mary hungary governor netherlands mary austria september october known mary hungary queen consort hungary wife king louis later governor netherlands daughter queen king philip mary married king louis hungary marriage happy short childless husband death following battle queen mary governed hungary regent new king brother ferdinand following death aunt margaret mary asked eldest brother emperor charles assume governance netherlands denmark governor netherlands mary faced riots difficult relationship emperor tenure continuously attempted ensure peace emperor king france enjoyed governing asked permission resign times queen succeeded creating unity provinces securing measure independence france holy roman empire final resignation queen moved died having inherited lip feminine looks mary considered physically attractive portraits letters comments contemporaries assign easy charm possessed grandmother mary aunt margaret proved determined politician enthusiastic patron literature music hunting early life born brussels september morning mary austria fifth child king philip queen birth difficult queen life danger took month recover september baptized bishop named paternal grandmother mary died godfather paternal grandfather holy roman emperor march emperor promised marry son born king hungary time monarchs decided brother mary marry daughter anne months later wife anne gave birth son louis queen anne died royal physicians great efforts louis alive death mary father september mother mental health began deteriorate mary brother charles sisters eleanor isabella care paternal aunt margaret siblings ferdinand posthumously born catherine remained mary isabella eleanor educated aunt court music teacher henry queen hungary mary summoned court grandfather july mary louis married stephen cathedral vienna time louis sister anne unspecified brother mary emperor acting age decided newly married couple live years anne eventually married mary brother ferdinand came vienna double sisters law educated year mary father law died making louis mary king queen hungary mary moved educated encouraged interest hunting childhood lessons prompted interest music passion later demonstrated tenure governor netherlands life louis mary travelled hungary june half years emperor death crowned queen hungary simon bishop december queen coronation followed brilliant festivities royal marriage blessed january mary coronation queen took place june mary louis fell love reunited queen mary influence politics hungary youth court germans dutch formed base interests house mary negotiated significant authority influence took control powerful political faction austria ambassador appointed queen tenure queen hungary mary attracted interest martin dedicated despite brother ferdinand strong disapproval teachings held great appeal mary marriage sister isabella brother law king christian denmark mary turned away teachings pressure ferdinand trusted court preacher considered responsible mary return orthodox roman catholicism return lukewarm historian considers mary reputation sympathy exaggerated louis mary spent free time riding hunting open country near palace tried unsuccessfully hungarian nobility imminent ottoman invasion louis inherited crown country fighting hungary deeply divided end clear ottoman sultan planning invade ottoman invasion august army broke hungary southern defences louis entire government marched small army men battle hours entire hungarian army virtually annihilated louis tried flee site battle slipped frightened horse drowned mary rest life hungary divided parts ottoman hungary ottoman_empire royal hungary ruled mary brother ferdinand eastern hungarian kingdom ruled john ferdinand elected king mary took wore heart shaped worn husband fatal battle regency hungary day husband death mary notified ferdinand defeat asked come hungary requested troops support arrival ferdinand busy elected king instead named mary regent hungary mary spent following year working secure election ferdinand king hungary february asked permission resign regent permission denied mary remain post summer finally came hungary assumed crown mary relief mary soon experienced financial troubles illnesses loneliness aunt margaret suggested marry king james scotland mary rejected idea loved husband wish marriage charles suggested proposed arrange marriage frederick bavaria unsuccessfully courted mary sister eleanor sixteen years mary rejected ferdinand offered mary post regent declined saying affairs need person older ferdinand persisted drawing mary affairs margaret died december year leaving position governor seventeen provinces netherlands vacant ferdinand informed aunt death saying affairs different course governor netherlands january mary older brother holy roman emperor charles requested assume regency netherlands charles ruling vast empire constantly need reliable family members govern remote territories mary reluctantly accepted charles insistence october emperor wrote ought like mary served regent netherlands charles forced retain post granted powers aunt enjoyed unlike aunt mary deeply unhappy tenure governor enjoyed role having governed months mary told brother ferdinand experience like having rope neck margaret considered truly feminine flexible humorous charming mary authoritarian margaret accomplished goals smile joke word praise mary cynical biting comments unlike aunt mary unable forgive forget recognized lack power woman main problem assuming regency netherlands meant assuming denmark daughters older sister queen isabella denmark died isabella death cared margaret charles relied mary arrange marriages especially wanted place danish throne duke milan proposed marriage years old charles agreed marriage allowed immediate mary opposed decision explaining charles young marriage charles ignored managed delay marriage told envoy niece ill took netherlands affairs finally married september mary managed postpone departure march immediately departure mary fell ill requested allowed resign governor charles allow year later married months departure widowed returned aunt court king henry_viii england immediately proposed marriage charles urged mary negotiate marriage favour union delayed henry point charles end negotiations relationship charles emperor assured mary doubts loyalty roman_catholic_church learned queen easily bullied especially matters affected personally leaving states general october charles gave warning saying parent wife child sibling follower consider greatest enemy mary forced suppress netherlands regardless religious tolerance enforce brother laws religion little possible accused protecting occasions determination caused clashes charles matters patronage mary charles relations area better mary aunt margaret criticized decisions negatively affected relationship riots mary worried losing authority having trouble finances february complained budget balanced times peace charles assured best queen complained charles august low countries longer said come fact mary handled crisis kept cool head public october travelled north france meet brother law king francis france second husband sister eleanor october signed treaty francis promised mary help rebelled queen promised compensate certain french lost land low countries italian wars seeking peace mary prepared proposal defensive union provinces councils proposal states general july citing brother requested provinces assist plan given mary eleanor failure negotiate peace empire france mary letters charles began resemble theatrical aunt margaret mary peace netherlands charles paid attention problems facing governor ignored warnings incident led charles loss city france mary forced wage war france deal revolt mary appointment governor netherlands renewed october revolt subdued resignation queen brothers charles decided emperor leave government netherlands son philip despite ferdinand objections mary learned charles decision informed resign charles philip urged remain post refused chronicled difficulties faced gender fact act thought disagreements charles age furthermore wish accommodate ways nephew years getting charles demands actual reason mary resignation numerous disagreements nephew asked charles permission leave netherlands resignation fearing drawn politics remained charles finally allowed sister resign formally announced decision september dismissed household october october authority transferred philip despite personal dislike aunt tried convince resume post quarrel philip mary retired remained netherlands year life mary wished retire live recently widowed sister eleanor near charles retired afraid moving mentally unstable mother died aged april sovereign mary lived afraid eleanor death leave country customs know end decided retaining possibility moving netherlands case adjust customs charles eleanor mary sailed september repeatedly assured brother intention occupying affairs state mary offered adviser niece joan serving regent philip joan wish share power declined aunt offer mary enjoy retirement long eleanor died arms february grief stricken queen travelled charles ask advice future charles told wanted resume regency netherlands promised home large income mary declined offer nephew philip urged advisor convince return charles ill august mary accepted offer decided governor september mary fully prepared depart netherlands resume post informed charles death distressed death sibling queen suffered heart disease life heart attacks october severe doctors thought died joan visited mary determined fulfill promise given charles assume regency netherlands weak died weeks later october mary left possessions charles charles died philip inherited aunt property shortly death decided philip joan execute requested heart shaped gold worn husband melted gold distributed poor queen mary buried monastery saint years death philip ordered remains transferred legacy mary keen art collector owned important early painting contemporary works included deposition christ van der portrait jan van national gallery london collection passed spanish royal collection death queen mary hungary great patron music supported sacred secular music court netherlands elaborate music manuscripts commissioned governance preserved spain monastery arms ancestry

Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)


latin prince modern day spain early 6th century served roman consul son arms alongside byzantine emperor son law heir king great died age inherit title claimed descendant gothic royal house intended marriage daughter unite gothic kingdoms establish dynasty strengthen gothic hold italy year relations east roman empire flourished eastern western christian churches ended whilst nominally statesman politician soldier roman empire views clashed catholic majority consul enforcing tolerant policy jewish people incurred resentment local catholics traditions tolerant following disturbances catholics burnt number siding jewish people reported resentment contemporary chronicle time death son briefly held throne died age death widow moved constantinople attempts establishing dynasty failed early life born noble family line ancestry traced father son son son son son grew modern day spain reputation young man strong wisdom health body later son arms byzantine emperor role indicated early life spent soldier status gothic roman world elevated great related mutual connection chief ruled territory north black_sea descended generations whilst descendant older brother late 5th century king ruling italy close ally roman emperor following death rival great received titles appointed consul tension successor emperor followed sought reconciliation influence gothic world powerful ally having worked life establish kingdom strengthen relations church rome keen establish dynasty marriage produced daughter achieve ambitions ensure chose son law ancestry equal strength investigations gothic royal lines time widely distributed europe led discovered heir related branch recently assumed regency spain recent studies suggest ancestry deliberate invention aid ambitions establishing credibility according belonged gothic house house whilst history reference pride qualities recognised