greek usually simply byzantine magnate senior official military leader early 14th century played important role civil wars period noble lineage prominent supporters iii struggle grandfather held provincial iii reign including outbreak civil war tried surrender old friend john driven city forced join enemies initially honoured high rank soon placed house arrest constantinople died impoverished biography son john niece emperor michael viii member byzantine_empire highest aristocracy probably older brother named john sister little known early life born circa apparently black_sea coast residence extensive estates friends relatives iii enters historical record held title steward imperial table recorded close friend cousin junior emperor michael michael death earliest important adherents michael son young iii old emperor michael death fellow john formed leading younger supporters new man attached junior member old emperor loyalty named governor border serbia instead departing assignment night easter april younger escaped constantinople begin armed uprising round civil war grandfather grandson iii successful getting recognition junior emperor personal conflict radical supporters younger favouring eventual deposition course war defeated loyalist forces constantine final round civil war served governor including empire second important city switched iii camp urged iii march constantinople grandfather outright night men led army gate guard taking possession imperial capital resistance forced resign throne retire monastery grandson succeeding sole emperor services promoted civil war early war rewarded governor constantinople head imperial remained iii principal advisor named governor sent governor iii john annexed governor late revolt broke favour descendant ruling dynasty taken captive capital rebels remained prisoner iii campaigned rebels recovered region john relative installed new governor moved governorship renewed civil war death june iii died suddenly power struggle developed initially assumed powers regency son john powerful faction patriarch john empress anna dispute soon developed outright conflict patriarch empress replaced regent imprisoned family supporters response proclaimed emperor october news proclamation sparked wave popular resistance macedonia common people impoverished powerful aristocracy viewed representative hated rallied legitimate line cities seized regency remained contacted old friend intention surrendering city prove decisive possession enable control macedonia march set army direction city arrived overthrown driven city rebellion led radical popular faction fleet came reinforce new regime sons installed new governor driven cause seemingly ruins soon forced seek refuge court serbian king family constantinople regency hands terms rewarded high rank soon placed virtual house arrest constantinople died deprived court rank considerable wealth late early year later february entered constantinople victor civil war left byzantine state ruins human military resources exhausted half territory lost bankrupt foreigners war weary populace family time married daughters probably married member family anna married john brother law


gordon air commodore gordon henry october september senior officer royal_australian_air_force raaf fighter ace world war credited aerial victories joining raaf july saw action squadron middle_east awarded distinguished flying cross shooting german aircraft single sortie rose command squadron desert air_force posted south west pacific led nos wings earned distinguished service order outstanding leadership finished war temporary group captain resigning commission following end world war rejoined raaf korean war briefly took command squadron late returning australia held senior administrative training posts taking charge raaf base canberra 1960s appointed planning positions followed command raaf base queensland later raaf base malaysia having raised air commodore final appointment retiring staff headquarters operational command air command raaf base new_south_wales subsequently consultant died sydney aged early career son william gordon henry born sydney suburb october educated north sydney boys high school recalled having interested military career applying unsuccessfully enter royal australian navy royal military college left school started working perpetual trustee company july joined royal_australian_air_force raaf undergoing flight instruction flying training school point cook victoria graduated distinguished pass june commissioned pilot officer posting army cooperation squadron raaf station richmond new_south_wales flying demon fighters squadron participated exercises australian_army undertaking reconnaissance spotting artillery practising ground attack missions promoted flying officer december world war following outbreak world war september appointed adjutant newly formed squadron initially operated short type flying boats empire half squadron personnel employees september squadron raaf unit based new_guinea flying boats accompanied dragon flew port undertake maritime reconnaissance region middle_east returned squadron promoted flight lieutenant following month shipped middle_east unit july achieved aerial victory north african campaign shot italian december claimed probable action days later shared kills squadron converted hurricanes shot single sortie near february unit second ace following exploit destruction april awarded distinguished flying cross recommendation noted courage award london gazette april raised acting squadron leader given command newly arrived squadron lebanon assignment challenging operational requirements existing forces raaf air board insistence article squadrons australian empire air training scheme permanent air_force members meant unit short experienced pilots mentioned despatches september leadership squadron december nominal strength equipped commenced combat operations libya began registering victories february scored confirmed victory march final tally middle eastern theatre enemy aircraft destroyed damaged returned australia temporary wing commander december south west pacific undertook fighter sector course january given command fighter sector headquarters brisbane result later contended eastern area command combat duties complaining group officer sector unmarried man supervise posted command mobile fighter sector headquarters new_south_wales following month unit deployed island new_guinea fighter wing operational june august moved fighter wing relinquished command october charge wing wing combat units consisted squadrons squadron build battle december launched series assaults days allied landings personally led force thirty aircraft bombing attack town landing strip january wing took largest raids mounted raaf time involving seventy aircraft attacking enemy camps depots new britain promoted acting group captain following month rank temporary july raaf contribution admiralty islands campaign led wing garrison duty los commencing march wing combat squadrons nos supported operational base unit mobile fighter sector mobile fighter sector air stores park medical clearing station fighters main duty providing cover allied shipping carried bomber escort ground attack anti shipping missions mid april wing escorted largest allied convoy south west pacific date ships carrying personnel april awarded distinguished service order outstanding leadership aerial combat new_guinea completing garrison work june wing units transferred fighter wing command september wing operational group renamed australian tactical air_force following month october november wing undertook offensive sweeps ground attacks targets west dive bombed japanese airfields handed command wing group captain arthur december january senior air staff officer eastern area command sydney posted raaf headquarters melbourne june december attended army navy staff college washington korean war married joan january son daughter appointed raaf director operations february december resigned raaf joining new_guinea administration patrol officer month rejoined air_force wing commander outbreak korean war june following month accompanied major general william mission malaya assumed command raaf station new_south_wales september commenced jet training course raaf station early year august posted south_korea commander squadron shortly conversion engined fighters jets actions following discussions fifth air_force australian unit current air air combat role operations alley encounters squadron chinese convinced straight winged fighters swept wing decision caused controversy commanders believed proper training tactics allowed remain competitive fighter australian pilots change role amounted loss prestige backed chief air staff air marshal george jones squadron relegated mainly escort duty local air defence morale suffered departure december suitable offensive role found ground attack returning australia appointed chief instructor school land air warfare february attached department air canberra years beginning august holding posts chiefs staff committee joint planning committee defence committee serving staff headquarters training command august took command raaf base canberra australian capital territory time wing operating douglas located canberra satisfy federal government transport needs promoted acting group captain substantive months later senior military planning office december returned department air december rose director plans promoted air commodore appointed officer commanding raaf base queensland november home raaf bomber headquarters wing operated english electric canberra jets raaf base malaysia raaf maintained squadrons fighters squadron flying squadron flying equipped squadron returning australia served headquarters operational command air command raaf base new_south_wales retiring air_force october later life leaving raaf served consultant defence firms married fisher partner maintained connection squadron later years guest raaf history conference canberra spoke length difficulties establishing unit middle_east patron squadron association april joined fellow members squadron shipped middle_east july anniversary commemoration event raaf base richmond home palm beach new_south_wales died september aged survived second wife son


