seaside town port civil parish borough english county north yorkshire located historic boundaries north riding yorkshire situated east_coast yorkshire mouth river established maritime mineral tourist heritage east cliff home ruins abbey earliest recognised english poet lived fishing port developed middle ages supporting important herring fleets nearby fishing village captain cook learned tourism started georgian period developed arrival railway attraction tourist destination enhanced proximity high ground north york national park heritage coastline association horror novel jet mined locally jet mined romans fashionable 19th century earliest record permanent settlement place christian king founded abbey held monastery destroyed viking raiders monastery founded period town gained current white settlement old norse following centuries functioned fishing settlement 18th century developed port centre trade locally mined manufacture jet jewellery abbey ruin east cliff town oldest prominent landmark significant features include swing bridge crosses river harbour sheltered grade listed east west piers town maritime heritage commemorated statues captain cook william arch sits west cliff town strong literary tradition featured literary works television cinema famously novel cultural historical heritage contribute local economy town suffer economic constraints remote location ongoing changes fishing industry relatively transport infrastructure limitations available land property result tourism forms fishing remain economy closest port proposed wind farm development north_sea miles york miles transport links rest north yorkshire north east england primarily national rail links road links according census town population decrease census figure history called records 7th 8th centuries meaning priests old norse 11th century recorded meaning white settlement old norse 12th century 13th century 14th century abbey monastery founded king act thanksgiving defeating pagan king foundation abbey anglo saxon double monastery men women royal princess later saint abbey centre learning transformed inspired poet poetry example anglo saxon literature abbey leading royal kingdom burial place royal family established roman date easter expense celtic monastery destroyed series raids denmark leaders site remained years norman conquest conquest area granted william donated land found monastery dedicated peter william gift included land monastery town port mary church dependent mills including mills churches henry granted abbey permission hold fair feast august second fair held close winter feast market rights granted abbey descended liberty abbey surrendered december henry_viii dissolved monasteries town town houses population little independence abbey tried obtain self government dissolution monasteries king ordered letters patent drawn granting requests implemented liberty strand granted earl conveyed sir john york wife anne sold lease reign elizabeth small fishing port owners liberty governed port town privilege buying selling goods brought sea tenure continued act parliament government town entrusted board improvement commissioners elected end 16th century thomas visited works papal states observed rock processed similar estate time important medicinal uses leather fixing dyed papal states spain maintained production sale secretly brought develop industry yorkshire produced near miles reign james industry established imports banned methods production england self sufficient grew significantly port result trade coal durham process grew size wealth extending activities include local oak timber built tons shipping making largest england london newcastle taxes imports entering port raised money improve extend town twin piers improving harbour permitting increases trade ship set sail greenland major port successful year ships caught resolution catch produced tons oil yielded tons whale bone stays trade changes fashion redundant boiled produce oil use lamps oil houses oil street lighting spread gas lighting reduced demand whale oil gas company changed coal gas company market whale products fell catches small economic ship phoenix remained benefited trade newcastle london supplying transport youth explorer james cook learned trade shipping coal port hms ship commanded cook voyage australia new_zealand built coal carrier named earl bought royal_navy refitted renamed developed spa town georgian times springs demand medicinal qualities visitors attracted town leading building lodging houses hotels particularly west cliff railway connecting eventually york built played town development tourism destination george hudson promoted link york responsible development royal crescent partly completed years robert son george engineer railway conservative town promoted hudson fellow black jet compressed remains ancestors monkey puzzle tree found cliffs bronze age romans known mined area victorian times jet brought pack pony decorative items peak popularity mid-19th century favoured mourning jewellery queen_victoria death prince albert advent iron ships late 19th century development port facilities river led decline smaller yorkshire monks haven launched wooden ship built year later harbour october hospital ship sunk hitting rocks sight shore bay people board lost lives disaster buried churchyard raid december town shelled german battlecruisers von der final assault yorkshire coast ships aimed guns signal post end abbey sustained considerable damage attack lasted minutes german squadron responsible strike escaped despite attempts royal_navy early 20th century fishing fleet kept harbour busy cargo boats port result strike hull docks ships diverted fish wharf near railway station opened local council number vessels port increased timber paper chemicals imported exports include steel bricks doors port owned managed borough council harbour commissioners relinquished responsibility marina started upper harbour laying light industry car parks occupy adjacent land completed marina facilities centre opened june governance act government town entrusted board improvement commissioners elected local board formed lasted urban district council formed local government act cum formed parliamentary borough reform act returning member seats act administered borough council seven district councils north yorkshire borough council purposes town comprises west cliff borough council non metropolitan district responsible housing planning leisure recreation waste collection environmental health revenue collection north yorkshire county council non metropolitan county providing education transport highways fire waste disposal social library services lowest level governance town council election administrative purposes divided electoral represented responsible burial grounds play areas street lighting elections town council held years parliament town represented conservative robert goodwill elected member constituency lies yorkshire constituency european parliament european election elected labour conservative geography geology situated east_coast yorkshire facing north_sea deep valley mouth river point medieval times bridges spanned river current bridge built swing bridge foot span separates upper lower total area acres houses built brick stone red roofs narrow steep streets sides river town surrounded sides north york national park north_sea coastal areas designated north yorkshire cleveland heritage coast stretch coast known dinosaur coast fossil coast coast miles long stretching north east riding yorkshire dinosaur visible beach rock strata contain fossils organic remains including jet fossils include bones complete specimen measuring feet inches length feet inches breadth discovered smaller fossils include snake stones lower beds strata genus named honour museum comprehensive collection fossils area harbour mouth river geological fault east cliff tall feet consists alternating layers sandstone clay west cliff lower deep boulder clay sandstone base making stable liable cliffs eroded rapidly climate area generally warm summers relatively mild winters weather conditions vary day day season season latitude means influenced predominantly westerly winds depressions associated fronts bringing unsettled weather particularly winter depressions small mobile bring periods fine weather winter bring cold dry weather summer tend bring dry settled conditions lead drought dominant influences climate area shelter worst moist westerly winds provided north york proximity north_sea late springs warm summers feature area spells fine autumn weather onshore winds spring early summer bring low clouds known locally sea coast january town virtually cut flash floods north yorkshire police warned night january town accessible route vehicles urged motorists use extreme caution avoid area absolutely necessary according census parish population living households census total number homes rented owner occupied economically active persons aged unemployed number people working service industry approximately people aged aged aged mean age population years number people travel work transport households cars population change note comprised civil parishes civil parish merged april current area religion district north yorkshire population stated religion christian census muslims jews people religious mary church ancient foundation opened john consecrated michael opened west cliff built roman_catholic_church dedicated built places worship including united reformed church methodist longer mission maintains christian ministry chapel reading room recreational facilities bishop bishop church_of_england diocese york province york town lies central roman catholic diocese economy tourism supported fishing economy isolated community poor transport infrastructure restricted building constraints surrounding north york national park economy governed changing fortunes fishing tourism extent manufacturing structural changes led concentrations unemployment benefit dependence employment base dependence low wage low skill sectors resulted younger age groups leaving area business start ups small medium sized enterprises older people increasing demands area health social care capacity moved area demographic changes relative isolation region main growth areas decline traditional employment sectors pose economic challenge town variety self catering accommodation holiday cottages guest houses bed breakfast establishments hotels jet industry declined end nineteenth century shops sell jet jewellery mainly tourists west cliff qualified britain group seaside award town awarded best seaside resort holiday magazine harbour total area acres commercial fishing pleasure craft fishing particularly crustaceans line fish takes place coast brown velvet crabs important local fishery august salmon found small open boats licensed net harbour entrance licensed party boats commercial catch longer herring replaced fish caught miles coast fish market operates need arises ready supply fresh fish resulted abundance town including cafe described best fish chip shop britain marina project jointly funded borough council yorkshire forward european regional development fund developed local economy remaining firm marine family run business east river founded new build dry dock repairs business centre provides office space range businesses business park acre site located road miles harbour southern outskirts town companies park include supreme alongside major retailers east_coast limited conventional energy generation capacity closest port proposed development bank placed provide offshore wind power industry support vessel operations logistics bank wind farm include giant foot turbines covering square miles transport situated road originally passed swing bridge high level bridge valley built avoid bridge ease congestion town centre coastal towns north crosses served yorkshire bus line operating leeds york connections