dynasty dynasty arabic muslim dynasty origin founded centered egypt dynasty ruled middle_east 12th 13th centuries egypt brought end rule proclaimed sultan following death master ruler din spent decade launching conquests region territories control included egypt syria northern north african coast borders modern day tunisia kingdom jerusalem fell victory battle regained control palestine coastline death sons contested control brother eventually established sultan later egypt descended syria attempted assert independence egypt remained divided sultan restored unity taking syria local muslim driven parts death succeeded egypt soon overthrown generals successfully repelled invasion delta effectively ended power egypt number attempts syria led control egypt failed sacked conquered remaining territories soon forced destruction dynasty maintained ruler relatively short tenure era economic prosperity lands ruled facilities patronage provided led resurgence intellectual activity islamic world period marked process vigorously strengthening muslim dominance region constructing numerous schools islamic law major cities history origins dynasty din belonged tribe ancestors settled town northern armenia belonged tribe branch tribe dominant group district member political military elite town circumstances unfavorable turkish generals seized town prince left sons din din friend din military governor northern welcomed appointed governor death succeeded governance city assistance brother managed affairs city gaining popularity local inhabitants meantime din ruler defeated bid escape battlefield took shelter sought assistance task complied provided companions boats cross river safely reach consequence assisting authorities sought measures simultaneously separate incident killed close charges sexually assaulted woman court issued arrest brothers arrested departed arrived provided facilities needed recruited brothers service commander entered service son din according historian ali care patronage family rose prominence establishment egypt din dispatched lead expeditionary force prevent establishing strong presence increasingly egypt enlisted son officer command successfully drove egypt reinstated predecessor reinstated ordered withdraw forces egypt refused claiming din remain course years defeated combined forces troops site near alexandria stay protect pursued forces lower egypt died died later year death appointed weaker younger served according medieval muslim chronicler ibn soon found independent career dismay din attempted influence events egypt permitted elder brother supervise bid cause family position egypt din satisfied request joined father sent primarily ensure proclaimed egypt reluctant undertake position din failed provoke rivalry extended family particularly number local governors syria entirely consolidated control egypt ordering revolt cairo staged army strong regiments success began granting family members high ranking positions country increased muslim influence muslim dominated cairo ordering construction college school islam city school belonged died took advantage power vacuum effectively taking control country seizing power switched egypt allegiance baghdad based adhered islam expansion conquest north_africa went alexandria found facing dilemma having supporters city little money family council held egypt decided din nephew launch expedition coastal region west egypt force cavalry order justify raid letter sent tribes travelers ordering pay tax collected livestock late besieged soldiers governor city loyalist requested reinforcements complied reinforcements come departed forces led advanced conquered northern capturing town soldiers temporarily lodged raided surrounding region halting operations presented armistice proposal based king initial response later sent envoy returning described poverty city general consequently like predecessors discouraged southward expansion poverty region required guarantee protection upper egypt garrison withdrew egypt din commander conquered tripoli army turks conquest sent conquer muslim writers ibn later wrote reasoning conquest fear egypt fall din seek refuge territory conquered dynasty executed leader later year taken tribe principal maritime port dynasty indian_ocean principal city official capital advent marked beginning period renewed prosperity city saw improvement commercial infrastructure establishment new institutions coins following prosperity implemented new tax collected drove rulers conquering mountainous city conquest developed coastal fleet guard sea coasts control protect pirate raids conquest held great significance managed unite previous independent states single power transferred governorship uprisings broke territory assigned brother islam governor egypt aimed dominate red_sea trade routes egypt depended sought grip important trade stop located favor trade direction red_sea built facilities red_sea indian_ocean trade routes accompany merchants claims legitimacy having sovereignty islamic holy cities conquests economic undertaken effectively established egypt region conquest syria nominally vassal din adopted increasingly independent foreign policy independence publicly pronounced din death set conquer syria november welcomed damascus governor city taken control failed besieging control handed descendants given nephew successes alarmed din head time regarded syria family estate angered servant din mustered army confront near heavily outnumbered veteran soldiers decisively defeated victory proclaimed king suppressed din adolescent son friday prayers islamic replacing welcomed assumption power gave title sultan egypt syria spring major confrontation occurred time sultan mound kilometres emerged victorious din managed narrowly escape proceeded conquer syrian cities north failed capture second siege agreement laid governor allies recognize sovereign possessions syria allowed continue rule syria brother governed egypt revolted intention restoring rule main local tribes enjoyed support multitude groups including possibly coordination uprising ibn overran river central egypt rebellions crushed rest year early continued raids western north_africa bringing conflict ruled led force soldiers according chronicler william tyre southern palestine hearing kingdom jerusalem soldiers besieging north suddenly attacked baldwin jerusalem near army defeated battle majority troops killed following year number skirmishes forces commanded occurred invaded states west defeated baldwin battle following year destroyed newly built castle battle jacob ford campaign baldwin inconclusive battle castle deputy governor conquered greater return captured brief siege new governor city din unpopular subjects surrendered agreed restore previous control serve vassal territories formally entered hands june day marched near held captured city garrison forced leader briefly detained released surrender allegiance left din major muslim rival subjected short siege autumn withdrew forces attempted align allies instead switched allegiance sought support ibn muhammad governor usually intervene region possibility intervention cautious launching attacks arrangement negotiated administer son egypt governed son sons come age assume power territories died brothers place summer eastern raids culminated battle valley guy hand hand fighting ended armies withdrew mile discussed internal matters captured plateau cutting main supplies source october august besieged held unable capture afterward raided burning returned damascus september relative peace states empire subsequently ensued launched offensive late hoping easy victory presumably failed city unexpectedly stiff resistance illness caused withdraw encouragement negotiated treaty march left control obligation supply military support requested conquest palestine besieged eastern july army attempted attack way hearing march led guard main camp leaving small detachment clear view army ordered block entry taking position near troops stationed hill near july advanced horns charged muslim forces overwhelmed defeated decisively days battle invited join palestine july stronghold acre captured forces seized brigades took conquered july returned coast received surrender august conquered taken september september october besieged jerusalem taking possession october negotiations real soon fell followed northeastern end control virtually entire kingdom levant exception tyre held december army consisting garrisons brothers egypt besieged tyre half muslim naval fleet seized forces december followed defeat shoreline city january held war council withdrawal tripoli agreed fought levant din control north_africa crusade pope gregory viii called crusade muslims early frederick holy roman empire philip france richard england formed alliance jerusalem fought near acre year joined reinforcements europe acre besieged despite initial muslim successes fell richard forces massacre muslim inhabitants ensued planned south unified command richard defeated battle allowing conquest coastal palestine unable recover interior regions instead richard signed treaty restoring kingdom jerusalem coastal strip major war effort career died year establishing centralized empire established hereditary ownership lands dividing empire family members presiding semi autonomous princes owed allegiance sultan maintained relative independence territories death took arrangement held cairo eldest son retained damascus included palestine mount lebanon acquired known upper held bay joined forces coalition moved conquer major results achieved fell ill returned compelled quick peace suffered territorial losses hands son took possession soon sons division empire appointed governorship damascus intention son continue city principal place residence order emphasize holy struggle states found attachment damascus contributed father subordinate left city cairo lobby claims inexperienced intended old guard encouraged act order prevent incompetence putting empire jeopardy openly demanded claim throne settled series assaults damascus forcing leave lesser post established damascus lieutenant great influence empire died hunting accident near cairo sultan son nominal ruler egypt having absent campaign northeast returned managed occupy citadel damascus faced strong assault combined forces brother forces leadership resumed offensive death clans slave soldiers entered conflict purchased backed struggles support conquered cairo forced accept internal proclaimed sultan egypt syria afterward entrusted governance damascus son tribal head related islamic prophet muhammad ibn seized power recognized city retrieve damascus final time failed entered city triumph line line dominated years rule held given possessions sons succeed egypt received given territory shifted domain died aroused open hostility lobby damascus largely ignoring having launched campaign believed army defeated direct fight prolonged campaigns involved difficulties maintaining coherent muslim coalition trend steady growth empire mainly expansion authority armenia eventually recognized role sultan military campaign launched november beginning offensive urged launch counter attack rejected son proposal fortress delta besieged failed attempts fortress eventually august days later died apparent shock loss proclaimed sultan cairo brother claimed throne damascus attempted retake forced john learning conspiracy fled leaving egyptian army panic ensued help forces seized camp offered negotiate withdrawal offering restoration palestine kingdom jerusalem exception forts real refused leader fifth crusade driven delta victory loss territories jerusalem east din captured town normally loyalist began territorial holdings appointed leader ali governor rule declining governor forced leave egypt appointed din deputy governor absent local dynasty gained control held