simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin wade october november prominent chinese communist military leader served china defense minister born poor peasant family received years primary education family poverty forced suspend education age work years manual sixteen professional soldier years served armies based armies raising rank private second class major forces joined introduced communism participated northern expedition supported attempt form left leaning government based defeated briefly rejoined forces joining chinese communist_party senior generals defended soviet attempts capture successes participated long march supported conference critical rise power second sino japanese war strongest supporters pursuing order concentrate china collective resources resisting japanese empire senior commander combined communist efforts resist japanese occupation command eighth route army conducted regiments offensive massive communist effort disrupt japanese logistical networks northern china regiments offensive successful political disputes communist_party led recalled spent rest war active command japanese surrendered given command communist forces northwest china senior commander responsible defending communist leadership forces saving captured eventually defeated northwest china captured huge amounts military supplies actively incorporated huge area including people republic china senior military leaders supported suggestions involve china directly korean war served direct commander chinese people volunteer army half war technically senior experiences korean war convinced chinese military professional organized equipped order prepare conditions modern technical warfare soviet_union communist country equipped fully modern professional army attempted reform china military soviet model years making army political professional contrary political goals resisted attempts develop personality cult 1950s economic policies associated great leap forward caused nationwide famine critical leadership rivalry culminated open confrontation conference won confrontation labeled leader anti party influential positions rest life lived virtual obscurity supported limited return government developing military industries southwest china following advent cultural revolution arrested red guards radical factions communist_party led wife singled national persecution publicly numerous large scale struggle sessions subjected physical psychological torture organized efforts force confess crimes communist_party formally tried sentenced life imprisonment died prison died old ally emerged china paramount leader led effort formally people persecuted cultural revolution leaders posthumously modern china considered successful highly respected generals history early chinese communist_party early life childhood born village county personal birth family lived straw owned approximately acres land family grew bamboo sweet potatoes tea cotton vegetables father operated shop income land shop supported extended family people including brothers parents grandmother grand uncle grand uncle joined fought rebellion tell old ideals food eat women feet land equally later described class background lower middle peasant enrolled traditional primary school attended modern primary school age forced withdraw school family deteriorating financial situation severe drought mother died month old brother died hunger father forced sell family possessions food family land withdrawn school brothers sent food village took job looking pair water grand uncle died left home worked pushed coal thirteen hours day wage month shortly founding republic china went bankrupt owners fled cheating half annual wages returned home took number odd jobs suffered drought participated public demonstration escalated seizure grain merchant grain peasants village police issued warrant arrest fled northern worked years construction construction dam near lake dam completed assumed longer danger arrested returned home joining army local aligned service armies enlisted private second class monthly wage sent support family seven months promoted private class monthly wage sent family commanding officers nationalist participated revolution influenced goals social reform national civil war broke regiment split rest army joined forces aligned tan sun aligned northern period received training formal tactics officer brigade july captured reconnaissance mission enemy lines released weeks april promoted master sergeant acting platoon commander forces drove enemy troops july capturing provincial capital participated failed mutiny pay pardoned august promoted rank second lieutenant acting company commander weeks later stationed village noticed poor local landlord encouraged establish association help poor local villagers ordered soldiers arrest landlord execute actions demoted reassigned incident began think seriously leaving service provincial army february applying extended unpaid leave officers traveled seek employment army impression favorable left intention settling farmer returned home village sea shanghai home village farmed father months land father bought money sent home find occupation satisfying old comrades suggested apply local military academy seek employment formally trained professional officer accepted successfully gained admission august personal time august months training graduated academy rejoined old regiment rank captain promoted acting battalion commander april aligned northern controlling aligned conducted skirmishes border months reorganized battalion pro political lines late established national revolutionary army led control aligned joined northern expedition effort unify china defeating northern army reorganized promoted rank major invaded occupied sent beginning northern expedition forces joined joined party formal member wasn joined heard communist_party officer july march campaigned participating capture general participated battle forces decisively defeated attempted establish left leaning government threatened leadership served aligned promoted lieutenant colonel regimental commander forces decisively defeated commanded rear guard protecting retreat forces approached times communist_party members old friends attempted recruit communist_party august approached old military sympathetic decide join party october approached communist_party representative expressed sympathy interest time considered member left wing bring break party considered joining communist_party time met later october began study basic communist theory secretly joined chinese communist_party mid february february joined general defected forces gained promotion colonel rejoining rejoining government stationed mountainous county northwest orders eliminate local groups communist fled area following shanghai massacre secretly joined chinese communist_party instead kept unit passive began organize local communist_party branches contact local communist nominally attached forces decided issue favor communists july july forces approximately men occupied county arresting executing county magistrate local militia commanders july declared establishment provincial soviet government formally july superior general attacked forces inflicting heavy casualties september forces driven mountains october men remained abandoned bases left join base forces successfully joined november subordinates rebellion survived important military figures including generals red army commander defending soviet joining forces communist actions