forensic forensic application science including forensic forensic legal setting forensic assist identification deceased individuals remains burned mutilated happen plane crash forensic instrumental investigation documentation genocide mass graves forensic forensic homicide investigators forensic commonly testify court expert witnesses physical markers present skeleton forensic potentially determine victim age sex stature ancestry addition identifying physical characteristics individual forensic use skeletal potentially determine cause death past trauma broken bones medical procedures diseases bone cancer methods identity person skeleton relies past contributions study human skeletal differences collection thousands specimens analysis differences population based physical characteristics set remains potentially identified field forensic grew twentieth century fully recognized forensic specialty involving trained numerous research institutions gathering data effects skeleton modern uses today forensic established discipline forensic field called investigate remains help identify individuals bones physical characteristics identify body longer exist forensic work conjunction forensic identify remains based skeletal characteristics victim found lengthy period time eaten flesh markers identification destroyed making normal identification difficult impossible forensic provide physical characteristics person input missing person national crime information center yellow notice database addition duties forensic assist investigation war crimes mass fatality investigations tasked helping identify victims terrorist attacks plane crashes arrow air flight disaster flight disaster flesh badly normal identification impossible helped identify victims genocide countries world long actual event war crimes helped investigate include genocide genocide organizations forensic society europe british association forensic american society forensic continue provide guidelines improvement forensic development standards discipline history early history use forensic investigation remains grew recognition distinct scientific discipline growth physical field began united_states struggled obtain recognition legitimate science early years twentieth century earnest pioneered field physical physical hold time teaching position united_states organizing committee member american association physical founder students created doctoral programs physical early 20th century addition physical proponent criminal considered criminal believed link person behavior specific physical characteristics use criminal try explain certain criminal behaviors arose movement popular time ideas skeletal differences measured earnest eventually leading development method skeletal measurement study information helped shape understanding human skeleton multiple skeletal differences occur prominent early thomas primarily responsible creation large collection human skeletons total acquired human skeletons skeletons skeletons contributions field remain use modern era include studies skull timing teeth eruption developed age estimates based physical characteristics standards updated estimates forensic narrow age range remains early pioneers field 1940s help student forensic gained recognition legitimate growth forensic 1940s actively potential forensic value going far placing advertisements fbi law enforcement bulletin informing agencies ability assist identification skeletal remains period saw official use federal agencies including fbi 1950s army corps employed forensic identification war casualties korean war time forensic officially began sudden influx available skeletons study identities eventually confirmed allowed creation accurate identification sex age stature based solely skeletal characteristics developed 1940s refined war use modern forensic field began soon 1950s 1960s coincided replacement medical locations country time field forensic gained recognition separate field american academy forensic sciences forensic research facility body farm opened william bass public attention interest forensic began increase time forensic started working high profile cases major cases era involved charles helped identify victims murdered methods main tools forensic use identification remains knowledge differences occur human skeleton course investigation tasked helping individual sex stature age ancestry aware human skeleton differ individuals determination sex depending bones present sex determined looking distinctive sexual available extremely useful determination sex properly examined achieve sex determination great level accuracy examination arch location help determine sex present forensic aware areas skeleton distinct characteristics sexes skull contains multiple markers determine sex specific markers skull include temporal line eye ridge lines process general male tend larger thicker female pronounced ridges important forensic account available markers determination sex differences occur individuals sex example possible female slightly narrow normal arch reason usually classify sex possibilities male male female female addition forensic generally unable sex determination individual adult time death sexual present skeleton begin occur fully pronounced sexual maturation determination stature determination stature based series developed time examination multiple different skeletons multitude different regions backgrounds stature given range possible values centimeters typically measuring bones leg bones addition leg bones bones arm radius determine stature rely information individual sex ancestry age determined attempting height possible differences occur populations sexes age groups knowing associated height accurate estimate example male formula stature length female ancestry use formula length important note individual approximate age determining stature skeleton naturally occurs person ages age person loses approximately centimeter height decade determination age determination individual age depends individual adult child determination age children age usually performed examining teeth teeth available children aged based growth plates sealed plate seals age girls boys bone complete growth plate sealed age addition complete skeleton available count number bones adults bones bones child fused resulting higher number aging adult skeletons straightforward aging child skeleton skeleton changes little adulthood reached possible way estimate age adult skeleton look bone microscope new constantly formed bone bones stop growing younger adults fewer larger older adults smaller fragments potential method determining age adult skeleton look bones cause noticeable rounding bones degree rounding coupled size number help narrow potential age range individual determination ancestry determination individual ancestry typically grouped historical groups use classifications harder rate marriages increases markers defined measuring distances landmarks skull size shape specific bones use series estimate ancestry typically help determine individual ancestry basic shapes rounded belonging historical respectively addition arch nasal opening narrow possible ancestry program called created likely ancestry complex mathematical program continually updated new information known individuals maintain database current populations respective measurements markers able markers present bones past evident presence bone examination bones potentially help determine cause death determining fracture occurred death time death post death signs healing post usually appear clean post breaks appear diseases bone cancer present bone samples help narrow list possible forensic forensic archaeologists employ knowledge proper excavation techniques ensure remains recovered controlled acceptable manner remains found partially completely buried proper excavation remains ensure evidence present bones remain intact difference forensic archaeologists forensic forensic trained specifically human recovery human remains forensic archaeologists broadly processes search discovery addition remains archaeologists trained look objects contained excavation area objects include wedding rings potentially evidence cigarette shoe prints training extends observing context association significance objects crime scene drawing conclusions useful locating victim suspect forensic archaeologist able utilize degree creativity times crime scenes excavated traditional archaeological techniques example particular case study conducted search recovery remains missing girl found tank underground instance required unique methods unlike typical excavation order preserve contents tank forensic archaeologists involved main areas assisting crime scene research investigation recovery evidence skeletal remains aspect processing scenes mass fatality incidents terrorism homicide mass graves war crimes violations human rights branch work forensic archaeologists involved forensic archaeologists help determine potential grave sites overlooked differences soil help forensic archaeologists locate sites burial body small mound soil form filling grave loose soil increasing nutrients body encourages different kinds plant growth surrounding areas typically grave sites darker organic soil areas search additional grave sites useful investigation genocide mass graves search additional burial locations implement career forensic archaeologist teaching research law enforcement crime scene technicians investigators undergraduate graduate students critical forensic archaeologist career order spread knowledge proper excavation techniques forensic personnel increase awareness field general crime scene evidence past compromised improper excavation recovery personnel forensic unable provide meaningful analyses retrieved skeletal remains damage contamination research conducted improve archaeological field methods particularly advance methods search recovery important advancement recognition field ethical component considered capability uncover information victims war crimes homicide present conflict cases involve competing interests forensic archaeologists contracted assist processing mass graves larger organisations motives related exposure prosecution providing peace mind families communities projects times opposed smaller human rights groups wish avoid memories individuals violent manner death cases like forensic archaeologists practice caution recognize implications work information uncover forensic examination skeletal remains takes account environmental factors affect forensic study changes human remains caused soil water interaction plants insects animals order study effects body farms set multiple universities students faculty study environmental effects donated locations placed situations rate factors related process studied potential research projects include black plastic causes occur faster clear plastic effects freezing dumped body forensic divided separate sections study environment affects body specifically examination biological remains order destruction occurred include factors animal climate size age individual time death account common services effects examination body affects environment examinations include soil disturbed alteration surrounding area acceleration plant growth body examining characteristics begin piece timeline events death potentially help determine time death trauma skeleton result post activity scattered remains result deliberate attempt conceal remains education individuals looking forensic obtain bachelor degree university studies focus physical addition recommended individuals courses wide range sciences biology chemistry anatomy undergraduate education completed individual proceed graduate level courses typically forensic obtain physical completed recommended individuals looking pursue forensic profession experience usually gross anatomy class useful investigative agencies practicing educational requirements complete certified forensic society region include exam given forensic society europe certification exam given american board forensic typically forensic perform forensic time basis individuals work field time usually federal international agencies forensic usually employed university research facility ethics like forensic fields forensic held high level ethical standards work legal system individuals piece evidence sanctioned fined imprisoned appropriate authorities depending severity violation individuals fail disclose conflict interests fail report findings regardless face disciplinary actions important forensic remain course investigation perceived bias investigation efforts court bring responsible parties justice addition guidelines forensic mind remains working person possible local customs dealing dead observed remains treated respect dignity notable forensic