loosely troubled situation administration proper following death din declared independent ruler discontinued annual tribute payment egypt frederick sixth crusade launched ongoing internal strife egypt syria subsequently offered jerusalem frederick avoid syrian invasion egypt refused position strengthened died succeeded son continued negotiations frederick acre leading truce agreement signed february agreement gave control jerusalem years guaranteed muslims control islamic holy places city treaty virtually meaningless military terms provoke sentiments syria inhabitants friday sermon popular preacher mosque reduced crowd violent tears settlement accompanied proposed damascus territories governed recognized sovereignty resisted settlement truce forces reached damascus enforce proposed agreement siege great pressure city inhabitants rallied supportive stable rule angered treaty frederick month sued peaceful outcome given new centered governor assumed governorship damascus advancing descendants ibn fought control conflict taken advantage attempted end bring region control accomplished din captured egyptian divide rule damascus stable syria sought assert independence cairo amid tensions died august month illness succeeded brother months later egyptian army arrived besieged damascus destroyed suburbs city deny forces shelter installed eldest son govern death disputed proclamation younger brother sultan cairo eventually occupied damascus december uncle retrieved city september cousin detained prevent arrest entered alliance released following year allowing sultan place early carried supported reconciled damascus rival attempted ally syria allied confronted coalition near large battle ensued resulting major victory virtual collapse kingdom jerusalem restoration unity seized area approximate modern day west bank gained possession jerusalem marched damascus fell relative ease october shortly afterward din ali surrendered exposed fortress alliance ended virtual destruction october defeat able complete conquest southern syria general din went subdue territories sacked lower town besieged fortress stalemate followed din strong forces settlement eventually reached retain fortress remainder having settled situation palestine din moved north marched place held siege din fell ill commanders continued assault city fell december master syria south lake having gained control fellow opponents subdued undertook limited offensive sending din territories fell june followed mount soon fortress reach marched south facing resistance garrison egyptian flotilla sent support siege october din troops stormed breach walls killed captured entire garrison city razed left deserted returned damascus eye developments northern syria ceded important stronghold previous winter patron client relationship troubled feared base military city found decided annex winter city surrendered august terms forced hand allowed retain nearby tell syrian desert sent din recapture countered sending army south city left support absence brothers detained heir personally went camp egypt offer control return holdings egypt agreed sent din act governor fall rise fall egypt fleet boats ships arrived cyprus intent launching seventh crusade muslims conquering egypt commander louis attempted enlist launch coordinated attack egypt failed force sailed local population fled soon landed syria time heard rushed egypt avoiding instead reaching organized army raised commando force harassed ill health deteriorated mounting pressure offensive wife called meeting war generals commander chief egyptian forces ordered fortification stored large quantities provisions concentrated forces organized fleet war scattered strategic points river attempts capture thwarted king louis found critical position managed cross launch surprise attack died generals including din countered assault inflicted heavy losses simultaneously egyptian forces cut line supply preventing arrival reinforcements son newly proclaimed sultan reached point intensified battle ultimately surrendered battle king louis companions arrested alienated soon victory constantly threatened fearing positions power revolted sultan killed april married subsequently took government egypt sultan nominally dominance intent restoring supremacy direct descendants family eventually able enlist backing syria based common cause dominated egypt took damascus relative ease direct authority stood river northern peninsula december attacked egypt hearing death ascension army larger better equipped egyptian army consisting forces surviving sons din ibn din nonetheless suffered major defeat hands forces subsequently returned syria slowly slipping control forged alliance march agreed jointly launch campaign king louis released murder led army intended send forces hearing alliance immediately dispatched force tell outside order prevent junction armies rest army stationed jordan valley realizing war greatly benefit accepted din april treaty signed retain control egypt palestine including confirmed ruler muslim syria rule officially ended egypt conflict arose arranged treaty time giving control territories palestine instead placing charge handed jerusalem named given year settlement calm settled reign december sent envoys baghdad seeking formal role sultan request connected rivalry title useful future disputes sent envoys baghdad previously precisely ensure gain title putting difficult position early killed conspiracy succeeded year old son ali din held influential position soon ali rumors conspiracy alleged connection emerged accused ali din egyptian authorities syria led pressured intervene invading egypt act fearing dynasty throne gained egypt asserts independence relations grew tense refused invade egypt october fellow left damascus expelled city moved south jerusalem governor refused aid deposed pronounced mosque years allowed political cairo damascus sought protection authorities safe haven territory soon gaining jerusalem conquered sent army response battle ensued ultimately fled jordan river area reached southern tip dead sea sent submission new relationship solidified independence syria ensure independence began distribute territories palestine new allies assembled small army headed egypt spite initial gains palestine withdrew seeing overwhelmingly outnumbered egyptian army discouraged launched army regular cavalry beginning defeated egypt invasion fall empire nominal sovereignty empire force targeted territories sent embassy capital shortly assuming power great khan issued directive brother extend realms empire river raised army sacked baghdad slaughtered inhabitants including family failed assemble army protect city year lost sent delegation afterward repeating submission refused accept terms called cairo aid plea coincided successful coup cairo based remaining symbolic leadership egypt officially taking power army assembled north damascus defend city marching northern syria soon besieged week january fell great mosque citadel razed inhabitants killed sold slavery destruction caused panic muslim syria offered ally approach army allowed continue governance city resisting join forces opted flee damascus seek protection departed left christian general continue conquest damascus arrival army sacked like captured muslim cities managed rally small garrison left citadel damascus rebel occupation launching massive artillery assault citadel apparent unable relieve city newly assembled army garrison surrendered proceeded conquering killing garrison advanced south far soon captured persuade garrison afterward junior governor allied gained control syria effectively ending power region september egypt based army led challenged authority decisively defeated forces battle ain outside valley days later took damascus month syria hands killed captivity remnants dynasty syria collaborating defected fought alongside ain allowed continue rule fought alongside start conquest continued ruled descendants death new sultan annexed year tricked surrendering executed soon having previously sided ruler died briefly passed direct patronage sultan muhammad restored known author died succeeded son muhammad eventually lost favor removed post formally placed rule southeastern continued rule managed remain autonomous entity independent ruled northern breakup area waged war decisively defeated gaining possessions left bank river 14th century rebuilt castle served stronghold later supplanted ottoman_empire early 16th century culture government structure structured empire concept collective sovereignty confederation held idea family rule arrangement existed numerous petty family member sultan reigned supreme death position open strong seize subsequent rivalry syria egypt reached point rulers territory times rule differed regions syria major city ruled relatively independent family member egypt long tradition centralized rule enabled maintain direct control province cairo baghdad seat exercised cultural political territories particularly southwest asia instance chief justice damascus appointed rule political power concentrated household necessarily characterized blood relation slaves acquire great supreme power common occurrence mothers young rulers act independent powers cases rulers right exercised substantial power serving household governors army commanders outside household important supporters din ibn helped properties construct wall cairo citadel following death regent son effectively ruled egypt short time arrival later appointed deputy awarded sovereignty certain cities din given cities amid principal means recruiting educated needed administer cities towns local leaders known entered service ruling household bids power supported household revenues influence paid directly revenues high governmental body state method assignment revenues charitable known like predecessors region relatively state agencies penetrate cities towns link educated elite cities relied political usage patronage practices assignment revenue elite similar assignment commanders generals army cases enabled recruit dependent subordinate elite following conquest jerusalem establish position protect annual leaving damascus appointment ibn office seat government seat government rule reign damascus city provided strategic advantage constant war allowed sultan eye relatively ambitious syria cairo remote serve base operations served economic foundation empire rendered city critical constituent repertoire possessions proclaimed sultan cairo chose built lesser western palace larger palace complex cairo isolated urban seat government resided palace took prince living quarter father occupied pearl pavilion situated outside cairo overlooking city canal successive egypt live lesser western palace seized throne cairo period rivalry damascus cairo capital empire commenced damascus continued autonomous province ruler reserved right designate heir rule military campaigns syria reduced damascus vassal cairo addition established new rules administration government order regime conferred prominent positions state close instead relatives wife example managed affairs egypt syria officially delegated authority dead son act formally behalf demographics religion ethnicity language 12th century islam dominant religion middle_east certain religion majority outside arabian peninsula arabic language high culture urban population languages dating pre islamic rule certain extent speaking arabic time took power mother tongue early time departure sultan spoke arabic likely turkish according specializing medieval islamic culture rulers reigned late 12th century far removed origins unlike predecessors successors firmly arabic culture language formed main component identity instead heritage arabic prevalent tribe partially arabic speaking world members came power non arabic names exceptions included non arabic surname