save forces encircled units broke drove enemy met reorganized forces decided form base area agricultural city defended weak units occupied area informally beginning soviet january remained guard force soldiers withdrew area attacked force soldiers joining march saved force destruction criticized withdrawing returned force men later year occupying area withdrew forces merged forces local groups conflicts arose supplies command structure groups rebelled july leaders captured executed committed suicide remaining forces incorporated unit bringing strength men organized series increasingly ambitious raids southern capturing increasing supplies attracting recruits july facto leader chinese communist_party issued general order communist units china conquer provincial capital signal nationwide revolutionary storm took general orders seriously launched attack capital july soldiers command support defended general superior forces broke lines july occupied proper july hastily evacuated august declared establishment provincial soviet government living french concession area shanghai named chairman vice chairman august force men suffered casualties forced withdraw september attempted capture attack halted outskirts city heavy casualties kept forces assisting attempts withdrew forces soviet late important generals active defending soviet taking leading role defeating campaigns december successes november named central military commission central executive committee soviet time named position political leadership communist movement consolidation soviet number ussr trained communist_party leaders arrived took power soviet like communist military leaders supported leadership soviet eventually overrun august named vice chairman central military commission january appointed alternate member sixth central committee continued defense soviet early 1930s august fourth campaign broke defenses conquered large area western capturing great quantities arms ammunition long march october took command nearly soldiers leading fifth campaign red army force men september fifth campaign largely successful units suffered heavy casualties defending soviet men october communists broke began long march men command march began remained forces reached eventual destination october strong supporter rise power january conference continued consolidate communists base area arriving campaigning neighboring april named vice commander chief chinese communist forces named commander chief promotion supported actively supporting promotions senior leadership early early responded widespread discontent red army tactics perceived inside red army exhausting publicly proposing overall command red army recently promoted position attacked challenging successfully retained position october following major battle red army wrote dedicated poem poem published mountains high road long soldiers moving courageous striking horse directions great general american journalist snow stayed days compound campaigning long conversations snow wrote chapters book red star china wrote individual second sino japanese war polo bridge incident china japan formally went war communist_party declared united fight japanese confirmed general unified command structure august conference believed united giving token resistance japanese saving strength red army eventual confrontation senior military political leaders time disagreed believed red army genuinely focus fighting japanese able force position communists fought japanese japanese invaded red army renamed eighth route army assisted resisting japanese travelled provincial capital coordinate tactics japanese advanced september directed overall operations base called duty attend meeting december meeting advocated greater material commitment defense disagreed wanted red army reduce commitment fighting japanese rival defected moved closer position late set base borders directed guerrilla operations provinces commanded eighth route army approximately soldiers july given overall command largest communist operation anti japanese war regiments offensive regular troops eighth route army participated operation supported irregular communist august october communist forces destroyed large numbers bridges tunnels railroad tracks japanese occupied china inflicted relatively heavy japanese casualties october december japanese communists repelled counterattack successfully operation successful disrupting japanese communication lines logistics networks fully restored communists suffered heavy losses communist sources japanese casualties figures foreign sources figures early japanese began large scale effort drive base relocated closer communist base late recalled subjected political campaign criticized good relations survived professionally conversion leadership ordered criticized days regiments campaign supported praised successes allowed reply forced self criticism privately resented criticism told mother days role war political supported closely june team american military personnel visited mission briefing americans military situation japanese occupied china defeating japanese surrendered september ending china war japan beginning final stage chinese civil war october took command troops northern china occupied inner accepted surrender japanese soldiers march communist forces million soldiers renamed people liberation army placed command soldiers organized northwest field army command long war japan second command notable subordinates northwest field army included forces poorly armed newly reorganized army responsible area communist capital march general invaded area soldiers forces best trained supplied nationalist units spies able provide information strategic plans forces troop strength positions details air cover available forced abandon late march resisted forces long senior party leaders evacuate safely wanted provoke decisive confrontation immediately april agreed objective enemy run tire completely reduce food supplies look opportunity destroy forces attacked isolated supply depot northeast arrested commander captured food reserves army uniforms collection arms included million pieces artillery forces pushed border inner finally managed decisively defeat forces august battle saving members central committee taken prisoner eventually pushed forces february september forces occupied forces repeatedly defeated able destroy forces retreated taiwan lost civil war december october forces led directly invaded defenders surrendered peacefully incorporated new unit army ethnic guerrilla bands resisted chinese control years people republic china declared october appointed chairman northwest china military administrative commission commander chief political deputy appointment gave responsibility area million square kilometres million square miles thirty million people forces continued gradual occupation completed september korean war north_korea invaded south_korea june receiving endorsement united_nations united_states landed troops korea september october anniversary founding people republic forces crossed 38th parallel north_korea disagreement china leadership react american push chinese border wanted direct military intervention chinese leaders believed china enter war china directly attacked choice lead chinese people volunteer army korea refused citing bad health sought support taken strong position lead flew beijing northwest china directing incorporation arrived october listened sides debate october decided support support position changed atmosphere meeting