requirements gothic ideology expressed code highly beneficial chosen son law possess court answered summons great moved court italy given marriage daughter king intention union create long lasting connection previously named heir whilst italy played important political role kingdom court background ability serve government respected romans admired catholic writers time indicate whilst father law renowned policies acted like empire nominal vice regent italy granted right nominate western candidate year pair bounded restriction select roman citizen position advance standing world wished consul year restriction imposed nominations favour nominated nomination successful january took position western consul granting roman citizenship accepting consul calling son arms emperor sought restore ties strained reign showed favour conceding senior reported celebrations mark assumption magnificent shows wild africa visiting diplomat sent eastern imperial court italy amazed given romans period senate compared great past short chronicle wrote noted focusing accession position high civilian honour military victories common past gothic nobility time consul portrayed largely time prosperity western roman empire code promoted march separated eastern western christian churches previous years ended churches reconciled addition prosperity felt peoples roman empire year described like year bright promise kingdom contemporary catholic chronicle portrays negative light connecting taking jews anti jewish disturbances jewish congregation rights disagreement prompted conflict catholics chose jewish people thought outrage expressed catholics action proportion symbol recent reconciliation eastern western churches brought direction death legacy died age years death caused problems succeeded desire establish strong gothic dynasty son born daughter dynasty established convincingly named heir mother acted regent son following death year died october age maintain power brought cousin nephew named throne swear felt insecure december imprisoned island lake eventually murdered april


martyr martyr known east died november king east death known thought east origin mentioned anglo saxon chronicle written years death kingdom east devastated destroyed contemporary evidence reign later writers produced fictitious accounts life asserting born son obscure east king said succeeded fourteen alternatively youngest son king named later versions life relate crowned december probably mary suffolk time functioned royal capital model king great army advanced east killed slain battle tradition met death unidentified place known refused demand renounce christ beat shot arrows beheaded orders brother according legend head thrown forest found safe following cries wolf calling commentators noted death bears resemblance fate suffered mary egypt commemorating time east absorbed kingdom popular cult emerged wrote life saint remains temporarily moved bury london shrine bury visited kings including responsible rebuilding abbey stone church rebuilt middle ages regarded patron saint england bury magnificent abbey grew wealthy dissolution monasteries shrine destroyed manuscripts works art relating survived include john 14th century life number church wall paintings king east angles accession rule mentioned anglo saxon chronicle compiled years death tradition thought born east throne known life reign contemporary east documents period survived devastation east caused thought destroyed books charters referred lack contemporary evidence means known certain reign began age king later medieval provided dubious accounts life absence real details credible theory suggests brother law king kent father sister mother placed ruling dynasty evidence suggests succeeded according historian susan statement taken mean descended noble ancient race known variety different coins reign letters standing appear coins east appear coins phrase later specimens read possible coins divided chronology coins confirmed death anglo saxon chronicle generally described matters relating east angles rulers source description events year led defeat army hands relates east army rode east took winter quarters winter king fought danish took victory killed king conquered land tradition leaders king brother forces great army invaded december weeks killing having spent year consolidating position east proceeding attack memorial body buried wooden chapel near killed later transferred modern bury founded community devoted new cult thirty years death east produced commemorate close time east conquered edward elder based design coins produced reign rarely half produced read king legend provides evidence experimented initial design memorial coins great quantities group appear originated continent individual specimens found great discovered coins widely single items mainly found east england exact locations known certainty scholars assumed east cult bury 11th century stone church built bury replaced larger church relics translated abbey power grew given jurisdiction growing town creation geographical political area liberty saint established edward remained separate jurisdiction control abbot bury abbey dissolution monasteries shrine bury soon famous wealthy pilgrimage locations england remains translated london protect kept years returned bury centuries shrine visited kings england gave abbey son king converted christianity rebuilt abbey bury pilgrimage offered crown shrine sins town arose wealth fame abbey grew norman conquest england abbot planned new houses grid iron pattern location close abbey cult promoted flourished declined subsequent years saint appearance 12th century king john said given great precious stone set gold shrine permitted condition returned abbey died shrine destroyed english reformation according letter belongs cotton collection british library shrine silver gold value marks taken away november abbot monks expelled abbey dissolved cult battle lincoln traditionally claimed body stolen count subsequently donated saint french city later louis france record list saint included relics city saved plague years saint city built new shrine relics gratitude cult flourished centuries shrine silver adorned solid silver statues relics translated population came days honour saint relics castle archbishop westminster received relics saint relics believed time intended high altar london westminster cathedral construction acceptance relics required pope leo initial refusal church france arrival england housed chapel castle prior translation westminster relics verified new shrine pieces given cardinal manning concerns raised james charles validity times remained care duke norfolk whilst historical commission set cardinal archbishop saint remain day teeth collection relics france donated abbey cult emerged 10th century site burial grew wealthy result receiving grants land connected monks abbey commissioned write account saint life early cult preface addresses work archbishop_of_canterbury source story long heard told presence king old man swore oath sword bearer fatal day clearly makes living recipient work authority according statement confused later thinking continental old saxon origin historian notes describing migration age settlement east region opening work attributed occupation angles going use term noble lineage old attempting distinction ancestry people ruled version events king refused meet battle preferring die martyr death historian susan maintains proved nature fate died fighting murdered battle aftermath read anglo saxon chronicle notes story armour bearer implies warrior king prepared fight battlefield acknowledges possibility later accounts belong realm fantasy named killers probably identified inn son describing horrific manner death continued story severed head thrown wood followers went seeking calling friend head answered found wolf protected animals villagers praised god wolf served walked forest body buried coffin later translated failed date events text seen believed relics taken time bishop london body miracle discovered arrow wounds corpse healed head evidence line neck skin soft fresh sleeping recorded inspection body whilst bury resemblance deaths saint remarked saints attacked supposed death bears resemblance fate suffered saints beheaded body mary egypt said guarded lion describes little argues ignorance actually happened led use aspects lives known saints models version acknowledges aspects story appearance wolf guards head exact parallels commentators suggested manner death define king argued story informed common celtic notions sacred comparable kings embodied theories ordained rule rightful sovereignty binding links king land society include mac king black medieval legends fictitious 12th century early life wells represented youngest son saxon king descent existed fictitious continental origins later expanded legends spoke birth adoption nomination successor king landing north norfolk coast claim kingdom accounts state father king succeeded east died apparently boy fourteen said crowned bishop december location known probably mary suffolk time functioned royal capital later versions life recorded model king treated subjects equal justice written withdrew year royal tower learned memory killed suffolk mentioned charter written church chapel granted place evidence link named site evidence dismissed historian peter warner association cult village continued present day near bury possible sites ancient wooden church andrew said resting place body way bury banner bernard families published proposed banner borne norman invasion ireland crowns blue background standard ireland era richard 2nd earl robert stephen featured prominently anglo norman invasion dedicated chapel christ church cathedral dublin scottish castle taken edward england banners george edward displayed victorious english castle powerful symbols holy guardians supporters cause according antiquarian sir harris account battle banners flown english probably preface life saint written poet john banners described crowns said represent patron saint kings roman catholic diocese east abbey churches dedicated memory found england including king martyr church london designed sir christopher king martyr church surrey dedicated founder suffolk middle ages george replaced patron saint england edward iii associated george order group included bbc radio suffolk east daily times failed campaign campaign patron saint begun backing representatives businesses churches radio local politicians arts centuries left legacy noteworthy works art beautifully illustrated copy bury kept morgan library new_york copy john 15th century life written henry england british library painted reign richard england famous representation art painted oak panels shows richard kneeling saints present young king virgin child poet john lived life bury presented year old king henry england long poem known lives saints henry came town stayed abbey months book kept british library london features medieval wall paintings found churches england market town bury features representations notably recently commissioned contemporary artwork designed brien constructed designs metal appears fictional character bernard novel kingdom subject song darkness album kind depictions saint features romantic poem 15th century author unknown climactic scene poem sister king england gives birth passing ritual ordeal fire


