malaysian pronunciation known language capital state malaysia malaysian census population country second largest city southernmost city peninsula connected singapore singapore causeway founded came influence administered singapore area gradually developed agricultural centre chinese migrated area area renamed capital administration centre moved singapore reign sultan development city construction administrative buildings schools religious buildings railways connecting singapore world war japanese main base launch final attack british stronghold singapore occupied japanese forces war administered states remained capital cradle nationalism war gave birth political party named united national organisation formation malaysia retained status state capital granted city status central business district developed city centre 1990s development funds city introduction malaysia economic centre state economy influenced singapore large number people visiting large number city residents working singapore port located metropolitan area country major hospital largest hospital state tourist attractions grand palace chinese heritage museum art gallery sultan building railway station bay sultan state mosque old chinese temple etymology present area originally known fishing village located near singapore renamed arrived area acquiring territory sultan ali renamed sultan following death means new normally written standard spelling today appearing variants place names indonesian british preferred spell current accepted western spelling letter end word language city currently spelled city known little chinese community chinese residents people ancestry traced china arrived reign history dispute empire split mainland came controls came control intends create new administration centre create dynasty entity close relationship british british intends control trade activities singapore treaty signed sultan ali singapore march according treaty ali crowned sultan receive spanish dollars month return ali required sovereignty territory territory control sides agreed acquiring territory renamed began administer singapore area undeveloped jungle encouraged migration chinese clear land develop agricultural economy chinese planted area black pepper dug canals drain water land build roads plant time chinese businessman pepper arrived time labour contract systems introduced chinese communities death january town renamed position succeeded son administration centre moved area british administration phase administration british recognised sultan british colonial office start recognise status sultan met queen_victoria managed regain territory civil war aid british forces boosted town infrastructure agricultural economy infrastructure state mosque royal palace built aid close patron sultan migration reign british relationship improved set administration british style implemented constitution known state constitution british long adviser came direct colonial rule british direct colonial rule came effect status adviser elevated status similar resident states reign sultan peninsula railway extension completed completion singapore causeway causeway linked railway road systems singapore peninsula developed modest rate second world wars building sultan building completed british colonial government attempted state administration world war continuous development halted japanese general invaded town january japanese reached northwest january easily captured major towns british allied forces forced retreat following series bombings japanese january british retreated singapore blew causeway following day final attempt stop japanese advancement british malaya japanese sultan residence located town main temporary base future initial plans conquest singapore waiting causeway japanese chose palace main base knew british dare attack harm close relationship month japanese repaired causeway invaded singapore island easily soon war ended town main nationalism malaya local politician later formed united national organisation party expressed widespread british government action granting citizenship laws non proposed states union agreement policy reached town agreeing dominance economy non dominance political matters agreed non racial conflict non especially chinese provoked continuously emergency post independence federation malaya north borneo singapore formed federation malaysia continued state capital development carried town expansion construction new industrial estates indonesian confrontation directly affect main indonesian landing point active indonesian spy organisation town known indonesia frequently engaged indonesian communities living contribute information indonesian bombing house singapore early 1990s town considerably expanded size officially granted city status january city_council formed city current main square constructed commemorate event central business district developed centre city mid-1990s area street singapore causeway state federal government considerable funds development city particularly malaysia formed capital city capital city city plays important role economic welfare population entire state member parliament representing single parliamentary constituency city city representatives state legislature state assembly districts local authority city definition city administered city_council current mayor march took august obtained city status january area jurisdiction city_council includes central district mount austin covers area square kilometres geography located straits southern end malaysia southernmost city peninsula originally city area km2 expanded km2 mount stand metres sea level located city centre climate city climate consistent temperatures considerable rain high humidity course year temperatures range annual rainfall november february climate relatively uniform change monsoon seasons variation wind speeds direction wet dry seasons year monsoon periods year happens december february known north east monsoon characterised heavy rains winds north east second south west monsoon characterised relative winds driven south south west occurs june august inter monsoon periods march september november relatively calm rain weaker winds official people commonly referred terms limited extent people called ethnicity religion malaysian census reported population makes country second largest city city population today mixture main chinese comprise majority population followed chinese totalling indians totalling totalling non malaysian citizens form population chiefly descended people including significant minorities ethnic ethnic majority ethnic population chinese mainly majority dialect groups indian community mainly consist significant populations languages local ethnic speak language language primarily spoken local chinese chinese chinese community represented dialect groups indian community mainly speaks tamil telugu english language considerably albeit older generation attended school british rule economy fastest growing cities malaysia main commercial centre located indonesia malaysia singapore growth triangle based industry dominates economy thousands international tourists visiting city centre financial services commerce retail arts culture urban tourism plastic manufacturing electrical electronics food processing city close economic relationship singapore frequently visit shopping entertainment dining increase city income stronger singapore dollar chosen live city retail scene continuously developed meet needs consumers main shopping districts located city number large shopping located suburbs large numbers city residents work singapore salaries higher malaysia presence chinese owned companies significant china fifth largest investor malaysia singapore united_states spain japan september sudden change weekend rest days friday saturday saturday sunday sultan relatively small impact city economy business especially affected boosted tourism industry holidays able start earlier sunday attracting tourists singapore location numerous conferences congress trade eastern regional organisation planning housing world islamic economic forum city malaysia low carbon economy transportation land internal roads linking different parts city federal roads constructed maintained malaysian public works department major highways linking central business district outlying suburbs highway eastern dispersal link expressway northeast highway northwest coastal highway west east_coast highway east highway connecting parkway cross highway highway serve middle ring road metropolitan area inner ring road connects sultan customs complex aids controlling traffic central business district access national expressway provided north south expressway expressway singapore causeway links city woodlands singapore lane road railway line terminating southern integrated gateway malaysia singapore second link located west metropolitan area constructed alleviate congestion causeway linked directly second link expressway expansion major highways city currently process improve city road connection public transportation located kilometres northwest city centre direct bus services destinations west malaysia southern thailand singapore types operate city main taxi red yellow blue green red larger common type known taxi comfortable expensive city use meter railway station serves train services singapore new shuttle train service operated launched providing transport woodlands singapore air city served international airport located neighbouring town malaysia air air provide flights internationally domestically city supposedly main hub newly formed airline called october postponed certain issues surrounding airline sea port located eastern metropolitan area industrial area country important mineral resources shipping home large number major commercial plantations port location majority malaysia resources port ranks malaysia largest container port lies western metropolitan area 19th busiest container port world singapore serve transportation logistics needs hour drive city boat services available ports sumatra utilities courts law legal enforcement city high_court complex located road sessions magistrate courts located road court law located road police contingent headquarters located road district headquarters city north district police headquarters south district headquarters road operate police stations police stations seven police south district police stations located north district police city north district traffic police headquarters located road south district main prison called prison located city road closed december temporary lock ups prison cells available police stations city like parts malaysia healthcare public hospitals health thirteen hospital located road largest public hospital state beds government funded hospital sultan specialist hospital beds regency specialist hospital largest private hospital beds large private health facility specialist hospital beds healthcare facilities currently expanded improve healthcare services city education government state schools available city secondary schools include english college sultan infant jesus convent sultan saint joseph district total secondary schools religious school schools technical secondary school fully residential school number independent private schools city include austin heights international school high school