yorkshire runs bus services connecting nearest airport miles durham valley airport regular service amsterdam airport town served railway station terminus valley line operated northern rail northern terminus york line north yorkshire railway began summer service operated steam locomotives railway following scenic route coast built requiring construction red brick valley line closed result axe union railway station west cliff ran close cliffs north town opened closed coastal section mile cleveland way national trail passes port strategically placed shipping europe especially scandinavia capable handling grain steel products timber vessels tonnes received wharf load ships simultaneously square feet dock space store weather cargo square foot warehouse weather critical public services wide range health care services provided community hospital run north east yorkshire health care trust general practitioners area yorkshire ambulance service provides hospital transport yorkshire fire station run north yorkshire fire rescue service town police stations provided north yorkshire police authority station built east bank operated royal national institution crew members unpaid volunteers station class stone iii weather trent class george mary north yorkshire county council waste management services provide household waste recycling centre industrial estate operates alternate weekly collection household waste type waste collected waste water supply predominantly river treated water treatment works distributed yorkshire water deal town electric responsible delivering electricity northern gas networks supply gas education tier school system primary middle college formed merger school community college school continues operate middle school currently consulting raising age range primary schools roman catholic primary school community primary school west cliff primary school hill community primary school east community primary school north yorkshire county council provides education services district fishing industry training school offers training new fishing industry experienced fishermen landmarks swing bridge spanning divides upper lower joins east west sides town developed important point river permission granted tolls taken bridge maintenance survey new bridge commissioned described men raised let vessels pass tolls collected bridge posts rebuilt stone cost structure replaced arched bridge arch cast iron allow vessels pass bridge replaced current electric swing bridge bridge allowed town spread west bank whilst east bank dominated mary church ruins abbey owned english_heritage mary church grade listed building site saxon church church ancient foundation dates 12th century time extensively altered enlarged retains features including box east cliff distance road church alternative climb steps church stairs use called stone stairs replaced original wooden steps built years old ago renovated landings assist coffin journey graveyard cliff harbour sheltered grade listed east west piers lighthouse beacon west lighthouse taller feet east lighthouse built feet high west pier extension sounds blast seconds fog new lights fitted lighthouse towers lighthouse operated trinity house located outside town south east hill west cliff statue captain james cook served town arch commemorates industry second arch original preserved archives heritage centre inner harbour statue commemorating william designer crow nest outskirts town west 19th century castle built james wilson sold sugar plantation slaves moved alongside mother house order holy castle school conference centre hotel association culture media sport frank meadow left photographic record town harbour fishing residents late victorian times famous photograph entitled water rats taken famous internationally great photography exhibited work tokyo vienna france usa great_britain winning gold silver bronze medals retired curator museum royal photographic society honorary member gallery work located park built land purchased local philanthropist politician robert death trust set created public park art gallery museum built gallery literary philosophical society holds collection archaeological social history jet display hand glory friends park formed successfully bid heritage lottery fund grant park old built museum displaying robert ellen built ancient penny ceremony performed eve ascension day commemorating imposed abbot hunters middle ages hunters knife costing penny cut wood harbour survive tides tradition carried annually east upper harbour gazette founded local printer issues records visitors newspaper publication weekly newspaper short spell published twice weekly local radio stations bbc yorkshire coast radio pavilion theatre built 1870s west cliff hosts range events summer months decades town hosted folk week annual weekend members annual live music event featuring local bands pavilion taken place film festival taken place october wind sailing place beaches area visited divers sports facilities including town cricket football pitches tennis courts cleveland way long distance follows coast running developed frontage takes place annually days august competition rowing clubs friendship arc fishermen arc arc forms backbone weekend event expanded include fair pier demonstrations fireworks military displays including spectacle red arrows display team royal_air_force town formed semi professional football club plays northern premier league capacity ground lane facilities range pitch golf club hole golf course situated cliff tops north west town literature town strong literary tradition said earliest english literature comes known anglo saxon poet monk order abbey novel set incorporating pieces local folklore including russian ship discovered old public library scholar suggested chose site appearance england given novel calendar disputes elizabeth set novel lovers partly town visited lewis stayed east terrace july september publications published gazette charles known visited letter friend collins time says time curious railroad curious balanced counter weight water like remote days inn yard shell view best private room collins stayed work novel accompanied caroline graves inspiration woman white mary born small house yard reached wide readership second novel heather northern sea published novel pity sake published posthumously james russell american writer visited ambassador london staying wellington terrace west cliff visit wrote ninth year place loses charm taylor church_of_england celebrated author best selling book set novel possession romance set town adapted feature film called possession starring crime novel series james set novels death disciple eve murder trilogy young adult novels makes town setting history local traditions whilst incorporating narrative author robin recalls time visited stepped train knew special grey day added haunting beauty lonely atmosphere place listening explored ruined abbey place fantastic inspiration interwoven existing local legends frightening whilst notably literary works referencing include song peter robinson ninety steps kim bride borrowed rites hell paul twin cities number towns globe visited captain cook ships built named settlers england anchorage alaska united_states new_zealand stanley islands canada county hawaii united_states germany


major major welsh small coastal town community wales lying bristol channel coast towns largest population barry ahead lies miles northeast town centre major lies miles southeast centre miles west centre barry miles miles south west centre welsh capital cardiff town welsh derived saint came area brittany founded monastery college attached grow christian colleges times peak attracted students including princes numerous eminent revered saints destroyed monastery rebuilt continued centre learning governed abbey closed dissolution monasteries 13th century church built near ancient monastery today grade listed building oldest parish churches wales modern town developed rapidly 20th century accommodate royal_air_force personnel base built nearby retains medieval streets buildings 15th 16th centuries major railway station line reopened june beach popular venue remnants iron age fort finest examples period fossils wales beach dramatic miles coastline protected heritage coast stretches east newton point west parish church town literally great church welsh english form properly place great greater epithet distinguishes near minor known lower near welsh element related english lawn borrowed middle english french borrowed referred community early christian settlements wales parish merely church history major occupied years archaeological evidence shown occupied times remains iron age fort lie beach area excavations roman villa revealed area occupied roman times years mosaic date mid 2nd century 5th century withdrawal roman saint came valley brittany founded monastery brook college close proximity current church mile sea exact date founding unknown sources indicate year blue plaque church today gives date monastery teaching centre major centre education celtic church attracting scholars wales devon cornwall brittany wider world college known college seminary welsh college peak seven halls houses students including seven sons british princes scholars patrick paul historian bishop david believed spent time known summoned join monastery briefly elected abbot leaving cornwall king buried monastery college suffered invasions destroyed late 11th century documented restored likely lesser state original known continued function monastic school 16th century reformation ruins original school house located garden northern end churchyard monastic halls located place called hill head north barn original monastery remains present church originally built earliest existing secular buildings date 15th century church school property abbey norman kingdom dissolution monasteries king henry_viii reformation independent castle miles west built 13th century 20th century developed dormitory town grew times size accommodate royal_air_force despite modernization rapid growth retains pre modern feel narrow winding streets high walls old town hall gatehouse houses dated 16th century major railway station line reopened june rated attractive areas live wales geography major located southeast wales mid west coast town accessed north directly road indirectly road road stemming road directly road leads northwest cardiff airport barry east towns largest population barry ahead lies miles northeast town centre major lies miles centre miles centre barry miles centre cardiff lies east eastern suburb small stream river runs town joins streams brook flow northeast merge meadows sea major area built range different levels town sloping lower coastal level flat glacial valley marked steep cliffs sides leading beach beach located south town remains ancient old stone wall large iron age hill fort castle ditches located steep cliffs allow walks coast castle atlantic college undergone dramatic erosion recent years result places rock structure collapsed piles particularly eastern face cliff path set approximately yards edge metres nature causing installation extensive new barriers council prevent fatalities miles coastline east newton point west passing protected heritage coast bay situated major stretch coast cliff path winds numerous valleys major beach finest sites wales fossils including giant bones early 1990s beach flooded tide rising beach wall surrounding pasture valley beach popular tourist destination summer months nearby fields beach bar restaurant associated amenities cater increased public demand recent years beach low tide expansive rocky beach stretch sand far west offering dramatic views bristol channel coastline somerset england landmark white roof economy local government major small town largely dependent local retail earnings majority inhabitants work especially cardiff summer months tourism