known produce variety including adrenaline found outer produces inner divided zones produces main types produced help regulation blood pressure balance synthesized functions include regulation immune system suppression layer produces converted fully functional sex target organs production called involves number reactions processes place cells produces adrenaline function produce rapid response body stress situations number diseases involve leads syndrome insufficient production associated disease genetic disease produced control mechanisms variety arise tissue commonly found medical imaging searching diseases structure located sides body slightly humans right shape left somewhat larger usually size combined weight adult human ranges grams yellowish colour surrounded capsule lie surrounds weak wall tissue separates directly attached distinct parts unique function outer inner produce layer layers called zones viewed microscope layer distinct appearance different function devoted production layer lies immediately capsule cells layer form oval groups separated thin strands tissue capsule carry wide layer main site production action plays important role long term regulation blood pressure situated cells layer responsible producing largest layers accounting nearly volume cells arranged columns oriented cells contain numerous abundant complex smooth layer lies directly adjacent produces mainly precursor humans small cells form irregular clusters separated tissue cells contain relatively small quantities display brown pigment centre surrounded cells body main source adrenaline released approximately adrenaline driven sympathetic nervous system fibers originating spinal cord nerve fibers considered specialized sympathetic unlike sympathetic lacks distinct releases directly blood blood supply greatest blood supply rates tissue organ small enter usually supply superior branch inferior middle direct branch abdominal inferior branch blood vessels supply network small capsule thin strands capsule enter carrying blood blood drained veins usually right vein drains inferior left vein drains left vein left inferior vein central vein unusual type blood vessel structure different veins smooth muscle media middle layer vessel arranged conspicuous oriented develop fused associated failure develop fused develop partial complete absence develop unusual location function number different parts body involved number essential biological functions group produced named named according actions regulate salt mineral balance blood volume influence rates proteins produces important regulation salt mineral balance blood volume acts convoluted collecting increasing potassium hydrogen responsible filtered nearly equal entire content human blood normal rates retention response sweat potassium main production present body affects volume turn influences blood pressure effects retention important regulation blood pressure main humans species create role played instead effects suggests increase circulating level result increase protein synthesis liver addition increase levels free cells use alternative obtain energy effects related regulation blood sugar levels including suppression immune system potent anti effect reduces capacity produce new bone tissue decreases absorption calcium tract basal level produce bursts response anterior evenly released day concentrations blood highest early morning lowest evening result rhythm inactive product action reaction means turn administered active formation share common precursor step synthesis cells produce acquire paths main source transported blood low density enters cells source synthesis cell synthesis compensate levels low converted free stored cell initial conversion involves number family located inner membrane transport outer inner membrane facilitated acute regulatory protein rate limiting step synthesis layers differ function layer having distinct produce different common precursor step production chain reaction forms product known production specific layer modify involved process include mitochondrial usually number intermediate steps modified times required form functional reactions pathways involved number diseases example common form develops result involved intermediate step production regulation regulatory influence hpa axis synthesis stimulated released anterior turn production stimulated presence releasing released acts cells increasing levels star cells hpa axis example negative feedback system acts direct synthesis hpa axis immune system increased presence certain molecules response regulated mainly system concentration potassium lesser extent concentration sensors blood pressure apparatus release blood starts cascade reactions lead formation cells recognize substance binding stimulate release adrenaline referred adrenaline water compounds structure group group responsible adrenaline body small circulating released contains dense network blood vessels adrenaline act body effects include increase blood pressure heart rate actions adrenaline responsible fight flight response characterised breathing heart rate increase blood pressure blood vessels parts body formation produced cells non essential acid derived food produced liver converts step synthesis converted turned converted stored produced stimulate synthesis increasing levels release stimulated activation sympathetic nervous system nerves sympathetic nervous system activated evokes release storage opening calcium channels cell membrane cells produce male sex important general overall effect male body converted potent female sex acting way intermediate development composed types tissue center produces adrenaline releases sympathetic nervous system surrounding produces variety tissues come different distinct development paths derived derived crest origin newborn baby larger proportion body size adult example age months times size size decreases relatively birth mainly completely disappears age develops age weigh birth develop adult weight grams sixth week development tissue derived intermediate appears days shows production capabilities eighth week undergoes rapid growth pregnancy different adult counterpart composed distinct zones inner zone carries producing activity outer definitive zone phase zone produces large amounts male sex development regulated produced synthesis zone occupies volume produces day precursor female sex especially essential development organs particularly maturation lungs decreases size birth rapid disappearance zone corresponding decrease early childhood synthesis remain low years years age changes occur functional aspects production lead increased changes process called described humans independent progressive layer provides source development hair beginning derived crest cells come layer embryo cells migrate initial position aggregate vicinity dorsal primitive blood vessel cells release proteins known cells undergo second migration dorsal form organs sympathetic nervous system cells called cells contain stain characteristic present sympathetic organs produced thought responsible cells recent research suggests tissue main responsible play role subsequent development cells clinical significance normal function impaired conditions genetic disorders diseases effect medical therapy disorders affect directly diseases result production types syndrome leading excess related symptoms syndrome syndrome manifestation excess result prolonged treatment caused underlying disease produces alterations hpa axis production causes classified dependent independent common cause syndrome causes excessive production disease produces wide variety signs symptoms include diabetes increased blood pressure excessive body hair depression stretch marks skin caused progressive primary produces excess result primary causes condition excessive tissue growth producing condition called syndrome primary produces increasing potassium retention occurs general population diseases classified primary including disease genetic causes directly affect problem affects axis arises outside secondary disease disease refers primary production western world disease commonly condition body produces cells worldwide disease frequently caused infection especially tuberculosis distinctive feature disease skin presents symptoms fatigue seen disease types primary crisis medical emergency low levels result shock symptoms fever crisis progressively lead coma management crises includes application secondary secondary axis leads decreased apart suppression axis therapy common cause secondary affect production type usually affect production regulation system instead disease produce result malfunction negative feedback loop hpa axis hpa axis release turn stimulate synthesis synthesized released high quantities stimulate production instead common form necessary production release excessive amounts lead development ambiguous secondary sex characteristics commonly found unexpected found medical imaging seen cases rare case million year arise cells produce variety symptoms include anxiety common signs include surgery especially common treatment small history italian credited description publications papal library receive public attention received elder illustrations named location relative term comes latin near latin kidney similarly termed jean younger derived latin latin latin kidney nature truly accepted 19th century clarified nature likely role prior debate kidney recognized works came publication constitutional local effects disease capsule english physician thomas described french physician george later disease today condition related clinical english george oliver edward studied action extracts observed effects following decades physicians experimented extracts treat disease edward philip awarded nobel prize physiology medicine discoveries structure effects


nerve nerve branch nerve nerve supplies muscles exception muscles nerves right left human body right left nerves symmetrical left nerve arch right nerve right traveling upwards travel alongside additionally nerves nerves follow course moving opposite direction nerve branch fact gain nerves supply sensation vocal gives cardiac branches deep cardiac branches inferior muscles posterior muscles muscles open vocal nerve nerves nerves sixth arch existence nerve documented physician structure nerves branch nerve relative names term latin run indicates run opposite direction nerves branch nerves run nerves run nerves nerves branch exit skull travel alongside neck nerves branch left arch right right left passes arch underneath branching nerves typically ascend groove junction pass posterior middle outer enter underneath inferior muscle passing posterior joint terminal branch called inferior nerve unlike nerves supplying right left lack symmetry left longer right crosses arch nucleus motor fibers muscles located nucleus emerge root nerve fibers cross join nerve sensory cell bodies located inferior fibers terminate solitary nucleus fibers segments neck originate dorsal nucleus nerve development human development series arch pairs form developing embryo project forward embryo face neck arch develops nerve controls distinct muscle group skeletal tissue arches numbered arch closest head embryo fifth arch existing arches produce nerve sixth arch nerve nerve fourth arch gives rise superior nerve fourth arch project nerves fourth sixth arches left sided arch right sixth arch left right birth form growth descend ultimate positions chest creating elongated paths variation roughly people right inferior nerve branching nerve level typically configuration accompanied variation arrangement major chest commonly right arises left crosses left inferior nerve uncommon requiring arch right accompanied arterial variant prevents nerve drawn chest left people connecting branch