prince rhine count rhine duke bavaria duke cumberland earl german von commonly called prince rhine december november noted german soldier admiral scientist colonial governor amateur artist 17th century younger son german prince frederick wife elizabeth eldest daughter james england nephew king charles england duke cumberland earl cousin king charles_ii england sister mother george great_britain prince varied career soldier young age fighting spain netherlands eighty years war holy roman emperor germany thirty years war aged appointed commander royalist cavalry english civil war war ultimately senior royalist general surrendered fall bristol banished england served louis france spain royalist caribbean following restoration returned england senior british naval commander second anglo dutch wars engaging scientific invention art serving governor hudson bay company died england aged considered quick thinking energetic cavalry general ultimately undermined youthful dealing peers civil war continued conflict parliament sea mediterranean caribbean showing considerable persistence face head royal_navy later years showed greater maturity impressive long lasting contributions royal_navy doctrine development colonial governor shaped political geography modern canada land named honour played role early african slave trade varied numerous scientific administrative interests combined considerable artistic skills colourful individuals restoration period early life exile born prague start thirty years war frederick elizabeth stuart declared prince given honour king germany famous ancestor father leading member holy roman empire head protestant union martial family tradition stretching centuries family heart network protestant rulers north europe frederick close ties mother ruling house orange nassau united provinces elizabeth daughter james england anne denmark family lived extremely wealthy lifestyle enjoying palace gardens designed jones lavish castle best libraries europe frederick allied rebellious protestant bohemian nobility expecting support protestant union revolt catholic ferdinand newly elected holy roman emperor support forthcoming resulting crushing defeat hands catholic enemies battle white mountain parents termed winter king queen consequence reigns having lasted single season left court rush escape ferdinand advance prague christopher court member tossed prince carriage moment accompanied parents spent early years court mother paid children little attention standards day apparently preferring pet dogs instead frederick employed madame act governors children instructions positive attitude english bring strict result strict school routine including logic mathematics writing drawing singing playing instruments child times badly behaved fiery passionate earned nickname robert devil nonetheless proved able student age speak english czech french mastered german young little interest latin greek excelled art taught van found sciences easy time stood tall family continued attempts regain time money short family relying relatively small pension proceeds family investments dutch raids spanish shipping revenue family jewellery frederick set convincing alliance nations including england france sweden support attempts regain early frederick built close relationship swedish king dominant protestant leader germany men disagreed insistence frederick provide equal rights lutheran subjects regaining lands frederick refused started return died fever way buried unmarked grave lost father age death battle month deprived family critical protestant ally frederick gone king charles proposed family england mother declined asked charles extend protection remaining children instead teenage years spent beginning teenage years england courts uncle king charles captured imprisoned middle stages thirty years war soldier early age attended dutch protestant frederick henry prince orange later year fought alongside duke anglo german siege acting military prince frederick went fight imperial spain successful campaign eighty years war netherlands end period acquired reputation battle high spirits considerable industry campaigns visited uncle court england cause popular protestant issue england general public subscription helped fund expedition charles louis try regain electorate joint french campaign placed command cavalry regiment later friend lord admirer mother assisted raising funds accompanied army campaign campaign ended badly battle october invasion escaped death captured forces imperial general von end battle failed attempt bribe way free guards imprisoned lord taken battle attempted persuade captors allow remain refused imprisonment surrounded religious overtones mother deeply concerned converted catholicism captors encouraged emperor ferdinand iii deployed jesuit priests attempt convert emperor went option freedom position imperial general small convert refused imprisonment relaxed advice ferdinand younger brother met grew like practised played tennis practised shooting read military textbooks taken accompanied hunting trips entered romantic affair susan daughter count von received present rare white called remained english civil war despite attempts franco swedish army seize free release ultimately negotiated empress maria anna exchange commitment arms emperor released formally kissed emperor hand end turned final offer imperial command left germany england career english civil war probably best remembered today role royalist commander english civil war considerable success initial years war drive determination experience european techniques bringing early victories war progressed youth lack maturity managing relationships royalist commanders ultimately resulted removal post ultimate retirement war conflict enjoyed powerful symbolic position iconic royalist frequently subject royalist propaganda image endured years early phases arrived england following period imprisonment final release captivity germany august brother prince number professional soldiers ran sea united provinces initial failure evaded pro parliamentary navy landed newcastle riding country found king tiny army leicester abbey promptly appointed general horse appointment time european warfare set recruiting training great effort partially trained mounted force cavalry end september reputation continued rise leading sudden courageous charge routed force bridge military engagement war small engagement propaganda value far exceeding importance battle heroic figure young men royalist camp joined king advance london playing key role resulting battle october best swift battlefield movements night undertaken forced march seized summit giving superior position fellow infantry commander weaknesses character began display vigorously probably correctly certainly deploy men modern swedish fashion europe available firepower result argument troops resignation replacement sir jacob subsequent battle men dramatic cavalry charge despite best efforts subsequent scattering loss discipline turned potential victory stalemate asked charles swift cavalry attack london earl essex army return king senior urged advance slowly capital army time arrived city organised defences argue delaying lost best chance winning war argued proposed attack trouble penetrating hostile london instead early began clear south west taking february moving bristol key port took bristol july brother forces appointed governor city known issue potential peace accommodation parliament seeking punished negotiated solution presence court close king negotiations perceived statement later stages second half war political opposition royalist senior leadership continued grow personality war friends enemies enjoyed frank generous disposition showed intellect prepared face grave dangers thorough patient necessary lacked social gifts humour turn wit manner hasty temper quick respected disliked result inspire great loyalty especially men enemies royal court took bristol politically significant royalist leader south west critically fell george favourite king queen classic fell arguing repeatedly meetings result end war position court increasingly undermined enemies continued impress militarily duke cumberland earl led relief newark york castle having marched north taking liverpool way bloody assaults intervened yorkshire highly effective manoeuvres enemy forces newark speed second striking country approaching york north commanded royalist army defeat blame falling poor working relationship newcastle orders king conveyed desperate need success north november appointed general entire royalist army increased marked tensions number king desperately short supplies captured leicester suffered severe reversal battle month later king accepting battle opinions won day council nonetheless defeat damaged politically regarded royalist cause lost urged charles conclude peace parliament charles supported optimistic believed win war late summer trapped bristol parliamentary forces faced impossible military situation ground surrendered bristol september charles dismissed service command responded making way parliamentary held territory king newark prince men fighting way smaller enemy units larger ones king charles attempted order fearing armed coup arrived royal court difficult meeting convinced king hold court martial conduct bristol final argument fate friend richard governor newark let royal court begin resigned left service king charles best cavalry officers earlier interpretations event focused concern honour face initial dismissal king later works highlighted practical importance courts martial future mercenary europe given knew war point effectively lost spent winter examining options employment venetian republic returning oxford king king reconciled prince remaining defend oxford king left north ensuing siege surrender oxford parliament banished brother england reputation contemporaries believed involved events war later histories largely grown surrounded relatively savage customs thirty years war europe shortly arrival england caused following similar practices early acts demand thousand pounds people leicester king price leicester keeping european practices considered appropriate behaviour england king reputation truly recovered subsequent attacks frequently accused acting restraint birmingham key arms producing town taken april faced allegations probably burning town ground battle camp hill shortly attempted town garrison executed royalist prisoners angrily promising kill soldiers inside urgent assistance king prevented forcing agree terms exchange prompt surrender end war practices changing worse sides rebellious leicester prince attempt limit subsequent killing accordingly prominent figure parliamentary propaganda faced numerous accusations personally pet dog large white hunting accompanied dog death widely suspected witch familiar numerous accounts abilities suggested devil disguise come help pro royalist publications ultimately produced parodies including listed dog lady transformed white dog able apparently find hidden treasure possessed attack catch bullets fired mouth 16th century mother similar stories period relate pet monkey like dog monkey featured day reputed shape shifting powers able disguise enemy lines career second english war end english civil war employed young king louis france fight spanish final years thirty years war military employment complicated promises holy roman emperor led release captivity ongoing commitment english royalist faction exile knight period lack secure income ongoing feuds leading members royalist circle service french army travelled royal court exile found dominated queen favourite enemy instead moved accepting paid commission anne austria serve louis camp subject free leave french service fight king charles called fought marshal spanish week siege took powerful fortress quiet negotiations enemy commander impressive accomplishment won favour french court circles ambushed shortly spanish party resulting fight shot head seriously injured noted annoyed wounded recorded killed shortly returned service royalist navy relatively brief second english civil war broke informed french king returning king charles service parliamentary navy favour king sailed holland providing major fleet time start civil conflict joined fleet command duke york assumed rank lord high admiral argued fleet rescue king held prisoner isle advised sailing support fighting north fleet rapidly lost discipline vessels crews seizing local ships major problem cost maintaining new fleet means discipline continued deteriorate intervene personally times including group sailors suddenly vessel threatening drop sea fleet finally switched sides returning england late following degree reconciliation charles obtained command royalist fleet intention restore royalist finances remaining vessels fleet conduct campaign organised piracy english shipping region obstacles plan faced growing strength parliamentary fleet presence robert blake