leisure leisure study humans organize free time leisure includes broad array activities sport tourism playing games leisure closely tied work explores different work leisure relationship recent studies field away work leisure relationship focus relation leisure culture studies leisure determined patterns easily explained income occupation education type leisure activity substantially influenced individual immediate situation presence lack family age factors theory leisure fairly recent compared traditional work family education saw development second half 20th century leisure seen relatively minor feature society leisure recognized major social institution inquiry particularly western societies john wilson noted difficult define leisure definitions numerous mutually contradictory example portion time quality experience time distinguished distinct definitions leisure begin broadly gradually narrow scope defines leisure style behavior occur work second defines non work activity family household obligations finally defines leisure activities dedicated self definitions incompatible definitions measures seen major factor accounting occasionally contradictory research findings unresolved questions concerning definition work particular unpaid endeavors studying work non work time free time comprises free time dedicated leisure time dedicated certain activities dividing activities free dedicated time easy example teeth work leisure scholars differ classifications activities eating meal shopping repairing car attending religious ceremony individuals classify activities leisure relation work leisure unclear research indicates individuals find skills acquired work useful vice versa individuals leisure activities advance work careers disagree political spiritual activities included studies leisure communities police officers miners common work colleagues time friends share similar work based leisure activities apart definition leisure questions theoretical concern leisure example results difficult time budget studies noted given time example hour different values depending occurs day week year finally fields inquiry social sciences study leisure hampered lack reliable data comparative longitudinal studies little standardized data gathering leisure human history lack longitudinal studies decades recurring national surveys general household survey united_kingdom ongoing addition surveys increasing number studies focusing methods research interviews research time emphasis studies leisure shifted work leisure relation particularly researched study minorities relation leisure culture marshall gordon noted approaches study leisure formal historical theoretical formal approach focuses questions shifting leisure patterns individual life cycle relation leisure work specific forms leisure sport historical theoretical approach studies relation leisure social change structural neo perspectives provided different analysis comparing north american british studies british approaches focus input critical feminism american approaches concentrate social psychological tradition findings assumed given type leisure activity easily explained income occupation education yielded fewer results expected income associated total money spent activities determines type activities affordable occupation similar effect heavily influence person income example membership prestigious occupation country club activities golf sailing significantly membership high income activities high cost education having wide range leisure activities higher dedication kelly noted predicting person leisure behavior basis position impossible hand type leisure activity substantially influenced individual immediate situation family recreational facilities nearby age early family influences particularly involving social leisure activities profound type leisure activity depends individual current place life cycle specific findings studies leisure illustrated john robinson study american leisure robinson found americans average hours leisure time weekday weekends hours saturdays sundays leisure time age work marriage children free time significantly depend individual wealth people desire free time uncertain economic future job central interest second half twentieth century watching television major leisure activity causing substantial decrease time dedicated activities early 1970s average american hours leisure day spent watching television shared leisure activities increase marital satisfaction

Anthropology, anthropologists, sociology and sociologists


marshall marshall born march german author activist helped found organization movement autobiography published invisible woman english discusses racism germany search family identity influenced praised work friend american activist marshall born german mother african american father meet experienced severe racism child especially time studied helped children home frankfurt main 1980s helped establish movement interested work published described highlighting issues german racism given talks readings based autobiography universities festivals biography childhood marshall born march child woman african american soldier eddie marshall returned birth parents met end world war laws forbidding military personnel interacting civilians according black soldiers treated native german children distributing food clothing parents generally met secret racist remarks november father returned illness time knew mother pregnant know leaving gone year birth mother married officer hitler paramilitary wing nazi party half sister born following year mother grandmother loved treated like child despite social disapproval close half sister step father distant despite pleasant early childhood marshall singled skin colour growing faced constant racism referred local community term nazis designate mixed children jewish non jewish parent ready start school mother forced social services send god little cabin children home lived rest childhood despite promises temporary weeks home endured mental physical abuse adults children included shouted stop crying mother force fed undergoing forced repeat phrases cast lord jesus black soul allowed home summer told family bad experiences children home marshall performed school finishing class taught swim teaching said expected teachers told children alcoholic better find job school higher education teacher instead transferred boarding school taught work young children years training unable find employment white roommate immediately found position adulthood marshall continued study achieved licence child education welfare found work children home frankfurt main worked years home reminded sent like detention center school working teachers opposition school management able substantial changes time working completed degree social work frankfurt met married white german man named alexander family attended wedding incidents illustrated german society treated invisible alexander went marriage license greeted alexander wrote asked bride descending courthouse steps wedding offered wedding maid honor ignored incidents troubled continual need point getting married years alexander divorced marshall active women rights movement frankfurt feminist activist colleagues felt isolated black woman met black german years children home learned think blacks including inferior immoral years later commented disastrous thing learned home self hatred attended meeting germans years old time seen black face wasn empowered sense community activist germans studying history asserting legitimacy society assumed germans white attempted find father wrote letter explaining situation letter returned marked insufficient address gave hope finding moved berlin met people offered help trace father family age finally met father large american family chicago welcomed accepted equal marshall later said journey end referring meeting adding knew survival white racist society died following year marshall taught gender studies psychological berlin having gained degree social works inter cultural focus artist color drawings wood sculpture activism munich marshall founded women movement short german women uses literature media attention status germans invisible sic german born german speaking people african ancestry commonly accepted german skin colour movement forerunner black european identity movement community building resist discrimination gain social acceptance construct cultural identity marshall work influenced american civil rights activist living germany founded encouraged germans come discuss lives encouraged write marshall met time marshall read substantial material work excited meet attended legacy cultural festival chicago lesbian activist marshall positive relationship chicago found father autobiography marshall published autobiography experiences surviving black woman germany means home means way transit combination deliberate suggesting seeking home country english translation book published international publishers titled invisible woman growing black germany english version published peter publishing book explores relationship father germany describes search identity book won literary award read marshall public events germany austria described intensely moving journey search personal story racism contemporary germany ways black german experience gave reading book university rochester gave public reading institute annual berlin film festival


man eating myth man eating myth influential study socially sanctioned cultural world casts critical perspective existence practices authored american william brook university new_york published oxford_university press primary hypothesis despite claims western explorers 15th century firm evidence socially accepted practice world time history dismissing claims cultural peoples invading spanish tackles 19th 20th century claims socially acceptable sub africa new_guinea turning critiques archaeological claims discovered evidence practices europe north_america second half work puts forward argument erroneous belief commit socially sanctioned global phenomenon proceeds community man eating myth suggesting reasons man eating myth widely reviewed academic journals attracted attention mainstream press views mixed reviewers highlighting intentionally provocative nature work critics charged constructing straw man arguments problems influential ensuing decades increasing archaeological study led dismiss hypothesis background william undertook research phd eastern africa beginning rural community discovered locals referred term meaning blood widespread belief community europeans collect blood killed convert red pills consume note time left community year half later locals continued believe myth preface man eating myth notes inspired begin fuller investigation teaching introductory course brook university new_york student asked focused teaching topics politics economics exotic subjects experiences concurred topics interest students greater extent undertook investigation prior accounts record began read written accounts cultural struck inconsistencies problems tales search reliable accounts witnessed practice cultural hand placed advertisement newsletter american association failed come hand documented