hammond organ hammond organ electric organ invented hammond john manufactured models produced use sliding create variety sounds hammond organs generated sound creating electric current rotating metal near electromagnetic strengthening signal drive speaker cabinet million hammond organs manufactured described successful organs organ commonly associated speaker organ originally marketed sold hammond organ company churches lower cost alternative wind driven pipe organ instead piano quickly popular professional jazz musicians organ small group centred hammond organ organ hired jazz club owners found organ cheaper alternative hiring big band jimmy smith use hammond additional percussion feature inspired generation organ players use widespread 1960s 1970s rhythm blues rock reggae important instrument progressive rock hammond organ company struggled financially 1970s abandoned organs switched manufacturing instruments integrated circuits instruments popular musicians company went business hammond purchased musical instrument corporation proceeded manufacture digital popular organs culminated production new provided accurate recreation original organ modern digital technology hammond continues manufacture variety organs professional players churches companies achieved success providing original organs sound hammond emulated modern software native instruments features number distinctive hammond organ features usually found keyboards like piano synthesizer similar pipe organ unique instrument keyboards hammond organs note octave manual laid similar manner piano keyboard pressing key results sound continuously playing released difference volume regardless heavily key pressed overall volume controlled pedal known swell expression pedal keys manual lightweight action allows players perform rapid passages easily piano contrast piano pipe organ keys hammond keys flat profile commonly referred style early hammond console models sharp edges starting rounded cheaper manufacture series keys subsequently ideal later models diving board style keys resembled found church organ modern hammond models use keys hammond console organs come wooden played feet bass notes hammond notes note middle hammond found traditional note churches seven notes seldom hammond concert models note american guild ago going middle note contained separate solo pedal system volume control features models note miniature stamped steel sound hammond organ varied manipulation metal controls volume particular sound component similar way audio mixing board pulled increases volume sound pushed way volume decreased zero labeling derives stop system pipe organs physical length pipe corresponds pitch produced contain manual marked generates fundamental note played marked octave marked octaves respectively generate note individual generates relatively pure sound similar flute electronic complex sounds created mixing varying amounts models include lower manual settings known associated certain musicians popular setting labelled fully pulled identified classic jimmy smith sound addition hammond organ models include combinations available press button console organs octave reverse colored keys black flats white left manual key far left key known cancel key results sound coming manual right keys activate corresponding set manual keys produce settings internally wired panel changed associated color coded wires rear organ models flip situated chorus hammond organs built effect provides small variation pitch note played chorus effect note sound combined sound slightly different varying pitch best known chorus system consists settings chorus selected switch chorus selected manual independently percussion models introduced concept percussion designed emulate sounds selected feature plays decaying key pressed selected percussion fades leaving sustained tones player selected volume effect normal soft percussion notes released passages sound effect note chord making percussion uniquely single trigger effect speaker controls hammond organs console pedal switch controlling rotation speed rotating speaker cabinet connected organ switch allows player fast slow rotation distinctive effect occurs speaker rotation speed changes application different speed sound effects hammond organ playing distinctive characteristic hammond sound start run switches hammond organ produce sound motor drives come speed models starting hammond organ involves switches start switch turns dedicated starter motor run seconds run switch turned seconds start switch released organ ready generate sound series consoles organs self starting motor required single switch possible create pitch bend hammond organ turning run switch briefly cuts power generators causing run slower pace generate lower pitch short time hammond new contains similar switches emulate effect digital instrument history background hammond organ technology derives instrument created revolving electric generated tones transmitted wires instrument large generate high voltage loud signal hammond organ solved problem hammond graduated university mechanical engineering degree start 1920s designed spring driven clock provided sales start business hammond clock company early included glasses automatic bridge table great depression continued 1930s sales bridge table declined decided look commercially successful product hammond inspired create wheel listening moving gears electric tones produced gathered pieces second hand piano purchased combined generator similar form albeit shorter compact hammond musician asked company assistant treasurer help achieve desired organ sound cut costs hammond notes instead standard church organs quickly facto standard april hammond filed patent electrical musical instrument personally delivered patent office explaining start production immediately good local employment chicago invention unveiled public april model model available june year churches purchased hammond organ years manufacturing end 1930s instruments month subsequent success professional musicians original company target products market principally hammond think money estimated hammond organ company produced million instruments lifetime described probably successful electronic organs estimated churches installed hammond federal trade commission filed complaint claiming hammond company false misleading claims advertisements organ including hammond produce entire range tone coloring pipe organ complaint resulted lengthy hearing proceedings featured series tests pitted hammond costing skinner pipe organ university_of_chicago chapel tests sustained tones excerpts musical works played electric pipe organs group musicians attempted distinguish instruments attorneys hammond argued test listeners wrong nearly half time witnesses claimed hammond employees manipulated skinner organ sound like hammond ordered hammond cease number advertising claims including instrument equivalent pipe organ decision hammond claimed hearings company organ produced real fine beautiful music phrases cited original complaint included cease order hammond claimed hearing expensive company proceedings generated publicity result sold extra organs cover expense key ingredient hammond organ success use sense community dedicated organ dealers set business united_states monthly newsletter hammond times subscribers advertisements tended families centered instrument child playing attempt organ center point home life encourage children learn music organs hammond organs manufactured original company divided main groups console organs note octaves consoles built power speakers external speaker cabinet required organs note octave plus internal power set speakers console organs model production june model contained features came standard console including key key expression pedal reverse color keys sets manual address concerns sound hammond rich accurately mimic pipe organ model introduced december included chorus generator second system added slightly sharp flat tones overall sound note cabinet deeper accommodate production old model cases stopped older model continued available october criticism hammond organ aesthetically suitable home instead church led introduction model september contained covered sides panels allow playing skirt consideration church organ placed congregation model contain chorus generator space cabinet fitted concurrent model model pre fitted chorus development system took place early 1940s production shortly end world war models available chorus introduced allowed enabled disabled manual separately models introduced additional percussion feature despite attempts hammond replace models remained popular stayed continuous production early cater specifically church market hammond introduced concert model july included note electric switches known toe allowing sounds selected feet model replaced model retained size internally identical models models subsequently appeared line respectively hammond introduced series effectively self contained version internal power speakers organ manufactured variety different chassis specific model number determining style finish instrument example tudor light oak warm cherry finish early american model numbering scheme series console organs subsequently appeared series provided self contained version followed series cost reduced version introduced set manual reduced number slightly different tone generator followed series redesigned generator additional features unfortunately organ particularly suffered reputation unreliable hammond service engineer harvey said work sound pretty decent die hard enthusiasts won touch organs instrument originally designed use church hammond realized amateur home market far lucrative business started manufacturing organs late 1940s outside united_states manufactured greater numbers consoles widely different types series instruments produced contained note set note model produced series replaced series numbering system identify body style finish earlier console series included increased size notes stretching octave included number series entered production time economy version cost cutting changes organ retail simpler circuit consoles variations provided plus chorus mixed signals expression pedal based cheaper design sophisticated organs particularly popular sold notable british musicians instead series produced organs unlike earlier hammond organs vacuum tubes pre percussion chorus