finest period opponent campaign naval campaign formed phases involved royalist fleet sailing ireland lisbon portugal took large ships hms constant reformation swallow accompanied smaller vessels sailed lisbon taking prizes route received warm welcome king john ruler recently independent portugal supporter charles_ii blake arrived shortly parliamentary fleet armed stand ensued tensions rose skirmishes began break king john increasingly keen royalist guests leave october fleet comprising vessels broke headed mediterranean pursued blake royalist fleet spanish coast steadily losing vessels second phase campaign began crossed atlantic cut west azores capturing vessels went intended continue west_indies rich targets instead encountered late summer storm leading sinking constant reformation loss lives including brother prince escaped great deal captured treasure turning repair equip early reduced force moored cape island near took opportunity explore acquired servant boy remained service years explored miles river taking spanish vessels prizes contracting malaria process finally successful crossing caribbean landing saint continuing chain antilles virgin islands fleet hit terrible hurricane scattered ships sank defiance time prince board death certain came terrible blow forced return europe arriving france march fleet ships clear profits losses piracy campaign calculated venture profitable hoped complicated tensions royalist court charles_ii eventually split tired little bitter returned france long campaign appears involved plot assassinate oliver event followed coup landing small army sussex restoration charles_ii charles understood rejected assassination proposal conspirators implicated plan arrested confessed london presence royal court continued problematic regarded edward later earl figure obstacle peace negotiations left germany service germany quarrel royalist court exile travelled visit brother charles louis partially restored ambivalent reunion charles louis friendly children ended opposite sides civil war matters worse charles louis deprived half old peace leaving badly short money remained responsible imperial laws providing younger brother offered sum accepted travelled vienna attempted claim compensation allocated peace emperor emperor ferdinand iii warmly welcomed unable pay sum immediately instead pay installments disadvantage months asked duke northern italy raise army papal states having army stationed enterprise collapsed duke requesting invade spanish held milan instead moved having placed brother charles louis diplomatic difficulties spain travelled onwards continuing attempt convince ferdinand charles_ii efforts regain throne relations charles louis deteriorated badly fallen love von sister law honour notes affections accidentally fell possession charles louis wife charlotte believed written charlotte keen engage affair unhappy declined mistake explained unfortunately von engaged affair charles louis discovered course leading marriage unhappy charles louis suitable estate parted bad terms refusing return taking employment ferdinand iii hungary period closely involved development process method negative printing eventually superseded older method appears told range associates conceived process having watched soldier barrel musket military campaign john credited inventor technique story 18th century considerable academic debate surrounds issue modern consensus instead invented von german lieutenant colonel amateur artist met worked chamberlain probably tutor young cousin william discussed technique letters noted artist right produced stylish prints technique interpretations existing paintings introduced form england restoration artistic assistant tutor process exploited commercially famous largest art work great produced regarded critics arthur hind brilliance energy superb greatest produced important works include head standard bearer career following restoration following restoration monarchy charles_ii returned england charles largely completed process balancing different factions country new administration better government posts taken employment limited charles rewarded second highest pension granted year close family ties king charles critical warm reception following deaths duke gloucester princess mary king closest adult relation england brother duke york key member new regime duke cumberland resumed seat house_of_lords time life financial position relatively secure matured near contemporaries described temper explosive judgement continued serve admiral royal_navy period ultimately rising rank general sea land restoration statesman appointed king council taking roles foreign affairs committee admiralty committee committee accounts vary role committees government samuel friend sat committee later declared laugh swear occasionally records foreign affairs committee taking active role proceedings king appointed constable windsor castle knights headquarters castle close companion king wish suitably entertained castle immediately began castle defences garrison accommodation repairing devil tower real tennis court improving castle hunting estate acquired apartments castle recorded singular decorated extraordinary number muskets pistols drums breast head pieces inner chambers hung curious pictures king charles_ii spent time years hunting playing tennis windsor close companion james duke york considered fourth best tennis player england romantically engaged daughter english explorer civil war veteran henry claimed secretly married denied firm proof exists support claim acknowledged son called college urged charles louis return home marry establish heir appeared likely charles louis son survive infancy refused remained england career restoration navy 17th century england embroiled conflict commercial rival holland anglo dutch wars closely involved senior admiral king charles_ii rising command royal_navy end career famous day previously army commanders including blake monk commanded relatively small land forces relatively unusual period having practical experience commanding large land armies having extensive naval experience campaigns start second anglo dutch war appointed squadron commanders english fleet overall command duke york taking hms royal james flagship commander white squadron fought battle breaking enemy defences critical moment leg injured battle injury caused ongoing pain recalled accompany king plague sweeping london continued argue favour fleet seeking set piece engagement dutch force dutch negotiating table following year joint commander fleet monk given opportunity plan practice june fought dutch days battle longest naval battles history battle saw new aggressive tactics monk applied resulting sight unique till sailing ship warfare english beating breaking enemy line days battle considered victory dutch james day battle following month allowed monk use tactics inflict heavy damage dutch battle resulted significant english victory dutch favourable end war decisive raid played prominent role anglo dutch war time louis france key english ally holland decided french form squadron combined fleet english fleet expanded ships hms royal charles hms royal james hms royal oak equipped high specification produced gun design unfortunately cost weapon times normal gun prevented wider deployment fleet french role conflict proved problem charles turned appointment admiral objection french alliance known accordingly king appointed duke york role instead instead instructed duke work admiralty allied naval plans stalled duke inconclusive battle dutch english plan centred achieving naval dominance followed landing army king appointed duke supreme commander deputy combining rank general vice admiral england winter charles legitimately childless decided risk duke heir great supreme allied commander place began campaign dutch knowing logistical support fleet remained uncertain ships result battle june battle august controversial sequence engagements minimum poor communications french english commanders assisted marginal dutch victory english commentators blaming french failing fully engage battles having cautioned alliance place popularly hailed hero finally retired active command later year characteristic style admiral relied energetic personal leadership backed close contact officers having decided proceed naval campaign difficult staff change mind recent work role commander highlighted progress prince way orders given british fleet fleet communications limited period traditional orders battle accordingly rigid limiting captain independence battle played key conferences held duke york review tactics operational methods dutch war practice james day battle instructions instructions ships captains attempted balance adherence standing orders need exploit emerging opportunities battle proved heavily influential years shaped idea aggressive fighting spirit core british naval doctrine remained senior member royal_navy charles administration allied lord matters foreign policy remained loyal king charles_ii issues passionate protecting royal consequence opposed parliament plan appoint lord high admiral basis king allowed propose appointments noted willing admiral king wished king solution establish small empowered admiralty commission commissioner result able focus ensuring closer regulation manning selection officers involved setting priorities different theatres operations english navy involved world appointed supreme position general sea land effectively assuming wartime powers lord high admiral later life end naval career continued actively involved government science increasingly removed current politics younger members court prince appeared increasingly distant different era count described brave courageous cross excess brutal ought gentle manners dry hard favoured stern look wished humour true picture health period robust head wound employment france required painful treatment leg wound continued hurt suffered malaria caught colonial administration demonstrated interest colonial issues years arriving england encouraged government continue exploration attempt find gold leading robert holmes expedition following year active company royal trading africa established result company continued operations years including king duke york royal society operations including engaging west_africa slave trade folded company operations merged merchants company new royal african company royal charter set forts factories troops exercise martial law west_africa pursuit trade gold silver slaves named member company executive committee attention turned north_america french explorers des come england conducting joint exploration hudson bay region account attracted attention king initial investment money proposal fresh expedition set raising despite setbacks including great fire london formed private syndicate leased king expedition failed sister vessel successful expedition returning worth king approved charter governor company england trading hudson bay form hudson bay company granted trading monopoly hudson bay watershed area immense territory named land appointed governor company secretary sir james named river present day honour company continued forming basis commercial activity colonial canada role colonial commerce marked asked lay cornerstone new royal exchange science royal society retirement active able spend time engaged scientific research credited discoveries subsequently turned innovative introduction european england converted apartments windsor castle luxury laboratory complete instruments raw materials conducted range experiments founding member scientific royal society referred contemporaries warrior guided society councillor early years early society history demonstrated prince drops king charles_ii society glass explode tail cracked credited invention time later interpretations suggest instead responsible introduction existing european discovery england demonstrated new device lifting water royal society received attention process painting colours marble polished permanent time formulated mathematical question concerning cube pass slightly smaller cube questioned large cube order fit question prince cube solved