love love song english rock group beatles album revolver song written sung george_harrison features indian instrumentation following harrison introduction norwegian wood beatles song fully reflect influence indian classical music recording minimal participation harrison instead created track player indian musicians asian music circle london composition pitches indian equivalent mode vocal tradition classical music musical inspiration harrison drew work master tutor shortly recording completed lyrical themes love partly love song harrison wife incorporating philosophical concepts inspired experimentation drug context release song served examples beatles expressing ideology aligned emerging love hailed critics groundbreaking presentation non western musical form rock audiences particularly regard authenticity avoidance parody author describes song slow introduction exotic acts stylistic experimentation heard popular jim james artists covered love background inspiration having added accompaniment beatles norwegian wood bird flown october george_harrison wrote love way showcase instrument said composition designed feature pair indian hand drums time music critic describes song beatles excursion rock genre author nicholas says launched harrison use norwegian wood harrison wrote song early beatles enjoying unusually long period free professional commitments inability find suitable film project available time explore interest indian classical music journalist noted contemporary article given new meaning life harrison activities included receiving tuition indian musician asian music circle north london attended music seeing indian perform royal festival hall reflected love harrison continued recordings pair met headquarters june agree harrison student typically songs period harrison unable commit naming new composition start sessions beatles revolver album band recording engineer gave song working title smith variety apple song partly inspired harrison experimentation drug credited catalyst increased awareness interest eastern philosophical concepts author views subject matter philosophical love song english model harrison married january composition musical form love key pitches indian equivalent mode composition vocal tradition north indian classical music structurally comprises opening section serves main portion song short fast close piece consists played free tempo song melody previewed style indian described harrison biographer simon essentially adaptation blues seven note motif closes serves recurring motif ensuing change metre following marks example beatles work shortly repeated john_lennon composition said said harrison helped complete joining separate pieces written set medium tempo features driving rock rhythm heavy portion composition consists bar sections bar sections structured pattern lack distinct time signature contrasted temporal reference lyrics opening verse day goes fast turn past vocal line avoids melodic typical apart use line sections keeping minimal movement indian music composition chord series implied vii chord changes occur sections mid song instrumental passage melody line incorporates aspects raising melody previewed octave song returns verses sung sections culminating line love want arrival follows convention ending composition accelerated tempo segment marks departure tradition lyrical interpretation songs written harrison recorded beatles lyrics love marked departure standard love song themes defined group previous work harrison presents variously reflects humour degree detachment regard personal relationships according music critic john harris lines people standing round screw ground fill sins serve examples beatles ideology emerging 1960s highlighting division traditional inspired perspective authors russell jim recognise statements love beatles anti onwards message inspired experience suggested psychedelic vision society commentators discussing lyrical themes mark writes harrison response time celebrate life love day long love singing songs robert rodriguez describes love somewhat oblique expression love directed bride larger concerns mortality purpose lyrics remind world material dissatisfaction moral sexual pleasure recording love track beatles recorded revolver tomorrow knows got life rodriguez comments love explicit indian influence implicit entire album songs tomorrow knows got life non album single tracks paperback writer rain incorporate sounds display limited movement genre basic track love taped london emi abbey road studios april according beatles historian mark harrison initially sang played acoustic guitar accompanied paul_mccartney backing vocals end session day takes song harrison introducing takes work resumed participation indian musicians harrison sourced founder asian music circle outside contributors included player uncredited musicians according love defined later recalled involvement george told wanted tuned suggested play style beats agreed indian music improvisation selected best performance reduction mix carried april freeing space overdubs track tape harrison added vocal referred played contributed high harmony vocal words fill sins omitted final mix harrison overdubbed tone electric guitar controlling output volume pedal producer tony guitar sounds beatles introduced revolver particularly harrison love says sounds like cutting tree vermont credit main love traditionally subject debate commentators says harrison played rodriguez writes point harrison single minded mastering instrument study private lessons proximity accomplished musicians close listening records official history beatles recording career complete beatles recording sessions states george played outside musician recruited play walter identifies harrison main player recording peter author dawn indian music west comments norwegian wood harrison playing like guitar player recording blues rock roll bends intensely intricate indian final mixing song took place june beatles rushed complete revolver beginning leg world tour harrison discussed love musicians met month social event hosted family unaware band popularity hear norwegian wood impressed harrison guitarist recordings beatles merely experiments soon meeting gave harrison lesson home surrey later performed private harrison release revolver released august love fourth track point beatles association indian music established harrison suggestion band stopped delhi return flight far_east tour highly publicised visit members group bought musical instruments ram sons place appeared cover times outside musician received official credit beatles album commentators recalling song release barry miles describes love having sounded astonishing pop revolver album writes caught people interest exotic rhythm track opening descent notes resisted indian music lyrics east west youth culture book beatles forever wrote dominant songwriting partnership harrison compositions revolver love want tell offered ample indication prolific songwriting beatles commented music harrison came seen rock western musicians began adopting indian musical beatles animated film yellow submarine brief portion song introduce harrison character guru like figure standing hill critical reception joint album review peter jones record mirror richard green song saying starts like classical indian great different play best track far allen evans nme lauded harrison playing stunning tremendous concluding fascinating mixture minor melody indian accompaniment striking tracks role guest reviewer disc music echo ray davies admired performance suggested harrison big influence group writing recently launched paul williams praise love according rodriguez critic termed injection eastern wisdom rock majority contemporary reviews lukewarm revolver reaction publication statement beatles popular christ exception new_york critic richard praised album revolutionary record later wrote song lyrics exploded passionate quality initial lack recognition revolver beat reviewer said harrison created new extension music form introduced rubber soul described love musically valid musically retrospective assessment legacy writing journal asian music david cited love revolutionary western culture adding emphasise absolutely unprecedented piece history popular music time asian music parodied familiar stereotypes transferred new environment sympathy rare understanding views series finely crafted indian based songs harrison extend solo career range authentic musical elements composition concludes minute song peter describes love conscious attempt pop emulate non western form music structure instrumentation says harrison playing song astonishing improvement norwegian wood fact love remains accomplished performance rock musician reviewing harrison musical career issue magazine dave thompson wrote song opened creative doors harrison george martin certainly dreamed passing rolling_stone contributor greg_kot pairs love major contributions saw harrison come songwriter revolver describes love experimental track harrison records makes scale incorporation eastern instruments beatles album writing music website graham views track classic standing arguably song western pop owes pop music traditions indian song structure execution allmusic editor stephen_thomas_erlewine considers love harrison best foray indian music bruce writing allmusic views exquisite song review website unimpressed track acknowledging love undoubtedly indication group rapidly barriers cites lead vocal way harrison slightly playing lyrics constitute mix free love advocacy life earth chip shoulder people exploit finds melody writes track distinguished authenticity classical instrumentation techniques harrison understanding genre review paste magazine mark described revolver album beatles completed transformation tops years earlier bold groundbreaking experimental added harrison love pure indian punctuated occasional guitar riff song paranoid drug fueled lyrics like ray sun dark forest cover versions covered love explorers hold version titled love including rare vocal performance guitarist appeared album territory song covered experimental rock band debut album double morning jacket singer jim james performed love tribute collection harrison songs james recorded shortly death november solid gold covered song minnesota project vol compilation following year recorded yellow submarine multi artist compilation issued mojo magazine personnel according kenneth george_harrison lead backing vocals acoustic guitar rhythm guitar tone lead guitar paul_mccartney backing vocal unnamed musicians asian music circle