schools schools provide british based curriculum international general certificate secondary education cambridge international examinations national curriculum emphasis english language leads malaysian schools certificate malaysia main campus city public university private universities university southampton malaysian campus university newcastle university medicine malaysia open university number private college campuses operating city international college college college southern university college college taylor college college islamic studies sultan libraries public library headquarters main library state located road public library branch university park road libraries private libraries schools colleges universities village libraries available district culture leisure attractions recreation spots cultural attractions number cultural attractions royal museum located grand palace building main museum city heritage located street housed clan house donated high school houses historical documents city history chinese cultural heritage chinese heritage museum road includes history chinese migration collection documents photos artefacts arts plaza plaza street features state heritage cultures exhibitions art cultural performances clothes fashion accessories travel agencies art gallery road house gallery built known house chief minister house features old architecture centre collection artefacts related cultural history renovation historical attractions grand palace historical attractions city example victorian style architecture garden museum historical colonial building house located smile hill overlooking straits english college sultan established located close chat palace moved present location chat road ruins visible old site sultan building historical building city built british architect turner centre administration relocation singapore government building current railway station built railway station wooden railway turned museum serving years british colonial era sultan state mosque located road main oldest mosque state built combination victorian old chinese temple located road hosts gods chinese spoken city built renovated association addition small shaped museum corner square premises mansion home late historical attraction stood years demolished illegally owner way commercial housing development informing state government historical religious buildings include hindu temple hindu temple church conception leisure conservation areas bay kilometres area recreational waterfront established golf courses offer hole facilities located resorts city features number parks road activities zoo oldest malaysia built covering hectares acres land originally called animal garden handed state government renovation zoo species animals including wild cats tropical birds visitors participate activities horse riding attractions built proclaimed city site features clock tower fountain large field park named royal court 16th 17th centuries located centre city street named street named tan leader secret society street trail known old buildings road feature mixture chinese indian reflected forms ethnic business architecture shopping shopping include city square holiday plaza city plaza mall plaza city mall new continue constructed city centre government funded exhibition sales centre located chat road sells clothes opposite area rehabilitation organisation centre sells items hand cane furniture soft toys physically disabled entertainment oldest cinema city broadway theatre screens tamil hindi movies new cinemas available city located inside shopping sports city main football stadium tan stadium capacity stadium home ground known japan stadium known place joy japan national football team got ticket world cup history goal centre known sports minimum sized approved courts largest indoor sports centre city radio stations radio stations offices city best international relations countries set including indonesia singapore twin towns sister cities currently sister cities literature patrick margin capitalism people development malaysia south east asian social singapore oxford_university press isbn immigrant builder entrepreneur singapore times editions isbn mat brown samuel singapore city guide victoria australia lonely planet isbn richard kim history reprint malaysian branch royal society isbn john december singapore struggle success marshall international asia isbn september publishing isbn han communal riots national library board archived original july retrieved july


city south indian state tamil important center south indian religion art architecture great living temples world heritage monuments located foremost temple located centre city home painting painting style unique region headquarters district city important agricultural centre located delta known rice bowl tamil administered municipal corporation covering area km2 population roadways major means transportation city rail nearest airport international airport located away city nearest port away scholars believe derived legendary demon hindu mythology early history remains unclear city rose prominence reign medieval served capital empire fall city ruled like empire british_empire independent india history according local legend word derived giant hindu mythology killed hindu god form word tamil city city surrounded cold word references period century fourth century tamil records scholars believe city existed time situated miles east city site battle king confederacy faced invasion century kingdom faded obscurity region present day conquered sixth century ruled came prominence rise medieval monarch conquered king built temple dedicated hindu goddess son consolidated hold city king krishna contemporary king claims conquered records support claim gradually important city empire remained capital till emergence decade eleventh century king constructed temple temple considered best specimens south indian temple architecture empire began decline 13th century south invaded captured twice second invasion king iii set exile sought help king regain eventually annexed rest kingdom king kings forced accept ruled kingdom raided annexed forces delhi extended authority directly conquered regions semi independent bar starting bar steadily absorbed rising empire believed conquered invasion inscription dated inscription dated land grants dated dominance established independent monarch according sources founded kingdom important rulers dynasty ruled notable patronage literature arts rule dynasty came end fell king son killed battle brother crowned ruler empire successfully conquered sultan half brother dynasty founded kingdom ruled till exercised sovereignty quarter 17th 18th century rulers music regent deposed minor nephew captured throne restored assistance british induced relinquish administration kingdom left charge fort surrounding areas kingdom eventually absorbed british india doctrine lapse ruler died legitimate male heir british referred city records years annexation british replaced modern day seat district administration british emerged important regional centre india census recorded population making largest city madras presidency india independence continued district headquarters geography climate located tributaries river grand canal rivers flow city situated delta distance south west east plains immediately adjoining river cultivation time city surrounding areas lie new delta dry barren tract brought irrigation early 19th century south city small plateau regular intervals ridges sandstone nearest east nearest airport international airport located distance city elevation mean sea level total area city km2 period november february pleasant climate warm days cool nights onset summer march mercury reaching peak end june average temperatures range january june summer rains sparse monsoon south west monsoon sets june continues till september north east monsoon sets october continues till january rainfall south west monsoon period lower north east monsoon north east monsoon beneficial district large heavy rainfall western feeding river average rainfall inches contributed north east monsoon tourism culture important centre major tourist destination tamil south zone culture centre regional cultural centres established government india preserve promote cultural heritage india indian foreign tourist arrivals visited monument temple construction historian brown described landmark evolution building art south india built 11th century king temple dedicated hindu god walls covered wall paintings periods temple designated world heritage site replicated temple constructed son palace official residence family ruled region originally constructed rulers kingdom fall served official residence kingdom annexed british_empire continued hold sway palace surrounding fort southern palace tower like building called library established located premises palace contains indian european manuscripts written palm leaf paper eighty cent manuscripts sanskrit palm leaves tamil works include treatise medicine commentaries literature art gallery located inside palace large collection stone bronze images ninth 12th centuries idols present gallery collected temples district park situated east temple encompasses tank believed built king created people park municipality collection plants animals birds serves zoo children city church historic monument located palace garden built token affection danish mission museums city museum tamil university museum located tamil university premises library museum located inside hall art museum museum tourist attractions built tamil conference permanent exhibition centre cradle arts crafts south india music codified art flourished rule 16th century classical dance form south india major styles developed annual birthday festival held october year base music festival held annually january february located away city painting major form classical south indian painting dates period encouraged art classical dance music literature telugu tamil art usually combination raised painted surfaces hindu god krishna popular image depicted modern times paintings occasions south india wall collectors items art lovers economy major occupation inhabitants city tourism service oriented industry traditional occupation agriculture known rice bowl tamil crops crops grown banana red green total percentage land fit cultivation seasons agriculture june september august january september october february march total rice production maintained city acts focal point food grains transported adjoining areas delta organic farming gradually known farmers agricultural produce organic farming implemented agriculture main economic activity population involved lot agricultural related trading forms key economic activity city important centre silk weaving tamil silk weaving units city people working produced villages surrounding sold neighbouring towns increasing production costs competition large scale producers reduced number people involved production city produces bell metal craft like metal plates bronze images powder boxes copper bronze city major manufacturer works consisting models hindu idols bird manufacture musical instruments like violin economic activity city major banks state bank india indian bank central bank india national bank indian overseas bank private banks like bank city union bank branches