neighbouring mining flooding caused formation flashes south west town largest south leeds liverpool canal flash country park acre country park nature reserve acre flash lake crossed road high road old route trust road bypasses town centre line railway canal branch leeds liverpool canal cross town west east canals meeting bridge south town centre 1930s east lancashire road built crossing south town time united_kingdom census according office national statistics urban subdivision greater manchester urban area total resident population male female households settlement occupied hectares compared hectares census population density people compared average greater manchester urban area median age population compared greater manchester urban area england wales majority population born england born united_kingdom rest european_union world data religious beliefs town census declared christian said held religion reported muslim travel work area whilst eastern town manchester entire town manchester larger urban zone time census people employment resident worked wholesale retail trade including repair motor vehicles worked manufacturing industry worked health social work sector households owned single car van owning average car ownership household compared greater manchester urban area population change economy traditional town centre daily outdoor indoor markets town centre local independent multiple retailers spinning gate centre centre town thirty retail units retail park developed old site walking distance town centre opened sports village capacity stadium anchored shared reserves athletics arena facilities east rugby league club college campus hotel leisure retail business facilities community store opened sports village regeneration project site complex closed site canal country park housing retail development opened north canal seven screen cinema extra store real china restaurants landmarks major landmarks red sandstone parish church civic square town hall associated shops market street grade listed replaced original market cross situated town centre buildings including head public house red bricks large multi storey cotton mills built canal reminder textile industry deteriorating despite listed building status war memorial local architect junction church street silk street grade listed structure joseph church thomas church opposite sides chapel street imposing churches different materials styles transport historically connected local transport infrastructure closure railway longer case public transport transport greater manchester bus services operated greater manchester jim stones travel diamond bus north west manchester network bus station local destinations including manchester suggestions reopen railway manchester guided scheme chosen route decision universally popular canals canal extended middle fifth leeds liverpool canal act passed construction branch branch canal cut leeds liverpool canal meet bridge giving access parts lancashire yorkshire railways southern terminus miles long railway george carried survey line opened william coal mines freight august terminus leeds liverpool canal march passengers carried june locomotive line called lancashire witch railway station later line extended southwards opened line closed passenger traffic march later closed completely london north western railway revived powers granted lancashire yorkshire railway build railway manchester branch junction liverpool manchester line station originally named serve town railway crossed town largely demolished closed leaving town railway reopening railway stations largest towns great_britain railway station numerous lines crossed town closure longer required nearest railway station miles miles north trains manchester operated northern leaving bus station public transport link buses bill south lancashire company construct miles southern lancashire given royal november south lancashire electric traction power company acquired shares section opened october lanes ends company got financial difficulty turn lancashire united later lancashire united transport december service ran lane ends day buses took act august authorised municipal borough run buses garage built road soon replaced road corporation fleet vehicles world war work manchester bus rapid transit guided commenced opened education grammar school existed foundation unclear building churchyard school moved manchester road girls grammar school established schools abolished secretary state education williams education act high schools include high school high school pupils attend schools college provides education religion mary virgin church existence 12th century probably earlier known church peter boundary old nave churchyard chancel early history tied families dedication changed mary virgin 14th century church tower said built remains medieval structure replaced present church unsafe austin lancaster designed present church foundation stone laid church consecrated church built red sandstone grade listed building parish churches old thomas church consecrated replaced present church church built red brick red sandstone designed christ church designed architect built yorkshire stone consecrated site south canal rapidly growing area time grade listed paul founded lane peter grade listed building austin built brick red sandstone founded lane catholic chapel built corner lane chapel street lasted replaced joseph church architect joseph growing catholic population area led building lady lane sacred heart denominations include independent primitive welsh united baptist witness places worship town sport professional rugby league team main claim fame beating leeds challenge cup final stadium club played super league season amateur clubs including east miners rangers town semi professional football team genesis ceased operations senior level june successful amateur club athletic currently plays manchester football league athletics club founded rugby union club