fields forever fields forever song english rock band beatles song written john_lennon credited songwriting partnership inspired memories playing garden field salvation army children home near grew liverpool song track recorded sessions beatles sgt pepper lonely hearts club band intended inclusion album instead group record company pressure release single issued february double penny lane combination reached number united_kingdom breaking band year run chart topping singles fields forever peaked number billboard hot america considered song greatest accomplishment track incorporates reverse recorded instrumentation tape loops created editing separate versions song entirely different tempo mood musical key song later included magical mystery tour british double package fields forever defining works psychedelic rock genre covered artists beatles promotional film clip song similarly recognised influence medium music video fields memorial new_york central park named song background writing field salvation army children home corner childhood home suburb liverpool childhood friends pete play wooded garden home childhood treats garden party held summer park near home salvation army band played aunt smith recalled soon hear salvation army band starting john jump shouting come going late fields forever penny lane shared theme nostalgia early years liverpool referred actual locations songs strong psychedelic overtones producer george martin said heard fields forever thought beatles retired touring difficult periods career including popular jesus controversy band philippines lady talked song different life second verse goes think tree shy self hip saying crazy genius mean high low explaining song analysis set music began writing song spain filming richard won war september october earliest demo song recorded refrain verse mean high low know tune right mean bad revised words verse obscure wrote melody lyrics refrain functioned bridge include reference fields added verse mention fields verse released version written close time song recording refrain inspired childhood memories words hung inspired aunt strict order play grounds field replied hang verse wrote second released version second verse wrote release musical structure song originally written acoustic guitar key major recorded version approximately flat major owing manipulation recording speed finished version standard pitch instance consider introduction played involves vii progression vocals enter chorus instead verse fact taken key non chords secondary combining melodic tension intensified outrageous root movement phrase example begins somewhat melody note prevailing minor key uses semi tone notes natural 11th degrees chord note reached fields series melody notes cover phrase real prevailing chord key half measure meter verses fact vocals begin middle measure verse comes refrain measures long verse example starts major chord key chord key progresses minor according approach avoidance tactic encountered verse leading tone appearing words know know think think disagree resolves chord key directly expected instead end verse leading note dominant chord resolves prevailing end verse chord disagree middle second chorus brass introduced stressing ominous lyrics verses choruses line fields forever repeated times song fades guitar cello instrumentation song fades seconds ending playing haunting tone achieved recording swinging setting reverse scattered drumming song completes recording working title bad sound engineer remembered great great song apparent time john sang playing acoustic guitar recording began november abbey road studio track machine took hours record spread weeks song meant band album sgt pepper lonely hearts club band released single instead band recorded distinct versions song played song beatles acoustic guitar band recorded played casino played new home instrument purchased august model hired encouragement mike moody blues george_harrison played electric guitar played drums recorded began verse living easy instead chorus let starts released version verse led directly second chorus vocals automatically double tracked words fields forever end verse verse beginning harmonies harrison singing background vocals version soon abandoned went unreleased anthology compilation days later band try different arrangement second version song featured introduction followed refrain recorded takes basic tracks arrangement false starts chosen best subjected overdubs final vocal recorded tape running fast played normal speed altered giving voice sound version minute released recording recording second version song wanted different martin remembered wanted gentle dreaming song said come asked write new line strings wrote new score recorded didn like december basic track recorded electric guitar piano backwards recorded indian version reviewing tapes martin version original told martin liked versions martin tell orchestral score faster tempo higher key major version major said fix george giving martin difficult task joining takes pair editing tape machines speed control compensated differences key speed increasing speed version decreasing speed second versions starting orchestral score middle second chorus version include chorus verse seven words chorus version pitch shifting joining versions gave lead vocal slightly swimming quality end song picked drum close listening shows making comments paul dead hoax taken saying buried paul said wasn buried paul john saying sauce john humour don realise john sauce feels like start hear funny little word think shortly death expressed dissatisfaction final version song saying badly recorded accusing recording release manager brian pressed martin new beatles single martin told group recorded fields forever penny lane martin opinion finest songs date said issue songs double single previous single yellow submarine eleanor single released february united_kingdom february following beatles usual philosophy songs released single appear new albums wasn case songs ultimately left sgt pepper lonely hearts club band martin later stated mistake given album appearance magical mystery tour released double usa soundtrack singles released version version time love single beatles failed reach number charts held number release radio interview time said upset song completely different type thing said later relief took pressure penny lane reached number fields forever peaked number songs included magical mystery tour released track double song opening track compilation album released appears imagine soundtrack issued previously unreleased versions song included anthology album original home demo altered version studio complete seven minute heard master version newly mixed version song included album love version builds acoustic demo run actual recorded speed incorporates elements hello goodbye life sgt pepper lonely hearts club band penny lane promotional film beatles produced promotional film clip fields forever served early example known music video filmed january park kent clip directed peter swedish television director recommended beatles mutual friend band assistants tony served producer recalls inspired comment hearing fields forever thing sounded like played strange instrument spent days dressing large tree park resemble piano combined strings writing mojo magazine john harris remarked set design reflected collision gothic finished song film features reverse film effects stop motion animation jump cuts daytime night time beatles playing later pouring paint upright piano visit park band shot promotional film penny lane promo film included disc versions titled beatles compilation critical reception initial reviews single nme johnson confessed fascinated confused fields forever writing certainly unusual way single beatles produced lyrical content scoring honestly don know time magazine hailed song latest sample beatles astonishing fields forever continued receive acclaim music critics allmusic describes song beatles peak achievements finest songs wrote revolution head shows expression high order contemporary composers capable displaying feeling fantasy direct spontaneous original song ranked number rolling_stone list greatest songs time rolling_stone placed number greatest beatles songs fields forever ranked second best beatles song mojo day life song ranked 8th greatest time acclaimed music radio placed song list best british songs songs time list cultural influence paul raiders successful groups having dick clark produced television action mark singer heard song radio bought listened home producer time terry song ended said fuck gon later saying single beatles raised pop record written biography heroes villains brian wilson beach boys heard single underway legendary unfinished album smile later event claimed factors accelerated wilson emotional state project imminent collapse wilson find way complete album satisfaction beach boys manager jack account feared accomplished months recording sound dated contemporary rock audiences wilson stated thought fields forever weird record denied weakened promotional films fields forever penny lane selected new_york influential music videos late 1960s originally broadcast february variety hollywood palace actor van johnson host sullivan variety shows soon dropped time constraints allow psychedelic music performances cartoon based song final episode produced beatles animated television series fields forever figures prominently spanish film living easy eyes closed fictional story told true original development song spain cover versions song covered number times notably peter musical documentary world war ben harper soundtrack film sam debut album american rock band contains brief homage fields forever end cover eleanor homage entitled versions album versions album fact additionally spell song homage portions preceding tracks entitled version song released album faithful song covered jim joe anderson movie universe los recorded version song featuring harry album hit latin_america fields forever covered festival bee girls eugene design david mother finest andy plastic penny residents shadows gwen tomorrow michael ventures wilson sound sandy karen song returned charts years later british dance group candy flip released electronic version song song generally received allmusic describing club happy beatles original commercial success sides atlantic reaching number pop charts number modern rock tracks chart realm contemporary experimental classical music vocal melody fields forever referenced source material piano score composer composition real piano recorded real time subsequently played small speaker located following instructions score pianist raises lid changing acoustic properties attempting filter specific frequencies score personnel according beatles john_lennon vocals acoustic guitar paul_mccartney bass electric guitar george_harrison electric slide guitar drums percussion additional musicians production staff chart positions