dutch mathematician known success breaking codes military designing naval gun erected water mill marshes revolutionary method boring guns secret died enterprise failed enjoyed military problems took manufacturing gun locks devised gun fired multiple rounds high speed rotating barrels credited invention form gunpowder demonstrated royal society force times regular powder better method gunpowder mining torpedo developed form use artillery naval devised balancing mechanism allow improved quadrant measurements sea produced diving engine objects ocean floor recovering treatment set new surgical equipment improve future operations parts scientific work lay field invented new brass slightly darker regular brass involving parts copper combined known prince metal honour referred bristol brass invented order improve naval artillery replacement gold decorations credited having devised exceptional method fish hooks casting objects appearance perspective invented improved method manufacturing shot varying sizes later retained scientist robert royal society friends period hughes end life fell love attractive lane actress named hughes involved late leaving previous mistress hughes appears held aim negotiating suitable settlement hughes rapidly received advancement patronage member king company giving status immunity arrest debt painted times sir peter foremost court artist day despite encouraged marry hughes acknowledged daughter later howe born hughes lived expensive lifestyle enjoying gambling gave worth jewellery relationship including items royal collection margaret continued act birth returning stage prestigious duke company garden theatre near strand london year established hughes grand building worth bought sir nicholas enjoyed family lifestyle commenting young daughter rules house argues mother makes laugh death legacy died house spring gardens westminster november bout buried westminster abbey december state funeral left estate worth equally hughes hughes uncomfortable support allegedly helped gambling presents mother sold pearl necklace given frederick elizabeth sold fellow actress hughes sold house london merchants george purchased known house later married howe future english general children william james william daughter mary ancestor son military officer frequently known captain died fighting siege late teens canada city prince british_columbia community prince city alberta river quebec named prince bristol street street public house prince street named commemorate prince ancestors fiction prince protagonist anderson alternative history fantasy book prince help characters actual persons timeline eventually defeats wins english civil war prince key character king crimson song album minute suite includes sections named prince battle glass tears artistic reference battle turn including sub section called prince lament prince appears oak apple black pearl volumes dynasty series historical novels author eagles assisted civil war royalist fictional family father illegitimate complicated relationship prince sister minor characters flint series books gazette gazette prince protagonist margaret novel stranger prince appears later novel bride novels deal civil war period prince subject samuel edwards biographical novel white published william company semi fictional account life late teens marriage margaret hughes prince tower given georgian lock area liverpool stayed area siege liverpool film television portrayed film harry lloyd played drama devil portrayed dutch film additional reading rhine london hart davis met thesis university dutch bernard rhine london collins margaret stranger prince story rhine new_york frank prince portrait soldier london constable isbn patrick prince rhine london constable charles king charles prince civil war original letters london paul george warrior prince prince rhine london prince philadelphia


house lancaster house lancaster cadet branches royal house house created henry iii england created lancaster house named second son created earl leicester granted lands privileges simon 6th earl leicester death end second barons war son thomas 2nd earl lancaster inherited father law estates title earl lincoln stroke powerful nobleman england lands kingdom ability raise vast private armies power national local levels brought henry younger brother conflict cousin edward england leading thomas execution henry inherited thomas titles son called henry gave loyal service edward son edward iii england second house lancaster descended john married house edward iii married sons wealthy english following predecessors practice finding continental political marriages royal princes henry 1st duke lancaster male heir edward married son john henry daughter john cousin lancaster gave john vast wealth house lancaster son henry throne creating factions wars roses intermittent struggle descendants edward iii wars term reference members family supporters family provided england kings henry ruled henry henry house extinct male line murder tower london henry following battlefield execution son edward westminster prince wales supporters house york descent john lancaster daughter continued royal houses spain portugal political cause maintained henry tudor relatively unknown eventually leading establishment house tudor left legacy patronage arts notably founding college king college cambridge historians propaganda tudor successors means shakespeare partly fictionalized history plays scholarly research greater influence modern perceptions dynasty origin lancaster supporters henry iii england suppressed opposition english nobility second barons war henry granted second son titles possessions barons leader simon 6th earl leicester including leicester october later grants included lancaster june earl count champagne right wife henry england later use descent claim throne making claim elder son henry passed king second marriage widow king placed centre european aristocracy daughter joan queen marriage philip france queen consort france son thomas powerful nobleman england gaining lincoln salisbury marriage henry 3rd earl lincoln income double wealthiest earl thomas younger brother henry served coronation cousin king edward england february thomas carried sword mercy henry carried royal initially supporting edward thomas lords demanded piers governance realm council captured thomas took lead trial execution edward authority weakened poor governance defeat scots battle allowed thomas edward power following achievement thomas took little governance realm instead retreated castle allowed edward arm leading fragile peace august treaty edward rule collapsed civil war thomas raised northern army defeated captured battle sentenced hanged drawn edward cousin given quicker death henry joined revolt edward wife isabella france lover pursuing capturing edward south wales following edward deposition parliament reputed murder berkeley castle thomas conviction posthumously reversed henry regained possession lancaster derby salisbury lincoln thomas treason restored prestige led young king edward iii england coronation lost support treaty edinburgh scotland independence developing power welsh marches provoked jealousy barons called parliament new powers estates permanent title earl march henry led opposition held counter meeting response ravaged lands lancaster checked revolt edward iii able assume control henry influence restricted poor health years life lancaster henry son called henry born castle according younger henry memoirs better martial arts academic subjects learn read later life henry edward iii pivotal reign best friend trusted commander henry represented father parliament fought edward scottish campaign outbreak years war henry took diplomatic missions minor campaigns present great english victory naval battle later required commit hostage low countries edward considerable debts remained hostage year pay large ransom release edward iii launched major attack france earl attacked brittany edward flanders henry south moving rapidly country henry confronted isle battle achieved victory described greatest single achievement lancaster entire military career ransom prisoners estimated edward rewarded henry including founding knight order greater honour bestowed lancaster edward created duke lancaster title duke relatively new england cornwall previous title lancaster given status county lancashire entailed separate administration independent crown counties durham ancient ecclesiastical chester crown property henry present naval victory saved life black prince spent crusade prussia quarrel duke led duel men intervention john france campaigning france resumed henry participated great offensive campaign phase years war returning england fell ill died likely plague leicester castle edward iii england married john surviving son henry lancaster henry death edward conferred second creation title duke lancaster edward wealthiest landowner england enjoyed great political influence lifetime death lands confiscated richard exiled son heir henry returned home gathered military support clear richard treason act included definition treason people king war realm claimed aim restoration lancaster inheritance act henry knowledge richard character suspicious probably meant henry knew removing richard power secure henry unified popular opposition richard took control kingdom richard recognising insufficient support resist surrendered henry forces castle henry instigated commission decide king richard forced henry line chosen constituted parliament dominated supporters unrest reign revolt salisbury gloucester exeter surrey richard death debate self inflicted ordered henry end risk restoration leaving marks body reign henry debate historians henry accession cause wars roses historians accession force throne broke principles established successfully half centuries allowed magnate sufficient power blood ambitions assume throne richard attempted henry remove succession response henry legal advisors led william henry claiming throne right conquest instead look legal justification henry established committee investigate assertion mother legitimate rights descent said elder son henry iii england set aside evidence found year old earl march heir general richard grandson edward iii second son antwerp 1st duke son richard nominated heir desperation henry advisors case henry heir male henry iii supported thirteenth century sister anne married richard 3rd earl cambridge son edward iii fourth son consolidating anne place succession junior house york child considered contender adult showed interest throne instead serving house lancaster informed henry later called southampton plot attempted place throne instead henry newly crowned son mutual cousin leading execution henry plagued financial problems political need reward supporters frequent rebellions declining health including family henry leading supporters defending north scotland largely expense revolted face lack reward suspicion henry henry defeated killed battle father henry 1st earl northumberland supported archbishop york richard rebellion elder fled scotland estates confiscated henry executed act comparable murder archbishop thomas men loyal henry_ii probably led henry church midst western competing keen henry support protested took action invaded england killed battle wales widespread rebellion suppressed recapture castle sporadic fighting continued henry succeeded son henry eventually grandson henry henry years war henry england successful ruthless monarch quick assert claim french throne inherited edward iii continuing later called years war war formal continuous conflict series english raids military expeditions major royal expeditions henry led fifth sixth unlike smaller frequent provincial campaigns henry major campaign fifth major royal campaign war invaded france captured won near total victory french battle despite outnumbered low supplies second campaign recaptured normandy treaty secured marriage catherine terms treaty henry catherine heirs succeed throne france condition contested momentum war changed henry brother thomas duke killed battle henry died henry england year old led henry brother john lancaster 1st