inferior nerve branch internal nerve branch superior nerve commonly called latin usually refers blood vessel documented nerves nerve hooks gives branches suspected configuration branches cardiac inferior muscle function nerves control muscles muscle muscles act open close vocal include posterior muscles muscle open vocal nerves supply muscles body exception muscle sides nerves carry sensory information membranes lower surface vocal fold sensory motor segments clinical significance injury nerves injured result trauma surgery result spread means injury nerves result weakened voice loss voice cause problems respiratory tract injury nerve posterior muscle sole muscle responsible opening vocal cause difficulty breathing physical activity injury right left nerve result damage inability speak additional problems emerge healing nerve result vocal cord motion movements vocal cord surgery nerve receives close attention neck surgery especially surgery nerve risk injury nerve damage assessed light confirms absence movement affected vocal right nerve susceptible damage surgery close right inferior passing branches nerve permanently damaged surgery leading causes issues compressed studies shown lung cancer patients develop nerve compression usually left sided associated worse outcomes found presenting indicates nerve severed intentionally lung cancer surgery order fully remove disease syndrome syndrome rare cause left nerve expansion structures heart major blood vessels nerve causing symptoms nerve injury animals horses subject disease nerves cause known genetic suspected length nerve factor common larger horses left affected exclusively nerve cells die progressive causing collapse common presentation sound ranging musical whistle harsh noise accompanied performance condition surgery open experiments nerve tried uncommon dogs nerve disease cause middle aged dogs longest total length nerve nerve metres long longest existed reaching tip tail exceeded metres evidence evolution extreme nerves metres case cited evidence evolution nerve route direct fish like ancestors modern traveling brain past heart gills modern fish course evolution neck extended heart lower body nerve caught wrong heart natural selection gradually lengthened nerve tiny accommodate resulting route observed history roman physician demonstrated nerve course clinical syndrome nerve noting pigs nerve severed unable named nerve nerve described effect human undergone surgery years introduce concept biology richard owen reported including description course left nerve thomas described nerve regarded standard description doctor frank documented way identification operations


migratory stream migratory stream specialized migratory route found brain animals originated zone brain migrate reach main importance lies ability change animal sensitivity explains importance larger size brain compared human brain sense developed studied rabbit monkey monkey reach differentiate integrated cell layer layer originally believed adult brain shown occur brains including limited mechanism use relocate areas brief history named discovered rat brain traced migration labeled cells situated lateral walls lateral main studied effect age size ongoing debate extent adult new humans cell biology cells cells known play prominent role regulating adult adult zone dense clusters dividing cells found close especially contacts adult blood vessels unusually frequently devoid suggesting blood derived cues gaining direct access adult provides substrate new migration injury adult cells arranged parallel route migrating cells provide cells associated blood vessels communication cells important migration example brain derived factor growth factor thought module migration form gap junctions closely associated basal adult subsequently serve interface influences circulation derived factors availability growth factors system addition derived non spinal cord promote fate commitment adult stem cells culture suggesting role express number membrane attached factors known regulate fate specification adult migration maturation formation adult express regulate rapid migration expressing additionally proposed play role interactions absence processes align correctly create tubes instead running migrating adult appear release regulate survival unique adult cells lining wall close association acting like shield protect niche zone stem cells retained development production new cells nervous system cells cells actively regulate fate specification adult release beating cells appears set concentration guidance molecules factor like growth factor direct migration actively regulate adult basal conditions corpses newly generated rapidly niche adult conditions reactivated beneficial detrimental effects different aspects adult depending balance molecules anti action study activation recruitment cells suggested required enriched environment induced suggesting possible role migration mechanics cells believed chain migration connected membrane including gap junctions junctions moving tubes mechanisms movement system framework cell signalling system system system stretches zone wall lateral basal given consists zone tract developing leave zone enter travel nucleus referred descending limb reaching ventral nucleus follow limb travel entering anterior gives rise tract ends framework developing travel tubes mark division differentiated nervous tissue tissue characteristics uniquely cells travel brain surface parallel surfaces like developing migrate typically believed migrate independently radial researchers believe case adult rat tubes observed light electron described bodies processes determined based typical expression acidic protein specifically based morphology furthermore cells found positive expression protein commonly found immature cells developing identified expression cell surface form cell called protein found proving cells committed developing entry removal proving importance chain formation form clusters chains tubes developing reach core initiated migration dependent differentiate studied imaging cell signaling nature molecular cues involved correct targeting migrating remains question factor appears possibility act migrating inducing changes growth cone direct tissue derived structure directive influence migration hand derived factor showed effect cells recently shown shows effect derived furthermore demonstrated regulatory influence precursor cell chain migration regulation divisions appears candidate mice lacking dramatically size reduced accumulation migrating possible lack results interactions modifications interactions turn responsible migration demonstrated cross talk exists cells data favor active role process presented lack surface migrating alter properties cell population scenario appears reminiscent occurring diseases signs damage current research existence humans presence analogous humans difficult identify possibly significantly developed humans harder study previous scientific work called question concerning humans developing brain young chains immature typical observed little evidence existence migrating chain adult human brain distinct population adult stem cells researchers studied subjects years age analyzing brain sections removed surgery discovered cells expressed present brain sections taken disappeared months studies indicated presence small population migrating immature originate solely appear singly pairs forming chains contrast elongated chains observed suggests drastically reduced infancy especially adulthood absent direct stem cell age defined high level individuals analogous structure adult human brain remains highly controversial age related decline extent age related decline humans subject significant debate decline migration humans documented furthermore age related declines activities stem cells migrate place middle age elderly mice studies showed population actively dividing cells rate replacement drastically reduced indicating age related decline migration decline shown stem cell middle age destruction like topic current research scientists trying tackle difficult task drugs brain getting past selective blood brain barrier recent study researchers tested role delivery drugs study disrupted mice administered track medicine brain found medicine spread regions brain including study concluded extremely prevalent necessary central nervous system order deliver drugs study noted research sufficient instead needs expanded limits capabilities unknown hazards drugs administered details known order ensure safe delivery drugs brain study conducted testing specific alpha beta role plays study researched principle molecules play important role migration study particular conducted mice found researchers observed migration disrupted furthermore investigated mechanism functions determined completed perpendicular observing drew away normal course migration researchers concluded idea research prove useful purposes potentially drawn locations injury disease


female sex organ present mammals limited number animals humans visible button like portion near junction inner lips opening unlike male equivalent usually contain portion opening animals spotted especially developed mates gives birth organ animals mammals particular spider developed human female sensitive zone generally primary source human female sexual pleasure humans mammals develops embryo called initially develops depending presence absence protein codified single gene complex structure size sensitivity vary head human roughly size shape estimated sensory nerve endings extensive medical debate focused primarily concerning accuracy factors explanation spot adaptation serves reproductive function social perceptions range significance role female sexual pleasure assumptions true size depth varying beliefs modification piercing modification aesthetic medical cultural reasons knowledge significantly impacted cultural perceptions organ studies suggest knowledge existence anatomy comparison sexual organs education help alleviate social associated female body female sexual pleasure example general visually female taboo men expected master control women etymology oxford english dictionary states word likely origin ancient greek derived shut greek word key indicating ancient considered key female sexuality addition key online etymology dictionary suggests greek candidates word etymology include meaning hook meaning touch german synonym der likely derived word meaning hill root climax oxford english dictionary states shortened form occurrence noted united_states print common forms english latin latin medical literature referred female pseudo term commonly refer partially terms organ historically confused anatomy structure development mammals sexual determined sperm carries male contains sex determining gene factor protein determining factor creation anti embryo development male begins weeks conception sources state continues twelfth week state clearly evident thirteenth week sex organs fully developed sixteenth week develops embryo called initially develops development reproductive system depending exposure primarily male forms tissues upper shaft shared origin makes organs different versions structure exposed form fusion elongated shaped structures contribute formation groove belly aspect closes completely forms unite form absence allows formation initially rapid growth gradually formed form form completing female rare condition develop higher average exposure general structure evaluation complex structure containing external internal components consists including surface created parts body composed bodies known hood formed body commonly referred shaft internal shaft length body referred shaft external shaft like shaft supports shape seen felt hood research indicates tissue extends