important town rainbow plaza restaurants note old swan inn old white hart inn tudor tavern 17th century west house country hotel heritage restaurant major considerable renown south wales location known coast beach station funded council built late 1990s functioning summer months surf shop town catering selling items related fashion summer months local government charges visitors beach parking income obtained beach cafe organised walks victorian fair day established usually held june saturday nearest 22nd month victorian theme attracts people southern wales town including town library banks located central shopping area road local artistic community supports number arts crafts shops selling locally pottery electoral ward exists ward covers major community stretches west total population ward census town governed major town council consisting independent current mayor councillor mason comes administration authority major france notable landmarks roman villa roman villa remains faint earthworks field near 13th century parish church shaped courtyard villa discovered records suggest room workshop 5th century adjoining simple style featured chancel nave stone altar found remains included horse bones fine mosaic floors notable feature villa included blue limestone green volcanic stones brown sandstone red brick encircled red white blue brown border record described relics pieces bronze coins materials site excavated settled 1st century stone structure erected years later site developed slowly suggested abandoned 3rd century 4th century shaped villa large building possibly farm workers number smaller agricultural structures central courtyard royal commission ancient historical monuments wales associated collection records site including drawings remains statues pavement documentation excavation early medieval period cemetery evidence earthworks traces bank ditch pieces pottery found listed buildings church monastery town grew monastery school alternately named college later college saint david saint saint paul saint saint saint king said studied school destroyed founded centre learning ruins school garden north churchyard monastery situated north barn hill head elongated church distinct buildings divided areas wall 13th century monastery church norman parish church eastern section contains interesting medieval wall paintings religious themes fine western section lady chapel feet length inscription king died century church contains bell medieval priest older church feet long newer church built richard church age saints early welsh christianity existence provides evidence continuity sub roman christianity churchyard contains ancient relics pillar inscribed stones dates saint time grounds include 13th century gatehouse monks house ruined walls garden area near town hall records indicate town hall dates 15th century attributed gilbert lord died earlier functioned manor meeting venue court organise duties collect weekends held renovated late 16th century years lower floor functioned school jail floor venue church meetings leased 1830s aside held plays concerts dances grade listed building february features bell inscription pro saint pray reached flight steps great house great house located road northern outskirts originally dated 14th century consisted square central section significant additions excellent example tudor great house northern wing stable added parts house occupied family centuries 1920s abandoned fell heavily dilapidated state building bought restored glory 1950s dove gatehouse covered vault dove grade listed tall 13th century cylindrical column middle hill head field lies close proximity church site old barn built monks monastery site hill head 13th 14th century gatehouse belonging church major today remaining buildings time belonged abbey plaque gatehouse telling history old place old place ruin manor house built williams daughter son law mistakenly called castle williams family successful lawyers rising minor gentry fined involved central sunday led family seek revenge old swan inn records state building located 11th century medieval times believed monastic mint current grade listed inn dated 16th century aside restoration work run years tudor times family mid 17th century evidence owner edward mint mint shortage coin time restaurants town plymouth house according blue plaque wall outside plymouth house house believed monastery functioning house time fifteenth century closure manor house west owned edward later owners include lewis van earl plymouth renamed previous owner time 19th century court house blue plaque court house known ivy house town house 16th century 18th century extended christopher time owned family court descendants perpetrators gunpowder plot later owners included daniel grammar school chapel fell niece husband william thomas thomas family time owned thomas father mare antiquarian built town hall clock commemorate queen_victoria place according blue plaque building known old school built john owned robert family significant power area time held local administrative posts priests 17th century stephen functioned boarding school primary school children old police station old police station built place established originally comprised single storey building expanded include floor continued function police station new building opened nearer town centre street war memorial located centre war memorial old swan white hart celtic cross memorial commemorates residents lost lives went missing world war world war names listed world war names world war baptist church baptist church erected provide local minister local named lawrence christmas evans eyed welsh preacher considerable renown reported held services place located place fortified manor house ruins built end 16th century served seat roger queen attorney council wales marches remained family jane married robert jones sold owners let fall ruin occupants mentioned census castle lodge situated kilometre bristol channel road owned time john university_of_oxford moved father death built john father robert end 18th century land left father sheriff county property held family time king henry vii dwelling tudor architecture blue limestone exterior stone windows south facing feet length western coast cornwall island visible turrets carved chimney dining room stone chimney piece drawing room features tile large tudor style staircase sitting rooms library newer addition stables feature sharp pointed carved stone date original grant education sport comprehensive school secondary school town fire building october new building constructed school roughly pupils time staff immediately adjacent primary school primary schools primary school primary school facilities major leisure centre include small swimming pool large small sports halls lifestyle fitness studio facilities conference room bar major rugby football club played match rugby football club fields senior youth mini junior teams plays division welsh rugby union leagues sports clubs represent association football cricket cultural references town portrayed late daniel novel welcome death areas town recording recent series doctor sarah jane adventures created bbc wales local making filmed shown notable people joe entrepreneur magistrate grew major daniel scientist archaeologist cardiff blues rugby player daniel labour born major pat mountain coach grew major ray belgian east end gangster linked twins ran pie mash stall borough market witnesses went blind founding members royal society great_britain


industrial town authority ceremonial county northwest england population historically lancashire northern bank river estuary narrows form gap directly south town upstream miles east town downstream west city liverpool industrial revolution small settlements marsh chemical factory established town rapidly major centre chemical industry demand labour met large scale immigration ireland poland lithuania wales town continues major manufacturer chemicals green railway stations liverpool manchester line main roads town north south direction east west disused canal terminates area known spike island history usual explanation origin comes danish words meaning wide meaning nose refers projecting river particularly wide possible explanation derives danish meaning wood possibly referring tree covered earlier early history little evidence early human occupation area flint discovered hill suggesting human presence stone age hill disused quarry located north town roman roads passed area roman coins found railway station stands today 9th century invaded country extreme south river derives anglo saxon means boundary river boundary saxon kingdom beginning 20th century believed earthworks marsh constructed archaeological investigation 1930s found confirm following norman conquest william granted lancaster roger turn granted sons elder daughter married william second baron death passed current luke norman church built date origin uncertain likely south chapel added church grammar school established bishop william middle 19th century area consisted scattered nearby villages canal constructed linked area river bridges near operation extended ferry extension opened year gap railway opened railway connected area known spike island termini canal railway adjacent dock world railway dock established despite transport links emergence chemical industry nearby valley industrial revolution arrive years later arrival spike island john coming chemical industry john built factory land canal railway making process ideal site factory raw materials transported waterways railway finished products similarly transported country overseas chemical factories soon built nearby including john william henry town grew rapidly housing social provision factory workers soon villages developing town known west bank substances produced included soap ash salt cake powder industries developed including iron copper works town heavily smoke products chemical processes town described depressing town england poisonous hell town marked spring making beautiful corner england spring comes comes place manifest foul gases forth night day factories clothes teeth end bodies workers killed tree blade grass miles demand workers meant addition people areas united_kingdom large numbers workers came countries initially irish late 1880s significant numbers arrived poland lithuania fleeing persecution poverty home countries immigrants came areas particular wales chemical companies making process combined form united company later constituent companies involved practically chemical industries considered principal centre new company 1890s chemical business went decline efficient methods making developed recent history early decades 20th century revival local economy particularly united company began manufacture new products improvements structure town particular opening bridge gave direct link road traffic town britain regular covered double bus service health residents town improving 1920s 1930s chemical industry products manufactured replaced better homes second world war cleared ongoing growth variation chemical industry 1950s town major chemical factories silver jubilee bridge replaced outdated bridge recent years old heavy chemical factories closed replaced modern factories land previously old dirty chemical processes reclaimed improvements environment town governance saxon times west derby lancashire modern local government town commenced creation local board prior town administrative district town received charter incorporation giving borough status local government act borough council abolished territory amalgamated form borough district outcome local representation avoid proposed metropolitan county borough authority council entered agreement metropolitan district councils form liverpool city region effect reversing opposition integration 1970s status similar metropolitan parliamentary constituency elected member parliament