duke continued war victories including battle impossible maintain campaigning level joan arc involvement helped french remove siege win battle joan captured sold english tried witch burned stake crowned continued successful tactics avoiding frontal assault exploiting logistical advantage henry fall house lancaster years war caused political division minority henry wanted maintain majority french possessions lancaster 1st duke gloucester wanted hold cardinal desired negotiated peace gloucester attacks forced public life brought little advantage earl suffolk influence king enabled direct policy rest decade gloucester remained heir ambitious wife eleanor consulted likelihood king death arrested gloucester implicated forced retirement suffolk arrested days died prison england ally philip iii duke defected charles english ambassadors refusal renounce claim french crown stalled negotiations signing treaty french reorganised superior numbers feudal modern professional army retook paris normandy victories battle battle brought war end house lancaster losing forever french holdings channel islands henry proved weak king vulnerable mighty subjects developed private armies rivalries courtroom armed confrontations feud common purpose war france henry cousin richard york 3rd duke york richard 16th earl networks crown henry focus discontent population agricultural production prices wool trade credit declined great slump led radical demands lower classes jack raised rebellion force henry address economic problems throne uprising suppressed conflict remained villagers gentry aristocracy society remained deeply unsettled radical demands continued suppressed brothers john william henry marriage margaret prompted criticism richard duke york included surrender maine extended truce france york henry cousin descent edward iii sons antwerp 1st duke duke york gave york political influence removed english french politics appointment lord lieutenant ireland returning england york conscious fate henry uncle hands suspicious henry intended nominate 2nd duke somerset heir recruited military forces armed conflict avoided york lacked aristocratic support forced swear allegiance henry henry later underwent mental breakdown york named regent henry man war margaret showed open york particularly birth male heir resolved succession question assured position according historian robin storey henry insanity tragedy recovery national disaster henry returned court party authority york relatives defeated battle historian anthony suggests men killed somerset lords henry 2nd earl northumberland thomas 8th baron creating feuds reconciliation attempts despite shock ruling class caused armed conflict threatened treason charges lacking support york richard 5th earl salisbury richard 16th earl fled abroad henry captured opposition returned won battle york joined surprising parliament claiming throne forcing act accord stating henry remain monarch lifetime york succeed henry son edward unacceptable margaret conflict continued york killed battle head displayed bar york earl richard earl salisbury captured beheaded margaret gained support scottish queen mary scottish army southern england citizens london feared city plundered enthusiastically welcomed york son edward earl march margaret defeat battle confirmed edward position crowned edward marriage elizabeth supporting family defected alliance sealed marriage henry son edward anne daughter edward richard duke gloucester fled england returned switched sides battle brother killed henry margaret edward lancaster caught battle escape france edward westminster prince wales executed battlefield john killed fighting meaning brother 4th duke somerset executed days later family extinct legitimate male line captive henry murdered tower london buried abbey house lancaster legacy shakespeare history plays source historians shakespeare influence perception later medieval period exceeds academic research chronology shakespeare history plays runs king john henry_viii dominated plays members house lancaster play significant voicing speeches par hamlet king plays richard henry henry henry henry henry henry richard iii according historian norman davies plays constrained political religious requirements tudor england inaccurate demonstrate past house lancaster remembered terms myth legend ideas popular shakespeare avoided contentious political religious issues illustrate tudor england having rejected medieval conflict entered era harmony prosperity famous patriotic isle speech voiced john man spent majority life piece poetic licence illustrates english henry sided little sympathy french historical lines illustrate historical myth realism succession descent john daughter continued royal houses spain portugal remnants court party support henry tudor relatively unknown ardent supporters house lancaster descended john mistress later richard henry formally permanently succession avoid competition house lancaster claims throne calculations people including mother future wife right throne figure increased birth additional possible house lancaster extinct henry claimed heir mother lady margaret father henry maternal half brother henry tudor united increasing opposition england reign richard iii cause throne questionable claim henry married elizabeth york edward england daughter promoted house tudor dynasty dual descent religion education arts pious read henry english king known possessed vernacular bible supported john gave pension margaret maintained close relations westminster household accounts king record conventional payments large numbers easter day day reliance church personal political archbishop gave vital support carried bishops return church required support religious suppressed capital offence england statute henry afford overly supporters sympathies including according author henry aimed promote honour god extension church country peace kingdoms deeply religious engaged ecclesiastical issues saw role king honour god extend church fight defend established social order victories especially attributed divine intervention henry founded abbey father execution archbishop monasteries london orders equally devout henry continued architectural patronage begun father founding college king college cambridge leaving lasting educational architectural legacy buildings including king college chapel college chapel regime founded formal lying public official described series unconstitutional actions based major acts historian found hard think moment comparable importance medieval english political history supply information effectively manipulated henry occasion poets purposes years henry ascended throne including dedicated book lancaster poets pay henry directed propaganda purposes john based official accounts record process deposition richard produced number favourable works including praise peace dedicated henry lancaster creation lancaster second creation kings england family tree


john 2nd earl john 2nd earl october english nobleman heir john 1st duke northumberland leading minister regent edward england father career progressed john respectively assumed father titles earl interested arts sciences books eminent scholars lifetime posthumously marriage protector somerset eldest daughter presence king magnificent setting gesture reconciliation young couple fathers struggle power ended duke somerset execution july king edward death signatories letters patent attempted set lady jane grey throne england took arms mary tudor alongside father short campaign military engagements ended duke northumberland son taken prisoners cambridge john younger condemned death died shortly release tower london education court life john thirteen children born sir john jane daughter sir edward john born father young knight son executed councillor henry vii vice admiral later lord admiral received mother title elder john family man happily married noted contemporaries evident letters moved evangelical circles early children educated renaissance science companions roger john thomas wilson brothers john particular scholarly artistic walter thomas wilson late john dedicated elements long deceased young man memory praising use love sciences small library books french italian latin greek grammar english rome john father heir eldest brother henry killed siege king henry_viii coronation edward knight bath weeks edward reign new council awarded round promotions based henry_viii wishes elder john created earl younger assumed father old title younger john brothers robert frequently took tournaments court festivities june married anne eldest daughter edward 1st duke somerset lord protector england marriage grand affair attended year old king edward palace according diary edward lot fun watched mock battles fair dinner great banquet match express renewed young couple fathers political rivals peace earl leading english government early somerset began plot removal executed january king edward fourteen raised father northumberland october john styled earl january summoned parliament right attend house_of_lords impact unclear lords allowed participate debates april master horse major position royal household normally held experienced men travelled diplomatic mission france point ran financial difficulties possibly bad company knowing letter father reveals thought discretion hurt fantasies care specially things hide debts whatsoever send word wise sum debts mother paid whatsoever spend honest service master honour let wild men consume served days think spent loving father northumberland february princess mary visited london welcomed outskirts earl head numerous gentlemen splendid occasion mary received lords council queen england proper income month received fourteen year old brother law edward downfall january king ill beginning june condition hopeless year imperial ambassador convinced northumberland engaged mighty plot settle crown head looking signs respect reported talk duke contemplating divorce eldest son order marry princess elizabeth fact youngest brother recently married bride lady jane grey potential importance simultaneous weddings escaped ambassador lady jane ascend english throne king death according edward headed succession bypassed half sisters mary elizabeth earl signed letters patent june supposed settle crown jane duke northumberland took arms mary tudor july eldest son went passed week saw action cambridge bury hearing july council london declared mary staying cambridge northumberland proclaimed mary tudor queen market place threw cap laughed tears ran grief city welcomed duke nervous new queen large group university scholars surrounded king college arrest duke son lodged premises contrast father resisted arrest letter council arrived way duke asked set free continued night liberty dawn earl ready ridden morning escape late earl arrived arrest duke entourage prisoners returned riding london guards having difficulties protecting hostile populace days family imprisoned tower men eventually condemned death tried august westminster hall alongside father turn unlike defendants pleaded guilty immediately sentence passed northumberland asked majesty children considering went father free execution planned august morning suddenly cancelled northumberland instead escorted peter publicly took catholic communion hitherto protestant faith great propaganda coup new catholic government hopes pardon vain duke short notice beheaded day hour father execution earl likewise led peter receive returned prison cell mid september allowed visits wife rebellion thomas february led executions jane grey husband john robert henry remained imprisoned room tower carvings walls john carving devices allowed leads want air jane john mother brother law henry busy spanish nobles new king consort prince philip spain england spain october john brothers robert henry released efforts john died immediately henry house kent ancestry