control series solid state unlike include seen series models series models included built rotating speaker included analog drum machine included built cassette recorder produced organs 1960s hammond started making organs organ gap introduced contained electronics frequency division contained separate bass attempt simulate speaker hammond designed company flagship product response market competition replace considered expensive sold poorly sound like hammond introduced integrated circuit model company stopped manufacturing organs entirely increased financial switched making models time console models included aurora aurora contained built rotating speaker organs included romance series manufactured japanese hammond introduced portable solid state clone hammond hammond died company struggled survive proposing acquiring turned believe practical point entire manufacturing operation chicago japan viewed hammond declining sales figures problem hammond went business continued available organ service company early hammond brand rights acquired hammond organ australia run purchased musical instrument corporation company hammond nominally japanese company founder fan instrument retained hammond organ company staff research development ensured production partially remain united_states new company produced brand portable organs including sound sound rod spark longtime hammond said models matter taste course don think patch old ones hammond new creation original instrument contemporary electronics digital new constructed appear like original designers attempted retain subtle familiar sound hammond promotional material states difficult experienced player distinguish old new organs review new hugh called true replica original terms look layout actual sound instrument project nearly stalled breakdown negotiations japanese united_states staff insisted manufacturing case united_states designing organ identical specifications original company released single manual organ digital technology new system allows integrated lower manual added response clones including variety vintage keyboards single package hammond released series organs include grand piano rhodes piano electronic piano samples wind brass instruments alongside standard keyboard magazine stephen praised single manual indicated gave accurate sound range settings said organ sound fat warm utterly authentic model introduced early simply organ version hammond number dedicated console organs including chapel console organ company dedicated church advisory team provides churches choose appropriate instrument speakers tone cabinet authorized enclosure use console organ hammond tone cabinet housed external speaker box cabinet carried balanced signal necessary power directly organ pin cable organs contained built power require tone cabinet tone cabinet originally method adding hammond organ fitted older organs commercially successful tone probably series particularly speaker players prefer play hammond rotating speaker cabinet known changes speaker inventor system integrated speaker combination sound emitted rotating horn stationary compression driver rotating beneath stationary bass creates characteristic sound constantly changing pitch shifts result effect created moving sound sources originally designed mimic complex tones constantly shifting sources sound large group ranks pipe organ effect varies depending speed fast slow console pedal switch distinctive effect occurring speaker rotation speed changes popular accepted balanced signal suitable console organs accepted signal organs suitable pro line series portable bands solid state popular 1970s initially tried sell invention hammond hammond unimpressed declined purchase hammond modified interface proof quickly engineered company sold cbs finally bought hammond hammond acquired rights company currently markets variety speakers faithful original speaker company announced start manufacturing standalone box tone generation included category electronic organs majority hammond organs strictly speaking electric electronic organs sound produced moving parts electronic basic component sound hammond organ comes electromagnetic variation magnetic field small alternating current particular frequency represents signal similar wave key pressed organ completes circuit electrical switches linked position combined switches selected key pressed determines allowed sound connected motor system gears ensures note remains constant relative pitch combined signal depressed keys fed system driven metal set changes pitch overall sound slightly sound sent main audio speakers hammond organ makes technical notes generates produce exact fundamental equal temperament uses nearest available frequencies generated guaranteed frequency hammond tuning concert occurs instrument magnetic receive signal rotating metal selected hammond considered defect required introduced new level greatly reduce sound considered signature hammond organ extent modern digital clones explicitly emulate hammond organs pop click key pressed originally key click considered design defect hammond worked eliminate reduce filters performers liked effect accepted classic sound hammond research development engineer young said professionals playing popular music liked attack prominent objected eliminated clones devices original hammond organ designed transported regularly hammond organ bench weighs pounds weight combined speaker makes instrument difficult venues consequently demand portable reliable way generating sound electronic digital keyboards imitate sound hammond referred organs attempts copy hammond appeared 1970s including single manual dual manual lightweight organs produce comparable sound original sound sound gordon said came close true depth passion vintage hammond particularly played speaker introduced attempted emulate sound hammond digital signal processing technology updated version appeared provided vintage keyboards provided connector introduced electro buttons emulate physical action pulling pushing led indicating current state released updated versions electro introduced stage technology organ real founded hammond sales tom specialised hammond clones featured notable endorsement hammond organ emulated software prominent field native instruments series praised attention detail choice features apple produced software led hammond organ module controls features original instrument logic pro audio production suite notable users early customers hammond included albert henry ford eleanor roosevelt george instrument initially favored classical organ tones notes octave apart exact opposed slight variation present pipe organ instrument gradually popular jazz players performers use hammond organ smith known lady hammond organ count started hammond john thinks hammond poor man big band economical book organ jimmy smith began play hammond regularly 1950s particularly sessions blue note label bass player played bass parts generally walking bassline combination left hand chords trio format composed organ guitar drums internationally famous following appearance newport jazz festival says musicians inspired heard jimmy smith records brother jack switched piano hammond toured regularly 1960s 70s keith inspired hammond hearing arrangement rock candy booker jones cited bridge rhythm blues rock british james taylor said hammond popular people booker artists records label came london played matthew fisher encountered hammond having heard small faces playing fisher asked play told hammond players don buy fisher went play organ lines shade pale topped charts summer steve started musical career davis group playing guitar piano switched hammond hired record interested hammond mike introduced jimmy smith music started write material brother specifically requested play instrument forming brothers band presented brand new joining recalls instrument transport particularly flights stairs required band assistance author frank considers hammond playing vital ingredient band sound deep purple jon lord inspired play hammond hearing jimmy smith walk wild modified hammond played marshall stack sound known trademark strongly identified organ later acquired van der generator hugh modified hammond extensively electronics including ability effects distortion manual motor modifications created words sonic chaos hammond key instrument progressive rock music author edward thinks versatility allowing chords lead lines played choice quiet clean described aggressive distorted angry sound found commercial success nice abused putting knives instrument setting fire playing upside riding stage manner horse continued play instrument manner alongside keyboards lake prominent hammond progressive rock include zombies rod yes tony focus van pink floyd wright kansas steve genesis tony banks banks later claimed hammond piano impractical transport reggae music frequent use hammond 1960s 70s junior started play instrument hearing booker green complained weight wright regarded music scene jamaica best organ players hammond performing live playing sessions lee scratch perry jimmy cliff gregory best known bob keyboard player prominent use hammond woman cry recorded theatre london album live hammond organ perceived outdated late 1970s particularly perform pop songs social clubs punk new wave bands tended prefer second hand combo organs 1960s use keyboards groups started taking advantage cheaper portable synthesizers starting come market dave exception hammond onstage band early career andy thompson better known stated hammond went away lot studios sitting away 70s instrument underwent brief renaissance 1980s revival movement taylor played hammond 1980s prisoners later james taylor quartet sound hammond appeared hip hop music albeit samples significant use boys single want features hammond mixed foreground instrument recorded live sampled jazz musicians continued use hammond organs 21st century barbara received critical acclaim performances hammond particularly use bass modified instrument include triggered embraced instrument 1990s later collaborated jimmy smith positive future hammond organ saying everybody loves makes feel good think bigger grammy winning jazz keyboardist henry learned play hammond organ age revival