november july german luftwaffe pilot world war war president mercedes north_america fighter ace credited enemy aircraft shot combat missions claimed majority victories eastern invasion poland battle france britain born volunteered military service luftwaffe following flight training posted fighter wing october series unit 51st fighter wing fought aerial battles poland france britain claiming victories following german invasion soviet_union operation appointed group commander 4th group awarded knight cross iron cross august following 31st aerial victory received knight cross iron cross oak leaves september victories oak leaves grades knight cross germany highest military decoration time presentation appointed wing commander led years april injuries sustained collision january grounded combat flying surrendered command april appointed fighter leader eastern prussia served fighter command positions leader 6th fighter sector 1st fighter division position held end world war following world war joined mercedes sales worked president mercedes north_america canada shortly death early life career born november time grand german empire son doctor joined military service luftwaffe april officer cadet promoted second lieutenant january served march april posted fighter pilot school command colonel july served squadron officer stab 1st group fighter wing later 51st fighter wing unit underwent series started fighter wing renamed november fighter wing based currently called airport redesignated time later designated world war world war europe began friday september german forces invaded poland claimed aerial victory shot polish september achieved victory battle france seven battle britain appointed squadron leader 12th squadron 51st fighter wing march replacing lieutenant 3rd fighter wing function promoted april victorious royal_air_force raf october achieved ninth aerial victory june majority luftwaffe transferred eastern preparation operation invasion soviet_union july appointed command succeeding major friedrich selected command wing commander command passed weeks later august awarded knight cross iron cross des total victories presented general der sergeant flew wing man time achieved 40th victory total august 50th august weeks later awarded knight cross iron cross oak leaves des mit september victories presented adolf_hitler days later september promoted captain april took command transferred air ministry promoted major major june june crashed factory number aircraft flipped landing suffered fractured skull injury typical high speed crashes flew shortly crash injury required august assisted training temporarily replaced absence january involved collision killed severely injured fly operationally total claimed aerial victories eastern flying combat missions leadership reported aerial victory december victory june victory july victory september promoted lieutenant colonel august appointed april command later referred leader 6th fighter sector 6th air fleet leadership service aerial mentioned information bulletin issued headquarters appointed der inspector fighter operations east january january promoted colonel prior end war april took command 1st fighter division end war later life business career world war joined mercedes initially working sales later head sales department head worldwide services january appointed president mercedes north_america canada retiring january despite retirement continued hold position company director tenure mercedes early mentor later chief executive officer leadership mercedes sales united_states increased cars cars market share expand market presence north_america mercedes opened facility jacksonville florida bought company ohio trucks attended aviation international order characters held connecticut panel world war fighter pilots addition panel included raf pilots sir douglas robert stanford united_states_army air forces pilot robert johnson died home july connecticut usa wife named tina son peter daughter awards iron cross 2nd class october 1st class january der luftwaffe july flying luftwaffe fighter pilots gold pennant knight cross iron cross oak leaves knight cross august 35th oak leaves september mentioned dates rank


april june irish born military historian officer queen_victoria royal artillery son officer british east india company army descended early settlers west_indies generations served british english military served war stint duty malta helped uprising canada known study armies french republic rise napoleon volume set published posthumously oxford_university press edited memoirs napoleon volume work published madame private life marie queen france sketches anecdotes courts louis published family descended generations military political men colonel william lincolnshire raised regiment horse charles ancestors lord chancellor ireland reign queen anne captain james settled island christopher west_indies family rewarded loyalty titles lands ireland cousin grandfather constantine rented hotel france duke returned briefly england wedding daughters leaving children france war coalition broke children separated parents father siblings grew french city french revolution lived threat anti english violence treaty children return england arriving october fluent french reportedly spoke french english rest life end october commission lieutenant joined army east india company following june embarked india bombay built ship arrival india joined force command colonel arthur participated sir david expedition india egypt participation eventually knight crescent married orphaned french revolution taken refuge siblings hotel august calcutta second wife arnold arnold daughter retired east india company service july rank colonel living time london popular regular exeter hall events informed articulate speaker gentleman readily ease society friendly tall stout officer like person years age white hair short sharp features pleasant cast strict sense honor year death wrote letter editor times asserted belief good character quality despite popular outrage indian mutiny developed presiding closing art exhibit ireland died november funeral attended protestant catholics procession mile long second son wife irish born anna charlotte smith born family estate ireland named honor uncle pioneered slave emancipation west_indies uncle scientific clergyman father returned england reside kent family lived lodged local farmer relative mother family included year old older brother age mother age father eventually children joined family robert constantine twins born september boy died october lived adulthood marrying lieutenant colonel william smith suffering bout spring attended school older brother intent following brother year rugby military career enter rugby offered instead entered government preparatory school surrey age uniform wore variation retirement later attended royal military academy graduation expected commission royal artillery awaiting lived months uncle ireland lieutenant commission arrived dated august instructions join royal artillery unit service war reached november participated siege assigned matthew 5th company 9th battalion right siege train chief occupation blowing docks small age looked young drew company siege work difficult living conditions brutal recounted brother soldiers plagued russian fire bad food tents returned england following year arriving march given medal wear queen_victoria reviewed troops later collected decision higher commands landed prior september awarded medal return england tower london assignment sent plymouth serving prince wales stationed south essex promoted royal artillery unique rank second captain april appointed brigade adjutant october brigade adjutant functioned staff officer brigade commander supervised brigade books records monitored execution orders supervised education training prosecuted courts martial proceedings accepted transmitted orders married anne daughter bath physician september exceptions posts included garrison duty southern england vicinity royal artillery barracks traveled united_states arriving boston april went canada participate operations uprising brother friend sought climb climb friend fell feet emergency joined brother guides recovered body stationed ireland wife remained bath living prestigious royal crescent children female cousin servants promoted major april lieutenant colonel july substantive lieutenant colonel april little tolerance retained professional soldier dislike civilian interference military affairs ineffective administration civilians government shortly retirement wrote letter editor times addressing highly publicized problems ranks war office civilians wrote like plan enlist swells list recruits list grows long faces wicked officers officers stop plan day allowed problem maintained lay need quantity quality civilians pay wrote let officers select men year fewer men paper fewer men prison men service hint saving money away inspector general recruiting spend pay horse artillery ornamental use inspector general retired active service fully retired attaining rank colonel wife seven children survived adulthood son born died months later family stationed plymouth short stint malta daughter mary born died immediately born followed career education attended new college oxford deputy secretary board education married margaret mayor terms appointed companion order bath followed served ministry munitions world war charles born henry youngest son pursued military careers charles henry awarded distinguished service order roles british expeditionary force charles attained rank lieutenant colonel royal garrison artillery world war assigned corps heavy artillery moved dublin henry married campbell children henry eventually attained rank lieutenant colonel royal artillery died august youngest annie born december married lieutenant colonel royal artillery officer couple daughter elizabeth wife died october settled youngest children buckingham census shows royal artillery retired list living country manor house stone sons year old student oxford_university year old henry student wellington year old servants supported small family including cook lady maid maid henry left family household lived father remained stone career military historian lies miles london distance oxford maintained foot social world london academic world oxford chairman division sitting member county standing joint committee county licensing committee attended annual conferences oxford pursued life long interest napoleonic wars edited revised edition standard authority napoleon louis memoirs napoleon wrote revision chapters subsequently edited new edition surgeon barry edward napoleon saint napoleonic wars classic wrote new introduction napoleon doctor historians praised introduction convincing exposition treatment napoleon edited revised edition private life marie queen france sketches anecdotes courts louis received creation initially interested ministers empire diverted deeper interest napoleon primarily difficulty obtaining facts capitalized growing interest french napoleonic period purchasing came personal memoirs published descendants participants acquired volumes plus maps letters year failing health moved house son charles square london room books son house gave souls college oxford majority placed library selected souls established reputation military history collection left sir foster killed action collection called collection numbered volumes includes napoleon published correspondence kept date modern works issued historical department french general staff 1920s little published english french proposed lives enthusiastically anticipated scholars french revolution napoleonic wars despite activity project work complicated regular appearance new material felt read verify digest incorporated new material work counter balanced material convinced importance subject particularly experience future republican armies french field armies revolutionary wars formed military education future great interest little published french english early military experience called revolutionary armies schools furthermore empire judged revolutionary period studied detail consequently scope work expanded hand wished avoid information available careers required published works filled inconsistencies french sources french english sources french sources frequently english sources vice versa wrote introduction work summary histories armies republic certain points narrative review positions future known generals reflected development experience characteristics leadership relationships napoleon critically generals rarely improved practice ultimately work emerged massive unfinished death june included introduction summary armies detailed history armies coup paris complete history french armies spain plus accounts napoleon campaign played important role account second included material lives individual notes ministers empire subjects original plan point compilation realized live finish work hoped children able prepare publication provision publication manuscript death assistance encouragement charles authority