earliest arcade video games sports arcade video game table tennis sports game featuring simple dimensional graphics arcade video games computer space came video games reach mainstream popularity aim defeat opponent simulated table tennis game earning higher score game originally manufactured released created training exercise assigned founder based idea electronic game included odyssey later resulted lawsuit surprised quality work founder decided manufacture game quickly success commercially successful arcade video game machine helped establish video game industry home console odyssey soon release companies began producing games copied gameplay eventually released new types games result encouraged staff produce innovative games company released sequels built original gameplay adding new features christmas season released home version exclusively retail stores commercial success led numerous copies game remade numerous home portable platforms following release referenced parodied multiple television shows video games video game cultural exhibitions gameplay dimensional sports game table tennis player controls game moving vertically left screen compete computer controlled opponent player controlling second opposing players use hit ball forth aim player reach points opponent points earned fails return ball development history game developed producing computer space decided form company produce games licensing ideas companies contract manufacturing corporation driving game soon founding hired experience electrical engineering computer science previously worked prior working experience video games creating games gave project secretly meant warm exercise told contract general_electric product asked create simple game moving spot score keeping stated game inspired previous versions electronic tennis played played version computer attending college claimed direct response viewing odyssey tennis game visited profit california played odyssey demonstration specifically table tennis game thought game lacked quality seeing prompted assign project examined computer space found went create designs based knowledge logic game feeling basic game boring added features game appeal divided segments change ball angle return example center segments return ball angle relation outer segments return ball smaller angles ball accelerate longer remained play missing ball reset speed feature game unable reach screen caused simple circuit inherent defect instead time fixing defect decided gave game difficulty helped limit time game played imagined skilled players able play forever months development told wanted game feature realistic sound effects crowd wanted game player lost round limited space available necessary electronics unaware create sounds digital circuits generator discovered generate different tones game sound effects construct prototype purchased black white television set local store placed foot wooden cabinet wires boards create necessary prototype impressed felt profitable product decided test august installed prototype local bar andy tavern selected bar good working relation bar manager bill supplied machines placed prototype tables near entertainment machines machines computer space game received night popularity continued grow half weeks went business trip chicago demonstrate executives midway manufacturing intended use fulfill contract driving game days later prototype began exhibiting technical issues contacted fix machine discovered problem coin mechanism quarters hearing game success decided profit manufacture game license interest midway decided inform groups told executives midway executives want vice versa preserve relationships future dealings hearing comment groups declined offer difficulty finding financial backing banks viewed variant time general public associated mafia eventually obtained line credit wells expand facilities house assembly line company announced november management sought assembly workers local unemployment office unable demand arcade produced assembled slowly machines day failed quality testing eventually streamlined process began producing game greater quantities began shipping countries aid foreign partners home version success pushed employees create new products engineer lee proposed home version connect television home system began development named attractive female employee worked lee develop designs prototype based digital technology arcade games worked shifts save time money lee worked design logic day designs evenings designs approved fellow engineer bob brown assisted lee building prototype prototype consisted device attached wooden pedestal containing wires eventually replaced single chip designed lee chip tested built prototype constructed chip finished half time highest performing chip consumer product gene vice president sales approached toy electronic retailers sell home rejected retailers felt product expensive interest consumers contacted sporting goods department noticing odyssey advertisement sporting goods section catalog staff discussed game representative tom quinn expressed enthusiasm offered company exclusive deal believing find favorable terms executives declined continued pursue toy retailers january staff set home booth toy trade fair new_york_city unsuccessful orders fact know needed private showing met quinn days later set meeting obtain sales order order gain approval sporting goods department quinn suggested demonstrate game executives chicago traveled tower despite technical connection antenna building broadcast channel game obtained approval told quinn produce units time christmas season quinn requested double knew lacked capacity manufacture units agreed acquired new factory funding obtained venture capitalist don valentine supervised factory fulfilled order units manufactured branded games later released version brand lawsuit success attracted attention inventor odyssey employer associates agreement handle odyssey included dealing infringement exclusive rights pursued legal action numerous companies released clones continued apply pressure april filed suit midway allied leisure chicago dynamics argued patents concept electronic based detailed records kept odyssey design process dating documents included witnesses signed guest book demonstrated played odyssey table tennis game prior releasing response claims saw odyssey later stated fact absolutely odyssey game didn think clever considering options decided settle court lawyer felt win estimated legal costs million exceeded funds offered agreement companies producing clones competitors pay royalties addition obtain rights products developed year continued pursue legal action companies proceedings began shortly settlement june case took place district court chicago judge john presiding avoid obtaining rights products decided delay release products year withheld information attorneys visits facilities impact legacy arcade games manufactured great success prototype received andy tavern patrons people came bar solely play game following release consistently earned times revenue coin operated machines estimated game earned day described seen coin operated entertainment industry time game earning power resulted increase number orders received provided steady source income company sold machines times cost production company filled orders end sold units arcade collector items cocktail table version soon game successful testing andy tavern companies began visiting bar inspect similar games appeared market months later produced companies like associates little competitors initially filed patents solid state technology game company file patents complications delayed process result market consisted primarily clones author kent estimated produced machines referred competitors felt unfair advantage solution competing produce innovative games concepts home instant success following limited release units sold holiday season game successful product time earned quality excellence award similar arcade version companies released clones capitalize home console success continued produce new consoles video games released odyssey system simplified hardware new features later release updated versions entered video game market console features variants succeeded newer models nintendo released color game plays variations electronic tennis year followed updated version color game features variations systems nintendo entry home video game market produce previously licensed odyssey dedicated consoles numerous clones varying levels rare consoles common electronics fun consoles moderately rare prices collectors vary rarity games versions cheaper brand publications consider game launched video game industry lucrative enterprise video game author david sees game cornerstone video game industry success called arcade game historically significant titles kent attributes arcade phenomenon games followed considers release home version successful beginning home video game consoles bill matt referred game release start new entertainment medium commented simple intuitive gameplay success entertainment_weekly named games companies produced versions eventually known industry nintendo entered video game market clones home revenue generated system sold million units helped company survive difficult financial time spurred pursue video games seeing success decided break arcade game market released title maze moderate success drove company develop titles programming classrooms teach languages java felt especially significant role social multiplayer require player use hand common girl quarter hand pull guy bar like play play way play games sitting shoulder shoulder talk laugh challenge better friends beer arm person play left handed desired fact lot people come years said met wife playing kind nice thing achieved sequels remakes felt best way compete create better products leading produce sequels years original release doubles super ultra pin sequels feature similar graphics include new gameplay elements example doubles allows players compete pairs compete way field free play version entertain children doctor office initially titled fashioned cabinet character retitled altered generic dog avoid legal action later game chain cheese restaurants released breakout single player variation object game remove bricks wall hitting ball like breakout followed numerous clones copied gameplay break remade game numerous platforms variants game featured video olympics original release titles included compilations platforms including sega mega drive playstation portable nintendo personal computer agreement gaming systems developed slot machine version game developed includes extra game played loading screen game remade home computers playstation graphics power ups celebrated 40th anniversary releasing world fantasy appeared popular culture game prominently featured episodes television series 70s king hill saturday night live american express commercial featured andy tennis match white game video games referenced parodied example commodore nuts bolts xbox concert event video games live performed audio special retro classic arcade medley frank black song happened album teenager year heavily references game elements dutch design studio created themed clock fun project offices studio decided manufacture retail took legal action february companies eventually reached agreement produce limited number license french artist created installation entitled light people use handheld gaming devices play illuminated ceiling work shown venice game included london art gallery game exhibition meant showcase aspects video game history development culture


