mortar motor carriage mortar motor carriage self propelled artillery mount half track chassis united_states_army world war equipped mortar air cooled machine gun produced white motor company examples produced mainly served western normandy southern france later battle deemed mortar found insufficient power provide effective artillery support specifications specifications similar specifications half track vehicle long wide high suspension wheels leaf springs track suspension vertical spring powered white cylinder petrol engine compression ratio reach mph road fuel capacity gal vehicle range power weight ratio ton vehicle weighing tons design different layout early replacement major difference based different half tracks based half track based half track major difference location direction mortar mortar rear facing near mortar facing closer mortar able traverse elevate required mounted vehicle fired ground addition pedestal mount rear heavy machine gun development developed meet need specialized mortar carrier based half track car soon replaced initial designed carry mortar mortar fired vehicle improved reinforced floor mortar fired vehicle mounting faced rear lacked traverse caused problems troops operated mortar mounted vehicle 2nd armored division relocated mortars fire ordnance department followed suit new created based half track went developmental trials completed july vehicle later standardized unlike mortar carriage based half track car based half track longer rear service history served western seeing action normandy southern france later battle battle belgium operation market garden invasion germany west served 3rd 1st 7th armies campaign france 2nd armored division developed addition examples leased free french forces declared obsolete insufficient power mortar artillery piece usage standard tank armored infantry battalions mortar platoon equipped older mainly targets night provide indirect fire support infantry usage uncommon white motor company able produce


william windsor goat william billy windsor goat served lance corporal 1st battalion royal welsh infantry battalion british_army served lance corporal month period demoted inappropriate behaviour queen official birthday celebrations deployed active duty battalion cyprus retired zoo young replacement known william windsor history tradition having goats military originated wild goat walked battlefield boston american revolutionary war led welsh regimental colours end battle bunker hill welsh military goat served world war 2nd battalion welsh regiment officially recorded regimental goat embarked war august saw action retreat battle including battle battles dying january posthumously awarded star british war medal victory medal royal goat herd originally obtained persia presented queen_victoria gift accession throne herd great reached population danger running food following complaints goats wandering people gardens council rejected proposals deciding use combination birth control inserted control numbers genetically unique breed goats relocated areas including kent yorkshire somerset efforts interrupted outbreak foot mouth disease william windsor billy goat descended royal original herd selected wild population born zoo presented regiment queen elizabeth_ii tradition new british monarchy presented series goats royal crown royal herd billy army number mascot ranking member regiment according bbc joining performed duties overseas royalty primary duty march head battalion ceremonial duties present parade regiment participated billy time lance corporal ryan arthur carried title goat major temporary june parade held celebrate queen elizabeth_ii birthday base near cyprus mediterranean island south coast invited dignitaries included ambassadors spain netherlands sweden argentine commander united_nations forces cyprus deployment cyprus 1st battalion billy overseas posting despite ordered line refused obey failed step tried drummer goat major lance corporal davies south wales unable control billy charged unacceptable behaviour lack direct order appear commanding officer lieutenant colonel james following disciplinary hearing demoted change meant regiment longer stand attention billy walked past lance corporal canadian animal rights group protested british_army stating merely acting goat reinstated months later september parade ground billy regained rank alma day parade celebrates royal welsh victory war captain simon clarke said billy performed exceptionally summer reflect behaviour queen birthday clearly earned rank deserves billy received promotion colonel royal welsh regiment brigadier porter result regaining rank regained membership mess billy goat army troubles time royal goat offered stud services regiment serving goat major goat charged goat major ultimately court lesser charge officer reduced rank goat major claimed compassion goat failed impress court royal goat earned nickname rebel colonel fixing uniform incident described act retirement following years distinguished service billy retired age soldiers battalion lined route pen trailer left camp time ceremonial dress included silver gift queen billy taken zoo keepers easy life children farm william windsor order replace billy thirty members 1st battalion set great june hoping catch feral goats state team led lieutenant colonel nick lock commanding officer included goat major army spokesman connor said looking goat calm pressure team player selection replacement goat battalion helped start alternative method birth control herd previously employed control numbers longer available difficulty month old chosen assigned army number represents regiment number 23rd regiment foot original royal welsh denoting 1st battalion new goat called william windsor beginning trained military life receive cigarettes day eats permitted older

Weapons, military equipment and programs


thin man nuclear bomb thin man proposed gun type nuclear bomb united_states developing manhattan_project development aborted discovered spontaneous rate nuclear bred high use gun type design high concentration early decisions prior army taking wartime atomic research robert held conferences chicago june berkeley california july engineers discussed nuclear bomb design issues gun type design chosen sub critical masses brought firing bullet target idea type nuclear weapon suggested richard attracted consideration reviewing options early gave priority gun type weapon threat pre created group los laboratory investigate type bombs determined significantly efficient terms explosive yield unit mass material bomb compressed materials react rapidly completely decided gun receive bulk research effort project uncertainty involved assumed gun type bomb easily adapted gun type type designs thin man fat man projects respectively code names created robert student worked manhattan_project chose based design shapes thin man long device came detective novel thin man series movies fat man bomb round fat named sydney character falcon little boy come named contrast thin man bomb development assembled team los laboratory work gun design included senior engineer senior charles joseph working believed required thin man achieve high muzzle critical assembly require working internal led design effort june navy captain william sterling parsons arrived took ordnance engineering division direct management thin man project created tested elements thin man design april august parsons developed proximity navy ran division handled liaison agencies head target source group calculated critical masses instituted system live testing scale models cannon inch guns scale thin man tubes took months produce readily easily obtained possible conduct tests available actual physical characteristics metal little educated time headed interior group group performed mathematical calculations identify suitable powder group conducted scale tests selections fixing physical size bomb proved important came selecting suitable aircraft carry group estimated muzzle velocity gun feet second close maximum calculated pressure barrel pounds square inch kpa weapon designers thought simply bringing critical mass sufficient suggested design include chosen day half life allowed obtained naturally occurring port hope ontario requested manufactured oak ridge tennessee available site specifications thin man design early nuclear weapon design proposed successfully bred nuclear assumed like assembled critical mass gun type method simply involved shooting sub critical piece avoid pre bullet need accelerated speed feet second reaction begin assembly complete blowing device apart prematurely thin man feet long inch wide tail nose assemblies inch length necessary bullet pick adequate speed reaching target weight pounds final weapon model aircraft allied inventory carry thin man british lancaster american boeing modified carry removing main wing oxygen tanks located bomb bays design issues great length thin man bomb led aerodynamic models bomb dropped navy test range virginia starting august bombs spin sideways dropped broke hit ground drops carried march tests discontinued improvements thin man bombs failed release immediately frustrating tests turned test flight series march thin man prematurely released route test range fell bomb bay doors severely damaging test aircraft modified mechanisms suspend bomb bomb bay caused great weight bombs replaced british type single point type releases lancaster carry pound bomb feasibility bomb questioned james heard november wallace director british tube project james concluded practical material weapons consulted lawrence arthur acknowledged scientists berkeley chicago respectively knew problem offer ready solution informed director manhattan_project brigadier general turn assembled special committee consisting lawrence examine issue committee concluded problems overcome requiring higher purity april experiments group los newly produced oak ridge site showed contained form far higher spontaneous rate produced material original measurements lower traces inclusion bred appeared meant spontaneous rate high highly likely blow apart initial formation critical mass distance required accelerate speeds likely need gun barrel long existing planned bomber way use bomb far difficult engineering task gun type bomb agreed meeting los july gun type work manhattan_project directed little boy enriched gun design research los laboratory oriented problems fat man bomb