cases prior publication rumors circulated community putting book challenge concept cultural synopsis chapter nature discusses study discipline noting widely taken granted societies socially states adequate documentation practices world second chapter explores hand accounts highlights inaccurate nature beginning german claims encountered socially sanctioned people south_america illustrates number logical contradictions account highlights dubious nature text moved 19th century accounts widespread socially approved people cook islands provided native converted christianity wrote london missionary society highlights number inconsistencies logical claims second chapter entitled classic man explores accounts produced european travellers americas early modern era begins documenting spanish interaction people lesser antilles begun christopher columbus men columbus noted described neighbouring people west_indies initially claims highlights later columbus began oversee colonization lands began assert order cause proceeds note spanish government permitted caribbean leading european colonists increasingly label indigenous peoples order increase economic power following goes critique longstanding claims people mexico noting early spanish accounts include hand descriptions human sacrifice highlights spanish observers actually witnessed despite claims later asserting nature religion contrast argues found idea survival conditions socially believed neighbouring peoples guilty chapter contemporary man explores claims socially sanctioned 20th century particular focus sub africa new_guinea discusses evans work people arguing stories socially accepted dark continent based largely claims european travellers like henry stanley hand accounts practice africa instead notes african societies found anti social activity associated drawing comparisons early modern european witch hunt moving look claims new_guinea like margaret notes actually came evidence practice going critique claims cause outbreak new fore people mid 20th century fourth chapter entitled prehistoric world deals archaeological arguments socially approved european north american argues early archaeologists viewing prehistoric societies primitive savage expected find widespread evidence archaeological record social claiming practice widespread recently documented primitive savage societies critiques claims broken bones represent evidence iron age yorkshire case man maintaining represent different things moves look north american examples including period southwestern united_states country northeast instances interpretation socially sanctioned penultimate chapter mythical world consists argument human groups accused socially accepted point time usually thought outside society associated certain animals non human behaviour belief universal phenomenon questions suggests societies gain sense self meaning image opposite culture breaks societal describes manner societies hold origin myths involve way referencing ideas expressed taboo proceeds discuss variety related issues connection role gender class claims role mythical world looks manner approached idea cultural noting widespread western idea exist pale civilization land argues taken explain proving start connects attitude held past present civilization helped stop challenging criticizing community long term advocacy considers man eating myth draws comparisons belief demonic europe led witch trials early modern period ending work quote historian norman book europe inner demons main arguments existence cultural man eating myth notes unable find form adequate documentation existence socially sanctioned recorded society remained dubious existed approved social activity refused rule possibility occurred maintaining correct stance hold open mind issue impossible state society human history culturally sanctioned definition cultural instances people resorted survival conditions individuals committed anti social activity condemned rest community universal belief cultural considers belief universal phenomenon exhibited inhabited regions world expresses view cultures religions secret societies possible human association labeled notes accusations socially sanctioned society typically arise alternative society conflict evidence notes pagan romans labelled early christians despite lack evidence subsequently christians medieval europe labelled jews evidence argues world viewed non human entities committing acts human way akin non human species animal notes societies believed physically transform different species order kill consume humans proceeds question societies world believe exotic societies exhibit notes development collective prejudice foreign entity provides meaning group opposite commit social suggests society belief foreign society arise inability differentiate natural supernatural evidence asserts rumors indigenous americans northeastern canada arose foreign societies learned beliefs man eating giants lived wilderness fantasy reality approach cultural primary argument development discipline community continually man eating myth cultural widespread world way sees following path christian early modern period asserted existence pale civilization societies historically geographically distinct western culture furthermore argues christian academic sought accuse non western non christian peoples cultural order explain savage ways argues continue portray christian west influence world suits socio political way feels man eating myth non indirectly lent justification western exploitation savage non western peoples believe conscious academic conspiracy spread claims cultural instead believing arisen result poor area lack properly sources furthermore suggests failed tackle issue novel ideas certainly welcomed feared criticising long held core assumptions established status quo discipline ultimately reputation suggesting major errors reception academic reviews man eating myth reviewed american journal noted framework coherent spelled explicitly text reading entirety work sees framework version approach increasingly popular casting critical eye admits direct observation evidence accept short practicing evidence practice notes activities world surely monasteries homosexual activity armed forces hidden veil secrecy difficult observe directly suggesting true moving attacks criticism believing constructed straw man argument comparing early accounts travellers later 20th century accounts portraying objective figure debate argues cases people evidence negative believes concluding review admits agrees premise socially accepted globally widespread suggested disagreed reckless claims charges furthermore suggestion cause blamed poor observation standards journal man published highly negative review university_of_oxford criticizing saw thou tone book asserted pages text failed sufficient attention subject evidence instead space constructing straw men arguments coming defence believe account arguing reflect german explorer genuine experiences notes tackled claims assert south american people committed furthermore expresses opinion work evidence existence thoroughly convinced proclaiming bad dangerous book finally expresses fear prove origin myth similarly new school social research published highly negative review work journal casting critical eye claims notes use source material selective strangely ideas collective prejudice considers valuable discussion fore people new_guinea draws comparisons sexual activity noting directly observed nonetheless undoubtedly goes furthermore expresses surprise work designed scholarly audience poor levels accuracy james northern illinois university reviewed book quarterly hoped book positive legacy look closely critically source material praised criticism claims proclaimed certainly wrong making use faulty evaluation methods excessively critical claims cultural failing prove prejudice behalf europeans claimed evidence cultural treatment claims discussion claiming neglected mention native american hand nature people ultimately asserted man eating myth advance knowledge favourably downs university new_hampshire reviewed work american noting book provocative thesis felt bound raise lead future challenge long standing beliefs non western primitive societies widespread ultimately remarked dispute ideas claim existence cultural undisputed fact thomas university california undertook review man eating myth journal human ecology believing critical study claims long needed work failed comprehensive objective reports readily accepted properly nonetheless argues selective approach literary sources sees problems approach nature evidence stating given sufficient thought constitute reliable testimony case drawing comparisons sexual behaviour notes possible western directly view likely hidden view practitioners second hand accounts critiques writing style believing contentious possibly offensive highlighting number errors review man eating myth appeared world quarterly journal considering brilliant documented praised admirable work expressed hope expand initial thesis german journal published largely positive review work john burton described extensive meticulous study model fair reasoned argument supporting arguments proclaimed final chapter essential reading van reviewed book dutch journal van felt book contained weaknesses instance notes explain claim cultural successfully refuted dutch scholar noted argument focused examining non cultures new ultimately van considered written book offered good reading particularly students subsequent academic reception archaeologist villa primary cave site southeastern france team argued existence reference work paper published evolutionary journal villa noted following book publication dealt suspicions extreme reluctance english archaeologist taylor critically discussed work book buried soul humans invented death proclaiming overwhelming biological archaeological evidence attacked blanket bizarre accusations concept cultural argued man eating myth influential publication generation archaeological students wanted hear represented coherent argument citing negative review man commenting situation felt following publication work archaeologists ceased cite explanation discipline presenting evidence counter claims taylor cites accounts national park anti social activities recorded jane discusses evolutionary benefits proceeding defend accounts cultural argues thoroughly beliefs find comfortable fashionable believe later buried soul book hollow certainty inexperience claims flawed echoes jean speak devil tales abuse contemporary england taylor suggests multiple claims ritual abuse incorrectly dismissed considered book briefly mentioned scottish archaeologist book body iron age europe noted influential probably argue wholesale gone far saw work trend neglect undesirable cultural practices non western societies press attention book gained attention popular press soon publication