heard heard song written norman strong records recording song released produced knight released single september went number billboard chart robinson included version album special occasion version placed album groove gained attention radio disc finally agreed release single october went billboard pop singles chart seven weeks december january time biggest hit single label recording acclaimed soul classic placed rolling_stone list greatest songs time commemorative 50th anniversary billboard hot issue billboard magazine june ranked inducted grammy hall_of_fame historical artistic significant value addition released times artists song recorded range musicians including revival minute interpretation album factory twice television commercials time session musicians style version commercial featuring male model nick california promotion buddy miles singer clay animation group california composition strong singer records breakthrough hit money want basics song started write chicago idea come walking michigan avenue people saying heard phrase associated black slaves civil war form telegraph human producer norman worked strong song adding lyrics strong basic ray charles influenced gospel tune single chorus line heard number successful collaborations strong lyrics tell story person narrative betrayal singer romantic partner heard indirectly gossip people emotional pain disbelief suffering recordings producer norman recorded heard artists known recording august recording brothers intended record track turned historians believe session scheduled cancelled version released single veto weekly quality control meetings advised strong create stronger single version later appeared special occasion album slightly different possibly session unreleased appeared compilation album sings treasures version recorded spring second known recording rejected single later album groove recording knight new faster arrangement accepted new arrangement knight version released single september reaching number charts album version released august radio disc playing song released single october went number december bobby taylor recorded version debut album based recent hit hearing version felt wrong choice produced version psychedelic soul album cloud brought compelling percussion fore relegated piano wings undisputed truth final act record song styled version song covered debut album away recorded song sessions february final april recordings version took month vocals background vocals mixing tracks featuring funk brothers rhythm track adding string section detroit symphony orchestra arrangement paul session featuring led argument producer singer wanted perform song higher key normal range worked david recording hit ain proud mixture vocals harmonies confident hit despite approval quality control department blocked release knight knight recorded june studio norman producer hearing franklin version respect rearranged include funk elements muscle rhythm section according david set record song funk presented demo tapes knight knight william guest edward worked weeks vocal arrangement song suitable line second verse know man ain supposed cry tears hold inside altered good look tears eyes baby tears hold inside talk reluctantly allowed version single september soul label releases release knight version september soul label time little support relied connections united_states record played version reached number billboard chart november stayed weeks making group second number beat heart reached billboard pop singles singles chart month believer holding spot best selling single point song later placed knight album everybody needs love wanted release single didn want release version hit september added new album groove release radio hit according played album release single version released single october heard eventually jackson months later biggest hit single time label stayed billboard pop singles chart seven weeks december january held number chart seven weeks stayed number united_kingdom weeks starting march label pleased success depressed issues illness singing partner kill year later quoted saying success didn real didn deserve song success groove issued heard peaked number album chart number album chart time highest charted solo studio effort date success versions heard number billboard chart version week january version week december knight pleased version claimed version recorded instrumental track prepared song allegation denied year following death song released reaching number thanks commercial starring nick legacy recording acclaimed soul classic placed number rolling_stone list greatest songs time comment produced song number artists different arrangements recording golden idea set song slower mysterious tempo new rolling_stone list published single placed slightly lower commemorative 50th anniversary billboard hot issue billboard magazine june version ranked biggest song chart inducted grammy hall_of_fame historical artistic significant value covers addition recorded times artists song covered musicians including revival recorded minute version album factory released single reaching billboard chart modest success countries funk musician roger extended version lifted solo album roger brought song number chart early marking time single reached spot chart billboard hot peaking number seventy queen music basis single paper produced album order court media heard twice television commercials time session musicians style version commercial featuring male model nick agency director roger owing budgetary constraints brought mike recreate sound original tony jackson background singer paul young handling vocals arnold backing vocals commercial success prompted release single logo sleeve example integrated marketing term invented record went number singles chart marking second chart performance year later buddy miles singer clay animation group california sang advertising campaign version song opening credits big main characters gets hear death college friend travels funeral song serves fashion unite main characters friendship locate viewer personnel lead vocals background vocals organ earl van drums richard pistol allen jones instrumentation funk brothers detroit symphony orchestra string arrangement paul charts


like tom thumb blues like tom thumb blues song written performed bob_dylan originally recorded august released album highway revisited song later released compilation album bob_dylan greatest_hits vol separate live versions recorded concerts appeared want single second released series vol bob_dylan live royal albert hall concert song covered artists including gordon barry collins miller grateful dead young black ferry version recorded weeks original released reached national rpm singles chart addition song sampled boys song finger good like tom thumb blues verses chorus song lyrics describe nightmare vision narrator experience mexico encounters sickness despair prostitutes saints women corrupt authorities alcohol drugs finally deciding return new_york_city lyrics incorporate literary references volcano murders jack angels song title references arthur bohemian life fantasy william allmusic website described song comic tour force music journalist toby included list greatest songs time music critic dave marsh ranked live version like tom thumb blues liverpool released want number greatest single time lyrics music like tom thumb blues recorded august columbia studios new_york day recorded ballad thin man highway revisited queen jane approximately songs appear highway revisited like tom thumb blues took attempts perfect songs recorded day wasn band captured tape version released album backing musicians highway revisited mike electric guitar paul griffin piano harvey brooks bass guitar bobby drums according biographer clinton early takes song sam lay drummer frank played piano opinion drumming griffin fluid piano playing better communicated feeling desired song song according featured lay included album series vol direction home soundtrack entire recording session released disc edition series vol cutting edge disc version album featured disc edition contained takes lyrically like tom thumb blues continues theme road album previous song highway revisited singer finds mexico easter time amidst sickness despair saints encounters corrupt authorities women dubious character named song saint annie sweet seeking drugs alcohol song establishes nightmare vision singer influenced gravity sex drugs drink illness remorse memory song final verse singer decides finds means leave head new_york_city things better author paul williams noted scene situation combined gorgeous consciousness like tom thumb blues resolving clear picture song despite details singer experiences lyrics maintain sense humor william allmusic website considers song comic tour force concert melbourne said song painter mexico_city travels north mexico del rio texas time tom thumb right years old going everybody likes lot got lots friends going blue period painting countless amounts couldn think blue period painting song called like tom thumb blues like songs highway revisited like tom thumb blues abundant literary references including images recalling novel volcano street taken short story murders song uses phrase housing project hill taken jack novel angels number biographers including robert andy gill suggested song title makes reference arthur poem bohemian life fantasy refers tom thumb addition commentators suggested musical reference lines takes voice leaves moon moon title song hank williams musician admired musically like tom thumb blues consists chorus verses varied handful chords vocal emphasis keyboards drums vocals provide texture mike plays latin fills electric guitar keyboard parts particular innovative use different playing electric paul griffin adding bar room feel piano final verse lines rhyme odd lines final verse odd numbered lines rhyme lines rhyme change pattern provides subtle sense final lines going new_york_city believe appearances acclaim addition appearance highway revisited album like tom thumb blues included compilation album bob_dylan greatest_hits vol known bob_dylan greatest_hits europe compilation released exclusively europe titled bob_dylan greatest_hits alternate takes song august recording session released series vol direction home soundtrack series vol cutting edge song popular live concert clinton stated performed live tom thumb pain pain art live version recorded concert liverpool england featuring backed band released want single later appeared compilation song performed band famous controversial called albert hall concert fact took place manchester free trade hall consequently appears series vol bob_dylan live royal albert hall concert played like tom thumb blues regularly tour played concert occasionally reader poll published mojo magazine like tom thumb blues listed number time greatest bob_dylan song uncut magazine listed number time best bob_dylan song music journalist toby included like tom thumb blues list greatest songs time music critic dave marsh ranked live version liverpool number greatest single time dozen truly great sides noting demonstrated prowess great live performer cover versions canadian singer songwriter gordon covered like tom thumb blues version reached number canada national rpm singles chart number toronto chart covers recorded 1960s include barry album precious time collins album life covered love somebody album version differs considerably tone version sympathetic subject version intense person account crushed finally helpless hands fate miller covered like tom thumb blues blue moon covered ran ferry covered album grateful dead occasion covered like tom thumb blues live concert bassist taking rare turn lead vocalist recording song band appears album view vault volume additionally young covered song bob_dylan tribute concert 30th anniversary concert celebration boys sampled lines like tom thumb blues song finger good appeared check head album