computer space computer space space combat arcade game developed games created early history video games created partnership engineering arcade video game commercially available video game computer space derivative computer game possibly video game spread multiple computer installations features rocket controlled player engaged missile battle pair flying set background goal score hits enemy set time period awards free round gameplay game enclosed custom cabinet colors designed futuristic game designed coin operated version pair unable find way economically run game data general nova hit idea instead replacing central computer custom designed hardware created run game built early proof concept founded engineering found manufacturer game associates working partnership pair ran location test august month prior display similar prototype called galaxy game based encouraging initial results mixed responses distributors ordered initial production run units anticipation hit game game successful belief future arcade video games selling ultimately units runaway success hoped game spawned clone game star trek produced player version computer space involvement closing went incorporated arcade game successful influential computer space release marked initial start commercial video game industry background beginning 1970s video games existed entirely passed programmers technicians access computers primarily research institutions large companies games created digital equipment corporation steve russell programming community massachusetts institute technology player game players engage set backdrop central star force ships game copied early installations american academic institutions initial release making potentially video game available outside single research institute extremely popular small programming community 1960s widely recreated computers time later migrating early systems early computer scientist noted game spontaneously graphics display connected computer contributor martin recalled game initially spread found research computer game widespread era limited direct reach priced sold monitor prohibited original game time reaching narrow academic audience original developers considered ways game saw options given high price computer ran commercial video game based released computer space gameplay computer space player controls rocket attempts shoot pair flying avoiding enemy fire game ships flying dimensional plane set backdrop missiles fired time period launches player rocket follows physics remaining motion player accelerating rocket rotate constant rate flying stay place pattern screen tandem staying constant distance directly ship missile moves past edge screen reappears effect missile flight player turn left right instead turning rocket player controls clockwise rotation forward thrust firing missiles player hit missile flying screen flashes player rocket spins rapidly disappears reappears location flying hit missile screen flashes briefly disappears right screen count number times player rocket destroyed destroyed long round gameplay lasted round time limit seconds default time limit reached game ends player score lower computer higher black white colors feature round begins free game continues new rounds display colors indefinitely player continues win round costs quarter quarters machine adjusted instruction manual recommendations game displays distorted characters player computer scores pass scores restart reach player version game second game mode added featuring player controlled rockets fighting instead computer controlled ships modified control panel contains sets controls replacing movement buttons machines development late 1960s saw running university utah student worked summer amusement park utah manager games department overseeing arcade games saw believed arcade game version game popular high price computers capable running game meant arcade game economically feasible graduating college worked engineer california electronics company worked audio video recording technology met researcher jim worked stanford_university stanford artificial intelligence project learned running laboratory played game visiting soon saw data general nova computer cost thought arcade game idea believed price able connect monitors coin slots allow multiple games run simultaneously game economically viable showed office mate fellow engineer stanford laboratory agreed work try design prototype game experienced computers digital engineering experienced analog hardware engineering working designing video processing control circuits power supplies agreeing initial idea began trying design prototype based data general nova initially joined larry computer programmer worked partnership named soon ran difficulties planned design computer powerful monitors fast needed game playable realized early trying design code needed run games left project formed contributing money continued working design months pair attempted reduce load computer replacing displaying background stars specialized hardware proved insufficient reducing number monitors end november decided abandon project stopped working design unclear pair aware data general demonstrated powerful variant nova sold running single game fall joint computer conference december solution expensive arcade game typically cost time unable game idea mind soon thought way manipulate video signal screen computer controlling came idea removing computer altogether building specialized hardware handle game instead began design custom hardware run game functions soon discovered cost build game computing systems lower result need multiple instances game running machine order profitable hand custom hardware powerful expensive nova computer meant pair needed gameplay modifications player game featuring field central star features run dedicated circuits pair making game cut single player game player fight computer controlled open space january pair built basic hardware connect monitor plans continue expanding game named cosmic combat far away turning dot moving screen like game cabinet january founded engineering official company cash approached prior manager prototype found interest major arcade game manufacturers based chicago time limiting ability demonstrate idea existing firm appointment early told game looking manufacturer turn referred patient dave sales manager associates mountain view california founded basis computer analog arcade game looking hit game meeting felt game potential success needed replace falling sales computer updates hit game agreed manufacture game hired chief engineer real engineering team time furthermore engineering retained ownership game agreed space build prototype manufacture game complete paid percent cabinet sold negotiated work cosmic combat outside normal working hours went production order separate new job prevent later claiming ownership paying time materials spent building game remained summer resigned join initially unwilling leave stable job worked years proof game success location tests release moved took majority engineering work game stated advised design construction steve intern disagreement interviews work final cabinet claiming credit controls sound power supply initial wooden cabinet invention color claims credit sound cabinet power supply monitor august initial prototype game named computer space similar computer complete moved location testing installed game dutch bar near stanford_university met great success response rushed finished music operators america music amusement machines exposition october location tests found enthusiastic response customers confused game mechanics controls tried adjust game players final computer space design uses memory entire computer system state machine series chips graphic elements held array designs designed let rotate rocket directions laid shape ships obvious game operators need replaced broke ships projected screen pattern dots connected lines monitor projected general_electric inch black white television screen specially modified game rudimentary artificial intelligence constructed enemy ships firing quadrant screen player rocket complicated tracking prepared learned pair engineers creating arcade version august called bill hugh operating computer meet discuss solutions problem running inexpensive computer finished prototype machine galaxy game met game faithful recreation ran externally connected display total cost prototype unit duo relieved somewhat disappointed find galaxy game innovative solution missed build economically competitive arcade game conversely felt computer space pale imitation galaxy game superior adaptation game eventually produced game prototypes displayed stanford student union building produced game commercially high cost cabinet computer space debuted october wooden cabinet initial prototype replaced futuristic cabinet designed modelling clay built swimming pool manufacturer control panel extended main body cabinet contained control buttons hoped use control rocket movement found broke easily failing single night location test galaxy game designers run issue solved expensive military surplus cabinet displayed associates logo term engineered displayed red blue white yellow game production fact produced initial solid colors later ones use finish damaged transport monitor broken repaired working opened fourth demonstrate attendees game distributors hesitant game concerns raised game potential reliability embedded monitor thieves mixed took handful orders ordered large production run regardless expectation distributors come exposure game displayed international association amusement parks attractions november entered production later month reception ordered initial production run units computer space optimistic decision given hit arcade game time sell units handful reached reception game distributors mixed excited game felt confusing passing video game spring game sold units according ended selling units commercial success making disappointment hoping large scale success like computer game relative lack success attributed complexity controls steep learning curve pushed away customers complex games noted locations game like dutch location generally located near university campuses general market coin operated games working class bars patrons interested complicated game documentary video game invasion history global obsession explained sure loved friends loved friends engineers little complicated guy beer bar stated difficulty lay novelty game said years later controls gameplay players seen video games conversely said game novelty appeal players people seen television screen displaying images controlled person playing video remote television station game meet high hopes successful produced player version game july green cabinet built steve design initially contracted unused game involvement large success additionally biggest successes arcade games time generally spawned dozen games computer space single clone produced play manufacturers star trek game cabinet bore little resemblance television custom white computer space cabinet appeared film green futuristic entertainment device marking appearance video game movie quit associates moved incorporate engineering instead named company similar later stated encouraged success computer space regards future game ideas created money additionally felt time gave confidence running company couldn screw associates computer space games closing enthusiasm soon game went substantially greater success computer space influential computer space release marked beginning commercial video game industry