based round ash park gained promotion league north west current holder lancashire trophy won consecutive year attached club crown green bowling section runs teams local bowling leagues cricket clubs cricket club play premier league liverpool competition cricket club senior junior teams playing district cricket association culture old halls demolished sites park grounds hall gift lord park grounds hall demolished museum open public wealth industrial town resulted outlets entertainment population including theatres cinemas public houses theatre road built site walker silk mill subsequently cinema later classic theatre theatre royal built lord street later casino club palace cinema built railway road assembly rooms conservative club converted cinema known brewery lane reminder brewery belonging george old college library railway road built literary society designs stephen present library built parish church town hall notable people sir john jones sir peter davies pete old pupils grammar school rhythm blues singer musician fame born thomas tenor born attended joseph school author goodbye chips james born local businessman chairman world war club ground park named female sculptor mary born raised


small village civil parish authority east northwest ceremonial county england south manchester according census population entire parish area predominantly agricultural manufacturing retail outlets village mentioned 11th century survey 13th century gained estate richard successors including families early 19th century seat family resided hall demolition early 20th century hosts social events village hall horse trial competitions manor farm coarse fishing field farm fisheries chapel methodist church place worship closed september manufacturer trucks award winning motor works band based boundary change placed adjacent parish history place mentioned book completed william england time area thought formed southern boundary historic township derives old english word meaning broad meaning spring variant include dates wall associated local hamlet referred cum today township hamlet green archaeological finds evidence bronze age roman activity area late bronze age axe head dating found near fields farm fisheries thousand roman coins dating earlier discovered eastern short distance farm miles direct roman station point small brook crossed discovered mole catcher coins included examples remains roman road thought discovered near western west near king street parish boundary changes road location roman way parish manor main article manor records mention 13th century family divided estate land parts families associated manor recent country seat hall including seat country seat buildings estate thought originally west parish rectangular moat large pool near wood hall field wood found 19th century maps later time seat moved eastwards hall hall located nearer middle parish hall seat family recorded early hall described large white_house architectural features interest said george large building brick finished end avenue enlarged time time following 19th century decline english country house hall demolished october blown field squadron royal engineers cottages coach house remain grade listed buildings dated english_heritage 17th century school boys school built george william property hall aimed reform boys use industrial labour report house_of_commons reported boys school inspected glad find ordinary farming processes resorted common agricultural machines employed training farm servants gradually complete use labour allows books kept fewer chiefly fines loss privilege cost head year notable included year old boys peter james bradley april abducted killed year old george charged sentenced judge sir charles sent rank successful institution kind country sent age reform school age persistent served sentences prisons george william cousin charles surgeon foundation retirement school renamed training school closed buildings grade listed converted cottages economic history historically farming pasture land majority people working agriculture census notes nearly residents agriculture followed nearly domestic service unknown non specific occupation table kelly noted crops roots wheat land chiefly pasture commercially total farmers superintendent school geography village parish council south east northwest england crow flies irish sea north west manchester city centre north county capital chester west peak district east trent southeast london southeast car locally mile north parish council northeast southeast south holmes chapel west parish covers acres somewhat irregular shape extends east west north south land slightly elevation northwest rising southeast wooded areas included wood wood wood wood handful brooks flow parish notable called small brook flows brook adjacent parish river north river away southwest boundary rivers join river flows north map environment agency indicates small brook subject occasional extensive flooding parish includes green east west called cum noted 16th century water powered corn mill hamlet called hope parish confused parish hope climate following rest united_kingdom parent county oceanic climate influenced atlantic_ocean altitude proximity average temperature chart precipitation chart wind speed chart geology sits mainly fine bedrock member stone responsible rock salt deposits surrounding area salt evidence having fields western lane indicate small scale extraction thickness bedrock estimated formed million years ago late period hot dry environment surrounded glacial till glacial period approximately years ago small pocket river terrace deposits sand gravel dating million years old located southeast intersection pillar box lane road illustration british geological survey reveals trace elements decreasing area reveal glacial sand couple layers ground water major regional seismic profiles lines lancaster birmingham profiles passes directly sub basin basin minor seismic profiles pass