banks automated machines located parts city demographics according census population sex ratio females males national average total age males females scheduled scheduled tribes accounted population respectively average literacy city compared national average total workers comprising main agricultural labourers house hold industries workers marginal workers marginal marginal agricultural labourers marginal workers household industries marginal workers religious census muslims christians following religions following religion indicate religious preference total acres land residential acres commercial acres industrial acres public semi public acres educational acres agriculture tamil widely spoken language standard dialect central tamil dialect telugu languages spoken city cultural political center people form majority city substantial population muslims christians roman catholics affiliated roman catholic diocese affiliated diocese church south india workforce predominantly involved service industry involving trade commerce expansion city area opportunities agriculture limited population involved transport national highways pass city connected salem regular bus services single bus terminus located heart city integrated bus terminus called new bus stand constructed near college handle passenger traffic maintained sub urban public transport system government private buses operate frequently bus termini towns villages like north railway line connecting junction railway station main line historical line established south indian railway company great south indian railway company operated broad gauge rail service converted meter gauge line line modern day railway junction rail heads leading connected rail important cities towns india daily express trains salem weekly trains frequent passenger trains city towns like early 1990s connected flight service stopped poor patronage fledged air_force station operational air_force station major air base handle fighter transport aircraft aircraft establishment activation air base delayed march base squadron fighter aircraft making fighter squadron tamil nearest airport international airport nearest located administration politics municipality created grade municipality town improvements act initially consisted members number increased members empowered elect municipal lead upgraded second grade municipality grade special grade municipality municipality covers area km2 total members functions municipality departments general engineering revenue public health town planning computer wing departments control municipal commissioner supreme executive head legislative powers body members legislative body headed elected assisted deputy april state government announced assembly municipality upgraded municipal corporation city corporation likely area km2 area population income million million villages likely added municipal corporation limits city corporation february comes state assembly constituency member tamil legislative assembly years elections assembly seat won times elections indian national congress party elections india anna twice elections current constituency served chief minister tamil record terms elected assembly constituency elections constituency member lower house parliament india years seat held indian national congress seven terms seven terms present india anna term served president india elected constituency elections law order city maintained sub division tamil police headed deputy superintendent district level police administration headed deputy inspector general police office located city police stations city women police station special units like prohibition enforcement district crime social justice human rights district crime records special branch operate district level police division headed superintendent police education total universities tamil university university university university tamil university state run institute started obtained statutory recognition university grants commission kind tamil language higher research advanced study allied branches like translation music drama total arts science management colleges engineering colleges medical college established oldest medical colleges tamil processing research centre later indian institute crop processing technology hub food processing research library dates end 16th century central library managed district administration prominent libraries city registered schools catering primary secondary higher secondary educational needs city peter higher secondary school established originally established college school south india taught english local populace higher secondary school established diocese oldest schools district christian missionaries played prominent role promoting english education higher secondary school established oldest schools city utility services electricity supply regulated distributed tamil electricity board city suburbs electricity distribution circle water supply provided corporation canal supplied overhead tanks located parts city period total million litres water supplied everyday households city metric tonnes solid waste collected day door door collection subsequently source segregation dumping carried department corporation coverage solid waste management efficiency underground drainage system covers city remaining system disposal tanks open drains public corporation maintains total storm water drains surfaced drains drains hospitals seven clinical care health care needs citizens total street lamps lamps mercury lamps tube lights high mast beam lamps corporation operates markets market market market market market maintained temple authority comes circle limited india state owned internet services provider apart provides internet service regional passport office operates passport covers revenue districts


town civil parish metropolitan borough greater manchester england miles south west manchester city centre historically lies southern bank manchester ship canal opposite northern bank population paper mill built years ago factory completion manchester ship canal transformed major coal port attracted range industries shell chemicals operated major manufacturing complex closest neighbour east gas storage facility north eastern corner town significant employer shortly second world war local authorities effort people away victorian inner city manchester area extended estate deprived parts greater manchester lines committee opened railway line town closed youth partnership established provide town youth activities town seen investment new youth centre school secondary school town college provide education history recorded medieval post medieval parish derives old english element personal land divided followed meaning people means village consisted dispersed centre surrounded wetlands sides reducing land available agriculture according tax returns population paper mill river opened factory established present day farmhouse dates late 18th century grade listed building protected grade listed building stocks village green stone pillars 18th century wooden restraints replaced 20th century completion manchester ship canal transformed major coal port canal widened feet quarters mile allow construction basin equipped hydraulic coal nearest port lancashire brought south yorkshire miles closer sea exports coal accounted cent total export carried ship canal coal trade turn resulted major railway depot attracted range industries including steel iron company encouraged availability coal construct works lancashire steel corporation dominated economy nearby closure second world war extended estate governance civil parish created local government act town council metropolitan borough borough creation previously rural district town martin electoral ward parish council local residents ward belongs constituency north west england constituency european parliament creation constituency member parliament member labour_party kate green present incumbent geography lies west sale north east civil parish northern border city miles south west manchester city centre brook runs east west area town sea level generally flat ground local drift geology mixture deposits glacial gravel deposited years ago ice age bedrock sandstone south sandstone north town climate generally temperate like rest greater manchester mean highest lowest temperatures slightly national average annual rainfall millimetres average hours sunshine hours respectively national averages according office national statistics time united_kingdom census population population density inhabitants square mile km2 female male ratio years old single married married divorced households included person married couples living couples single parents children aged academic qualifications significantly higher averages england described deprived places greater manchester census residents reported christian muslim hindu jewish census recorded having religion alternative religion state religion economy main shopping area central road centre town traditional market lane spanish company bought lease disused site manchester ship canal paper packaging plant advanced fully integrated facility uses water recycled ship canal heat power plant supplies surplus power national grid plant cost million production started january according census industry employment residents aged retail wholesale manufacturing property business services health social work transport communications construction education hotels restaurants finance public administration agriculture energy water supply mining compared national figures relatively high percentage residents working transport communications relatively low percentage working public administration census recorded economic activity residents aged students jobs students jobs looking home family permanently sick disabled economically inactive reasons proportion permanently sick disabled england average respectively education maintains selective education system assessed plus exam primary schools secondary school oldest school standing town opened called county primary school state primary schools forest gate academy status roman catholic school lady primary school lock lane school secondary school academy status pupils aged transport main road area sale manchester ship canal carries industrial traffic nearest road crossing canal bridge remaining pre motorway toll bridges greater manchester department transport describes geographically isolated road access restricted proximity manchester ship canal nearby works notes low levels car ownership operates minutes day hourly manchester days week town served railway station north town lines committee line station opened years line opened use november grant government set cooperative transport pact purpose improving public transport town amenities founded government project year olds youth partnership expanded scope provides facilities youths age runs football league wheels park announced million youth centre built town based designs pupils secondary school centre provide facilities workshops dance film making art school andy griffin said massive thing help kick start regeneration town think help bring people leaving providing opportunities sport million sports complex opened secondary school features pool sports hall outdoor pitches grass courts facilities activities town served anglican church mary roman_catholic_church dedicated lady methodist chapel baptist church called people church mary church grade listed building lady church parish founded catholic roman catholic diocese anglican diocese chester