cottage video game cottage swedish adventure video game initially available computer stockholm later published scandinavian systems swedish danish norwegian english publicly available swedish adventure game commercial swedish video games game set cottage player explores cottage surroundings simple commands indicate want want aim find items perform certain actions raise score rank avoiding traps enemy characters ultimate goal getting inducted cottage council game developed 1970s 1980s children played game adventure wanted create similar game swedish cottage began collection smaller games previously developed player moving amusement arcade choose play found fun arcade play games ended expanding area explore removing smaller games thousand copies release sold despite developers receive money outside pre paid royalties game cult like status users time commercially important computer center stockholm gameplay cottage set surreal environment province sweden begins pier lake outside cottage surrounded deep forest cottage larger inside outside underground levels player able cardinal directions perform actions simple commands north left ball aim explore cottage surroundings find collect items inside cottage includes obstacles player fall steal player cottage surroundings include mysterious creatures player encounter start game player score set value goal increase possible maximum score performing certain actions finding new areas solving puzzles finding keeping treasures valuable items exchange score player receive hints resurrected following game death player ranked accordance score start clumsy rookie eventually expert houses expert player finishes game inducted cottage council development cottage originally developed children brothers friend time project start fourteen years old respectively parents worked stockholm computer center royal institute technology father worked office client access computer book hit return brothers learned programming help system developers set game time titled cottage created message board cottage council scientists working played game able discuss message board brothers single texas silent writer computer terminal parents bedroom program game log connecting expensive visited evening work game cost money use day access terminal actual monitors display text opposed writer terminal home printed text enormous amounts paper previously programmed video games game featuring opponent character named slot machine game toe game game similar thought wanted combine games single amusement arcade themed game player pick games wanted play difficulties developers different programming methods game code eventually decided final push managed finish unify program finished programming connecting arcade realized fun walk arcade actually play games ended creating rooms arcade characters play games arcade area surroundings grew eventually decided remove arcade games instead added new elements including characters animals items elements remained slot machine character having played adventure finding cave exploration exciting wondered able create similar game swedish worked game grew different roles came ideas driven visionary things happen fixed things sure worked according cared game content technical aspects game found fun created characters based appear game based real cottage council chairman represents interested language specific ideas spell certain words consistently correct grammar consistently non standard spelling words oneself rendering brothers programming language basic create game called noteworthy considered impossible write big programs basic cottage gigantic reason choice programming language knew said longer chosen basic programmed cottage access programming languages time according reason pure defiance brothers father told able game running programmed basic according challenging aspect development getting game understand swedish language size game command interpreter reasonable decided limit word commands acknowledging different people use different words things play tested friends family writing attempted commands deciding game expected understand short period game development developers logged actions players taken command interpreter understood based data improved interpreter changed outcomes certain actions point brothers took year break game eventually returned finished home release brothers work game journalist conducted interview game swedish airline magazine distributed article asked game commercially available home computers said considered developed game fun challenge find distributor computer programs wanted create version business software publisher scandinavian systems found game expanding time wanted add video game catalogue contacted game developers brothers developed version home computers problems compiling larger basic program handle copyright issues scene version game player guest stars cut commercial release materials remained intact additionally visuals audio created added release game published scandinavian systems swedish danish norwegian english developers negotiated scandinavian systems given sold copy swedish version sold foreign copy royalties royalties pre paid reception legacy cottage publicly available swedish adventure video game commercially available swedish video games late 1970s early 1980s game cult like status people access people pay time spent game commercially important leading developers getting free accounts sweden following game release platform copy cottage thousand copies sold reasoned success came new computer programs available swedish time despite developers receive lot money outside pre paid royalties according got book video games world author mark wolf called game impressive achievement considering developers young age noted game absence video game exhibit swedish national museum science technology odd considering popularity cult status week long video game development camp named cottage swedish title held sweden follow planned


species positive sphere shaped belonging genus isolation amazon freshwater 1970s emerged leading fish operations worldwide resulting annual losses discovery reported species wild fish world freshwater fish including red drum hybrid striped bass rainbow trout susceptible infection fish manifest skin occasionally produced infection humans especially fish asian descent human include toxic shock syndrome skin discs inner layer heart identifying laboratory difficult conventional methods identify yield insufficient results grouped method typically species known distinguished differences activity treat history isolated captive specimen amazon river suffering infection known golf ball disease found sensitive beta treated successfully organism recognized new species given time occurred asia strains associated japanese later suggested 1980s purported new species named identified causes epidemic brain surrounding membranes affecting farmed rainbow trout israel alpha content sugar classified beta content found fact beta dna dna techniques type content reclassified group junior synonym phylogenetic analyses based dna suggest closely related humans animals specifically group related species closely related restriction fragment analysis diverse host geographical panels shown common profiles fish human strains multiple field patterns identified human identification easily identified conventional automated systems molecular methods dna dna dna useful correct identification work centers disease control prevention suggested unnecessary cases groups identify differentiate species related species differentiate strains similar method genes restriction southern species specific method sensitive addition species differentiate strains differentiate israeli american strains ruling possibility link countries beta conditions alpha strains zones beta complete destruction red blood cells blood culture medium surrounded large zones alpha incomplete destruction red blood cells greenish breakdown negative lap positive like test camp test positive grow express known established type strain characterized pier representative identified type strain isolated case golf ball disease measuring activity distinguish positive proposed represent significant functional difference types role disease fish highly freshwater marine fish highly lethal associated mortality foremost economically important intensive global economic impact infection industry estimated million tenth united_states infection reported species fish including genus rainbow trout salmon japanese red drum carrier common channel appear resistant fish raised intensive operations subject environmental temperature poor water quality handling etc prone infection wild fish populations located near far operations proven susceptible infection site infection clinical presentation vary species species causes symptoms including dorsal erratic swimming behavior death follows matter days rainbow trout typically associated central nervous system damage symptoms consistent include loss orientation external internal bleeding humans cause weakened humans commonly associated known cause recognized cases human infection occurred texas ottawa sources infection determined human infection identified toronto december asian patients admitted hospital hand injuring handling raw fish found initially attributed later correctly identified february chinese man admitted hospital week preparing fresh diagnosed subsequent investigation found cases toronto area total patients asian descent handled raw fish developing infection cases later identified united_states canada reported asia hong_kong taiwan singapore asian descent common trend majority invasive human cases unknown inherent differences immunity cultural differences fish preparation lend higher infection control treatment measures taken control infection outbreak confirmed decreasing quantity feed given fish shown reduce mortality rates bacteria water feeding decreasing density fish stock increases survival reducing injury fish lowering general stress level population lowering water temperature keeping optimal oxygen levels shown reduce stress fish growth study showed potential controlling infection trout study contents rainbow trout scan bacteria growth identified potential candidate control given live feed protected trout challenged successfully treat infection fish great effect hybrid striped bass evidence suggested development resistant strain varying success attempted limited success provides months immunity suggested drug choice treatment infection mammals including humans cluster human cases clinical susceptible patients treated beta recovered study submitted centers disease control prevention found sensitive beta