study social behavior society including origins development organization networks institutions social science uses methods investigation critical analysis develop body knowledge social order disorder change aim conduct research applied directly social policy welfare focus primarily theoretical understanding social processes subject matter ranges micro level individual agency interaction level systems social structure traditional focuses include social social class social mobility religion law sexuality spheres human activity affected social structure individual agency gradually expanded focus subjects health medical military institutions internet education role social activity development scientific knowledge range social scientific methods expanded social researchers draw variety techniques linguistic cultural turns mid twentieth century led increasingly approaches analysis society conversely end 1990s beginning 2000s seen rise new rigorous techniques agent based modelling social network analysis social research informs politicians policy makers planners administrators developers business managers social workers non governmental organizations non profit organizations people interested resolving social issues general great deal crossover social research market research statistical fields classification confused general social studies courses bear little relation theory social science research national science foundation stem field history origins reasoning pre dates foundation discipline social analysis origins common stock western knowledge philosophy carried far time ancient greek philosopher origin survey collection information sample individuals traced book ancient philosophers wrote importance social roles evidence early medieval islam consider ibn 14th century arab islamic scholar north_africa tunisia father branches early islamic philosophy work advance social scientific reasoning social social conflict word derived latin greek origins latin word companion study greek word knowledge coined french joseph unpublished manuscript later defined independently french philosopher science term describe new way looking society earlier term social physics subsequently appropriated notably belgian unify history psychology economics scientific understanding social realm writing shortly french revolution proposed social approach outlined course positive philosophy general view believed stage mark final era theological phases progression human understanding observing circular dependence theory observation science having classified sciences regarded philosopher science modern sense term gave powerful impetus development impetus bore fruit later decades nineteenth century certainly claim french devoted disciples high priest insisting basic sciences particular science sciences hierarchy emphasizing nature scientific study social phenomena map sure beginnings traced example speak saint simon immediate predecessor clear recognition particular science character justified father founder science spite fact accept idea states criticized approach set develop scientifically justified systems wake european informed key movements history science rejected attempting develop science society came recognized founder word gained wider meaning berlin regarded true father modern far claim title given clear unified answers familiar terms theoretical questions occupied men minds time clear practical creating obviously artificial links principle achievement theory treatment historical moral problems discussed mapped precise concrete study attack militant conclusions burning issue search evidence attention method intense april december popular influential 19th century estimated sold million books lifetime far time strong influence 19th century including defined ideas relation division labour society large extent extended debate commentators agree borrowed extensively notable biologist coined term survival ideas defined strand critic socialism strong advocate style government ideas highly observed conservative political circles especially united_states england foundations academic discipline formal department world established small invitation william harper university_of_chicago american journal founded shortly small academic discipline chiefly led developed foundation practical social research rejected detail philosophy retained refined method maintaining social sciences logical continuation natural ones realm human activity insisting retain approach set european department university publishing rules method described science institutions genesis functioning monograph suicide considered seminal work statistical analysis contemporary suicide case study variations suicide rates catholic protestant populations served distinguish analysis psychology philosophy marked major contribution theoretical concept structural carefully examining suicide statistics different police districts attempted demonstrate catholic communities lower suicide rate attributed social opposed individual psychological causes developed notion objective social facts unique object science study studies able determine given society healthy seek social reform organic breakdown social quickly evolved academic response perceived challenges process field continental europe british statistics generally following separate trajectory turn 20th century active anglo saxon world early confined strictly subject interacting economics psychology philosophy theories appropriated variety different fields inception methods frames inquiry significantly expanded diverged german theorist max typically cited principal architects william graham ward ferdinand included academic founding include charlotte friedrich founders feminist tradition key figure associated particular theoretical perspective orientation associated emergence modern society development capitalism connected particular new social division labor brought emergence distinctive way thinking rational calculation associated protestant ethic speak terms waves calculation works great classical suggest recently described view institutions capitalism key institutions surveillance meaning control information social supervision military power control means violence context war anti overarching principle conduct broadly manner natural science emphasis scientific method sought provide tested foundation research based assumption authentic knowledge scientific knowledge knowledge arrive positive scientific main goal extend scientific human conduct called consequence term long ceased carry meaning fewer distinct referred approaches self identify arose opposition older forms label time term abuse mistakenly linked theoretical extent criticism diverged rejecting scientific method seeking amend reflect 20th century developments philosophy science broadly understood scientific approach study society remains dominant contemporary especially united_states distinguishes major strains logical instrumental set forth unique advocating rigid optimistic version rejected detail philosophy retained refined method maintained social sciences logical continuation natural ones realm human activity insisted retain approach developed notion objective social facts unique object science study variety remains dominant today termed instrumental approach concerns nature social facts favor clarity reliability validity synonymous research resembles older practice carries explicit philosophical commitment practitioners belong particular school thought modern type credited paul pioneered large scale survey studies developed statistical techniques approach robert called middle range theory abstract statements segregated starting abstract idea social anti reactions social began german philosopher voiced opposition rejected viewed overly borrowed rejection favour critical analysis seeking supplement acquisition facts elimination maintained appearances need simply documented early pioneered distinction natural social science neo philosophers human scientists analysis social world differs natural world complex aspects human society culture turn 20th century generation german formally introduced anti proposing research concentrate human cultural norms values symbols social processes viewed perspective max argued loosely described science able identify relationships human social action especially ideal types hypothetical complex social phenomena non sought relationships historical pursued natural scientists fellow german ferdinand crucial abstract concepts work lit community society marked sharp line realm concepts reality social action treated way pure second applied science object interpret meaning social action explanation way action proceeds effects produces action definition meant human behaviour extent agent agents meaningful meaning refer meaning actually intended individual agent particular historical occasion number agents approximate average given set cases meaning attributed agent agents types pure type constructed abstract case meaning thought correct true criterion difference sciences action history kind prior discipline logic ethics aesthetics aim extract subject matter correct valid meaning pioneered method social science systematic process outside observer attempts relate particular cultural group indigenous people terms point view work particular acquired possible character data collection grand systems structural law relatively isolated academy lifetime presented analyses reminiscent writers paying particular concern forms possibilities social engaged neo inquiry limits perception asking society direct allusion question nature deepest problems modern life flow attempt individual maintain independence existence sovereign powers society weight historical heritage external culture technique life represents modern form conflict primitive man carry nature existence eighteenth century called liberation ties grew historically politics religion morality economics order permit original natural virtue man equal develop nineteenth century sought promote addition man freedom connected division labor achievements unique time dependent activity seen relentless struggle individual development socialism found thing suppression competition fundamental motive work resistance individual leveled social technological mechanism developments college course entitled taught united_states yale william graham ward president american association published dynamic applied social science based complex sciences attacked ward page book core material early american courses oldest continuing american course modern tradition began university kansas frank department university_of_chicago established small published textbook introduction study society george charles met university_of_michigan john chicago influence gave rise social psychology symbolic modern chicago school american journal founded followed american association canon classics max owes parsons largely credited introducing american audiences parsons consolidated tradition set agenda american point fastest disciplinary growth united_states historically influenced european counterpart day broadly remains statistical approach department established united_kingdom london school economics political science home british journal discipline university london english translator cited female german association founded ferdinand max established department germany university munich having presented influential new set department poland institute social research university frankfurt later frankfurt school critical theory founded international operation began worms founded international institution later eclipsed larger international association founded theoretical traditions classical theory contemporary discipline theoretically multi result classical social theory collins cited survey theory labels belonging theoretical traditions conflict symbolic modern theory descends conflict centered accounts social structure symbolic tradition consisting micro scale structural theories social interaction known rational choice social exchange associated economics established tradition theory lastly argued tradition forgotten social brings logic biological evolution applies people societies tradition classical dominant theoretical stance american associated founders primarily ward william graham contemporary theory retains traces traditions means mutually exclusive broad historical addresses social structure referred social organisation classical terms necessary function constituent elements common analogy regard norms institutions organs work proper functioning entire body society perspective implicit original respect structural laws basis work brown brown specific usage prefix structural emerged classical theory generally united tendency biological analogy notions social basic form society increase complexity forms social organisation promoted solidarity eventually overcome social states thought onwards looked particularly biology science providing closest compatible model social science biology taken provide guide structure function social systems processes evolution mechanisms