hill brighton hill inner city area brighton english city seaside resort brighton developed early mid-19th century sloping farmland east central brighton grew rapidly town fashionable high class destination hill population poor early 20th century area brighton worst crime disease extensive clearance mid-20th century introduced high density tower blocks old buildings remain brighton city_council designated hill city 34th conservation area area housing styles ages large offices small scale industry churches school open space hill pattern development defined long established structure land ownership brighton land divided long narrow strips different owners encouraged development housing predominant housing pattern council undertook large scale demolition high density rebuilding mid-20th century work introduced open space varied land uses brighton art college able expand area american express opened large visually dominant headquarters buildings lost 20th century include schools serving christian denominations john anglican church declared redundant sold brighton greek orthodox community distinctive modernist church built 1960s cluster historic early 19th century houses structures survived redevelopment awarded listed status english_heritage buildings surroundings afforded protection city_council designated hill conservation area location hill stands high ground immediately east centre brighton western boundary grand parade main road london edward street major road leading town eastbound coast road forms southern boundary queen park residential area east densely populated housing lies north main road area runs west east called hill hill sloping west east road forms northern boundary hill area north sussex street referred hill high ground area reaches summit feet terrace hill richmond street brighton road redevelopment 1960s severed gradient necessitated width wall halfway intercept runaway vehicles area prominent brighton skyline good views possible streets especially westwards sea valley floor old old town situated park open space centre conservation area offers long views nearly history brighton origins lie saxon fishing agricultural village english channel formed southern limit sides farmland divided open fields called subdivided wide parallel strips paul pieces narrower strips despite small size neighbouring paul pieces different owners wide paths ran right angles separating ancient land use pattern survived 18th century despite contemporary farming methods significantly influenced pattern urban development 19th century brighton hilly brighton northeast later called old centre fashionable society 18th century rose eastwards area sheltered land close fields small scale activities market farmed individuals second forms heart conservation area separated neighbours hill road sussex street land area owned benjamin extended neighbouring village estate built land sold 1820s starting land gradually sold developers edward street laid quickly experienced mini building boom stables small workshops john street westernmost hilly built developer john hall laid plots feet houses started building selling street developer followed development continued slowly second paul pieces occupied buildings land sales helped fund development place architectural set piece consisting house terrace surrounding riding school royal circus development took place named house prince regent london home development larger scale rest hill houses plot measured feet cost build proved profitable sold local vicar later bought rent survey town housing brighton town commissioners valued place houses brighton laid streets nearby time row place narrow roads crowded small houses stables workshops farmhouse built unknown time early 19th century nearby street moved agricultural residential commercial use later century obscure early history built patriot place place renamed 1860s houses stood farm formed pocket high class residential development working class area small houses number called john lodge largest built edward merchant wife maiden passed family descendant left brighton corporation charitable purposes converted home nursing care institute poor people later apart land north sussex street remained agricultural 20th century covered houses small workshops industrial structures modest buildings mid-19th century early area considered affected poverty high population density brighton corporation undertook clearance 1880s white streets laid hill edward street time hill known brighton foreign quarter italian french street vendors sold food types brighton beach town centre door door settled brighton fishing industry early 20th century fishermen lived hill workshops warehouses cure smoke herring catches contemporary writer quoted brighton historian observed entire neighbourhood fish residents alike late 19th century early 20th century hill notoriety increased poverty disease low living standards brighton reputation damaged article making reference hill criticised town poor standards health assisted government funding brighton corporation undertook extensive clearance start world war transforming area appearance large blocks flats brighton corporation council flats built displaced residents flats long storey block stand site place completed hugh black corporation member campaigned housing improvements brighton commemorated naming flats site nelson place primitive methodist chapel built refers minister health wood displaced residents moved area new council estates built 1920s early 1930s fringe brighton accommodated hill residents earlier low rise development took place small council estate built land near place corporation provided non residential buildings cleared land circus street municipal market wide street built royal circus riding school opened january brighton main markets chapel houses stood site redevelopment cost fish market moved site near beach added building closed apart use temporary exhibition centre brighton festival sculptor showed new work chest complaints child welfare opened north sussex street opposite market respectively chest clinic closed lower sussex street renamed street time brighton corporation purchased place demolished houses riding school favour new housing john street site important civic buildings mid-1960s brighton central police station opened followed new county court building years later hill began 1950s narrow densely populated hill street cleared replaced open space seven tower blocks brighton buildings opened like later neighbours storeys steep richmond street severed redevelopment lower section replaced path short road called richmond parade new roads grove hill rise built tower blocks slope hill similarly lowest section hill renamed street redeveloped 1960s brighton art college university brighton extended brighton borough architect taking large corner plot mid-1970s american express sought land brighton build new european headquarters company long association sussex opened mechanical accounting centre building edward street street buildings old farmhouse neighbouring streets demolished replaced square foot house storey office building designed american architecture firm ward partners legislative order raised secretary state environment allow street severed september american express announced plans demolish replace building new office set slightly closer hill road better road access provided means new entrance john street city_council granted planning permission november preliminary building work started early buildings churches early development hill provided anglican church john church opposite junction hill white street designed george junior strangely bleak greek revival neo georgian style columns façade successful attracting large congregations declared redundant diocese proposals conversion drug centre opposed march greek orthodox community brighton bought church church holy trinity building severely damaged fire july reformed baptist church occupied buildings different sites hill founded service held april year renaissance style building north richmond street chapel chapel erected prominently displayed locally nicknamed lemon demolished redevelopment richmond street area architect wood built new church vernacular style opposite richmond parade backing ivory place year turn demolished storey block flats new church ground floor built place opened august demolished area 20th century redevelopment sussex street strict baptist chapel stood section road named street windows exterior opened congregation moved margaret church cannon place established mission hall building circus street market built site demolition sussex street primitive methodist chapel founded flats occupy site building closed street hall demolished stood land covered house church hall john finally january new brighton national church figure concrete building opened edward street hall closed good hill church stood years catholic congregation moved student housing adjacent brighton art college extended premises site building demolished salvation army citadel junction edward street vanished riding school lane near street demolished road widening registered building worship marriages stood junction hill street schools hill primary school built local education authority boundary conservation area sussex street hill road west place screened trees tall wooden fence according council conservation area character statement visually approach conservation area setting recommends replacing fence flint wall school site redeveloped new american express headquarters company paid school condition council approval planning application compensate effect playground overlooked building building contractor sir robert paid school crossing patrol officer help children cross hill safely construction period schools founded mid-19th century ragged schools union school stood street john church established school hill rebuilt later housed american express social club demolition early board schools set richmond street circus street richmond street school brighton offer school meals board schools merged took sussex street school circus street building closed later sold brighton university brighton richmond street school ran west row richmond sussex streets separated boys girls sections october nursery section added school purchased demolished redevelopment hill primary school built replace margaret open air nursery built grounds number place 1930s partly funded bequeathed house grounds brighton corporation nursery school stands site civic commercial public buildings house dominates sweep hill visible skyline brighton designed british architecture firm ward building prominent white horizontal bands glass reinforced plastic blue corners rounded appearance nicknamed wedding cake clean futuristic design said evoke building generally considered better postwar additions brighton building stock affects views neighbouring conservation area people work building making american express largest private employer brighton prior house north end place built brighton girl club institution founded nelson row displaced original premises flats built site prior house centre unemployed