genus usually oval spherical bacteria form thick walled produce large quantities free living soil play important role nitrogen cycle nature binding atmospheric nitrogen inaccessible plants releasing form soil nitrogen addition model organism studying humans production food representative genus discovered described dutch botanist species negative bacteria found neutral soils water association plants biological characteristics morphology cells genus relatively large bacteria diameter usually oval forms rods spheres microscopic preparations cells dispersed form irregular clusters occasionally chains varying lengths fresh cultures cells mobile numerous later cells lose mobility spherical produce thick layer forming cell capsule shape cell affected acid present nutrient medium cells colored early 1900s colored regarded reproductive grains kind embryo cells later demonstrated participate cell division colored grains composed drops fat act energy reserves genus resistant adverse environmental factors cells particular twice resistant light resistant drying gamma solar heating formation induced changes concentration nutrients medium addition organic substances rarely formed liquid media formation induced chemical factors accompanied shifts changes affected response spherical consist called central body reduced copy cells layer shell inner shell called structure outer structure called partially resistant contrast central body central body isolated viable state agents main constituents outer shell composed long chains rings found bacteria animals plants genus resting form cell usual cells reproductive serve purpose necessary surviving adverse environmental factors following resumption optimal environmental conditions include certain value temperature source carbon newly formed cells simple division sustain damage release large cell manifestation spore gradual decrease light detected phase contrast slow process takes central body grows captures located layer bursts cell freed characteristic shape process accompanied changes immediately supplied carbon source begin absorb oxygen carbon dioxide rate process gradually increases hours synthesis proteins occurs parallel hours addition carbon source synthesis dna nitrogen initiated addition nitrogen free nutrient medium accompanied changes visible electron microscope consists proteins volume central body cell synthesis components properties receiving energy reactions organic compounds electron donors use variety organic sources carbon fix nitrogen consumed nitrogen requires partially completely replaced atmospheric nitrogen fixed source nitrogen alternatively optimal growth nitrogen growth sustained range grow molecular nitrogen free medium containing growth mode hydrogen dependent hydrogen available soil growth mode occur nature growing produces flat paste like colonies diameter form films liquid nutrient media colonies dark brown green colors depending species growth favored temperature bacteria genus known form certain environmental conditions lack elements nitrogen oxygen combined excessive supply carbon sources produces example forms dark brown water pigment process occurs high levels nitrogen thought protect system oxygen species produce yellow green purple colors including green pigment yellow green light pigment blue white sequence strain partially determined circular dna contains pairs genes proteins fraction pairs mole percent number cells dna content increases aging stationary growth phase cultures contain copies cell original dna content copy restored culture fresh medium addition dna contain distribution species neutral weakly basic soils acidic soils found arctic soils despite cold climate short growing season relatively low values soils dry soils survive form years representatives genus found aquatic habitats including freshwater marshes members associated plants found having certain relationships plant strains found nitrogen species free living nitrogen fixing bacteria contrast species normally fix molecular nitrogen atmosphere relations plants species associated plants nitrogen presence available nitrogen sources species range needed perform nitrogen important process nitrogen requires influx energy form nitrogen highly sensitive presence oxygen developed special defensive mechanism oxygen significant intensification reduces concentration oxygen cells special protective protein protects involved protecting cells oxygen producing protein killed oxygen nitrogen absence nitrogen source medium play certain role processes nitrogen important involved nitrogen species types basic iron alternative type contains independent active low temperatures fix nitrogen temperatures low low temperature activity times higher important role maturation plays called cluster synthesis controlled genes nitrogen regulated protein activation gene nitrogen dependent switching regulatory mechanism relying proteins forming complexes uncommon systems importance nitrogen plays important role nitrogen cycle active substances including plant growth facilitate mobility heavy metals soil enhancing soil heavy metals mercury lead kinds containing compounds previously later found effects applications owing ability fix molecular nitrogen increase soil fertility stimulate plant growth species widely agriculture particularly nitrogen production acid applied medicine food industry ice cream metals taxonomy genus discovered dutch botanist founders environmental selected described species free living nitrogen described year later named honor russian identified species divided thompson subspecies year thompson described thompson page reported air tolerant type page dependent earlier representatives genus assigned family transferred family based studies sequences phylogenetic study revealed belongs clade suggested genera related synonyms


known negative rod shaped genus commonly found lower warm organisms strains harmless cause food poisoning hosts occasionally responsible product recalls food contamination harmless strains normal flora gut benefit hosts producing preventing colonization bacteria expelled environment matter grows massively fresh matter conditions days numbers decline slowly constitute gut flora oral transmission major route strains cause disease cells able survive outside body limited time makes potential indicator organisms test environmental samples contamination growing body research examined environmentally persistent survive extended periods outside host grown easily laboratory setting investigated years defined medium include source carbon energy organic growth factors included defined medium grow includes basic potassium water exact chemical composition known media considered defined medium widely studied model organism important species fields served host organism majority work dna favorable conditions takes minutes reproduce biology type morphology negative makes oxygen present capable switching oxygen absent cells typically rod shaped long diameter cell volume negative cell wall composed thin layer outer membrane process picks color pink outer membrane surrounding cell wall provides barrier certain damaged strains possess arrangement live wide variety uses mixed acid conditions producing carbon dioxide pathways mixed acid produce hydrogen gas pathways require levels hydrogen low case lives hydrogen consuming organisms reducing bacteria culture growth growth occurs laboratory strains temperatures growth driven large variety pairs including acid acid hydrogen reduction oxygen classified uses oxygen present available continue grow absence oxygen ability able continue growing absence oxygen advantage bacteria survival increased environments water cell cycle cell cycle divided stages period occurs completion cell division beginning dna period encompasses time takes replicate dna period refers stage conclusion dna end cell division doubling rate higher nutrients available length periods change doubling time sum periods fastest growth rates begins previous round completed resulting multiple dna overlapping cell cycles unlike rely changes gene expression changes protein synthesis control cell cycle probably explains similar proteins control cell cycle led research control mechanism recent evidence suggests based genetic adaptation related bacteria possess ability transfer dna allows genetic material spread horizontally existing population process uses virus called spread gene bacteria helped produce producing strain diversity encompasses enormous population bacteria exhibit high degree genetic diversity large number related bacteria shows taxonomic desirable largely medical importance remains diverse species genes typical shared strains fact evolutionary point view members genus classified strains phenomenon termed taxa disguise similarly strains strain commonly dna work sufficiently different merit strain species unique characteristics distinguish strains differences molecular level result changes physiology example strain gain capacity ability use unique carbon source ability particular ecological niche ability resist agents different strains host specific making possible determine source contamination environmental samples example knowing strains present water sample allows researchers assumptions contamination originated human bird common subdivision system based evolutionary based major surface layer capsule common cite present known common laboratory strain prevents formation evolution like new strains evolve natural biological processes gene horizontal gene transfer particular laboratory strain horizontally acquired divergence strains frequently varieties laboratory purposes strains develop traits harmful host animal strains typically cause bout unpleasant healthy adults lethal children developing world strains cause illness death elderly young genera diverged million years ago credibility interval divergence hosts found mammals birds reptiles followed split ancestor species ancestor split million years ago long term evolution experiments begun richard allowed direct observation major evolutionary shifts laboratory experiment population unexpectedly evolved ability extremely rare inability grow normally criterion differentiate closely related bacteria innovation mark event observed laboratory strain type species genus turn type genus family family stem genus sic genus alternative trivial original strain described believed lost consequently new type strain chosen representative strain known deposit names chickens studies representative type strain particularly use sequences yields highly supported based data subspecies distinguished link phylogenetic distance small strains form clade exclusive group group strains strains closely related fact different species strains outside group species placed single subspecies study included type strain reason according difficult commonly research strains belong group derived mainly strain lesser degree strain strain complete dna sequence laboratory strain derivative published found circular dna million base pairs length containing protein genes organized seven transfer genes despite having subject intensive genetic analysis years large number genes previously unknown density found high mean distance genes base pairs observed contain significant number genetic elements repeat elements cryptic remnants today complete sequences species available sequence type strain added collection comparison sequences shows remarkable diversity represents sequences present vary individual contains genes total number different genes strains exceeds large variety component genes interpreted mean thirds originated species arrived process horizontal gene transfer gene nomenclature genes usually named letter derive function known instance named role plus letter related genes named etc proteins named etc genes numbered order abbreviated numbers etc names created fred led sequence effort numbering system introduced sequence strain japan uses numbers starting japanese note numbering system database uses finally numbers specifically strain complete lists genes synonyms obtained studies investigated open reading frames identified studied affinity mass analyzing interactions proteins protein complexes study proteins cultures strain found interacting partners proteins unknown functions time study found interactions proteins strain data showed little overlap publication interactions carried systematic hybrid screens proteins found total protein protein interactions study integrated genetic interactions protein structures mapped interactions protein complexes normal belongs group bacteria informally known found tract warm animals normally infant tract hours birth arriving food water individuals handling child large primary human tract organisms grow presence absence oxygen long bacteria acquire genetic elements factors remain use strain known known agents medicine mainly treatment diseases including disease role disease strains cause disease strains cause tract characterized severe abdominal typically turns bloody hours fever cases strains responsible tissue death progressing syndrome negative pneumonia strain produces classified agent causes premature destruction red blood cells body system causing syndrome turn causes strokes small