adaptation strongly pre social world individual parts constituent actors human subjects conflict theory theories emphasise cohesive systems contrasted conflict theories critique overarching socio political system emphasise inequality particular groups following quotes political theoretical conflict thought respectively aim possible surrounding environment result sickness society live collective activity encouraged point set condition social organism health history hitherto existing society history class struggles freeman slave lord guild master word oppressed stood constant opposition carried hidden open fight fight time ended revolutionary constitution society large common ruin classes symbolic symbolic interaction associated tradition places emphasis meanings social processes generally accessed micro analysis tradition emerged chicago school 1920s 1930s prior world war center research graduate study approach focuses creating framework building theory sees society product everyday interactions individuals society shared reality people construct interact approach sees people interacting countless settings symbolic communications accomplish tasks hand society complex changing mosaic meanings critics approach argue looks happening particular social situation effects culture race gender social historical structures situation important associated approach include max george george peter tradition radical approach emerges work referred exchange theory rational choice theory context tradition tends privilege agency individual rational actors assumes interactions individuals seek self interest argued rational actors assumed basic elements individual knowledge alternatives knowledge beliefs consequences alternatives ordering preferences outcomes decision rule select possible alternatives exchange theory specifically attributed work george peter richard james march simon noted individual bounded context setting perspective notably late 20th century work president james 20th century social theory following decline theories evolution united_states chicago school dominated american describes didn think symbolic interaction perspective thought world war mainstream shifted survey research paul columbia_university general followed parsons harvard_university ultimately failure chicago columbia wisconsin departments produce significant number graduate students interested committed general theory years advantage harvard department parsons began dominate general theory work referenced european entirely american tradition evolution addition parsons revision canon included marshall lack theoretical challenges departments rise structural movement reached 1950s 1960s rapid decline 1980s europe broadly replaced conflict oriented approaches discipline considered dead according orthodox consensus terminated late 1960s 1970s middle ground shared competing perspectives gave way replaced variety competing perspectives generation social theory includes inspired approaches critical theory symbolic post theories written tradition ordinary language philosophy conflict approaches gained popularity united_states mainstream discipline instead shifted variety oriented middle range theories single overarching grand theoretical orientation john martin refers golden age unity theoretical calm reflected composition department university wisconsin madison numerous scholars working separate projects little contention describes flavored resolution theory method wars agreed working grand theory waste time good theory good think goes trash despite grand theory later half 20th century new traditions emerged propose post cultural systems theory movement originated primarily work interpreted european anthony theory draws linguistic theory ferdinand french context structure refers social structure understanding human culture system signs central structure determines structure second believe system structure interested structural laws deal changes finally structures real things beneath surface appearance meaning second tradition thought contemporaneous emerges american school social network analysis spearheaded harvard department social relations led harrison white students 1970s 1980s tradition thought argues social structure networks patterned social relations school thought draws notions structure contemporary brown refer network british opposed french post post thought tended reject assumptions conduct social theory provides potent critique human sciences argued merely replaces system thought dialogue intellectuals highlights trend recent years certain schools philosophy intersect anti position associated term specific contexts describe era phenomena occasionally method central theoretical problems overall strong consensus central problems theory largely inherited classical theoretical traditions consensus link cope following big structure agency deals knowledge second action time lastly theory problem integrating divide micro scale social phenomena central problems problem divided concern general possibilities social actions hand specific problem social scientific knowledge necessarily individual individual intentions interpretations objective objective considered public external action outcome society writ large primary question social knowledge chain objective achieved historically methods attempted interpretations survey methods attempt capture individual methods radical approach objective description concern scientific knowledge results fact object seek explain puts problem effect practice radical inherent fact social led feel like fish water social world structures prevent social world carrying construction object sense conscious operations operations unaware apparent subject structure agency structure agency referred versus form enduring debate social theory social structures determine individual behaviour human agency context agency refers capacity individuals act independently free choices structure relates factors limit affect choices actions individuals social class religion gender ethnicity discussions structure agency relate core social world cause social world effect perennial question debate social reproduction structures specifically structures producing inequality reproduced choices individuals dynamics social theory terms refer distinction emerging work inherited ferdinand moments time analysis analysis static social reality hand attempts dynamic sequences following refer social phenomena static concept like language refer processes like actual speech anthony introduction central problems social theory states order action structure grasp time space relations inherent constitution social interaction like structure agency time integral discussion social reproduction terms historical better positioned social life survey research takes social life better equipped understand social life argue social structure perspective claim nonetheless problem theory integrate manners recording thinking social data research research methods divided broad categories designs approach social phenomena evidence rely statistical analysis cases intentionally designed treatments experiment create valid reliable general claims designs emphasise understanding social phenomena direct observation communication participants analysis texts stress accuracy divided camps support particular research techniques disputes relate debates historical core social theory different aspects approaches involve systematic interaction theory data hold dominant position especially united_states discipline cited journals articles historically outnumbered ones factor articles published largest british journal hand textbooks social research written perspective term statistics practically phd programs united_states require training statistical methods work produced researchers deemed greater public judgment continues challenged choice method depends largely researcher intends investigate example researcher concerned drawing statistical entire population administer survey representative sample population contrast researcher seeks understanding individual social actions choose participant observation open ended interviews studies commonly combine methods multi strategy design instance study performed gain statistical patterns target sample combined interview determine play agency sampling methods ask questions population large making census complete members population sample forms population research statistics draw sample population process selecting sample referred sampling usually best sample randomly concern differences specific calls sampling conversely random sampling sampling convenience sampling sampling methods following list research methods exclusive archival research historical method draws secondary data located historical archives records biographies memoirs journals content analysis content interviews texts systematically analysed data coded grounded theory approach data analysis software experimental research researcher single social process laboratory example creating situation unconscious possible seeking determine certain social cause depend instance seeing people feelings traditional gender roles manipulated activation contrasting gender stereotypes participants randomly assigned different groups serve controls acting reference points tested regard dependent variable albeit having exposed independent interest receive treatments allows researcher sure resulting differences groups result treatment longitudinal study extensive examination specific person group long period time observation data senses researcher records information social phenomenon behaviour observation techniques feature participation participant observation researcher goes field community place work activities field prolonged period time order acquire deep understanding data acquired techniques analysed observation research study global warming populated survey research researcher data interviews similar feedback set people sampled particular population interest survey items interview open ended closed ended data surveys usually analysed computer increasingly draw intensive methods model social phenomena computer artificial intelligence text mining complex statistical methods new approaches like social network analysis social sequence analysis develops tests theories complex social processes modeling social interactions subject matter social science differ natural science computer science approaches contemporary social simulation originated fields physics artificial intelligence token approaches originated imported natural sciences measures network fields social network analysis network science relevant literature related study social complexity social complexity concepts complex systems non linear micro process emergence entered vocabulary practical known example construction model form artificial society researchers structure social system scope topics culture approach culture divided culture cultural terms similar entirely culture older term considers topics objects cultural conversely cultural sees social phenomena inherently cultural culture attempts explain certain cultural phenomena product social processes cultural sees culture potential explanation social phenomena culture referred cultivation individuals agency external forms course history early influential cultural culture generally distinguished concern modern primitive ancient society cultural involves analysis words artifacts symbols interviews employ historical comparative techniques analysis culture instance allied critical theory vein walter benjamin members frankfurt school loosely distinct culture field cultural studies birmingham school richard stuart hall questioned division producers consumers evident earlier theory production texts cultural studies aims examine subject matter terms cultural practices relation power example study white working class youth london consider social practices group relate dominant class cultural turn 1960s ultimately placed culture higher agenda art music literature