lord lord february husband lady jane grey declared heir king edward occupied english throne july july enjoyed education married jane magnificent celebration weeks king death father duke northumberland engineered jane accession jane spent brief rule residing tower london tower regime collapsed remained different quarters prisoners condemned death high treason november queen mary inclined spare lives thomas rebellion plans marry philip spain led young couple execution measure widely seen harsh family marriage lord second youngest surviving son john 1st duke northumberland wife jane lineage goes family called early 14th century lords castle descended paternal grandfather councillor henry vii executed royal master death father mother elizabeth grey descended years war heroes richard earl john 1st earl children thirteen born grew protestant household enjoyed education young king edward father lord president council facto ruled england chronicler richard knew described gentleman northumberland unsuccessfully tried marry margaret cousin jane grey instead spring engaged sixteen year old jane grey jane grey figured higher line succession margaret weddings celebrated durham place duke northumberland town mansion married jane sister matched henry hastings earl heir catherine jane sister married lord heir earl magnificent festival games different companies booked male female venetian french ambassadors guests large numbers common people principal realm suffered attack food poisoning mistake cook leaf facto consort mortally ill king edward device succession settled crown cousin removed jane grey bypassing half sisters mary elizabeth edward death july duke northumberland undertook enforcement king envoys holy roman empire france sure plan success jane reluctant accept crown gave assembly nobles including parents laws approach prayers july jane ceremonial entry tower london residing wanted king according later account jane long discussion king act parliament jane agree duke replied want duke king northumberland heard argument furious forbade sleep longer wife commanded leave tower home jane insisted remain court according later remarks imperial ambassadors daily council meetings presided allegedly state addressed style french ambassador described new king imperial court brussels believed existence king imprisonment july day jane proclamation letter mary tudor arrived london saying queen demanding obedience council mary assembling supporters east decided field discussion jane sure father duke northumberland marched cambridge troops passed week saw action heard july council london declared mary northumberland proclaimed mary tudor market place arrested morning july hours queen mary proclamation london baptism gentlemen children took place jane agreed wished child bishop winchester stephen imprisoned tower years took great offence fact heard majority council moved tower switching allegiance aware colleagues change mind jane father duke suffolk abandoned command fortress proclaimed mary nearby tower hill left wife told home jane northumberland allowed jane later moved royal apartments gentleman imprisoned bell tower soon joined brother robert remaining brothers imprisoned towers father moment prominent person mary prepared spare jane lives jane indicted august jane submitted letter explanation queen asking forgiveness sin accused informing majesty truth events account spoke wife loves husband november jane tried archbishop brothers henry convicted high treason pleading guilty convicted queen mary sending troops duke northumberland proclaiming jane queen december jane allowed walk freely queen garden lord robert lord content taking air leads bell tower jane contact point wrote message father law jane prayer book loving son wishes unto grace long life world joy comfort wish world come joy humble son death execution queen mary plan marry philip spain greeted widespread opposition populace members parliament thomas rebellion early duke suffolk took result dislike intention conspirators bring jane grey throne government height military crisis february decided execute jane husband possibly panic opportunity removing possible inspirations future unrest past troubled mary let cousin die accepted council advice bishop pressed young couple execution court sermon imperial ambassador simon happy report jane suffolk husband lose heads day executions asked jane meeting refused explaining increase misery pain better meet shortly live bound ties clock morning february led tower hill gentlemen waited shake hands short speech assembled crowd customary having father prayed asked people pray holding eyes hands god times killed stroke axe body conveyed cart tower chapel peter watching scene window jane buried chapel jane dead hour executions contribute government popularity months couple death john future scottish reformer wrote laws faithful witnesses proved offended chronicler wrote years later time execution saw tears death ancestry


july september grand wife grand duke iii deprived lover charles france despised husband family falsely suspected attempting poison reconciled occasion promptly resume hostilities having grand duke father death iii sway mother refused grant entry council political influence oversaw education eldest son grand prince children followed anna maria grand duke june having signed contract iii previous december pension allowed return france condition reside saint near paris daughter france duke obliged surrender rights princess france contract contract banned leaving convent went cousin louis court versailles high stakes centre scandals convent including attempt burn greatly irritated husband despite separation took great interest life technically married affairs biography early life eldest child france duke second wife born july born oldest children born second wife sisters included future guise received rudimentary education father court retreated failed insurrection nephew louis france enjoyed close relationship half sister anne marie took friends theatre royal balls sister affection attending daily anne marie salon seeking guidance court matters madame believed poorly advised mother matters court ruined marriage negotiations charles duke proposal came time grand prince asked half sister ensure younger sister married charles initially prospect marrying faded dismay discovered half sister longer favoured match behaviour erratic shocked court going offence contemporary french society cousin prince charles soon lover marriage april change attitude louis ministers day supposed meet diplomats offering wedding attempted hunting stopped life grand princess incumbent grand duke brother brought fleet comprising loan republic genoa papal states arrived june formal entry florence june wedding lavish spectacle florence hitherto seen composed carriages wedding gift grand duke father presented pearl size small egg greeted indifference according slept week days marriage demanded possession crown replied authority manage tried stopped grand duke indifference incident turned hatred compounded love charles forced occasion threatened break bottle head leave chamber hatred way children grand prince anna maria family victims argued grand precedence grand duke spending habits unpopular grand duke tired frequented chamber hours louis following charles brief visit florence entertained grand family grand palace tone letters charles compelled grand duke spy response louis intervene declined grand duke sent louis following dismissal french staff complaining asking behaviour grand duke sent saint wanted return france french court left finding solution heir domestic louis chance got insisted employing french feared poison branded poor groom papal attempts french failed september left apartment refusing return moved villa watched soldiers appointed follow feared year changed reconciled grand family delicate existed rest family collapsed anna maria birth caught smallpox grand death grand duke grand old tradition admitting grand duke mother council iii accession treatment iii mother ensured excluded politics leaving supervise son grand prince education grand furious exclusion fought precedence demanded entry iii sided mother early fighting heated contemporary remarked palace devil till midnight noise abuse heard return france start wrote louis begging medical assistance believed breast cancer louis sent anne austria personal physician tend unlike completely comply plot sent france guise illness recommend thermal waters frustrated failure plan began flirting cook household having fights upset restore domestic harmony iii sent madame childhood tried failed help grand duke string deaths family arrived late december depths despair asked allowed visit villa villa ostensibly worship nearby shrine refused return resulted year stand grand duke consent return france return parting letter madame mission having failed louis final attempt reconcile grand couple avail attempts having failed contract signed december provided pension allowed leave france saint abbey surrender rights royal princess france grand departed france laden fixtures furniture villa words intention setting forth proper wages news departure july greeted great displeasure nobility falsely believing blame driving initially charitable works bore air soon reverted ways wearing heavy bright yellow embarking affair count later members regiment louis ignoring contract article banning stepping foot outside convent allowed grand court high stakes short visits garnered reputation bohemian versailles compelled allow insignificant birth circle envoy issued frequent protests french court behaviour avail eventually king latest affair groom saying conspiracy silence sole explains absence memoirs time florence iii envoy report movement closely deemed particular action offensive wrote louis demanding explanation initially sympathetic louis endless stream protests said retirement wife france virtually relinquished right interfere conduct iii ceased affairs wife result louis informed iii ensuing illness eldest son grand prince espoused mother cause corresponded confident husband imminent death told french court notice husband demise fly florence establish new government iii actually years saturated debt wrote begging crowns initially forthcoming switched focus son grand prince hope help fear father eventually paid debts financial security assured inherited large sum money relative behaviour worst threatened burn convent tolerated previous new madame frequently complained grand duke king retaliation threatened kill pistol formed line wishes iii departure new convent saint condition leave king louis explicit permission attended chamberlain choice payment pension suspended resumed louis compelled yield saint saint underwent transformation longer cared reforming convent called spiritual mother superior wore men clothing sent away non removed deeds behaviour longer proved bone contention florence health began decline attack left left arm mouth soon recovered suffer attack year death children cared grand prince contributed second attack briefly eyes speech difficult regent france allowed buy house paris place des spent final years corresponded regent mother elizabeth charlotte gave charity princess france grand died september buried cemetery paris issue iii children grand prince married bavaria issue anna maria married issue grand duke married anna maria issue ancestors titles styles honours arms titles styles july june royal june royal grand princess september royal grand


