hindi ancient town district state northern india according indian census population people located altitude metres mean sea level town situated banks river major tributary trans river confluence river rulers dynasty use historical records date history region tribes 2nd century area formally ruled dynasty starting ruling ancient capital located kilometres town shifted capital kingdom following specific request daughter named time dynasty ruled finally merged indian union april british time town numerous temples palaces hosts popular days music dancing noted arts crafts particularly paintings originated hill kingdoms north india 17th 19th century history early history ancient history surrounding district earliest rulers tribes 2nd century power region 4th century period ruled 7th century dynasty came power recorded history rulers traced eminent individual named said moved northwest india founded capital river valley place called later known situated kilometres east present day town years kings dynasty ruled capital king shifted capital centrally located plateau lower valley named city daughter variation story exactly transition came historical records version tells childless significant period blessed sons daughter named urged father build new capital town valley obstacles stood way relocating capital given king previously granted land modern vicinity solution found form offering gift copper coins called occasion marriage took place family agree surrender land way new capital land obtained new capital built named king daughter years simply shortened variation origin originated devout hindu frequent king suspicious daughter fidelity day investigated followed surprisingly found daughter suddenly said heard voice informed suspicions ill founded informing daughter taken away permanently punishment lack trust morals king fully sought redemption sin expanding temple named daughter honour built city temple today temple called temple belongs royal family king daughter goddess year festival fair held lasts days coinciding day dynasty ruled successful invasion millennium british gained power isolation town rugged hilly terrain believed contributing factor unusual state security later emperors attempt annex unsuccessful territory kingdoms terms emperor instrumental introducing court life styles modern history combined forces local hills chiefs attacked forces battle forced crushing defeat family took shelter fort fort looted area fort virtually destroyed villages siege fort continued years ruler request waged war defeated pay heavy price lose fort villages controlled region placed garrison forced hill states pay tribute deposed hill princes including powerful ruler spared given important ambassador negotiations saved life horse king escape winter campaign army invaded british territory result disastrous british defeating army leaving poor position important negotiations aftermath advice agreed british favour treaty signed agreed territory district relations british british rule ram good terms british_army officers progressive reforms developments british post office established daily_mail service primary school december hospital opened doctor medical mission late 1860s new roads built ruled responsible building grand palace summer residence india independent nation august state finally merged india april state state hills geography climate headquarters district bordered north west west area north east east south east district south average elevation metres town district valley town located share town located junction river tributary river hill forming backdrop eastern flows east west direction forming deep spring summer months levels river rise significantly snow melt pose flooding risk record levels experienced early july national hydroelectric power corporation forced shut power generation power station located right bank river valley built successive flat town bounded ranges south inner despite hill location connected road rest state country including delhi routes nearest broad gauge railway stations bank kilometres away road temperatures summer vary winter maximum temperature recorded summer minimum temperature winter march june said best period visit known hill station average annual rainfall town millimetres demographics india census population males constituted population females average literacy rate higher national average male literacy female literacy administrative language hindi local language common language spoken inhabitants speakers hindu descent away urban centre tribal people divided major groups mainly came state border trade routes belong nomadic islamic community travel lowland autumn livestock avoid harsh winter hills features distinct language culture main town comprise ethnic groups form majority agricultural peoples means shepherd mainly inhabit area district mountains known located means sheep land informally referred literally meaning sheep country believed come 10th century influx people migrated 18th century empire said practice combined worship lord administration total ruled district established 6th century beginning believed isolated case history india kingdom remained independent interference years territorial extent state ill defined loosely based territory marked state run petty rulers allocated locally governed areas known treated virtually independent kingdoms wasn reign lords district consolidated formally unified entity kingdom ruling capital divided kingdom later termed sub territories consisted landmarks city layout distinctly zones old town british introduced urban architectural styles british period contemporary monuments bridges buildings study architecture instituted indian national trust art cultural heritage objective restoring individual heritage buildings observed urban architecture evolved distinct phases phase dating dynasty establishing capital second phase british period phase post independent period merger indian union april monuments built prior buildings traditionally constructed local materials buildings dry stone masonry walls floors older houses clay cow thick wooden beams support walls paying attention withstand earthquakes wooden construction support doors wood doors decorated religious flanked lamps light night arrival british introduced slate roofs roofs covered coated clay houses today number wood clay roofs villages suburbs old heritage monuments palaces temples located old town east lower slopes hill built lower valley rivers steep forested provided strong defense located 10th century temple said marked birth town group temples built century 10th century ram temple temple