people offering education social facilities base voluntary charitable groups resource centre local organisation formed plain red brick building large extension second floor affecting place neighbouring listed buildings john church opposite church south hill converted office dates domestic character bay windows containing original red brick walls pitched roof conservation area considered positive contribution character building associated church edward riley memorial hall sussex deaf centre steep clay roof brown high flint walls described positive feature conservation area building neutral effect according council character statement building church hall church closed centre deaf established listed buildings building structure defined listed placed statutory register buildings special architectural historic interest secretary state culture media sport government department accordance planning listed buildings conservation areas act english_heritage non public body acts agency department administer process advise department relevant issues february listed buildings grade status grade grade listed buildings brighton grade listed buildings defined exceptional interest greater national importance grade highest status particularly important buildings special interest lowest grade grade nationally important buildings special interest hill listed buildings covered separate listings grade status lie conservation area number place john lodge listed surrounding garden wall garden porch neighbouring contemporary houses place listed single grade designation described council impressive warm brick terrace elegant larger surrounding houses especially number extensive gardens number slightly larger originally stables adjacent georgian style built pale yellow brick laid flemish bond pattern roofs slate hidden entrance doors decorated original windows shaped cast iron miniature houses owned housing association divided flats john church listed grade august greek revival style clad building stone brick partly roof bay façade beneath substantial work altered exterior architect added personal eagle emblem representing john left right entrances respectively numbers street farmhouse jointly listed october described surprising survival semi detached house storey fronted building prominent porch framed columns topped decorated arched doorway 19th century door set windows original similar arched surrounds bricks roof chimneys end farmhouse origins unknown philip major landowner hilly late 18th century paul pieces bore building apparently partly commercial use park area open space formed number place grounds circular tower believed built edward son original occupants edward observation tower ships english channel mid-19th century structure storeys steps upper level walkway walls flint brick stonework iron weather remains storeys arched entrances closed structure good condition missing conservation area united_kingdom conservation area principally urban area special architectural historic interest character appearance desirable preserve enhance areas identified local authorities according criteria defined sections planning listed buildings conservation areas act july acres heart hill designated city brighton 34th conservation area boundaries clockwise north sussex street john place hill including street place open space park centre hill listed buildings designated area combined sheltered open space park substantial tree cover survival old street patterns boundary walls distinctive lie land contribute area special character defined brighton city_council area unified appearance structure owing large scale redevelopment carried 20th century instead disparate group individually interesting buildings small spaces define area form fragment early 19th century brighton flint brown yellow brick extensively buildings conservation area associated structures boundary walls granite limestone flint high quality paving survive red brick


industrial town cargo port england located borough population recorded member liverpool city region combined authority town southern bank river estuary narrows form gap directly north river town upstream miles northeast town downstream miles west city liverpool railway station branch west_coast main line provides frequent services liverpool lime street birmingham new street london stations road passes town south crossing gap silver jubilee bridge lowest bridge crossing river manchester ship canal runs alongside bank river canal terminates canal basin town centre staircase locks leading ship canal filled decades ago small isolated village industrial revolution health resort late 18th early 19th centuries end 18th century port began develop south bank river 19th century industries developed manufacture soap engineering early 20th century prime industries chemicals original village grown include outlying villages chemicals old industries disappeared particular close links motorway system development distribution centres new town built east existing town 1960s 1970s areas private housing established farther east resulted population doubling present level history earliest written reference town anglo saxon chronicle spelled literally meaning wide cove bay word derived old english words wide broad cave cove historical include little known early history settlement isolated findings objects stone bronze iron ages evidence roman presence area earliest recorded event history building fortification protect northern frontier kingdom fort built castle rock overlooking river gap following norman conquest mentioned survey surrounding settlements william granted chester hugh granted likely erected bailey castle hill son william founded moved miles away raised higher status abbey monastery dissolved years later buildings monastic lands sold sir richard converted abbey house civil war castle held john savage 2nd earl rivers steward fell twice siege led sir william second following year following council war held decided castle described fair parish church scattered remained century isolated poor hamlet traffic ferry crossed north bank river end 18th century early years 19th century town health resort 18th century water transport improved area navigation canal trent canal gave connections interior england canal system sea river forming basis development port later came canal linking navigation canal gave better access navigation system industries began develop town particular sandstone engineering manufacture soap chemicals highly town later 19th century town increasingly dominated chemical industries railway bridge opened giving direct rail links liverpool rest country 1880s pipeline opened point supplying salt chemical works manchester ship canal opened length allowed ocean going ships travel inland far calling port rise population drop explained number people involved constructing ship canal bridge opened giving direct link traffic time towns half 20th century industry town continued dominated chemicals growth largely government fixed priced cost contracts hides chemical companies merged form imperial chemical industries century progressed industry bridge replaced road bridge named silver jubilee bridge allowed efficient means road traffic gap designation new town brought major changes doubled population architecture new town innovative especially development designed sir james built housing development problems demolished early 1990s second half 20th century closed close late 1960s chemical industry declined time light industry developed warehouses distribution centres governance civic history time survey later early 19th century improvement act board improvement commissioners established administer civil government town local government act administration town surrounding areas divided urban district rural district initially urban district consisted built area area extended include communities point south extended east incorporate village designated new town local government act urban district abolished territory amalgamated form borough borough authority ceremonial county political representation reform act parliamentary constituency represented members parliament following reform act town placed north constituency mid constituency town constituency act parliament constituency created member parliament dennis elected continued represent constituency succeeded mark parliamentary western town includes old town area new town constituency eastern containing rest new town private housing east constituency predominantly working class labour area voting pool affluent areas outside caused resentment town hasn locals oppose changes general election member parliament constituency labour_party continued hold seat general election election constituency won mike hall labour candidate hall retired election seat won graham evans conservative candidate local authority borough town divided electoral serving years european parliamentary constituency north west england geography situated spur projecting river flows north west town north bank river spur forming west bank area form gap river gap crossed railway bridge carries liverpool branch west_coast main line silver jubilee bridge carries south town river canal open ship canal southeast town run motorway chester manchester railway line main branch west_coast main line town system roads designed divert traffic away residential areas central expressway runs centre town north south direction west lie settlements formed older town higher point new town areas brook lodge east village old settlements new town areas hill park density housing generally high open green areas particular hill extensive town park created new town older industries particularly remaining chemical factories concentrated mainly southwest town bordering newer industries including northeast southeast geology area drains river north river south bedrock western northeastern parts town rock sandstone group areas bedrock group places prominent sandstone particularly hill hill bedrock covered drift northwestern periphery town drift consists recently blown sand farther east bordering river recent drift consists till climate close west_coast irish sea climate generally temperate extremes temperature weather mean average temperature years slightly average united_kingdom average annual sunshine hours average annual rainfall slightly average average number days year snow ground low united_kingdom average number days air frost low borough authority demographic statistics authority separately towns towns different histories come different historic counties demographic features similar population change population 20th 21st centuries shown following table largest proportion population age groups pension age lowest proportion people pension age older proportion non white ethnic groups lowest local authorities population live birth rate highest county mortality ratio highest percentage persons limiting long term illness increase number households average household size fallen houses centrally heated compared type housing changed increase detached houses increase years semi detached houses corresponding decrease houses percentage dwellings council tax bands highest local authority bands lowest economy industries chemical industry disappeared industry dominated years chemical division taken chemicals including containing compounds including