pipe organ pipe organ musical instrument produces sound driving air called wind organ pipes selected keyboard pipe produces single pitch pipes provided sets called ranks common volume keyboard compass organs multiple ranks pipes differing pitch volume player employ singly combination use controls called stops pipe organ keyboards played hands called played feet keyboard group stops keyboard stops housed organ console organ continuous supply wind allows sustain notes long corresponding keys depressed unlike piano sound begins dissipate immediately played smallest portable pipe organs dozen pipes manual largest pipes seven list notable largest pipe organs world viewed list pipe organs origins pipe organ traced water organ ancient greece 3rd century wind supply created water pressure 6th 7th century supply organs wind beginning 12th century organ began evolve complex instrument capable producing different pipe organ great pipes sent west byzantine emperor constantine gift short king son requested similar organ chapel beginning pipe organ establishment western church music 17th century sounds available modern classical organ developed time pipe organ complex man device distinction retained displaced telephone exchange late 19th century pipe organs installed churches concert halls schools public buildings performance classical music sacred music secular music popular music early 20th century pipe organs installed theaters accompany screening films silent movie era municipal orchestral popular homes wealthy beginning 21st century seen resurgence installations concert halls organ boasts substantial repertoire spans years construction pipe organ contains sets pipes wind system keyboards pipes produce sound air produced wind system passes action connects keyboards pipes stops allow control ranks pipes sound given time operates stops keyboards console pipes organ pipes wood metal produce sound speak air pressure wind directed pipe produces single pitch multiple pipes necessary accommodate musical scale greater length pipe lower resulting pitch volume sound produced pipe depends volume air delivered pipe manner constructed voiced adjusted builder produce desired tone volume pipe volume readily changed playing organ pipes divided pipes reed pipes according design pipes produce sound forcing air like recorder reed pipes produce sound beating reed like saxophone pipes arranged pitch ranks rank row pipes mounted vertically stop mechanism admits air rank given pipe sound stop governing pipe rank engaged key corresponding pitch depressed ranks pipes organized groups called divisions division generally played keyboard comprises individual instrument organ action organ contains actions systems moving parts key depressed key action admits wind pipe stop action allows control ranks engaged action mechanical electrical combination electro action key action independent stop action allowing organ combine mechanical key action electric stop action key action physically connects keys mechanical action connection achieved series rods called key corresponding pulls open allowing wind enter pipe mechanical stop action stop control operates valve rank pipes stop valve allows wind reach selected rank control draw stop pulling drawing origin pull stops modern stop electric actions rocker action antiquity modern times despite extra effort needed playing prefer action feel control pipe valve operation opens wind pressure tension spring opens spring tension felt key provides feel later development tubular action uses changes pressure lead operate instrument allowed lighter touch flexibility location console foot limit type construction late 19th century early 20th century rare application 1920s recent development electric action uses low voltage control key stop mechanisms electricity control action indirectly air pressure case action electro actions attracts small pilot valve lets wind opens electricity operates action directly assistance commonly referred direct electric action type carries disc electrical connect console electric actions allow console separated practical distance rest organ electric stop actions controlled console stop rocker simple switches like wall switches room lights include setting combinations selected modern actions primarily electronic connect console narrow data cables instead larger cables electric actions boxes containing small embedded computers console near translate console commands fast serial data cable electrical commands wind system wind system consists parts produce store deliver wind pipes pipe organ wind pressures order psi kpa organ builders measure organ wind tube containing water commonly magnitude difference water levels legs units pressure difference water level proportional difference pressure wind measured atmosphere psi register inches water italian organ renaissance period inches extreme solo stops large 20th century organs require inches isolated extreme cases stops voiced inches playing organ electricity required person operate signaled operate set supplying organ air expensive usually instruments mid-19th century operated water engines steam engines gasoline engines starting 1860s gradually replaced wind turbines later directly connected electrical motors possible practice regularly organ organs new historic electric operated manually wind supplied stored maintain constant pressure action allows flow pipes stops stop usually controls rank pipes stops control multiple ranks stop reflects stop construction style organ resides example names organ built north german baroque style generally derived german language names similar stops organ french romantic style usually french countries tend use languages stop nomenclature english speaking nations japan receptive foreign nomenclature stop names standardized identical stops different organs different names facilitate large range organ stops exist different pitch levels stop sounds pitch key depressed referred pronounced foot pitch refers length lowest sounding pipe rank approximately feet reason stop sounds octave higher pitch sounds octaves higher pitch likewise stop sounds octave lower pitch pitch sounds octaves lower pitch stops different pitch levels designed played simultaneously label stop rocker indicates stop pitch feet stops control multiple ranks display roman indicating number ranks present instead pitch stop labelled open single rank stop sounding pitch stop labelled mixture rank mixture single rank pipes able controlled stops allowing rank played multiple pitches multiple rank said unified borrowed example rank available octave stops selected key example pressed pipes rank sound pipe normally corresponding key played pipe octave rank pipes sound octave keyboard pitch common extra octave pipes borrowed stop added case rank pipes extended rank octave longer keyboard special stops appear organs wheel rotating bells pipe submerged small pool water creating sound bird wind admitted thunder effect device sounds lowest bass pipes simultaneously standard orchestral percussion instruments drum imitated organ building console controls available including keyboards expression stops registration aids accessed console console built organ case detached keyboards keyboards played hands known latin meaning hand keyboard played feet organ manual keyboard named particular division organ group ranks generally controls stops division range keyboards varied widely time countries current specifications notes octaves thirty thirty notes half octaves allows stops division played keyboard division example labelled swell great allows stops drawn swell division played great manual causes pipes swell division sound pitch keys played great manual allows stops different divisions combined create effects allows stop organ played simultaneously manual octave add pipes octave super octave sub octave note played operate division example swell super octave adds octave played swell act keyboard example swell super octave great adds great manual ranks swell division octave played addition larger organs use prevent stops pulled particular division sounding normal pitch combination octave create innovative effects order specific pieces easier play enclosure expression enclosure refers system allows control volume requiring addition stops manual organ great swell divisions swell enclosed larger organs parts choir solo divisions enclosed pipes enclosed division placed chamber generally called swell box box constructed horizontal vertical known swell shades operate similar way venetian position adjusted console swell shades open sound heard closed shades exposed concealed row facade pipes common method controlling balanced swell pedal device usually placed centre rotate away near vertical position shades closed near horizontal position shades open organ similar looking pedal found alongside expression pressing pedal forward stops organ starting ending pressing backwards process combination action organ stops combined countless resulting great variety sounds combination action switch instantly combination stops called registration combination actions feature small buttons called pressed generally located beneath keys manual thumb toe divisional affecting single division general affecting divisions organ builder altered modern combination actions operate computer memory store channels pipes action wind system contained case design incorporate console case blends organ sound aids projecting room case designed complement building architectural style contain ornamental carvings decorations visible portion case called façade contain pipes sounding pipes dummy pipes solely decoration façade pipes plain painted usually referred context french organ school organ cases occasionally feature ranks pipes protruding horizontally case manner row referred pipes particularly common organs peninsula large 20th century instruments organs particularly built early 20th century contained rooms called organ chambers sound project chamber room clearly organ case organs sound distant reason modern builders particularly building instruments specializing romantic compositions avoid architecture room makes necessary tuning regulation goal tuning pipe organ adjust pitch pipe sound tune pitch pipe adjusted depends type construction pipe regulation action pipes sound correctly regulation set keys different heights pipes sound keys pressed pipes sound key pressed action example organ heath baptist church includes adjustment nuts wire ends wooden effect changing effective length history development antiquity medieval organ oldest instruments european