temple 11th century temple temple palace overlooking converted college additions palace form 18th century temples built demonstrate strong influence stone temple architecture temple given age layout pillars retained temple temple built memory daughter temple located near police post treasury building built style intricate stone carvings wheel roof large temple idol goddess temple walls temple exquisite stone sculptures account historical archaeological importance temple maintained archaeological survey india temple located heart city destination named daughter king founder temple temple holds great historical religious relevance temple idol goddess avatar goddess according legend daughter king religious person visit temples regularly king getting suspicious actions followed place dagger reached found inside surprise daughter vanished return heard voice saying daughter taken away punishment suspicion voice asked build temple daughter wanted avoid king ordered construction temple temple archaeological survey india historical archaeological importance major attraction temple style architecture stone carved walls sculptures temple attractive tourist spot temple large wheel rooftop makes distinguished temple north india temple compared temple temple temple temples temples complex devoted sect includes main temple built 10th century built suit local climatic conditions wooden metallic image mount installed pillar main gate temple adorned temple roof gold ordered demolition temple temple temple located prominent position spur range hills opposite town built completed wooden temple roof single town built stone north indian architectural style past temple accessed stone paved steep path laid steps approached kilometres road temple structure built high raised sides rectangular layout outside exterior measures metres metres inner square measures metres metres path path metres perimeter foreground temple metres metres size fire pit centre roof covered carvings wood multi ceiling human figures pillars bells provided entrance inscription records offering goddess temple april date temple consecrated palace palace noted distinct green roof built residence later refurbished assistance british engineers hall named marshal hall builder built added residence royal ladies building fusion british architectural influences royal family sold palace government turn converted government college district library maintenance attractive palace painted walls glass work intricate satisfactory lack funds allocated palace provides scenic views temple temple temple temple monuments built second half nineteenth century british administration drew urban plan development laid emphasis building civic buildings conceal unorthodox structural layout residential complexes western oriented development programme grew particularly active arrival major blair january reign fourteen years particular retirement march characterised large scale building projects fully administrative revenue departments state machinery development efficient orderly new building complexes simple visual discipline white walls arch windows sloping sheet roofs wooden deep planned built road communications dramatically improved approach road town diverted provide way traffic enter western end suspension bridge built river lower outskirts town important public welfare projects started temples gates gardens churches notable works built colonial period include temples gate gate temple police lines church scotland hospital built library post office building museum state forces barracks administrative buildings british period today architectural materials evolved considerably ancient times reinforced concrete structures rapidly changing skyline town sanskrit word meaning sided nucleus activity surrounded impressive administrative buildings shopping arcade built british period old palace standing nearby grass green exceptionally large hill station measuring metres length metres width british converted small single use sports complex today commonly cricket matches mid summer months annual fair entire ground market festival grounds closed public april maintenance purposes church scotland church scotland presbyterian church known andrew church established missionary reverend william served foundation stone building new church laid february presence scottish reverend come scotland contributed generous grant build church ensured built fine stone masonry walls supported buttresses arch windows provide light ventilation schools run mission located church museum museum established september honour time ruled eminent expert history state proposed museum preserve number valuable inscriptions script contained rare information medieval history inscriptions fountain inscription preserved museum donated family collection paintings museum including royal portraits ranged style numerous artifacts important heritage added including coins hill jewelry royal costumes arms armour musical instruments items current museum built concrete culture arts miniature paintings noted miniature paintings style paintings took roots artist migrating eighteenth century school painting reign folk art developed lasting influence local artists paintings encompass murals influence clearly paintings distinguished artists painted art form include paintings generally painted hindu religious themes particularly legends hindu mythology krishna krishna love scenes deer birds women krishna romantic monsoon season painted artists miniature art moods styles colours displayed museums musical instruments important centre making traditional town numerous small workshops maintained items produced exquisite lavish testament towns aristocratic heritage casting ancient tradition dating bronze age period items typically copper brass iron especially traditional making weapons particular note trade large plaques commonly wall decoration temple district furnished copper brass items golden vessel produced unique traditional system men women foot foot originally locally produced leather today transported south india women foot vegetarian foot leather use places leather prohibited religious reasons abundance traditionally designed way sides cloth look identical beautifully woven hand wool typically bright border traditional design similar woven design making caps traditional jewellery gold silver pottery typically given history new immigration parts country variety influences seen pieces jewellery produced noted wood carvings like temples form drum produced bells horns produced straight curved styles instruments include festivals dances places effect actually