rocket multiple rocket launchers russian type rocket artillery built fielded soviet_union world war multiple rocket launchers deliver explosives target area quickly conventional artillery lower accuracy requiring longer time fragile compared artillery guns inexpensive easy produce usable chassis world war self propelled artillery mass produced soviet_union usually mounted ordinary trucks mobility gave self propelled artillery advantage able deliver large blow located attacked counter battery fire weapons world war included light heavy today nickname applied newer truck mounted soviet soviet multiple rocket launchers notably common derivatives nickname initially concerns secrecy kept military designation known soldiers operated called code names guns head reaction engine scientific research institute finally classed guards mortars allowed secret documents remained classified war marked letter factory red army troops adopted nickname popular wartime song girl longing absent beloved gone away military service russian equivalent endearing form german troops coined nickname organ german soviet leader joseph prompted visual resemblance launch array church organ sound weapon rocket motors weapons type known denmark danish finland finnish france french norway norwegian netherlands belgium dutch hungary hungarian sweden swedish heavy referred andrew world war rocket launchers invented mounted platforms world war including trucks artillery tanks armoured trains naval vessels assault support weapons soviet engineers mounted single rockets lengths railway track serve urban combat design relatively simple consisting racks parallel rails rockets mounted folding frame raise rails launch position truck launchers rocket system long diameter weighed weapon accurate conventional artillery guns extremely effective bombardment particularly feared german soldiers battery launchers fire seconds delivered tons high explosives square metre impact zone making power roughly equivalent guns efficient crew launchers new location immediately firing denying enemy opportunity fire batteries large numbers create shock effect enemy forces weapon disadvantage long time took contrast conventional guns sustain continuous low rate fire distinctive sound rocket launching terrified german troops psychological warfare development june soviet jet propulsion research institute authorized main artillery develop multiple rocket aircraft rocket rocket powered shell led design team russia built prototype launchers firing modified rockets sides trucks proved unstable proposed mounting launch rails august result stands combat vehicle rockets large scale testing rocket launchers took place end rounds types rockets completely target range metres artillery branch fond took minutes load fire rounds conventional fire rounds time testing rockets conducted launch rails sixteen rockets authorized production launchers built germany invaded soviet_union june success month war mass production ordered development models proceeded inexpensive manufactured light industrial installations heavy equipment build conventional artillery gun barrels end launchers types built end war total production reached truck mounted installed trucks axle small number launchers mounted artillery tried tank chassis waste heavy armour starting mounted british canadian lend lease trucks case referred cross country performance ton truck good standard mounting designated standardized model manufactured end world war world war based soviet built trucks approved august deployed truck beds light tank chassis later installed larger trucks team scientists engineer received prize development based rocket developed required fired grounded frame called single frame round later double frame round instead launch rail mounted truck basis truck mounted battery launchers included firing vehicles trucks technical support trucks firing vehicle having crew executed minutes standard procedure switch new position away ease battery identified enemy batteries combined division company divisions separate firing regiment rocket artillery variants soviet world war missile systems named according standard following names ground vehicles names towed trailers names navy model missile number launch rails tubes particular vehicle fires missiles rails vehicle fires missiles launch tubes short names number launch rails tubes absent names describe launchers matter vehicle mounted particular number variants vehicle mounted truck tank mounted tractor mounted launchers number variants mounted different vehicles typical set vehicles soviet missile systems following truck truck truck tractor tank truck armored train car river boat towed towed trailer portable variant called mountain truck war note experimental mounted tank taken service list follows rocket variants rockets rocket fitted smoke common combat history multiple rocket launchers secret beginning world war special unit troops raised operate july experimental artillery battery seven launchers battle province russia command captain destroying concentration german troops tanks armored vehicles trucks marketplace causing massive german_army casualties retreat town panic following success red army organized new guards mortar batteries support infantry divisions battery complement standardized launchers remained control german rocket launchers common later war august ordered formation special guards mortar regiments direct control general headquarters reserve regiment comprised battalions batteries totalling launchers independent guards mortar battalions formed comprising launchers batteries end regiments independent battalions independent batteries service fielding total launchers june heavy guards mortar battalions formed new static rocket launch frames consisting launchers batteries july battalion added establishment tank corps heavy guards mortar battalions launchers guards mortar brigades later divisions formed equipped static launchers end regiments service smaller independent battalions equivalent batteries light launchers heavy launchers end war equivalent batteries service post war development success economy multiple rocket launchers led continue developed cold war soviet_union fielded models like notably launchers somewhat inspired earlier weapon larger advances artillery munitions applied type multiple launch rocket systems including remotely deployed land mines chemical breakup soviet_union russia inherited military arsenal including large complement recent history russian forces second wars armenian forces war georgian government forces reported similar rocket artillery fighting south war like launchers exported afghanistan czechoslovakia egypt east germany hungary iran iraq north_korea poland syria vietnam built czechoslovakia people republic china north_korea iran proper saw action korean war chinese people volunteer army south united_nations forces soviet known imported china sino soviet split operational people liberation army israel captured day war battalions war lebanon war later developed rockets based tank chassis lebanon war fired rockets light truck mounts single rail man portable launchers syrian manufactured type artillery rockets carried range launched type rockets strip cities israel reported truck mounted launchers originally referred mobile today rockets referred cia bought egyptian military supplied pakistan soviet war like allegedly patriotic invasion genocide effective battle translated anti sentiment local media reported launchers american forces invasion iraq afghanistan iraq iraq according associated_press france reports like rockets fired green zone late march rockets reportedly loyalists anti forces civil war countries continued build operate like systems 21st century example spanish army february defense ministry reported seizing iranian ship ship cargo included weapons rockets august irish republican group blamed planting style rocket field near south area soldiers training exercises weapon triggered mobile phone russian army mounted multiple rocket launchers tanks called weapon developed 1980s modernized limited service


bold bold missile known weapons system prototype air launched missile developed martin aircraft 1950s developed stage designs missile moderately successful testing helped way development addition bold early anti satellite weapons testing performing interception satellite missile design development bold missile developed weapons system initiated united_states_air_force response navy program funding authorised united_states congress purpose development technology new strategic weapons strategic air command deliver operational weapons primary emphasis proving feasibility air launched missile designation assigned project contract awarded martin aircraft bold missile design bold simple parts developed missile systems reduce cost development time project initial bold configuration single stage vehicle sergeant solid fuel rocket following initial testing bold configuration altered stage vehicle laboratory upper stage added missile operational history having given priority air_force flight test bold missile conducted boeing carrier aircraft launched bold vehicle apex high speed high angle climb climb tactic combined thrust rocket motor missile allowed missile achieve maximum range alternatively reach space flight test series bold vehicle conducted despite suffering outright failure initial flight tests single stage rocket proved successful hoped received modify bold stage vehicle addition modifications improving missile reliability increased range bold miles final test stage vehicle considered completely successful established viable weapon test final test launch bold conducted october test vehicle capabilities anti satellite role launched altitude feet missile successfully intercepted explorer satellite passing target range miles altitude miles missile fitted nuclear satellite destroyed bold test interception satellite method proving anti satellite missiles feasible test earlier unsuccessful test high missile anti satellite role political repercussions administration sought establish space neutral ground usage indication hostile intent tests seen anti satellite weapons development curtailed shortly legacy results bold project testing high missile developed provided data knowledge assisted air_force forming requirements follow produce missile launch history