vinyl heavy chemicals including containing compounds separate business company salt transported pipeline central offices laboratories comprise heath business technical park provides office laboratory conference leisure facilities east town diverse industries developed including proximity motorway system warehouses distribution centres town continues act port manchester ship canal adjacent ports docks owned manchester ship canal company ports group port owned group march largest burning refuse derived fuel managed commenced operation point shift employment manufacturing service industries worked manufacturing sector service sector manufacturing jobs service jobs trend local region demonstrated chart shows regional gross value added current basic prices figures millions pounds includes hunting forestry includes energy construction includes financial services indirectly measured components sum totals rounding shopping centres original shopping area older town high street regent street church street centre continues exist coming new town declined small supermarket specialist shops higher average proportion charity shops away food outlets small market rebuilt adjacent old town bus station centre new town area shopping centre enclosed shopping mall attached bus station adjacent park containing shopping outlets cinema away supermarket head office landmarks places interest major landmark town castle hill near geographical centre town ruins castle exist widespread views hill interior castle grounds open advertised times incorporated castle walls castle hotel include courthouse floor landmark water tower built sandstone feet high holds imperial gallons million litres water supplies water liverpool important historical site major visitor centre town museum site contains remains adjacent gardens country house nearby walled garden including national collection tree ice house architecture town listed buildings importance listed churches saints parish church holy trinity church centre older town mary village john christ church point saints church grade listed building dates built anthony red sandstone oldest existing houses house village old hall farmhouse old hall outstanding houses include town hall house cottage high street house near ship canal war memorial lost lives second world wars killed later conflicts located end lane memorial castle road village commemorating residents village served boer war culture theatre cinema theatre arts centre opened situated old town centre named james engineer adjacent canal contains theatre seating multi purpose theatre seating studio doubles cinema exhibition space art installations small café multi purpose rooms centre owned administered borough council runs community events building won title best arts project national lottery awards cinema run park filmography shooting films television programmes sequences series bbc police drama filmed town bbc situation comedy set external shots hotel area high street known locks known archer appear opening credits silver jubilee bridge castle drop dead gorgeous drama bbc set location films television programmes media served weekly papers weekly news world town home community radio broadcasts area frequency non commercial radio station run volunteers launched august currently year licence broadcast ferry building railway bridge attached way cross near gap dangerous method ferry ferry history going 12th century ferry celebrated monologue entitled ferry written stanley includes lines community facilities main library branch library old town centre locations offering stop shop facilities direct link old town library direct link includes tourist information centre hill local nature reserve developed site quarry consists adjacent park includes model boating lake sports facilities island nature reserve industrial site reserve island manchester ship canal river consists open spaces woodland bird hides pathways nature reserves town valley woods ponds park public open areas rock park town hall park phoenix park open areas form forest britain community forests hospital general hospital administered hospitals foundation trust originally planned district general hospital large provide range services acute medical services transferred hospital general centre non emergency surgery rehabilitation accident emergency department hospital minor injuries unit basic emergency care site treatment centre purpose built hospital surgery haven area town body responsible planning health services including primary care clinical commissioning group transport plans new town drawn included distinct types road local roads intended traffic local roads system links north silver jubilee bridge northeast east north southeast links north links system roads use buses bears resemblance guided bus lanes use totally separate road system running alongside middle existing roads addition network dedicated town railway stations mainline station located old town liverpool branch west_coast main line managed virgin trains provide services liverpool lime street london london midland run service liverpool birmingham new street calls station east station located district new town managed trains wales provides services manchester chester bus services provided transport national express coaches coach services provided travel anthony travel based town silver jubilee bridge widened mid-1970s new pedestrian way original structure widening roadways old peak travel times event breakdown accident bridge traffic area comes resolve problem second crossing planned known gateway miles liverpool john_lennon airport miles manchester airport education primary schools town nursery school secondary schools academy high school high heath school institutions college sixth form college merged form riverside college special school town school opportunities adult education information technology lifelong learning centre courses adults held different venues town performance table following table shows percentage pupils gaining level grades including excluding english religion census showed people living borough declared christian stated religion religious claims stating religions buddhist hindu jewish islam amounted anglican churches diocese chester parish church saints old town centre anglican churches town roman catholic churches found administered diocese methodist welsh presbyterian chapel drive christian centre shared church_of_england parish palace fields consists churches recognised church_of_england united reformed church parish covering hill served partnership church anglican church methodist run independent baptist chapel independent christian churches church witnesses kingdom halls church hotel converted buddhist temple sports main sport played football town having senior football teams town playing north west counties league town having thriving sunday league junior league open age women team ladies recently formed affiliated liverpool play liverpool county women open age division formed trust based team defunct existed performance peaked won alliance premier league highest division football league club initially ground season took play home matches park season club gained promotion division north west counties league october planning permission granted club build new ground area town formed rangers club changing order try bring professional look club general increase support businesses individuals local community finishing place west league end season club elected join north west counties league highest level played cricket club hockey club based sports club lane rugby union based sports club hole golf course golf club road golf driving range fields sports club privately run sports club lane provides facilities coaching cricket hockey sports club avenue privately run swimming pools local centre lodge health club adjacent artificial ski slopes administered ski centre rowing club rows river navigation near village local authority runs sports centres including swimming pool recreation centre offering indoor sporting facilities phoenix park outdoor sporting facilities sports professional wrestling training school wrestling academy based set andy baker davis late 19th century prior rugby union defunct harry played british lions tour new_zealand australia samuel played england rugby football occurred founder members northern rugby football union rugby football league played season end season won lancashire league seasons losing semi finalists rugby football league championship early 20th century rugby league players defunct played great_britain england finish league northern rugby football union season playing following aftermath world war rugby league town represented notable people arts entertainment john bishop born comedian spent teenage years francis william poet born hall novelist playwright lewis writer alice adventures wonderland born near collins born artist anna actress marsh born singer actress susan born television writer producer taylor assistant brian general manager apple corps roberts born singer member girl band girls aloud martin born classical pianist actor medical physician military thomas alfred jones awarded victoria_cross distinguished conduct medal world war richard died bought manor sir john lawyer sir william edward president operative wholesale society thomas founder soap manufacturer sons john riley professor experimental physics liverpool university played development bomb john savage 2nd earl rivers royalist religious thomas vicar writer maker thomas methodist paid construction schools area sports graham born scott brown born born professional rock robert ray born rugby league player jack fish rugby league player samuel rugby union rugby league player michael_jackson born kenny born james born dick unknown rugby league player harry rugby union player robin born boxer born professional