cargo ship built morgan line subsidiary southern pacific company world war known service united_states_army uss service united_states_navy end war reverted original sister ships carried cargo limited number passengers morgan line acquired army united_states entered world war april converted carry horses france august ship transferred navy continued transporting animals end war returned morgan line sailed march sank new_york harbor sac city american diamond line portion ship cargo salvaged ship scrapped later year early career cargo passenger steamship launched newport news dry dock newport news virginia yard delivered atlantic division morgan line august sister ships gross register tons grt feet inch long feet inch knots vessel sailed morgan line brand southern pacific steamship company subsidiary southern pacific railroad employed carry cargo limited number passengers new_york new_orleans eastern terminus southern pacific line galveston texas world war united_states declared war germany april united_states shipping board behalf united_states_army designated animal transport ship information specific conversion ships typically meant class passenger accommodations ripped replaced ramps stalls horses carried sources reveal movements known departed second trip france newport news february carrying animals headed new_york join convoy fellow army transport navy troop transports george_washington president grant convoy escorted departed new_york february arrived saint march animals board died destroyed crossing recorded activity august transferred army navy commissioned day lieutenant commander anderson command assigned naval overseas transportation service continued carry animals supplies army august animal transport ship transport permanent detachment care animals board ship joined sister ships animal transport duty departed newport news august horses board arrival saint september delivered complete load animals died passage returning departed october animals board docking november days armistice delivered load animals months returning united_states sailing late march responded distress calls scranton navy troop transport damaged rudder disabled came aid stricken ship nautical miles east new_york attempt tow day march scranton attempted run sending launch rolling seas capsized killing men ultimately stood scranton hours arrived took scranton tow conclusion voyage april converted troop transport assigned navy cruiser transport force april returned healthy wounded american servicemen france decommissioned september returned morgan line soon postwar civilian service resumed cargo service morgan line years uneventful operation march new_york cargo pig iron copper cotton heavy fog settled new_york harbor captain charles ordered ship anchor fog cleared position american diamond line ship sac city hit blow bounced struck second time plating sac city bow slight damage sank quickly feet water half mile south statue liberty crew men rescued ship carpenter swim seen ship rail went surface settled angle tops masts protruding surface morgan line house flag blue house flag red inside white star breeze sunken vessel considered hazard navigation fog days later island nearly hit wreck hearings united_states inspection service captain captain sac city cleared wrongdoing collision blame laid heavy fog july new_york_times reported cargo salvage operations underway wreck months continuous operations salvage company reported sunken ship cargo recovered hulk scrapped later


south foot drain south foot drain known black navigation main channel land drainage black level lincolnshire lies eastern england black pumping station haven boston drain origins scheme land available agriculture carried earl steadily improved water drained land entered haven gravity certain states tide black pumping station commissioned drain improvements pumping station led entrance lock removed currently upgraded status environment agency waterways link new entrance lock completed december giving access miles drain upgrading southern section including link river allow navigation forming phase project history lincolnshire area low lying land subject flooding attempts prevent centuries medieval times built drain area regarded drain land boundary marker parts holland parts medieval subdivisions lincolnshire functioned county councils abolition attempt drain area south west boston known black area known level earl agreed commissioners lincolnshire carry drainage works acres km2 land available agricultural use earl group paid works return land grants cost work involved construction near boston called construction miles south foot drain boston great construction drains called double construction clay drain scheme popular local living fishing right animals common land flooded attempted parliament rule favour years trying abandoned idea legal took direct action destroyed work buildings crops burnt earl contract commissioners revoked parliament years attempt drain area attempt drain holland prevent flooding river called earl constructed drain runs broadly parallel river terminated constructed close location present grand drain years called earl drain called north foot drain scheme entirely successful second drainage act passed parliament things constituted commissioners second sixth district covered area including great holland little south area south west boston square miles km2 inundated great flood background black drainage navigation act obtained created black commissioners giving power raise taxes authority carry drainage works scheme largely revived earl original scheme initial design work carried civil engineer edwards loan commissioners surveying performed john steward estate earl proficient amateur mathematician men jointly appointed works acting engineers scheme john richard assistants new called black built boston direct replacement having openings total width feet miles drain boston great main drain upgraded cutting new mile channel effectively extending south forth foot drain banks river total miles highland streams improved raising banks estimated cost raised issuing bonds project overran act parliament obtained raising drainage taxes cover difference edwards left project work largely complete scheme cost replaced edward hare surveyor works continuing assistants historian called chronicled lincolnshire wrote works efficiently carried designed entirely answered expectation river grand constructed opened october prevented tidal water entering river flooding holland boston harbour commissioners created boston port act carried improvement works haven resulted lower water levels black efficient draining south foot drain water pumped drain series driving wheels maps area produced edward hare mills provided drainage acres km2 agricultural land extreme high tides resulted widespread flooding thought given improving flood defences improvements river final section earl drain filled channel diverted join south foot drain renamed north foot drain supplies cook lock holland pumping stations reports improvements system produced surveyor sir john scheme involved provision drain collect water draining higher ground west entered act parliament construction defeated report proposed improvements existing infrastructure accepted commissioners new black including foot wide navigation lock constructed south original level feet lower enabled gradient south foot drain increased inches mile tributary drains improved marked beginning use steam engines pumping years later map covering acres km2 black area showed steam powered wind powered drainage engines use river improvement act authorised improvements mouth black commissioners contributed work led drop feet low water level black oil engines began replace steam wind engines engines pumping water south foot drain passing land drainage act resulted commissioners replaced black internal drainage board responsibility rivers area passed rivers board war imminent rivers board took black south foot drain progress interrupted second world war scheme construct black pumping station widen miles drain boston bridge completed pumping station contained inch pumps powered horsepower cylinder vertical diesel engine manufactured modern era oil engines gave way electrically powered pumping stations 1950s board constructing electric diesel pumping station improve drainage extra acres km2 land decision taken improve drainage area acres km2 million scheme included addition extra pumps black replacement existing pumps widening miles south foot drain bridge running jurisdiction drain passed lincolnshire river board time work began completed proved successful preventing flooding severe wet weather winter horsepower horsepower diesel engines upgraded pumping station pump thousand gallons minute responsibility drain passed national rivers authority environment agency despite improvements flooding occurred bank drain breached near staff environment agency black internal drainage board successfully repaired breach properties flooded review flood defences carried report recommended improvements banks funding work available work time functions south foot drain serves district boundary length runs roughly south north south high bridge drain separates south west south holland east boundary continues southwards river north boundary borough boston east north west follows line drain drain crosses line nottingham boston railway joins great pumping station boundary turns northwards following medieval course main job drain gather waters pumped holland north alongside river northwards eastwards black boston discharged tidal waters haven takes bank tongue end constructed black commissioners allow water overflow bank excess water flow river times flood redundant tongue end pumping station constructed south foot drain black pumping station channels run drain responsibility environment agency management drainage ditches drain responsibility black internal drainage board maintain pumping stations gravity stations