leaders changed positions support direct chinese intervention korean war october named commander people volunteer army held titles korean armistice agreement directed china general strategy appointed general commander coordinating forces soviet north korean governments rest chinese government week established headquarters prepared invasion strategy officers negotiated approval attended conference beijing gang october ordered wave chinese soldiers total men cross korea night october october confrontation troops pushed forces south river november aftermath phase campaign november december directed troops confront forces second phase campaign successfully recovered area north thirty eighth parallel despite personal reservations began ambitious campaign area south 38th parallel order fulfill political objectives war chinese soldiers crossed south korean territory december captured seoul phase campaign forced evacuate heavy losses march forces course fourth phase campaign launched final fifth phase campaign april june retake seoul chinese troops failed korean war came 38th parallel evaluation korean war historian roy performances war terms military talents despite leadership skills cultural revolution red guards claimed successful campaigns october december fought direction unsuccessful campaigns january organized instructions modern scholars reject interpretation credit successes failures war casualties months korean war october october heavy soviet material support slight available means transport supplies korea year war force labourers available supplies light limited forces complete air superiority constraints later caused chinese soldiers freeze death november december inadequate winter clothing china insufficient artillery armor air support meant forced rely heavily human wave tactics summer attacked column weak points enemy defenses hoping surprise attrition break enemy lines participants drank large quantities order improve courage worst chinese battle losses occurred second fifth phase campaign percent chinese forces korea rendered combat ineffective november december chinese divisions lost april june million chinese soldiers casualties course war justified high casualty rate religious belief cause communism communist_party belief ends conflict justified means accounts claimed invented human wave tactic short attack order exploit manpower advantage november called conference discuss improvements china logistical network little directly resolve china supply problems visited beijing times months brief heavy casualties suffered chinese troops increasing difficulty keeping lines supplied basic winter convinced war protracted able achieve victory future february central military commission presided discussed logistical problems members government agencies involved war effort government representatives emphasized inability meet demands war angry shouted problem eyes food clothing soldiers speak casualties giving lives aircraft guns transports protected soldiers dying starvation overcome difficulties atmosphere tense forced conference subsequently called series meetings agreed divided groups dispatched korea shifts accelerate training chinese pilots provide anti aircraft guns lines purchase military equipment ammunition soviet_union provide army food clothing transfer responsibility logistics central government supporter anti campaign belief corruption waste main causes truce talks began july proceeded slowly recalled china april head later assumed responsibilities july personally signed armistice agreement ending korean war mass rally july kim sung awarded second north korean national flag order merit class awarded awarded title hero korean democratic people republic received hero welcome square august chinese troops remained north_korea experiences korean war strongly affected outlook decade heavy losses sustained year war convinced chinese army needed change introducing modern equipment standards developing new tactics suited modern conventional warfare came believe strongly military training reduced favour political military commanders enjoy communist country fully prepared modern technical warfare soviet_union grew soviet red army model development china perspectives long held conviction primary role communist_party improve welfare common people contrary political goals contributing eventual conflict late 1950s favor conflict russian diplomat saying trust long tested talented defense minister recalled china april succeeded managing day day affairs central military commission july spring confirmed vice chairman commission chairman effectively senior military leader china september national people congress confirmed position appointed defense minister vice ministers state council senior state council soon accepting appointments october produced ambitious plan modernization model soviet military political activities alternate member central committee member member leader moved permanently beijing november able attend regular political meetings active domestic politics loyal leadership conference continued support years moving beijing like implicated supporting gang effort replace second powerful person china opposed opposition clear action involvement alienated supporters supported efforts agriculture opposed attempt china culture politics stages flowers campaign supported efforts arrest chinese citizens criticized later year late 1950s developed personal dislike efforts promote image chinese popular culture perfect hero responsible communist victories time involved large number efforts moderate popular image developing personal campaign preference simplicity led oppose efforts develop personality cult draft copy book military history submitted edit authorize preface book stated military victories won correct leadership authorized text removing phrase anonymous chinese citizen wrote letter condemning practices hanging portraits public places singing songs praise sent letter chief staff widely distributed successfully opposed efforts place bronze statue beijing military museum saying trouble removed future greeted group soldiers shouted long live chairman literally years chairman addressed soldiers saying shout years chairman live years live years personality cult political suggested song east red song later sung place chinese national anthem cultural revolution widely taught angrily rejected suggestion saying personality cult later group soldiers visited order request audience chairman rejected saying old man beautiful preparation eighth national congress held september attended committee new party constitution meeting suggested section constitution referring thought removed senior members present quickly agreed removed final version party constitution congress appointed member central committee resented personal lifestyle considered luxurious late 1950s developed lifestyle touch preference simplicity enjoyed private pool china built travel private train enjoyed changing succession enthusiastic young women met weekly dances journeys train costly office suite built beijing including private book lined study wife suggested couple spend free time visiting quarters reluctant stating surroundings furnished tolerate 1950s continued refer chairman old title senior leaders 1930s 1940s military activities staged offensive defense minister january attacked occupied chain islands held nationalists occasionally staged guerrilla raids far shanghai operation led united_states form defense agreement taiwan effectively preventing communists