war son charles supervised publication volumes charles died june final volume prior publication volumes volumes left hands capable granddaughter literary elizabeth reception effort literary received interesting narrative gentleman life spent soldier queen contributing greatness british_empire narrates listeners facts gathered retirement army pursuit favorite hobby narrative informal charming analysis interesting stories anecdotes reviewers found narrative clear volume analysis covers narrative largely confined beginning points french army disciplined class non commissioned officers especially good integration called volunteers revolutionary units regular troops undermined morale discipline conditions army fell apart highlighted particular problems armies moving magazines supplies analysis classes citizen soldier officer offers noteworthy solid class leadership rising rough criticism french revolutionary army system resulting acute targeted documented limiting sources english french fluent necessarily restricted details ignoring actions austrians russians evidence assembled volume sparse volumes second interesting dealt interesting times consistent military operations army north bad army story command honest brave men turn honest men going enemy appear volume frequently revealing disdain civilian administration military affairs points fails follow fully criticism example holds critique jean victor despite assertion wanted demolish myth great soldier napoleon describes game cat mouse jean charles played summer armies crossed south western germany general came october battle charles content chase rhine demolish french army lacking instinct nerves napoleon problems associated lack professional training historian clear volume despite reading newly published works idea constituted new material included publications memoirs journals participants extensive secondary literature array material periodic literature written professional historians seeking understand french revolution napoleonic wars consequently perceptions french revolution remained rooted outdated theories ignoring new theories albert victor albert military background emerged clearly hostility french government affairs soldiers despite amateur standing confusing mass material especially covering campaigns ireland french material provide path english language reader feat volume useful tool furthermore offered handed treatment suppression toulon french cities revolts alarmed revolutionary government despite lack professional training provided valuable assessment widely studied revolts reviewers gave credit elizabeth granddaughter literary handling volumes purpose work apparent direct management editing material role future clear campaigns especially italian campaign handling material kept fully focused future time publication final volume work established place napoleonic literature regarded valuable source known students napoleonic era volume critics maintained interesting predecessors achieve goal creating record development volumes useful history progress wars true value volume subsequent lies repeated use reference work publications armies french republic rise napoleon oxford oxford_university press edited works private life marie queen france sketches anecdotes courts louis revised edition edited london barry edward napoleon saint revised edition edited volumes london louis memoirs napoleon revised edition edited volumes london


lord ruler islands baron distinguished fight turkish sea received title king asia minor titular latin emperor philip deposed rule byzantine expedition imprisoned constantinople returned italy named ambassador holy named commander papal squadron crusade ruler participated october killed crusade leaders turkish attack january life lord wars turks family father nephew lord coast captured byzantine_empire citing island vulnerability turkish raids occupation acknowledged byzantine emperor initially period years renewed year intervals died succeeded son died childless island passed brother small wealthy domain annual income gold years core small realm encompassing islands shore asia minor including lord fought distinction turkish pirates appearance early years 14th century capture sparked occupation raids islands intensified years soon emerged chief turkish maritime especially leadership knights rhodes main latin antagonists turkish pirates reported maintained thousand infantry couple constant alert lost citadel coast continued hold lower city captured participated seven ships fleet scored crushing victory fleet end rule said taken captive slain turks received annual tribute order attack constant efforts turkish pirates earned great praise contemporary latin writers wrote man woman dog cat live animal remained neighbouring islands intervened stop slave trade carried alexandria praised pope john exchange granted right export egypt proposed given command latin fleets prestige rose important shortly bought rights document appears possessed half held peter added domains married related athens elevated standing recognized philip titular latin emperor constantinople named king asia minor gave islands formed latin emperors personal domain treaty island award symbolic controlled hands byzantines turks exchange promised aid horsemen philip hoped realized expedition recover constantinople byzantines byzantine recovery ties latin emperor provoked displeasure byzantine court time relations remained good lease renewed took alliance negotiations byzantines republic venice time behaviour increasingly ousted brother ruler began coins rise new energetic emperor iii byzantine throne marked turning point relations leading nobles leo went meet new emperor chief minister john propose island iii readily agreed pretext unauthorized building new fortress island emperor sent letter ordered cease construction present constantinople year order renew island lease rejected demands accelerated construction deposed brother lodged complaint emperor claiming half share island revenues events excuse autumn iii assembled fleet vessels including forces latin duke nicholas sailed imperial fleet reached island iii offered let possessions exchange installation byzantine garrison payment annual tribute refused sank harbour forbade greek population bear arms locked men citadel raised banner instead emperor resist broken surrendered fort byzantines saw locals welcoming soon forced surrender emperor spared life demanded execution took prisoner constantinople wife relatives allowed free wealth adherents chose stay island imperial officials offered island governorship demanded receive personal possession way brother held concession emperor unwilling grant retired colony years later unsuccessful attempt reclaim died soon iii appointed new governor followed success sailing forcing acknowledge later life crusade released pope philip france offered military command castles emperor compensation returned hometown genoa named city ambassador holy september appointed command papal crusade overall command titular latin patriarch constantinople henry view character pope warned henry allow divert crusade bid recover authorized henry replace deemed necessary crusade scored swift unexpected success caught guard recaptured lower town october citadel remained turkish hands position remained venetian aid fortified lower town enable resist counterattack bombarded lower town managed sortie destroy effectively breaking siege celebrate feat henry decided advice leaders hold mass city cathedral lay man land citadel held lower town turks attacked service january killed henry leaders present family married probably time earlier marriage daughter george heir discarded marriage sons died right wife died sole surviving son inherited father founded family line eventually ascended title maria


nicknamed greek byzantine general armenian origin launched unsuccessful rebellion emperor major supporter byzantine empress athens soon overthrow appointed commander chief armies position launched revolt july probably opposition economic religious policies troops marched constantinople failed win popular support point major supporters deserted reluctant engage loyalist forces battle gave chose surrender retired monk monastery founded blinded possibly orders origin early career known early life usually regarded modern scholars armenian account form whilst bestowed probably revolt suggest origin probably identical appears chronicle domestic schools commander guards dispatched arrest monk public opposition second marriage emperor constantine niece military governor theme supported empress mother athens throne son easter monday april recorded constantine led horses empress carriage unique procession palace church holy overthrown exiled finance minister october time soon transferred command powerful theme year probably preparation campaign arabs following refusal continue annual payment tribute emperor apparently appointed post single general effect commander chief empire land themes conferred exceptional cases appointment means certain mentioned later sources near contemporary ones mention possible later sources title mean general east revolt july army son began advancing byzantine frontier broken foot early fell lead byzantine army arabs ordered thematic armies assembled theme mid july date variously interpreted modern scholars july proclaimed emperor assembled troops themes theme traditional rivalry joined rest army join uprising participated suppression revolt leaving memory hostility troops byzantine chronicles report revolt 10th century 13th century synopsis indicate troops motivated chiefly economic concerns initiated strict budgetary policy shore empire finances emperor revoked exemption inheritance tax soldiers apparently left unpaid time hand good reputation regard fairly dividing booty won campaigns arabs soldiers motives situation clear according byzantine accepted reluctantly soldiers allow leave according story revolt accompanied principal associates thomas leo armenian michael visited holy man learn prospects uprising monk correctly rebellion fail thomas begin revolt leo michael reign emperors possibly later invention story suggest planned revolt aside personal ambition member landed aristocracy devoted supported empress regime seen representative opposition traditional policies area emperor maintained carefully neutral stance socio financial sphere new taxes landed property ecclesiastical estates hurt interests historian warren suggested revolt reaction aimed ostensibly restoration death august deprived rebels claim legitimacy revolt probably took place capital theme rebel army comprising half empire available military forces marched north west following military road town lay imperial capital constantinople days awaiting possible uprising inside capital response rebellion populace proved overtly enthusiastic withdrew great army base associates michael leo armenian abandoned richly rewarded michael count tent emperor leo appointed commander regiment discouraged reluctant face loyalist army battle opted negotiated surrender joseph monastery constantine second marriage received letter signed patriarch leading senators guaranteed subordinates punished surrendered guarantee good faith sent gold cross letter satisfied assurances september left army sought refuge monastery embarked ship took island taking monastic entered monastery founded past aftermath revolt retirement formally dismissed confiscated property thematic generals took revolt dismissed posts metropolitan bishops punished support uprising exile small island sicily soldiers armies left unpaid year december puts group possibly soldiers disembarked blinded highly symbolic act usual punishment usually rebels deposed emperors political rivals prevent threat likely behest emperor later public statement senate swore scholars believe direct involvement holds soldiers acted longer credible threat emperor event despite pressure patriarch senate punish perpetrators pledge let revolt temporarily weakened byzantium especially capability deal arab threat east invasion limited scope father far larger intervention shortly resulted major military confrontations withdrew truce concluded exchange modest sum revolt seriously affect army indicative soldiers dissatisfaction surface subsequent years prove constant source trouble reign family married woman named children wife michael usually identified record married daughters michael aides warren identifies second daughter woman named nicknamed regards wife leo armenian leo divorced shortly accession order marry real mother leo son constantine clearly attested wife leo evidence divorce leo named cousin unclear literal meaning brother law case relationship bar marriage addition tale likely simply later invention inspired marriage michael son known held high official post unnamed unmarried daughter recorded unnamed younger children left fortune donated poor rest found small monastery constantinople retired