region situated banks drain pump directly black hole drove pumping station constructed channel acts boundary drain managed environment agency managed drainage board navigation prior drain privilege removed time unclear right navigation black commissioners simply allowed entrance lock feet trade boston bridge pleasure boating allowed prior lock closed removed little protest recently east waterways association promoted idea drain larger scheme improve leisure facilities local authorities tourism consortium conducted feasibility study report formally adopted waterways link environment agency support local authorities east waterways association inland waterways association scheme involved total miles miles new rest existing waterways upgraded access improved completed connect rivers great heralded biggest project europe environment agency obtained funding link boston work new lock black pumping station boston connect haven south foot drain formally started february completed december official opening ceremony held march lock project formed phase scheme cost million jointly funded european regional development fund east development agency lincolnshire county council lock designed period high tide rise drain haven conventional gates end uses rotating sector gates tidal end weighing tonnes lock opened nearly miles upgrade new hour constructed haven boats enter drain south foot drain near black pumping station boston bridge bridge upper limit navigation initially high bridge joins south foot drain provides wider section boats turned bridge drain officially suitable narrow boats cruised easter channel narrower deep bridge successfully reached kingston bridge miles outlets pumping stations provided width turn foot boat progress blocked erected bridge lack water drain renamed black navigation environment agency order use navigation environment agency licence required permanent available drain available day seven days water levels maintained lower level winter months flows high drain needs able cope higher volumes rainfall summer months levels maintained neighbouring river switch winter summer levels normally beginning april development phase project involves link bridge located river near order financing phase viable split halves phase covering section seas end river phase covering onwards initial technical assessment obtaining planning permission phase involved widening south foot drain new road crossing new lock junction river funded east development agency section involve changes black hole drove pumping station built drain prevent navigation major contracts phase expected awarded april technical assessment revealed route needed considered best solution selected obvious solution connect drain short distance apart lincolnshire waterways partnership considered creation new channels miles long form link meantime economic situation changed sources funding freely available end clear dates set construction phase late different routes consideration assessment expected delivered spring group engineering responsible carrying assessment looked benefits route provide navigation water quality water resources habitat wildlife study expected provide short list routes subject consultation merits routes considered including economic environmental technical issues involved broad outline corridor link scheduled published september consultation landowners took place establish final route design channel associated locks bridges pumping stations begin end assessment process routes remained route original suggestion existing course south foot drain length second new route designated route route preferred route summer involves widening south foot drain point near black hole drove pumping station new lock needed location connect new channel rest drain pass new bridge connection river involve new lock environmental survey near route revealed provide habitat nationally important plants invertebrates idea link south foot drain river new plans connection proposed year proposals new canal canal canal discussed revived larger plan mile link river connection near market canal rejoined river northwards south foot drain bill rival scheme link grand junction canal included connection south foot drain parliament met success idea raised action taken route


prince wales ship prince wales transport ship fleet assigned carry european australia ambiguity origins probably launched rebuilt london set sail australia reached bay january difficult return voyage separated convoy taken eastward world instead west drifted rio_de_janeiro day crew return britain owners deployed south seas fisheries sold letter performing voyage slave ship voyage french captured prince wales process currently unclear returned british albeit new hands new owners employed trading london west_indies mediterranean west_indies listed origins prince wales square barque tons feet long feet wide height decks feet inches amidships feet inches fore aft account built west ship master james account built river_thames firm christopher watson built hms accounts owner merchant john previously purchased disposed captain cook vessel returned bay possible reconcile accounts somewhat mention prince wales lloyd register appears supplemental pages tons launched master mason owner john reconciliation origins rest totally rebuilt reasonable suppose launched rebuilt entry lloyd register adds confusion different sort reports prince wales named situation complex works thing clear vessels bought disposed renamed appears occurred mixing records confusion names vessel south_carolina built heart oak launched repaired tons renamed west built launched rebuilt tons eventually renamed prince wales unfortunately lloyd register readily available line furthermore apparently owned vessels including heart oak built vessel listed built resolution issue await primary research voyage australia south london william richards contracted prince wales fleet voyage richards selected consultation royal marine officers david collins officers sail fleet australia captain marines collins judge advocate new colony second smallest fleet transports friendship contracted join voyage navy board assigned prince wales fleet march immediate command ship master john mason overall command naval officer future governor new_south_wales arthur aboard transport added fleet sailed left portsmouth crew accompanied vessels fleet transports royal_navy vessels gun post ship hms accompanied fleet channel fleet escort departing ships reached atlantic waters prince wales arrived june second resupply took place august portuguese port rio_de_janeiro including delivery aboard prince wales quantities fresh fruit vegetables seeds marines prince wales turned southeast fleet reaching cape_town october entering great southern ocean november leg voyage australia death crew occurred night november fell overboard yard rescued week later second drowned washed overboard heavy seas mid december ship supply flour butter voyage exhausted philip authorised mason stores set aside future colony order continue feed month later january prince wales reached australia bay days later sailed sydney cove relocation convict settlement port jackson leaving bay collided friendship losing mainmast damage swiftly repaired able enter port jackson line fellow transports landed marines civilians prince wales carried female departure portsmouth days sea males brought failed mutiny remained aboard prince wales remainder voyage australia convict health comparatively good voyage report governor philip showing cases illness aboard prince wales time reached fleet transport wrote admiralty advising sailed women aboard prince wales new clothing ragged worn prison ship surgeon aboard chief surgeon john white periodically came board weather sailing conditions permitted fleet headed rio july humid conditions heavy rains generated plague bugs decks insects found small sleeping area reports rats outbreak late december despite illness remained rare convict death accidental causes disease july ship fell boom struck year old jane head died injuries days later second convict john died unknown causes august deaths compared favourably transports particularly alexander alexander recorded deaths consequence convict discipline maintained prostitution female crew rampant prince wales friendship lady recorded punishment convict aboard prince wales october nearly months sailed woman caught stealing prayer marines ship carried contingent marines new_south_wales marine_corps comprising thomas thomas non commissioned officers sixteen marines embarked wives children discipline poor june marines court orders received later voyage refused share mess insulted wife common june drunken marine sergeant fell open injured pregnant wife marine offence placed weeks transferred alexander late october lieutenant james recently transferred aboard charlotte found drunk duty promptly returned charlotte children born wives marines voyage october wife marine drummer benjamin cook died unspecified illness buried sea brief ceremony james scott sergeant marines wrote account voyage journals held state library new_south_wales return england prince wales remained anchored sydney cove months voyage stores inspection time found hull rotten beach repairs july released government service set sail england 14th month convoy fleet sister ships alexander friendship overall command lieutenant john alexander plan convoy sail north rendezvous lord howe island set course broadly parallel great barrier reef aim reaching dutch port convoy sail west straits cape good hope north atlantic england route comparatively mapped largely james cook voyage pacific remainder traditional route dutch east returning europe estimated voyage convoy months navigation plan abandoned prince wales lost sight alexander friendship severe storm late july found course time weather cleared lost ships anchored masters john mason prince wales reed consulted considered likely reach lord howe island rendezvous reluctant hazard voyage great barrier reef alexander lead instead agreed turn ships southeast open ocean return england sailing way world cape horn rio_de_janeiro northeast atlantic europe pacific weather proved favourable august ships lost sight continued voyage separately august prince wales rounded cape horn headed northeast north path rio voyage crew heavily reliant diet meat early september majority mason died condition october men ill leave rio finally sighted october crew sick bring ship port drifted outer harbor rio sighted following morning additional seamen rowed assist prince wales crew members hospitalised rio remainder recovered board prince wales set sail rio christmas day completing uneventful final leg reach england march despite delays disease weather unfamiliar route fleet return home months ahead alexander reach england employed prince wales south seas fisheries command captain left brazil