parliamentary constituency current member parliament local authority borough town divided electoral elections european parliament lies north west england constituency geography situated north bank river town low lying slightly higher areas south town spur projecting river forms west bank area spur projecting northwards form gap river gap crossed railway bridge carrying liverpool branch west_coast main line silver jubilee bridge carrying road curves westerly direction liverpool density housing generally high open green areas including victoria park golf courses geographically near centre urban development chemical factories close north bank river second crossing planned known gateway drainage area steward brooks bedrock area rock sandstone group sandstone bedrock covered drift consists till near bank recent large areas covered industrial waste 1870s prior building chemical works deep gorge measuring feet found bedrock filled glacial deposits concluded ice age flowed northerly course blocked glacial deposits new channel gap close west_coast irish sea climate generally temperate extremes temperature weather mean average temperature years slightly average united_kingdom average annual sunshine hours average annual rainfall slightly average average number days year snow ground low united_kingdom average number days air frost low borough authority resulted having level local government demographic statistics authority separately towns towns different histories come different historic counties demographic features similar estimated population change population 20th century shown following table largest proportion population age groups pension age lowest proportion people pension age older proportion non white ethnic groups lowest local authorities population live birth rate highest county mortality ratio percentage persons limiting long term illness considerably highest increase number households average household size reduced houses central heating compared type housing changed increase detached houses increase years semi detached houses corresponding decrease houses percentage dwellings council tax bands highest local authority bands lowest economy continues industrial town major industry manufacture chemicals recent years new freight park known gateway opened west bank area town provides link freight arriving road air sea transferred rail network expected create new jobs phase park logistics service distribution group opened consists square feet warehouse work began new gateway bridge complete project build new lane toll bridge river towns relieve aging silver jubilee bridge new route major strategic transport route linking liverpool city region north west rest country support sustained growth liverpool ports liverpool john_lennon airport improve business productivity corridor considerable development shopping areas town centre mall opened adjacent long established market market hall open market adjacent supermarket cross area supermarket opened new shopping development known shopping park opened march flagship store marks shop businesses involved development new look boots river island british home stores outfit town chain outlet incorporates fashion brands including miss burton businesses included development coffee gala autumn construction began extra hour store glass fronted store built old site way opened march store built allowing car park built underneath store cars landmarks town relatively short history historical sites chemical factory sites areas chemical waste given opportunities developments include victoria west bank alongside river spike island cleared industry forms open recreation area leading canal adjacent spike island occupying john tower building catalyst science discovery centre architecture town number listed buildings outlying areas scattered town listed churches anglican churches luke adjacent mary west bank roman catholic churches michael marie cemetery railway stations north green listed town hall power house bridge transport southern route liverpool manchester railway line stations green services operated northern rail east trains northern rail operate frequent services liverpool manchester city centre green east trains link station hourly intervals day liverpool manchester sheffield nottingham passengers london south likely use station short journey silver jubilee bridge bus taxi main bus operators providing local services transport road passes linking liverpool west east road passes town linking south silver jubilee bridge motorway miles north miles liverpool john_lennon airport miles manchester airport education nineteen primary schools town nursery schools secondary schools saints peter paul catholic college academy wade high school colleges college sixth form college merged form riverside college special schools child development centre crow wood lane learning centre offers opportunities adult learning basic skills skills success building schools future programme high school closed merged wade high school school founded grammar school bishop william school site 16th century 1960s separate sex secondary schools amalgamated school took title high school closure closed august schools pupils transferred wade high school operating site continued march wade high school new build completed demolition school began august completed end site developed housing estate cemetery religion census showed people living borough declared christian stated religion religion stated declaring religions buddhism jewish islam religions amounted anglican churches administered diocese liverpool longest established church luke anglican churches mary west bank paul victoria square john road view road share building michael road green methodist church share building saints green road catholic_church roman catholic churches liverpool churches lady perpetual avenue john fisher road marie road michael michael road avenue liverpool road owing shortage catholic priests leaving safe project effect marie closed mass celebrated january church listed building placed buildings risk list campaign group save britain heritage identified victorian society annual list endangered victorian buildings britain trinity methodist church lane methodist churches baptist church road evangelical christian churches road witnesses kingdom hall road national church street sports major sporting body town rugby league football club cup kings 1970s 1980s world club champions defeating australian canberra raiders old recently winners northern rail cup home ground select security stadium lane owned run borough council addition sporting ground facilities conferences october club defeated national_league grand final following club financial situation board decided administration subsequently purchased steve connor local businessman stadium temporary home stadium season new stadium park completed heath road rugby union club rugby union football club known amateur sports club managed administered volunteers players club members pay club encourages development rugby sections local community promoting links local schools local authorities rugby football union constituency body cricket club founded ground road sports social club road hosts sports including football rugby league cricket road private golf club tennis academy located sharing entrance peter school privately operated facility consisting door courts outside courts gym beacon facility links schools local authority promote develop tennis area home lane tennis club est number men women junior teams playing district league sports facilities available march announced new football club formed club known dragons joined sports brand club currently plays north west counties football league june club known football club brand ice hockey club wild based silver blades ice plays english national hockey league conference culture queens hall opened originally victoria road methodist chapel use theatre concert hall opening queens hall demolished december february adjacent hall street queen hall studio originally built sunday school venue music live performance closed years campaigning volunteer group loose support community assets fund big lottery fund donors opened april tradition song bound written paul simon station quote paul simon reads follows know understand desperately trying london quickly possible bound came feeling song stars track field scottish indie rock band album feeling sinister makes reference town lyrics song watch step album trust community facilities main library victoria square refurbished addition normal services provided library library holds large collection material relating railways branch library area town queens hall studio known studio street community venue live music theatre events place access areas project based young people interested music associated creative activities funded big lottery fund victoria park area town number attractions including model boating lake tennis basketball courts bowling facility pets corner butterfly house green park area town crow wood park eastern large area open ground eastern town number nature reserves pasture area meadows overlooking river built site household industrial nature reserves town wood road woodlands leisure centre places people swimming pool gym addition sports hall number football cricket rugby league clubs town michael golf course municipal golf course built reclaimed industrial waste land high levels found soil present closed private golf club road october leisure park opened new development waterfront facilities include reel cinema screen cinema bar restaurant super bowl containing lane pin bowling centre children play area licensed bar restaurant premier inn brewers pub opened february brand new ice operated opened december health hospital acute medical care patients hospital run hospitals foundation trust hospital run teaching hospitals trust clinical commissioning group responsible services area established urgent care centre ease pressure local accident emergency units general services provided health centres separate medical practices dental practices providing mixture national health service private dental care healthcare liverpool notable people men born near village achieved prominent positions anglican church william bishop bishop lincoln built grammar school village richard barnes bishop bishop durham richard bishop london archbishop_of_canterbury late 19th century number prominent lived founder company lived sons born notable sir robert chemist archaeologist younger brother alfred 1st baron industrialist politician charles born winner nobel prize physics born village roy designer lancaster bomber thomas born joined royal flying corps world war awarded victoria_cross distinguished conduct medal posthumously gallantry man thomas royal naval reserve awarded victoria_cross posthumously second world war jack born local councillor member parliament trent years companion honour invested councillor life peer baron county gordon born educated local member parliament government minister international rugby league player born andrew professional player born went school girl known actor david born raised composer multi tour france rider paul born george born born played rugby league great_britain england team won rugby league world cup distinguished victorian cricketer john man taken hat trick scored century ashes cricket lived town 1890s john player professional player singer musician jane brought town