traditional chinese simplified chinese pinyin wade lung rendered translator english fire drake manual modern english fire dragon manual 14th century military treatise compiled edited early dynasty china outlined use fire weapons involving use gunpowder provides information gunpowder compositions including magic gunpowder poison gunpowder burning gunpowder descriptions chinese hollow cast iron grenade bomb bombs bombs containing poisonous book describes 10th century chinese fire arrow evolution metal tube launched rocket rocket launchers advent stage rocket rocket fin mounted winged rockets book describes use explosive land mines naval mines use complex trigger mechanism book describes development weapons including guns fire lance barrels possible locks components firearms early bombard cannon cannon barrels filled metal balls containing poisonous gunpowder solutions cannons mounted wheeled carriages provide book preface publication book published 14th century compilation material written late 13th century personal accounts described gunpowder weapons use involvement red rebellion revolt dynasty rule gunpowder warfare weapons firearms military treatise went great detail gunpowder weapons time fire lance fire tube combination came different versions styled different names time edited earliest bamboo tubes metal versions began appear 12th century according description illustrated pictures emitted arrows called lotus bunch accompanied fiery blast low gunpowder poisonous including blast spray bits earliest depiction fire lance dated chinese painting silk banner found buddhist site oldest existent bronze hand cannon archaeological excavation dated year historical text describes rebellion christian prince born military commander korean brigade khan suppressed rebellion foot soldiers armed portable earliest metal barrel guns designed high gunpowder bore filling designed low fire lance shot small missiles called striking penetrating gun illustrated drawing islamic world fire lance appears book written appears manuscript europe representation fire lance horse mounted knight wielding weapon latin manuscript illustration dated appeared illustration describes illustrates metal barrel including guns barrels describes use match holding lance gun described arrangement match brought touch hole gun barrels reign emperor brigade formed cavalry horses said tubes filled materials sides troops firearms light artillery carriages addition firearms fire illustrates tall vertical mobile shield hide protect infantry gunmen known mysteriously moving breaking fierce flame sword shield large rectangular shield mounted wheels rows circular holes gun barrels placed shield accompanied protect gunmen cannons china cannon barrel design portrayed artwork stone sculpture dated found province oldest archaeological discovery cannon bronze cannon china inscribed date 2nd year era dynasty prototype metal barrel course bamboo recorded use chinese garrison commander province year earliest references destructive force cannon china verse known iron cannon affair wrote pierce heart belly strikes man horse persons wrote cannon called cast bronze average length inches wrote cannons simply filled lead balls called flying cloud large rounds produced charge impact wrote chinese day discovered pack hollow cast iron shells gunpowder create explosive effect contact enemy targets perspective exploding rounds discovered europe 16th century mentioned use poison fog magic smoke gunpowder poisonous gunpowder packed hollow shells effective burning faces eyes enemies formidable spray poisonous smoke wrote cannons mounted frames wheeled carriages rotated directions land mines naval mines recorded use land stated officer late song dynasty created kill invading troops wrote land mines spherical cast iron ignited enemy movement disturbing trigger mechanism book elaborate trigger mechanism late dynasty book said complex system pin release dropping weights worked rotate spinning steel wheel acted flint provide sparks ignited mines underground use naval mines wrote slowly burning sticks disguised timed explode enemy ships nearby sea called submarine dragon king wrought iron carried submerged wooden board appropriately weighted stones enclosed subtlety lies fact thin stick arranged float container burning stick determines time fuse ignited air glowing course container connected long piece goat passes fuse upper end stick container kept floating arrangement wild duck feathers moves water dark night sent downstream enemy ships stick burnt fuse great explosion later exploitation works nature treatise written song described replaced bag cord pulled hidden located nearby shore release flint steel wheel firing mechanism fuse naval gunpowder explosives gunpowder compositions proposed additions standard formula potassium adapting gunpowder weapons early chemical warfare described suitable uses magic gunpowder poison gunpowder burning gunpowder warfare displays amounts compositions time making poisonous gunpowder hand thrown catapult launched grenade bombs advised mixture oil juice heated coated tiny iron broken wrote birds flying air escape effects explosion book outlined use flying sand magic bomb releasing thousand fires included use tube gunpowder placed pot previously filled alcoholic extracts poisonous plants released explosion 14th century chinese gunpowder solutions reached maximum explosive potential levels ranging use chinese considered maximum explosive force came extracts earlier song dynasty period chinese gunpowder late 12th century potential explosive cast iron shells root chinese military handbook written outlined earliest gunpowder bombs later song dynasty said created gunpowder formula willow carriages launching fire stones yards destructive force widely recognized 11th century chinese earlier termed gunpowder fire drug chinese beliefs properties value festival entertainment seen displays martial demonstration entertain court emperor leading 10th century use fire arrows shooting greek fire experimented black powder solutions han explicitly stated gunpowder chinese government frightened fall hands neighbouring enemies enacted strict governmental monopoly production distribution central component fire drug flavour food song periods song government banned populace modern provinces sell form foreigners engaged war official wrote text city manufacturing thousand strong iron bomb shells month thousand bombs time fire arrows rockets termed earliest fire arrows launched bows rocket launchers fiery shot bow gunpowder filled paper wrapped round arrow metal arrow head resembled shape advised piece cloth strengthen paper sealed pine described fire arrow great detail mentioned earlier fire arrows handed city earlier chinese text collection important military techniques written song scholars yang described use spring triple bow fired arrow bolts holding gunpowder written second edition said fire arrows presented emperor song rocket invented china fire arrow continued use seen second war chinese fire arrows french time term fire arrow taken new meaning incorporated earliest rockets found china simple transition use hollow tube instead bow firing gunpowder fire arrows historian joseph wrote discovery came late southern song dynasty section oldest passages text reads uses bamboo stick long iron steel arrow head long iron weight long end tube bound stick rising gunpowder lit want fire use frame shaped like dragon tube wood bamboo contain late 14th century chinese discovered combine rocket launching tube fire lance involved tubes attached staff rocket tube fired charge ignited leading tube expelled powder enemy finally second rocket fired illustration appears describes effectiveness weapon location rockets enemy describes illustrates kinds mounted rocket launchers fired multiple rockets cylindrical basket work rocket called facing ways rocket arrow firing basket section rectangular box rocket known magical rocket arrow block rockets described shape standard fire arrows artificial wings attached illustration shows fins increase aerodynamic stability flight path rocket according rise hundreds feet landing designated enemy target describes illustrates oldest known rocket fire dragon issuing water long chinese navy stage rocket carrier rockets automatically number smaller rocket arrows shot end missile shaped like dragon head open mouth eventually burning rocket considered ancestor modern cluster munitions says written material illustration rocket come oldest dated book chapter page historical perspective gunpowder warfare originated medieval china underwent technological advancement preceding technological perfection occurred writings chinese fire weapons time warfare china little chinese innovation gunpowder weapons 15th century significant enemies need advance gunpowder weaponry stark contrast competitive european environment failing adopt improve gunpowder technology meant conquest neighbours portuguese arrived china early 16th century unimpressed chinese firearms comparison progression earliest european advent musket 17th century surpassed level earlier chinese innovation chinese late dynasty adopted ottoman turkish kneeling position bought european firearms infantry illustrations ottoman european detailed illustrations weapons appeared book 16th century breech loading model entered china time portuguese embassy came china eventually rejected portuguese chinese ships battled near portuguese repelled dynasty navy hostilities began tributary vassal loyal defeated conquered portuguese process slaughtered large community chinese merchants living chinese navy captured western ships portuguese breech loading aboard chinese called meaning frank according cannons presented emperor design copied illustrated china drawing chinese book published according earlier records war ministry official acquired guns copies yang san yang chinese beijing earlier account philosopher governor intended use cannons suppress rebellion prince case arrival breech loading rifle cannon china beginning continual european influence chinese firearms artillery song wrote encyclopedia foreign unique native gunpowder weapons refined copper casting western ocean cannon red hair cannon french cannon equal amounts refined raw copper making arms signal guns muskets making guns like general second general iron