denmark street denmark street street edge london west end running cross road near fields church court road station street developed late 17th century named prince george denmark 1950s associated british popular music publishers later recording studios music shops blue plaque unveiled commemorating street importance music industry street originally residential commercial purposes 19th century popular trade famous britain tin pan alley housing numerous music publishers offices market declined 1960s replaced music shops independent recording studios rolling_stones recorded regent sound studio popular musicians café including david_bowie small faces elton_john wrote songs offices street 1960s sex pistols lived recorded demos comic book store forbidden planet music based street 2010s surrounding area redeveloped parts denmark street listed protect parts away street planned demolished location denmark street located southern end london borough close boundary london borough westminster east square south circus close fields church street metres long connects cross road high street traffic allowed travel westbound nearest london underground station court road minutes walk away history early history land denmark street lies grounds hospital founded house early 12th century henry wife recorded owned grounds laid development reign james developed samuel late historical evidence suggests street formed shown map named prince george denmark married princess anne houses completed remain standing john london physician published treatise fits lived number reverend doctor john james canon windsor lived painter lived number late 18th century sir john murray lived day carried party strange men area street known developed 18th century west city described box pollution plague area cleared end 19th century denmark street street london retain 17th century sides study london borough council suggested streets london comparable heritage denmark street small court connected passages originally known court denmark court known denmark place runs north street connecting opening street started commercial purposes beginning 19th century houses converted use ground floors shops upper floors rooms workshops particularly pioneer diving helmet lived worked street today english_heritage blue plaque commemorating house lived 1930s japanese businesses established street known little tokyo sold books newspapers radios restaurant hotel based respectively having moved cross road businesses included tailor gift shop tin pan alley 1920s 50s lawrence wright music publisher set premises denmark street initially based moved world war subsequently founded musicians journal melody maker year music publisher campbell moved original offices court road denmark street new musical express founded remained end 1950s street established britain tin pan alley housed numerous music publishers venues connected business larry successful manager entrepreneur pop singers mid-1950s regularly took material songwriters publishers based denmark street writer musical oliver started writing career publishers subsequently known king denmark street 1960s music publishing trade denmark street began decline 1960s traditional producers lost touch changing tastes groups like rolling_stones showed possible write material example paul simon based london time mills music number told songs bound sound silence recording studios began operated street regent sound studio founded july serve unit publishers record songs studio based offices essex music frequently stones manager andrew band recorded album regent single fade away major hit recorded liked atmosphere studio stretch bit experiment learn mistakes studios eventually expanded moved new premises court road denmark street premises sales office subsequently bought eddie end 1960s publishers box cox offices number greatest hit got lovely bunch southern music studio ground floor record hit catch wind carter lewis songwriting partnership evolved john carter lewis arrived london decided want music business denmark street place rule session musicians jimmy page john paul jones regularly played denmark street studios page guitar jon lord later form deep purple piano recorded got basement studios musicians café david_bowie recruited backing band lower bar small faces formed original members regular patrons included david_bowie april number music industry figures including disc jockey mike read unveiled blue plaque premises included code access presentation history music 1970s elton_john wrote song john hit single denmark street john started work music publisher street wrote lyrics sitting roof sat roof kicked moss waiting john morning mentioned street song bitter fingers semi autobiographical concept album captain fantastic brown dirt cowboy song named denmark street appeared album versus manager asked architect ben kelly basement rehearsal room bought sex pistols rehearsed room lived recorded demos johnny rotten drew cartoons members graffiti turned later archaeological survey site scott bought guitar thin denmark street turned audition japanese les paul copy got job took shopping denmark street told guitars expensive settled gibson les paul deluxe andy guitars established survived years closing increased shop rates comic science fiction forbidden planet started number moving new oxford street international chain douglas adams attempted attend signing guide galaxy book october queue shop long adams thought demonstration taking place 1980s present number operating denmark place running adjacent street clubs housed buildings previously functioned musicians music shop street fire brigade insisted fire escape fitted time clubs operation shop closed fire escape fallen disrepair denmark place home clubs floor club popular south american immigrants spanish rooms second floor late night bar frequented locals including irish jamaican immigrants august john thompson local petty criminal ejected spanish rooms following fight caused dispute thompson returned shortly poured petrol ground floor building ignited resulting act arson killed people different described worst fire london terms loss life world war thompson imprisoned having convicted murder died prison anniversary tragedy numbers job centre 1980s catering industry serial killer dennis worked brought large cooking pot boiled victims heads preparing christmas party major music publisher street peer music moved completing gradual transformation premises publishers instrument stores andy preston owner andy guitars set traders association attempted street branded music land similar lane marked street set dedicated music titles sean body shop operated old essex music regent sound building rising forced close redevelopment denmark street identified english_heritage heritage risk register risk view nearby development particular attention drawn grade listed building london borough council identified street adjacent properties conservation area council announced denmark street redeveloped architectural firm major development conjunction construction work court road tube station centre point proposed development includes construction seat subterranean performance venue numbers denmark place run parallel street york demolished partial demolition denmark street scheme condemned local music industry writer henry scott launched petition stop planned redevelopment gathered signatures interview mojo scott said stopped adding denmark street given heritage status like garden market garden row discovered demolition scheduled start late plans approved newly elected borough council consolidated developments developers new site stated committed preserving enhancing rich musical heritage tin pan alley january following closure bar club clearance enterprise studios denmark place group musicians supporters club premises staged demonstration street protesting redevelopment oasis manager head creation records supported saying couldn bad word know law thrown report independent judged protest shops street trading current occupants corner street cross road chris musical instruments denmark street guitars claims instruments stock largest selection guitars regent sounds recording studio guitars essex music bar club sits basement store tom vintage classic guitars store guitar retailer established gibson models shop additional shop nearby cross road sheet music shop currently based founded zombies rod keyboard shop previously based door undergone changes owners sheet music dvd sales covering wide variety styles including jazz classical rose morris established denmark street originally based occupy offices southern music publishing company british distributor guitars surge popularity musicians noticed beatles john_lennon playing rose morris purchased instruments directly factory instead sales office order demand british models carry unique serial numbers rose morris early music shop london branch based floor number rose morris shop contains early music instruments including sheet music recording studio basement tin pan alley studios established originally founded session previously premises acid jazz records label producer guy took management premises renaming denmark street studios bar club small live music venue capacity people established building originally stables built world war closed january redevelopment work listed buildings denmark street grade listed buildings refurbishment plans allow buildings council keen ensure affected properties remain solely use music industry report added music industry activities fundamental contribution special character denmark street support associated retail provision


london locality ward situated city london northwest central london england principal street area west number valued city institutions located area hospital halls notably companies best known ancient meat market dating 10th century london remaining wholesale market continuous operation medieval times area contains london oldest surviving church great founded borne witness bloody executions political rebels centuries including major historical figures scottish patriot sir william wallace tyler leader peasants revolt religious market grade listed covered market building designed victorian architect sir jones second half 19th century dominant architectural feature area original market premises fell late 20th century faced prospect demolition corporation london public drew widespread support urban regeneration plan intent preserving historical identity area middle ages broad grassy area known smooth field located london wall stretching eastern bank river fleet given ease access grazing water established london livestock market remaining years local associated livestock trade street names cow cross street lane remain use chick lane duck lane cow lane court alley disappeared map major redevelopment area victorian era religious history area near granted king henry foundation request prior thanks good health exercised right land east long lane north modern day street south main western gate opened long lane held rights hold weekly initially took place outer court site present day cloth fair leading fair gate additional annual celebration fair established time london pre eminent summer opening year august trading event cloth goods pleasure forum day festival drew crowds strata english society fair closed city authorities public disorder walter rented acre km2 land north long lane master hospital graveyard plague pit victims black death chapel constructed renamed new church land granted foundation originally monastery nearby north knights established dedicated john century received charter king richard granting order formal privileges later established mary north knights john property end 14th century religious houses regarded city traders occupying previously public open space nearby city gates numerous occasions damaged eventually buildings stout wall built protect property maintain privacy order particularly church men women alike came worship religious houses dissolved reformation lands broken church john remains john gate traditionally regarded boundary john later pope paul john prior went thomas accompanied local seeking oath supremacy acceptable communities resulted tower london taken hanged catholic reformation remaining monks eighteen lay brothers forced swear oath allegiance refused taken prison left monks expelled remained private dwelling thomas charitable foundation forming school named known hospital site property damaged blitz remains largely intact whilst school relocated site occupied london school medicine extra civil parish incorporated metropolitan borough inception treated sick reformation left income monastic occupants following petition city corporation henry_viii december house west suburbs city london henry_viii foundation letters patent presented city granting property income new foundation following