completely defeating participated number foreign trips communist world defense minister time traveled outside china north_korea visited east germany poland soviet_union meeting soviet september traveled poland soviet_union attend signing warsaw pact observer november december accompanied second visit soviet_union april june went military goodwill tour communist world visiting poland east germany czechoslovakia hungary romania bulgaria albania soviet_union returned tour abroad september began seriously implement great systems implementation standardized military ranks salaries awards rules conscription september state council named china highest military rank chinese soldiers assigned functions instead ranks company commander division commander leaders promoted newly founded system military ranks awarded newly created orders merit awarded class medal order august achievements chinese civil war class medal order independence freedom achievements sino japanese war class medal order liberation achievements chinese civil war introduced military insignia time issued military uniforms modeled worn soviet soldiers january replaced conscription voluntary service standardized career soldiers salaries eighteen grades private second class marshal introduced clear rank favoring commanders political september doctrines strict training discipline mastery modern equipment entrenched structure opposed initiatives focused dissatisfaction accused methods borrowed soviet_union convinced need maintain balance military political removing high positions removal especially cost support military leaders resulting criticism criticize senior chinese leaders year sought remove command china armed forces ordered islands coast held late summer autumn developed strategy chief staff bombard islands intensely morale defenders collapse eventually leading islands surrender islands surrender use islands launch attacks taiwan saturated islands included half artillery china began august attack included coordinated effort cut islands air sea supply lines campaign ran unexpected difficulties achieve objectives soviet_union explicit support operation united_states provided air sea cover supply ships miles chinese coast fighter jets shot thirty seven fighters losing nationalist artillery naval destroyed fourteen ships quietly opposed operation beginning began gradually end hostilities encountered difficulties announcing series intermittent eventually halting campaign late october blamed disaster replaced ally general position directly affected personal prestige suffered practical effects efforts china armed forces called question accused directing aborted attack withdrawing troops north_korea authorization secretly taking orders ussr conflict life death fall power great leap forward autumn suggested nationwide programme mass china farmers forcibly relocated large agricultural private property eliminated theories mass basis great leap forward national economic plan began caused man famine country lasted years tens millions people death october december economic system countryside broke farmers refused work fields raided government food rebelled december china leaders quietly decided reverse policies great leap oppose phase great leap late early increasingly opposed spring winter problems policies caused evident february gave speech anniversary soviet red army suggested increased military cooperation china soviet_union opposed suggestion began viable successor position defense minister great leap forward ordered formation national militia controlled party members independent eventually training tens millions civilians regular inspection tours chinese provinces defense minister tour april openly criticized saying chairman talks time faster better economical results annoying want chanting time inspection tour october observed problems associated great leap forward mature crops left die field young men drafted operate primitive backyard asked old peasant collecting harvest received answer centre sends great stand storm tour heard complaints household melted steel houses cut torn order provide fuel backyard subsequent tour native province later observed problems associated great leap forward food shortages hungry children babies elders expressed bitterness anger arrogant party administered local economic reforms inspection tours china fall composed poem summarized attitude great leap forward grain scattered ground potato leaves strong young people left steel children old women crops pass coming year allow raise voice people enlarged meeting shanghai held march april openly criticized chairman presence time accusing taking personal command national politics collective leadership chinese government party responded vague criticisms said provocative april june left goodwill military tour eastern_europe met criticized cultural revolution having criticized leadership soviet leader evidence criticized mention efforts absence china seven weeks abroad allowed freely spread negative rumors party develop consensus senior party leaders oppose returned conference eighth eighth central committee held scenic resort town july discuss party members positions great leap forward opened conference encouraging party members criticize offer opinions government mistakes shortcomings promised attack member personally counter revolutionary opinions expressed conference returned china previous conference spending seven weeks abroad planning attending conference personally invited attend travelled participate conference participated group meetings early portion conference gaining consensus peers criticizing widespread practice reporting agricultural statistics emphasizing everybody share responsibility including criticized senior party members disagree party leadership implying party leaders following orders knew best interests chinese people gaining consensus peers developed opinions systematically hesitant bring range criticisms public discussed thoughts senior party leaders notably secretary colleagues encouraged visit privately order win support reversal policies great leap forward visited quarters night july found asleep wrote letter opinion ideas instead delivered letter morning july read letter july later july letter widely circulated delegates conference intend letter widely read attempted prevent circulation successful senior leaders including supported position began attack indicating shared views letter attack chairman letter compared courageous han dynasty general appreciation enemy interpreted implying relationship criticized poor allocation labour china especially inefficient country wide practice forcing farmers work backyard criticized nationwide famine severe shortage cotton stated chinese people justified demanding change present conditions blamed problems great leap called problems way thinking style work especially tendency party administrators submit exaggerated production reports party accept figures blamed mistakes party culture petty tendency believe achieving change encouraging mass movements claimed acceptance culture led party leadership mass line style seeking truth facts believed led communist victories japanese criticized policy putting politics command economic principles productive work political objectives decision letter widely circulated completely changed direction conference july gave independent speech attacking policies day majority delegates expressed approval letter making official conference document interpreted letter personal attack began defend