rulers spoke fluent arabic number minor composed arabic poetry ruling families differed ranks armies lacked cultural turks dominating cavalry nomadic arabs filling ranks infantry groups typically settled pastoral areas outside cities centers cultural life relatively isolated arabic dominant urban environment isolation allowed preserve traditions thought spoke turkish military commanders like predecessors rulers egypt maintained substantial force military slaves half 13th century drawn turks strong evidence forces continued speak turkish majority syria population 12th century consisted muslims typically arab backgrounds sizable muslim communities presence small persian origin having migrated resided mountainous area near northern syrian coastline large christian communities existed northern syria palestine upper speaking indigenous area belonging orthodox church lived villages christian mixed christian muslim population monasteries small towns appear friendly terms muslim neighbors led patriarch population adhered islam form inhabitants upper muslim turks significant minority region jews spread islamic world cities jewish communities important roles jews played trade manufacture finance medicine parts syria jews lived rural towns attempted forcibly convert jews process ceased death jewish community particularly egypt palestine existed minority egypt large communities christians turks black groups large presence upper egypt non muslims egypt generally prospered exception reign position number enacted non muslim population advent syrian expeditionary force consisting turks egypt waves minorities occurred religion incidents occurred beginning reign sultan egypt encouragement adviser christians prohibited employment fiscal administration continued allow christians serve posts number regulations imposed including alcohol consumption religious ringing church bells conversion high ranking christians families islam took place early period rule according historian persecution non muslims permanent effects nonetheless effects local contained manage mediterranean trade permitted europeans mainly italians french settle alexandria large numbers aftermath fifth crusade merchants area arrested expelled generally employed turks people higher ranking posts military bureaucratic fields known foot soldiers army numbers known fluctuated cavalry largely composed free born turks purchased slaves addition existed arab units separate arab contingents notably tribe largely devoted defense egypt rivalry turkish troops occurred occasionally leading positions stake end rule turks outnumbered army despite background remained groups population accurate figure population territories rule richard jones suggest 12th century syria population million palestine inhabitants egypt population million states period million people syria living villages leaving population living cities muslim cities control largest pop damascus pop pop jerusalem pop smaller cities included estimated egyptian village population million villages high density rural populations time period attributes high productivity egyptian soil allowed increased agricultural growth urban population lower consisting total egyptian population largest cities cairo pop alexandria pop pop pop pop pop numerous smaller cities river cities egypt densely populated mainly greater economy having pushed syria generally adopted policy peace war prevent muslims governance developing good commercial relations european states led interaction sides different fields economic activity particularly agriculture trade numerous measures undertaken increase agricultural production canals dug facilitate irrigation agricultural lands empire cultivation officially encouraged meet great demand local inhabitants europeans new plants introduced europe trade including rice main factor boosted industry trade new interests europeans developed came contact muslims included plants india likewise europeans developed new tastes matter clothing home manufactured middle_east central asia introduced west interaction christian pilgrims visiting jerusalem returned arab keeping relics addition eastern works art glass pottery gold silver etc highly prized europe european demand agricultural products industrial stipulated maritime activity international trade unprecedented extent played leading role controlled sea trade routes passed ports egypt red_sea trade policy placed position great advantage mediterranean_sea prevented having access red_sea kept trade indian_ocean exclusively hands mediterranean trade drew large benefits form taxes commissions learned italians development international trade elementary principles credit banking developed jewish italian merchants regular banking agents syria business behalf masters bills exchange dealings money deposited banking centers syria encouragement trade industry provided funds needed military expenditure developmental everyday lifestyle works special attention economic state empire maintained strict control expenditure said death left treasury equivalent budget year education educated rulers patrons learning educational activity different type schools built empire education knowledge islam according ibn damascus schools large number monasteries built schools jerusalem cairo alexandria cities similarly schools built successors wives daughters commanders nobles established financed numerous educational institutions built schools instruction systems religious thought takeover schools denominations syria founded separate schools century ibn counted damascus schools restored egypt established reign additional entire period rule locations religious political economic significance particular schools dedicated belonged built near tomb located adjacent important centers pilgrimage major focus devotion schools built egypt jerusalem damascus high ranking government officials unusual time founded egypt schools including medical institutions schools residential teachers students resided rule teachers appointed received salary institutions taught student offered lodging resort teacher art requested regular grants cover needs considered prestigious institutions society possible obtain job government receiving education science medicine facilities patronage provided led resurgence intellectual activity different branches knowledge learning territories controlled took special interest fields medicine built maintained hospitals cairo known hospital damascus treated patients provided medical schooling scientists physicians flourished period egypt syria iraq ibn ibn scholars served household directly personal physicians architecture military architecture supreme expression period restoration islam especially previously dominated egypt constructing radical change implemented egypt enclosure cairo city wall techniques fortification learned curtain walls following natural topography inherited like round towers techniques developed simultaneously particularly concentric planning muslim women particularly family families local governors families religious scholars took active role architecture damascus witnessed sustained patronage religious architecture women responsible construction religious charitable institutions known impressive building syria regent queen patron september construction cairo citadel began orders according chose hills build citadel air city construction determined atmosphere defensive necessity example existing fortresses syria walls towers northern section citadel largely works towers totally semi circular units completed citadel strengthened enlarged existing towers added number square towers served self contained keeps according richard impressive structures series massive rectangular keeps walls northern enclosure fortifications identified masonry towers smooth dressed stones heavier style common feature fortifications seen citadel damascus syria underwent major period specifically reign architectural achievements focused areas citadel fortifications developments total rebuilding city enclosure began removed din temporary need rebuilt northern northwestern walls susceptible outside attack building towers stretch wall princes military officers tower identified particular prince inscribed later extended eastern wall south east reflecting desire incorporate dilapidated fortress outside city enclosure completely rebuilt gate stands today masterpiece medieval syrian military architecture architecture left lasting impression citadel rebuilt water network expanded streets quarters provided addition dozens built city period jerusalem following conquest marked huge investment construction houses markets public numerous works undertaken temple mount ordered inner walls pillars dome rock covered marble initiated renovation dome drum mosque repaired built northern porch mosque gates dome ascension built restoration work existing free standing temple mount


japanese hepburn home video game console released sega november japan september north_america october europe sixth generation video game consoles preceding sony playstation nintendo gamecube microsoft xbox sega final home console marking end company years console market contrast expensive hardware unsuccessful sega saturn designed reduce costs shelf components including released japan subdued reception enjoyed successful launch backed large marketing campaign interest system steadily declined sony built hype upcoming playstation sales meet sega expectations despite price cuts company continued significant financial losses change leadership sega discontinued march withdrawing console business restructuring party publisher million units sold worldwide short lifespan limited party support reviewers considered console ahead time library contains games considered creative innovative including crazy taxi jet set radio high quality ports sega arcade system board console include built internet support online play history background released sega genesis known sega mega drive europe japan sega entry fourth generation video game consoles selling million units worldwide genesis successful console sega released successor genesis sega saturn released japan saturn rom based console displayed computer graphics complex dual architecture difficult program chief competitor sony playstation saturn debuted playstation japan united_states surprise launch came months earlier originally scheduled marred lack distribution remained continuing problem system sega early release undermined sony simultaneous announcement playstation retail compared saturn initial price nintendo long delay releasing competing console damage sega reputation poorly supported add genesis particularly sega allowed sony establish market playstation immediately successful massive advertising campaign strong party support sony excellent development tools liberal licensing fee sony success aided price war sega lowered price saturn order match price playstation saturn hardware expensive manufacture playstation enjoyed larger software library losses saturn hardware contributed sega financial problems saw company revenue decline industry wide furthermore sega focus saturn genesis prevented fully continued strength bit market long standing disagreements sega japan sega america ceo tom interested position july sega announced appointed chairman ceo sega america leaving sega september year sega announced sega enterprises david sega japan ceo resigned positions chairman chairman sega america men remained company executive sony computer entertainment america named sega america executive vice president charge product development party relations support saturn belief hardware poorly designed publicly announced saturn future launch nintendo sales saturn sega bit software sharply reduced august sony controlled percent console market nintendo controlled percent sega controlled