banks africa grounds returned november august bay april prince wales returned england sailed july sailed cape horn peru returned england late sold prince wales armed pounder guns placed command william scales scales received letter march letter indicated prince wales crew men needed sail suggesting intended sail prince wales departed cruise april captured french merchant vessel sailing cap cargo valued prince wales brought prize week later plans changed appointed captain james thompson command prince wales intent sailing liverpool africa trade james received letter september letter indicated crew men late thompson sailed probably portugal company october captured maryland sailing baltimore cargo coffee sugar barrel sent december recaptured best sailing lancaster west_indies french man war captured thompson brought best january spoke ship sailing bay ship encountered french guns british ship managed drive engagement lasted hours reportedly prince wales went recapture british brig french gun ship line captured prince wales sent brig best lastly early prince wales captured brought carrying wine goods saint capture later new captain replaced received letter june database slave liverpool registered ships names master prince wales voyage ill fated lloyd list reported prince wales approaching barbados having sailed west_africa west_indies encountered french possibly built baltimore armed guns carried crew men captured prince wales took saint thomas danish colony neutral capture took place late early listing prince wales lloyd register british surprising prince wales returned british ownership entry supplemental late addition pages volume suspects royal_navy recaptured west_indies far evidence lacking sailed prince wales west_indies london particularly martinique london sold command captain sailed london mediterranean prince wales received large repair new deck sides rearmed pounder guns command captain sailed london vincent trade listed sailing lloyd register lloyd register accurate information owners gave entries vessels information sources said generally strong correspondence information lloyd register sources respect prince wales


bow rivers bow rivers rivers complex waterways bow east london england connect river river_thames starting twelfth century works carried drain marshes waterways constructed power bow creek provided final thames channels called abbey creek river city mill river channel mill river mills river mills wall river river rivers subject change centuries alfred great river create second channel queen channels river system tidal far mills tide mills including abbey mills mills survives construction new river seventeenth century supply drinking water london subsequent extraction companies led lowering water levels river gradually maintain navigation significant changes occurred creation lee navigation resulted construction cut cut allowing barges bypass rivers major reconstruction rivers took place 1930s authorised river lee flood relief act 1960s commercial usage waterways largely ceased deteriorating infrastructure led rivers little tidal creeks having economic long term future british waterways decided restoration important aim construction main stadium summer olympics island formed rivers provided funding construct new lock water levels olympic site hoped significant amounts materials construction olympic facilities delivered barge happen improvements channels form central feature olympic park included largest aquatic planting scheme carried britain unclear individually named rivers known collectively bow rivers charles writing behalf lee referred rivers streams section west recent city mills lock labelled bow river map previously mill river writing referred rivers edition inland waterways great_britain early attempt provide guide leisure use canals noted river lee subsidiary waterways listed bow creek old river lee city mills river river describe collectively russell writing referred bow rivers rivers sixth edition inland waterways great_britain published referred bow rivers river supplies bow rivers known river lee river modern usage tends use referring natural river lee referring navigation lee navigation river bow derive arched bridge river 12th century bend road east bow road station history bow rivers cross area originally known marsh area common land inhabitants common rights horses cattle day august lady day march growing hay rest year marsh bow little remains pre history names suggest settlements lay end stone causeway marsh remains stone causeway found traces associated road ford old ford pre roman origin route london essex crossed green roman era new road built london ford carried principal road ford south bow causeway existed known slip crossings passed true marsh river wide fast flowing river tidal far far dates earliest use rivers boats unknown late bronze age canoe parts saxon barge found marshes alteration natural river alfred great cut channel strand force according anglo saxon chronicle lowered tide head old ford prevented large boats sailing river 15th century reign king henry wife queen hearing problems crossing river old ford directed road routed south paid bridges cross lee cross river funds paid road built location bridge known later bow finally dropped bow bow bridge john writing gives account queen falling water prompted action addition bow probably shape bridge fact arch derived meaning bow abbey founded abbey continued process draining marsh begun middle ages creating artificial channels drive water tide mills small river port developed mentioned 15th century serve needs abbey mills similar evidence later centuries abbey took responsibility maintain marsh walls bow creek tidal waters river transport goods passengers act parliament empowered lord mayor london improvements river ensure supplies grain continued reach capital works included new cut near thames probably section river bow tidal gates old ford tolls charged pound lock constructed abbey second built england bow bridge bridge said built fill gaps caused cutting mill streams causeway evidence mills pre dated causeway mill owners took responsibility bridges crossed mill streams thomas mills owned city london bridges called michael bridges administrative mistake resulted city london taking responsibility thomas bridge miller complain bridge smaller costly maintain names eventually swapped replaced bridge crossed widened mills wall river branches river having combined mills wall river mills wall river filled crossing rivers series low level bridges northern sewer leads abbey mill pumping station designed joseph 1860s today route embankment sewer bow followed public public water supply water extracted rivers provide public water supply opening new river mile channel built bring water london springs soon river near detrimental effect navigation reducing water levels west company built mill river located later known river east london company set built works old ford extracted water river supply works moved upstream built canal running parallel cut water obtained bridge work carried contractor william gained reputation specialist contractor working tunnel thames canal tunnel trent canal worked project reservoir south middlesex filter beds maps site occupied canal supplied old ford works running cut large reservoir triangular shape located old river cut old ford connections old river water supply canal passed old river feed compensation north great eastern railway tracks covered reservoir situated west bank old river river underwent considerable change years left channel old river lee north south west temple mills railway depot called lead mills stream point near temple mills bridge road river split channels ran parallel old river lee river turned south east small connection old river lee river called bully fence northern river shown modern maps called river far north temple mills depot present connection old river near road established years later northern river rejoined lee bully fence section road filled point connection bully fence main source river map shows connected remnants system north drainage administrative boundaries follow northern course river navigation river lee achieved use flash locks single gate created channel caused conflict operation lock lowered water level operation mill engineer john asked survey river view improving good public report september highlighted need replace flash locks modern locks pen sets gates significantly bow rivers suggested new cut bridge old ford bow tidal gates basin known cut second cut act parliament obtained june work began cut direct access river_thames avoiding tidal bow creek expected open july collapsed repaired cut opened september closed briefly december bridge collapsed soon decided narrow widened allow barges pass complete length work finished september contract cut given january called henry holland asked build locks cut april called cooper given job building lock close bow tidal gates work progressed quickly cut opened traffic august act specified points river tolls collected mention tolls use bow creek bow rivers section navigation bow tidal gates old ford remained toll free act parliament obtained august allowed trustees build pound lock bow tidal gates prevent opposition act freedom tolls bow river section lock built trustees charged toll unpopular option tidal gates certain states tide toll clause lock toll deleted parliament subsequent act case charge lock gates served number located river branches addition general goods specifically handled timber chalk stone coal wheat factories mills private date dock built near bow bridge south high street yards connected river channel initially called dock later dock probably constructed middlesex essex trust half filled rest 1860s income navigation dropped result attempts compete railways economies capital works continued lock bridge removed replaced old ford lock south built ton barges ton barges specified act original lee trustees river lee officially responsible bow rivers little incentive maintain generate revenue closed allowed surplus water upper river reach thames causing flooding regeneration rivers run 1920s high unemployment area west corporation lee board applied government unemployment relief grant fund major improvements addition work channels bow tidal lock lock rebuilt east city mill lock second new lock road constructed radial gates operated traditional gates city mill lock gates quadrant shaped lowered bed river allow boats enter leave lock act parliament obtained work called river lee flood relief act work began following year project completed work river junction mills wall river large pool city mill pool connecting city mills river bow river lock situated west junction mill river bow river originally built adding second set gates hunters gates built reconstructed lock built site city mill pool sets gates eastern end prevent