san francisco san february august known simply san spanish pronunciation san argentine general prime leader southern south_america successful struggle independence spanish empire born modern day argentina left mother country early age seven study spain taking war france san contacted south american supporters independence spain set sail buenos_aires offered services united provinces present day argentina battle san time commanding army north organized plan defeat spanish forces united provinces north alternative path peru objective involved establishment new army army province argentina led crossing chile battle battle chile royalist rule sailed attack spanish stronghold peru july seizing partial control san appointed protector peru independence officially declared july july closed door meeting fellow ecuador took task fully peru san unexpectedly left country resigned command army excluding politics military moved france details july meeting subject debate later historians san regarded national hero argentina peru spanish south_america order general san del general san created honor highest decoration conferred argentine government early life san fifth son juan san unsuccessful spanish soldier del born indian reduction people exact year birth disputed records baptism later documents formulated life military career records wedding documentation gave varying ages documents point year birth family moved buenos_aires san years old juan requested transferred spain leaving americas family settled madrid juan unable earn promotion moved city san enrolled school beginning studies unlikely finished year long elementary education enrolled regiment reached required age began military career cadet infantry unit military career europe san took spanish campaigns africa fighting rank raised sub lieutenant age began naval career war second coalition spain allied france great_britain time french revolution ship santa captured british forces kept prisoner time soon afterward continued fight southern spain mainly gibraltar rank second captain light infantry continued fight portugal spain war promoted captain stay influenced ideas spanish enlightenment outbreak war san named adjutant francisco suspected killed popular uprising overran barracks dragged corpse streets san appointed armies led battalion volunteers june unit incorporated guerrilla force led juan nearly killed battle saved sergeant juan july spanish french forces engaged battle spanish victory allowed army attack seize madrid actions battle san awarded gold medal rank raised lieutenant colonel fought battle command general william time french armies held peninsula control san resigned spanish army controversial reasons moved south_america joined spanish american wars independence historians propose explanations action common ones missed native country british agent goals wars explanation suggests wars independence began san thought duty return country serve military conflict second explanation suggests britain benefit independence south american countries sent san achieve suggests wars caused conflicts enlightenment ideas san waged war wars americas developed goals spanish restoration san initiated lodge rational knights met house members american born agreed return home countries join local revolutionary movements san asked retirement military moved britain stayed country short time met south americans lodge held house general francisco street way london house blue plaque sailed buenos_aires aboard frigate george canning south americans francisco francisco arrived march serve south_america argentina days arrival buenos_aires united provinces formally named argentine republic san interviewed appointed lieutenant colonel cavalry asked create cavalry unit buenos_aires good cavalry began organize regiment mounted buenos_aires lacked professional military leaders san entrusted protection city kept focused task building military unit san established local branch lodge rational knights supporters late lodge sought promote liberal ideas secrecy hides real lodge lodge political goals ties premier grand lodge england san married los year old girl local wealthy families lodge organized revolution october terms office ended juan promoted new members preventing vote deputies achieving majority caused san intervened military force buenos_aires replaced second juan new called assembly year promoted san colonel san shore royalist stronghold laid siege navy nearby cities san sent new regiment watch activities river shore regiment followed navy distance avoiding detection hid san convent san santa san watched enemy ships convent night disembarked dawn ready regiment charged battle san employed movement trap led column san horse killed battle leg trapped corpse animal fall royalist probably attempted kill san trapped dead horse suffered injury face bullet wound arm juan juan san regiment intervened saved life mortally wounded died shortly battle notable influence war prevent finally subdued admiral brown second oriental campaign leader army served san crossing years later army north buenos_aires san wife attended official performance argentine national anthem theater oral tradition premiere took place home thompson san attending documentary evidence lyrics new anthem included references time allies san began distance controlled assembly lodge opposed merchants san thought risky open conflicts threat army north operating upper peru defeated battles appointed san head replacing san met relay army poor condition san initially refused remove army hurt soldiers morale supreme director replaced government insisted san acted instructed san stayed weeks army studying terrain positive impression guerrilla war waged similar war defensive war san trusted prevent royalist advance san health problems april probably caused temporarily delegated command army colonel francisco requested leave recover moved del slowly recovered time king ferdinand vii returned throne began restoration began organize attack rogue colonies interview san came plan organize army cross chile peru sea defended north frontier place peru crossing harsh terrain upper peru campaigns defeated advance plan requested governorship province accepted took office september governor restoration spain growing influence generated political crisis buenos_aires forcing resign new supreme director resign months san plan complicated disaster royalist victory restored chile ending period san initially proposed regular sized army simply reinforce chile changed propose larger liberate country occupation leaders deposed chilean rule sought refugee armies received brothers intended act government exile ignored local laws soldiers committed acts vandalism san imprisoned sent buenos_aires proposed plan liberate chile different outlined san rejected impractical initiated rivalry san san began immediately organize army drafted citizens bear arms slaves ages requested reinforcements buenos_aires reorganized economy war production took leave restore health months taking power appointed appointment resisted ratified san government san repeated ideas outlined operations plan drafted beginning war combination incentives planned economy allowed country provision army gunpowder pieces artillery horses food military clothing etc mining increased increased extraction lead copper improved local finances hundreds women clothing soldiers father headed military factory men produced rifles san stayed good terms government buenos_aires provincial fully able receive provisions considered war independence took priority civil wars army ready summer delaying crossing given harsh conditions mountains crossing summer season snow buenos_aires send provisions san proposed resign serve support campaign san wrote report autumn detailing supreme director military plan operations san proposed country declare independence immediately crossing way acting sovereign nation mere rebellion great influence congress congress deputies provinces established march opposed appointment soldier policies buenos_aires feared break national unity rejected proposals appointed supreme director supported friend lodge member juan office resumed military aid congress declared independence july congress discussed type government united provinces modern argentina general diplomatic mission europe informed independence easily acknowledged european powers country established monarchy purpose proposed plan crown noble empire king dynasty 16th century san supported proposal deputies buenos_aires undermined project prevented approval needing soldiers san extended emancipation slaves ages allowed promoted higher military ranks proposed similar measure national level encountered severe resistance included escaped chile disaster organized units infantry cavalry artillery end army men horses san martin organized military intelligence propaganda confuse royalist armies specific routes taken boost national army promote crossing congress flag argentina army use choosing banner columns light blue white coat arms roughly similar coat arms argentina army use flag argentina exclusively argentine army contrary common understanding crossing time military expedition crossed mountain range difference previous operations size army ready combat right crossing army divided columns taking different path colonel francisco took come pass juan san_juan moved led columns south bulk armies left san led column los pass juan las pass operation took nearly month armies took dried food soldiers fodder horses conditions consumed prevent altitude sickness horses survived half original complement returned chile crossing began guerrilla war chile support upcoming army supported south city countryside strategy occupy nearby villages seize weapons flee attacks san failed chile battle columns crossed began military actions column north led defeated seized south captured las routed royalist outposts came los pass defeated las allowed main columns gather valley meeting slopes royalist commander armies location men pieces artillery san men pieces artillery concealed path bulk army allowed san advantage royalist forces scattered regions chile battle began february san organized movement leading west column east eager avenge defeat rushed attack instead coordinating gave brief advantage san instructed rush attack combined attack successful san column secured final victory battle ended dead prisoners deaths