classical music commonly credited having derived greece earliest predecessors built ancient greece 3rd century word organ derived latin instrument similar organ ancient roman circus games derived turn greek generic term instrument tool greek engineer alexandria credited organ 3rd century devised instrument called delivered wind supply maintained water pressure set pipes played arenas roman empire pumps water replaced inflated leather bag 2nd century true began appear 6th 7th century 9th century persian ibn discussion instruments cited organ typical instruments byzantine_empire western pipe organ great pipes sent west byzantine emperor constantine gift short king son requested similar organ chapel beginning establishment western church music portable organs positive organ invented middle ages middle 13th century represented illuminated manuscripts appear real keyboards balanced keys santa maria useful accompaniment sacred secular music variety settings large organs installed germany documented permanent organ installation likely prompted describe organ king instruments characterization frequently applied organ instrument use key layout keys wider modern instruments operated men wind pressure high player use strength arm hold key century organs stop controls manual controlled ranks multiple pitches known controls designed allowed ranks played individually devices modern stop actions higher pitched ranks remained grouped single stop control stops developed renaissance baroque periods renaissance baroque periods organ colors varied organ builders fashioned stops imitated instruments viola baroque period thought organ building golden age virtually important brought culminating art builders constructed instruments artistic displaying exquisite beautiful sound organs featured balanced mechanical key actions giving precise control pipe speech organs featured particularly distinctive reed large pedal divisions different national styles organ building began develop changing political climates netherlands organ large instrument divisions doubled ranks mounted organs northern germany divisions independent pedal divisions increasingly common divisions organ visibly case design 20th century labelled france italy spain portugal organs primarily designed play verses accompany singing french classical organ remarkably consistent france course baroque era style organ building history standardized developed described treatise art art organ building example france organ notre dame built joseph time career apex england pipe organs taken churches english reformation 16th century commonwealth period relocated private homes restoration organ builders harris father bernard smith brought new organ building ideas continental europe english organs evolved small manual instruments divisions disposed french manner echo division began enclosed early 18th century jordan claimed swelling organ martyr new invention swell box independent pedal division appeared english organs beginning 18th century romantic period romantic period organ symphonic capable creating gradual new technologies work organ builders friedrich henry possible build larger organs stops variation sound divisions enclosed divisions common registration aids developed easier manage great number stops desire organs required stops voiced higher wind pressure result greater force required overcome wind pressure keys solve problem english assist operating key action organ builders began lean specifications fewer high pitched stops preferred use stops specifications wider pipe scales practices created warmer richer sound common 18th century organs began built concert halls organ paris composers saint organ orchestral works modern development development electro key actions late 19th century possible locate console independently pipes greatly expanding possibilities organ design electric stop actions developed allowed sophisticated combination actions created mid-20th century organ builders began build historically inspired instruments modelled baroque organs returned building mechanical key actions voicing lower wind pressures thinner pipe scales designing specifications mixture stops known organ reform movement late 20th century organ builders began incorporate digital components key stop combination actions making mechanisms simpler reliable makes possible record play performance protocol addition organ builders incorporated digital stops pipe organs electronic organ developed 20th century pipe organs replaced digital organs lower purchase price smaller physical size minimal maintenance requirements early 1970s instruments pioneered hybrid organ electronic instrument incorporates real pipes builders allen organs built hybrid organs noted electronic organs lower purchase price demonstrated higher cost ownership components fail parts obsolete pipe organs metal wood leather felt maintained centuries repertoire main development organ repertoire progressed organ leading distinctive national styles composition organs commonly found churches organ repertoire includes large sacred music choral anthems hymns elements etc solo nature hymn designed use etc organ secular repertoire includes organ orchestral works countries music falls western tradition contributed organ repertoire france germany particular produced exceptionally large amounts organ music extensive repertoire netherlands england united_states baroque era keyboard music generally written instrument written played keyboard instrument reason organ repertoire renaissance period pre renaissance keyboard music found compiled manuscripts include compositions variety regions oldest sources dating dates compiled germany includes vocal music english composer john earliest italian organ music found dating renaissance period dutch composers jan composed settings particular developed rich collection keyboard influenced subsequent composers italian composer wrote typical italian genres spain works began prolific period spanish organ composition culminated juan early baroque organ music germany highly sacred organ music based composers samuel wrote end baroque era prelude mixed forming genre developed primary type free form piece period exemplified works organ music bach fused characteristics national tradition historical style large scale based works end baroque era george composed organ france organ music developed baroque era music jean french organ 17th early 18th centuries standardized conventional set developed repertoire music french composers italian composers written use mass little secular organ music composed france italy baroque period written repertoire exclusively intended use england composers john blow john stanley wrote multi free works use called 19th century organ music seldom written classical era composers preferred piano ability create dynamics germany published marked beginning renewed interest composing organ inspired newly built organs french composers charles marie led organ music symphonic realm development symphonic organ music continued louis charles wrote large scale multi movement works called organ exploited possibilities symphonic organ max symphonic works use abilities large romantic organs built germany time 19th 20th centuries organ builders began build instruments concert halls large secular venues allowing organ orchestra saint symphony frequently organ given joseph organ orchestra francis organ strings organ composers organ prominently orchestral music include richard williams concert hall instruments approximate sounds symphony orchestral works found place organ repertoire silent films popular theatre organs installed theatres provide accompaniment films 20th century symphonic repertoire sacred secular continued progress music composers jean wrote post organ music music particular traditional notions organ registration technique online radio stations online station classical organ music positively baroque online station dedicated organ music baroque period organ online station providing weekly programming classical organ weekly hour public radio program organ music sacred classics radio program organ choral music international organ foundation online pipe organ database specifications organs countries organ historical society pipe organ database world largest pipe organs national pipe organ register featuring history specifications pipe organs united_kingdom die photos specifications world interesting organs subscription required content organ database pictures information pipe organs world new_york_city organ project documents organs present past new_york_city resources pipe organ video recordings king instruments video series carol williams large small famous unique pipe organs world american video audio production company joy music television series large pipe organs usa europe

Musical theory, musical instruments, and music techniques