high tidal levels river flooding waterways west labelled lane lock map called ward lock local councillor known city mills lock course bow river straightened original lock bypassed mill river dead end lower section filled mills river river removed reconstruction channels included widening city mill river feet mills wall river river twice width prior work arrangement regulate navigation pond lane flood gates lane tidal lock new lock carpenter road gave access river providing barge access temple mills high tides low northern sewer prevented access southern reaches system allow access city mill lock constructed near road lock partially restored planning gain required developers adjacent homes housing scheme 1930s improvements included construction channel designed allow flood water bypass mills tide mills channel included regulate water levels redundant tide mills ceased operate eventually seized removed soon parts river 1960s bow river city mills river river commercial traffic section river high street road traffic ceased lock structures deteriorated city mills lock road lock officially disused british waterways act classified waterways commercial cruising remainder waterways remainder waterways government time economic future subject maintenance prevent unsafe bow rivers fell category remained neglected restoration british waterways policy document olympics olympic stadium london summer olympics constructed industrial land navigation west city mill river east land remains mill river filled provide site large construction phase event mills lock constructed channel consists barge lock suitable long ton short ton barges adjacent enables water levels structure regulated navigation subject tides lock built allow construction materials delivered site removed final cost million included mills wall river work began march project lasted years despite hopes transport million tonnes stadium built little commercial traffic new lock water levels structure remaining fairly constant spent city mills lock work carried including fitting new metal gates operational years second phase restoration included fitting equipment operation public use lock occurred july british waterways hoped restore road lock soon project postponed completion olympic games temporary land bridges erected site lock enable pedestrians reach stadium removed event following olympic games hoped waterways continue commercial leisure craft olympic delivery authority took decision river crossed northern site remains designated main river environment agency matters flood risk management site identified provide compensation loss habitat caused old river inaccessible public prior project central feature northern created wetland designed planted water loving plants rushes iris provide spawning grounds flood conditions fish providing storage capacity flood water largest aquatic planting scheme carried britain completed plants grown norfolk seeds removed site southern end site river reconstructed improvements 1930s created channels vertical concrete sides little thought habitat channel feet wider sloping banks ramps water edge improved visually planting aquatic marginal plants exception bow creek bow rivers closed public access olympics construction works remained closed events access sections lee navigation pass close olympic stadium including bow river cut union canal restricted summer bow rivers intended form major feature olympic site stadium formed olympics island site river east centre eastern bank new pedestrian bridges built waterways provide principal access stadium locks locks bow rivers built single standard sizes vary points interest


canal canal connects manchester north west england commissioned francis 3rd duke transport coal mines manchester opened manchester later extended manchester canal connected manchester ship canal lock canal manchester trent canal preston brook southeast leeds liverpool canal connected river cut slip road silver jubilee bridge considered true canal england required construction cross river kind success helped inspire period intense canal building britain known canal later faced intense competition liverpool manchester railway canal history canals britain remains privately owned pleasure craft use canal forms ring network canals design construction francis 3rd duke owned coal mines dug supply north west england fuel steam engines instrumental england industrial revolution duke transported coal navigation method inefficient expensive river transport subject river navigation coal carry limited relative weight duke underground mines suffered persistent flooding caused geology middle coal measures coal lies beneath layer sandstone having visited canal france watched construction canal england duke solution problems build underground canal connected surface canal addition overland transport difficulties providing drainage mines underground canal provide reliable source water surface canal eliminate need lift coal surface expensive difficult proposition canal boats carry long tons time pulled horse times cargo horse possible cart duke estate manager john gilbert produced plan canal obtained act parliament enabling construction james brought technical expertise having previously installed pumping system nearby wet earth day visit suggested varying route proposed canal away instead taking river manchester route connecting future canals easier increase competition navigation company moved old hall spent days surveying proposed route cross require construction duke behest january travelled london evidence parliamentary committee duke gained second act parliament superseded original planned route began passed southeast turning south cross river continued southeast edge park east manchester connection navigation included new act locks land previously occupied hall completed terminus basin nearby river help supply canal water boats inside duke purpose built warehouse locks design demonstrating ability competent engineer built relatively quickly time work commenced september boat crossed july duke invested large sum money scheme manchester construction cost equivalent advantages land river transport meant year opening price coal manchester fell half success helped inspire period intense canal building known canal stone canal considered major engineering achievement commentator wrote finished canal extraordinary thing kingdom europe boats places underground places river communicating waters addition duke warehouse manchester buildings built extended street called warehouses timber frame design load bearing hand brick walls supported cast iron posts duke warehouse badly damaged fire rebuilt manchester extension september assistant hugh surveyed extension bridge near assisted obtaining parliamentary approval canal extension act allowed construction extension canal manchester river despite objections navigation company royal given march junction waters meeting created park new extension branched south sale finally december undertook survey route initial plan terminus east gap following study tides depth water decided instead build terminus west gap change designed accommodate flats low fixed bridges required traffic canal able lower masts basin feet flight locks described wonder time built connect locks fall metres fall river lock metres low water allowed vessels enter leave canal tide connection january river tidal action tended deposit lower entrance locks counteract channel equipped gates end known duke gut cut marshes locks high tide gates closed tide opened release water entrance locks cut created island known island crossed castle bridge connection manchester delayed sir richard concerned game want canal pass land act included canal come metres house south canal away house buildings fences view vessels moored metres house construction eventually compromise reached included construction link trent canal preston brook permitted trent canal act building canal terminus west gap trent link gave duke access trustees making junction canal new extension met opposition navigation duke purchased controlling interest company new extension opened completed march live completion continued brother law hugh total cost canal manchester bridge alongside duke built dock warehouses house temporary home supervise operations end locks small dry dock sale branch duke gained fourth act parliament branch canal sale follow valley act applied counter proposed canal towns access river work act section canal built decades later nearby manchester bury canal sought connection waterways appears duke planned limit activities new company december duke purchased portion estate blocked plans build riverside basin extension duke secured fifth act enabled extend canal miles green new extension enabled supply manchester coal surrounding districts june act parliament enacted create link extension branch leeds liverpool canal access canal brought rapid development coal mining manchester west pits east connected underground level ease congestion pit connected canal basin underground canal level ran north west direction canal pit samuel jackson built narrow gauge worked horses pit green installed cranes load barges wharf later worked locomotives built private railway line basin facilities loading coal howe bridge barges green began winding coal north bank canal 1940s 50s coal sent power station gas works connection canal completion canal canals joined connection factor failure manchester bury canal company rival scheme build canal bury river major source water canal badly nearby diverted tunnel canal charles edward civil engineer corporation later canal point supplied water canal mines originally centuries old sandstone quarry near brook entrance levels scheduled monument entrances built years apart allow access specially built boats known largest carry long tons coal inside mines miles underground canal levels linked inclined planes constructed mines ceased production canal passes iron mines years stained water bright orange removal currently subject million scheme traffic mines produced long tons coal long tons sold navigation long tons transported sales coal nearly earned passenger traffic brought receipts canal carried passengers keen competition navigation company journey river route took hours hours direction journey canal took hours way similar route said picturesque boating men canal lifted small lightweight boats carried short distance steep streets canal barges canal continued towed horses middle 19th century replaced steam powered boats fatal epidemic spread horse population dense smoke produced steam barges harsh unnecessary proved unpopular local residents began suffer condition known canal throat doubt caused foul given canal water canal carried commercial freight traffic regular cargo grain liverpool manchester mainly pleasure craft hosts rowing clubs rowing club manchester university boat