percent price cuts high profile games proving helpful saturn success saturn poor performance north_america sega america laid employees fall result company deteriorating financial situation resigned president sega january favor subsequently president sega america following years generally declining profits fiscal year ending march sega suffered parent consolidated financial losses listing tokyo stock exchange decline consumer product sales including decline overseas company reported consolidated net loss billion million shortly announcing financial losses sega revealed saturn north_america goal preparing launch successor decision effectively left western market sega games year rumors upcoming spread mainly sega leaked public saturn games released development early reports surfaced sega collaborate lockheed martin company alliance create new graphics processing unit conflicting accounts said bit saturn add peripheral development wholly unrelated rumored project light saturn poor market performance decided start looking outside company internal hardware development division create new console enlisted services international business machines lead man team work secret hardware project united_states referred accounts vary internal team led began development hardware account sega japan tasked teams suggests bothered choice begin development externally chose hardware team begin development group chose architecture graphics manufactured production initially known project later metallic female fighter sega fighter series group opted use graphics alongside central processing unit sega management later asked use chip described shelf components began result legal obligations unveiled contracts sega including development new console angered sega japan executives eventually decided use cut ties according sega america vice president communications brand manager charles presentations games solution showcased performance low cost delivered architecture stated sega relationship japanese company probably difference sega decision adopt japanese team design hand felt version version japan wanted japanese version japan won result filed lawsuit sega claiming breach contract eventually settled court choice use architecture concerned electronic arts longtime developer sega consoles invested unfamiliar selected architecture reportedly powerful recounted general manager sega hardware division oliver managing director sega subsidiary cross products chosen development following lengthy process available adapt deliver geometry calculation performance necessary february sega renamed japanese sword certain hardware specifications random access memory ram finalized knowing sega saturn set high production costs complex hardware sega took different approach like previous sega consoles designed intelligent working parallel selections hardware line common personal computers video game consoles reducing system cost according masterpiece clean design compatibility chinese economist future ceo convinced sega chairman include despite significant opposition staff additional cost unit account rapid changes home data delivery sega designed sega selected rom media format system rom jointly developed sega corporation mass produced similar price normal rom avoiding greater expense dvd rom technology rom format hold data illegally copying games rom required removal certain game features prevent copying software microsoft developed custom version windows dynamic link libraries making easy port games platform programmers ultimately favor sega development tools microsoft sega held public competition new system considered different entries choosing combination dream broadcast according japanese game developer submitted created spiral logo claim verified sega start sound composed japanese musician saturn sega reputation company planned remove console entirely establish new gaming brand similar sony playstation management team ultimately decided retain sega logo exterior sega spent million hardware development million software development million worldwide promotion sum executive compared investments required design new automobiles launch despite taking massive losses saturn including percent drop half year profits japanese launch sega felt confident new system attracted significant interest drew pre orders sega announced sonic adventure game starring company mascot sonic arrive time launch promoted game large scale public demonstration tokyo forum hall sega achieve shipping goals japanese launch shortage caused high failure rate manufacturing process half limited stock pre ordered sega stopped pre orders japan november launched japan price entire stock sold end day games available launch port fighter successful arcade game sega released japan sold sega estimated additional units sold sufficient supply key software titles sonic adventure sega rally championship delayed arrived following weeks sales continued slower expected hoped sell million units japan february sold sega attempts build sufficient installed base ensure survival arrival competition manufacturers reports disappointed japanese consumers returning purchase additional playstation software released july considered major hit japan prior western launch sega reduced price effectively making hardware increasing sales price reduction release soul helped sega gain percent shares working closely midway games developed launch titles system taking advantage months following release japan sega america worked ensure successful launch minimum launch games despite lingering bitterness saturn early release successfully managed repair relations major retailers sega units addition pre launch promotion enabled consumers rent system hollywood video months preceding september launch sega america senior vice president marketing peter moore fan attitude previously associated sega brand worked cone access communications develop thinking campaign second television commercials emphasized hardware power according moore needed create intrigue consumers somewhat apologize past things loved sega primarily genesis days august sega america confirmed fired leaving moore direct launch prior release sega dealt blow largest party video game publisher announced develop games system executive gordon claimed sega couldn afford kind license years recounted president larry wanted exclusive rights sports brand accept sega recent million purchase sports game developer visual concepts popular sports games sega sports titles developed mainly visual concepts helped fill void launched north_america september price sega marketing dubbed eighteen launch titles available sega set new sales record selling units hours earning company million moore called biggest hours entertainment retail history weeks sales exceeded christmas sega held percent north american video game significant launch titles included soul arcade fighting game enhanced system went sell million units visual concepts high quality football simulation nfl november sega announced sold million units launch marred sega manufacturing plants produced sega released europe october price november consoles sold europe christmas sega europe reported selling units placing months ahead schedule sales continue pace october sega sold million units europe sega promotions europe company sponsored european football clubs arsenal england saint france italy spain competition launch successful sony held percent overall video game market share north_america playstation end march report called highly publicized like announcement sony revealed details generation playstation claimed allow video games convey unprecedented emotions center sony marketing plan upcoming playstation new jointly developed sony emotion engine announced feature graphics times contemporary graphics floating point calculation performance second sony invested billion large scale integration plants manufacture playstation emotion engine graphics synthesizer designed machine push raw video game console history sony claimed playstation render million raw second absolutely effects million accounting features textures artificial intelligence physics effects sony estimated playstation render million second independent estimates ranged million million compared roughly million system utilize dvd rom format hold substantially data rom format connect internet playing movies music video games sony playstation future home entertainment rumors spread playstation capable guiding missiles displaying toy story quality graphics boasted online capabilities consumers ability jack matrix addition sony emphasized playstation backwards compatible hundreds popular playstation games sony specifications appeared render obsolete months launch reports later emerged playstation powerful expected distinctly difficult program games year nintendo announced generation console meet exceed market microsoft began development console sega initial momentum proved sales exceeded million end began decline early january poor japanese sales contributed sega billion million consolidated net loss fiscal year ending march followed similar loss billion previous year marked sega consecutive annual loss sega overall sales term increased sales north_america europe greatly exceeded company expectations increase sales coincided decrease investments required launch western markets poor software sales japan time increasingly poor market conditions reduced sega japanese arcade business prompting company close locations knowing fish fish biting sega america president peter moore assumed position fired sega japan developers focused market prepare upcoming launch ps2 end sega america launched internet service provider led ceo september launched internet gaming service subscription price month sega previously released title featured online multiplayer rocket puzzle game developed sonic team launch allowed users chat send email surf web combined nfl football game including robust online component intended increase demand market service later support games including online star online iii arena tournament september launch coincided new advertising campaign promote including mtv_video_music_awards day sega sponsored second consecutive year sega employed aggressive strategies relation online gaming japan sold included free year internet access personally paid prior launch sega offered owner purchased years internet access increase appeal sega dropped price compared ps2 launch price offered price free keyboard month subscription moore stated need sell million units end order remain viable platform sega ultimately fell short goal million units sold sega attempts spur increased sales lower prices cash caused escalating financial losses instead expected profit months ending september sega posted billion million loss company projecting year end loss billion estimate doubled billion march sega posted consolidated net loss billion million ps2 october launch marred shortages planned million units shipped manufacturing benefit expected disappointed consumers continued wait ps2 version original playstation best selling console start holiday season according moore playstation effect relying work people hang long possible effectively happened playstation lack availability marketplace eventually sony nintendo held percent video game market respectively sega held percent according software sold ratio hardware ratio small install base didn revenue platform viable medium long term decline replaced president sega long openly advocated sega abandon console business sentiments unique sega founder david felt bit limiting potential sega hardware previously suggested sega sold company microsoft september meeting sega japanese executives heads company major japanese game development studios moore recommended sega abandon console business focus solely software prompting studio heads walk january sega