blood lodge brain causes body parts controlled region brain work properly addition strain causes buildup fluid work leading lungs legs arms increase fluid buildup especially lungs functioning heart causing increase blood pressure main causes tract normal flora gut introduced ways particular females direction lead contamination anal intercourse introduce male switching anal intercourse male introduce female system information end article strain subject outbreak began germany certain strains major cause illness outbreak started people germany infected bacteria leading syndrome medical emergency requires urgent treatment outbreak concern germany countries including regions north_america june german federal institute risk assessment federal institute german federal ministry food agriculture consumer protection announced seeds egypt likely cause outbreak treatment treatment assessment replacement fluid administration shown course illness duration adults endemic areas traveller rate resistance commonly increasing generally recommended depends patterns particular geographical region currently choice emerging role oral derivative effective tolerated management adults non invasive traveller significantly effective effective reducing duration effective patients predominant traveller appears ineffective patients infected invasive prevention type development efforts focused major provide protection producing expressing oral consisting cells licensed cholera cholera developed currently licensed stages development different trials cholera provided high short term protection oral candidate consisting bacteria expressing major shown clinical trials safe effective severe american travelers young children egypt modified consisting strains expressing major like hybrid called undergoing clinical testing proven prevention methods transmission include improved drinking water transmission occurs contamination food water supplies causes risk factors working livestock consuming dairy product eating meat drinking water model organism life science research role long history laboratory culture ease manipulation plays important role modern biological engineering industrial work stanley norman restriction create dna foundation versatile host production proteins protein expression systems developed allow production proteins researchers introduce genes permit high level expression protein protein mass produced industrial processes useful applications dna technology manipulation produce human proteins previously thought difficult impossible expressed folded form successfully expressed example proteins multiple bonds produced space rendered sufficiently allow bonds form proteins requiring post modification stability function expressed linked system engineered modified cells development production lighting production model organism frequently model organism studies cultivated strains adapted laboratory environment unlike wild type strains lost ability thrive laboratory strains lose ability form features protect wild type strains chemical attacks require large expenditure energy material resources edward described phenomenon known model remains primary model study integral experiments understand early researchers understand topography gene structure prior research known gene linear structure branching pattern organisms complete published science evaluating possible combination landscape ecology complex habitat landscapes generated details synthetic ecosystems evolutionary experiments performed study spatial adaptation island chip studies performed attempting program solve complicated mathematics problems path problem history german austrian discovered organism healthy individuals called found early classifications placed handful genera based shape time classification bacteria kingdom place type species invalid genus revealed type species missing following revision reclassified later reclassified newly created genus named original interaction database comparative database database website dedicated continually updated web resource based classic press publication cellular molecular biology structure form basis classification genetic stock center strains genetic information literature based entire regulation pathways funded comprehensive data resource mobile genetic elements community component model complex regulation initiation regulatory network cell general related information database information sequences genes classification mobile genetic elements search additional binding sites sequence database functional experiments comprehensive information bacteria community gene portal hub comprehensive information system structural initiative protein structure classification cbs domain database center information biology gene expression database diversity


school philosophy founded athens early 3rd century taught destructive emotions resulted errors judgment active relationship cosmic human freedom belief maintain called accord nature presented philosophy way life thought best indication individual philosophy person said person behaved live good life understand rules natural order taught rooted nature later emphasized virtue sufficient happiness sage immune belief similar meaning phrase calm phrase include radical ethical views sage considered truly free moral equally vicious founding doctrine popular following roman greece roman empire including emperor marcus closing pagan philosophy schools order emperor perceived odds christian faith philosophical movement joining christianity influenced basic provided unified account world consisting formal logic physics ethics emphasized ethics main focus human knowledge logical theories interest later philosophers teaches development self control means overcoming destructive emotions philosophy holds clear allows understand universal reason primary aspect involves improving individual ethical moral virtue consists agreement nature principle applies realm relationships free anger jealousy accept slaves equals men men alike products nature ethic perspective regard lack virtue opined wicked man like dog tied cart compelled goes virtue contrast amend suit world remain words sick happy happy dying happy exile happy disgrace happy completely autonomous individual time universe single viewpoint later described classical adopted dutch philosopher foremost popular philosophy educated elite world roman empire point words gilbert murray nearly successors alexander professed history beginning taught philosophy painted porch philosophy got unlike schools philosophy chose teach philosophy public space overlooking central gathering place athens ideas developed founding father disciple influential follower responsible called later roman focused promoting life harmony universe direct control scholars usually divide history phases early founding school middle including late including marcus complete work philosopher survives phases roman texts late survive logic logic teachers considered philosopher introduced developed approach logic known logic approach logic based statements terms making different aristotle term logic later developed system known logic included system considered rival aristotle new interest logic came 20th century important developments logic based logic wrote close similarities philosophical logic especially striking notes wrote books logic virtually topic logic today concerns including speech act theory sentence analysis singular expressions types logical consequence valid argument forms theory logic logic tense logic logic logic logic ambiguity logical categories held things accepted distinction concrete bodies abstract ones rejected aristotle belief purely exists accepted idea aristotle object hot universal heat body entered object unlike aristotle extended idea cover accidents object red universal red body entered object held categories substance primary matter substance things quality way matter organized form individual object physics physical ingredient air breath informs matter disposed particular characteristics present object size shape action posture disposed relation characteristics related phenomena position object time space relative objects knowledge attained use reason truth distinguished practice according senses constantly receive pass objects senses mind leave impression imagination impression arising mind called mind ability judge approve reject impression enabling distinguish true representation reality false impressions immediately achieve varying degrees hesitant approval labeled belief opinion reason achieve clear conviction certain true knowledge sage attained conviction expertise peers collective judgment physics according universe material reasoning substance known god nature divided classes active passive passive substance matter lies sluggish substance ready use sure remain unemployed sets motion active substance called fate universal reason intelligent fire acts passive matter universe god universal soul world guiding principle operating mind reason common nature things existence necessity future fire principle elements natural state transition water earth air sun moon stars universal existence things contained subject laws fate universe acts according nature nature passive matter souls people animals fire likewise subject fate constantly regard universe living having substance soul observe things reference perception perception living things act movement things causes things exist observe continuous spinning thread structure web individual souls nature assuming fiery nature received seminal reason universe right reason foundation humanity universe follows goal life live according reason live life according nature ethics virtues ancient misunderstood terms different concepts past today word come mean indifferent pain ethics taught freedom passion following reason seek emotions sought transform enables person develop clear judgment inner calm logic reflection concentration methods self discipline borrowing foundation ethics good lies state soul wisdom self control ethics stressed rule follow reason leads free bearing mind ancient meaning passion suffering reacting external events somewhat different modern use word distinction normally translated passion reaction turning pale confronted physical danger mark sage feelings result correct judgment way result incorrect judgment idea free suffering greek peace mind literally passion peace mind understood ancient sense objective having clear judgment maintenance face life highs lows reason meant logic understanding processes nature universal reason inherent things living according reason virtue held live harmony divine order universe recognition common reason essential value people cardinal virtues philosophy classification derived teachings wisdom courage justice following held evil results human ignorance reason nature unaware universal reason leads conclusion kindness solution evil practice philosophy examine behavior determine universal reason nature accepted suicide wise person circumstances prevent living life held accepting life compromised self consistency impaired freedom honorable moral choices suicide justified fell victim severe pain disease suicide usually seen rejection social duty doctrine things indifferent philosophical terms things indifferent outside application moral law tendency promote moral ends actions required forbidden moral law affect morality called morally indifferent doctrine things indifferent arose school opposition virtue vice respectively convenient actions actions accordance nature mistakes result large class objects left regarded indifferent eventually sub classes things indifferent developed things prefer assist life according nature things avoid hinder things indifferent narrower sense principle common doctrine things indifferent