ground combat vehicle ground combat vehicle army replacement program armored fighting vehicles armored brigade combat teams organized follow capabilities package modernization program variant vehicle fielded replaced canceled future combat systems manned ground vehicles program ground combat vehicle program cancelled february design specific design elements contracted army designed architecture retained overall responsibility contrasted manned ground vehicles program contractors control design offer improved state art mobility power management functions military released classified details manned ground vehicles program interested contractors utilized design proposals family built common chassis network current battle command control communications suite gradually use state art integration system known network provide electrical power battery charging capability external hardware including vehicles electronics soldier system capable integration systems soldiers mobility cargo aircraft rail ship army required meet availability rates current army limit vehicle dimensions hercules past constrained designs air mobility provided iii good cross country mobility requirement mph road speed delivered higher levels consume fuel bradley vehicles similar weight power military accepting tracked wheeled designs operational maintenance cost requirement mile compared mile bradley offensive capabilities type caliber weapons classified open interpretation industry variant notable having non lethal weapon requirement army wanted passive blast protection level equal utilize hit avoidance systems army wanted install active protection system ground combat vehicle tested iron curtain general dynamics demonstrated version israeli trophy system incorporating need tons armor protection compared tons armor required developers considering armor technology ability add remove armor plates depending threat levels mission requirements development june blue ribbon panel met washington discuss requirements ground combat vehicle october november defense contractors turned army organized industry day events michigan express interest bidding vehicle review required continuation held passed february washington request proposals issued february companies days respond extended additional days committee examined schedule little time fiscal year army wished spend million billion allocated modernization develop competitive contracts awarded early fall prototype development contract decision followed technology development phase milestone begin fourth quarter fiscal year award vehicle contracts followed engineering manufacturing development phase low rate initial production phase production start vehicles evaluated analysis alternatives primary vehicles included bradley modernized bradley variant iraq plus secondary vehicles included unnamed foreign platforms infantry fighting vehicle modernized vehicles included determined inferior planned august army canceled original revise requirements new issued days later peter asked army developing alternative replied totally committed national commission fiscal responsibility reform suggested development august technology development contracts awarded systems land armaments million general dynamics land systems budget concerns proposed cuts december reported army need cut million program deeper cuts million program army highest priorities risk war afghanistan budgetary concerns expensive development new combat vehicle seen feasible systems general dynamics awarded engineering manufacturing development phase contracts august phase months contractors arguments proceed cost saving measure present problem selecting vehicle based design outlines real prototypes suggestion period allow smaller contract awards time delay operational deadline planned date underlying concern fact army plans spend percent ground combat vehicle budget development infantry fighting vehicles expected acquired percent army combat vehicle fleet funds shifted modernization efforts combat proven bradley families vehicles revision acquisition strategy revised january reduce risk maintain program revision extended technology development phase months industry time vehicle designs milestone occur selection single engineering manufacturing development production phases program initiate critical design testing activities anticipation vehicle production budgetary pressures caused reduction number vendors selected report april congressional budget office issued report progress program report questioned program estimated cost billion possibility alternate vehicle options met overall army goals desired offer advantages costly delayed planned prototypes heavy weighing tons better protected seat man squad officials said vehicle size suited operations faced iraq afghanistan alternate vehicles cheaper urban settings report analyzed alternative options purchase seats soldiers combat survival rates expected slightly higher costs billion ability destroy enemy vehicles mobile production conducted domestically fielding require collaboration foreign companies governments upgrade bradley upgraded bradley lethal enemy forces probably survive combat rates saving billion upgrading bradley significantly capable bradley carries man squad mobility purchase lethal combat survival protection better rates mobile purchasing save billion considered capable vehicles carry require vehicles replace development production require collaboration foreign companies governments cancel ground combat vehicle army current bradley instead replacing current capability fleet maintained army continue investigate ways improve current field new improved vehicles billion saved funding programs general dynamics systems received contracts ground combat vehicle program criticized report saying wrong vehicle analysis officials companies said wrong model account change requirements army technology development phase program criticized comparisons vehicles report cost mobility ranking capabilities lower army response vehicles meet requirements replace bradley army test currently fielded vehicles revealed met critical requirements met needing significant redesign note judged cannon analysis army planned mount cannon report credit cost assuming army goal million vehicle pentagon cost assessments estimated price million vehicle funding cut july army chief staff general ray warned ground combat vehicle program delayed possibly cancelled budget cuts specifically said delayed rule possibility cancellation high priority army better protection bradley cuts considered august defense secretary outlined basic results effects continued modernization programs like cut maintain troop levels high end capability efforts like preserved continue modernization equipment advanced troop levels cut committed balancing soldiers readiness modernization intent need ground combat vehicle suggested alternative options upgrading bradley buying currently available infantry fighting vehicles like german recommended cost saving measures army leaders said low troop carrying capacity require buying vehicles replace upgrading bradley essentially engineering new vehicle options offer improvement fleet current capability pursuing allow money spent reports suggested armored multi purpose vehicle program replace family vehicles favored program fleet cost billion government office estimated fleet cost billion april congressional budget office said better buy analysts asserted vehicles slated replace replace bradley armored combat brigade making percent armored combat vehicles armored brigade september congressional research service report suggested given budgetary constraints program unrealistic potential discussion focus decision army replace number ground combat vehicle acquisition priority army leaders having large ground army necessary regime change operations realize equipment modernized versions current equipment rest decade technologies program explored development vehicle mid november general dynamics designs passed preliminary design reviews company commenced building prototypes army increasingly willing slow program push research development army said previously highest priority acquisition program shifted main modernization priority integrated electronic command network short term upgrades applied existing weapons systems obsolete advanced technologies available future build entirely new systems funding restored january spending bill passed house appropriated million program army requested million program army planned spend percent ground vehicle modernization budget years costs ranging billion depending setbacks options considered program affordable including reducing squad size goal men new emerging undeveloped technologies reduce weight vehicle tons operations urban environments contractors run money development prototype vehicles june army funded rest technology development phase pentagon army tried find ways continue program actually starting vehicle production new technologies like advanced fire control systems hybrid engines prematurely ending program start phase select result owing money contractors contract army complete technology development phase conduct milestone decision june wouldn phase program army wanted ground combat vehicles target price million unit pentagon office cost assessment program evaluation estimated unit cost million percent cut funding essentially scaled program research effort program declined support past months army determining desired vehicle longer feasible near term budget reductions suspicion contractors program past technology development congress believing succeed army tried save delaying reset modernization priorities emphasis program replace outdated speech january general ray confirmed ground combat vehicle program hold budget difficulties said army needed new afford time said pleased requirements vehicle progress development contractors good leap ahead technologies vehicle light mobile protected bombs desired past decade mobility traded protection army war games caused service decide need small mobile formations deployed quickly future recent conflicts shown need expeditionary forces transported quickly remote areas small packages little support possible weight estimates tons easily army direct funds technology development start program years science technology investments address size weight armored ground vehicles army reviewed components find areas save weight reducing weight vehicle allow fit army expeditionary view making easier cheaper transport greater numbers world termination pentagon budget proposal unveiled february cancelled program army acquisition executive said criticism program unfortunate vehicle performance said program remarkably wasn having technical issues contracts executed decision cancel development based entirely budget calculations possible way come funds matter areas reduced money engineering change proposals existing platforms budget difficulties pass allow investment generation capabilities seven years decision exclusively fund upgrades chosen bradley fleets combat capable near term needed international situation vehicles like bradley upgraded 1980s new armor sensors gear platforms horsepower electrical advances requirement entirely new ground combat vehicle built outset lessons learned combat previous decade remains army budget proposal unveiled march discontinued program instead funds shifted program main vehicle priority improving bradley interim resources available improvements current vehicle fleets improve protection networking abilities million directed science technology look feasibility future combat vehicle technologies secretary directed army marine_corps deliver realistic visions vehicle modernization end cancellation second time years army program replace bradley failed ran manned ground vehicles portion replacing armored vehicle classes costing hundreds millions dollars billion total army spent billion criticism vehicle weight kept reasonable level meeting size weight power requirements army maintains official reason cancellation budgetary pressures systems general dynamics receive million continue technology development follow development program currently named future fighting vehicle continued technology development july general dynamics awarded million study contracts technical cost risk assessments salvage technologies created use system general dynamics utilize integrated propulsion mobility automotive test rig conventional drive integrated propulsion utilize phase integrated hybrid electric propulsion mobility hybrid electric integrated propulsion variants army approach combat vehicle modernization centered ground combat vehicle deployment synchronized upgrades reset existing vehicles vehicles displaced replace selected family vehicles command control medical evacuation mortar carrier allowing army begin family vehicles upgrades existing bradley vehicles considered risk based rate introduced upgraded bradley replaced infantry fighting vehicle infantry fighting vehicle superseded previous infantry carrier replacement effort infantry carrier vehicle program army intention replace bradley later hold crew squad


english land cruiser rat design super heavy tank use nazi_germany world war proposed krupp director edward june named submitted designs drawings tank went names presented december tank planned metric tonnes far heavier viii heaviest tank built weighing tonnes project gained approval adolf_hitler expressed interest development tank project canceled albert early prototype tank built development development history originated strategic study soviet heavy tanks conducted krupp study giving birth viii super heavy tank study led suggestion krupp director special officer submarine construction june proposed hitler tank named armed naval artillery armored centimetres hardened steel heavy similar weapons hope affect hitler concept ordered krupp begin development december preliminary drawings completed time concept named rat hitler submitted designs went titles albert saw reasonable use tank canceled project prototype manufactured lead concept monster self propelled siege gun heavier general idea big tank best summed saying hitler fantasies shift gigantic description known enormous size weighed tonnes times weight viii divided weight includes tonnes armament total weight guns tonnes turret armour weighed tonnes tonnes armour frame tonnes track automotive components remaining weight distributed miscellaneous features planned long metres including naval guns high wide compensate immense weight equipped wide long total width help stability weight distribution vehicle sheer mass destroyed roads rendered bridge crossings impossible expected height ground clearance allowed ford rivers relative ease planned propulsion man cylinder marine diesel engines boats cylinder marine diesel engines boats achieve needed tank engines provided like german submarines designed provide way oxygen reach engine amphibious operations passing deep water primary weapon dual gun turret turret german capital ship modified removing guns associated loading mechanism removing gun allowed extra accommodation ammunition ships stored hull later sent turret ammunition elevator reduced total weight tank tonnes guns fired ammunition developed naval guns included armour piercing rounds explosive filler high explosive rounds explosive filler armament consist anti tank gun type anti aircraft guns probably mount anti tank gun precise location point contention historians believing mounted primary turret thinking smaller secondary turret rear logical concept drawings exist suggest flexible mount plate tank provided vehicle bay hold scouting smaller storage rooms compact area self contained system issues large size weight rendered tank unable cross bridges risk collapsing travelling roads soon destroy intended speed kilometres hour resulting slow highly visible tank vulnerable air bombardment artillery fire despite having heavy armour issues transporting vehicle battlefield prominent railway train car bear weight width large railway tunnel accommodate


high high known weapons system prototype air launched missile jointly developed lockheed division general dynamics late 1950s missile proved moderately successful aided development later addition early test anti satellite weapons design development project develop new strategic weapons united_states_air_force strategic air command lockheed corporation division general dynamics proposed development air launched missile carried medium bomber early companies awarded contract development weapon designated given code high project intended strictly research development exercise planned weapon quickly capable developed operational system required high missile single stage weapon powered solid fueled rocket equipped advanced guidance system derived dog cruise missile arrangement provided directional control missile developed lockheed components developed existing missiles order reduce cost project reduce development time required responsible development carriage launching missile prototype replacing aircraft normal weapons pod operational history test flights high missile conducted development problems include guidance system instead fitted simple guiding weapon pre programmed course launched carrier aircraft high altitude speed initial flight conducted september failure missile controls second test months later proved successful missile flying range nearly miles flight test following june utilized guidance system time successful flight anti satellite test fourth high missile utilized test mission intended demonstrate capability missile use satellite anti satellite missile missile modified cameras record results test initially targeted explorer satellite errors calculating satellite orbit explorer targeted instead test mission final flight high missile conducted september minute launch missile carrier aircraft signal lost data recovered test camera data intended recovered afterward located test inconclusive test high conducted research project having concluded air_force undertaking work missile incorporated lessons learned project construction launch history