announced march restructuring company platform party developer decision moore sega announced price reduction eliminate inventory estimated units april reduction cleared stores final unit manufactured heads sega internal game development studios heads visual concepts wave master given away party games competition organized gamepro magazine previously loaned sega million summer died march shortly death sega debts returned million worth sega stock helping company survive party transition restructuring nearly sega tokyo workforce laid million units sold worldwide commercial games developed released system particularly japan united_states game sales continued end half sega japan continued repair units console supported independent releases consecutive years financial losses sega finally posted profit fiscal year ending march reasons cited failure include hype ps2 lack support considered popular parties japan respectively disagreement sega executives company future lack commitment product sega lack advertising money sega spent half million pledged promote market ready online gaming sega focus hardcore gamers mainstream consumer poor timing frequently cited reason damage sega reputation caused previous poorly supported sega platforms writing gamepro blake snow stated beloved console launched years ahead competition ultimately struggled shed negative reputation sega gained saturn sega sega days result casual gamers party developers doubted sega ability deliver eurogamer dan noted wait approach consumers lack support symptoms cause sega decline concluding sega 1990s left gamers publishers wary new platform bearing according parish easy point finger sony blame killing ps2 certain level intellectual stance sega poor support hardware like sega saturn gamers gun shy consumers felt burned investing expensive sega machines finding resulting libraries comparatively lacking announcement sega party transition met widespread enthusiasm according ign travis sega creatively fertile company rapidly expanding stable properties draw like perfect position start new life developer publisher working designs president victor ireland wrote actually good thing sega survive best software staff newsweek remarked sonic sega programmers produced engaging experiences history interactive media struggling console platform platoon world class software developers best machine market predicted potential catch electronic arts game informer commenting sega tendency produce appreciated cult classics stated let fact sega making games equally current console crop history repeat technical specifications hardware physically measures weighs main way bit instruction data bit graphics oriented floating point unit delivering rendering engine integrated system capable drawing million second deferred sega estimated theoretically capable rendering million raw second higher figure excluding textures lighting company conceded game logic physics reduce peak graphic performance graphics hardware effects include spatial anti bump mapping system output approximately million colors simultaneously displays progressive scan video video resolution sound bit core generate voices providing times performance saturn sound system main ram additional ram graphic textures ram sound system reads media speed rom drive addition windows supports sega application programming regions included online future upgrades original japanese model pal models transfer rate consoles sold japan september featured models sega constructed numerous models exclusive japan refurbished known originally network console japanese model divers possesses shape similar sonic head includes television software hello version limited units produced targeted japanese female gamers special editions created resident evil code color variations sold service called direct japan toyota offered special edition units dealers japan north_america limited edition black released sega sports logo lid included matching sega sports branded black controllers games accessories controller includes analog stick digital pad action buttons analog system ports controller bundled controller design controller described staff edge ugly evolution saturn controller called great sam kennedy lame game informer andy staff ign wrote unlike controllers sega pad forces user hands uncomfortable parallel position contrast sega sega saturn included internal backup memory uses memory card called visual memory unit data storage features small screen audio output channel sound source non volatile memory directional pad buttons present game information minimal handheld gaming device connect certain sega arcade machines example players use plays nfl raise virtual pets sonic adventure sega officials noted private viewing area absence prevented effective implementation types games past slot incorporated controller design sega engineers found additional uses second slot added slot generally vibration packs providing force feedback like sega jump pack performance pack including microphone enabling voice control player communication party cards provide storage contain screen addition announced compatible drive store data discs released party controllers companies like mad include additional buttons extra features parties manufactured arcade style fighting games arcade stick interact arcade stick mad created racing wheels racing games sega decided releasing official light gun party light guns available supports sega fishing reel rod motion controller keyboard text entry designed fishing games sega bass fishing soul playable fishing controller translated vertical horizontal movements screen manner cited predecessor wii remote japanese port sega virtual supported twin sticks peripheral game american publisher opted release connect neo pocket color nintendo gamecube game boy advance link cable sega produced digital camera connected exchange pictures participate video chat system internet connection sega hoped developers use future software later sony similar peripheral addition sega investigated systems allowed users telephone calls discussed development internet enabled cell phone technology console enable quick downloads games data console supply video different accessories console came cables considered time standard video audio sega parties manufactured video cables allows games played computer displays enhanced definition television sets game library launch japan sega announced release new arcade operation machine idea arcade board served cheaper alternative sega model shared technology albeit twice system video audio memory flash rom board place rom drive allowing nearly identical home conversions arcade games games ported leading japanese arcade companies including marvel project justice dead alive treasure sega challenge crazy taxi called brief moment remarkable creativity sega arcade console development teams semi autonomous studios headed company designers studios included united game artists headed sega rally championship producer headed crazy taxi creator future sega president headed including future developers team headed composed developers sega franchises including wars streets rage sega sega famous arcade studio developer sega fighter fighting game series headed company developer sonic team developer sega flagship series sonic headed sega design houses encouraged experiment benefited relatively approval process resulting titles attempt simulate form rail shooter dead version house dead remade touch trainer pet players use microphone interact fish growth narrated japan exclusive role playing game employing commentary perceived abundance sequels produced video game industry players tasked preventing sega going business sega revived franchises genesis era sega internal studios consolidated starting leaving company following merger sonic team created music game space channel players help female outer space news reporter named fight aliens groove energy dancing intended female casual audience space channel considered sega daring beloved original properties combining retro uplifting soundtrack dazzling colorful visual presentation despite lack real gameplay substance space channel commercially successful title available market ps2 port released limited quantities arcade ports included crazy taxi open world arcade racing game known addictive gameplay sold million copies frequently cited best games tennis tennis game genre simple button control scheme use test player technique jet set radio players control tokyo based gang youthful rebellious called use graffiti claim territory rival gangs oppressive police force cited major example sega commitment original game concepts lifespan lauded composer psychedelic soundtrack incorporating elements pop electro funk message self expression non violent dissent game popularized shaded graphics despite wide praise style criticized jet set radio gameplay mediocre failed meet sega sales expectations produced developed traditional role playing game skies acclaimed surreal inspired fantasy world floating islands sky pirates charming protagonists unique emphasis environmental properties weapons exciting battles memorable plot including sequence viewed multiple perspectives developed sega hoped killer app revenge epic tradition chinese cinema action adventure title involved quest protagonist avenge father murder main selling point rendition japanese city included level detail considered unprecedented video game incorporating simulated day night cycle variable weather non player characters regular schedules ability pick examine detailed objects introducing quick time event modern form went budget rumored cost sega million originally planned installment saga eventually trilogy sequel released lauded innovation visuals music critical reception mixed points criticism included invisible walls limited player sense freedom caused inability progress waiting events scheduled occur specific times excessive game cutscenes lack challenge according moore sold extremely game chance making profit limited installed base completed reasonable sum defended investment someday development advances learned applied games addition mixed reception ign travis stated era wasn kind earlier years citing challenge acclaimed arcade title didn home port fighter inferior arcade version couple years old popular predecessors fighter series experience tremendous comeback universally acclaimed fighter saw console release exclusively ps2 fully game starring sega mascot sonic sonic team sonic adventure considered centerpiece launch adventure garnered criticism technical problems including erratic camera angles praised visuals vast twisting environments iconic set pieces including segment sonic runs skyscraper described sonic series creative apex failed catch players nearly way nintendo mario perceived lack gameplay depth distinguished innovative use multiple storylines varied forms play adventure sold million copies making best selling title sonic team developed online game rocket widely complimented addictive puzzle gameplay frantic multiplayer matches critically successful music game noted expensive peripheral colorful aesthetic influential sonic team releases star online online console rpg developed requested online game sonic team heavily influenced action rpg refined simplified style gameplay appeal console audiences sports visual concepts nfl football series nba basketball series critically acclaimed nfl considered outstanding launch game high quality visuals context friendly yes funny commentary nfl featured groundbreaking online multiplayer earlier chief competitor nfl series continued compete platforms series introducing innovations person perspective new genre eventually launching espn nfl aggressively low price point signed exclusive agreement national_football_league effectively putting pro football game business sega sold