née january april polish best known marriage french novelist born estate ukraine married landowner teenager years senior suffered depression children daughter anna survived late 1820s began reading novels sent anonymous letter began decades long correspondence expressed deep mutual affection met time switzerland soon afterward began writing novel includes character based husband died series complications marriage chief estate daughter anna inheritance threatened married anna married polish count pressure time gave idea novel married moved paris died months later remarried took lovers died biography family early life fourth seven children born adam wife née family established polish nobility known wealth military prowess ancestor imprisoned mother tower extract inheritance great grandfather famous writer grand crown russian_empire gained control lands owned family poland end 18th century swore allegiance catherine rewarded comfortable position ranks empire moving assignments chose primary residence village region born castle russian partition poland scholars agree born january year disputed biographers offer conflicting evidence age taken correspondence family records descendants estimates range biographer graham writes chose date birth probably right roger biography contends born polish biographical dictionary gives december georgian converts january julian like brothers sisters educated parents family lineage religion mother devout catholic father taught children family occasional trips away year family visited market gathering sold grain mother purchased clothing supplies estate adam sisters better known closest brother later famous work genre polish folk literature known shared passion philosophical discussions especially related love religion brothers adam pursued military careers eldest sister admired child beauty intellect musical talent later married man years senior landowner named separated years began series passionate affairs included russian general polish poet adam russian writer alexander considered behavior declared dangerously result women watched carefully police visited russian capital younger sisters married early comfortable upper class families married wealthy landowner father gained fortune managing property family nephew renowned composer married banker named jan marriage married noble lived nearby marriage union wealthy families passion estate covered acres km2 employed including domestic servants manor designed french architect owner filled world paintings galleries milan london china library books variety languages boasted furniture russian years older teenager time wedding personality clashed youthful spent day supervising grounds accounts iron fist dinner usually spend time wife retired early generally lived depressed condition referred blue surrounded found dissatisfied new life husband emotional distance particular biographer loved eve deeply love years marriage gave birth children died surviving daughter anna welcome joy trusted care young named moved swiss town estate isolated bored visits court bored noble guests home found common ladies high society discussions enjoyed brother spent time reading books husband imported lands stranger writers enchanted french novelist obscurity years published les tale star crossed love amidst royalist uprising brittany work signed intrigued glowing portrayal female protagonist driven true love protect object desire enjoyed physiology marriage published satirical husbands celebrates virtue married women read novel magic skin appalled coarse depiction called woman heart felt lost reverence shown earlier works worried based real woman life motivated partly concern partly partly desire influence life great writer sister wrote february posted letter return address praised work negative portrayal women urged return glowing representations earlier novels signed stranger intrigued letter took personal advertisement gazette france indicating anonymous letter expressing regret unable reply probably saw notice wrote times november posted seven page letter filled praise soul centuries philosophical concepts appear fruit long study matured time told young like know feel need know spiritual instinct picture way feel set eyes outward probably reveal brilliant imagination moved sacred fire genius lit feel man superior knowledge human heart insisted meet know stranger shall remain life wished write advised place notice purchased notice similar earlier gazette signed according instructions letter arrangements trusted collect letters allow direct correspondence long sent news husband traveling europe visiting vienna childhood home travel swiss village visit family daughter eternal suggested meeting agreed immediately began preparations journey wrote confession love despite time relationship meeting september traveling french village find cheap paper publishing enterprise crossed switzerland registered sent word visit garden family staying looked saw face window described later lost sensation met later day september spot overlooking lake according legend noticed woman reading books overwhelmed beauty wrote soon brother describing cheerful like met times days husband enchanted inviting meals family trip lake went arrange lunch leaving wife shade large oak tree kissed exchanged vows patience fidelity told family plan visit geneva christmas agreed visit end year left sent passionate letter hotel villain eyes fear felt desire woman love seeks provoke arriving geneva december christmas eve stayed arc near family settled season left ring hotel note asking new promise love gave described began wearing ring left hand hold paper thought tight time began working philosophical novel angel united love mortal man sensual woman explained model clear ill health began think future french author meantime asked begin collecting famous people spent time paris leaving geneva february family spent months visiting major cities italy florence sculptor started work bust summer returned vienna stay year time continued writing accident especially letters fell hands husband wrote french author furious demanded explanation wrote claiming game evening said like know love letter said wholly meaning wrote unfortunate letters vienna remembered joke apparently accepted explanation invited visit vienna biographers agree despite vows loyalty conducted affairs women 1830s fathered children named sarah married count wrote rumors denied suspicion raised later dedicated novel sarah corresponded family disapproved respected exchanged letters literature experiencing renewal religious interest partly daughter left join paris taught daughter anna works christian scholars including jean sales religious interest mainstream religions corresponded barbara von read treated attack devotion disapproval sent works progress replies moral stylistic criticism hoped death died november sent letter sealed black news instantly wrote sur wish received news spite sad things tell health plans visit dresden obtain visit russia future simple wanted believe family approve french author aunt especially matters worse late husband uncle protested inherited estate horrified daughter robbed insisted end relationship free wrote plans protest uncle interference wrote offer help suggested russian citizen ask marriage asked patience offered soon arrived russian capital order resolve litigation issues surrounding inheritance took anna hungarian composer pianist impressed musical talent good looks extraordinary mixture wrote diary enjoy studying saw occasions ultimately rejected advances biographer says meeting gives striking evidence loyalty late july visited time seen years struck beauty condition deteriorated years biographers agree physically attracted time renewed vows love planned marry soon won lawsuit early october returned paris soon wrote story based experience writing time unhappy threw fire french author rewrite adapt assured know authorship elegant delightful writing preserved story novel young woman writes favorite poet won lawsuit wealth late husband estate anna engaged polish count planned marry time inheritance marriage wait meantime urgent problems began plans health deteriorating years october wrote horrible suffering seat described attacks heart brain problem financial despite illness afford relax work schedule owed creditors second marriage determined visited paris anna april following year visited italy joined tour rome proceeded geneva soon returned paris wrote news pregnant certain boy insisting victor thought having son wrote heart makes write page page avoid scandal marry secret hide fact child conceived meantime anna married october served witness wrote announcement paris newspapers offended sister living time dresden disregard financial stability years planned buy house share august sent stern debts paid wrote postpone buying property month later purchased house having collected travels searched europe items properly complete germany handle chain crafted bohemian glass november suffered wrote tragic news wanted visit anna wrote asking remain paris emotion involved wrote fatal plans return visit spring soon ukraine new long unhappy presence promised break marrying wrote alarm explaining stolen letters author biographers disagree truth story suggests convincing performance benefit jealous fiancée believed keeping letters dangerous moment characteristic impulse threw fire described day life looking ashes write seeing little space years takes september left paris join time spent happy months financial obligations required presence france revolution began week return lost fire time consumed lawsuits complications constant debt meant finances unstable idea marriage case wedding impossible approval grant spring july russian authorities responding request december marry widow stated lands returned october immediately fell ill heart issues condition deteriorated doubts persisted mind union biographers generally agree convinced state endless devotion wrote charity love fame finally turned scale indicates wedding surely act compassion avoid rumors suspicion transferred ownership estate daughter march traveled accompanied anna married small ceremony parish church barbara took ill wedding suffered severe attack doctor prescribed unusual treatment day thrust feet body pig open necessary recovered returned paris late health improved slightly start summer july confined bed constantly stream visitors including writers victor hugo came pay respects vision started began act secretary helping writing mid august succumbed began having fits point called fictional doctor included novels expressed great worry telling hugo wife intelligent support accustomed love died august biographers point room died says retired moment notes weeks way knowing long continue vincent attributes absence nature relationship day theirs romantic love eve wanted guard end terrible corruption later years death lived mother time death house spent time expense elder moved friend months approached remains late husband writing works left incomplete publishers releasing final edition grand collection sponsored new editions works involved editing adding occasional content debt exceeded paid providing mother living expenses letters time gives voice nursing husband ruined health ruined private fortune accepting inheritance debts left anna moved nearby house paris despite obligations beautiful unmarried woman means living paris writer described way beauty imposing noble somewhat massive little retained lively charm delightful foreign accent striking hint began papers called friend assistance worked evening complained away said began forehead wrote later certain magnetic situations effect matter stop affair man years junior brief provided tremendous release spent decades older men states ill health began social life night laughed wrote wonderful know worry independence liberty mountain tops paris intimidated jealousy removed life recommendation turned creative control unfinished novels les writer charles added extensively published books publisher falsely claimed chosen literary successor met painter jean hired paint anna portrait began relationship lasted years married thirty years particularly spend daughter spent remainder fortune fine clothing jewelry succumbed mental disorders died leaving trail debts forced sell house allowed continue living died april buried grave cemetery influence works inspiration characters seen model especially agreement scholars inspiration negative characters lady model positive works mention numerous characters named eve addition daughter anna sister aunt love figures introduced told incorporated works met poland polish topics polish names polish slavic began appear frequently works exemplified characters general defenders detractors controversial figure biographers researchers notes mysterious pole criticized henry octave adolf charles praised boy helm floyd billy notes greatest experts referred best women influence question feelings motivations deny crucial impact great emerged meeting early 1830s concludes saying analyze relationship impact love persistent decisive