pounder gun pounder cannon artillery piece designed british armed forces mid-19th century cannon muzzle loading gun manufactured weights common long cwt fired projectiles colonel william designed cwt version cast following year common variant weighing cwt dates entered service royal artillery royal_navy saw active service arms war gained reputation finest cannon gun produced time new rifled breech loading guns beginning mark artillery pounder reliability power meant retained new warships hms warrior eventually new rifled muzzle muzzle loading guns obsolete large surplus stocks pounders given new life converted rifled projectiles cannon remained service declared obsolete design cannon designed response need heavier weaponry armour ships line improved colonel william government inspector artillery designed cannon cast low iron works entered service soon like numerous cannon cast iron loaded muzzle cannon relatively cheap produce royal commission defence united_kingdom estimated cannon cost approximately cast exceptional range accuracy earned reputation finest cannon operation gun traditional needed loaded end barrel loaded bore barrel cleaned charge gunpowder cloth bag rammed breech followed gun metal spike inserted vent pierced charge fired percussion cap ignited charge forced barrel pounder effective range approximately maximum elevation degrees maximum range distance cover seconds powder charge far charge gun charges cannon fired solid shot muzzle velocity cannon fire solid shot explosive shells case shot liquid iron shell thin walled shells filled iron intended serve heated shot cannon barrel bore inches shot shells inches diameter allowed gap aid loading process seriously official weight shot listed reality varied according material shot cast iron shot weighed wrought iron shot steel shot weighed steel weighed estimated pound shot destructive power equivalent pound shot explosive shells gunpowder fitted simple ignited flash charge early wooden eventually replaced reliable designed captain edward boxer gun crew gauge best length fuse range firing shell explode hitting target prevent shell exploding barrel fitted ensure fuse faced away charge land minimum crew men usually commanded non commissioned officer required fire gun normally mounted traversing gun carriage board ship gun crew doubled men needed traverse gun carriage hand hand spikes rope tackles extra crew account fact sailing ships usually fired cannon deck unlikely event sides action men detached man gun opposite cases gun elevated wooden driven breech barrel force aimed advanced sighting mechanism marked elevation face gun range according different weights cartridge charges faces service cannon use land sea fitted numerous royal_navy warships different sizes hms queen victor class ships line ships saw action war pounder extensively siege pounders lancaster guns taken ship dragged siege batteries naval brigade regularly bombarded russian positions year cannon fitted large numbers class ironclad floating batteries little impact war notably pounder fitted warrior class ironclads warrior black prince originally intended fit pounders primarily gun deck specification changed building finally equipped pounders alongside ships equipped new rifled breech loading armstrong guns types inch pounders armstrong guns represented new direction artillery breech loading mechanism meant unable withstand explosion heavy cartridge smaller cartridge charges required gun muzzle velocity suffered result ironically armstrong guns incapable penetrating armour fitted warrior class ships pounder high muzzle velocity late planned fit new class pounders instead completed inch gun pounder cwt gun land pounder extensively british coastal defences constructed 1850s notably forts like defending portsmouth forts victoria albert freshwater defending passage royal commission envisaged numerous new forts proposed pounder cannon accordingly introduction armstrong gun initially led think weapon instead whilst forts built armstrong gun weaknesses exposed military reverted muzzle loaded weapons advantages armstrong wrought iron construction retained leading new design artillery piece rifled muzzle conversion rifled muzzle introduction rifled muzzle classed rendered guns largely obsolete pounder existed large numbers attempts adapt guns fire new projectiles eventually captain william patented method boring gun barrel wrought iron rifled liner allowed rifled shot shells fired old cannon experiments revealed powerful introduced pounders adapted way calibre inches known pounder officially pounder ton powder charge fire muzzle velocity feet second deployed coast defence garrison artillery british_empire remained service eventually declared obsolete pounders converted inch tons guns firing double shot surviving examples castle fort nelson hampshire royal collection head sydney harbour australia hill fort australia guns port fairy victoria australia


british nuclear tests british nuclear tests occurred site prohibited area south_australia kilometres north west adelaide total seven nuclear tests performed approximate yields ranging tnt major test series conducted site operation buffalo operation site hundreds minor trials intended investigate effects fire non nuclear explosions atomic weapons site contaminated radioactive materials initial cleanup attempted royal commission examination effects tests delivered report found significant radiation hazards existed test areas recommended cleanup completed cost million debate continued safety site long term health effects traditional owners land personnel australian government paid compensation amounting million local people tests subject extreme secrecy late 1970s marked change australian media covered british nuclear tests journalists investigated subject political scrutiny intense journalist brian ran series stories australian financial review october based leaked cabinet submission june new scientist journalist anderson wrote article titled britain dirty deeds related articles australia nuclear waste cover documented unsuccessful clean popular songs story written paul kelly midnight oil anderson howe historical context october united_kingdom tested nuclear weapon named hurricane islands coast western_australia year later nuclear test australian mainland tnt field great victoria desert south_australia october tnt followed weeks later october british government formally requested permanent test facility october concerns nuclear fallout previous tests field site inadequate infrastructure water supply recently surveyed site selected purpose new site announced developed joint funded facility british australian governments prior selection site inhabited people great spiritual significance relocated new settlement attempts access site unsuccessful major tests major test series conducted site operation buffalo operation operation buffalo operation buffalo commenced september operation consisted testing nuclear devices tree respectively tree tnt tnt exploded towers tnt exploded ground level tnt released royal_air_force vickers bomber height feet british launching nuclear weapon aircraft fallout tests measured sticky paper air sampling devices water sampled rainfall radioactive cloud buffalo tree reached height exceeding predicted detected south_australia northern territory new_south_wales queensland buffalo tests criticised royal commission concluded fired inappropriate conditions sue rabbit researcher university uncovered documentary evidence troops ordered run walk crawl areas contaminated buffalo tests days immediately following fact british government later admitted stated puts lie british government claim humans guinea pig type experiments nuclear weapons trials australia operation operation followed designed test components weapons particular emphasis triggering mechanisms tests began september tests conducted towers suspended balloons yields weapons tnt tnt tnt respectively test determining yield later rumours developed britain developing bomb royal commission found personnel handling later exposed active series better planned organised earlier series intermediate fallout test exceeded predictions minor tests addition major tests large number minor trials carried june extended april major tests carried publicity minor tests carried absolute secrecy minor tests left dangerous legacy radioactive contamination series minor trials rats trials included tests tests involving experiments operation involved trials performed field tests development involving use generated relatively large amounts radioactive contamination operation took place involved trials studies compression operation rats investigated explosive dispersal trials took place minor trials formulated investigate happen nuclear device burnt subject non nuclear explosion trials investigated effects accidental fire nuclear weapon involved total trials attempted discover effects high explosives nuclear weapon fire typical conditions occur aviation accidents involved produced jets burning extending hundreds feet air lack subsequent disposal minor trials especially created major radiation problems site experimental tests tnt blow simulated nuclear containing total scattered test site known particles widely size particularly dangerous externally alpha particles stopped air dead layer skin cells body intensive source radiation long half life years dangerous enters body worst case breathing tiny particles result explosion testing worst threat extreme biological persistence radioactive contamination cancer threat posed alpha radiation occurring internally establish dangers terms regular nuclear testing represents bomb component testing rats early tests safety testing bomb assuring core accidentally undergo event fire crash equivalent valley project successful test subjects core fuel high explosives hope simply undergoes differences sort dangers presented major minor tests critical explosion minor tests major tests bomb reached critical mass materials burned highly radioactive products fuel activated bomb case tower soil explosion close ground dropped eventually fallout globally equivalent fuel simply smashed explosives spread locally rats smaller amounts materials similar exploded locally spread legacy 1950s research nuclear fallout nuclear tests brought bitter conflict australian government appointed atomic weapons tests safety committee posthumously royal commission found significant radiation hazards existed test sites long tests project tracked fallout continent examining sheep cattle devices filtered radioactive elements air later results showed dramatic increases certain radioactive elements british nuclear tests caused controversial study bones deceased people especially children burnt ash measured tests showed tests increased concentration dramatically finding british tests notable increase noticed year tests cited evidence previous year hydrogen bomb tests contaminated majority world cleanup operation operation conducted attempts concentration radioactive material turning mixing surface soil additionally remains including contaminated fragments buried concrete capped pits 1970s whistle hudson disclosed details testing program australian media risk related clean measures persistent contamination associated health risks radiation hudson gave testimony royal commission british nuclear tests australia continued work spokesperson nuclear veterans south_australia royal commission tests delivered report late found significant radiation hazards existed test sites particularly trials effects burning carried technical assessment group set advise rehabilitation options extensive cleanup program initiated site tag report plan approved work commenced site completed cost million worst contaminated areas cubic metres soil debris removed area square kilometres buried trenches debris pits treated site approximately square kilometres safe access approximately square kilometres considered safe access permanent occupancy observed living semi traditional lifestyle receive effective dose times allowed member public effective dose times greater department veterans affairs study concluded overall received australian participants small participants received current australian annual dose limit exposed persons findings contested australian servicemen ordered repeatedly fly mushroom clouds atomic explosions protection march ground zero immediately bomb airborne radioactive material resulted radioactive rain dropped brisbane queensland country areas study british nuclear test veterans association found cent involved veterans died fifties successive australian governments failed compensate servicemen contracted following exposure radiation british decision compensate servicemen australian government negotiated compensation australian servicemen suffering specific conditions rare blood disorder multiple author suggests denial access contributed significantly social community day petrol juvenile crime alcoholism chronic friction residents south australian police facts life australian government reached compensation settlement resulted payment million settlement claims relation nuclear testing media coverage according liz james cook university tests striking example happen popular media unable report activities government trying hide example extreme secrecy late 1970s marked change australian media covered british nuclear tests investigative journalists emerged whistle hudson spoke political scrutiny intense investigative journalist brian ran series stories australian financial review october based leaked cabinet submission june new scientist journalist anderson wrote article entitled britain dirty deeds related articles detailed analysis legacy australian government prolonged negotiations united_kingdom cleaning sharing cost safe sealing waste previously highly toxic nuclear waste simply lightly soil buried deep secure purpose built concrete anderson won michael awards articles australia nuclear waste cover book clean following british nuclear tests published nuclear engineer explains clean late 1990s compromised cost cutting simply involved dumping hazardous radioactive debris shallow holes ground states cheap nasty solution wouldn adopted white land popular culture ground zero fictional political conspiracy thriller happened tests folk song plains describes tests deadly effects people career highlights australian play scott performed adelaide festival february march play tells story people lived desert country south_australia western_australia experience british nuclear testing field tribal elders describe moved area death illness people attempted return contaminated story oak communities allen information book history culture region controversy original owners aimed young people book awarded silver honour medal children book council australia referenced nuclear tests australia song nuclear device wizard tests subject song progressive rock group anderson howe australian band midnight oil wrote song tests called australian writer published novel titled novel referenced location source weapons grade terror plot australia web comic author aaron wrote page comic imagining tests fictional story man present tests featured country practice episode field thunder