anterior wall said evaluation especially incomplete years considered rudimentary organ added colleagues examined imaging software serial specimens revealed nerves surround body corpus involve distinct types tissue tissue related blood vessels tissue tissue appearance blood fills large spaces beneath areas smooth muscle inner open space cavity surrounded tissue tissue distinct tissue observation paler dark tissue second type tissue non body blood sexual sources describe composed non tissue especially case state blood vessels dispersed matrix minimal smooth muscle densely non structure sources state composed tissue tissue present tissue absent organ described dense tissue tissue elastic fibers yang researchers challenge notion formed tissue stating clearly spaces prominent body tissue slightly different body spaces separated smooth muscle body concluded stated thick layer tissue supports tissue spaces dense distribution nerves sensory supporting tissue body highly exists tip body cap usually size shape larger smaller composed non tissue subject debate entire estimated sensory nerve endings body forms shaped structure containing pair like regions tissue contain blood erection forming body surrounded thick elastic literally meaning white covering tissue separated band tissue extending body extends centimeters reversing direction branching resulting inverted shape extends pair legs portions arms ending tip body bends away singular form attached corresponding extensions beneath descending concealed end attachment middle arch associated network nerves blood vessels muscles pelvic floor identified size woman age height weight use post women given birth significantly larger measurements centimeter millimeter measurements variations size adult usually width average length study gives average size smaller pencil study concluded total length including body concerning studies researchers elizabeth anderson hospital london measured structures women age mean age results given range mean research indicates body measure centimetres length body centimetres length hood hood projects edges outer lips meet base mound forms external inner lips covers external shaft considerable variation hood covered ranging completely covered fully exposed tissue base closely related similarity tissue absence tissue organs tissue nature allowing expansion sexual lie close opening internally beneath blood opening cause expand outward texts state surround opening appear case tissue yang assessment anatomy conclude arch outlining appropriately called women similarities differences generally structure portion opening absent humans animals idea males suggested researcher male pair like regions tissue contain blood erection true counterpart argued male directly beneath rim fold located proposed area called crown theory proposal acknowledged literature anatomy books modern texts instead displays hood equivalent covers shaft attached male corpus female corpus beneath study described pulled body significantly smaller piece containing regard nerve endings human estimated body commonly cited twice nerve endings found human body human body reports conflict sources anatomy concerning nerve endings human example sources estimate human nerve endings sources state entire structure nerve endings discuss thousands generally sensitive sources state contrast lacks smooth muscle cap differentiated tissues additionally size varies dependent age considered equivalent male completely thin corpus runs underside shaft expands end form partially contributes erection primarily caused comprise bulk shaft like female male blood erect sexually excited male internally reaching head regard shape crown body legs body accounts structure men legs typically longer thicker males females sexual findings debates general practices abundance nerve endings majority exist specifically sexual enjoyment human female sensitive zone generally primary source human female sexual pleasure sexual produce female sexual achieved sexual partner effective sexual organ usually manual oral referred direct cases involving sexual penetration activities referred additional assisted direct involves physical external anatomy hood external shaft inner lips external connection hood effect direct areas receive indirect physical sexual activity friction outer lips indirect commonly attributed penetration anal penetration indirectly stimulate shared sensory nerves especially nerve gives inferior anal nerves divides terminal branches nerve dorsal nerve legs high sensitivity direct instead direct hood areas near majority females preferring use hood stimulate rolled lips indirect touch common women enjoy light shaft combined occasional manual penetration women enjoy having entire area opposed use dry fingers fingers personal usually external anatomy external location allow direct sexual penetration external missionary position usually results bone area movement contact couples engage woman position alignment technique technique combining riding high variation missionary position pressure movements performed partner rhythm sexual penetration maximize lesbian couples engage ample mutual body contact pressing circular motion sex movement body number sex positions practiced specifically sex toys absent aforementioned practices women stimulate use object jet water shower closing legs rocking sexual change color tissues fill blood individual experiences muscles insert contract dorsal vein vein drains blood spaces arterial blood continues pour having way drain fills spaces blood mechanism causes erection doubles diameter visible covered swelling tissues hood swelling protects direct contact direct contact stage irritating eventually sets muscular blood trapped surrounding tissues leads short time stopped especially achieved visible returns normal state seconds usually return normal position minutes return original size achieved remain hours women find uncomfortable additionally sensitive making initially painful women masters johnson documented sexual response cycle phases accepted definition human factors physical sexual common way women achieve general statistics indicate percent women require direct consistent manual oral concentrated friction external parts reach indirect example penetration sufficient female area near entrance lower contains nearly percent nerve endings areas anterior wall junction especially sensitive intense sexual pleasure including solely occasional absent significantly fewer nerve endings prominent debate quantity nerve endings began alfred theory adolescent phenomenon spot physically mature females experience criticized researchers researcher harshly criticize theory observations female interviews thousands women found women observed surveyed finding supported knowledge sex organ anatomy criticized projecting male sexuality women viewed main center sexual response considered relatively sexual satisfaction women inserted fingers objects believing insufficient nerve endings sexual pleasure climax concluded satisfaction penetration mainly psychological result referred sensation masters johnson research generally supported findings female masters johnson researchers determine structures surround extend observed stages physical response found majority subjects achieve minority achieved basis argued source kinds reasoning stimulated penetration friction hood research came time second wave feminist movement inspired reject distinction feminist anne argued men essentially friction area women biology properly analyzed today extensive knowledge anatomy kelly masters johnson mention sources ignorance subject female stated article myth added social reasons knowledge popularized living male society sought change women role supporting relationship study published investigated size australian helen described having initiated discourse mainstream medical professionals noted direct relationship legs roots tissue technology studies found evidence spot women report having intercourse argues relationship explanation spot experience taking account internal parts penetration wall fact said lift skin walls triangular masses tissue having performed female photography map structure nerves assertion tissue associated generally described textbooks aware concluded females extensive tissues nerves especially having observed young compared elderly ones majority females achieve direct external parts tissues intercourse sufficient french researchers reported similar findings published complete stimulated republished new research demonstrating ways tissue surrounds basis findings argued women able achieve spot highly pulled closely anterior wall woman sexually aroused penetration assert wall linked internal parts impossible published study planes finger penetration demonstrated close relationship root anterior wall suggested special sensitivity lower anterior wall explained pressure movement root penetration subsequent researcher agreeing center female sexual pleasure believing evidence researchers descriptions referring states inner exist come contact congregation multiple nerves veins situated angle detailed roots sensory sensitivity intercourse belief contrasts general belief researchers result tissue extends stimulated area commonly reported spot spot analogous base male additionally sentiment researcher female development default state absence substantial exposure male essentially enlarged evolutionary reason females entity addition produce general difficulty achieving likely nature process child bearing drastically reducing number nerve endings challenge arguments help encourage sexual intercourse order facilitate reproduction supporting distinct spot study university published map female sensory portion brain indicated brain registered distinct feelings wall spot reported women stimulated functional magnetic resonance machine barry head research findings stated feels bulk evidence shows spot particular thing region convergence different structures clinical significance modification intentional modifications concerning including female sex surgery example use athletes result significant concert effects bodies abnormal referred commonly seen parts partially completely removed additionally known female female cutting removing mean structure lost reaches deep reduction common operation preserved parts bodies problems technique include loss sensation sexual function way preserve function bury state pain trapped tissue nearly routine method percent ventral removed level base shaft reported good sensation function observed follow additionally reported complications older procedures method referred piercing actually common significantly complicated hood piercing piercing difficult painful piercing hood common piercing shaft owing small percentage people suited hood usually form vertical lesser extent horizontal triangle piercing deep horizontal hood piercing opposed styles isabella pass shaft placed deep base provide unique require proper build isabella starts exiting hood piercing highly risky regard damage occur intersecting nerves sexual disorders persistent disorder results spontaneous persistent women unrelated feelings sexual desire known rare potentially painful medical condition described aspect erect return relaxed state unusually extended period time ranging minutes days despite absence physical psychological associated modifications drugs cause affect drug known cause male effect documented report caused case medication remedy additionally documented caused distinct case start result selective relatively rare concept apart researched little research cure remedy disorder recorded cases caused caused pelvic arterial arterial branches surgical treatment effective cases society culture ancient greek 16th century knowledge vernacular regard historical