injuries army army entered chile following day governor francisco del attempted escape sail peru captured february returned officials captured sent prisoners san argentina san sent del prisoner deputies organized new government proposed san supreme director chile declined offer proposed recommended supreme director chile san instead organize navy fight peru established local chapter lodge rational knights named reference leader victory liberate chile royalist forces resisted southern chile allied las occupied failed occupy royalist resistance lasted months captured continent free san left charge army returned buenos_aires request resources campaign peru good reception time thought chile compensate buenos_aires money invested liberation support san reduced support portuguese brazilian invasion eastern bank buenos_aires incapable financial support buenos_aires sent lawyer united_states request aid acknowledge declaration independence mission failed united_states stayed neutral conflict negotiated purchase florida spain chilean obtained ships disaster intended use liberate chile san refused place fleet army enemy sought navigate chile imprisoned confiscated ships san requested help british admiral william wrote chile expected find buenos_aires embarked considered san praised san obtain ships interrupted correspondence months returned chile wife stayed buenos_aires daughter mercedes health problems unable help buenos_aires foreign powers san promoted decisive commitment chile finance navy battle failure liberate followed naval reinforcements north peru sent attempt chile advance land northern chile san thought possible defend ordered leave city took cattle grain moved north burning leave supplies congress san urged declaration independence government military actions chilean declaration independence issued february year battle san las met plain known patriots advantage tried avoid open battle tried instead stealth operation spy informed san surprise attack night army prepared time soldiers fled died san assistant killed tried resist unit retired shot arm las managed retire army order saving men patriots escaped despite defeat soldiers received heroes thanks las potential disaster patriot armies turned minor setback army reorganized deaths injuries caused defeat reduced size soldiers closer royalist forces took position river near battle san brief reconnaissance royalist army noticed flaws organization feeling secure victory claimed thought today triumph sun witness battle began patriot artillery right fired royalist infantry left led mounted capture royalist artillery turning owners regiment severely punished patriot left wing mainly composed slaves took lives san ordered mounted led charge regiment firing suddenly ended began fight sword cries long live king long live homeland respectively finally ended cries began disperse regiment realized line broken stopped resisting soldiers began disperse cavalry pursued killed end battle trapped units las west middle east tried fall reach tried escape stand died battle ended afternoon injured wound received arrived final action claimed glory chile reference san praised going battlefield wound embrace horses known embrace battle secured chilean independence escaped cavalry royalist military leaders captured armed forces killed captured artillery weapons military hospitals money resources lost victory praised international press fleet pacific san new request ships received answer moved buenos_aires similar request arrived days execution juan brothers specific initiative executions controversial chilean historian san blames instead imprisoned killed prison death decided lodge san taken way buenos_aires san received buenos_aires initially declined help citing conflicts federal organization huge royalist army try basin thought chile organize navy peru buenos_aires san discussed finally got financing returned wife daughter received letter said buenos_aires deliver promised funds complicated project chile resources needed san resigned army unclear decision resign sincere apply pressure government buenos_aires considered san vital national defense agreed pay requested encouraged san withdraw resignation san proposed buenos_aires federal league led thought civil war counter productive national unity end hostilities free resources needed navy calculated condition peace joint declaration war colonial brazil san proposed defeat demand return eastern bank united provinces recommended caution fearing san captured rejected recognize equal negotiate act defeated brazilian armies allies francisco continued hostilities buenos_aires inactivity invasion called army army north led aid buenos_aires conflict noted san armies north argentina chile easily san knew soldiers army willing aid buenos_aires civil war provinces chile san doubts projected arrival large military expedition spain restoration ferdinand vii met severe resistance spain san finally kept army chile lieutenant signed armistice thought conflict ended minister war ordered return army appointed francisco leader displacing san san resigned observed army able cross chile buenos_aires winter snow blocking trails leaders military units army refused buenos_aires soldiers mutiny desert facing resignation san obey orders supreme director canceled orders army stayed chile argentine constitution ended mandate supreme director replaced navy finally completed chile british earl thomas appointed lead sent peru immediately rumors attack spain needed navy buenos_aires fight spanish ships civil war resumed san attempted effect requested return army success san returned chile prepared naval actions peru ignoring buenos_aires army north refused join conflict disbanding reinforcements defeated federal forces battle congress office supreme director united provinces dissolved country turned confederation provinces central state period known anarchy year rebellion spanish general del outbreak yellow fever expedition organized ended royalist threat buenos_aires act invested san authority army lacked national authority peru peru armed forces nearly times strength san soldiers northern provinces coast upper peru nearly soldiers total army soldiers instead navy forces san tried avoid battles tried instead divide enemy forces locations crossing trap movement reinforcements army north south army north tried promote rebellions insurrection royalist ranks promised emancipation slaves deserted masters join army san spreading news liberal liberal rebellion spain reinstated spanish constitution sought undermine royalist loyalty navy sailed chile august composed warships cannons crew frigates brig soldiers army san leader military expedition landed south september occupied nearby city abandoned expedition peru instructions spain negotiate patriots armistice opponents celebrated meeting deputies proposed adopt liberal spanish constitution san left country deputies requested instead spain grant independence peru negotiations bear fruit san isolated surrounding countryside sent juan promote rebellions natives army moved north sea san besieged city directions attacked port captured ship royalist regiment nearly expeditionary soldiers new deserted joined patriots populations north peru supported san defeated battle joined patriots including santa plans fully work intended native populations joined resist royalist counter attacks slaves join army expected numbers argentine provinces send supporting army san requested earlier army north longer existed result wrote trying coordinate actions deposed military liberal coup new called san negotiate end hostilities result proposed enact spanish constitution inside spain san demanded independence peru independent monarchy rejection spanish constitution motivated representation americas constituent assembly wrote armies agreed temporary armistice san proposed establish constitutional monarchy european monarch regency ruling interim proposal rejected grounds accept ferdinand approval protector peru hostilities renewed san organized guerrilla groups countryside laid siege force entry want appear local population suddenly left city army unknown reasons san called open discuss independence country agreed approval authority support northern provinces port siege san declared independence peru july war ended unlike chile peru local politicians stature san leader government want appointed protector peru society highly conservative san liberal ideas far immediately provisional statutes contained changes ratified existing laws types imposed natives abolished natives received citizenship abolish slavery completely peru declared freedom instead sons slaves slaves left abolished corporal punishment enacted freedom speech stay peru san romance woman royalist armies stayed countryside headed led confusing episode battle attacked changed path took resources returned base battle return resources surrendered days armies took actions san allowed receive reinforcements left key military objective incapable resist known documentation provides reasonable explanation events disputes san discussed actions tried bypass authority blockade proposed control mission send battle chile san appointed protector peru reasoned san longer chilean command took navy away later years accusations san chile took control victory battle congress issued laws similar declared independence sent reinforce forces requested help san peru sent military force men entered city month later claimed historical reasons colombia san sought generate latin american integration disagreed type government proposed republic san constitutional monarchy reasoning easier receive international recognition independent south american nations peru colombia signed treaty integration proposed chile united provinces later point united provinces central_america empire brazil conference san thought joined forces able defeat remnant royalist forces peru meet san appointed manage government absence unable meet san arranged date san returned left government moved secured independence discussions future region factions wanted join colombia join peru new nation ended discussion colombia pressure san similar thing annex peru conference took place july private meetings day following witnesses minutes content discussions later actions letters people likely topics discussion request reinforcements offer combine armies single san ranked second minister removed office rebellion san absence san resigned protector peru days later returned chile reasons influenced resign military discipline army compromised san reluctant drastic action officers authority san local rivalry respective countries peru colombia limited options joint work liked forces san whilst liked protector second command joint command maintenance military discipline unlike backed government san resources buenos_aires denied support argentine governors juan supported resources provide deposed chile took navy left naval power finally felt strong authority able prevent refused rule dictator later life retirement san intended live war independence ended regions argentine civil wars continued wanted organize country state centered buenos_aires preferred federation provinces san good relations federal personal feud leader tried stay neutral san wife los died returned buenos_aires took daughter mercedes living mother family sailed europe failed attempt settle france moved britain capital present day belgium brussels settled intended live mercedes completed education return argentina visited brussels san intended challenge duel diego despite feud appointed president argentina san offered military services war brazil received response sailed country deposed replaced federal war ended interim