reached known particular note notable event subordinate deity goes trance answers prayers important festival held known held annually march april days commemorate sacrifice queen life bring water town legend associated festival temple built memory queen wife relates sacrifice fulfill prophecy dream said water stream accessed queen son sacrificed kill son sacrificed life town commemorate event women children lead role festival image banners solar emblem taken procession dancing singing temple popular festival held held second sunday month corresponding month august calendar marks triumph ruler called celebrates crops grown time year festival offerings consisting bunch plant golden silk wrapped red fabric offerings include seasonal fruit occasion celebrated flag ceremony week cultural social programmes image deity lord deities taken procession pulled ropes folk dances music performances known festivities day festival parade held palace river offerings river commemorates event changed course river temple accessible surrounding district local customs dancing illustrating differences geographical social cultures religious beliefs area solo dance dance people commonly performed ceremony important occasions marriages etc said note notable male dances include dances notable female dances include whilst dances performed sexes forms masked dance performed costumes ancient people known worn fine blanket waist warm cold climate tied band evidenced archaeological discoveries area depicting fashion people traditionally worn white caps loose fitting white known tied waist black wool rope local custom sect cotton sheet wear head ceremony honour lord surrounding district documented producer fine cloth dresses centuries mention beautifully clothes country fine captured lot fort soldiers heavier luxurious type dresses traced fountain stones erected local aristocracy western 11th 12th centuries given history migrants arriving centuries today variety traditional dresses defined region belong traditional dress worn hindu women special occasions gown short covering waist shirt worn dress falls nearly touching ground typical casual dress worn head lower half body covered known muslim women generally wear similar dresses hindu women difference wear considerably shorter touching knee don small vest called worn beneath small shirt common hindu men wear long touches knees cloth waist band tight fitting small hat worn head completes ensemble music songs known sung night summoned goes soon sacrifices referred lord said possessed lord answers questions members family friends people enjoy traditional folk music area consists folk songs dances folk accompanied musical instruments love folk music evident keen interest folk music different regions folk songs categorized marriage songs songs love songs marriage songs theme marriage songs related selection groom girl wishes songs sung time wedding ceremony known songs depict relatives bride groom seek god songs celebrate festivals great pump sing songs usually accompanied folk dances major folk songs songs related time songs rainy season sung festival love songs songs feelings separation hard life social tales sacrifice unsuccessful love etc depicted songs famous love songs popular city state major notable music artists producers late ram etc


south india south india area encompassing indian states tamil union territories occupying india area km2 covering southern plateau south india bounded bay east arabian sea west indian_ocean south geography region diverse mountain ranges western eastern bordering plateau krishna rivers important non perennial sources water largest urban areas majority people south india speak major languages telugu tamil history number kingdoms ruled parts south india invasions southern southeastern asia impacted history culture regions major established south india include european countries entered india region britain nations experiencing fluctuations decades immediately indian independence economies south indian states registered higher national average growth past decades south indian states improved socio economic poverty continues affect region like rest country considerably decreased years southern states high economy undergone growth faster rate northern states literacy rates southern states higher national average approximately population capable reading writing fertility rate south india lowest regions india etymology south india known india known names term referring area covered plateau covers india excluding coastal areas form word derived sanskrit word meaning south derived meaning high country associated south india history ancient era carbon dating ash associated cultures south india date bce artefacts ground stone axes minor copper objects found region beginning bce iron technology spread region appear fully developed bronze age preceding iron age south india region middle trade route extended linking mediterranean east asia trade romans greeks arabs jews chinese began period 3rd century 4th century region ancient silk road connecting asian continent east west western ruled region 6th century 14th century empire founded 14th century indian dynasty ruled region repeated invasions delhi fall empire region ruled governors empire declared independence colonial era europeans arrived 15th century middle 18th century french british involved protracted struggle military control south india defeat sultan fourth anglo war end mutiny british consolidated power present day south india exception french british_empire took control region british east india company british colonial rule region divided madras presidency state number minor states region played major role indian independence movement delegates participated session indian national congress bombay december hailed south india post independence independence india region organised states madras state state state states reorganisation act reorganised states linguistic lines resulting creation new states tamil result act madras state retained district added state state subsequently renamed tamil created merger state telugu speaking districts state emerged merger district south districts madras state state organised addition districts south excluding district madras state districts north bombay state majority districts state province state renamed union territory created comprising previous french islands divided south districts madras state united organised union territory created june comprises districts state smaller administrative division district geography south india peninsula shape inverted triangle bound arabian sea west