july attacking disagreed policies defended system claiming single collapsed attacked shared political opinions associated positions communist leaders led failed leadership including gang brought ultimatum stating delegates conference sided split communist_party retreating countryside leading peasants overthrow government senior leaders communist_party including unwilling risk splitting party sided opposing position august conference debated disciplined punishment receive reasons august conference passed resolutions resolution condemned leader anti party called removal positions defense minister vice chairman military commission resolution communist_party allowed retain position excluded meetings years second resolution recognized dominance party subtly called end policies great leap forward rallied rest party options limited standing ground engaging self criticism suicide private discussion senior leaders considered prestige unity party agreed self criticism publicly reviewed conference admitted severe mistakes associated viewpoint follower openly implicated supporters mistakes conference said privately self criticism time life spoken heart supporters important offices following conference completely politically rest life later reflected confused interpreted private letter political attack wondered thirty years working discussed matter privately mistakes claimed later life september replaced defense minister effectively ending military career relocated suburb beijing marshal uniform military decorations reversed reforms signs privileges rank officers considered sympathetic ussr directing soldiers work time industrial agricultural labourers armed forces thought system clear party clearly command china armed forces ensured army political enjoyed great power status order followed implemented reforms order privately concerned weaken position minister defense army promote personality cult china running number national propaganda campaigns based successful efforts promote personality cult learn campaign began partial rehabilitation forced retirement lived constant surveillance central guard unit accompanied secretary bodyguard wife remained beijing work party secretary beijing normal university able visit guards prevented curious local farmers visiting threatened complain niece visited frequently close spent free time home studying theory agriculture economics completely participate government meetings decision making bodies received read documents distributed members state council technically member attended funeral effects economic policies continued produce widespread economic collapse improving reputation party leaders secretly believed policies mistake desired reverse led party efforts revive chinese economy cultivated friendship wider effort gain widespread support activities november december received permission leave residence time order conduct inspection tour found conditions worse january conference party leaders determine party economic policies repeated criticisms june submitted document letter words gave account life admitted mistakes defended accusations conference requested decision making government bodies sharply criticized economic policies great leap forward letter wrote widely quoted want efforts initially successful allowed attend tenth eighth central committee held september efforts reverse verdict conference failed continued live relative obscurity longer house arrest appointed marshal long head office investigate past order find additional reasons criticize accepted position sympathetic stalled year submitting report prestige weakened widely known great leap forward disaster eventually presented report positive attempted september agreed promoting position managing industrial development southwest china project known initially refused position called personally convinced accept suggesting condemnation conference mistake appointed deputy commander great line construction southwest china secretary control commission southwest bureau practice responsibilities oversee industrial development focus developing military industries logistical networks positions far position signaled return national politics worked august beginning cultural revolution recalled red guards began patrolling streets violently attacking perceived enemies warned avoid contact red guards disregarded advice saying member afraid masses disregard personal danger confidence chinese communist_party cultural revolution victims persecution cultural revolution public figures singled persecution cultural revolution group party attempted shield wife took personal interest persecution directed red guards find arrest deliver beijing persecuted local red guards enthusiastic follow orders visited house december attempted informing recent arrests friends comrades imminent arrests local red guards lack enthusiasm carry orders radical red guard leader arrived december denounced local comrades delaying arrest red guards abducted early morning december chains house arrived save late prime minister effort save placing surveillance december office ordered red guards abducted accompany members deliver beijing train instead plane airports taken red guards deliver beijing garrison party arrived beijing successfully directed red guards command delay unit scheduled possession succeeded keeping saved january taken struggle session chains thousand red guards wearing large paper cap wooden board hung neck crimes written fall held military prison outside beijing allowed receive extra clothing july faction ordered form investigation group determine crimes thoroughly future struggle sessions attempted force confess great great great party army refused confess accusations surrender masses floor cell allow stand sit drink water rise toilet sleep days refused confess began routinely beating breaking ribs injuring damaging internal organs especially lungs violent lasted hours day replaced hours order developing sympathy practice pioneered secret police 1930s interrogated way times shouted red guards beat reputed table hard cell walls shook late july following failed uprising party leaders decided example publicly national level july article appeared distributed nationally directed nation article called capitalist great great opposed chairman representative greatest capitalist army article accused foreign countries counter revolutionaries wild attack party campaign national lasted months late august article stated instead capitalist great party army struggle falls breaks effort discredit military career portraying long string failures battles supposedly directed closely convince chinese people villain destroyed compassion mercy august taken struggle meeting held stadium attended soldiers meeting led chains stage forced hours listened soldiers repeatedly denouncing crimes end meeting personally appeared soldiers addressed assembled soldiers kneeling gave speech denounced villainous element interest party army people country severely addressed directly stating reform right right course hope reform known eventually broke confessed rally imprisoned rest life party formed special investigation group reach verdict case forced write biography life times believe fully confessed crimes subjected constant violent special military sentenced life imprisonment sentence immediately approved general chief staff incident military attempted improve living conditions years torture seriously weakened physical health late death seriously ill probably tuberculosis briefly hospitalized returned