intended return federal government spare persecution received unable planned ship docked informed juan deposed reached informed captured executed begun campaign terror country ship arrived buenos_aires san leave instead returning unable federal rebellion offered san government san declined returned brussels time federal juan begun civil war started earned san admiration began exchange friendly letters belgian revolution cholera epidemic san leave brussels paris san daughter ill helped married mercedes daughter mercedes france began blockade rio san offered military services declined san advanced age condemned role conflict allied france nation san bequeathed curved successful defense country conflict france argentina renewed anglo french blockade san condemned time met domingo revolution san martin left paris moved sur small city northern france blind health problems advanced age continued write letters touch news south_america shortly receiving news argentine victory anglo french blockade died clock august remains san died august house sur france corpse buried notre dame requested taken cemetery funeral moved buenos_aires informed foreign minister san death oversaw remains temporary stay chapel city sent san martin rebellion defeat battle resulting chaos delayed san remains buenos_aires organized public san despite conflict buenos_aires argentina state buenos_aires dominated despised san remains postponed indefinitely aware favorable conditions project arranged creation tomb sur cemetery san remains finally repatriated presidency placed inside buenos_aires metropolitan cathedral san suspected placed expanded wing cathedral legacy san acclaimed national hero argentina life immediately death resented refusal aid supreme directors army constant support wrote biography san san spanish history san south american emancipation time accounts san way countries wrote san campaign peru chile wrote chilean war independence book san universally acclaimed argentina work introduced san campaign support political project detected fixed later historians statues san appear cities argentina bust san martin walled city manila erected request government reminder san martin brother juan served philippines portrait san artists works important films featuring san santo los equestrian statue general erected sur statue inaugurated october ceremony attended units argentine military statue erected purely private initiative support national government argentina municipal council buenos_aires public funding campaign statue high base known locals located beach virtually untouched numerous bombings campaigns world wars equestrian statue general san new_york_city southern central park dedicated donated city buenos_aires argentina equestrian statue washington virginia street copy statue buenos_aires gifted argentina general san martin drive roadway ring national park north sydney australia named honour


lord henry lord henry harry january officer royal_navy saw service american war independence french revolutionary napoleonic wars born british nobility younger son winchester rose ranks gained command early stages french revolutionary wars involved number famous engagements career capture french frigate narrowly missed seeing direct action significant naval battles wars french battle cape vincent left fleet days previously second battle copenhagen remained sir parker reserve squadron rose ranks reach vice admiral despite incident saw court dismissed reinstated intervention king tendency married end wars france children served lords commissioners admiralty installed knight commander bath ill health forced retirement active service shortly eventually died cancer family early life henry born younger son george 12th winchester brother charles future 13th winchester joined navy later years american war independence spent years rank time present admiral sir george victory battle junior lieutenant aboard hms crown early february crown flagship commodore william sailed squadron india reached ship squadron arrival transferred frigate hms phoenix exchange phoenix completed voyage india phoenix shortly arrival learnt taken aboard crown britain aboard east promotion command promoted lieutenant appointed hms vulcan moved hms assistance april february received promotion master commander command sloop hms commanded john naval force captured april promoted post captain january given command hms vengeance sir john served flag captain commodore charles thompson capture martinique command hms success returned britain given command gun fifth rate hms cruising english channel orders sir john sailing thick fog april sails spotted break identifying enemy frigates gave chase closed distance attempt french ship came alongside ships exchanged nearly hour french ship struck discovered gun men aboard suffered casualties killed wounded guns men wounded feat awarded naval gold medal command hms command gun frigate hms attached lord fleet present battle taking board fleet flag captain william captured french captains ran rocks rounding able safely returning fleet frigates spotted distance feared french reply pointed guns said mind pounders hit hard continued serve channel january sent rear admiral william parker reinforce john fleet prior battle cape vincent present battle having attached mediterranean_fleet days earlier mediterranean captured gun corvette french spanish time incident occurred temporarily career moment anger struck robert forbes brought court martial june aboard hms prince offence proved court choice dismiss service view circumstances court recommended considered king george iii king pleased follow recommendation reinstated service received command gun hms defence went sir parker baltic defence present battle copenhagen kept parker reserve squadron took fighting defence paid conclusion treaty resumption hostilities led return service captain hms terrible commanded french spanish ports west_indies august year terrible caught hurricane completely wrecked personal later life eccentric occasion ship moored asked admiral permission leave visit london refused comment travel far land barge challenged loaded barge cart went london colonel royal marines august advanced rear admiral august replaced william hope lords commissioners admiralty holding position forced retire ill health january appointed knight commander order bath promoted vice admiral october married anna maria sons daughters increasingly ill years cancer believed brought fall slide aboard terrible died january seat lodge hampshire buried family vault february eldest son henry charles created honour


louis louis joseph november august fighter pilot united_states_army air forces world war later united_states_air_force korean war rose rank major posthumously received medal honor heroic actions august south_korea battle perimeter born michigan worked chicago illinois joining army air corps shortly attack pearl harbor december flew bombers europe flew combat missions hours flying time briefly commercial airline pilot war offered commission lieutenant service july commanded fighter bomber squadron outbreak korean war flying close air support air strike missions august attacked north korean armored column advancing united_nations military units aircraft heavily damaged wounded pass column turned plane deliberately crashed convoy cost life biography louis born november harbor beach michigan attended wayne state university detroit michigan graduation university 1930s moved chicago illinois worked master ceremonies chicago nickname described handsome master ceremonies wow customers parody blue heaven married wife gave birth son december world war enlisted united_states_army air corps weeks attack pearl harbor empire japan began flight training january spite months older age desperate need pilots combined skills pilot allowed age restriction time described outstanding pilot leader maturity helpful younger flight completing flight training commissioned second lieutenant assigned bombardment squadron bombardment group 3rd bombardment wing field florida flew aircraft deployed england january flew bombing missions european theatre bombardment group unit fly sent mission low altitude attack electrical power plant netherlands control nazi_germany mission sortie group suffered plane lost damaged days later second attack assigned target mission list planes flew mission aborted rest return advanced flight leader promoted squadron operations officer temporary rank major end war flown combat missions combat hours war awarded distinguished flying crosses air medals unit returned united_states march end war left active duty air_force began work commercial airline pilot returned air_force july offered commission lieutenant held positions staff officer ninth united_states_air_force headquarters army airfield fort bliss texas shortly assigned shooting star instructor pilot teaching pilots transition conventional fighter aircraft newer jet engine powered models attended air tactical school field florida assigned clark air base philippines time flew named nancy iii tail number november promoted major commanding officer fighter bomber squadron 18th fighter bomber wing component fifth united_states_air_force stationed japan post world war occupation duties november squadron began receiving new continued fly mix aircraft eventually squadron transitioned entirely time known spend time squadron frequently discussed fighting death including sentiments supporting suicide attack point saying die enemy time worked administrative duty squadron absorbed new aircraft pilots japan korean war outbreak korean war june united_nations voted send troops south_korea aid north korean army prevent country collapsing unit send assist ground forces operating korea end july shipped large number aircraft types korea july far_east air forces planes units available ready combat early war aircraft primarily conduct raids gather intelligence north korean ground targets focused disrupting north korean supply lines soon forces retreated perimeter following battle naval aircraft immediately close air support north korean ground troops missions significantly risky aircraft suffered higher losses north korean ground fire august squadron moved air field began conducting missions support ground forces korea august hours flying time course career time fighter bomber squadron operated primarily airfields medal honor action death beginning battle perimeter night september north korean troops established river advance river attack south_korea eighth united_states_army headquartered defense perimeter september forward air controller spotted north_korea column advancing village ordered lead flight north korean troops advancing flew tail number loaded pounds bombs rockets caliber machine guns captain martin johnson lieutenant charles approached village altitude feet spotted north korean armored column crossing river shallow area positioned medium angle dive bomb run planning drop bombs attack diving held steady feet spotted target column trucks artillery guns armored cars led north korean armored personnel carrier hit bomb release button control stick sharp pull left stay away bomb blast bombs released pounds weight left wing contributed near miss run north korean anti aircraft fire struck turned second run heavily damaging aircraft began trailing smoke intended release second bomb johnson hit injured probably fatally johnson try head emergency landing strip short distance away responded known words going sic dove straight target fired rockets instead pulling regular feet deliberately continued dive airplane remaining bomb straight target firing machine guns plane sustained heavier damage crashed north