managed onshore library uses resources exploration companies oil gas coal lie earthquake zone november rare magnitude earthquake recorded north demographics according census population civil parish totals people men women households households described ethnicity white population people stated religion christian religion remaining stating preference life birth years men women population population peaked 1920s sharp decline population 1930s change parish boundaries populated area moved parish parish 1950s slight decline population economy dozen businesses operating today half farms split evenly dairy agricultural farming businesses include property development farms operate secondary businesses notably riding schools stables annual event compared census economic history working population recorded census economy population decline census notes total population working age employed divided people manufacturing industries people service industries census reveals following breakdown culture community village hall village hall opened october lady diana helen wife sir john land hall hall social public events rural touring arts south association folk dance club club village hall local polling station sport coarse fishing available southeast civil parish field farm fisheries pools stocked equestrian governing body british holds horse trials manor farm year tree farm riding centre local riding school yard farm parks nature reserves parish parks nature reserves nearest public park park away bowling play areas park tennis court multi use games area park miles away include town wood riverside walks created sir bernard away features multiple species trees shrubs avenues grade registered parks gardens include queen park away featuring boating lake stream garden trees floral borders rode hall odd rode parish away landscape park designed created john century featuring formal kitchen garden countryside sites close include rail trail away heath local nature reserve away includes acre lake wealth bird life including great lesser spotted great away reserve site special scientific interest internationally important series remaining site small pearl bordered butterfly nearest bird reserve way valley landmarks home buildings grade listed december open public 17th century cottage coach house hall includes story building windows brown tile roof inside oak beams chimney corner oak supporting beams coach house oak framed brown brick roof tiles built farmhouse ward lane green storey building windows built brown brick school cottages lane storey building windows converted cottages surrounds rectangular courtyard school originally cost build transport roads main road road runs northwest south stretch motorway passes east parish couple miles exit motorway built 1960s available local traffic served holmes chapel road north holmes chapel east south west walking public forming rights way example runs road northwards fields small brook manor runs end lane small brook wood lane lane near junction pillar box lane nearby transport manchester international airport nearest airfield away airfield currently miles north raf built second world war operational bus services nearest services couple miles away goes holmes chapel holmes chapel liverpool trent canal passes western border national cycle way route nose passes northeast boundary built manchester railway line passes southwest northeast parish stations nearest station away road runs manchester closing passengers single freight line railway station enters northwest near electricity closest railway junction railway station serving chester derby london manchester government civil parish originally ancient parish created separate parish poor law union rural district formed rural district borough terms parliamentary representation area including time separate civil parish southern division mid division division division county constituency currently parliament constituency represented bruce local polling station village hall local councils east parish council currently chaired education schools parish falls school admission areas determines nearest appropriate school primary school area primary school away report noted larger average sized school overall effectiveness graded good improvement grade previous inspection secondary schools high school sixth form college girls school boys independent schools converted academy status reports gave school grade outstanding rating local voluntary aided catholic school mary catholic primary school reports noted satisfactory local voluntary aided school church_of_england primary school report stated good nearest college south college nearest university manchester metropolitan university institute education religious sites built place worship chapel methodist church ward lane church mission area heath services held sunday minister kim historic minutes financial administrative records held record office chapel celebrated centenary mary church chancel belonged hall includes arms called chancel chapel called chapter house church records state philip confirmation right chapel bishop chester october notable people vehicle manufacturer founded trucks motor works band died home house parish members family business included sons william richard born green senior business partner george neighbour street john richard born succeeded father vicar mary church october services public utilities parish county served scottish power regional electricity company north west gas network gas pipeline passes route motorway water provided trent water cable available area like rest country sky available satellite digital transmitted winter hill away television region local telephone exchange code companies providing variety internet services including max estimated speed mobile phone services available major networks mobile phone mast operated lane mast operated network rail wood lane holmes chapel neighbourhood team police force crime rates low crimes reported