visual concepts million nba series continued publisher interactive lifespan visual concepts collaborated sonic level designer action adventure game developed critically successful action game appeal european market sega formed french affiliate called cliché developed titles toy commander sega europe approached bizarre creations develop critically successful racing game metropolis street featured detailed london tokyo san_francisco complete consistent time zones fictional radio stations individual race tracks acclaim midway supported system year party developer support proved difficult obtain failure sega saturn publishing playstation soul example released relative soul series time successful franchise associated playstation console playstation based arcade boards soul received overwhelming critical acclaim frequently described best games system produced number fighting games system including power stone series addition temporary exclusive popular resident evil series called resident evil code known shoot ups notably treasure january months system north american launch electronic gaming monthly offered praise game library stating triple stuff like soul nba soon crazy taxi kick figure happy took bit retrospective magazine wilson referred killer library emphasized sega creative influence visual innovation peak lifetime system staff edge agreed assessment original titles sega arcade conversions stating system delivered games described arcade perfect gamepro writer blake snow referred library celebrated retro gamer praised arcade ports opining thrill playing crazy taxi arcade knowing perfect conversion cut port set arrive experience gamers unlikely witness nick writing loading journal canadian game studies association argued hosted remarkable development went odd unusual interesting considered avant garde hard imagine commercial console game expressing strong resistance perspective view game production commerce comes resisting games came closer expressing attitude console games parish favorably compared sega output included varied creative fun games company produced status party noted life saturated memorable titles completely new properties according author kent sonic adventure space channel delivered delivered delivered reception legacy december generation rated stars stated want powerful system available showcasing best graphics reasonable price system generation rated future stars article noting sony ship superior hardware product playstation year nintendo said gamecube beginning electronic gaming monthly reviewers score points reviewers electronic gaming monthly gave scores recognized sega best products ign named 8th greatest video game console time giving credit innovations software system according ign console incorporate built online play networking lacked polish successors time users seamlessly power play users globe magazine wilson named greatest video game console emphasizing system gone soon edge named 10th best console years highlighting innovations added console video gaming including game voice chat downloadable content second screen technology use edge explained system poor performance stating sega console undoubtedly ahead time suffered retail reason influence felt today writing video games play die duncan harris noted reasons older gamers loss signaled demise arcade gaming culture sega console gave hope things change worse fast fun bright attractive graphics sink brown green realistic war games parish writing contrasted diverse library sense gaming industry following decade dan eurogamer discussing portrayal small square white plastic commented system short lifespan sealed reputation greatest consoles builds cult like tragic demise according ign travis hardware manufacturers come gone unlikely half class sega


sega sega known net work system online service mega drive japan later brazil utilizing internet access sega online multiplayer gaming service functioned pay play basis system functioned use peripheral called mega offered unique titles downloaded played friends addition shared technology equipment services mega banking purposes system announced north_america genesis released region ultimately service short lived lasting approximately year discontinued serve precursor sega channel services predecessor online gaming services video game consoles retrospective feedback praises attempt sega introduce online gaming criticizes service logistical issues lack titles history sega bit console sega genesis known mega drive areas outside north_america released japan october launch overshadowed nintendo release super mario week earlier positive coverage magazines famitsu helped establish following sega managed ship units year order draw larger audience sega began work internet service similar nintendo attempted nes released japan november cost approximately equipment additional monthly access began service way mega peripheral rear pin port rear console cable runs dual port connector connects telephone line mega came packaged cartridge allowed access game library approximately titles available launch capable connection speeds service advertised north_america genesis publications electronic gaming monthly released region way attempting expand audience mega drive japan sega introduced mega system designed use bank japan packaged system including mega drive mega mega cartridge system allowed transactions balance inquiries transfers loan information initially cost including home console version additional printer system low number titles high price mega drive lack success japan system proved commercial failure mega peripheral found bargain reduced price version mega drive released removed pin port altogether preventing newer model connected service internet service launched brazil main focus region mail service capable online multiplayer chat features similar mega home banking product released region hardware services provided sega distributor region game library service utilized library titles independent genesis library games received cartridge release columns fatal labyrinth boy blues later saw cartridge versions games later appear game vol released mega exclusively japan games service small game limits internet connection speeds time downloads estimated minutes complete games available sega game library accessed issues long distance charges use telephone lines seconds time commands games featured competitive play stadium remainder games available single players download sega reluctance commit releasing service north_america party developers region unwilling invest developing games specifically resulted low number titles created service reception legacy retrospective feedback sega service mixed praising early initiative develop online gaming video consoles criticizing implementation use telephone lines issues sega lack developers service adam ign commented basic features service despite noting received games stated hat pretty damn impressive notes influence sega development online gaming service attempt credits successor sega channel helping spread internet telephone line network ran criticized logistical issues online gaming according electronic gaming monthly announced appear real device play games friends phone lines remains questionable phone lines clear phone bills problem long distance etc issues plagued use phone lines internet later catapult entertainment launched service took note sega reluctance commit releasing service north_america reason lack titles noting companies likely waiting confirmation release began commit time attested waiting ahead development light sega wait attitude went criticize issue problem sega sega stating history repeat manners years later sega expectations party support showed little enthusiasm entirely unrealistic ultimately meant games pipeline


playstation playstation abbreviated home video game console developed sony interactive entertainment sony computer entertainment announced successor playstation press conference february launched november north_america november europe south_america australia february japan competes nintendo wii microsoft xbox eighth generation video game consoles moving away complex cell predecessor console features accelerated processing unit built architecture theoretical peak performance stated powerful developed date playstation places increased emphasis social interaction integration devices services including ability play games console playstation supported sony mobile devices remote play ability stream gameplay online friends controlling gameplay remotely share play console controller redesigned improved playstation improved buttons analog sticks integrated changes reception playstation prior launch positive critics praising sony acknowledging consumers needs embrace independent game development imposing digital rights management schemes microsoft previously announced xbox prior release critics party studios praised capabilities playstation comparison competitors developers described performance difference console xbox significant obvious heightened demand helped sony global console sales million consoles sold worldwide history according lead architect mark development sony fourth video game console began early years earlier playstation launched months delays issues production delay placed sony year microsoft xbox approaching unit sales million time launched playstation europe ceo jim ryan said sony wanted avoid repeating mistake successor designing system sony worked software developer offered input controller better shooting games sony began shipping development kits game developers consisting modified running accelerated processing unit development kits known early sony announced event known playstation meeting held new_york_city february cover future playstation sony officially announced playstation event revealed details console hardware discussed new features introduce sony showed real time footage games development technical demonstrations design console unveiled june electronic entertainment expo initial recommended retail prices europe given company revealed release dates north_america central_america south_america europe australia final pieces information press event cologne germany august console released november united_states canada followed releases november end launched european asian south american countries released japan february sony finalized deal chinese government sell products mainland china product released chief executive officer sony said chinese market given size obviously potentially large market video game products think able replicate kind success parts world china september sony reduced price japan similar price drops southeast asian markets official sub bundle drake collection released october version offered time october official price cut north_america announced reduction canada official price cut europe followed late october reduced june sony confirmed hardware revision playstation rumored neo development new revision higher end model meant support gameplay new model sold alongside existing model existing software compatible models stated plans market gamers playing neo experience delivered higher resolution enhanced graphical experience going exactly expect hardware technology playstation similar hardware found modern personal computers familiarity designed easier expensive game studios develop games technical specifications playstation uses accelerated processing unit developed cooperation sony combines central processing unit graphics processing unit components memory controller video consists core jaguar totaling consists units produce theoretical peak performance system memory capable running maximum clock frequency maximum memory console contains memory times ram found expected console considerable longevity includes secondary custom chips handle tasks associated social