prison time outside prison niece visited hospital convinced allow operation nature results operation unknown medical condition deteriorated direct orders treat received substantial medical aid died november wish sun trees outside windows hospital room windows covered newspaper request denied allowed view body minutes removed body quickly cremated ashes sent identified note read posthumous rehabilitation leadership successfully concealed death years successfully convinced civilian witness tell death learn death wife arrested red guards sentenced labour reform camp remained released settle farmer north china find death allowed return beijing news publicly disclosed died following brief power struggle ally emerged paramount leader china political goals party members condemned persecuted cultural revolution people led general rebelled posthumous rehabilitation chinese government formally reversed erroneous verdict eleventh central committee held december gave speech announcing rehabilitation stating courageous battle open straightforward strict cared masses concerned advantage afraid difficulties carrying heavy loads revolutionary work honest sense responsibility speech stated decision leader anti party entirely wrong undermined party democracy january party encouraged historians known produce memoirs historical stories articles praising remembering intermediate court justice sentenced red guard directed arrest years prison persecution torture autobiography memoirs chinese marshal compiled documents written life material memoirs drawn confessions written cultural revolution book focused early life second sino japanese war china released set stamps commemorate anniversary birth modern china considered greatest military leaders twentieth century


greek known turkish 11th century turkish military commander ruled independent state based present day originally byzantine service rebelled seized asia minor islands lying shore peak power declared byzantine emperor sought assault constantinople conjunction byzantine naval expedition john inflicted heavy defeat retook year slain son law rest domain recovered byzantines years later life little known life source byzantine princess anna daughter emperor mentioned 13th century reliable source semi legendary nature material according originally taken prisoner byzantines reign iii ruled entered byzantine service advanced rapidly imperial favour receiving title rich gifts deposed lost position fled byzantium base wage war byzantines employing christian built fleet captured eastern islands fortress rhodes byzantine fleet sent defeated battle modern scholars speculated activities time conjunction coordination contemporary byzantine greek rebels cyprus crete byzantines constantine recovered rebuilt forces resumed attacks proclaiming emperor seeking conclude alliance joint attack constantinople new john sent attacked fortress resisted months finally negotiate surrender fortress return attacked turkish fleet destroyed spring attacked port sea called sultan married daughter son law attack rear sultan advanced pretext inviting banquet father law murdered possibly original son reported holding byzantine army john recaptured city


peter raw air commodore peter frank raw june july royal_australian_air_force raaf pilot officer joined raaf served flight instructor bomber pilot commander communications unit world war war specialist navigator raw appointed commander squadron january temporarily left position year participate london air race placed second returned lead squadron end held position raw subsequently served staff diplomatic roles took command wing april served air support coordinator australian forces south vietnam initial refusal commit raaf helicopters assist australian_army force heavily engaged battle long tan august generated lasting controversy raw served staff training positions appointed commander raaf base returned australia retired raaf years later early career raw born melbourne suburb june alfred eleanor raw educated road state school later melbourne high school raw began electrical united studied time melbourne technical college raw attempted join royal australian navy electrical rejected told months instead joined raaf august year departed sydney bound southern november trained pilot empire air training scheme arriving southern january raw completed training commissioned officer december year subsequently served flying instructor southern raw engaged family lived southern south_africa raw transferred egypt undertook operational conversion course prepared fly consolidated heavy bombers combat july year posted squadron raf british unit based near southern italy serving squadron raw took operations eastern mediterranean region hungary romania yugoslavia august long range bomber units controlled group raf including squadron undertook risky operations warsaw supply polish home army warsaw uprising raw participated flights bomber aircraft deliver cargo warsaw mission august raw subsequently received polish cross february achievement flights warsaw conducted september raw unable city time dropped load supplies bad weather raid northern italian city october raw aircraft hit anti aircraft shells destroyed system engine wounded radio operator opened holes fuselage despite damage raw able return safely base suffered feet damage plane nose caused winds enter cockpit december raw promoted flight lieutenant assumed command group communication squadron february year awarded distinguished flying cross following end war raw returned australia november january married mary church_of_england 19th month daughter raw rejoined raaf retained wartime rank flight lieutenant october posted britain undertake specialist training navigation return australia raw served instructor raaf school air navigation later held training positions wing operational training unit served acting commanding officer time responsible training pilots combat korean war squadron commanding officer january raw squadron leader appointed commanding officer squadron february initial commander long range flight formed participate london air race raaf new english electric canberra bombers handed position wing commander remained member flight july raw temporarily vacated position squadron focus preparing air race piloted raw departed australia united_kingdom september race began october raw aircraft suffered damage nose wheel landing refuel able repaired accident cost raw lead race arrived october finishing second raf canberra piloted flight lieutenant burton raw returned lead squadron december month unit raaf jet bomber equipped squadron replaced lincoln aircraft squadron built nucleus personnel served long range flight later december canberra piloted raw established new speed record flight new_zealand australia completing crossing sydney hours minutes december raw awarded air_force cross role london air race decoration presented queen elizabeth_ii brisbane march september story mail described raw shy young commander completing term commanding officer squadron july raw posted undertake training royal_air_force flying college return australia january promoted wing commander posted planning role raaf headquarters melbourne december year served liaison officer raaf force supporting british nuclear weapons tests islands coast western_australia raw posted joint planning staff divorced raw subsequently married helen hammond june year margaret presbyterian church marriage produced daughter son december raw joined directing staff raaf staff