special vehicle german half track saw widespread use world war main roles prime heavy towed guns approximately produced campaign fought germans world war notably invasion poland battle france balkans campaign eastern north african campaign battle normandy italian campaign description ladder frame chassis power provided cylinder water cooled gasoline engine horsepower semi automatic transmission forward reverse gears driver selected desired gear initiated shift depressing clutch fuel tanks litres gal litres gal capacity tracks wheels steering steering system set shallow turns wheels brakes applied tracks farther steering wheel turned drive common teeth rear suspension consisted double overlapping usual system german half track vehicles mounted swing arms sprung bars wheel mounted rear vehicle control track tension wheels leaf springs shock upper body crew compartment bench seats driver assistant crew rear cargo area contained storage compartments rear fold forward canvas mounted rear storage compartments erected initially designed capacity tonnes long tons short tons wartime tow tonnes long tons short tons design development preliminary design german half tracks early war ing military automotive department nazis took power designs turned commercial firms development testing working half track design weighed tonnes long tons short tons cylinder horsepower gasoline engine upper body bench seats driver suspension based world war era bore absolutely relation bars models combined best designs prototype appeared engine bore little resemblance older model upper body bench seats crew driver seat upper body remained life weighed tonnes long tons short tons pull loads tonnes long tons short tons improved version introduced heavier tonnes long tons short tons model appeared engine carry kilograms tow tonnes long tons short tons load tried unsuccessfully use diesel engine repeatedly rejected army weapons office refined version introduced october produced duration war variants anti aircraft guns mounted chassis anti tank duties gun shield provided gun crew protection driver cab replaced lower armored engine compartment lightly millimetres armored vehicle weighed tonnes long tons short tons metres long metres tall metres wide gun fire directly ahead problem traverse limited gun shield elevation assigned company anti tank battalion participated invasion poland battle france operation company redesignated anti tank company january company anti tank battalion following april reported vehicles lost march production use krupp main builders war produced joined years war hand december built approximately built total czechoslovakia war known production continued finally discarded unlike german half tracks tractor heavy artillery pieces modified roles


known german half track saw widespread use world war heaviest half track vehicle type built quantity nazi_germany war years main roles prime heavy towed guns tank recovery vehicle approximately produced description ladder frame chassis power provided cylinder water cooled litres gasoline engine horsepower transmission forward reverse gears fuel tanks litres gal litres gal capacity tracks wheels steering steering system set shallow turns wheels brakes applied tracks steering wheel turned drive like german common teeth rear suspension consisted double sets overlapping layout mounted swing arms sprung bars wheel mounted rear vehicle control track tension wheels leaf springs shock upper body crew compartment common versions bench seats driver assistant crew rear portion upper body adapted vehicle intended role artillery model extra bench seats gun crew space ammunition cargo version storage compartments mounted cargo compartment opened outside fold forward canvas mounted upper rear body erected designed capacity tonnes long tons short tons adequate medium tanks like necessary heavier vehicles like tiger king tiger towed low trailers carry disabled vehicles equipped mounted middle vehicle cargo platform design development preliminary design german half tracks early war ing military automotive department nazis took power designs turned commercial firms development testing und received contract long tons short tons heavy tracked vehicle prototype completed horsepower engine metres long prototype appeared differed detail predecessor appeared production version design simplified course war reduce costs use strategic metals vehicles produced cylinder air cooled type diesel engine fitted large added rear chassis war improve vehicle ability recover tanks heavy vehicles variants new upper body mounted long tons short tons capacity crane lieu crew bench seat cargo compartment issued tank maintenance units beginning september larger gasoline electric long tons short tons crane fitted later required stabilize vehicle operations begin tank recovery version giant like metal plate connected rear frame holding frame lifted straight transport meant stabilize vehicle heavy object soft ground anti aircraft guns mounted anti tank duties crew engine compartments lightly completely armored limited gun ability fire directly ahead platform drop sides fitted gun necessary platform sides support weight gun crew vehicle weighed tonnes long tons short tons metres long metres tall metres wide source claims vehicles produced prototypes production began producing joined years war hand december built approximately built total


pronounced known navy chair aluminum chair manufactured originally built navy warships world war later designer chair high end restaurants interior designers 1990s company began creating designer versions chair hudson chair navy chair recycled plastic makes tables furniture million chairs produced history founder developed chair collaboration aluminum company america originally designed navy needed chair deck battleships survive sea air torpedo blast ship chairs eye bolts seat attached ship deck cables war started selling chairs prisons hospitals government offices chair sold restaurants 1980s 1990s jay leadership designer chair 2000s acquired son french designer designed total chairs tables began collaboration create based chair recycled bottles released metropolis magazine said public relations effort product bottles hoped encourage manufacturers target started selling imitation product supplied euro style supplier said planned modify chair style avoid legal dispute alleged trademark infringement october filed lawsuit restoration hardware allegedly making unauthorized navy chair restoration hardware removed chair website stopped selling chair reached undisclosed settlement chair featured regularly design magazines movies matrix law order csi europe original chair referred prison chair use government prisons prison related movie scenes description original chair curved vertical slight curve legs weighs seven pounds guaranteed years original chairs 1940s use traditional aluminum chairs recycled aluminum iron copper chairs percent recycled plastic percent glass fiber chair named based recycled bottles approximately chair models designer version chair line hudson chair named hudson hotel hudson chair room similar silhouette original reflective brushed aluminum surface solid came swivel versions reflective glossy versions chair polished hours substantially increasing cost brand swivel chairs rocking chairs chairs manufactured hand pennsylvania week step process grandson designer charles published documentary film manufacturing process called steps believe chair cast single form actually pieces sheets aluminum rolled tubes cut length bent shapes large hydraulic machines pieces fit workers grind joints smooth finish creating appearance cast single piece chair goes repeated heating cooling cycle increases strength aluminum chairs originally swivel chair bases parts purchased supplier 1950s began purchasing manufacturing equipment manufacture house