modern perceptions associated sexual years scholars considered equivalent respects arrangement subject discovery documentation male scholars frequently omitted historical contemporary texts ancient greeks ancient romans greek roman generations renaissance aware male female sex organs similar prominent notably regarded structural equivalent inverted argued existence normal women model described corresponds role ancient greek roman sexuality additionally designated penetration male defined sexuality term refer woman individual actively penetrated person male female use sexual act believed require partners sexual activity women impossible feature mythology popularly associated having enlarged incapable enjoying sexual activity charles writer identify work based concluded function following study known lecturer surgery university italy published book called describes seat woman delight role researcher concluded projections workings names things discovered called love sweetness venus reference mythological venus claim disputed successor tube claimed discover stated modern entirely neglected word spoken know taken students caused upset european medical community having read detailed descriptions stated blame incompetence basis sport nature observed women hardly new useless organ healthy women concluded think structure appears formed paul describes seen woman called greeks called enlarged classed illness tiny average difficulty challenging research famous physician greek era works considered standard medical understanding renaissance thousand years terms describe confused issue structure addition naming rod calling sweetness venus term little pillar arabic medical authority named tension names indicated description structures body usually additionally known romans named vulgar slang prolific writers middle ages felt important highlight male female structures function adding psychology sexual aristotle detail constantine treatise referred times gave equal attention male female organs like word employed male female despite efforts equal ground cycle suppression organ continued 16th century justification appears confused created word substituted word medical operation unusually large considered unusually large matter perception procedure routinely performed egyptian women physicians believed version unusual feature occurred egyptian women find company women clothes walk husbands wish approach like male use play women husbands parts cut 17th century present day knowledge vernacular 17th century danish dismissed claims discovered arguing widely known medical science second century 17th century recommended men women women achieve help pregnant general health relationships healthy debate importance persisted notably work 17th century 19th like criticized claim having discovered work appears provided comprehensive account anatomy extremely surprised mention exist universe nature stated far found sight touch stressed need distinguish choosing avoid confusion resulted frequent use correct organ considering varied use eventually term specific confusion ensued debate necessary women began victorian era theory negatively affected women sexuality 20th century 18th 20th century especially 20th details presented earlier centuries omitted later texts extent alluded masters johnson fashion significance description obscured federation feminist women health continued process precise illustrations identifying structures despite illustrations described counterpart concerning beliefs found sexual intimacy partner described women primary method sexual activity including work created fertile ground feminist reformation texts existing descriptions general impact texts took helen late 1990s research medical community start changing way defined describes typical textbook descriptions lacking detail including older modern descriptions female human anatomy having based performed elderly tissue instead credits work comprehensive accurate description anatomy measurements provide live multi method examination complement research efforts showing volume tissue times shown doctors offices anatomy text books bruce survey record contains million documents scientific journals articles focusing found found focusing researchers harvey concluded general neglect word common vernacular looked terms describe database found sources mentioned additionally analyzed books listed computer database sex instruction majority books commonly discussed body mentioned investigated terminology college students ranging euro american hispanic african american students beliefs sexuality knowledge subject students overwhelmingly educated believe female counterpart authors found students belief inner portion sexually sensitive female body negative attitudes strong support sexual myths study reported sample undergraduate students frequently cited sources knowledge school friends associated tested knowledge knowledge self exploration cited respondents correctly answered average knowledge measures authors stated significantly frequency women partnered sex results discussed light gender inequality social construction sexuality endorsed men women privileges men sexual pleasure women women pleasing ultimately incidental concluded solution problem requires males females taught currently practiced new_york artist wallace started work project challenge based research wallace work emphasizes sheer scope size human says ignorance modern society curious dilemma observe hand female body primary metaphor sexuality use advertising art mainstream erotic imaginary said true female sexual organ virtually invisible project called includes interactive climb model giant golden including inner parts produced help sculptor kenneth thomas shown people hungry able talk wallace said love seeing men standing having access pleasure deeply political act humanitarian group launched annual international awareness week spokesperson stated group mission raise public awareness ignored taboo considered centuries reasons modification motivations modification vary taking female male transition usually experience dramatic growth individual desires difficulties construction result retention original enlarged reach size surgery add function alternative permits retention sexual sensation significant controversy surrounds female world health organization health organizations campaigned procedures behalf human rights stating health benefits violation human rights girls women reflects deep rooted inequality sexes practice existed point human commonly exert control sexual behavior including girls women change appearance custom tradition frequently cited reasons cultures believing performing possibility disrupting social political systems girl initiation adulthood girl considered adult practicing society undergone removal viewed male parts woman body thought enhance girl synonymous obedience female carried countries especially africa percent performed africa consisting lesser extent parts middle_east southeast_asia girls days old mid adolescent reduce sexual desire effort preserve united_states practiced girls born larger usual comfort topic states practiced ancient egypt sign distinction aristocracy reports traces egyptian routinely practiced egypt report study found married women egypt form performed amnesty international estimated million procedures performed year regard females condition largest group requiring surgical correction researcher stated main expectations operations create normal female anatomy minimal complications improvement life quality added structural integrity capacity absence pain sexual activity parameters judged surgeon stated expectations standardized parameters operative techniques investigators preferred different operations different ages patients gender assessment surgical treatment main steps operations treatments simply later understood sensory input important facilitate stated high sensitivity important sexual responses recession later devised alternative reduction method currently performed reproductive views adaptation serves reproductive function debated miller states helen fisher meredith small sarah viewed legitimate adaptation right major implications female sexual behavior sexual evolution like miller believes human shows apparent signs having evolved directly male mate choice especially large brightly colored specifically shaped displayed courtship contrasts female species spider spotted long male counterparts suggests human evolved conspicuous males preferred sexual partners larger brighter design combined exquisite sensitivity suggests important object male mate choice mechanism female choice miller states male scientists stephen jay viewed female evolutionary effect male capacity suggested adaptation hard achieve acknowledged female site belief widely misunderstood denial value female general claim female lack significance broader sense explained accepts plays central role female sexuality favorable attributes emerge clearly easily site arose adaptation said male questions simply assumed deeply site nearer region offer greater selective benefit beliefs enhanced reproductive success similar beliefs views females grow adaptations males grow smaller unused based value single development channels lloyd suggests little evidence support account female lloyd views female women strongly selected males developmental blueprint gets expressed females affecting fitness similar males ing serve fitness related function stated meredith conference canadian society women philosophy nancy asserted unnecessary reproduction states ignored fear pleasure pleasure separated reproduction fear reasoned fear causes ignorance female sexuality states rivalry sexes idea sex sexual reproductive truth sexual reproductive appear related structures character forming tissue cluster appears location female sexual function animals general exists species detailed studies anatomy non humans exist especially developed like contains small bone exists dominance displays indirectly influences reproductive success female bush babies long extending tip female bears mate birth tip species bears brown bears american black bears polar bears bears described having birth canal runs forming separate feature estimated percent bears population scientists state female spotted non female mammals devoid external opening sexual anatomy distinct usual cases spider spider especially developed interior passage makes identical retains female spider monkey moves scholar stated bases flows shallow groove surface held skin groove spider south_america long mistaken researchers observers species look determine animal sex similar approach identify scent marking present larger mammals said young adolescent female maybe half weight human teenager times bigger human equivalent visible walks female engage practice non human form human females engage stated female rapidly seconds behavior repeated rapid succession usually accompanied grinding added average engage practice hours mate face face evolutionary biologist suggested position evolved maximize sexual intercourse spotted female spotted referred scientists antiquity ancient later historical times believed modern scientists refer designation typically reserved simultaneously exhibit features sexes genetic makeup female spotted clearly distinct male spotted female spotted percent long diameter male millimeters long millimeters diameter pseudo formation largely independent appears female spotted highly complete false author john stated resemblance male close sex determined confidence pseudo distinguished males greater thickness rounded female possesses external fused form pseudo females consists soft tissue like male spotted regard female spotted small spines head scholar catherine said makes tip feel like soft added extends