college canberra president amateur canberra astronomical society later undertook training united_states armed forces staff college assumed position assistant air australian embassy washington february raw assumed command wing controlled raaf bomber squadrons raised acting group captain time confirmed rank january year vietnam war subsequent career raw posted south vietnam air support commander 1st australian task force force composed primarily australian_army units recently arrived country expansion australia commitment vietnam war background air land warfare raw main responsibility position coordinate helicopter support task force infantry battalions given weeks prepare role handing command wing departing south vietnam period received situation country began operations raaf tactical transport units historian written group captain raw background raaf respected bomber leaders inappropriate job task force air commander struggled timely decisions demanded tactical air land operations stated raaf air board selected officer relevant experience role addition responsibilities air support commander raw commander raaf units stationed overall deputy commander raaf force south vietnam regularly flew operational missions helicopter equipped squadron squadron operated tactical transports time raw arrived south vietnam tensions army raaf employment squadron army unit providing support raw believed task force headquarters unrealistic expectations army officers understand difficulty maintaining operating helicopters raw role battle long tan august controversial engagement initially refused allow squadron fly ammunition company 6th battalion royal australian regiment heavily engaged nearly surrounded believed heavy rain time flying dangerous commander 1st australian task force brigadier david jackson angered decision argued risk losing helicopters compared possibility having killed unit overrun lack ammunition supplies raw eventually allowed resupply flight proceed experienced helicopter pilots present stated mission needed flown regardless risk result actions battle long tan relationship raw senior army commanders difficult remainder time south vietnam eventually managed educate senior army officers 1st australian task force constraints affected helicopter operations leading better working relationship services november raw took operation conducted forces long son island operation flew assault troops remained island direct air missions including sniper fire raw completed tour duty south vietnam april returned australia november year awarded distinguished service order role war disagreement jackson raw battle long tan long term effects structure australian defence force raw initial refusal commit helicopters contributed development long lasting perception army officers raaf reluctant support service battle members army believed raaf pilots refused conduct supply mission squadron threatened withdrawn south vietnam spoken raw influenced perception army subsequently advocated raaf battlefield helicopters transferred control finally occurred late 1980s return australia raw appointed director operational requirements department air headed evaluation team tasked selecting heavy lift helicopter raaf team faced choice boeing sea stallion raw final report recommended acquiring raaf governing air board senior army officers rejected recommendation purchased instead air vice marshal charles read reviewed performance helicopters concluded better met australia needs raw remained director operational requirements commandant raaf staff college promoted air commodore assumed command raaf base malaysia raw held position returned australia senior training staff officer headquarters raaf support command final military posting retired air_force february newspaper interview shortly retirement raw identified london air race highlight career observed raaf personnel needed higher levels professional qualifications case joined air_force greater particular fields raw stated need improve defences northern australia grounds political situations change overnight july raw died richmond melbourne subsequently cremated raw australian dictionary biography entry career noting considered popular efficient proved type officer worked best pressure


james james dog july july naval aviator world war major factor putting nuclear capable aircraft aboard aircraft carriers retirement attained rank rear admiral graduate united_states naval academy class served aircraft carrier uss enterprise sent naval air station pensacola flight training rejoined enterprise executive officer later commanding officer bombing squadron flying dive bomber saw combat battle january participated attack february landings april battle philippine sea june led aircraft enterprise maximum range twilight attack japanese fleet personally credited japanese aircraft carrier probably later commanded bombing squadron ninety california based training unit war attended postwar class naval war college wrote thesis nuclear weapons carrier aviation navigator escort carrier uss participated operation sandstone april march went base assigned armed forces special weapons project writing reviewing nuclear war plans jet qualified assumed command carrier air group embarked korea uss assumed command large composite squadron acted transitional training unit chief sea base striking forces planning unit office chief naval operations washington june entered national war college july graduating year later assumed command heavy attack wing seaplane tender uss salisbury sound returned office chief naval operations head special weapons plans received command aircraft carrier uss independence flag officer commander fleet air island commander carrier division seven vietnam war commander naval air reserve commander tenth naval district caribbean_sea frontier commander fleet air caribbean retired active duty involved ultimately successful campaign conway civic center sullivan brothers convention center honor sullivan brothers appeared history channel series battle recounted experiences member early life james david born iowa july son david flora older half sister mary mother marriage younger sister betty father trade arrived salesman farmer lost farm great depression worked trust savings bank failed ran car educated francis school finally east high entered iowa state teachers college cedar falls iowa year nominated united_states naval academy maryland local representative john alternative candidate act created additional academy appointed academy acquired nickname dog alphabet initials graduated academy commissioned ensign june request posted aircraft carrier uss enterprise based hawaii deck officer met tyler vice president bishop bank married daughter tyler september leaving flight training naval air station pensacola florida world war united_states entered world war training pensacola learning fly finally graduation posted scouting squadron promoted lieutenant junior grade june lieutenant august returned hawaii assigned cruiser uss salt_lake_city november effort managed reassigned enterprise reported enterprise february qualifying land carrier april assigned bombing squadron carrier dive bomber squadrons flying douglas executive officer shortly enterprise returned pearl harbor overhaul returned united_states wife squadrons carrier air group new aircraft receiving new replace older models air group returned hawaii november group qualified night operation making night landings enterprise january saw combat battle january participated