reading reading red ing large town authority area ceremonial county england important centre medieval period site reading abbey monastery strong royal connections town seriously affected english civil war major siege loss trade played pivotal role revolution revolution significant military action fought streets town 19th century saw coming great western railway development town seed growing businesses today reading commercial centre involvement information technology insurance despite proximity london net inward commuter flow evidence reading settlement dates 8th century reading largest town tax returns reading 10th largest town england measured wealth population grown rich trade cloth 18th century saw beginning major iron works town growth trade reading famous 19th century town grew rapidly manufacturing centre ranked economic area economic success according factors employment health income skills reading retail centre serving large area thames valley home university reading year hosts reading festival england biggest music festivals sporting teams based reading include reading football club london irish rugby union team runners annually compete reading half marathon borough reading population census town formed largest reading urban area population census town currently represented parliament members continuously represented ceremonial purposes town county served county town previously sharing status thames located thames valley confluence river_thames river great western main line railway motorway national road network reading located miles east miles south oxford miles west central london miles north history reading date roman occupation britain possibly trading port clear evidence reading settlement dates 8th century town came known probably comes anglo saxon tribe means people old english probably celtic meaning ford river late army invaded kingdom set camp reading january battle reading king brother alfred great attempted unsuccessfully breach defences battle described anglo saxon chronicle account provides earliest known written record existence reading remained reading late retreated winter quarters london battle hastings norman conquest england william gave land reading foundation battle abbey book listing town explicitly described borough presence mills recorded land belonging king land given battle abbey reading abbey founded henry buried abbey grounds gave abbey lands reading land known badly reading affected black death swept england 14th century known abbot reading abbey henry victims nearby lost population abbey largely destroyed henry_viii dissolution monasteries abbot hugh cook subsequently tried convicted high treason hanged drawn abbey church reading largest town tax returns reading 10th largest town england measured wealth population grown rich trade cloth fortune local merchant john reading played important role english civil war despite fortifications royalist garrison imposed subsequent siege reading parliamentary forces succeeded april town cloth trade especially badly damaged town economy fully recover 20th century reading played significant role revolution second battle reading substantial military action campaign 18th century saw beginning major iron works town growth trade reading famous reading trade benefited better designed roads helped establish location major coaching routes london oxford west country despite considerable local opposition navigation opened river boats far opposition stopped apparent new route benefited town opening canal barge reading bristol channel probably earlier role county town shared reading 19th century town grew rapidly manufacturing centre great western railway arrived followed south eastern railway london south western railway summer moved reading effectively making reading sole county town decision officially approved council town county borough local government act town famous beer brewery seeds town continued expand 20th century river_thames compared english towns cities reading suffered little physical damage world wars afflicted 20th century citizens killed injured conflicts significant air raid occurred february single luftwaffe plane machine bombed town centre resulting deaths injuries lower development built largest private housing developments europe extended urban area reading far motorway acts southern boundary town housing developments increased number modern houses outskirts reading major town centre shopping centre opened named 17th century occupied small site provides storeys shopping space boosted local economy providing jobs largest urban areas united_kingdom city status reading bid city status recent occasions celebrate new millennium celebrate golden jubilee queen elizabeth_ii celebrate diamond jubilee bids unsuccessful government local government town reading principally provided reading borough council single level authority civil parishes town outer suburbs west authorities outer suburbs belong civil parishes cases town status reading elected member parliament parliament historically reading represented members parliamentary borough reading parliamentary reading reading north reading south general election reading surrounding area divided parliamentary reading east reading west town multi member south east england european constituency reading site crown court criminal justice county court responsible civil cases lesser matters dealt local court reading degree local government autonomy local merchant guild granted royal charter town run borough corporation county borough district borough reading authority area county council abolished review responsible aspects local government borough prior 16th century civic administration town reading situated yield hall guild hall situated river near today yield hall lane brief stay later church town council created new town hall upper floor john reading abbey years 1970s remain site reading civic administration successive eventually created today town hall reading borough council moved new civic centre government borough reading follows leader cabinet model following local elections labour minority administration replaced previous conservative liberal democrat coalition casting vote mayor borough largely ceremonial mayor sarah mayor reading borough included villages small parts encompassed village small area parish added attempt small area eye parish rejected strong local opposition today borough elect borough generally ignore old parish boundaries use invented ward names reading municipal boundaries include surrounding suburbs partly west borough unusual configuration creates difficulties diminishing land available suitable development borough boundary bring council conflict neighbours development plans particularly affects education schools areas cross administrative boundaries transport perennial example construct road crossing thames south politicians residents oppose subject rob wilson reading east said house_of_commons debate january process slow appears steps forwards steps backwards mainly view south district council incredibly matter reading borough council adopting strategies local traffic reading obviously traffic reached point desperately need direct government intervention break local authorities geography crow flies reading miles west central london miles southeast oxford miles east bristol miles north english south coast centre reading low ridge river_thames river close confluence reflecting town history river port confluence cuts narrow steep sided gap hills forming southern flank thames absence enabled development reading grown suburbs spread west rivers foothills downs far south south east south far wood lower north thames hills far heights green park village outside central area floors valleys containing rivers remain largely apart curving south road routes built areas central area cause road congestion adjoining reading rivers subject occasional flooding floods affected properties affected flooding thames properties affected flooding depending definition adopted town urban area necessarily borough historically town reading smaller borough definitions include old ecclesiastical parishes churches mary smaller century borough today town centre reading comprises number suburbs districts borough surrounding urban area names location suburbs general usage outer suburbs correspond civil parishes formally defined boundaries reading urban area referred greater reading incorporates town eastern western suburbs outside borough civil parishes like rest united_kingdom reading maritime climate limited seasonal temperature ranges generally moderate rainfall year nearest official met office weather station located reading university atmospheric observatory campus recorded atmospheric measurements meteorological observations local absolute maximum temperature recorded august local absolute minimum temperature recorded january borough population population density square kilometre est office national statistics definition urban sub division reading significantly larger people area square kilometres urban subdivision component reading urban area population census populous town united_kingdom city status according census population described white white british south asian black mixed race chinese ethnic group reported reading different spoken languages population reading large polish community dates years october reading chronicle printed copies polish edition called reading economy reading important commercial centre thames valley southern england town hosts headquarters british companies offices foreign major retail centre whilst located close london regarded london commuter belt reading net inward destination morning peak period inward arrivals town compared departures major companies group ing direct microsoft group headquarters reading insurance company administration centre town offices reading significant historical involvement information technology industry largely result early presence town sites international computers limited digital technology companies significant presence town include technologies business companies distributed reading outside borough boundary business parks including thames valley park nearby green park business park arlington business park reading town centre major shopping centre independent poll placed reading 16th league table best performing retail centres main shopping street broad street runs east broad street mall west smaller walk street derelict demolished proposed station hill redevelopment project goes ahead major department stores reading john lewis reading known house broad street branch conversion chapel dating major shopping reading smaller shopping arcades bristol west arcade harris arcade walk contain smaller specialist stores older form retail facility represented union street popularly known alley reading indoor market street market street farmers market operates saturdays month culture year reading hosts reading festival running festival takes place friday saturday sunday august bank holiday weekend largest kind aside festival years reading known festival moved park wiltshire reading beer festival held grown largest beer festivals held king meadow days immediately preceding day bank holiday year reading holds reading pride annual festival kings meadow frank designed royal county theatre built located south street burned town hall seat concert hall houses father organ reading theatre venues include south street arts centre amateur theatre venues reading include progress theatre self governing self funding theatre group registered charity founded operates maintains seat theatre person reading giving local rugby team based members reading school alternative cultural references jane attended reading ladies boarding school based abbey gateway mary russell lived reading number years spent rest life outside town mile cross fictional eponymous novel published largely based reading described accuracy possible follow steps novel characters present day reading reading appears works thomas hardy called features heavily final novel obscure temporary home sue oscar imprisoned reading wrote letter release lived exile france wrote ballad reading based experience execution charles carried reading whilst imprisoned reading film cemetery junction filmed set 1970s reading named busy junction east reading nursery crimes division novels big easy fourth bear placed