raven banner raven banner old norse middle english flag possibly nature flown viking scandinavian rulers 9th 10th 11th centuries flag depicted norse artwork roughly triangular rounded outside edge hung series bore resemblance carved weather aboard viking scholars raven flag symbol depicted accompanied named intent strike fear enemies power scholar notes encounters christian anglo invading pagan anglo probably thought banners evil powers pagan idols anglo aware significance norse mythology raven symbolism norse culture raven common iconic figure norse mythology highest god named thought memory respectively flew world bringing master names raven god medieval historian explains closely linked norse myths received fallen warriors linked death war consequently likely regarded chose dead military service connection indicated abilities appear form birds raven appears poem describing warfare war feed raven example found following poem kills sons norse poetry identify raven bird blood corpses battle wave corpses screams hail morning arrives sea corpses black flocks corpses asks heading hart raven goes forth blood fallen battle flies field battle blood human flesh corpses mouth hold highest god increasingly early christian stanza tear eyes mentioned poetic tear heart shall tear eyes high seen instruments divine harsh unpleasant justice despite violent imagery associated early regarded raven largely positive figure battle harsh justice viewed favorably norse culture old norse personal names referred raven usage late 9th century raven banner number viking regarded norse tradition sons danish mention viking force carrying raven banner anglo saxon chronicle year chronicle relates winter year brother landed ships slain men army taken war flag called raven 12th century annals claims raven banner present great army adds insight influenced creation nature des written mentions borne army battle raven banner brother buried big mound called 10th century 10th century raven banner adopted norse kings dublin norse britain ireland clan claimed descent son triangular banner appearing depict bird possibly raven appears penny coin features roughly right triangular standard sides situated staff respectively series staff topped appears cross indicate fusion pagan christian symbolism raven banner standard norse according saga stout mother told banner bring victory man carried death carries saga describes flag finely banner figure raven banner breeze raven flying ahead mother prediction came true according standard met ends curse banner ultimately fell battle earl hard battle came fast laid low rank broke array earl right banner banner bearer got man bear banner hard fight man death blow stood near earl called son hall bear banner lift banner white said don bear banner bear death red called earl bear thou banner bear devil answered earl said bear bag took banner staff little white slain earl pierced spear early 11th century army king great england norway denmark bore raven banner white silk battle reports banner gave wonderful aware incredible reader insert work true banner woven silk picture figures found case war raven seen woven going win battle raven appeared wide open wings restless feet going defeated raven stir limbs hung lives father stout earl northumberland written monk abbey possibly english historian william reports danish given banner unidentified old sage banner called according flew raven banner called land banner flown unclear conversation king denmark asked possessions valued highly answered banner asked virtue accounted valuable replied victory banner borne added case obtained said shall believe flag virtue fight battles king victorious years later invasion england fought pitched battle english outside york saga relates king saw battle array english come ditch right opposite blown sharply urged men attack raising banner called strong attack held army flew banner battle bridge carried warrior named struck arrow killed army fought fiercely possession banner went secure flag end magic banner failed bulk norwegian army slaughtered escaping ships dragon banner norway early norwegian royal standard described panels famous standards shown appear raven banners commissioned bishop half brother william combatants battle hastings familiar standards carried fight panels depicting norman cavalry charge english shield wall charging norman knight depicted banner standing black bird second depicting deaths brothers triangular banner closely resembling shown coin lies broken ground scholars divided simply relics scandinavian heritage matter scandinavian influence anglo saxon england reflect norse presence norman english army modern reception despite claims european flag new world indication carried universal flag source assigns settlers group danish army regiments shoulder sleeve insignia guard regiment 1st battalion 1st tank squadron alternate form banner black raven rectangular red field symbol festival celebrates islands norse heritage


personal defense weapon designed manufactured belgium created response nato requests replacement firearms designed compact powerful vehicle crews operators crew served weapons support personnel special forces counter terrorist groups designed conjunction seven pistol ammunition development weapon began production commenced derived ammunition redesigned shortened modified version magazine adapted use new ammunition introduced seven pistol subsequently introduced companion weapon ammunition featuring compact design integrated sight fully controls unconventional weapon futuristic appearance design incorporates innovations unique mounted magazine small caliber high velocity ammunition currently service military police forces nations austria brazil canada france greece india malaysia poland united_states united_states use law enforcement agencies including secret service developed initially marketed considered gun compact assault rifle standard selective fire restricted military law enforcement customers semi automatic version offered civilian shooters history development ammunition developed response nato requests replacement cartridge associated pistols guns nato called types weapons new cartridge shoulder fired weapon handheld weapon according nato new weapons termed personal defense weapons provide personal protection resort situations user directly endangered enemy nato published document outlining number preliminary specifications weapons new cartridge greater range accuracy terminal performance cartridge additionally capable penetrating body armor shoulder fired personal defense weapon weigh magazine capacity rounds handheld personal defense weapon pistol weigh weight deemed desirable magazine capacity rounds weapons sufficiently compact carried hands free user person times cab vehicle cockpit aircraft perform effectively environments weather conditions small arms manufacturer respond nato requirement started developing shoulder fired personal defense weapon small caliber high velocity cartridge type original cartridge called went production propelled grain plastic core muzzle velocity roughly shortly introduction adopted service belgian special forces group gulf war following introduction revised ammunition new variation designated shorter length allowed seven pistol development time greater weight conventional construction aluminium steel core prototypes created design finalized replacing modified version magazine adapted use shortened ammunition introduced year special cartridge variations developed round round use sound suppressed nato evolution nato conducted series tests intention cartridge replacement cartridge tests compared relative merits cartridge cartridge created german small arms manufacturer competitor results nato tests analyzed group formed experts canada france united_kingdom united_states group conclusion undoubtedly efficient cartridge german delegation rejected nato recommendation standardized halting process indefinitely result associated weapons independently adopted nato countries according preference currently service military police forces countries world present development platform led creation model triple rail interface mounting accessories model introduced late continues offered alongside standard recently offered civilian shooters semi automatic intended personal protection sporting use design selective fire straight operated weapon rate fire rpm rounds minute weapon ammunition unusual shape based extensive research weapon means frame acts pistol grip trigger guard acts shooter support hand fires closed bolt maximum accuracy design makes extensive use reduced weight cost overall weapon relatively lightweight weighing loaded round magazine notable fully operated right left handed shooters equal ease making modifications weapon described fully individual automatic weapon charging handle magazine release backup iron sights distributed sides weapon firing located directly foot trigger operated shooter trigger finger support hand thumb fired spent cartridge downward located grip spent cases kept shooter line sight fitted greater ease carry weapon fixed stock opposed having collapsing folding stock quickly deployed needed weapon smooth rounded prevent shooter clothing equipment small vertical provided end weapon frame prevent shooter hand accidentally slipping muzzle shooting hollow compartment inside rear weapon frame accessed removing allows convenient storage cleaning kit designed length greater man shoulder width allow easily carried tight spaces inside armored vehicle achieve weapon design uses unconventional configuration action magazine located trigger alongside shooter face wasted space stock dimensions unique horizontally mounted feeding system box magazine sits parallel barrel weapon frame weapon overall extremely compact profile compact fixed stock gun standard version weapon overall length height width requires minimal maintenance quickly easily consisting main component groups barrel optical sight group moving parts group frame trigger group hammer group barrel cold hammer forged lined overall length barrel grooves right hand twist rate equipped cut flash acts stated service life barrel rounds uses internal hammer striking mechanism trigger mechanism position fire control located foot trigger settings safe semi automatic fire fully automatic fire set fire provides stage trigger operation similar assault rifle pulling trigger slightly produces semi automatic fire pulling trigger fully rear produces fully automatic fire ammunition particularly significant design small caliber high velocity cartridge uses cartridge created response nato requirement called replacement cartridge commonly pistols guns cartridge weighs grains roughly half typical cartridge allowing number rounds carried weight allowing rounds carried weight cartridge relatively small diameter unusually high number contained magazine cartridge loud report produces considerable muzzle flash fired pistol produces roughly percent cartridge improving high velocity exhibits exceptionally flat trajectory design standard cartridge type ability penetrate protective nato vest stop conventional pistol bullets fired muzzle velocity roughly capable penetrating vest range level vest range states effective range maximum range cartridge fired testing conducted royal canadian mounted police fired distance exhibited average penetration depth covered level vest exhibited penetration depths ranging fired bare tests conducted houston police department testing similar projectiles consistently turn base point pass media length create larger wound cavity skeptical bullet terminal performance subject debate civilian shooters united_states potentially poses risk damage conventional pistol bullets design limits risk lightweight loses energy traveling conventional pistol bullet retains significant energy posing greater risk damage event miss range exceeds engagement distances expected cartridge intended applications cartridge limited energy long range considered rely expansion hollow point cartridge weapons considered suitable military use convention prohibits use expanding bullets warfare feeding uses unique horizontally mounted feeding system patented united_states contributes weapon compact profile unusual appearance patent mounted longitudinal magazine awarded naming sole inventor box magazine mounted parallel barrel fitting flush weapon frame contains rounds ammunition lie rows facing left offset bore axis pushed spring pressure arrive rear end magazine fed single row spiral feed ramp rotated degrees chamber magazine body composed semi transparent allow shooter ammunition remaining time sights accessories originally equipped ring sights sight current weapon instead fitted ring sights sight specifically designed housing uses forward aimed fiber collector white daytime consists large circle minutes arc circle surrounding dot center aluminium housing similar black night consists open primarily illuminated module ambient light drawn upward facing collector sight elevation conjunction night vision equipment backup case sight damaged set fixed iron sights provided sight housing provisions mounting number different types accessories including tactical lights laser aiming devices attached greater ease carry fitted sound designed specifically weapon cooperation steel black finish built according including resistance length diameter weight ammunition conjunction reduces sound signature small case collector available fits port collects spent cases ejected downward collect cases filling variants military models triple rail model known flat introduced late features receiver mounted triple rail interface system triple rail mounting accessories length rail integrated receiver rail stumps included sides receiver rail accept optical sights tools additional mounting hardware required rails serve mount secondary accessories tactical lights laser aiming devices united_states government model similar standard sight housing aluminium sight revised black consists tiny dot inside small ring joined posts glow red low light conditions illumination sight removed replaced special rail mount different sight models laser visible infrared models introduced late integrated laser sight manufactured technologies australia model projects visible laser intended low light shooting aid effect model projects infrared laser seen night vision equipment laser systems compact consisting small flat panel integrated end weapon frame laser systems weight activated means green pressure switch located underside weapon pistol grip different internal settings disabled prevent accidental activation training low intensity eye safety extended battery life training combat high intensity maximum visibility laser systems battery life hours training setting life hours combat setting semi automatic models version intended civilian shooters personal protection sporting use introduced continues offered configurations accept standard round magazines gun supplied magazine blocked capacity rounds allowing sold jurisdictions magazine capacities restricted law order legal purchase civilians obtaining tax stamp short rifle defined united_states national firearms act extended barrel semi automatic trigger pull approximately lbf lengthened barrel grooves right hand twist rate rifled length muzzle equipped fixed type flash despite added barrel length relatively compact lightweight overall length weight fully loaded round magazine added barrel length achieve muzzle velocity ammunition party ammunition standard standard current model offered features rail fitted receiver allows shooter mount preferred optical sight rail includes set integrated iron sights backup case primary sight damaged standard available olive black frame discontinued featured triple rail receiver assembly identical receiver consisted rail allowing shooter mount preferred optical sight rails receiver included mounting secondary accessories tactical lights like standard available olive black frame model longer listed usa discontinued fashion model aluminium sight housing revised black consists tiny dot inside small ring joined posts glow red low light conditions illumination sight removed replaced special rail mount different sight like models available olive black frame model longer listed usa sight offered standalone users despite originally intended defensive weapon military personnel primary role fighting small arms vehicle drivers sales special forces counter terrorist groups use offensive roles saw operational use gulf war belgian special forces group suppressed combat special forces group operation hostage rescue siege ended japanese embassy hostage crisis operation success revolutionaries killed hostages rescued revolutionaries taken hostages equipped body armor defeated special forces military forces civil war examples captured war rebel forces service military police forces countries united_states houston police department local law enforcement agency adopt acquiring team houston team agencies country use weapon shootout use law enforcement agencies united_states including secret service federal protective service response national rifle association added tactical police competition standards allowing law enforcement agencies compete event weapon military law enforcement organizations include