attack february landings april commander march evening june battle philippine sea led torpedo bombers enterprise maximum range attack japanese fleet later recalled shortly strike group picked japanese combat air patrol informed port quarter high time commence run base element air group commander killer kane nose japanese break attack decided wait vulnerable time point roll attack time bomber torpedo formation integrity broken pilot dive bombing squadron dive high speed run gradually drifted division leader rolled preserved formation long possible permitting gunners concentrate attack rear standard procedure low fighter cover ahead base element high cover fighters proceed rendezvous point provide cover aircraft base element rejoined formed defensive formation japanese fleet easy locate black wide area colored soon carriers port took closest carrier division took second carrier middle task group torpedo planes split carried general purpose bombs carried bomb half general purpose half semi armor piercing rolled fine view carrier split dive brakes feet shortly hear twin looked right feet passing zero dive brakes thrown aim dive good standard attack feet opened caliber machine guns going directly forward elevator carrier steaming wind allowing wind target motion moved ahead bow carrier released feet division plus van dove bang plane division sighting carrier split sections bang diving section attacking doubt section hit carrier carriers covered returned battle war sunk damaged broken years war japanese shipyard note squadrons registered hits carrier division pulled feet immediately taken fire sorts ships battleships cruisers destroyers mike look burning appetite time stuff thrown couldn look began telling climb descend depending aimed pulled eastward soon clear japanese outer screen started gentle turn left beginning dark shortly birds run kane fighters shot knew start task force gave hand signal indicating squared away return course began pick sorts soon picked heading added throttle left weren going stuck knot cruise speed personally credited japanese aircraft carrier naval historian believes slow deliberate return enterprise order conserve fuel reaching found deck crashed aircraft land uss instead enterprise plane lost combat lost operationally accidents crash landings sea battle awarded navy second highest honor navy cross citation read extraordinary heroism operations enemy serving pilot carrier based navy dive bomber flight leader bombing squadron attached uss enterprise action enemy japanese forces vicinity islands june june aggressive combat pilot lieutenant commander led squadron consistent skill daring numerous bombing missions striking repeatedly strongly defended military objectives inflicted costly excessive damage enemy defenses ground installations acting air coordinator june directed brilliant attacks squadrons support landings ground forces initial advance enemy taking divisions squadron june led fierce attack enemy carriers personally diving medium sized carrier scoring hit stern enemy vessel expert exceptional daring courageous initiative lieutenant commander contributed essentially success operations strategic area great personal face grave keeping highest traditions united_states naval service superior performance lexington enterprise squadrons equipped old compared equipped new caused great concern consideration given going old aircraft tour duty addition navy cross awarded distinguished flying cross twice air medal times september received wartime assignment commanding officer bombing squadron ninety california based training unit remained july post war war applied postwar class naval war college wrote possibility future conflict soviet_union nuclear weapons carrier aviation eventually lead new prospects graduation obtain flying assignment instead posted escort carrier uss navigator capacity participated operation sandstone april july assigned personnel officer march went base attended course nuclear weapons june assigned armed forces special weapons project promoted commander july waiting clearance charge board investigating crash savage navy nuclear bomber aircraft impress clearance came worked operations division writing reviewing war plans jet qualified fleet air gunnery unit assumed command carrier air group december squadrons carrier qualified uss june embarking uss ship sailed korea effect july flew wing man end cruise june assumed command large composite squadron acted transitional training unit naval air station california chief sea base striking forces planning unit office chief naval operations washington june entered national war college july promoted captain august produced nuclear weapons graduating year later expressed preference flying job received command heavy attack wing based naval air station wing consisted nuclear attack squadrons flying detachments posted aircraft carriers post senior captain robert held post rear admiral flown started carrier qualified required carrier landings surprise found aircraft easy fly successful lifting training level entire wing junior considered command aircraft carrier received command seaplane tender uss salisbury sound returned office chief naval operations head special weapons plans july awarded master arts degree george_washington university july received command aircraft carrier uss independence despite having limited experience ships trouble adjusting commanding felt commanding ship enjoyable flying aircraft ship won award improved crew time marriage broke divorced remarried rome august virginia children karen returning shore duty washington assigned joint task force charged secretary defense robert investigating necessary aircraft fly low altitude speeds subject considerable debate navy air_force time tests carried base phantom aircraft january chief staff carrier division seven commanded rear admiral james flying flag aircraft carrier uss hawk formed task force cruising north vietnamese coast yankee station vietnam war north vietnam divided route packages allotted certain areas navy role coordinate navy operation rolling thunder awarded legion merit spent brief time commander aircraft carrier uss franklin roosevelt heart attack promoted rear admiral july flag officer commander fleet air island training command time specializing tenure short april assigned staff commander chief pacific command admiral grant sharp responsible overall direction war vietnam service awarded navy distinguished service medal assumed command carrier division seven coast vietnam awarded second legion merit april commander naval air reserve based naval air station illinois received fourth legion merit final assignment commander tenth naval district caribbean_sea frontier commander fleet air caribbean june august retired active duty january later life member carrier aviation hall_of_fame inducted american combat hall_of_fame midland texas inducted hall honor national naval museum pensacola florida involved ultimately successful campaign conway civic center sullivan brothers convention center honor sullivan brothers brothers died uss lost world war appeared history channel series battle recounted experiences member july died california home heart failure buried fort national cemetery san_diego survived daughters step daughter karen grandchildren great grandchildren scholarship established educational foundation honor dog award association established annual dog award recognize air wing aircraft carrier team best performance integrated unit excellence navy carrier operations