away body slender arc measuring average root tip like fully raising head ceremonies social displays games rough peers higher levels exposure female significantly muscular aggressive male counterparts social wise higher rank males dominant dominant alpha females exposed higher levels average higher ranking female peers subordinate females higher ranked females sign submission obedience females strengthen social bonds contrast males dominant females females males males considered lowest rank female spotted exit allowing females birth organ trait makes mating male mammals makes attempts sexually physically force sexual activity females futile joan evolutionary biologist said higher belly mammals male slide rear female mating lines action similar pushing female pseudo creates opening male male practice act couple months successfully perform female spotted exposed larger significantly damaged making difficult conceive giving birth pseudo stretched loses original aspects walled reduced enlarged split lips approximately females die time giving birth species young die study concluded basic structures bodies sexes humans spotted similar humans dorsal nerve distribution unique devoid nerves clock position spotted nerves humans male spotted tracked sides body corpus clock positions dorsal nerves penetrated body female dorsal nerves body morphology different appearance sexes wide blunt female tapered male cats sheep mice researchers studying peripheral central pathways concluded projecting cat identified tracing dorsal root average cells identified animal percent percent labeled cells located dorsal root respectively average cross area profiles stated light constant pressure produced initial burst single unit firing maximum frequencies followed rapid adaptation sustained firing maximum maintained firing increased average maximum pressure results indicate sensitive fibers nerve project centrally region dorsal spinal cord external reproductive behavior sheep male sheep recorded aim identifying characteristics predict failure breed things recorded size shape length size presence absence characteristics assessment animal body form responses ram recorded number physical detected consistent finding animals short varied length compared normal animals study documenting structure mice found mouse surrounded tissue forming similar anatomy human females mouse human females tissue organization essentially similar absence layer tissue journals


limbs horse limbs horse structures dozens bones joints muscles support weight body include apparatus carries weight prevents joint shock stay apparatus locks major joints limbs allowing horses remain standing relaxed asleep limbs play major movement horse legs performing functions absorbing impact bearing weight providing thrust general majority weight borne legs rear legs provide propulsion important structures providing support traction shock absorption containing structures provide blood flow lower leg horse developed animal primary defense mechanism running hard ground legs evolved long light weight form seen today good limbs leads improved movement decreased likelihood injuries large differences bone structure size found horses different activities correct remains relatively similar spectrum structural defects problems injuries cause movement abnormal injuries problems horse legs relatively minor causes swelling non fatal leg injuries fatal horses bodies designed bear weight legs problems result possible limb anatomy horses odd members order order includes extant species extinct families species members order walk toe like horses toes like contrast members order walk toes order includes species associated livestock sheep goats pigs cows species deer legs evolved millions years form found today original ancestors horses shorter legs terminating feet single hard evolved middle toe toes gradually disappeared tiny remnants found today lower leg bones prairie dwelling species developed longer legs light weight help evade predators cover longer distances search food forest dwelling species retained shorter legs toes helped softer ground approximately million years ago global drop temperature created major habitat change leading transition forests led die forest dwelling species eventually leaving long legged today includes horse sole surviving genus family legs horse runs shoulder blade bone arm radius elbow joint elbow knee bones joint large cannon small joint long joint second short coffin joint coffin pedal bones hind limb horse runs bone come thigh joint bone joint large cannon small bones arrangement bones joints horse moving joint coffin joint highest stresses applied joint body significantly affected techniques having small range movement joint joint influential movement horse change way techniques affect legs horse development animal main form defense running bones evolved facilitate speed forward direction hard ground need lifting swinging size portion point elbow fused radius knee joint corresponds wrist humans similar change occurred bone hind limbs changes seen genus approximately million years ago main muscle groups muscle elbow running elbow shoulder blade muscles extend lower leg called muscles lower leg joints achieved movement muscles main muscles muscle groups hind legs muscle hind leg runs hip muscles large muscles hip extend forward motion hind legs achieved movement group muscles muscles called group provide forward motion body extension hind limbs extension achieved located apparatus limbs horse apparatus stay apparatus joint supported group lower leg bones known apparatus apparatus carries weight horse standing moving prevents joint especially joint bearing weight movement apparatus stores releases energy manner spring stretching joint extended contracting releasing energy joint provides rebound effect assisting foot leaving ground ability use stored energy makes horses efficient large animals including cattle apparatus consists check deep digital superficial common digital bones horses use group muscles known stay apparatus lock major joints limbs allowing remain standing relaxed asleep lower stay apparatus consists apparatus sets limbs upper portion differs fore hind limbs upper portion stay apparatus includes major attachment muscles portion hind limbs consists major muscles joints horse contains dozen different structures including bones tissues coffin pedal bone major bone supporting majority weight coffin bone bone fluid filled sac digital blood vessel filled structure located middle assists blood flow leg wall tissue continually produces horn outer shell turn protected thin outer layer prevents interior structures drying wall connected coffin bone sensitive flexible layer helps suspend protect coffin bone main deep digital connects coffin bone impact zone includes sole outer layer sensitive inner layer frog lies heels assists shock absorption blood flow final structures lateral connected upper coffin bone act flexible heels allowing expansion structures allow perform functions acts support traction point shock system pumping blood lower limb movement sequence movements horse takes step legs called stride step leg horse completes movements swing phase grounding impact support period thrust horse uses muscles body legs perform functions absorbing impact bearing weight providing thrust good movement sound symmetrical straight free coordinated depend factors including care training horse terrain proportions length bones muscles legs significantly impact way individual horse moves angles certain bones especially hind leg shoulders affect movement carry majority weight usually percent exact depending speed movement adds force weight increasing likelihood poorly built leg strain different points weight resting rear sport horses encouraged shift weight enables increased collection carry weight hind limbs provide propulsion angle angle allows hind legs weight applied stride release spring create forward upward movement propulsion transmitted structures acts control speed balance turning range motion propulsion power horses varies significantly based placement muscle attachment bone muscles attached bone relatively high body results small differences attachment making large differences movement change inches muscle attachment affect range motion inches propulsion power percent form function term equestrian world mean correct form structure horse determined function legs horse cutting quick starts stops turns required shorter built forward speed important despite differences bone structure needed uses correct leg remains relatively similar structural defects ideal horse legs straight correctly set symmetrical correct angles major bones clean developed joints shaped properly necessary ideal legs horse horse common world individual horses structural defects lead poor movement certain defects directly cause stress parts body cause injuries poor structural defects cause shown champion considered common defects include base wide base narrow legs farther apart closer ground originate chest point knee knees rear knees inside knock knees outside short long problems feet common defects hind limbs include base wide base narrow problems feet fore limbs multiple issues angle formed joint angled straight straight having inward cow feral horses seldom found problems leg defects generally easy prey predators raised humans better chance survival treatments improve major problems problems transmitted offspring horses poor choice breeding stock injuries horses movement abnormal pain body frequently caused pain shoulders legs feet caused digestive nervous systems horses poor conditions likely develop trauma infection acquired causes largest cause poor performance athletes caused muscular skeletal systems majority found percent cases stemming problems structures knee hind limbs caused problems percent time numerous issues occur horses legs necessarily cause issue occurs horses held stalls multiple days periods activity fluid collects lower legs producing swelling usually cause problems prolonged periods lead skin issues older horses horse heavy prone condition shoe injury occurs trauma sac elbow causing swelling multiple occurrences cause sore tissue called capped elbow shoe generally occur horse hits elbow shoe lying swelling caused deep digital appear rear legs soft fluid filled swelling initially accompanied heat pain remain long initial injury healed accompanying repeated injuries caused excessive training work hard surfaces cause larger problems leg injuries immediately fatal life threatening horse weight distributed evenly legs prevent problems horse loses use leg temporarily risk legs break recovery period carrying abnormal weight load horses periodically lie brief periods time horse remain lying equivalent human bed rest risk developing internal damage congestion