korean convoy destroying large contingent north korean ground troops vehicles killed instantly buried forest home cemetery forest park chicago hearing reports death commanders korea think highly act action spite reluctance lieutenant bolt squadron assistant awards officer citation event washington evaluated medal honor shortly incident bolt second command captain robert killed separate combat engagements short obituary appeared time magazine death united_states_air_force academy created memorial hall academy administration building military awards military decorations awards include medal honor citation posthumously presented medal honor ceremony march air_force base riverside county california august air_force chief staff general presented medal widowed wife son months old time ceremony attended korea martin johnson speech calling remarkable friend fine commander brave man person air_force awarded medal honor branch beginning 31st recipient korea war air_force members including received medal war pilots killed action members receive army version medal air_force version awarded vietnam war medal honor citation reads rank organization major air_force fighter bomber squadron 18th fighter bomber group 5th air_force place date near korea august entered service chicago ill born november harbor beach citation distinguished conspicuous gallantry risk life duty attack area containing concentration enemy troops artillery armored vehicles aircraft severely damaged fire fully short period remain airborne deliberately ignored possibility survival abandoning aircraft crash landing continued attack enemy forces threatening security friendly ground troops determination inflict maximum damage enemy exposed intense fire enemy gun batteries target death superior leadership daring devotion duty displayed execution extremely dangerous mission inspiration subordinates superiors reflect highest credit air_force armed forces united_nations


charles wilson charles wilson june august united_states_air_force general commandant air war college deputy chief staff development graduate united_states military academy west_point wilson commissioned united_states_army second lieutenant field artillery underwent flying training receiving pilot wings transferred united_states_army air corps attended air corps engineering school wright field ohio assigned aircraft design section aircraft laboratory worked development world war wilson chief development engineering united_states_army air forces headquarters liaison officer manhattan_project december chief staff bombardment wing deployed okinawa june participated air raids japan war ended involved survey damage bombing hiroshima nagasaki deputy chiefs armed forces special weapons project october wilson commandant air war college air_force base alabama commander air_force united_kingdom promoted lieutenant general july deputy chief staff development retired air_force president chairman allied research early life career charles wilson born pennsylvania june son army officer colonel wilson entered united_states military academy west_point cadet july graduated 48th class commissioned second lieutenant field artillery june september commenced flight training brooks field texas training advanced flying school kelly field texas received pilot wings transferred united_states_army air corps november wilson posting 1st observation squadron field new_york married elizabeth robinson college graduate creek louisville kentucky ceremony christ church cathedral louisville son charles wilson attend west_point graduating class wilson attended air corps engineering school wright field ohio july june graduating assigned aircraft design section aircraft laboratory worked development promoted lieutenant february director special research test laboratory director design test laboratory wilson came west_point july instructor department natural experimental philosophy science department known promoted captain july august attended air corps tactical school returned west_point assistant professor built wind tunnel wrote book entitled preliminary airplane design published world war june wilson posted wright field assistant chief air laboratory air command promoted major january lieutenant colonel february colonel march assistant chief development engineering united_states_army air forces headquarters washington chief june reported major general oliver head air material command chief general henry arnold designated liaison manhattan_project turn designated wilson alternative wilson manhattan_project main contact director manhattan_project major general later wrote wilson fortunate choice personality professional ensured smooth operation essential success efforts necessary air support provided subordinate air_force commands willingly delay air_force officer dealings project felt particularly grateful wilson bear minor problems air_force major responsibility number principal activities sure difficult moments air_force colleagues denied security reasons information considered essential understand reasons requests wilson posted britain march april involved exchange technical information royal_air_force december chief staff bombardment wing based colorado springs colorado soon moved kansas deployed okinawa june participated air raids japan war ended involved survey damage bombing hiroshima nagasaki cold war war wilson served office assistant chief air staff supply office deputy commander army air_force office deputy chief staff research development july deputy chiefs armed forces special weapons project rank brigadier general april served military liaison committee united_states atomic energy commission deputy assistant deputy chief staff operations atomic energy july assistant deputy chief staff operations atomic energy february remained military liaison committee promoted major general august october commandant air war college air_force base alabama commander air_force united_kingdom head military assistance advisory group united_kingdom november time air_force responsible tactical nuclear weapons europe wilson logical choice commander returning united_states july air_force member weapons systems evaluation group office assistant secretary defense research development promoted lieutenant general july deputy chief staff development reorganization area july deputy chief staff research technology wilson retired air_force november decorations included legion merit oak leaf clusters president chairman allied research concord massachusetts defense contractor retired moved creek louisville kentucky died august buried taylor national cemetery louisville


walter walter june german world war fighter ace served luftwaffe death rose command named honor death served legion spanish civil war claiming aircraft campaign people earn award spanish cross gold diamonds start world war given command group moved eastern start invasion poland moving western later redesignated iii iii victory world war battle france operated western eastern fronts wounded received silver wound badge returned operations killed action aged given honor early life walter born bank director near germany june joined german_army october served second artillery regiment enlisted soldier transferred luftwaffe transport unit undertook flying training cadet luftwaffe academy completion training assigned unit designated combat career spanish civil war started operational career legion future contemporary aces adolf join spain april commanded took spanish civil war claimed victories flying combat missions received spanish cross gold diamonds wounded conflict earned spanish wound badge received western march joined headquarters flight july promoted given command july activated initially consisting drawn prior invasion poland transferred august group transferred modern anticipating attack polish air_force week later group moved february unit relocated control continued operate fashion end battle france july designated iii served battle france got world war victory battle france claimed french hawk netherlands earning iron cross 1st class claimed patrol north west day claimed bristol june shot french aircraft kill claimed french bomber end hostilities france june world war tally stood including spanish kills following battle france luftwaffe started attacks channel convoys prelude battle britain primary task time provide fighter escort bomber missions commander established policy combat air patrol fighter providing loose protection close escort bombers actively seeking royal_air_force fighters july claimed battle britain july major clashes battle britain occurred phase known iii led escorted bombers attacking large convoy leading noticed flight hurricanes squadron higher escorts attempting intercept bombers soon joined squadrons british fighters squadron squadron squadron squadron able claim aircraft crash landed france british losses lost destroyed ensuing battle hurricane piloted pilot officer destroyed collision hurricane damaged possible responsible damaging hurricane causing lose control landed light damage slightly damaged force landed raf claiming enemy losses sides battle july iii confronted squadron south german pilots aware defiant lack armament soon gained advantage combat claimed shot minutes credited defiant taking score reach double world war raf losses record destroyed damaged august iii escorted attacking airfield intercepted hurricanes kent claimed hurricane shot 20th victory earning knight cross iron cross des days later pilot honored august took walter replaced iii october total score including november succeeded iii victories currently 4th highest scoring ace adolf february shot hurricane france 40th victory awarded oak leaves mit knight cross day earned second entry early returned germany replace new variant friedrich disliked kept flying time returned france added kills bringing total operation iii involved operation invasion russia launched june shot soviet aircraft june june reached 60th victory downing bomber day downed bombers near modern ukraine earned 3rd entry july claimed aircraft kills july july shot soviet aircraft sortie weeks moving eastern credited soviet aircraft downed pilot reach victories kill bomber awarded swords knight cross oak leaves mit und day person earn swords wounded receiving heavy splinter injuries face knee fortnight later transferred western defence succeeded second time commander died combat northern france pulled tail dive proved excellent match disliked reduced armament compared continued fly model preference lack forced switch newer variant appointment july addressed following words spirit von following example set predecessors major constant readiness devotion duty enable achieve successes tasked defending targets occupied france raf fighter offensive years led war attrition waged raf august claimed kill days claimed end september claimed participated luftwaffe air cover channel dash flying fortresses squadron attacked german battleships highest altitude world war bombers attacked resulting destruction aircraft score past mark matching score great war namesake kills claimed august claimed 100th kill october pilot earned 4th entry grounded flying operations experience leadership qualities regarded valuable risk line combat fly occasional sorties famous involving shooting lancaster bomber squadron raf piloted warrant officer rhodes april rare raf daylight raid targets kill august exchanged aircraft late onwards line increasingly numerous united_states_army air forces day bomber formations added tally shortly 30th birthday elevated series luftwaffe staff administration positions july posted fighter leader brittany appointed november following death october