literature film art culture field studies social production artistic objects social implications notable example les art structure translated susan rules art genesis structure literary field founding fathers produced detailed study art develop ideas subsequently applied literature theory ideology directed literature terry theory cultural applied music later applied arts literature included frankfurt school writers view study externally defined social facts literature robert work clearly law punishment nature causes control criminal activity drawing methods psychology sciences focuses actions violate norms including formally enacted rules crime informal violations cultural norms study norms exist change time enforced concept social broader social systems leads violations norms instance robert produced includes individual system level explanations law study law played significant role formation classical famously described law visible symbol social solidarity law refers sub discipline approach field legal studies law diverse field study examines interaction law aspects society development legal institutions effect laws social change vice versa example influential recent work field relies statistical analyses argue increase years changes law increase crime increase significantly contributes maintaining racial communications information technologies communications information technologies includes social aspects computing internet new media computer networks communication information technologies internet digital media internet interest ways practically tool research discussion platform internet broad sense regards analysis online communities social networking sites virtual worlds overlap community online communities studied network analysis interpreted virtual change new media influencing social change large forming framework transformation industrial society notable text internet galaxy title forms inter reference marshall galaxy closely related internet digital expands scope study address internet impact digital media devices emerged decade century media cultural studies media study distinct discipline owes convergence social sciences particular literary criticism critical theory production process critique aesthetic forms analyses factors ideological effects audience reception stem theory method media media common topic economic term economic william stanley later coined works economic arose new approach analysis economic phenomena class relations philosophical concept relationship capitalism issue best demonstrated protestant ethic spirit capitalism philosophy money contemporary period economic known new economic consolidated work mark titled economic action social structure problem work elaborated concept states economic relations individuals firms place existing social relations structured relations greater social structures relations social network analysis primary studying phenomenon theory strength weak ties concept structural holes best known theoretical contributions field work employment industry work industrial examines direction implications trends technological change labour markets work organisation managerial practices employment relations extent trends related changing patterns inequality modern societies changing experiences individuals families ways workers challenge resist contributions work shaping work institutions education education study educational institutions determine social structures experiences outcomes particularly concerned schooling systems modern industrial societies classic study field james known report analysed performance students found student background status important determining educational outcomes measured differences school resources pupil spending controversy school effects ignited study continued day study found socially black students schooling racially mixed classrooms served catalyst american public schools environment environmental study human interactions natural environment typically human dimensions environmental problems social impacts problems efforts resolve sub fields scholarship environmental multiple levels analysis global world systems local societal individual attention paid processes environmental problems defined known humans argued notable environmental john foster predecessor modern environmental analysis rift influenced contemporary thought environmental overlaps risk rural disaster human ecology human ecology deals study relationship humans natural social built environments addition environmental field overlaps architectural urban extent visual turn visual concerned visual dimensions social life overlaps media studies photography film technologies media family gender sexuality family gender sexuality form broad area inquiry studied sub fields family group people related ties relations blood marriage civil partnership adoption family unit important social institutions found form nearly known societies basic unit social organisation plays children culture society family examines family institution unit special concern comparatively modern historical emergence nuclear family distinct gender roles notion childhood significant basic institutions apply perspectives family common component introductory academic feminist hand sub field observes critiques cultural categories gender sexuality particularly respect power inequality primary concern feminist theory systematic oppression women apparent societies level small scale interaction terms broader social structure feminist analyses gender race class produce social account differences definitions sex role different societies historical periods concern social psychology gender hand uses experimental methods uncover gender example recent study shown resume women giving boost men health illness body health illness focuses social effects public attitudes illnesses diseases mental health disabilities sub field overlaps study process medical contrast focuses inner workings medical organisations clinical institutions britain introduced medical curriculum following report body embodiment takes broad perspective idea body includes wide range embodied dynamics including human non human bodies morphology human reproduction anatomy body intersects health illness theories bodies political social cultural economic ideological productions maintains research committee devoted body social sciences death dying health illness overlaps cultural study death dying referred broadly death topic work douglas davies michael knowledge science knowledge study relationship human thought social context arises effects prevailing ideas societies term came widespread use 1920s number german speaking notably max wrote extensively dominance middle years 20th century knowledge tended remain periphery mainstream thought largely applied closely everyday life 1960s particularly peter thomas social construction reality central methods dealing understanding human society compare socially constructed reality archaeological studies considerable contemporary influence science involves study science social activity especially dealing social conditions effects science social structures processes scientific activity important science include robert branches contributed formation science technology studies sections devoted science knowledge technology maintains research committee science technology leisure leisure study humans organise free time leisure includes broad array activities sport tourism playing games leisure closely tied work explores different work leisure relationship recent studies field away work leisure relationship focus relation leisure culture area began theory leisure class peace war conflict studies broadly dynamics war conflict resolution peace movements war refugees conflict resolution military institutions military aims systematic study military social group organisation highly specialised sub field examines issues related service personnel distinct group collective action based shared interests linked survival combat purposes values defined narrow civil society military concerns civilian military relations interactions groups governmental agencies topics include dominant assumptions held military changes military members willingness fight military military increased women military industrial academic complex military dependence research institutional structure military political historically political concerned relations political organisation society typical research question area american citizens choose vote respect questions political opinion formation brought pioneering uses statistical survey research paul major political developed relation questions draws comparative history socio political trends field developed work max contemporary political includes areas research opened wider questions power politics today political likely concerned identities formed contribute structural domination group politics knows authority questions power contested social interactions way bring widespread cultural social change questions likely studied study social movements effects especially important relation wider definitions politics power political moved nationalism analysed role non governmental organisations nation state earth social construct role entities modern world society contemporary political study inter state interactions human rights population population study size composition change time given population study characteristics impact impacted social economic political systems study population closely related human ecology environmental studies populations relationship surrounding environment overlaps urban rural researchers field study movement populations transportation etc falls known studies closely related human geography study spread disease given population public public refers approach discipline seeks academy order engage wider audiences best understood style particular method theory set political values approach primarily associated michael contrasted professional form academic concerned primarily addressing professional public broader field science communication science journalism distinct similar vein applied known clinical policy practice applies knowledge derived research solve societal problems race ethnic relations race ethnic relations area discipline studies social political economic relations races levels society area encompasses study racism residential segregation complex social processes different racial ethnic groups research frequently areas social psychology theory level political policy ethnic relations discussed terms anti racism forms style policy particularly popular 1960s 70s religion religion concerns practices historical backgrounds developments universal themes roles religion society particular emphasis recurring role religion societies recorded history religion distinguished philosophy religion set assess validity religious truth claims instead assuming peter described position said modern formal discipline began analysis religion study suicide rates roman catholic protestant populations max published major texts religion context economic social protestant ethic spirit capitalism religion china religion india buddhism ancient judaism contemporary debates center topics civil religion intersection religion economics role religion context social change development change development attempts understand societies develop changed field use methods historical comparative methods contemporary studies social change overlaps international development community development founders theories social change based study history instance contended material circumstances society ultimately caused ideal cultural aspects society argued fact cultural transformation material circumstances contrast argued societies moved simple complex process evolution field study processes notably extends theoretical frame include large spans time entire globe known world systems theory development heavily influenced post recent years issued critique bias research