gameplay tasks handled seamlessly background gameplay system sleep mode console contains audio module support game chat large number audio streams use game read optical drive capable reading blu ray discs speeds times predecessor console features hardware fly module optical disc reading speed data game actively optical drive console supports photos videos resolution system expected render games console includes hard drive additional storage upgraded user playstation features ports auxiliary port included connection playstation camera motion detection digital camera device introduced bundled system audio video output options include optical audio console analog audio video output features rest mode feature places console low power state allowing users immediately resume game app console console able download content game updates state controllers playstation primary controller similar connects console compatible equipped new features including controller supports motion detection plus improved vibration playstation controller feature official support windows operating system powered non battery controller features output stereo jack supports connection regular allow user speak hear audio simultaneously micro extension port speaker included controller charged ways micro dedicated charging station console powered features following buttons button share button options button directional buttons action buttons triangle circle cross square shoulder buttons analog stick click buttons click button mark changes previous playstation controllers start select buttons merged options button share button allows players videos gameplay experiences stream streaming services redesigned based developer input feature concave surface backing enhance grip feature unique light bar display variant colors based existing technology playstation colors help identify players alert critical messages low health game interacting playstation camera perceived movement depth controller light bar led existing playstation controllers supported camera playstation camera optional motion sensing playstation similar xbox includes lenses operating focusing distance field view dual camera setup allows different modes operation depending initiated running application cameras depth sensing surrounding objects field vision alternatively cameras generating video image motion tracking playstation camera features channel microphone array helps reduce unwanted background noise voice commands playstation camera connected different users automatically log system face detection playstation march sony unveiled playstation virtual reality device playstation featuring head mounted display resolution degree field view device scheduled released october retail price camera controllers free game tracked surface guided playstation camera primarily variety games soon set playstation exclusively major virtual reality target consumers rift alternative software services playstation system software playstation operating system called based console require internet connection function functionality available connected internet include based web departure predecessor uses based modern core google apple giving high compatibility compliance testing helps stand consoles playstation introduces new menu interface titled playstation dynamic menu featuring variety color schemes interface displays player identity recent activity details addition unlocked trophies allows multiple user accounts player account option share real friends use nickname situations important facebook profiles connected playstation network accounts making easier recognize friends default home screen features real time content friends new activity feed includes shared media recently played games services party vendors amazon video accessible interface option gameplay opening web managing party chat switching rapidly applications double tapping button playstation camera microphone enables users control system voice input comes microphone controller players command interface start game save videos saying playstation voice control commands displays list possible commands features playstation system software supports blu ray disc including functionality dvd playing longer supported music video files streamed media drives media player app playstation network playstation allows users access variety free premium playstation network services including playstation store playstation plus subscription service playstation music powered playstation video subscription service allows owners rent buy shows films united_states cloud based television programming service known playstation began beta testing late november sony intends expand evolve services offers console lifespan unlike playstation plus membership required access multiplayer games requirement apply free play subscription based titles second screen remote play interact playstation second screen devices wake console sleep mode sony tablet playstation streaming gameplay console handheld allowing supported games played remotely household away home sony ambitions games playable playstation developers add specific controls use remote play feature later expanded enable remote play functionality microsoft windows apple update scheduled april allow remote play functionality computers running windows windows remote play support resolution options frame rate options controller connected computer port playstation app allows ios android mobile devices interact playstation device user use application purchase titles console remotely downloaded watch live streams gamers view game maps playing games social features sony focused social aspects major feature console improved social functionality features optional disabled community creation users option create join community groups based personal interest communities include discussion board accomplishments game clips shared members plus ability join group chat launch cooperative games sony stated communities good way like minded players particularly want tackle big multiplayer raid don friends available media sharing controller includes share button allowing player cycle minutes gameplay select video clip appropriate sharing media uploaded seamlessly console users social networking sites facebook twitter youtube users copy media flash drive social network website preference live broadcasting gamers watch live game play footage titles friends playing interface cross game camera microphone input broadcast live video game play public services youtube gaming allowing friends members public view comment web devices user broadcasting footage play session friend send request watch share play share play feature allows users invite online friend join play session streaming copy game users pass control game entirely remote user cooperative multiplayer physically present mark says remote assistance particularly useful confronted potentially game defeating obstacle friend trouble reach network controller assist difficult portion game said share play requires playstation plus subscription hour time games playstation games distributed retail blu ray disc digitally downloads playstation store games region locked titles purchased region played consoles regions players sign console access entire digital game library playstation games installed console storage users begin play portions game opening levels installation download reaches specific point remainder game downloaded installed background updates games system software downloaded background standby users future able titles stream games demo sony says committed releasing increasing number free play games including war thunder sony took steps easier independent game developers release titles giving option self publish games rely distribute titles backward compatibility playstation compatible playstation games directly selected games available streaming playstation december sony released emulated versions selected playstation games digital purchases high definition support social features playstation compatible ps2 games playstation december andrew house indicated sony planning launch cloud gaming service north_america quarter european launch follow consumer electronics january sony unveiled playstation digital service initially allow users access playstation games cloud based streaming system purchasing games individually subscription solution backwards compatibility hardware console united_states open beta went live july official united_states release service january playstation closed beta united_kingdom release critical reception pre release pre release reception console developers journalists positive mark epic games praised enhanced architecture sony system describing phenomenal piece hardware john programmer founder software commended design saying sony wise engineering choices gearbox software expressed satisfaction high speed memory console eurogamer called graphics technology impressive improvement difficulties developers experienced playstation numerous industry professionals acknowledged playstation performance advantage xbox speaking edge magazine multiple game developers described difference significant obvious says graphics processing unit offers advantage competition nature cross platform development titles share assets appear similar scenarios designers tap additional power straightforward manner boost frame rate output higher resolution games sony party studios advantage hardware probably look significantly better xbox response concerns surrounding possibility measures hinder games particular initial policies xbox contain restrictions jack explicitly stated sony press conference restrictions trading games physical media software product development head scott specified sony planning online passes going policies designed consumer friendly extremely retailer friendly extremely publisher friendly sony press conference ign responded positively sony attitude indie developers trading games stating thought gamers agree care games like sony buy playstation playstation hard drive drew praise ign scott commenting decision gave console advantage xbox hard drive accessed gamespot called playstation gamer choice generation citing price lack restrictive digital rights management importantly sony efforts acknowledge consumers respect audience major factors post release playstation acclaimed critics scott ign gave rating praising console design social integration features criticized console lack software features touch pad gave similar review complimenting new control sticks addition new remote play feature criticized system lack media support launch ign compared xbox playstation categories allowing readers vote preferred system won category offered ign awarded people choice award shortly following launch apparent games released multiple platforms available higher resolutions opposed video game consoles hamilton reported differences early games duty ghosts assassin creed black flag ran respectively xbox ran sales demand playstation strong august sony announced placement million console north american launch date million playstation consoles sold playstation best selling console launch sale consoles hour period weeks january andrew house announced consumer electronics speech million units sold end million software units sold february sony announced february sold million console units following release north american western european markets days release japan weekend february consoles sold software unit sales surpassed million april japan fiscal year heightened demand helped sony global console sales beating nintendo time years according data released nielsen august months released thirty percent sales existing wii xbox owners owned announced million units sold consumers worldwide november announced playstation selling console tenth consecutive month sales announcement sony confirmed january sold million playstation units sony updated sell figures system million consoles march million november million end total worldwide sales reached million playstation holds market share european countries june