revived renaissance spiritual exercise philosophy set beliefs ethical claims way life involving constant practice training philosophical spiritual practices included logic dialogue self dialogue death training attention remain present moment similar forms eastern meditation daily reflection everyday problems possible solutions philosophy active process constant practice self reminder marcus defines practices example book early morning shall meet today violent men ignorance real good ill harmed man involve wrong angry hate come world work prior distinguished types act judgment desire according french philosopher identifies acts logic physics ethics respectively writes maxim develops characteristic acts practices spiritual exercises described influencing reflective practice mac parallels spiritual exercises modern therapy detailed length philosophy therapy social philosophy distinctive feature people universal spirit according live love readily help comments man relationship world human primarily citizen commonwealth member great city gods men city political copy sentiment echoes said citizen world held external differences rank wealth importance social relationships instead advocated brotherhood humanity natural equality human beings influential school roman world produced number remarkable writers personalities younger particular noted urging slaves remember slave sprang stock skies equal terms lives dies christianity major difference social spiritual god fully god world creating entity christian thought god universe deeply contrary christianity incarnation person unlike christianity beginning end universe later regarded fathers church pagan philosophy nonetheless central philosophical concepts employed early christian writers examples include terms virtue spirit conscience parallels sharing borrowing terminology christianity assert inner freedom face external world belief human nature god sense innate persistent evil possessions encourage respect inferior emotions lust higher possibilities humanity awakened developed writings marcus highly regarded christians centuries ideal accepted day perfect moral state eastern orthodox church saint milan known applying philosophy theology influences paul met stay athens reported acts letters paul reflected heavily knowledge philosophy terms metaphors assist new converts understanding revealed word god influence seen works marcus admiral james shot north vietnam held prisoner repeatedly tortured deeply influenced introduced works stanford_university plane reportedly said leaving world technology entering world modern usage word commonly refers indifferent pain pleasure grief joy modern usage person feelings cited contrast term stanford encyclopedia philosophy entry notes sense english utterly misleading regard philosophical origins philosophers founder academy athens pupil 3rd century second head academy head academy rhodes teacher younger 1st century 1st century 1st century 2nd century marcus studies handbook greek philosophy analysis fragments publishing isbn lawrence new princeton princeton press isbn life oxford oxford_university press paperback christopher pride political thought princeton excerpts cambridge companion cambridge cambridge_university press john indiana university press isbn long studies cambridge_university press university california press isbn philosophy therapy rational london isbn john berkeley university california press isbn william ethics happiness freedom london isbn strange traditions cambridge cambridge press isbn green

Philosophies and philosophical movements


philosophy greek school ancient greek philosophy practiced greek latin purpose life live virtue agreement nature reasoning creatures people gain happiness rigorous training living way natural rejecting conventional desires wealth power sex fame instead lead simple life free possessions philosopher outline themes pupil late 5th century followed lived streets athens took logical extremes came seen philosopher followed gave away large fortune live life poverty athens spread rise imperial rome 1st century found begging preaching cities empire finally disappeared late 5th century similar ideas appear early christianity 19th century emphasis negative aspects philosophy led modern understanding mean disposition disbelief sincerity goodness human motives actions origin derives ancient greek meaning dog like meaning dog explanation offered ancient times called dogs taught gymnasium athens word means place white dog certain word dog thrown insult rejection conventional manners decision live streets particular referred dog distinction stating dogs bite enemies bite friends save later sought turn word advantage later commentator explained reasons named indifference way life cult indifference like dogs eat love public sleep crossroads second reason dog animal cult beneath superior reason dog good guard guard philosophy fourth reason dog animal distinguish friends enemies recognize friends suited philosophy receive drive away like dogs philosophy striking offered people possibility happiness freedom suffering age uncertainty official doctrine fundamental principles summarised follows goal life mental clarity freedom smoke ignorance achieved living accord nature understood human reason arrogance caused false value cause negative emotions unnatural desires vicious character human depends self love humanity indifference life progresses clarity practices help free influences wealth fame power value nature examples include practice living walking winter practices society laws customs social conventions people granted property rejects conventional values money fame power reputation life lived according nature requires bare required existence free oneself needs result convention adopted hero ideal brought underworld point special appeal dog man according surely related dog way life required continuous training exercising mental impressions physical training kinds exercise mind body created mind quick impressions time performance facilitated practice virtue imperfect health necessary practice good depend equally mind body meant retreat society fact live public gaze indifferent face insults result unconventional behaviour said invented idea asked came replied citizen world ideal humanity thought duty people error ways example life use biting satire dig expose lay root everyday conventions concentrated solely ethics philosophy major impact world ultimately important influence writing 2nd century stated short path virtue history classical greek roman regarded virtue necessity happiness saw virtue entirely sufficient attaining classical followed philosophy extent perfection virtue happiness title derived greek word meaning dog allegedly neglected society family money etc manner reminiscent dogs sought free conventions self sufficient live accordance nature rejected conventional notions happiness involving money power fame lead entirely happy lives ancient rejected conventional social values types greed viewed causing suffering emphasis aspect teachings led late 18th early 19th centuries modern understanding attitude especially general distrust integrity professed motives modern definition marked contrast ancient philosophy emphasized virtue moral freedom liberation desire influences philosophers advocated simple living centuries preceding early 6th century sage combined plain living criticisms greek customs manner standard importance tales indian philosophers known later greeks adopted strict established laws customs 5th century begun process questioning aspects greek society religion law ethics immediate influence school love virtue indifference wealth disdain general opinion aspects thought formed minor philosophy central inspiration pupils recognized ancient world old staff came allusion manner dress staff club items symbolic ancient writers thought suited philosophy social evolution archaic age classical public ceased carrying weapons originally expected carried sword city transition spears occurred wearing weapon city old custom act carrying staff slightly taboo according modern symbol staff functions tool signal user physical labour display conspicuous leisure time association sport typically plays hunting sports clothing displays active qualities symbol weak man need support staff message free possible interpretation item leisure equivalent message strength virtue held abundance philosopher story traditionally begins older contemporary pupil years junior important disciples later classical authors little doubt founder philosophical views complex later pure list works ascribed writings language dialogue literature far ethics politics reflect philosophical interests changed time certainly true preached life poverty eat till hunger stayed drink till doors safe find indoors warmer need bare walls dominates story like figure originally went athens fleeing home city father charge mint got trouble phrase currency later describing rejection conventional values later tradition claimed disciple means certain met adopt teachings way life pursuing life self anecdotes extreme sleeping behaviour eating raw meat criticism conventional society bad people obey servants obey masters impossible tell stories true illustrate broad character man including ethical seriousness figure dominates history notable renounced large fortune live life poverty athens said pupil uncertain married fallen love lived like streets athens treated respect later fame apart unconventional lifestyle lies fact teacher founder strain found early radical views sexual equality spelled republic ascribed influence 4th 3rd centuries including sailed alexander great india moral rise 3rd century philosophical activity underwent decline roman era underwent revival roman world little record 2nd 1st centuries interested greek philosophy little opposed right honor 1st century reappeared force rise imperial rome like greek loss independence philip alexander centuries earlier led sense frustration people allowed philosophy emphasized self inner happiness flourish found empire standing street corners preaching virtue complained city filled particularly enter names patrons enlist army dog observed frequent talking masters making condition notable representative 1st century praised man wisdom denied constant principles professed worthy deal subjects rome butt ideal 2nd century whilst pouring philosopher praised teacher dialogue came seen form view led ideal lengthy discourse according ideal know sent messenger people concerning good bad things unfortunately era live ideal consider present dogs wait tables respect imitate old breaking wind unlike declined independent philosophy 2nd century 4th century emperor julian ruled like praised ideal complained actual practitioners final noted classical history late 5th century student philosopher alexandria devoted living life christianity jesus jewish historians noted similarities teachings jesus scholars argued document hypothetical common source matthew luke strong similarities teachings scholars quest historical jesus burton john jesus argued 1st century world ideas collided jewish thought traditions city day walk particularly notable centre philosophy described jesus normal type figure jesus like sage jewish tradition christ die substitute wanted establish independent jewish state israel scholars doubt jesus deeply influenced jewish tradition greater importance influences early christianity practices adopted early christians christians employed methods speaking authorities lived time christian converting 4th century alexandria christian called lifestyle christian writers praise poverty stating violation modest instincts men proclaimed opinion worthy dogs orders christianity direct connection seen wandering monks early church outward appearance practices differed little earlier age