set wide vertically suspended people philippines supportive instrument groups found integral orchestra description large heavy wide shaped like produces bass sound orchestra weighs pounds possible find weigh low pounds high pounds depending metal bronze brass iron produce smaller roughly inches inches length deeper turned rim width inches including hung vertically floor bit waist line suspended ropes structures like strong tree limb beam house ceiling stand larger lower pitched called played musician right provides main predominantly played accents rhythmic structure smaller higher pitched thicker called found player left mainly played weaker double triple beats rhythmic structure origins scholars agree origins indonesia noting word derived indonesian evidence comes british explorer thomas wrote fond musical came java round technique usually performed standing instrument holding upper edge thumb fingers left hand striking right hand called short sticks half foot length soft tough material rubber end players handle similar way brass tom tom played series solid fast decaying sounds produced techniques desired effect produced striking leaving hand knee player assistant holding lower pitched positions angle surface hands recently new ways handling emerged including portion boss regular strokes striking surrounding surface opposite wooden end technique called musicians produce metallic sounds performances different combinations players playing players assigned playing player play player holding higher pitched face face lower held angle assistant stability style common consider style old uses higher pitch unlike lower pitched considered lead having primary importance example single piece number player vary occasions techniques player use hand interesting technique uses requires player play reverse order pitches called technique normally reserved competition exhibition instances uses ensemble main use society supportive accompanying instrument orthodox ensemble basic patterns rhythms player use complement melody played patterns players use normally considered players manipulate patterns freely long conform reinforce generate rhythmic mode piece length patterns vary depending fit melodic improvisation rapid style useful especially exhibition playing skills embodies masculine traditionally considered masculine instrument considered good player possess strength stamina playing extremely fast mistakes endurance players exhibit improvisation skills different patterns considered having quality audience considers patterns played mundane highly skilled nature required playing uncommon players friendly rivalries performance tricks attempt throw beat instance elusive hard time reversed happens ornaments point performance player usually embarrassed butt jokes normally players switch piece instances like player handle played players remain switch performance possible players switch places pieces players compete understand single entity closely accompanying melody employ different variations destroying music basic patterns interactions opposite sex secondary motive men especially young males learning ability interact young unmarried women cultures traditionally adhere islamic customs prohibit dating conversation opposite sexes married related blood performances music provided opportunity connection rhythmic modes allowed players young unmarried women rhythmic mode players rarely use player usually older woman contest mode actually reserved specifically solo contest unlike southern filipino groups participate group contest unique hold solo contest find community best expert player contest focus attention focal point ensemble mode players normally perform versions playing types techniques discussed signaling supernatural use ensemble non ensemble uses warn impending danger announcing time day important occasions instance long ago sultan beat repeatedly announce onset meeting month ring morning indicate signal eat sunset mark end day supposedly deep loud sound produces people believed possessed supernatural powers instance earthquake locals strike fast loud rhythm called believing vibrations halt earthquake similar instruments archipelago orchestra uses low sounding serve accompaniment largest wide turned rim called provides slow regular beats similar smaller pair classified wider called narrower called play major role composed large hanging suspended held act accompanying melodic instrument like prevalent indigenous philippine groups regions indonesia malaysia places precedence like composition tuning vary widely group instance small ensemble consisting light played musicians floor simple rhythm ensemble called consisting small hung vertically triangular frame includes musicians standing playing melody rest sitting divided purpose higher pitched carrying melody lower pitched playing melodic figures lowest pitched setting tempo ensemble shallow graduating size played person smallest lead instrument providing steady beat ensemble follows similar format consisting small held musician playing unique pattern rubber parts similar ensemble composed collectively called play variations providing steady beat ensemble composed basal includes large low sounding pair smaller higher pitched produce metallic sounds ensemble similar called refer ensemble set metal suspended harness played people seven smaller sized produce running melody eighth largest playing produce particular rhythm ensemble similar called located western coast refer ensemble consists seven large shoreline groups large interior valleys southwestern consist large divided groups smaller comparison perform drums played hands wooden sticks accompaniment play fashion perform types social events including agriculture rituals weddings victory celebrations rites rituals dead entertainment visitors community rituals historically main lowland philippine groups similar ones found today non indigenous groups country main instrumental 17th century evidenced ensemble encountered 16th century similar set basal ensemble people


modern term ancient instrumental form music composed row small horizontally laid function accompanied larger suspended drums larger culture southeast_asia music playing centuries regions eastern archipelago southern philippines eastern indonesia eastern malaysia article focus philippine traditions peoples particular evolved simple native signaling tradition developed present form incorporation importance stems association indigenous cultures inhabited islands prior influences buddhism islam christianity west making developed tradition southeast asian archaic technically term metal laid horizontally rack create entire set played striking bosses wooden use wide variety groups languages called archipelago central twentieth century term come denote entire ensemble instruments traditionally term entire ensemble term meaning ensemble loud instruments music making case music making geographic extent belongs larger unit culture prevalent southeast_asia considered region major alongside western indonesia thailand burma use wind string instruments carry melodic ensemble like music primarily orchestral rhythmic parts orderly stacked based scale music differs aspects music primarily way melodies framework skeletal tones prescribed time interval entry instruments framework music flexible time intervals allowing things prevalent like extended groups languages term horizontal set varied widely begin called called recently like instruments played recently peoples sea groups instrument description instrument called derivative terms consist row set graduated pot horizontally laid frame arranged order pitch lowest found players left laid instrument face atop strings running parallel entire length frame bamboo wooden sticks bars resting perpendicular frame creating entire set called weigh roughly pounds pounds dimensions inches inches height traditionally bronze disruption loss trade routes islands borneo world war resulting loss access necessary metal subsequent post war use scrap metal brass shorter decaying tones commonplace frame known means arrange frame crude simple bamboo wooden poles highly decorated rich traditional motifs designs frame necessary instrument functions considered taboo step cross placed technique played striking bosses wooden playing sit chairs groups play commonly sit floor modern techniques include changing arrangement playing crossings hands play adding rapid fire strokes effort player grace casting method lost wax process casting individual phase creation wax past availability standardized wax sheets specifically use wax wax mold covered special mixture finely coal mud applied wax surface brush layers left dry sun entire mold heated melt away wax coal mud mixture leaving shell hardened mold bronze poured mold mouth cavity cooled certain degree coal mud broken apart revealing new refined cleaned properly identified finally refined process tuning boss inside slightly raise pitch boss outside lower pitch correct tuning found ear players striking sequence looking melodic familiar tuning unlike instrumentation set tuning sets philippines great variation exist set differences size shape giving set unique pitch level intervals tuning varies greatly exist melody heard different sets common counter results similar interval relationships steps tuning system based equal temperament system standard pitches similar certain pattern large small intervals found western indonesia fact artists technically concept scale emphasis placed concept rhythmic modes scales java found satisfactory varying scales system music societies indigenous system compositions passed generation generation need pieces recent attempts music indicated numbering system example starting lowest starting number set feminine instrument traditionally considered women instrument groups traditionally playing associated graceful slow relaxed movements showed common females traditional view strictly women waned women men play instruments renowned players men performance main purpose music community function social entertainment folk level music unique considered public music sense allowed participate players play audience members expected participate performances important bring people community adjacent regions helping unify communities interacted traditionally performers play music participation voluntary musicians performances opportunity receive recognition prestige respect community generally performances classified formal ones informal formal performances adherents follow traditional set rules govern playing usually involved people outside home informal performances opposite strict rules normally govern play ignored performers usually people acquainted usually close family members performances usually times practiced instruments young boys girls gathered instruments didn necessary instruments like formal performances composed instruments instruments simply instrument solo social functions music generally found social entertainment host different occasions large harvest gatherings entertainment visiting friends relatives music accompanies ceremonies marking significant life events weddings music plays significant role state functions official celebrations entertaining foreign dignitaries important visitors distant lands court ceremonies village new leader family music prohibited played inside islamic rites holidays month playing allowed night people allowed eat prohibited mourning period death important person peak times planting harvest season uses instrument uses public performances accompany healing ceremonies rituals religious ceremonies practice died non islamic nature areas practice ancient tradition music communicating long distance messages village called renditions mimic normal speaking tones language creating specific message use double social commentary understood nearly adult native speaker falling times changed necessity use long distance communication purposes faded away music