month king henry_viii sergeant surgeon thomas appointed hospital superintendent king henry_viii gate opens west completed remains hospital main entrance principal church great dissolution monasteries losing western nave reformed anglican parish church parish boundaries limited site ancient small tract land church long lane parish great designated liberty responsible security fabric land boundaries advent street lighting water victorian era maintenance ancient parish increasingly industrial revolution agreed incorporated corporation london guaranteed financial support security great present parish boundary includes feet possibly right way reformation separate parish likewise dedicated granted favour hospital named remained hospital patronage unique church_of_england hospital national health service church joined ancient partner church great following diminished influence ancient predecessor parishes disputes began arise rights taxes lay residents claimed allegiance nearby associated parish consequence legacy king viii religious reforms market situated parish founded endowed prior founded ancient parish extended north street paul cathedral hill south east bank fleet route street tower contains bells old bailey nursery rhyme traditionally great bell announce execution prisoner civil history large open space close city popular place public gatherings edward iii held seven day tournament amusement beloved alice possibly famous medieval tournament commanded richard jean fourth book chronicles reported knights come london tilt days accompanied noble ladies richly dressed tournament proclaimed england scotland germany flanders france rival given charles france paris years earlier arrival consort bavaria supervised preparations tournament clerk king centuries main site public execution london scottish nobleman sir william wallace executed west market meeting place prior peasants revolt revolt leader tyler slain sir william lord mayor london june religious catholics protestant denominations sentenced death area crown changing course religious orientation started king henry_viii religious known executed reign mary observed ironically generally speaking philosopher set fire philosopher market agree theory universe frequently middle ages failed altogether object november protestant saved royal herald timely announcement queen mary died shortly wooden lit stake english law death commanded sign manual personal signature monarch invariably ministerial recommendation time sovereign death required renewed authority case elizabeth freeing 16th century execute coin boiled death oil 18th century tree near present day marble arch main place public executions london moved time gates prison south area fortunate emerge largely unscathed great fire london near fortune war tavern junction street lane statue golden boy corner located late 17th century residents emigrated america founded town rhode_island today late 1990s neighbouring developed reputation cultural hub coming professionals enjoy vast selection bars restaurants night clubs fabric pioneered area reputation night life attracting professionals nearby city weekends clubs bars area having late draw people area outside london popular venue sporting events hosted midnight start annual car rally increased night club activity club decided event start circus chosen location annual event dedicated bike racing known number west head office churches conservation trust market origins meat traded market years making oldest markets london livestock market occupied site early 10th century site described william smooth field friday celebrated rendezvous fine horses traded quarter placed peasant deep flanks cows immense bulk costs customs rules laid instance cow dozen sheep penny livestock market expanded centuries meet demand growing population city market surrounded wooden fence containing livestock market abolition gate house cloth fair fair gate employed chain market days daniel referred livestock market question greatest world data available appear statement average yearly sales reported cattle sheep middle 19th century course single year head cattle sheep violently forced area acres heart london crowded volume cattle driven daily started raise major concerns great north road traditionally began market measured specific start hall location continued demolished soon road followed john street continued north eventually leading edinburgh ended establishment general post office martin grand new starting point local campaigning cattle market victorian period pamphlets started circulating favour removal livestock market relocation outside city extremely poor conditions brutal treatment cattle conditions market half 19th century described major threat public health london cursed come place west market cruelty language danger sights item imagined suffered continue year year generation generation heart christian polished city world farmer magazine published petition signed city residents expansion meat market arguing livestock markets systematically banned middle ages areas london ancestors appear matters exists rolls parliament year petition citizens london praying sake public health meat slaughtered nearer penalty animals killed year imprisonment prayer petition granted penalties enforced reigns thomas hood wrote ode advocates removal market men aim removing distance market routing great nest charles criticised locating livestock market heart capital essay monument french drawing comparisons french market outside paris great institution like french unable form conception beast market heart paris regarded impossible notion slaughter houses midst city frog scarcely understand meaning told existence british act parliament passed provisions new cattle market constructed copenhagen fields metropolitan cattle market opened leaving west waste ground years construction new market victorian meat market present meat market street established act parliament metropolitan meat market act large market permanent buildings designed architect sir jones designed markets work central market inspired italian architecture began completed november cost million grade listed main wings known east west market separated grand avenue wide roadway elliptical arch decorations cast iron ends arcade prominent statues represent london edinburgh liverpool dublin depicting bronze dragons charged city corners market octagonal pavilion towers built dome displaying carved stone market built cut cover railway tunnel constructed underground city street level create triangular junction railway kings cross snow hill tunnel closed revived rail services construction extensive railway beneath park facilitated transfer animal cold store directly meat market lifts closed 1960s car park accessed descent centre park today meat delivered market road extension meat market took place construction market immediately west central market built centre old market field west comprising gardens fountain station beneath market building buildings subsequently added market general market built intended replace old market located nearby established sale fruit vegetables earlier fleet market cleared enable laying street block known market triangular block consisting separate structures fish market red house built fish market built john completed year sir jones death red house imposing red brick portland stone façade built london central markets cold storage ltd cold stores built outside london docks continued serve market mid-1970s 20th century world war large underground cold store theatre secret experiments led max mixture ice believed possibly tougher steel work inspired project meant test viability material construct floating atlantic allow cargo planes support admiral earl operations experiments carried colleagues meat locker market butcher basement protective screen frozen animal experiments obsolete development longer range aircraft project abandoned end world war rocket struck north street near junction road explosion caused massive damage market buildings railway tunnel structure loss lives original market designed sir jones destroyed fire grade listed replacement building designed sir thomas bennett reinforced concrete frame external dark blue brick main hall covered enormous concrete dome shaped elliptical spanning feet feet inches thick centre dome believed largest concrete shell structure built time europe today london major wholesale market market attracting tourist trade escaped relocation central london cheaper land better transport links modern facilities garden purpose market remains supply inner city shops restaurants quality fresh meat main trading hours noon weekday instead moving away market continues existing site imposing victorian buildings access points added loading unloading buildings stand warren tunnels previously live animals brought market mid-19th century onwards arrived rail slaughtered site railway tunnels storage parking impressive ramp west public garden south market providing access area buildings street north maintain access tunnels meat market buildings changed use example central cold store street unusually city centre power station operated cold storage metropolitan cold stores converted acclaimed nightclub fabric comprises market central feature surrounded old buildings sides public open space garden west beneath public car park south occupied hospital known common east church great church located king henry_viii gate hospital main entrance north south square closed traffic city security surveillance known ring steel security market provided market demolition development plans general market adjacent fish market red house buildings victorian complex market facing threat demolition city london corporation ultimate owners property engaged public consultation assess best disused property area property developers properties planned demolish historic site build seven storey office block offering square feet office space retail outlet ground floor campaigns promoted english_heritage save britain heritage run raise public awareness important london victorian heritage grade listed building protection approved red house cold store building culture secretary dame basis new historical evidence qualifying complex earliest existing example purpose built powered cold store whilst market continues trade future remains unclear following government planning minister kelly major public inquiry public inquiry demolition redevelopment general market building took place november january august communities secretary announced planning permission general market redevelopment refused stating threatened buildings significant contribution character appearance surrounding area october henderson group unveiled million plan western central market henderson proposed fish market general market red house buildings century old way restaurants retailers office buildings restoring retaining market building original perimeter walls new created general market buildings street opposite east market demolished allow construction new station demolished buildings include house early 20th century concrete building martin shop earlier building alterations dating 1930s victorian warehouses redevelopment proposals ongoing march museum london revealed plans vacate site general market building cost estimated region million funding achieved complete gallery