reading bbc sitcom beautiful people based memoirs simon set reading late 1990s landmarks lion gardens unofficial symbol reading commemorates officers royal regiment died battle blade fourteen storey building completed tall seen surrounding area corner prominent sign home department store occupies corner kings road high street south market place reading grade listed buildings grade grade buildings wide variety architectural styles range medieval 21st century grade listed buildings reading abbey abbey gateway church church reading media reading local newspaper reading chronicle published town local newspaper reading post ceased publication paper december order transition online format title online magazine reading publishes articles focusing arts entertainment culture reading local publishing company rivers press published book titles topic local history art local radio stations broadcast reading bbc radio jack heart thames valley local radio stations london capital breeze east time received local television news programmes bbc south today itv tonight public services reading parks including miles riverside paths town centre gardens public park built site outer court reading abbey largest public park reading prospect park previously estate owned acquired reading corporation principal national health service hospital reading royal hospital founded enlarged rebuilt second major general hospital battle hospital closed healthcare foundation trust runs hospital prospect park hospital provision care people mental health learning disabilities reading private hospitals independent hospital park hospital situated main bath road circle hospital island reading borough public library service dates initially housed reading town hall central branch library relocated new building king road water services supplied thames water utilities limited private sector water supply company whilst water disposal regulated environment agency reading water supply largely derived underground consequence water hard commercial energy supplier electricity gas consumer choice southern electric runs local electricity distribution network runs gas distribution network notable local energy infrastructure presence peak wind turbine green park business park wired local sub grid potential produce million units electricity year power thousand homes code fixed line reading provides fixed line telephone coverage town internet connection areas parts reading virgin media supplying cable television telephone internet connections transport reading location thames valley west london town important location nation transport system town grew river port confluence thames rivers lock blake lock county lock lock lock borough today navigation exclusively purposes leisure private hire boats dominate traffic scheduled boat services operate thames reading river near bridge reading major staging point old bath road london near bristol road carries local traffic replaced long distance traffic motorway closely skirts borough serves junctions main roads serving reading include reading inner distribution road ring road local traffic linked relief road national express coaches run reading junction thames crossed reading road bridges road bridges cross oldest surviving high bridge reading major junction point national rail system reading station major transfer point terminus project finished reading station redeveloped cost grade separation conflicting traffic flows extra platforms relieve severe congestion station railway lines link reading stations london stations reading area reading west green park railway station planned reading line serve green park business park airfields near reading park closed nearest airport london miles away road express bus service named links reading airport accessed rail taking train changing connect rail service railway station today local public transport largely road affected peak hour congestion borough frequent local bus network borough frequent network surrounding area provided reading buses bus operators include south east thames travel provides demand transport service people restricted mobility area bicycle sharing system operates reading approximately docking stations reading station holiday inn road green park march reading borough council approved larger scheme similar cycle hire london available docking stations reading education reading school founded 16th oldest school england state secondary schools state primary schools borough number private independent schools reading college provided education reading local courses university reading established affiliate oxford_university moved london road campus new campus took college higher education teacher training college court campus management college situated miles reading taken campus university west london maintains presence town higher education students principally nursing previous ownership reading college education students english language schools located reading include gateway languages english language centre london street language school museums museum reading opened town municipal buildings contains galleries relating history reading excavations size replica art collection galleries relating museum english rural life east reading museum dedicated recording changing face farming countryside england houses designated collections national importance owned run university reading museum greek cole museum harris gardens found university campus small riverside museum blake lock tells story reading rivers thames suburb museum aviation collection aircraft artefacts relating aircraft industry town religion reading church mary virgin properly known reading oldest ecclesiastical foundation known founded 9th century possibly earlier eclipsed importance later abbey reading regained importance destruction abbey reading abbey founded henry buried parts daughter empress william york princess isabella cornwall abbey pilgrimage centres medieval england held relics including hand james today remains abbey inner rubble walls major buildings abbey restored inner gateway intact borough reading served parish churches reading church church use church_of_england built town expelled building hospital jail restored church_of_england parish church church bishop reading bishop church_of_england diocese oxford bishop based reading responsible total church_of_england parish churches reading james church built portion site abbey marked return roman catholic faith reading reading site death blessed catholic missionary england 19th century received john henry newman catholic faith total roman catholic parish churches reading reading organized jewish community jewish family living area traced far group grew families declared community commenced building october reading officially opened public ceremony packed capacity dignitaries led chief reading stands original site junction road street near town centre grade listed historical structure built traditional design style community forms spiritual communal centre jews surrounding counties affiliated orthodox united hebrew congregations commonwealth reading liberal jewish community reading meeting house reform jewish community nearby reading places worship religions buddhist centre hindu temple salvation army citadel meeting house hall presently mosque central reading mosque islamic centre oxford road west reading granted planning permission community funded project began construction july estimated completion date second islamic centre eastern reading granted planning permission project garnered controversy sport reading home reading football club association football club nicknamed formed based park club plays capacity stadium named chairman sir john opened winning football league championship record points reading spent seasons premier league relegated championship season club competed premier league securing place championship season relegated championship season end reading town football club formed played lane playing league premier division dissolved fellow non league football club play park stadium reading centre rugby union football area team london irish tenants stadium reading home senior semi professional rugby clubs reading abbey reading town hosts australian rules football team reading american football team park stadium athletics track reading athletic club training reading hockey club play men premier division women division english hockey league reading rockets basketball club plays english basketball league rowing pursued reading rowing club reading university boat club bridge whilst reading blue coat school trains adjacent rowing lake provides training facilities national squad club rowing river_thames annual reading town takes place near thames valley park reading amateur taking place june usually weeks prior royal town home motorcycle team reading came reading stadium team moved stadium demolished end team inactive pending building new stadium hoped completed reading half marathon held streets reading march year competitors elite fun runners run took place subsequent year cancelled concerns year outbreak foot mouth disease british association formed town mall health club december britain took place outside reading farm revived years later banana leisure original organisers event director thames valley based town britain oldest club having origins event nearby relay team raced reading club theatre home grand prix tournament sport big notable people town reading germany officially ireland france san_francisco nicaragua barbados reading sister city sri_lanka reading pennsylvania


danish pronunciation spelled industrial university city north jutland denmark urban population making fourth populous city denmark population january municipality populous country copenhagen road kilometres southwest kilometres north earliest settlements date position point important harbour middle ages later large industrial centre city known half built prosperous merchants church cathedral dates end 14th century castle royal residence built today city transition working class industrial area knowledge based community major grain cement spirits thriving business interests include wind power industries portland companies global producers wind turbine marine boilers cement theatres symphony orchestra opera company performance venues museums historical museum museum modern art important cultural hub carnival held end largest festivals scandinavia attracting people annually major university university founded students university college northern denmark seven new regional organisations royal school library information science provides higher education library information science danish regiment army supply emergency medical personnel university hospital largest north jutland founded football club established based arena won danish season season season season sports associations include women club rugby club cricket club railway station john connected city south airport kilometres northwest city centre european route sweden italy passes european commission concluded citizens satisfied people europe city history area point attracted settlements far iron age leading thriving viking community year middle ages royal trading privileges natural harbour thriving herring fishing industry contributed town growth despite difficulties experienced centuries city began end 19th century bridge built railway arrived initial growth relied heavy industry current development focuses culture education beginnings traces history thousand years originally settled trading post position sites settlements burial ground seen hill overlooking city large settlements 6th century iron age viking age 9th 11th centuries evolved point result traffic south north mention original found coins period king settled area adam bremen reported called german important harbour ships sailing norway danish census book called possibly meaning fort stream old norse