known english complete military classics chinese military written contains earliest known written gunpowder added ingredients book compiled northern song dynasty scholars yang writing influenced later chinese military writers published auspices emperor authored book preface book covers wide range subjects naval warships different types addition gunpowder contains details gunpowder weapons bombs fire arrows projectiles grenades smoke bombs describes early form compass oldest illustration chinese greek fire double acting cylinder pump capable shooting continuous blast flame history compiled imperial sponsorship emperor song partially response song dynasty war western team chinese scholars compiled treatise order improve knowledge known martial techniques warfare chief editor assisted prominent yang scholar years book published preface authored emperor historian peter purpose military knowledge wider government audience emperor concerned officials unfamiliar military classics remarks chief editor government official military general book likely written read government officials parts copied form older sources historian calls essentially cut paste job book contains passages earlier classical military writings original authors left unidentified common practice time song dynasty books written anonymous authors military listed biographical chapters song historical work embodied histories different military song dynasty period tiger seal manual fragments similar works found later survived original text kept imperial library number hand written copies distributed including copy given emperor song capital song wars invading enormous prized literature found imperial library lost including original copy original lost scarce number surviving copies rewritten hand book meant kept secret trustees government publishing printing copies printing allowed possibility falling enemy hands remaining copy remade newly published edition southern song dynasty era dynasty book published featured fragments original edition material combining books preface book written reprinted edition entire complete version oldest extant copy available furthermore historian joseph asserts edition reliable original version printed blocks carved directly edition edition printed dynasty copies included edition edition edition preserved dynasty reprinted different editions 18th century shanghai edition literally continuation sequel continuation written late dynasty book primarily discusses army formations military deployments written fan vice president board war fan wrote book felt circulating time date account technological strategic changes occurred song dynasty surviving copy held university library compass navigation 3rd century chinese engineer invented south pointing wheeled vehicle employed differential order lock immortal place end long wooden staff figure having arm stretched pointing southern cardinal direction authors mistaken believing design south pointing handed song period combined described new device allowed navigate south pointing fish compass essentially heated iron steel object cut shape fish suspended bowl water volume text stated troops encountered weather dark nights directions space distinguished let old horse lead use south pointing carriage south pointing fish identify directions carriage method handed fish method thin leaf iron cut shape fish inches long half inch broad having pointed head tail heated fire thoroughly red hot taken head iron placed tail points north position water basin tail submerged tenths inch kept tightly closed box use small bowl filled water set place fish laid flat possible water surface head point south song dynasty compass associated maritime navigation decades written scientist statesman wrote truly compass needle book dream pool essays efficient compass compass fell use later maritime author soon wrote magnetic needle compass means navigate sea book table talks gunpowder gunpowder weapons records detailed descriptions different gunpowder weapons projectiles smoke bombs fire arrows grenades documents projectiles containing low gunpowder launched lowered city walls examples include swallow tail flying swallow tail straw tied fat oil chinese soldiers defending city siege light lower wooden structure invading army fire flying visually resembled swallow tail lowered iron chain installed walls city book describes ball warfare finding firing range stated following ball paper round like ball inside pounds bricks melt yellow wax let stand clear add paste ball string want find range shoot fire ball balls follow gunpowder attached fire arrows arrow functioned like rocket records fire arrows launched bows gunpowder fire arrows likely low powder quantity gunpowder varied according type bow book force gunpowder said launch arrow sufficient discusses types bombs grenades low gunpowder powerful cause explosion effective weapons literally fire ball filled gunpowder launched impact start fire invading army chinese bombs thunder bomb greater percentage gunpowder gunpowder mixture bomb placed rigid container held expanding gas allowing powerful explosions thunder bomb constructed container bamboo military texts distinction bomb grenade ambiguous time chinese usually gunpowder weapons according delivery method exceptions hand bomb analogous hand grenade gunpowder invented 9th century chinese earliest reference gunpowder comes book written circa use gunpowder warfare began china early 10th century advent black powder fuse light burst chinese exact early chinese black powder revealed black powder provided including explosive bomb launched catapult similar bomb hooks attached wooden structure set fire formula specified poison smoke bomb chemical warfare recorded black powder formula bombs held potassium level content content step making gunpowder powder mix pitch dried oil dried plants wax mixed create paste paste powder combined carefully stirred mixture placed inside paper container wrapped tied precautions taken prevent gunpowder damp second labeled formula inner ball percentage content matter taken taking content carbon level outer coating inner ball included second black powder formula yield level content material carbon inner ball black powder formula considered held levels matter taken excluding specified content matter considered excluded specified carbon content matter considered excluded specified inner ball outer coating considered formula yield level matter taken excluded content matter taken excluded specified carbon content matter taken account excluded specified black powder simply labeled method making fire chemical ingredients measured weight ingredient listed section listed similar fashion 1st formula total weight 2nd formula total weight 3rd formula total weight naval technology illustrated descriptions warships significant influence later naval naval section circa works incorporate illustrations ships originally use pictures continue appear japanese naval texts 18th century illustrations studies intercourse trade chinese collected studies ships chinese japanese divides chinese warships categories tower ships combat war covered flying patrol boats sea hawk ships classifying chinese warships later naval texts centuries double acting describes double acting cylinder pump capable shooting continuous blast flame chinese battle use double pump battle battle wolf mountain river naval fleet king defeated fleet kingdom fire oil burn fleet chinese use gunpowder warfare slow burning match fuse required flames greek fire likely based petroleum weapon byzantine origin chinese author explained book greek fire acquired arab maritime trade contacts indian_ocean furthermore chinese han dynasty later provide illustrated drawing greater explanation operated describing drawn illustration book states right petrol lit fierce fire oil shooter tank brass supported legs upper surface arise vertical tubes attached horizontal cylinder connected tank head tail cylinder large middle narrow diameter tail end small opening big grain head end round openings inches diameter tank hole little tube filling fitted cover inside cylinder rod packed silk head wound round waste inches thick communicating tubes alternately lit controlled mechanism determined tail horizontal handle pump handle round cover handle pushed close mouth tubes turn use tank filled oil filter time gunpowder composition placed chamber head fire started applies heated branding iron chamber rod forced fully cylinder man ordered draw rod fully backwards work forth vigorously possible oil petrol comes chamber shot forth flame text goes provide instructions equipment maintenance repair filling use bowl filter branding iron maintaining fire container branding iron sharp like tubes stopped pick glowing fire iron stopping leaks tanks tubes cracked leak green wax altogether items equipment brass branding iron iron method fix brass shaped container inside large tube feet inside small feet communicating brass method shooting described enemy comes attack city weapons placed great large numbers illustrations