countries global north argues bias lived experiences global south specifically called northern theory lacks adequate theory social networks social network social structure composed individuals organisations called tied connected specific types friendship financial exchange dislike sexual relationships relationships beliefs knowledge prestige social networks operate levels families level nations play critical role determining way problems solved organisations run degree individuals succeed achieving goals underlying theoretical assumption social network analysis groups necessarily building blocks society approach open studying bounded social systems non local communities networks exchange drawing theoretically social network analysis avoids treating individuals persons organisations states units analysis focuses instead structure ties affects constitutes individuals relationships contrast analyses assume norms determines behaviour network analysis looks extent structure composition ties affect norms hand recent research demonstrates network ties shaped created previously existing cultural tastes social network theory usually defined formal mathematics include integration geographical data social psychology social psychology focuses micro scale social actions area described examining societies study individual thoughts emotions behaviour small groups special concern psychological explain variety demographic social cultural facts terms human social interaction major topics field social inequality group dynamics prejudice aggression social perception group behaviour social change non verbal behaviour leadership social identity social psychology taught psychological emphasis researchers field prominent users experimental method unlike psychological counterparts frequently employ social psychology looks social influences social perception social interaction poverty inequality social arrangement individuals social classes divisions society modern western societies traditionally relates cultural economic classes arranged main layers upper class middle class lower class class subdivided smaller classes social interpreted radically different ways proponents structural suggest classes evident societies hierarchy beneficial existence conflict contrast critique resources lack social mobility societies distinguished social classes connection means production capitalist system means effectively includes workers sell labour power forming material base cultural superstructure max economic arguing social based purely economic status power according occur complex property class person economic position society based birth individual achievement differs supreme factor noted managers corporations industries control firms placed person prestige status person prestige popularity society determined kind job person wealth power political party person ability way despite resistance example individuals state jobs employee federal bureau investigation member united_states congress hold little property status hold immense power provides modern example concepts cultural symbolic capital noted tendency enlarged middle class modern western societies particularly relation necessity educated work force technological service based economies perspectives concerning theory suggest effect owes shift workers developing countries urban rural urban involves analysis social life human interaction metropolitan areas discipline seeking provide advice planning policy making industrial revolution works metropolis mental life focused effect 1920s 1930s chicago school produced major body theory nature city important urban symbolic method field research contemporary research commonly placed context instance study global city rural contrast analysis non metropolitan areas agriculture wilderness tend prominent social fact rural regions rural overlap environmental community grouped urban rural community community taking communities including online communities unit analysis community study origin effects different associations people instance german ferdinand distinguished types human association usually translated community society association work und argued perceived cohesive social entity presence unity development health community central concern community engage development exemplified literature surrounding concept social capital violence late political theorist hannah wrote widely connection power violence particular book violence academic disciplines overlaps variety disciplines study society particular political science economics social work social philosophy comparatively new fields communication studies cultural studies literary theory draw methods originated terms social science social research gained degree autonomy classical distinct field social psychology emerged intersections psychological interests distinguished terms psychological emphasis applied connected professional academic discipline social work disciplines study social interactions community effect systems family school community laws political sphere individual social work generally focused practical strategies alleviate social general provides thorough examination root causes problems example study community plagued poverty applied focused practical strategies needs alleviate burden social worker focused action implementing strategies directly indirectly means mental health therapy counseling advocacy community organisation community social branch studies contemporary living human beings behave social groups practitioners social like investigate social organisation traditionally social analysed non industrial non western societies focused societies western world recent years social expanded focus modern western societies meaning disciplines increasingly converge study social behaviour organisation influenced evolution biological process field blends number sciences biology generated controversy academy allegedly giving attention gene expression environmental factors general nature versus wilson credited having originally developed described communication theory investigates interactions non human organisms animal communication plant communication fungal communication communication micro organisms basis rule governed sign use respect coordination behaviour organisms sign context dependent pragmatic content relevant rules louis argued discipline arriving distinguished lineage tradition decline deeply ideological theory lack relevance policy making began great tradition subject ideological thinking inferior tradition surfaced wake furthermore problem left social sciences vulnerable pure lacking theoretical basis talented individuals earlier time gone seeking intellectual business law natural sciences creative writing drains needed potential cites lack core discipline problem collins thomas professor university pennsylvania member advisory editors council social evolution history journal voiced similar sentiments lost discipline breaking going way high regard times higher education guide published list cited authors books including philosophy psychology seven listed anthony max journals highly ranked general journals publish original research field american journal american review annual review publishes original review essays highly ranked specialised journals exist


national hymn national anthem lithuania known opening words official translation lyrics lithuania homeland literally lithuania hymn lithuania music lyrics written lithuania russian_empire word poem lithuanian state lithuanian people past shortly death anthem performed living saint_petersburg russia public lithuanian performance anthem took place official national anthem year lithuania declared independence following occupation annexation lithuania soviet_union anthem forbidden played sung public reinstated shortly lithuanian independence confirmed national anthem act october automatically included national anthem new constitution ratified independence soviet_union achieved status national anthem lithuania confirmed passage national law stating creation time poem written lithuania russian_empire medical student university warsaw writing columnist newspaper bell columns urged pride heritage discussed problems russian government causing lithuanian population denounced wished work course writing wrote thoughts lithuania resulting word poem lithuania homeland poem described heroic past lithuania people care land care humanity live honor urged country source enlightenment virtue melody took time compose music dying tuberculosis melody lyrics printed september death tomb engraved second stanza anthem later destroyed authorities history death performance poem occurred concert russia concert conducted attended largest population time anthem performed lithuania great december lithuania declared independence russia song declared national anthem held status lithuania annexed soviet_union world war interwar period suggestions modify words include reference god decided memory lyrics remain written immediately following soviet occupation lithuania replaced replaced state anthem soviet_union soviet_union official anthem official anthem lithuanian soviet socialist republic alternate anthem created introduced music piece composed words written originally following death lyrics modified remove reference dictator anthem stated lit path freedom helped russian people lithuanian people work peoples soviet anthem confirmed article constitution lithuanian song continued lithuania broke away soviet_union suggested replacement soviet lithuanian anthem preliminary approval supreme soviet lithuanian successive legislative bodies status national anthem year constitution lithuania approved article document states national anthem lithuania law relation national anthem passed contained official lyrics protocol play anthem law signed law president june law national anthem republic lithuania details national anthem played performance article law states anthem played following occasions beginning ending sessions national holidays memorial days foreign heads state official visits lithuania anthem foreign country played played foreign countries represent lithuania according diplomatic national holidays days flag lithuania raised order government flag raised public events sponsored governmental institutions business organizations beginning end national radio programming anthem played occasions sporting competitions playing anthem music live recorded anthem performed choir orchestra military band combination article section states participants encouraged sing national anthem anthem played civilians asked stand gesture respect anthem employees national defense police military military related organizations present respect anthem way prescribed statutes anthem background music purposes advertisement entertainment karaoke public anthem law lyrics