ban combat flying lifted commanding expert shooting engine bombers bomber kills claimed awarded combined pilots observation badge gold diamonds october awarded german cross gold january commander chief luftwaffe ongoing concern inadequate numbers fighters able continually engage bomber streams time 8th air_force new commander jimmy instituted new fighter strategy luftwaffe february near big week bomber offensive luftwaffe carried 15th air_force flying italian bases joseph commander established new rule fighters returning base arrive nearest designated fighter airfield resupply instead returning base commanded senior pilot landing airfield unit meant turn fighters time intercept returning bombers day 2nd bomb division eighth air_force bombed sent intercept high winds bombers ahead escorts unprotected groups met claimed result 1st bomb division bombed fighter units arrived intercept eventually involving western day fighter units luftwaffe caused confusion pilots landing airfields tested directive led improvised formations successfully led added fighters score january march tally stood claimed shot kill death equivalent raf group captain wing commander frequently received share deep anger frustration failure beat allied bomber offensive questioned commitment flying regularly leading respective units context stated order risk luftwaffe expert life german fighter aces called automatic ban combat flying 100th kill ban lifted temporarily bypassed appointed hand simply ignored ban continued lead missions added victories american heavy bombers months thousand heavy bombers eighth air_force attacked railway targets eastern france north east belgium escorted numbers fighters bed hearing news staff flying staff bed fever yes yes know kind said turned tired angered comment took green wing number despite high fever leading aircraft broke formation approached bombers reported damage machine ordered break left faced possibly according major iii mission facing followed unclear versions chased 1st james 1st iii 1st james austin fighter squadron 9th experienced pilots chased feet tree level ensuing minute defended aircraft damaged gunfire attempting emergency landing received final burst fire cockpit area crashed ground miles south west body thrown clear aircraft yards away according eighth air_force mission mission engaged turning pair scoring hits leader broken combat claiming kill unaware victim killed shell kill kill fighter group combat luftwaffe dispute exactly shot fighter sources claim shot aircraft falling ground shot feet ground possibly flight led received damaged credit kill aircraft noted bullet damage cockpit area gun camera footage showed green german records indicated death caused explosive shell cockpit body having bullet wounds later image gun camera published showed aircraft right aged time death total kills gained missions engined bombers scored eastern spanish civil war recognition record received title honor fallen similar honor walter buried close birthplace town museum documented journey pictures aftermath historical importance career mentioned times daily propaganda reports der mention considered high military honor death high ranking luftwaffe ace kills went chief staff allied air forces central europe said walter toughest fighter pilot luftwaffe frustrated perceived lack success raf fighter command keen fighter force leadership younger blood perceived lack leadership likes victim policy handing considered rising star star staying favor required keeping kill rate promotions invariably linked scores according kurt tank designer younger generation good unable cope problems overall planning broader strategic aspects outstanding leaders produced luftwaffe fighter wings likes adolf decision continually retain return gifted experts line battle proved extremely costly resulting death combat earlier experts aces coupled acute shortage trained pilots fact facing better equipped trained enemy meant life gifted short author john says end dying combat showcase changing fortunes luftwaffe fighter forces death walter personality personal life german historian commented best professors little information available personal walter good sense humor liked spend time friends simple man display flamboyant personal aircraft aircraft commanding special markings unit normal yellow commanded like dropped special symbols stab headquarters flight units favor helped leader aircraft anonymous unlike aces reportedly markings rudder representing personal tally contradicted photos displaying aircraft rudder painted score downed aircraft authenticity photograph questioned photos supposedly signed flew bomber date rank awards spanish spanish spanish cross gold swords diamonds iron cross 2nd class 1st class flying luftwaffe gold fighter pilots pennant wound badge black german cross gold october knight cross iron cross oak leaves sword knight cross august 9th oak leaves february iii 3rd swords july iii


thomas major general thomas david july december british_army officer commanded mounted infantry unit second boer war 17th northern division world war removed command disgrace battle spent early career infantry officer seeing active service colonial campaigns nigeria late 1890s followed field command second boer war published book lessons learned following war held number senior commands india promotion checked having come conflict commander chief regarded senior command writings keen student german_army operational methods active theorist published number controversial books advocating adoption new military techniques anonymous invasion novel outbreak world war leave england eventually obtained command 17th northern division new army volunteer unit division supported initial attacks battle july clashed superiors refusal push attack preparations believing result failure heavy casualties days fighting sacked sent command reserve centre england wrote series books retiring ran parliamentary candidate splinter right wing national party general election continued loose involvement right wing politics extended membership early british married daughter cavalry officer marriage strained partly gambling habits adultery partly dislike sister prominent irish nationalist couple divorced having children later high_court judge died western remarried remained married second wife death early career educated school joined dublin city artillery militia unit transferred regular army initially commissioned 22nd regiment foot transferred shortly 5th later northumberland attended staff college passing course deputy assistant adjutant general dublin district took posting colonial west_africa late 1890s involved raising battalion west african frontier force commanded expedition transferred regiments time regiment took command 2nd battalion served second boer war time given command column mounted infantry including large contingent australians promoted lieutenant colonel october colonel november aide camp king edward vii returned united_kingdom early june commanded regular brigades posted india held variety commands culminating burma division senior military officer colony colonel regiment time outbreak war holding posting leave england personal life writing married mary daughter colonel thomas 17th sister later prominent irish nationalist mother politician nobel close associate muse disapproved sister law particularly marriage john relations frequently strained sisters remained close couple daughter sons toby tommy pat elder son toby family judge high_court justice tommy killed battle aged marriage happy expected independently wealthy wife bail debts turn blind eye gradually drifted separate lives finally confronted affair public sued divorce event having named divorce suit alleged committed adultery knight bruce wife major james knight bruce case dragged delayed inability return india attend court contest wife suit divorce granted married divorced particularly active observer german_army studying military methods attending german_army manoeuvres later publish translation writing controversial beginning artillery infantry officer point view argued strongly favour adopting indirect fire techniques concealed locations conventional doctrine held artillery fire directly targets principle practical effect prominent arguing firing cover destroy spirit arm argument ran years provoking debate writing proved problematic career pamphlet fire problems twice blocked promotion commander chief india encouraged development machine gun tactics heavier concentration use weapons unusual position pre war period published anonymous invasion novel writing wall described german invasion britain war invasion germany followed rapid collapse british forces particularly volunteers saw unfit purpose advocated form conscription mandatory reserve system strengthen army spectator dismissive comparing novel invasion useful hints given practical lessons general plot entirely destroys value possess noting suggestions highly typical simply army encourage country adopt german military policies translated published germany year world war outbreak world war august leave england offered services war office initially turned unsuitable command sir john french january appointed command newly formed 17th northern division new army division predominantly drawn northern england division moved france july held sector near remainder year fought action march following douglas considered relieving command highly rated superior officers end corps commander sacked instead perceived old fashioned rarely visiting trenches journalist philip remarked old fashioned dignity manner concluded simply modern warfare brutal command certainly observer summer recently appointed 17th division staff officer recalled finding completely unit central effective provision laundry line units described divisional staff simply value 17th deployed battle july engaged day july supported capture lost men killed wounded following involved capture capture taken total casualties time relieved july casualties stemmed unsuccessful attack trench support july division captured main trench system july ordered pause prepare subsequent assault ruled higher command forced attack night failed followed daylight attack july strongly protested eventually ordered attack minimal men necessary assuming inevitably doomed failure high casualties outraged superiors later wrote easy sit miles rear credit allowing men killed undertaking failure appeal protests useless attacks received following division withdrawal promptly sacked corps commander henry commander neighbouring 38th welsh division considered lacking initiative drive readiness simply dismissed unequal task divisional command succeeded philip july later appointed command eastern reserve centre retired army later life following end war contested seat general election opposed sitting liberal member coalition candidate representing splinter right wing national party conservatives opposed coalition heavily defeated taking vote previously relatively close seat continued loose association right wing politics anti national security union joining anti socialist british commonwealth union british formed early 1920s member official london branch died aged pneumonia survived second wife publications published number books career block artillery infantry officer point view lessons boer war digital copy considerations connected formations infantry attack defence writing wall published anonymously general staff fire problems general letters son obtaining commission published anonymously digital copy general letters son minor tactics published anonymously digital copy war according edited commentary east east stories indian life digital copy