message instead express sentiments feelings come use compatibility musical styles times music crucial relation nature islamic custom allow unmarried men women traditionally unmarried daughters kept special chamber attic called limit visitors allowed play performances allowed view music rare socially approved vehicles interaction sexes musical contest particularly unique feature performances occur formal occasions mentioned particularly weddings stand groups practice solo contest individual players showcasing skill ensemble instruments opposed group contest performers town town pitted compositions rhythmic modes music set compositions concept rhythmic modes rhythmic mode designation genre pattern defined musical unit entire instrument ensemble adding rhythms instrument create music changing rhythms create different music basis rhythmic mode improvisation player ability parameters rhythmic mode mode kind theme player dresses variations ornamentation manipulating segments extensions variations occurs discretion player player functions carrying melody conductor entire ensemble determines length rendition change rhythm time speeding slowing accord personal taste composition plays emphasis improvisation essential traditional role music entertainment entire community listeners audience expected players surprise playing unique style incorporating improvisation newer versions piece player simply imitated preceding player playing patterns improvisation audience members believe mundane explains set performance pieces musical productions different respect young men women practicing event rarely relying compositions allowing variety rhythms lead patterns generally rhythmic modes basis criteria number beats recurring musical phrase differences melodic rhythmic groups musical phrase differences rhythmic emphasis differences opening patterns typical genres distinguished hand typical genres general genres grouped styles stylistic differentiated based instrumentation playing techniques function average age gender musicians generally styles differentiated considered traditional old contemporary new old styles considered slow pronounced like genres classified style moderate oriented balanced lack usually played older folks played respect older generation new styles considered fast rhythmic generally genres classification faster emphasis power speed highly rhythmic highly improvised musicians employing different rhythmic melodic old patterns young musicians specifically young men style emphasis generally played pieces played younger musicians opportunity participate classified styles recreational nature rhythmic mode accompany trance dance rituals playing pieces ritual specialist dance rhythm music calling help ancestral spirits type compositions type compositions found exist identifiable rhythmic melodic differences patterns names group music compositions instance identifiable compositions melodies vary groups like theme characterizes type exchange short melodic phrases instruments imitate duplicate rhythms quickly clearly seen compositions sort game skill playing composition titles repertoire fixed labels music considered fixed entity fact transmitted repertoire considered state primary reasons standardized titles weren considered priority musicians melodies sound similar labels place particular rhythmic mode style vary household household village musicians emphasis excitement pleasure playing music regard piece referred secondly musicians improvised pieces regularly modes styles continually revised changed passed newer generation musicians making pieces labels attached relevant certain frame time issues attempts compositions uniform manner impossible example found word contemporary musicians rhythmic modes associated term designating new style example concerns old new genres new pieces continuously till pieces created decades ago considered old considered tradition spanning centuries differences discussing repertoire modes styles bit history music considered ancient tradition influences buddhism islam christianity west philippines represents highest form music attained north said existed centuries ancient music substantial data recorded origins earliest historical accounts instruments resembling present day writings european explorers 16th century seen instruments passing limited data concerning music prior european exploration theories prototypes present day came theory suggest bronze ancient history southeast_asia arriving archipelago thousand years ago making way philippines china 3rd century theory lays doubt claim suggesting existed prior 15th century belief tradition believed derived developed 15th century different theories exact centuries finally realized consensus music developed foreign musical tradition borrowed adapted indigenous music tradition present area likely earliest indigenous populace recreational value simply making signals sending messages music likely evolved simple signaling tradition transitioning period consisting player type like found developing multi multiplayer ensemble incorporation concepts originating finally transforming present day ensemble addition musical concepts islam islam traders origin believed foreign musical elements incorporated music derived striking similarities fact play important roles respectively striking tapered opposed tapered non tapered word believed altered form word similarities lead conclude originally imported philippines migration archipelago based etymology routes proposed route archipelago route word commonly horizontal row word commonly seen future tradition music eastern archipelago extinct places sets bronze making island central come sets played north long ago disappeared replaced locals presently familiar slab key instrument known extent past tradition philippines particularly northern central islands fully known harsh realities years spanish colonization fact areas able tradition alive european colonization caused observers term music music resistance today existence music threatened influence introduction western foreign ideals region younger generations listen american music bike streets children spend time practicing imitating traditional instruments parents philippine music revival sorts work philippine born musicians master predecessor professor work professor robert began teaching performing traditional music united_states late 20th century unexpectedly music bridge contemporary filipino american culture ancient philippine tribal traditions impressed people lacking background filipino dedicated students supporters cultural heritage additional surprise came decade long series american based students traveled perform sparking renaissance philippines renaissance originated early work early cultural pioneers activists filipino americans robert dedication early created cultural awareness community san sparked cultural movement knowledge outsiders playing traditional encouraged younger generation musicians philippines metro manila enthusiastic appreciation foreigners given life dying tradition music force philippine time history music formally taught music students universities located metro manila composition makeup region varies cultural groups generally consist instruments dominated course melody playing row functions lead central melodic instrument entire ensemble


musical instrument musical instrument instrument created adapted musical sounds principle object produces sound musical instrument purpose object musical instrument history musical instruments dates beginnings human culture early musical instruments ritual trumpet signal success hunt drum religious ceremony cultures eventually developed composition performance melodies entertainment musical instruments evolved step changing applications date origin device considered musical instrument disputed oldest object scholars refer musical instrument simple flute dates far years consensus dates early years ago historians believe determining specific time musical instrument invention impossible definition relative instability materials early musical instruments animal skins bone wood non materials musical instruments developed independently populated regions world contact caused rapid spread adaptation instruments places far origin middle ages instruments maritime southeast_asia europeans played instruments north_africa development americas occurred slower pace cultures north central south_america shared musical instruments musical instrument development slowed areas dominated musical instrument classification discipline right systems classification years instruments classified effective range material composition size etc common academic method uses means produce sound academic study musical instruments called definition basic operation musical instrument makes sounds humans moved making sounds bodies example objects create music sounds musical instruments born primitive instruments probably designed emulate natural sounds purpose ritual entertainment concept melody artistic pursuit musical composition unknown early players musical instruments player sounding flute signal start hunt thought modern notion making music musical instruments constructed broad array styles shapes different materials early musical instruments found objects shells plant parts instruments evolved selection quality materials virtually material nature culture musical instruments plays musical instrument interacting way example strings string instrument researchers discovered archaeological evidence musical instruments parts world finds years old status musical instruments dispute consensus artifacts dated years old later artifacts materials methods tend survive specimens found placed earliest musical instruments july archaeologist discovered bone carving northwest region carving named flute features holes canadian bob determined play notes scale researchers estimate flute age years making oldest known musical instrument musical instrument associated culture archaeologists dispute flute status musical instrument german archaeologists found bone swan bone dating years old alps upper age commonly accepted oldest known musical instruments archaeological evidence musical instruments discovered excavations royal cemetery city instruments instruments discovered include silver double flute set reed sounded silver pipes discovered likely predecessor modern cylindrical pipes feature holes allowed players