hills darkness hills darkness titled hills darkness welsh christian hymn william williams written hymn written missionary hymn conflicting accounts hymn written hymn later published worldwide censored altered united_states slaves hymn later fell favour hymn book editors 1960s history conflicting accounts hymn written according account george converted christianity hearing welsh girl singing hymns later went stay manor time welsh methodist association met williams asked compose verse hills hills darkness written result requests possible story correct manor williams bedroom manor 19th century alternative story arose version williams travelling composing new missionary hymn commission hastings passing ruins old abbey seeing mountains cross stormy night view inspired write hills darkness hymn written welsh english williams language later translated english person williams know english fully express intent original welsh verses translation hills darkness reviewed issue eclectic review remarkably review hymn criticised lack lack rhyme verse preferred worthy people compositions genius hymn books species attributed williams lack english native language gave rise apparent hymn new_york_times stated gained popularity williams ease sweetness hymn writing controversy second verse hymn begins lines let indian let negro let rude williams included hearing stories promising missionary contact tribes slaves province georgia hymn established united_states slave owners changed line referencing indian negro let dark pagan abolitionist davies claimed altered reading learned universally america original version welsh congregations slave holders system makes crime teach negro read word god felt consistently sing let indian let negro 1850s baptist union great_britain dropped hymn usage reason published baptist magazine stated verses rude unfinished generally accepted modern day later years 19th century churches including church_of_england started publish hymn replacing second verse american slave owner amended version early 1900s second verse omitted altogether hills darkness appeared published richards states william williams hills darkness sung variously thomas clark calcutta henry triumph scottish moss presbyterian church praise hymns ancient modern christian found complete baptist set tone missionary hymns published history 1960s hymn stopped published christian church jesus christ day saints retained hymn dropping members modern times felt hymn connected native americans black people hymn lyrical style set tone future missionary hymns hills darkness inspired founder charles write sun missionaries working lyrics lyrics hills darkness published hymns praise god lamb hills darkness look soul gaze promises travel glorious day grace blessed let glorious morning dawn let indian let negro let rude divine glorious conquest obtain let gospel word pole pole kingdoms wide sit darkness let glorious light eastern coast western morning chase night redemption freely win day glorious days approaching eternal darkness dawn gospel spread abroad holy thousand years soon appear delay lord long morning gospel shall grace possession happy ground borders great land fly abroad eternal gospel win conquer cease eternal wide increase sway world let yield let let india proud red host glory jesus thee


christmas carol originally published finnish song book volume medieval songs latin texts collected swedish lutheran published song book origins libraries cathedral song schools strong links medieval prague clerical students finland sweden studied generations melody found manuscript nearby city germany highly similar manuscript song usually dated origins latin text probably musical parody earlier 12th century song beginning written honour saint nicholas patron saint russia sailors children traditionally brings gifts feast day december hugh andrew note verses unusual double repeat illustrate boys girls saved nicholas drowning prostitution respectively text probably written feast holy december boy bishop traditionally displaced senior clergy choir stalls carol associated holy day songs continued performed finland 19th century book known britain rare copy owned peter given gift british minister stockholm subsequently gave john mason copy collaboration thomas published songs collections respectively translations common english translation text james joseph pseudonym composer jane joseph translates title day earth shall ring english translations versions include elizabeth boys carol translates line text let boys cheerful noise sing today john mason let song begun uses melody text carol oliver non verse translation renders text today let voices children joyful praise born arrangements carol prominent england arranged voices orchestra organ reduction hymn church cathedral services version forms festival lessons featured service broadcast king college chapel cambridge following sixth lesson arrangement referred reference composer middle addition version choral arrangement hugh andrew new oxford book arrangement book arrangements john choir orchestra medieval instrumentation anthology dancing day female boys voices piano accompaniment ensemble performance records pairs piece carol recorded versions arranged folk oriented style example performance prior carnival band album period instruments female cappella quartet anonymous recorded song original text legends nicholas contemporary english cross disciplinary music ensemble north_sea radio orchestra recorded small ensemble instrumental version piece arranged violins cello piano chamber organ guitar appears album birds jazz musician wayne shorter recorded arrangement melody 12th century carol album robert writing allmusic guide states melody glorious lively triumphant manner largely consists bright note phrases overall structure gradually rises descends text versions arrangement verse place place


canada canada french canada national anthem canada song originally commissioned lieutenant governor quebec saint jean day ceremony composed music words written poet judge sir lyrics originally french english version created robert stanley wrote english version official popular version literal translation french lyrics revised twice taking present form french lyrics remain canada served facto national anthem officially canada national anthem act parliament making received royal effective july year dominion day celebrations official lyrics crown council established set lyrics canada canada official languages english french lyrics follows official bilingual version canada home native land true patriot love sons command car ton porter porter ton est des plus exploits god land glorious free canada stand guard thee canada stand guard thee noted opening theme canada bears strong resemblance march priests opera magic flute composed line true north strong free based lord description canada true north heard strain shame context poem queen word true means loyal faithful lyrics melody canada public domain status unaffected phrases glowing hearts des plus exploits winter olympics vancouver provinces adopted latin translations phrases english lyrics glorious free alberta strong free similarly canadian army motto pro stand guard thee lyric changes original lyrics contained religious references phrase thou command changed read sons command fourth verse religious nature added june toronto city_council voted favour recommending canadian government phrase home native land changed home land sons command partly reverted command councillor howard said words native land appropriate canadians native born word sons implied women feel true patriotism love canada senator similarly criticized english lyrics anthem introduced bill proposing change phrase sons command command late 2000s anthem religious references god english christian cross french criticized throne speech delivered governor general jean march plan parliament review original gender neutral wording national anthem announced quarters canadians polled speech objected proposal days later prime minister office announced cabinet decided restore original lyrics liberal introduced private member bill change words canada proposed changes said anthem gender neutral changing words sons june bill passed reading vote house_of_commons history original french lyrics canada written sir music composed french canadian patriotic song saint jean society performed june saint jean day banquet quebec city time chant national popular anthem god save queen maple leaf forever competing unofficial national anthems english canada canada joined group school children sang tour canada duke cornwall later king george queen mary years later company toronto ontario published music french text translation english thomas richardson weekly magazine held competition write new english lyrics canada competition won mercy version gained wide acceptance fact english translations words popular version created robert stanley lawyer recorder city montreal slightly modified version officially published diamond jubilee confederation gradually widely accepted performed version song tune thought facto national anthem king george remained attention playing dedication national war memorial ottawa ontario george actually following precedent set brother edward previous king canada dedicated canadian national memorial france laws practices governing use song public events municipalities varied toronto god save queen employed montreal canada prime minister pearson said song chosen country national anthem government resolved form joint committee review status musical works year pearson house_of_commons motion government authorized steps necessary provide canada shall national anthem canada god save queen shall royal anthem canada parliament approved prime minister advised governor general appoint special joint committee senate house_of_commons national royal anthems group met february months april presented conclusion canada designated national anthem god save queen royal anthem canada verse official languages adopted parliament group charged establishing official lyrics song canada robert stanley version recommended minor changes english words stand guard phrases replaced far wide god land queen canada purchased right lyrics music canada song finally official national anthem national anthem act act established religious reference english lyrics phrase far wide canada replace phrase stand guard change controversial years uncommon hear people singing old lyrics public events contrast french version changed original gordon thompson music toronto held publishing copyright english words song canada thompson sold copyright government canada stating certain point song belongs people second historical refrain slightly different versions second chorus plus additional fourth stanza rarely sung canada grow great spread rivers flow dear broad domain east western sea thou land hope thou true north strong free chorus god land glorious free canada stand guard thee canada stand guard thee canada beneath shining skies sons gentle rise thee years east western sea beloved native land true north strong free chorus ruler supreme humble prayer hold dominion loving care help find god thee lasting rich reward waiting better day stand guard chorus original french version verse verses follow performances canada routinely played sporting events involving canadian teams singers public events mix english french lyrics represent canada linguistic linguistic variations performed opening ceremonies winter olympics calgary canada sung southern language native daniel national hockey league game calgary february singer shirt person perform canada language event major_league_baseball major_league soccer national_basketball_association require venues perform canadian american national anthems games involve teams countries away team anthem performed followed host country american team buffalo goes step performs anthems game nod buffalo location near canadian border team substantial number canadian fans major_league_baseball teams played song games involving toronto blue montreal national_basketball_association teams games involving toronto previously vancouver major_league soccer anthem performed league canadian championship matches involving toronto montreal impact vancouver laws national anthem act lyrics melody canada placing public domain allowing anthem freely reproduced base derived works including musical arrangements regulations governing performance canada leaving citizens exercise best judgment performed event traditional start end ceremonies anthem including situations anthems played audience stand performance civilian men usually remove hats women children required military men women uniform traditionally hats offer military salute performance anthem salute offered direction maple leaf flag present present offered standing attention adaptations canada melody 1950s adapted serve school anthem manila university philippines titled song mary simply manila graduation hymn lyrics written james melody adapted col major_league_baseball star game performed canada group held sign reading lives matter singing brothers sisters lives matter great place glowing hearts thee rise true north strong free