club trustees duke died march income canal paid nephew george later 1st duke death second son francis provided changed heirs successors management company placed hands trustees sir lord chief baron edward time bishop later archbishop york superintendent robert duke agent managed estate received salary year use duke trustees married duke dummy trustees time canal administered trustees profit year retirement administration carried entirely calculated average annual profit order cent best year cent found difficult delegate complained worked regarded formidable approached nearby manchester bury canal resolve dispute landowner response delayed general agreement navigation company simultaneously raise freight charges cooperation companies short lived reduced charges competition come carriers canal traffic carried private companies exceeded carried trustees time time profit came traffic carried private companies carriage freight administration saw increased deterioration fabric canal locks docks warehouses capital largely owing inadequate provision duke problems caused entrance changing channels river 1820s increased dissatisfaction canals cope increasing volumes cargo perceived preserve landed gentry class increased interest possibility railway construction possible construction railway liverpool manchester vigorously opposed refused railway access land owned trustees bill presented parliament trustees opposed overthrown later year lord possibly persuaded william invested fifth required capital liverpool manchester railway following trustees withdrew opposition construction railway petition second bill passed time investment railway lord advanced improvements canal spent mainly second line locks completed plus new warehouses manchester liverpool additional line locks cost traffic heading manchester old line traffic passing new railway opened end year carrying freight immediately went competition lowering rates carriage canal offering improved terms private carriers managed maintain volume traffic carried canal freight passengers time country suffering trade depression tactics led sharp decline profits time costs rising partly use competition came opening canal gave separate access manchester november suffered stroke result lost use left arm leg evidence impaired judgement matters came head year canal lowest profit death duke july 1st duke died profits canal passed francis september son captain james acting deputy superintendent trustees expected succeed father superintendent committed suicide agent francis older brother 2nd duke james events followed stage managed reported francis longer fit superintendent persuaded retire salary expected appoint son william successor persuaded appoint james position principal agent trust december took position superintendent february appointment success charges entered disputes disagreements francis trustees sir died time place taken 10th earl devon avoid costly lawsuit end agreed retire conditions included march succeeded superintendent james extremely busy time deal detailed administration trust looked deputy duties choice richard smith agent trustees 1st earl perceived led controversy smith declined offer recommended son george samuel smith post smith appointed deputy superintendent march salary year half salary offered father immediately undertook reorganisation administration efficiency business restored agreement old company raise freight charges improved facilities passengers including introduction swift boats trustees employed people including working yard making largest employers country time death duke freight carried canal carried long tons goods long tons new dock francis dock opened late 1830s early 1840s seen increased competition canal hand canal companies railways dangerous rivals navigation company started reduce rates led price war canal companies liverpool manchester railway previously rates eventually desperation trustees bought took ownership january year competition canals reduced agreements chester canal company carrying company canal profit second highest time administered trustees having seen competition canal companies major threat come railways period known railway railways competed canals ways building threatening build new lines direct competition canals amalgamation giant companies midland london north western companies gave political power taking ownership canal companies april times newspaper reported canal emptied water converted railway came scheme return concessions trustees supported grand junction railway campaign build direct line liverpool crossed bridge gap bill overthrown house_of_lords competition railways canals led decline trading profits disastrous collapse time trustees representatives engaged vigorous campaigns parliament protect interests october bonding warehouse built manchester cargo arrive announced letter manchester guardian later printed times arrival port manchester cargo goods bond great pleasure recording arrival port manchester vessel entire cargo spirits removed bond bonding manchester vessel flat named express wholly laden valuable cargo spirits tons weight belonging william spirit merchant town active long continued struggle obtain privilege bonding great important borough acknowledged form substantial mark respect gratitude fellow express arrived liverpool saturday evening yesterday morning began lying canal mill duke trustees constructed large bonding vault taken licensed purpose believe removing stock wine spirits ports manchester greater convenience sampling sale officers customs attendance unloading vessel commenced operations manchester custom house gentleman took prominent struggle obtain bonding manchester enjoy fruits success hope long record general operation system require little time beginning manchester guardian venture successful expected evidenced letter observer later year printed times manchester bonding port pressing demands principal manufacturing towns privileges inland warehouses goods subject customs duties naturally supposed formation custom house establishment manchester vast quantity business extensive seat british manufacturers informed result different expected system introduced manchester experiment large establishment formed entirely old experienced officers impression extent business require constant services tried men believe present period little trade passed manchester custom house officers duties nearly approaching total annual expense establishment exclusive custom house warehouse town council borough manchester liable act 7th 8th victoria cap charges maintaining establishment public expense observer competition trustees railway companies intensified agreements alliances broken major opponents london north western railway lancashire yorkshire railway reduced took business away canals time railways carried trade liverpool towns central lancashire canals value traffic carried canal lowest time administered trustees earl hosted visit manchester queen_victoria prince albert stayed hall view canal given trip railway station hall state barges large crowds gathered cheer royal party apparently frightened horses drawing barge fell canal trustees spent time negotiations ease competition especially london north western railway likely allies railway companies including birmingham chester railway companies great western railway likely great western railway concern expand northwards willing help trustees carriage traffic south years negotiations came agreement end trustees railway deal london north western railway agreed cooperate onward passage trustees traffic june james superintendent died succeeded lord son aged educated christ church oxford destined political life experience managing coal mines canals james appointed mainly control management trustees assisted son george time role smith diminished initially appointed deputy superintendent position reduced principal agent arrival inexperienced smith greater management previous years reluctant invest improvements canal dock despite increasing demand passage goods dock profits years smith keen expansion opportunity came reduced heavy administration trust took planning expansion business owned trustees neglected poor state repaired sold george opposed trustees investments improvements canals docks died trustees provided capital improvements resources previous time canal built providing connection docks navigation new half tide dock alfred dock opened electric telegraph installed 2nd earl died son heir 3rd earl minor aged gave power invest profits company developments negotiations increase sea borne trade british foreign canal building started new dock work carried estuary docks improve access vessels carried conjunction london north western railway building bridge gap line junction liverpool railway paid half cost improvements amounting million today improvements trustees facilities liverpool navigation canal agreements railway companies cooperate transit goods rates carriage trustees fortunes entered phase subsequent owners navigation company ltd formed monday september canal purchased names sir edward william william philip price respectively manchester sheffield lincolnshire railway midland railway canal sold manchester ship canal company paid navigation company property construction ship canal forced removal construction swing low vessels use new canal manchester ship canal canal act passed permitting coal mining near canal bridge exchange owners obliged pay associated costs keeping canal open estates ltd formed acquire family estate estates ltd purchased subsidiary holdings acquired majority manchester ship canal company subsequently shares held transferred holdings manchester ship canal company wholly owned subsidiary holdings group ownership manchester ship canal company transferred ports group current status considered true canal britain relied existing sources water routes terminates basin disused flight locks approach road silver jubilee bridge built lower canal docks river later manchester ship canal old line locks fell late 1930s closed ship canal act filled ship canal act allowed closure filling newer line locks gates flight locks removed installed canal duke warehouse manchester demolished canal suffered soon opening near river summer gate failed manchester cranes located intervals canal length allow boards dropped slots banks allow sections canal isolated event leak canal forms integral ring network canals pleasure craft allowed canal new road crossing construction allow realignment bridge approach road complete restoration original flight locks opening link docks canal river manchester ship canal river create new ring route leisure boats involving trent canal boat lift river locks branch canal manchester disused replaced nearby lock way way scheme canal accessible users particularly mile development includes new form national cycle network regional route number