meant stream current fort castle church lady originally built early 12th century demolished reformation grey convent east probably built documented convent order minor like roman catholic monasteries shut result reformation middle ages earliest trading privileges date king received town huge marrying privileges extended christopher bavaria town prospered largest communities denmark prosperity increased trade association established trade league especially christian granted monopoly herring king frequently visited town held court stayed old herring fishery linked east_coast england north_sea commercial competition cultural exchange middle ages number important institutions established including cathedral late 14th century hospital holy ghost monastery founded help need converted hospital reformation use today nursing home elderly large town destroyed fire december stormed plundered king troops peasants revolt known count feud led resulted death people reformation brought demolition town monasteries result reformation lutheran 17th 19th centuries result increased foreign trade enjoyed great prosperity second copenhagen population grew parallel development fine buildings city merchants shipping routes norway portugal city suffered fire destroyed tower church second half 18th century entered period prosperity danish described copenhagen best prosperous market town denmark population grew second newspaper published denmark appeared city denmark ceded norway sweden lost important role country centre norwegian trade prosperity suffered result difficulties herring industry fish disappeared sea breached linked rest jutland western end north_sea storm effects state bankruptcy contributed widespread poverty city mid-19th century overtaken largest city jutland end 19th century bridge completed railway reached city railway bridge sound years later harbour facilities improved making denmark second port country main producer tobacco products spirits followed 1890s cement population increased 20th century beginning 20th century result decisions taken municipality city half houses torn replaced hundreds modern buildings completely changing look city factories smoking chimneys prevalent outskirts important spirits east company trading building materials tobacco factory established portland run cement factories operating employing workers 1930s promoted denmark new centre industry workers continued additional cutting city port facilities improved help opening new docks christian inaugurated new bridge replace fragile crossing airport officially opened success cement industry fact operated flights copenhagen german invasion denmark airport captured german night april base german aircraft flying norway august dozen bristol bombers squadron raf launched luftwaffe airfield disastrous royal_air_force raids war turned fuel problems remaining shot enemy fighters batteries minutes war royal_air_force destroyed german facilities including planes equipment left passenger facilities intact known city smoking chimneys half inhabitants working industry manufacturing years later population grown inhabitants recent history significance industry began decline 1970s fall city population began increase year service education sectors accounted percent workforce partly result founding university northern suburb major administrative centre thanks offices region established east city addition large industrial companies including portland cement producing company country building products company small medium sized enterprises established telecommunications information technology sector developed support university north jutland knowledge park european conference sustainable cities towns took place adopted charter provides framework delivery local sustainable development calls local authorities engage local agenda processes fourth european sustainable cities towns conference held adopted binding commitments local sustainable development commitments signed local authorities signed earlier charter geography north jutland northwestern denmark point shallow sound separates north island rest jutland peninsula connects kilometres east north north southwest great belt fixed link copenhagen ferry sweden oslo ferry oslo norway area close waterfront low lying elevation averaging metres hills city reaching northern sound hilly area villages south west east include contains extensive woodland south golf club lie southeast road flanking stretch known leads town harbour kilometres southwest past village largest belts danish waters important sanctuary thousands migratory birds north city villages include extensive plantation immediately north region south number formed vast area extending forest near hills forest stretch acres rolling heath country kilometres south southeast reported largest high north western_europe city city centre dating middle ages lies series clay banks streams run sound despite effective drainage main streets including run east west streets run north south church old town hall line old market square main shopping streets lying modern square old harbor noted merchants city cemetery park modern art museum modern commercial administrative area railway station west residential district number large detached houses city main development area east centre addition university new areas housing contains shipping harbor cement factory waterfront northeast centre transformed harbour recreational area center northwestern city sound island reached ferry island population covers area square kilometres consists mainly farmland areas salt marshes woodland built coastline protect island flooding forest island covering area hectares acres acquired municipal government restaurant vicinity established rebuilt following fire west smaller small islands north lakes chalk deposits man lakes nearby lies northwest park northern northwest southern area denmark chalk deposits found largest quarry east city centre west provided chalk clay southern outskirts making area ideal cement production parks green spaces hectares acres park oldest visited people year dumping ground 1920s cleaned recreational area 1930s 1940s contains flowers tall trees bushes lake overlooked mark church eastern species bird recorded park south industrial park forms green sector city known coast sound covering roughly hectares acres like served waste site housing estate built northeastern use site gradually discontinued 1990s extensive restoration work began today woodlands open areas grass vegetation notably habitat species migratory birds light park club hole golf course number additional civic parks recreational facilities hosts annual carnival contains pond statues outdoor exercise facility kilometre trail trail lies metre gradient wooded area containing trails walking hole golf course free public open air swimming pool free public zoo opened typically houses animals different species including tigers elephants polar bears area major tourist attractions visitors year zoo african savannah created exotic animals housed home amusement park founded owned founding family sold entrepreneur city following year park closed home attractions recently city reopened park volunteers wish return operating status park open public leisure facility rides attractions association non profit user driven project oriented venue experiments technology electronics combination artistic genres located park volunteers frequently arrange exhibitions films music concerts open public climate cool year average high temperatures lows summer average temperatures months january february rarely dropping months typically july august average temperature october temperature averages june highest number hours sunshine average closely followed july precipitation evenly distributed year average october normally month average days rainfall average february normally month average days precipitation closely followed april politics government social democrat long serving mayor succeeded thomas social democrat elected city_council civic government consists seven departments mayor department responsible titular position citizen service centres financial services division commercial services division general services division fire rescue centre technical environmental department responsible urban planning transportation oversight parks nature division environmental division department family employment responsible children family services social services city job centre department care elderly disabled responsible social benefits senior citizen care disabled citizen care department education cultural affairs responsible municipal schools public libraries cultural affairs division city archives health sustainable development department responsible public health health safety division public transportation division sustainable development division utilities department responsible gas heating water sewage refuse collection city_council consists members including mayor september council seats held social democratic_party socialist people party danish people party conservative people party members professed council mandated hold minimum meetings month meetings public forum format demographics largest city jutland surpassed mid-19th century inhabitants growing slowly 18th century inhabitants increasing dramatic growth began late 19th century increase population grown figure boosted merging reached grew temporary decline population following incorporation grew population increased steadily according census january total inhabitants living city independent suburb city total inhabitants city proper making fourth populous denmark copenhagen statistics showed people living municipality economy north jutland major industrial commercial centre grain cement spirits heavy industry city prosperity fairly recently factories closed replaced developments knowledge based green energy sectors mobile wireless communications industries grown substantially 1990s production wind turbines january enterprises employing people approximately workforce northern region 2010s city set increasing participation global economy existing companies new efforts focused areas energy environment information technology health support systems arctic business covers trade greenland handles goods shipped greenland dot waterfront marina tourism growing considerable rise number passengers airport municipality denmark second highest revenue tourism municipality north denmark overnight stays increasing major private companies denmark norwegian telecommunications mobile phone company workforce making city largest new employers wind power blade production testing facilities additions areas new testing plant world largest research test centre wind turbine technology company shipped record wind turbine blades port mainly england ireland previous year home danish owned norwegian company produces numerous brands company world largest producer industries world largest manufacturer marine boilers established 1920s recently expanded floating production systems offshore market employing people december acquired swedish specialist area portland subsidiary italian founded support able draw chalk deposits east city rapidly major cement producer today world largest supplier white cement exports globe facilities wide selection shops restaurants city centre large department stores smaller shops largest shopping denmark south city stores including large supermarket city restaurants catering danish european asian dishes notable establishments include fusion waterfront run celebrity chef nielsen irish house pub 17th century house renowned alcohol number coffee shops large hotels walking distance city centre hotel largest occupying originally built lavish private residence danish brigadier converted hotel rooms furnished dark oak established 1950s paintings rooms blu hotel operated hotels chain contains rooms italian restaurant park hotel opposite railway