known stands workers collective workers collective collective autonomous cells emerged mid-1990s initially hardcore inside began operating collective published widely read articles movement distributed posters books publication cells published books released records organized national campaigns representative democracy favor radical community organizing public splinter groups carried direct action including arson hosted international conventions events maintained local chapters sparked riots toured performance art hardcore punk musical collective received national media academic attention criticism praise activities philosophy association north american punk scene relationship artists genre publishing inside expanded contemporary anti capitalist movement activities activities cells included publishing radical literature music public splinter groups carried direct action hosted international conventions events maintained local chapters sparked riots toured performance art hardcore punk musical cell washington staged day film festival skill sharing workshops screenings cells supported large scale campaigns publicity work including president don vote election campaigns protests free trade area americas miami florida individuals adopting included convicted successfully attacked websites dare republican national committee sites related president george bush election campaign activities earned collective irregular attention mainstream news media cells worked collaboration anti launch international steal work day united_states tax day publications creation propaganda described core function best known publications books days war nights love expect resistance recipes disaster pamphlets change appeal available paper video form fighting lives date claim printed copies hardcore punk political inside music hardcore punk bands websites maintained individual cells including operated far_east cell hosts propaganda excerpts available publications blog activities cells connected publishing organizations similar ideas notably curious george brigade written number publications including anarchy age began publishing half journal rolling thunder journal dangerous living released eighth issue texts received wide coverage media academic publications reading materials university courses numerous publications released including jesus garden south african based cell publications formed project entitled missing shelf regular book stores able stock produced radical literature summer hosted annual conventions termed open typically featuring performances traveling theatrical musicians direct action mutual aid workshops individual participants days long camping trips attracted coverage newspaper articles initiated multiple reclaim streets actions mobilized large critical mass events activities convergence athens ohio saw impromptu street party resulted arrests minor charges athens news characterized convergence sort networking resume opportunity free neo typical gatherings demand attendees contribute momentum bringing food equipment share leading discussion group providing materials write political prisoners pattern promoting festivals reminiscent flying travelling harper journalist matthew power described convergence minnesota follows young country train attend annual event known convergence feral looking kids small groups clearing middle days self organized workshops discussions ranging banking theories nineteenth century philosopher joseph introductory lock picking class making pads adherents come wanted live lives sort solution saw revolution final product ongoing process wanted destroy capitalist system create place hosted different groups collective time typically based initiative local enthusiasts year different set policy requests released locals field typically encouraging sober consensus based space financial transactions firm rule police regulation ignored fbi information gathered fbi contributed convictions associates republican national convention matthew announced campaign national tours events lieu traditional convergence embarked similar change month tour united_states philosophy ideology value system lifestyle way challenging value systems lifestyles advanced agent way making value systems lifestyles challenging loose association represents variety political views asserts platform ideology similarities beliefs goals individuals choose involved constantly anonymous tag means constructing dynamic networks support communication movement publish create poster logo agent group agents operate traditional opposition state capitalism agents times advocated straight edge lifestyle total gender roles violent insurrection state refusal work influenced international described scholar martin political avant garde criticized presenting simplistic cases false accounts history manifesto days war nights love pole international authors book criticized exclusive anti nature history advocating place non myth collective expressed anti copyright stance advocacy appropriation texts ideas attracted criticism academic philosopher george ross endorsement active participants characterize mindset way life foremost organization main goal inspire people active control lives producers culture history instead passive consumers philosophy advocate radical ways living life end eliminating perceived society contributors publications generally credited respect asserted participants organization primary values satirical self criticism revolutionary propaganda margin walking contradictions direct reference concept developed george nineteen eighty cells maintained far_east cell great lakes west_coast international based prague czech_republic guerrilla spanish critical consideration published interview self identified operative ransom bay area french translations writings


pronunciation december april indian mathematician formal training pure mathematics extraordinary contributions mathematical analysis number theory infinite series continued initially developed mathematical research isolation quickly recognized indian skills obvious known wider mathematical community centered europe time began famous partnership english mathematician hardy cambridge professor realized rediscovered previously known addition producing new ones short life independently compiled nearly results identities nearly claims proven correct known original highly unconventional results prime function inspired vast research journal international publication launched publish work areas mathematics influenced work notably deep religious conviction credited substantial mathematical capacities equation meaning said expresses thought god early life born december tamil family madras presidency tamil residence maternal grandparents father worked clerk shop hailed district mother housewife sang local temple lived street traditional home town family home museum year half old mother gave birth son died months later december contracted smallpox unlike thousands district died disease year recovered moved mother parents house near madras mother gave birth children died infancy october enrolled local school maternal grandfather lost job court official mother moved enrolled primary school paternal grandfather died sent maternal grandparents living madras like school madras tried avoid attending family enlisted local constable sure boy attended school months father work day mother took care boy child close relationship learned tradition learned sing religious songs attend temple maintain particular eating habits culture primary school performed turning november passed primary examinations english tamil geography best scores district year entered town higher secondary school encountered formal mathematics time age exhausted mathematical knowledge college students home later lent book advanced mastered age discovering sophisticated receiving merit certificates academic awards continued school career assisted school logistics assigning students differing needs odd teachers completed mathematical exams half allotted time showed familiarity geometry infinite series shown solve cubic developed method solve following year knowing solved tried obtained friend library copy synopsis elementary results pure applied mathematics collection reportedly studied contents book detail book generally acknowledged key element awakening genius year independently developed investigated numbers calculated constant places peers time commented rarely understood stood respectful awe graduated town higher secondary school awarded prize mathematics school introduced outstanding student deserved scores higher maximum received scholarship study government arts college intent mathematics focus subjects failed losing scholarship process august ran away home heading stayed month later enrolled college madras excelled mathematics performed poorly subjects physiology failed fellow arts exam december year later degree left college continued pursue independent research mathematics living extreme poverty brink starvation adulthood india july married year old girl march april unusual marriages arranged young girls sources claim years old married came village close district railway station father participate marriage ceremony marriage developed condition treated routine surgical operation release blocked fluid sac family money operation january doctor volunteered surgery free successful surgery searched job stayed friends houses went door door madras looking clerical position money students presidency college preparing exam late sick feared health told friend hand mathematical professor mathematics professor college british professor edward ross madras christian college recovered retrieved took train coastal city french control attention mathematics met deputy collector recently founded indian mathematical society wishing job revenue department worked showed mathematics later recalled struck extraordinary mathematical results contained mind genius appointment lowest revenue department sent letters introduction mathematician friends madras looked work gave letters introduction district collector secretary indian mathematical society impressed research doubted work mentioned correspondence professor notable bombay mathematician expressed lack understanding work concluded friend tried quell doubts academic integrity agreed chance listened discussed series theory series said ultimately converted belief brilliance asked wanted replied needed work financial support sent madras continued research financial aid taking care daily needs help work published journal indian mathematical society problems posed journal formula waited solution offered issues months failed receive end supplied solution problem page formulated equation solve infinitely problem formula equation answer question posed journal simply obtained setting wrote formal paper journal properties numbers property discovered sequence numbers devised method calculating based previous numbers methods follows observed equal zero fraction formula lowest terms prime number contains factors iii formula formula consequently odd page paper properties numbers gave writing initially flaws journal editor noted methods novel presentation lacking precision ordinary mathematical reader intellectual hardly follow later wrote paper continued provide problems journal early got temporary job madras general office salary month lasted weeks end assignment applied position chief madras port trust letter dated february wrote sir understand vacant office apply passed examination studied prevented pursuing studies owing circumstances time mathematics developing subject confident justice work appointed post request good appointment attached application recommendation mathematics professor presidency college wrote