odyssey odyssey commercial home video game console developed small team led associates released united_states september overseas following year odyssey consists white black brown box connects television set rectangular controllers attached wires capable displaying square dots screen black white different behavior dots depending game played sound capabilities players place plastic screen create visuals players game control dots button controller accordance rules given game odyssey console came packaged paper money board game games peripheral controller video game light gun sold separately idea video game console thought august years bill harrison bill created seven successive prototype consoles seventh known brown box shown manufacturers agreed produce january releasing console september sold units end year time console discontinued console spawned odyssey series dedicated consoles odyssey games system game inspiration successful arcade game turn driving sales console patents console games including termed judge pioneering patent video game art formed basis series lawsuits years earning million release odyssey marked end early history video games rise commercial video game industry start generation video game consoles design odyssey consists black white brown box connected wires rectangular controllers primary console box connects television set included allows player switch television input odyssey regular television input cable presents like television channel controllers designed sit flat surface contain button marked reset controller right controller left extending reset button reset game instead different games reset individual elements making player dot visible turned game system powered batteries included optional power supply sold separately odyssey lacks sound capability display white shapes blank black screen internally odyssey architecture composed digital computing parts implemented logic newly emerging logic integrated circuits cost concerns games use like later consoles instead use game cards composed printed circuit boards plug console cards modify internal like set switches causing odyssey display different components react differently multiple games use cards different instructions given player change style game odyssey capable displaying square dots vertical line screen dots controlled players console main console moves vertical line screen speed computer controlled dot different games directed player adjust different positions example change center line tennis game wall game games include plastic stick television static create visuals game different games use game card different change game controls example mountain ski path movement based simon says game addition odyssey came poker chips score sheets play money game boards like traditional board game peripheral controller released odyssey video game light gun named shooting gallery rifle shaped device registered hit pointed light source dot television screen shooting based games included light gun development working military contractor electronics engineer assigned build television set idea build television set owner control remote television station pursue idea returned august waiting bus head equipment design division military contractor associates came concept television play games morning wrote page proposal game box plug television screen play games commercial video game industry exist point electronic computer games developed start 1950s early games developed computers typically found large academic research institutions proposal began referring project military terminology time finished referring channel short let play proposed device transmit signal television set tune television channel described games played channel little typical military contracts worked bring idea bosses instead room assigned technicians bob work december initial prototype later christened game completed display vertical line television screen demonstrated prototype director research development agreed fund labor materials making official project spent months designing prototypes february assigned technician bill harrison begin building project harrison spent months projects building successive modifications prototype collaborated engineer bill design console including developing basis games system game developed player gamer players repeatedly press button competition fill bucket water june multiple games completed second prototype box included game players controlled dots chasing light gun shooter game plastic rifle demonstrated new prototype enjoyed shooting game increased funding recommended demonstrate project senior management demonstrated console board largely couple members enthusiastic ceo authorized project continued aim selling licensing console commercial product august harrison completed prototype machine found come near initial aim console require excluded resulting console enjoyable additionally felt proving successful designing fun games system formally added bill helped come initial games system project pair found difficult work soon proved value team coming way display spots screen previous proposing development game november team fourth prototype machine game chasing game light gun game types controllers chase game rifle light gun game controller game felt system advanced begin trying find manufacturer buy decided aim selling rights produce console business making selling commercial electronics team approached cable television industry prototype attracted attention corporation seen visit months talks cash flow problems forced april economic caused problems caused financial difficulties project hold fifth prototype developed simultaneously undergoing large scale picked september time went resulting january seventh prototype known brown box wood grain system largely complete harrison unsure approach sell patent attorney recommended contacting television manufacturers demonstrated system companies expressed enthusiasm willing purchase device agreement reached soon executive bill left convinced look console creators brown box demonstrated device july received reaction executives vice president marketing martin favor agreed produce console long period negotiations companies finally signed agreement january designed exterior machine engineered consultation harrison removed ability display color controller changed system selecting games separate game cards modified console console time color seen luxury item ability color added additional expense time spent dealing testing regulations internal designed components integrated circuits cost concerns concerns longer valid time redesign internal component machine prior planned production start date named console skill vision testing released odyssey rifle game turned separately sold add game shooting gallery added paper money playing cards poker chips console plastic games enhanced primitive visuals new additions helped raise price console upset board game additions felt pointless add unused players announced game launch date september demonstrated months prior media reception legacy odyssey released september initially ordering production run units prior release increased production capabilities built large stock systems market testing shown enthusiastic response console odyssey sold dealers general retailers felt video game console draw consumers stores device purchased television conflicting reports employees produced consoles additionally odyssey product manager bob recalls selling units year recalls sales closer stated felt low initial sales high price equivalent restricting sales implying device worked sources stated try customers effect order try sell television sets assistant product don noted sales line original projections production run according initial holiday season considered dropping console modest continuing demand following year convinced manufacture additional units holiday season selling console released countries australia belgium france germany greece israel italy soviet_union spain switzerland united_kingdom venezuela different games international release focused united_kingdom non english versions released late ran large advertising campaign products result sold odyssey units according discontinued console according sold units total worldwide statements indicate higher light gun peripheral sold units odyssey discontinued released successive dedicated consoles consoles play games built system odyssey series odyssey odyssey generation video game consoles odyssey capable playing hockey games original odyssey dedicated odyssey consoles produced true follow console odyssey showed potential video game consoles marked end early history video games beginning commercial video game industry odyssey generally considered major commercial success produced games console rejected proposals add add sound games putting controller associated golf game console variants cheaper supported players clone systems produced limited quantities multiple dedicated consoles generally focused game variants created companies true home video video consoles produced channel awarded national medal technology groundbreaking pioneering creation development interactive video games spawned related uses applications mega industries entertainment education realms june museum modern art added odyssey permanent collection video games paul described console masterpiece engineering industrial design stated hard importance place birth industry brown box prototype game prototype located institution national museum american history washington lawsuits associates chief engineer designer commercial arcade video game computer space saw demonstration odyssey inspired quit start company assigned create cheap arcade game training exercise tell training idea based odyssey table tennis game soon developed recognized potential hit company game successful turn helped drive sales odyssey noted customers bought console table tennis turn joked stopped designing games game card sued competitors including allied leisure midway williams electronics patents video games played television screen stated lawsuits filed right away needed wait expect awarded money cost pursue suits root conflict pair patents described odyssey showed player controlled objects dots video monitor described number games played system earlier went detail odyssey system dots bounce specifically game example judge ruled general patent odyssey constituted pioneering patent video game art held defendants games patents settled early court case return granted license exchange million access granted technology produced june june defendants paid higher penalties years sued companies issue focusing ball type games like table tennis clearly related game patent final lawsuits ended mid 1990s defendants included won settled lawsuit defendants unsuccessfully attempted claim patents applied specific hardware prior computer electronic games nintendo sued tried patents claiming prior art tennis game built william court ruled based game use video signals qualify video game ruled favor won million patent lawsuits settlements involving odyssey related patents addition large number patents mid 1970s list games total games distributed different game cards released odyssey games included console set america different set countries available purchase individually pack additional games primarily game cards different screen instructions game available free players sent survey card light gun shooting gallery available purchase included games cards rifle final games released sale designed wholly don games enforce game rules track score left players