produce tone scales excavations carried 1920s uncovered non fragments instruments left degraded segments reconstruct graves instruments buried carbon dated providing evidence instruments time archaeologists site central province china found bones date years representing earliest complete playable tightly dated musical instruments found history scholars agree completely reliable methods determining exact chronology musical instruments cultures comparing organizing instruments based complexity misleading musical instruments reduced complexity example construction early drums involved large trees later drums opening bamboo simpler task german prominent musical modern times argues misleading arrange development musical instruments cultures advance different rates access different raw materials maintains example contemporary comparing musical instruments cultures existed time differed organization culture determine instruments primitive ordering instruments geography totally reliable determined cultures contacted shared knowledge proposed geographical chronology approximately limited follow overall development musical instruments time period science marking order musical instrument development relies archaeological artifacts artistic depictions literary references data research path inconclusive paths provide better historical picture primitive prehistoric 19th century european written music histories began mythological accounts musical instruments invented accounts included descendant father handle organ pan inventor pan pipes mercury said dried shell modern histories replaced mythology speculation occasionally informed evidence scholars agree definitive invention musical instrument definition term musical instrument completely scholar inventor example body musical instrument regardless intent devices external human body considered instruments drums earliest instruments evolved human motor impulse add sound emotional movements dancing eventually cultures assigned ritual functions musical instruments hunting ceremonies cultures developed complex percussion instruments instruments ribbon labels carry far different modern day early labeled basic operation function resemblance modern instruments early cultures drums developed ritual sacred importance people russian far_east indigenous people cultures africa fact drums african culture east african tribe believed holy seeing drum fatal person sultan humans eventually developed concept musical instruments producing melody time musical instruments melody common singing similar process language instrument players developed repetition arrangement early form melody produced pounding tubes slightly different sizes tube produce clear sound answer darker sound instrument pairs included drums shell skin drums cultures instrument pairs associated father bigger energetic instrument mother smaller instrument musical instruments existed form thousands years patterns tones evolve form earliest originated mainland archipelago southeast_asia eventually spreading africa americas europe ranged simple sets leg bars carefully tuned sets parallel bars cultures developed instruments ground ground musical bow jaw antiquity images musical instruments begin appear artifacts earlier beginning cultures began distinct classes musical instruments division labor evolving class system popular instruments simple playable evolved differently professional instruments development focused effectiveness skill despite development musical instruments recovered scholars rely artifacts texts written reconstruct early history musical instruments process assigning names instruments challenging clear distinction instruments words describe artists mainly depicted ceremonial instruments historians able distinguish early concussion clubs bells depicted prominently great relief iii particular interest similar designs found far reaching places georgia native american tribe people preferred instruments evidenced plaques seals varieties depicted forerunner modern instruments violin musical instruments egyptian culture bore striking similarity leading historians conclude contact notes egypt possess instruments culture possess cultural contacts dissipated prominent ceremonial instrument appear egypt years concussion sticks appear egyptian early civilization use vertical double arched angular drums little history available period egypt entered long violent period war destruction period saw destroy empire destroy middle kingdom egypt egypt conquered southwest asia cultural ties renewed egypt musical instruments reflected heavy influence cultures new cultural influences people new kingdom began contrast egypt professional musicians exist israel history musical instruments egypt relies artistic representations culture israel produced representations scholars rely information bible hebrew texts mention prominent instruments associated pipes instruments period included frame drum small bells trumpet like introduction monarchy israel 11th century produced professional musicians drastic increase number variety musical instruments identifying classifying instruments remains challenge lack artistic interpretations example instruments uncertain design called existed etymology clearly define book survey musical instruments american proposes similar vertical relation term greece rome use development musical instruments stood stark contrast cultures achievements architecture sculpture instruments time simple virtually imported cultures principal instrument musicians honor gods greeks played variety wind instruments classified greek writing time reflects study reed production playing technique romans played reed instruments named featuring holes opened closed allowing greater flexibility playing modes instruments common use region included vertical derived orient egyptian design pipes organs played primarily women evidence musical instruments use early india completely lacking making impossible reliably attribute instruments language speaking cultures settled area history musical instruments area begins valley civilization emerged found excavated artifacts physical evidence musical instruments clay indicates use drums examination script revealed representations vertical arched identical design depicted artifacts discovery indications valley cultures maintained cultural contact subsequent developments musical instruments india occurred hymns songs drums shell prominent instruments use early centuries snake double barrel drums cross short india unique musical instruments middle ages musical instruments appeared chinese writings 12th century earlier early chinese philosophers shaped development musical instruments china adopting attitude music similar greeks chinese believed music essential character community developed unique system classifying musical instruments according material makeup extremely important chinese music majority early instruments poetry dynasty mentions bells drums carved bone excavated preserved archaeologists dynasty saw percussion instruments wooden fish wooden tiger wind instruments flute pan pipes pitch pipes mouth organs appeared time period end blown flute instruments spread cultures came use china han dynasty central_america attained relatively high level eleventh century development musical instruments example instruments instruments drums wind instruments flute capable producing melody contrast pre south american areas modern day peru colombia ecuador chile advanced culturally advanced musically south american cultures time pan pipes varieties drums shell wood middle ages period time loosely referred middle ages china developed tradition integrating musical influence regions record type influence china established orchestra imperial court conquest influences middle_east persia india countries followed fact chinese tradition attributes musical instruments period regions countries gained popularity advanced drums appeared china 9th 10th century influenced culture india experienced similar development china middle ages instruments developed differently accommodated different styles music instruments china designed produce precise tones capable matching tones instruments india considerably flexible flexibility suited hindu music rhythm paramount importance indian music time evidenced frequent depiction drums dating middle ages emphasis rhythm aspect native indian music historians divide development musical instruments medieval india pre islamic islamic periods different influence period provided pre islamic times hand bells peculiar instruments resembling came wide use hindu music like instrument bronze disk struck hammer instead tubular drums stick short double triple curved india horns emerged time period islamic influences brought new types drums perfectly circular octagonal opposed irregular pre islamic drums persian influence brought persian strings indian version seven southeast asian musical innovations include period indian influence ended music use bronze versions prominent important musical instrument southeast_asia likely originated geographical area burma category human activity maritime southeast_asia including java areas arabian peninsula experiences rapid growth sharing musical instruments united islamic culture seventh century frame drums cylindrical drums depths immensely important genres music conical involved music accompanied wedding ceremonies persian provide information development drums spread far java spread far madagascar south modern day east despite influences greece rome musical instruments europe ages came asia musical instrument invented europe period instruments prominent middle age europe central northern regions mainly instruments southern region featured armed body served central northern europe far north ireland eventually national symbol propagated areas far_east estonia european music sophisticated frequently requiring instruments capable 9th century persian ibn mentioned discussion music instruments byzantine_empire typical instruments included organ probably type probably byzantine string instrument ancestor european instruments including violin served precise measure notes musical scale allowing accurate musical arrangements mechanical allowed single musicians play complicated arrangements prominent folk instruments middle ages southern europeans played short long extended sides unlike rear facing central northern european instruments