muscle muscle thin muscle connecting junction tissue surrounding superior known muscle connects fourth parts attachment variable muscle marks formal division second parts small division mark difference upper lower tracts relevant clinical medicine determine source bleeding tract muscle derived plays role rotation gut offering point rotating gut thought help widening angle superior syndrome rare caused short muscle structure second parts small muscle marks formal division muscle arises right passes continues tissue stems trunk superior passes enters upper junction muscles continuous muscular layers variation considerable variation exists terms length point attachment despite classical description muscle solely people far common time attach additionally fourth parts time fourth parts separate multiple uncommon according authors use original description muscle divided sections portion right tissue surrounding superior lower muscular portion tissue superior portion described parts considered distinct muscle referring solely lower structure function contains slender band skeletal muscle band smooth muscle horizontal ascending parts contracts virtue connections fourth parts muscle widens angle allowing movement contents muscle derived plays important role rotation small superior retention band clinical significance important landmark separating upper lower tracts example bloody black usually indicate bleed location upper tract contrast bright red blood usually indicates bleeding lower tract especially important landmark note looking presence gut syndrome suspected young children episodes normal location images critical ruling gut child located present procedure commonly treat cancer removing separated preserved remaining stomach passed superior syndrome extremely rare life threatening condition chronic induced acute syndrome characterised compression abdominal superior result short muscle surgical treatment strong operation involves cutting muscle carried history muscle named latin described consisting lower muscular portion broad base upper portion blending tissue origins superior commonly termed muscle likened polar ice cap structure refer seen additional images


lowest head neck variant present supplies blood primarily supplied inferior superior supplies rare cases reported inferior absent cases source blood arises trunk originate sources varies size blood supply termination occurs population variations cause surgical complications severe bleeding structure occurs failure vessel close remaining patent open variable origin arises trunk originate arch right common trunk transverse internal superior lower differs size ranges small size primary vessels diameter ranges millimetres present appears compensate incompetence absence main vessels begins upwards associated absence reduced size inferior cases known inferior rare cases seen absence superior cases length shorter ends supplying known function present chief supply supplies extend supply observed frequently reported context enlarged ends supplying single unit multiple branches found supply rare cases clinical significance present approximately population surgical importance relatively small size presence cause complications severe bleeding surgery knowledge occurrence especially important smaller vessels having origin bigger vessels cut performing surgery cause complications severe significant blood loss draw condition causing cavity history defined german year named originates lower inferior known lowest latin animals presence observed higher reported gray variations origin seen found originate neck


small neck humans produce humans usually located considerable variation exists key roles regulating calcium blood bones share similar blood supply drainage drainage derived lining fourth superior arising fourth inferior arising higher relative position inferior superior named according final location changes migration tissues characterised alterations blood calcium levels bone states surplus insufficient function structure pairs usually positioned left right yellowish brown flat resembles seed usually long wide typically positioned higher called superior lower called inferior healthy generally weigh men women visible able felt examination neck blood supply blood supply drainage drainage correspond superior receive blood inferior inferior receive variable blood supply ascending branch inferior inferior arises vein drains superior middle inferior veins superior middle veins drain internal vein inferior vein drains vein drainage vessels drain deep variation variable number small usually located posterior surface occasionally individuals rarely chest named proximity serve completely different role easily recognizable densely packed cells contrast structure unique types cells present chief cells release cells small appear dark loaded clear resting state cells lighter appearance increase number age unknown function development early human life series form rise human face neck surrounding structures numbered closest embryo head sixth originate interaction fourth crest position life pair ultimately inferior develops pair ultimately superior develops fourth development downwards dragging inferior superior pair dragged downwards fourth degree named final positions ultimate destination chest occasionally possible derived chest cavity fail neck development regulated number genes including factors function major function maintain body calcium levels narrow range nervous muscular systems function properly known small protein takes control calcium bone physiology effects antagonistic calcium increases blood calcium levels directly indirectly rank mechanism break bone release calcium increases calcium absorption promotes calcium conservation major concentrations actions kidney tubular activation absorption increased clinical significance disease conventionally divided states states states characterised symptoms relate excess blood state excess circulating cause bone pain increased bone increased circulating calcium symptoms associated commonly commonly caused chief cells single rarely men syndrome known primary generally managed surgical removal abnormal disease lead calcium lost compensation released known secondary situation exists prolonged period time tissue blood calcium levels begin release known state decreased activity known commonly associated damage blood supply surgery associated genetic syndrome inherited dominant syndrome occur surgical removal occasionally individual tissues resistant effects known fully functional able function resulting decrease blood calcium levels associated genetic condition hereditary longest words english language describe individual hereditary normal calcium levels present symptoms associated decreased calcium generally treated history discovered indian richard owen description neck anatomy owen referred small compact yellow body attached point veins emerged discovered humans swedish medical student university unaware owen description described monograph new man fellow animals noting existence dogs cats rabbits horses humans years description received little attention eugene documented function noting connection removal development muscular william investigating proposed role calcium noted occurs spontaneously forms produced destruction successful removal carried medical doctor intern noticed elevated calcium levels elderly patient muscle weakness prior surgery patients removed typically died muscular isolated james studies levels roger andrew led development capable measuring body substances nobel prize animals found adult vary number position mammals typically types animals typically removal animals produces condition resembling acute poisoning irregular muscle fish possess species found express developmental genes calcium sensing fish gills similar birds mammals suggested derived fish gills additional images


nerves nerves nerves emerge directly brain including contrast spinal nerves emerge segments spinal cord nerves relay information brain parts body primarily regions head neck spinal nerves emerge spinal cord spinal nerve closest head emerging space nerves emerge central nervous system level nerve paired present sides depending definition humans thirteen nerves pairs assigned roman including nerve zero numbering nerves based order emerge brain terminal nerves nerves nerves emerge remaining pairs arise lower brain nerves considered components peripheral nervous system structural level terminal nerves accurately considered central nervous system anatomy typically humans considered pairs nerves nerve nerve nerve iii nerve nerve nerve facial nerve vii nerve viii nerve nerve nerve nerve thirteenth nerve terminal nerve nerve small functional humans terminology nerves generally named according structure function example nerve supplies smell facial nerve vii supplies motor face latin common language study anatomy nerves documented recorded discussed nerves maintain latin greek names including nerve named according structure supplies muscle greek nerve named accordance components latin tri meaning nerve named wandering course latin nerves numbered based caudal position viewing brain brain carefully removed skull nerves typically visible order nerves paths outside skull paths skull called paths outside skull called holes skull called nerves exit skull nerves paired means occur right left sides body muscle skin additional function supplied nerve body originates referred function function opposite origin nerve known function course cell bodies nerves contained important relative nerve damage stroke trauma mimic damage branches nerve terms specific nerve nerve iii nerve nerve nerve facial nerve vii nerve viii nerve nerve nerve nerve fibers nerves exit nerves sensory collections cell bodies located outside brain inside outside skull sensory directly correspondent dorsal root spinal nerves known sensory sensory exist nerves sensory function vii viii nervous system nerves iii vii nerve occupies space mater called cave contains cell bodies sensory fibers branches nerve facial nerve vii found nerve enters facial canal contains cell bodies sensory fibers facial nerve superior inferior nerve located nerve passes contain cell bodies sensory fibers nerve inferior nerve located contains cell bodies sensory fibers nerve exiting skull course emerging brain nerves travel skull leave bony compartment order reach destinations nerves pass holes skull called travel destinations nerves pass bony canals longer pathways enclosed bone canals contain nerve contain blood vessels nerve actually composed small separate nerve fibers passes plate bone fibers terminate upper nasal cavity function convey containing information brain nerve passes bone travels eye conveys visual information brain nerve iii nerve nerve branch nerve travel superior passing skull orbit nerves control small muscles eye provide sensory eye orbit division nerve passes bone supply skin middle face division nerve passes bone supply lower face sensory nerve sends branches muscles control facial nerve vii nerve viii enter internal canal temporal bone facial nerve reaches face temporal bone fibers spread reach control muscles facial expression nerve reaches organs control balance hearing temporal bone reach external surface skull nerve leave skull enter neck nerve provides upper throat tongue provides muscles continues downward supply chest abdomen nerve controls muscles neck shoulder nerve exits skull canal bone reaches tongue control muscles involved movements organ function nerves provide motor sensory mainly structures head neck sensory includes general sensation temperature touch special taste vision smell balance hearing nerve provides sensory motor structures neck organs chest abdomen smell nerve conveys sense smell damage nerve cause inability smell distortion sense smell distortion lack taste suspicion change sense smell tested substances known coffee soap intensely substances example lead activation pain nerve located nasal cavity testing vision nerve visual information damage nerve affects specific aspects vision depend location person able objects left right sides difficulty seeing objects outer visual fields involved vision tested examining visual field examining process known visual field testing pin point structural nerve visual pathways eye movement iii nerve iii nerve nerve coordinate eye movement damage nerves iii affect movement globe eye affected case double vision likely occur movements eyes longer synchronized nerves iii tested observing eye follows object different directions object finger pin moved different directions test pursuit velocity eyes work likely cause damage specific nerve damage nerve iii cause double vision inability coordinate movements eyes