young man exceptional capacity mathematics weeks applied march learned accepted class iii grade accounting clerk making month office easily quickly completed work given spent spare time mathematical research boss sir francis spring colleague treasurer indian mathematical society encouraged mathematical pursuits contacting british spring tried present work british hill university college london commented papers holes said taste mathematics ability lacked educational background foundation needed accepted hill offer student thorough professional advice work help friends drafted letters leading cambridge_university professors baker returned papers comment january wrote hardy coming unknown mathematician pages mathematics hardy initially view manuscripts possible fraud hardy recognised scarcely possible believe hardy found amazing page valid formula hardy impressed work relating infinite series formula formula result determined mathematician named second new hardy derived class functions called series researched friedrich hardy found results intriguing work seeing continued page manuscripts hardy commented defeated completely seen like figured true true imagination hardy asked colleague look papers amazed genius discussing papers hardy concluded letters certainly remarkable received said mathematician highest quality man altogether exceptional originality power colleague later remarked set advanced mathematical examination world february hardy wrote letter expressing interest work adding essential letter arrived madras week february hardy contacted indian office plan trip cambridge secretary arthur davies advisory committee indian students met discuss overseas trip accordance upbringing refused leave country foreign land sent hardy letter packed writing found friend views labour supplement hardy endorsement gilbert walker mathematical lecturer trinity college cambridge looked work expressed urging young man spend time cambridge result walker endorsement mathematics professor engineering college invited colleague meeting board studies mathematics discuss board agreed grant research scholarship month years university madras engaged research student continued submit papers journal indian mathematical society instance submitted series journal adding following mathematics student madras university later november british professor edward ross madras christian college met years stormed class day eyes glowing asking students know polish reason paper anticipated work polish mathematician paper arrived day mail quarterly papers drew definite easily working integral formulated evaluate hardy correspondence refused come england hardy enlisted colleague madras mentor bring england asked cambridge apparently accepted proposal needed converting parents opposition withdrawn apparently mother vivid dream family goddess deity commanded stand longer son life purpose england ship leaving wife stay parents india life england departed madras aboard march disembarked london april waiting car days later took house road cambridge immediately began work hardy weeks moved house took residence court minute walk hardy room hardy began look hardy received letters results hardy saw wrong discovered rest new left deep impression hardy commented believe hardy said compare spent nearly years cambridge collaborating hardy published findings hardy highly contrasting personalities collaboration clash different cultures beliefs working styles hardy proof mathematical deeply religious man relied strongly england hardy tried best fill gaps education inspiration awarded bachelor science degree research degree later renamed phd march work highly composite numbers published paper proceedings london mathematical society paper pages proved properties numbers hardy remarked unusual papers seen mathematical research time showed extraordinary handling december elected london mathematical society elected fellow royal society second indian following age youngest history royal society elected investigation functions theory numbers october indian elected fellow trinity college cambridge illness death life plagued health problems health worsened england diagnosed tuberculosis severe confined returned madras presidency soon died age widow moved bombay returned madras lived death age analysis medical records symptoms young concluded likely illness widespread madras episodes left india properly treated lie dormant years lead disease time personality spiritual life described person somewhat shy quiet disposition man pleasant manners lived life cambridge indian biographers describe orthodox hindu credited family goddess looked inspiration work claimed dream blood drops male consort afterward receive visions complex mathematical content eyes said equation meaning represents thought god hardy cites remarking religions equally true hardy argued religious belief reference belief practice indian biographers time remarked strict mathematical achievements mathematics distinction having insight having proof proposed investigated later depth hardy said discoveries unusually rich initially meets eye work new directions research opened examples interesting include intriguing infinite series given formula result based negative fundamental class number note related fact formula compared numbers class number yield similar series rapidly forms basis fastest currently sum term gives correct places general series remarkable capabilities rapid solution problems roommate posed following problem imagine street houses marked house sum house numbers left equals sum house numbers right problem multiple solutions thought gave answer twist gave continued fraction unusual solution class problems asked simple minute heard problem knew answer continued fraction continued fraction asked answer came mind replied led derive previously unknown identities formula gamma function related special value function expanding series powers gives deep identities hardy studied partition function extensively gave non series permits exact number able formula find exact series solution problem hardy work area gave rise powerful new method finding called circle method year life discovered mock functions years functions mystery known parts weak forms numerous statements borne influential later work particular connection geometry opened new areas research assertion size function generating function form typical form theory forms finally proven consequence proof reduction step involved complicated won fields medal work paper certain functions defined called delta function called function proved numbers like proved inspired jean fields medalist theory representations explains generally forms delta example form studied way fields medal winning work proved proof proceeds curves forms terms representations theory proof madras recorded bulk results loose leaf paper written probably origin unable prove results simply thought final result directly mathematician bruce review work says certainly able prove results chose reasons paper expensive work slate transfer results paper slate common mathematics students madras presidency time likely influenced style book stated results finally possible considered workings personal interest recorded results pages somewhat organised chapters material second pages chapters pages containing pages results inspired numerous papers later trying prove found hardy created papers exploring material work watson wilson bruce fourth pages called lost rediscovered george published volume set institute fundamental research mumbai india edition original manuscripts december celebrations anniversary birth republished coloured volume collector edition produced images original manuscripts expert research library hardy number number known hardy number famous visit hardy hospital hardy words remember going ill ridden taxi cab number remarked number dull hoped unfavorable replied interesting number smallest number sum different ways immediately hardy quoted saying positive personal friends different ways idea created notion numbers views hardy said combined power feeling form capacity rapid modification startling peculiar field rival day limitations knowledge startling man work orders mastery continued mathematician world found functional equation function dominant terms famous problems theory numbers heard periodic function idea function complex variable asked methods employed arrive solutions hardy said arrived process argument induction entirely unable coherent account stated met equal compare said place world mathematics quote bruce paul passed hardy personal ratings suppose rate basis pure talent scale hardy gave score david lecture madras stated years nearly proven right greater appreciation work brilliance work areas modern mathematics physics book scientific edge physicist spoke discovered cambridge mathematician hardy great mathematical findings beginning appreciated achievements fully understood later death example work highly composite numbers numbers large number factors started new line investigations theory numbers lifelong mission mathematics school children india nigeria continually introduced mathematical works posthumous recognition home state tamil celebrates december birthday state day stamp released government india 75th anniversary birth commemorating achievements field number theory new design issued december india post centennial year birthday december annually celebrated day government arts college studied madras prize young developing countries created international centre theoretical physics cooperation international mathematical union nominate members prize committee university based state tamil south india instituted prize given annually mathematician exceeding age outstanding contributions area mathematics influenced college engineering named department computer science information technology block anniversary birth indian government declared december celebrated year national mathematics day indian prime minister declared year celebrated national mathematics year media thriller novel trail accidental discovery plot connecting religion mathematics finance economics british collaboration film life released independent film company cinema cast crew include director cinematographer sunny joseph editor popular indian english stars kevin michael star pivotal roles man knew infinity film based book man knew infinity life genius robert film portrayed british actor play class man alter ego productions based david freeman class man play centred complex dysfunctional relationship hardy october announced roger best known james_bond film tomorrow dies working film version starring actor like book play titled class man disappearing number recent british stage production company explores relationship hardy novel indian clerk david explores fiction events following letter hardy google honoured birth anniversary replacing logo home page mentioned film good hunting scene professor explains sean robin williams genius hunting matt comparing march pbs series nova aired documentary man loved numbers season episode selected publications selected publications work media links march film celebrate mathematics genius bbc retrieved august feature film mathematics genius stephen bbc radio programme episode biographical song life biographical links mathematics project connor john history mathematics archive university short biography devoted site great mathematical genius links study group mathematics journal international journal devoted international math union prizes including prize norwegian indian mathematical essays surveys growing influence mentor sponsor bruce robert books studied india american mathematical monthly mathematical association america mock function puzzle solved papers sample page second fried eye clark alex constant