bells served practical purposes warning approach ninth century revealed spread europe uses folk instruments military instruments construction organs evolved europe starting fifth century spain spreading england resulting instruments varied size use portable organs worn neck large pipe organs literary accounts organs played english end tenth century references organs connected churches reed players middle ages limited evidence exists period modern renaissance musical instrument development dominated profound changes occurred renaissance period instruments took purposes accompanying singing dance performers solo instruments keyboards developed instruments composers arranged increasingly complex pieces advanced composers began designing pieces music specific instruments half sixteenth century orchestration came common practice method writing music variety instruments composers specified orchestration individual performers applied discretion style dominated popular music instrument makers responded accordingly beginning rate development musical instruments increased earnest compositions demanded dynamic sounds people began writing books creating playing musical instruments book treatise und music work noted particularly thorough including descriptions irregular instruments hunters horns cow bells critical books followed including der und mirror organ makers organ players following year treatise organ building organ playing books references published renaissance era noted detailed description depiction wind instruments including relative sizes book michael considered authoritative reference sixteenth century musical instruments sixteenth century musical instrument builders gave instruments violin classical shapes retain today emphasis aesthetic beauty developed listeners pleased physical appearance instrument sound builders paid special attention materials instruments homes museums period makers began constructing instruments type sizes meet demand playing works written groups instruments instrument builders developed features endure today example organs multiple keyboards existed organs solo stops emerged early fifteenth century stops meant produce mixture development needed complexity music time evolved modern form improve players properly blend chamber music baroque beginning seventeenth century composers began creating works emotional style felt style better suited emotional music wrote musical parts instruments complement singing human voice result instruments incapable larger ranges dynamics seen fell favor instrument instruments violin viola dominated popular music beginning disappeared musical compositions favor rising popularity guitar prevalence string rose wind instruments flute counteract hearing strings mid seventeenth century known hunter horn underwent transformation art instrument consisting lengthened tube narrower bore wider bell wider range details transformation unclear modern horn colloquially french horn emerged slide trumpet appeared variation includes long slid allowing player infinite adjustments pitch variation trumpet unpopular difficulty involved playing organs underwent changes baroque period manufacturers jordan london stops expressive added devices expressive viewed trend general organ sound classical romantic classical romantic periods music lasting roughly great deal musical instruments capable producing new higher volume developed introduced popular music design changes quality allowed instruments produce wider variety expression large rose popularity parallel composers determined produce entire orchestral scores use expressive abilities modern instruments instruments involved collaborations larger scale designs evolve accommodate demands orchestra instruments fill larger halls heard sizable instruments underwent modifications design changes unsuccessful efforts increase volume instruments changed play parts scores traditionally range incapable producing certain notes precision new instruments saxophone fixtures instruments grew entire families instruments capable different ranges small normal bass accompanying changes volume shift typical pitch tune instruments instruments meant play orchestra tuned standard produce different sounds playing notes beginning average concert pitch began rising low vibrations high vienna different regions countries instrument manufacturers preferred different standards making orchestral collaboration challenge despite efforts organized international attended noted composers like standard agreed twentieth century present evolution traditional musical instruments slowed beginning twentieth century instruments like violin flute french horn largely manufactured eighteenth nineteenth centuries gradual emerge example new violin family began provide differently sized violins expand range available sounds development practical response concurrent orchestra venue size despite trend traditional instruments development new musical instruments exploded twentieth century sheer variety instruments developed prior period electricity twentieth century lead creation entirely new category musical instruments electronic instruments vast majority produced half twentieth century called instruments words mechanical parts produce sound vibrations vibrations picked electrical components examples instruments include hammond organs electric guitars defined instruments produces music player hand movements half twentieth century saw gradual evolution synthesizers instruments artificially produce sound analog digital circuits late 1960s bob began era development commercial synthesizers instruments synthesizer modern computers spawned entire industry electronic musical instruments classification different methods classifying musical instruments methods examine aspects physical properties instrument material color shape etc use instrument means music produced instrument range instrument instrument place orchestra ensemble methods specific geographic area cultural group developed serve unique classification requirements group problem specialized classification schemes tend break applied outside original area example system based instrument use fail culture invented new use instrument scholars recognize system applies culture important provides possible classification instrument common types instrument classifications strings brass percussion ancient systems ancient system named written sage dating divides instruments main classification groups instruments sound produced strings percussion instruments skin heads instruments sound produced columns air solid non skin percussion instruments system adapted degree 12th century europe terms instruments wind instruments percussion instruments victor charles adapted assigned greek labels classifications instruments skin head percussion instruments wind instruments non skin percussion instruments von adopted scheme published extensive new scheme classification system replaced term original system classified instruments main groups produce sound primary body instrument concussion percussion shaken split drum produce sound stretched membrane drums shape shell struck hand stick instruments use stretched membrane primary sound simply modify sound produced way considered produce sound strings according relationship string sounding board chamber example strings laid parallel sounding board neck instrument like struck like piano instrument strings parallel sounding board chamber strings extend past board neck instrument sound chamber constructed wood like guitar uses membrane like produce sound column air free whip freely air cause air pass sharp edge reed instruments use reed lip lips function later added fifth category produce sound electronic means category system criticised revised years remains widely curator disagreed system developed system believed pure physics musical instrument specific construction playing method determine classification example divide basis sound production basis shape instrument system divided instruments categories instruments solid bodies instruments containing air range musical instruments classified musical range comparison instruments family exercise useful placing instruments context orchestra ensemble terms named singing voice classifications soprano instruments flute violin soprano saxophone trumpet alto instruments alto saxophone french horn english horn viola alto horn tenor instruments tenor saxophone guitar tenor drum instruments saxophone bass cello horn bass instruments double bass bass guitar bass saxophone bass drum instruments fall category example cello considered tenor bass depending music fits ensemble alto tenor bass french horn bass tenor alto depending range played instruments range soprano saxophone tenor saxophone horn alto flute bass guitar etc additional describe instruments soprano range bass example saxophone instrument terms relative describing instrument range comparison instruments family comparison human voice range instruments families example bass flute range bass plays octave lower construction materials making musical instruments vary greatly culture application materials special significance owing source rarity cultures worked substances human body instruments ancient mexico example material drums contain actual human body parts obtained offerings new_guinea drum makers mix human blood attach membrane trees held high regard china owing mythological significance instrument makers use believe making drums trees struck lightning gives special connection nature musical instrument construction specialized trade requires years training practice makers musical instruments genre instruments example makes instruments type instrument piano instrument constructed instrument maker consider materials construction technique decoration creating balanced instrument functional aesthetically pleasing builders focused artistic approach develop experimental musical instruments meant individual playing styles developed builder user regardless sound instrument produced musical instruments keyboard user interface keyboard instruments instruments played musical keyboard key generates sounds keyboard instruments extra means piano stops pedal keyboard organ manipulate sounds produce sound wind organ pumped strings piano electronic means synthesizer way instruments usually keyboard fitted moving parts struck held player hands physical arrangement keys produce similar manner