pupil lead inability open eye muscle individuals suffering nerve compensate heads alleviate symptoms eye muscles controls damage nerve cause eye elevated result eye downwards properly especially downwards inward position superior oblique muscle nerve damage nerve result lateral muscle nerve nerve nerve composed distinct parts nerves combined nerves provide sensation skin face controls muscles conditions affecting nerve include cluster occurs later life middle age onwards age condition typically associated strong pain distributed area nerve divisions nerve facial expression vii facial nerve vii manifest facial person unable muscles sides face common generally temporarily facial known bell bell result unknown lower motor facial nerve characterized inability muscles facial expression including elevation forehead patients bell mouth affected trouble muscle affected hearing balance viii nerve viii splits nerve responsible canal inner ear structure information balance important component keeps head stable allows eyes track moving objects nerve information allowing sound heard damaged nerve rise sensation spinning function nerve tested putting cold warm water ears watching eye movements damage nerve present repetitive eye movements particularly looking horizontal plane damage nerve cause partial complete affected ear oral sensation taste nerve muscle provides sensory tongue nerve provides absence gag suggests nerve nerve nerve loss function nerve lead loss large number structures major effects damage nerve include rise blood pressure heart rate isolated nerve rare diagnosed voice branches nerve damage nerve result difficulties shoulder elevation head turning damage nerve lead weakness muscle tested asking subject raise shoulders shoulder blade winged position additionally nerve damaged weakness inability elevate present muscle solely able provide function depending location weakness present muscle acts turn head face points opposite tongue movement nerve unique motor brain damage nerve lower motor level lead muscles tongue tongue said look like bag worms upper motor damage lead weakness muscles nerve damaged lead weakness tongue movement damaged extended tongue weaker damaged shown image clinical significance examination physicians medical professionals conduct nerve examination examination examine functionality nerves highly series tests assess status nerve nerve exam begins observation patient nerve affect symmetry eyes face visual fields tested nerve analysis specific eye movements sensation face tested patients asked perform different facial movements hearing checked voice tuning position patient examined position indicate nerve ability patient use shoulder assess nerve patient tongue function assessed observing tongue movements damage compression nerves compressed increased pressure mass effect presses nerves transmission nerve loss functionality single nerve skull base cancer increase pressure lead nerves compression surrounding veins causing swelling cancer impact nerve tracts nerve leading visual field loss extend nerve iii nerve nerve leading double vision nerves affected temporal brain cause face painful thought compression nerve nerve emerges brain stem acoustic particularly junction facial nerve vii nerve viii leading hearing sensory loss affected stroke blood vessels supply nerves stroke cause specific signs symptoms occurred blood vessel draining affects iii branch nerve nerve resulting infection function nerves facial nerve vii result bell multiple process produce loss surround nerves cause variety shifting symptoms affecting multiple nerves trauma skull disease bone disease injury nerves removal possible causes nerve damage history named seven pairs nerves later sir thomas suggested actually pairs nerves finally described pairs nerves generally accepted today nerves emerge brain stem continual debate nerves actually grouped reason consider nerves brain tracts nerves small terminal nerve nerve exists humans functional animals appears important sexual based perceptions animals nerves present non nerves similar humans fishes amphibians nerve nerve exist nerve integral nerve nerve represented variable number spinal nerves emerging segments fused nerves nerves ancestors non


anatomy anatomy branch biology concerned study structure organisms parts anatomy inherently tied comparative anatomy evolutionary biology phylogeny processes anatomy generated immediate long evolution human anatomy basic essential sciences medicine discipline anatomy divided microscopic anatomy anatomy gross anatomy examination animal body parts gross anatomy includes branch superficial anatomy microscopic anatomy involves use optical instruments study tissues structures known study cells history anatomy characterized progressive understanding functions organs structures human body methods improved dramatically advancing examination animals corpses 20th century medical imaging techniques including ray magnetic resonance imaging anatomy physiology study respectively structure function organisms parts natural pair related disciplines studied definition derived greek cut cut open cut anatomy scientific study structure organisms including systems organs tissues includes appearance position parts materials composed locations relationships parts anatomy distinct physiology deal respectively functions parts chemical processes involved example concerned shape size position structure blood supply organ liver interested production role liver nutrition regulation functions discipline anatomy subdivided number branches including gross anatomy microscopic anatomy gross anatomy study structures large seen naked eye includes superficial anatomy surface anatomy study sight external body features microscopic anatomy study structures microscopic scale including study tissues study organism immature condition anatomy studied invasive non invasive methods goal obtaining information structure organization organs systems methods include body opened organs studied video camera equipped instrument inserted small body wall explore internal organs structures rays magnetic resonance methods blood vessels term anatomy commonly taken refer human anatomy substantially structures tissues found rest animal kingdom term includes anatomy animals term specifically refer animals structure tissues plants nature studied plant anatomy animal tissues kingdom contains organisms adopted lifestyle animals bodies differentiated separate tissues animals known internal digestive chamber openings produced sex organs include stage development include cells unlike plant cells animal cells cell wall present number smaller plant cell body tissues composed numerous types cell including found muscles nerves skin typically cell membrane formed nucleus different cells animal derived layers simpler invertebrates formed layers called developed animals structures organs formed layers called animal tissues organs derived layers embryo animal tissues grouped basic types muscle nervous tissue tissue tissues cells scattered material called matrix tissue gives shape organs holds place main types loose tissue tissue tissue bone matrix contains proteins chief abundant plays major organizing maintaining tissues matrix modified form skeleton support protect body rigid cuticle crustaceans cross linking proteins insects internal present developed animals developed tissue composed closely packed cells bound cell molecules little space cells flat rest basal upper layer basement membrane lower layer lying tissue matrix cells different types modified suit particular function respiratory tract type lining small lining large skin consists outer layer covers exterior body cells skin cells external surface body typically matrix form cuticle simple animals coat advanced animals formed cells muscle tissue muscle cells form active tissue body muscle tissue functions produce force cause motion movement internal organs muscle formed separated main types smooth muscle skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle examined contracts slowly maintains wide range stretch lengths found organs sea body wall sea skeletal muscle contracts rapidly limited range extension found movement jaws muscle intermediate type muscle found extend slowly rapid higher animals muscles occur attached bone provide movement arranged antagonistic sets smooth muscle found walls stomach respiratory blood vessels cardiac muscle found heart allowing contract pump blood round body nervous tissue nervous tissue composed nerve cells known transmit information slow moving symmetrical marine animals including sea nerves form nerve net animals organized simple animals body wall cause local reaction complex animals specialised cells found groups send messages networks parts organism connected higher animals specialized basis sense organs central nervous system brain spinal cord peripheral nervous system consists sensory nerves transmit information sense organs motor nerves influence target organs peripheral nervous system divided nervous system conveys sensation controls voluntary muscle nervous system controls smooth muscle certain internal organs including stomach anatomy similar basic body plan point lives stage share major characteristics rod dorsal hollow tube nervous material tube arches tail posterior spinal cord protected column tract nervous tissue derived tissues derived gut derived posterior end tail continues spinal cord gut mouth found anterior end animal base tail defining characteristic column formed development series nucleus discs retain adulthood paired fins legs lost limbs considered underlying skeletal structure inherited common ancestor arguments forward charles darwin support theory evolution fish anatomy body fish divided head trunk tail divisions externally visible skeleton forms support structure inside fish fish bone bony fish main skeletal element column composed lightweight strong ribs attach spine limbs limb main external features fish fins composed bony soft spines called rays exception caudal fins direct connection spine supported muscles compose main trunk heart chambers pumps blood respiratory surfaces gills round body single loop eyes adapted seeing underwater local vision inner ear external middle ear low frequency vibrations detected lateral line system sense organs run length sides fish respond nearby movements changes water pressure sharks rays basal fish numerous primitive features similar ancient fish including skeletons composed bodies tend flattened usually pairs gill slits large mouth set underside head covered separate dermal scales passages open swim fish produce small number large eggs species young develop internally larvae develop externally egg cases bony fish lineage shows derived traits major evolutionary changes features ancient fish bony skeleton generally flattened pairs gills protected mouth near tip snout covered overlapping scales bony fish swim helps maintain constant depth water column spawn large number small eggs little yolk broadcast water column anatomy amphibians class animals comprising frogs species limbs limbs reduced size main bones hollow lightweight fully processes ribs usually short fused broad short skin contains little lacks scales contains species poison hearts amphibians chambers waste products primarily amphibians breathe means pumping pump action air drawn region nostrils closed air forced lungs throat supplement gas exchange skin needs kept moist frogs pelvic robust hind legs longer stronger feet toes swimming pads climbing frogs large eyes tail resemble appearance short legs project sideways belly close contact ground long tail resemble means zones muscle body swim body anatomy reptiles class animals comprising turtles snakes snakes species limbs limbs reduced size bones better skeletons