station established hotels include hotel hotel hotel banks including bank bank branches landmarks despite industrial background factories waterfront city gained popularity tourism recent years offering wide variety attractions historic buildings addition museums churches parks religion section details churches historic buildings bang house danish near old town hall denmark best examples 17th century domestic architecture built merchant bang dutch renaissance style story sandstone building noted rising sculpted window decorations years housed city oldest house denmark best preserved merchant mansion renaissance style built mainly sandstone half section style reminiscent similar buildings north germany netherlands bang half brother successful merchant mayor built residence integrated warehouse inlet sound access barges old iron bar hook scales seen castle slot half building red painted wall panels built century king christian iii collected taxes remaining example kind country park dungeon casemates castle open public summer months 1950s castle converted administrative offices old city hall service built ceremonial representative purposes designed late baroque style building black tile roof consists storeys cellar yellow washed façade decorated white featuring danish coat arms bust king frederick motto seen main entrance preserved door example style building listed danish heritage agency old building note half originally housed number warehouses centre arts crafts finally headquarters danish west bridge noted appearance completed architect combines functionality decorative classical symbolism considered masterpiece danish factory design danish national heritage site factory closed area bought investor use buildings create international culture city museums theatres apartments etc landmarks literally virgin anne street famous streets denmark popular restaurants day night clubs bars 1990s street hang gangs war years scandinavia disappeared increasingly popular people ages pedestrian square john kennedy square central city area tower erected restaurant tower high stands hill reaches total height sea level providing view sound city designed erected connection north jutland fair center art architecture design credited noted architect dedicated built central harbour born copenhagen grew centre contains exhibition work includes sydney opera house educational displays architecture design centre consists individual buildings creating special place courtyard platform tall roofs auditorium boat hall harbour library facing park area city set lower roofs exhibition workshop areas inside complex culture annual carnival usually takes place weekend consists events children carnival battle carnival bands carnival proper attracting visitors biggest carnival scandinavia largest northern europe market kilometres northeast oldest largest markets denmark largest horse market europe held days beginning june annually attracts people horses time host ports tall ships race tall ships race year city hosted world largest event sailing vessels fourth time decades tall ships races visits early august major venues center designed functional style completed centre main component hall divided sections complex contains hotel restaurant bowling alley number meeting rooms smaller added making centre largest scandinavia theatrical musical presentations year offers international stars opera ballet musicals classical concerts productions children pop rock concerts accommodate audiences built subsequently modified seats main auditorium privately owned theatre controlled owned danish ministry culture productions housed main hall building accommodate shows halls varying sizes years theatre produced wide selection drama musicals cultural centre power plant near harbour theatres cinema concert facilities established centre arranges exhibitions year forms contemporary art especially local origin parts denmark serves exhibition centre north jutland centre arts works collaboration modern art museum designed finnish architect neighbourhood huge concert hall designed opened ambitious construction project recent years city wide selection galleries arts crafts outlets operated local artists academy music presence glass workshops produce jewelry sculptures exhibit paintings museums museums city historical museum established making earliest provincial museums country north jutland historical museum conducted series archaeological excavations 1950s revealing ancient burial sites museum opened extended excavations site monastery resulted creation underground museum city centre organisations collaborate leadership north jutland historical museum marine experience center marine museum city wharf wide range exhibits including old danish submarine defence garrison museum documents danish defences second world war history garrison museum modern art built collection consists art objects including paintings sculptures media music symphony orchestra founded presents concerts year frequently playing plays jutland opera company den opera based royal danish theatre copenhagen main organisers day opera festival held march jazz club annual jazz blues festival den festival known mini new_orleans festival days mid august concerts performed squares streets restaurants festival small music festival island near organized weekend august features relatively unknown upcoming pop rock hip hop artists festival stage areas organized musical association events religion principal religion rest denmark christianity seat bishop lutheran state church denmark cathedral church originally built later bishop church considerably smaller current merely parish church existing structure completed late 14th century grounds church listed time denmark church named english abbot saint church constructed gothic style diocese consideration church seat bishop home catholic_church abbey lady converted churches present church status cathedral dates end 14th century earlier churches stood spot built gothic style consists nave flanked tower porch original tower destroyed fire striking new baroque tower based earlier copenhagen city hall completed church 16th century carved early baroque created abbey lady designed neo style original church lady early 12th century pulled reformation old unstable 12th century tower original portal sculpted decorations seen carved pulpit dates result considerable population increase end 19th century number new churches built styles hall church tall tower built design august modern baroque style mark church completed designed tower crowned imposing biblical figures known group based christ meeting john baptist matthew chapter sculpted displayed interior church sloping roof reaching work bent designed artefacts church including altar history dating end middle ages george cemetery corner site chosen district outside city provided isolation affected plague died neighbouring new cemetery opened immediately south extended known meaning common cemetery contains graves city notable citizens judaism built jewish served years services longer offered died donated city government began store city archives burned corps april end world war destroying centuries old anti continues exist denmark nazi radio station began operating neo nazi stronghold municipality activity widely denounced organized opposition rest denmark february anti arrested possession explosives base education major university university founded students employees new students started university merged engineering college university attempted outset develop relevant form education offered established universities sought develop known knowledge form problem based learning based project work conducted students curriculum focusing traditional academic disciplines university college northern denmark seven new regional organisations different study sites denmark offering courses normally bachelor level royal school library information science provides higher education library information science departments students year employees tech college offers wide spectrum training runs gymnasium business college provides basic training retail trading private enterprises public sector courses cover information technology economics sales communication languages island contains closed ferry service established children island began attending today old school run school camp city beds facilities people international school private school children international department conducts classes english established jutland peninsula department danish like public schools denmark sport city home established known short club won danish championship times recent years team qualified group stages champions league seasons danish amateur association football club previously known known women club men club established respectively play games rugby represented lightning established city cricket club danish cricket league established players nations located road centre kilometres southwest city near hamlet golf golf second oldest golf club denmark originally established eastern moved years later course developments university present course southwest designed graham commander john harris hole course later expanded holes club hosted european girls team golf championships course southeastern limits city village september hosted final long track world championship motorcycle final won swedish rider defeated west_germany denmark hero transport north connected road bridge inaugurated replacing bridge dated iron railway bridge inaugurated span bridge opens times year allowing vessels sail opening motorway tunnel built denmark tunnel long lanes direction forms stretching sweden italy airport kilometres northwest city centre direct routes destinations denmark norway netherlands spain turkey seasonal flights additional spanish destinations islands processing million passengers year airport largest denmark air base important danish air_force facility occupies extensive airport area port northern denmark main import export hub operated additional private serve cement factory portland power station city main train station railway station john opened railway inaugurated original station building designed present building opened designed thomas railway station operated rail stations station station station regular bus services covering inner city wider urban area cycling relatively popular statistics indicate population use times week workforce cycle work municipal authorities hope increase use providing better cycle tracks parking facilities improved support services city provided free charge april november numerous stands area healthcare university hospital largest north jutland founded consists large buildings hospital smaller departments largest employer area payroll hospital traditionally undertaken research beginning formal collaboration university new building designed hammer architects completed provide hospital buildings university faculty health university hospital section south hour emergency ward northern section western city centre danish regiment army supply emergency medical personnel media published denmark second oldest newspaper founded later known merged second newspaper paper serves local editions radio local radio station operated owner news channel operated firm international relations twin towns sister cities maintains cultural economic educational ties cities globe city denmark years young people twin cities week sports known youth games notable people contributed prosperity 19th century significantly developed trade shipping increased production tobacco factory city main employer important figure times marie ran local newspaper promoting women rights recently actor script writer born starred danish films city sporting figures peter born stands world successful players cultural designer sydney opera house grew iconic center inspired serves museum architectural designs offers courses study based approach