stronger amphibians teeth conical uniform size surface cells modified scales create layer reptiles unable use skin amphibians efficient respiratory system drawing air lungs expanding chest walls heart resembles completely separates reproductive system designed internal organ present species eggs surrounded membranes prevents drying laid land develop internally species small waste acid turtles notable protective shells trunk formed bony plates embedded ones partially fused ribs spine neck long flexible head legs drawn inside shell turtles typical teeth replaced sharp plates aquatic species legs modified resemble diverged period living species skull openings jaw attached skull row teeth lower jaw fits rows upper jaw animal teeth merely projections bony material jaw eventually wear brain heart primitive reptiles lungs single chamber lack developed eye forehead lower bar bone second having lost results jaws attached allows mouth open wider trunk held ground short sideways facing legs species limbs resemble snakes present species central eye snakes closely related having branched common ancestral lineage cretaceous period share features skeleton consists skull bone spine ribs species retain rear limbs form pelvic spurs bar second lost jaws extreme flexibility allowing snake swallow prey snakes lack eyes covered transparent spectacle scales detect ground vibrations bones skull organs taste smell species sensory pits heads enabling locate warm prey large low aquatic reptiles long large numbers teeth head trunk flattened tail compressed force animal water swimming tough scales provide body armour fused skull nostrils eyes ears elevated flat head enabling remain surface water animal floating seal nostrils ears submerged unlike reptiles hearts chambers allowing complete separation blood bird anatomy birds hind limbs walking limbs wings covered feathers adapted flight birds high rate light skeletal system powerful muscles long bones thin hollow light air sac extensions lungs occupy centre bones wide usually keel caudal fused teeth narrow jaws adapted horn covered eyes relatively large particularly nocturnal species face forwards predators sideways ducks feathers found localized bands fan skin large flight feathers found wings tail feathers cover bird surface fine occurs young birds feathers water birds single near base tail produces feathers bird scales legs feet claws tips toes anatomy mammals diverse class animals terrestrial aquatic evolved flight limbs aquatic mammals limbs limbs modified fins bats modified wings legs mammals situated trunk held clear ground bones mammals teeth usually differentiated coated layer teeth shed milk teeth animal lifetime case mammals bones middle ear inner ear clothed hair skin contains sweat specialised producing milk feed young mammals breathe lungs muscular separating abdomen helps draw air lungs heart chambers blood kept entirely separate waste primarily mammals viviparous giving birth live young exception egg laying australia mammals developing stage short immature young born finds way mother completes development human anatomy humans overall body plan humans head neck trunk includes abdomen arms hands legs feet generally students certain biological sciences nurses medical students learn gross anatomy microscopic anatomy models skeletons textbooks photographs lectures addition medical students generally learn gross anatomy practical experience inspection study microscopic anatomy aided practical experience examining preparations microscope human anatomy physiology basic medical sciences generally taught medical students year medical school human anatomy taught respectively studying anatomy regions head chest studying specific systems nervous respiratory systems major anatomy textbook gray anatomy reorganized systems format regional format line modern teaching methods thorough working knowledge anatomy required physicians especially doctors working academic usually employed universities medical schools teaching hospitals involved teaching anatomy research certain systems organs tissues cells anatomy invertebrates constitute vast array living organisms ranging simplest complex animals octopus constitute animal species definition creatures backbone cells single cell basic structure animals parts specialised equivalent tissues organs provided proceed advance food gathered energy needs supplied cell supported form colonies organism different groups cells separate functions basic types tissues tissue present nearly invertebrates outer surface normally formed cells matrix provides support organism derived present cephalopods derived composed insects spiders crabs calcium constitutes shells tube building worms forms microscopic invertebrates rigid structures variety surface gelatinous cuticle sea cuticle outer layer include cells types including sensory cells cells cells spines father anatomy discovered plants similar saw insects like silk worm observed ring like portion bark removed trunk swelling occurred tissues ring interpreted growth stimulated food coming leaves captured ring anatomy comprise largest animal kingdom million known species insects possess bodies supported hard outer covering segments body organized distinct parts head abdomen head typically bears pair sensory antennae pair compound eyes simple eyes sets modified form pairs legs pair segments compose pairs wings abdomen composed segments fused houses digestive respiratory reproductive systems considerable variation species adaptations body parts especially wings legs antennae spiders class pairs legs body segments abdomen spiders wings antennae called connected venom spiders second pair called attached similar legs function taste smell organs end male shaped acts support organ branches anatomy superficial surface anatomy important study landmarks readily seen exterior body enables physicians gauge position anatomy associated deeper structures superficial directional term indicates structures located relatively close surface body comparative anatomy relates comparison structures gross microscopic different animals artistic anatomy relates studies artistic reasons history ancient ancient greek anatomy physiology underwent great changes advances early medieval world time medical practice expanded continually developing understanding functions organs structures body phenomenal observations human body contributed understanding brain eye liver reproductive organs nervous system city alexandria stepping stone greek anatomy physiology alexandria housed biggest library medical records books liberal arts world time greeks home medical practitioners philosophers great patronage arts sciences rulers helped raise alexandria cultural scientific achievements greek states striking advances early anatomy physiology took place alexandria famous greek century physicians helped pioneer human medical research conducted condemned criminals considered taboo renaissance recognized person perform systematic known works making contributions branches anatomy aspects medicine works included classifying system pulse discovery human thicker walls veins parts heart knowledge human body provided vital input understanding brain eye liver reproductive organs nervous system course disease accurately described structure brain including membranes distinction study alexandria particularly concerned studies nervous systems able distinguish sensory motor nerves human body believed air entered lungs heart carried body distinction veins carrying air body veins carried blood heart great discovery responsible naming describing function heart including century greek physicians able differentiate nerves blood vessels realize nerves convey point damage motor nerves induced named brain appreciated division recognized brain seat intellect cooling chamber aristotle credited describing motor division facial nerves great feats century digestive reproductive systems able discover describe small liver showed hollow organ described tubes recognized produced identify bce smith ancient egyptian medical text described heart vessels liver showed blood vessels heart bce features treatise heart vessels carrying body member body anatomy muscles skeleton described corpus ancient greek medical work written unknown authors aristotle described anatomy based animal identified difference veins 4th century bce produced accurate descriptions based criminals alexandria dynasty 2nd century writer philosopher wrote final highly influential anatomy treatise ancient times compiled existing knowledge studied anatomy animals experimental experiments animals drawings based dog anatomy effectively textbook thousand years work known renaissance doctors islamic golden age medicine translated greek time 15th century medieval early modern anatomy developed little classical times sixteenth century historian marie writes progress anatomy sixteenth century mysteriously slow development rapid carried systematic human ancient times anatomy textbook medieval human anatomy describes body order followed starting abdomen head limbs standard anatomy textbook century trained anatomy del use knowledge artwork making sketches skeletal structures muscles organs humans van professor anatomy university considered founder modern human anatomy originally published influential book structure human body large format book seven volumes accurate detailed illustrations poses landscapes thought artist jan van pupil england anatomy subject public lectures given science given company 16th century joined lectures surgery royal college physicians late modern united_states medical schools began set end 18th century classes anatomy needed continual stream difficult obtain philadelphia baltimore new_york renowned body activity criminals raided night removing newly buried corpses similar problem existed britain demand bodies great grave raiding anatomy murder practised obtain consequence protected practice halted britain anatomy act united_states similar legislation enacted physician william forbes jefferson medical college found guilty graves lebanon cemetery teaching anatomy britain transformed sir john professor anatomy university responsible setting system years pre clinical academic teaching sciences underlying medicine including especially anatomy system lasted reform medical training teaching collected skeletons museum comparative anatomy published research papers famous public whale royal college regulated teaching anatomy medical schools medical museums provided examples comparative anatomy teaching investigated fever discovered caused noticed frequently fatal fever occurred mothers examined medical students students went room hospital ward examined women showed washed hands lime clinical examination fever mothers reduced dramatically era modern medical procedures main means studying internal structure body advent opened understanding building blocks constituted living tissues technical advances development lenses increased resolving power microscope identified cells fundamental unit organization living things study small structures involved passing light invented provide sufficiently thin tissue examine techniques artificial established help distinguish different types tissue fields developed late 19th century invention electron microscope brought great advance resolution power allowed research cells structures time 1950s use ray studying crystal structures proteins biological molecules gave rise new field molecular anatomy short electromagnetic radiation rays passed body medical view interior structures different degrees modern techniques magnetic resonance imaging imaging enabled researchers practitioners examine organs living dead unprecedented detail purposes provide information internal structures organs body degree far imagination earlier generations