bay east ranges north river flows westwards depression ranges define northern spur plateau western run parallel western coast narrow strip land western arabian sea forms region western continue south eastern run parallel eastern coast strip land eastern bay forms region ranges meet mountains run crescent approximately borders tamil northern encompassing hills ranges extending relatively low lying hills eastern western portion tamil border forming hills low lying coral islands situated south western coast india islands lie far eastern coast india chain low islands known bridge separate region sri_lanka lies south eastern coast southernmost tip mainland india indian_ocean meets bay arabian sea plateau elevated region bound mountain ranges plateau rises metres north kilometre south forming raised triangle downward pointing triangle indian coastline slopes gently west east resulting major rivers arising western flowing east bay volcanic beds laid massive traps eruption occurred end cretaceous period million years ago layer layer formed volcanic activity lasted years extinct left region highlands typically vast stretches flat areas like table plateau east flowing rivers krishna major tributaries include climate region tropical climate depends rainfall according climate classification non arid climate minimum mean temperatures humid tropical monsoon climate characterised moderate high year round temperatures seasonal heavy rainfall year tropical climate experienced strip south western coast western islands subject climate tropical wet dry climate drier areas tropical monsoon climate inland region semi arid rain shadow east western winter early summer long dry periods temperatures averaging summer hot temperatures low lying areas exceeding rainy season lasts june september annual rainfall averaging region dry northeast monsoon begins september precipitation india falls tamil leaving states comparatively dry hot semi arid climate land east western hills region includes inland tamil western gets millimetres rainfall annually hot summers dry winters temperatures months march hot dry mean monthly temperatures millimetres precipitation artificial irrigation region suitable agriculture south west monsoon june september accounts rainfall region arabian sea branch south west monsoon hits western coastal state moves northwards coast precipitation coastal areas west western western prevent winds reaching plateau region region deprived winds receives little rainfall bay branch south west monsoon heads north east india picking moisture bay coast receive rainfall south west monsoon shape land tamil southeast receive rains north east monsoon north east monsoon place november early march surface high pressure system strongest north indian_ocean tropical cyclones occur year bay arabian sea bringing devastating winds heavy rainfall flora fauna wide diversity plants animals south india resulting varied climates geography deciduous forests found western tropical dry forests lands common interior plateau southern western located high altitudes called south western rain forests coast moist forests found coastal plains western hottest biodiversity world world heritage site important ecological regions south india reserve located conjunction borders tamil hills hills western bird including home numerous migratory local birds declared bird sanctuary wildlife institute india protected ecological sites include forests tamil lake tamil lakes gulf reserve covers area ocean islands adjoining coastline including coral reefs salt marshes home endangered aquatic species including sea region home largest populations endangered indian elephant tiger india elephant populations found fragmented sites south india northern western eastern silent valley region home tiger population half elephant population india project tiger reserves project elephant reserves region threatened endangered species found region include giant grey slender bear lion tailed indian leopard demographics census india estimated population south india million fifth total population india region total fertility rate population replacement level states tamil having lowest india result proportion population south india india total population declined population density region approximately scheduled tribes form population region agriculture major employer region population involved activities population lives permanent housing structures south india access tap water wells springs forming major sources water supply experiencing fluctuations decades immediately independence india economies south indian states registered growth higher national average past decades south indian states improved socio economic poverty continues affect region rest country considerably decreased years basis census southern states high economy grown faster rate northern states census average literacy rate south india approximately considerably higher indian national average having highest literacy rate south india highest sex ratio tamil states south indian states rank economic freedom life access drinking water house ownership ownership poverty rate indian states capita income double indian states demographic related targets millennium development goals set united_nations expected achieved tamil achieved goals related improvement maternal health reducing infant mortality child mortality languages largest linguistic group south india family languages family approximately languages major languages spoken include tamil telugu spoken million people coastal language spoken half million people coast english widely spoken urban areas south india spoken million muslims southern india tamil telugu listed official languages india official languages act tamil language granted classical language status government india major languages declared classical telugu religion major religion population population follow islam follow christianity evidence prehistoric religion south india comes scattered rock paintings depicting dances rituals stone age sites eastern regarded oldest religion world traces roots prehistoric times india main spiritual traditions south india include branches buddhist influential centuries earlier spread significantly southern parts south india islam introduced south india early 7th century arab traders coast spread rule 17th 18th century muslims arab descent called christianity introduced south india thomas visited baptised jewish settlements home oldest jewish communities world supposed arrived coast reign king solomon economy economy south india independence nation socialist framework strict governmental control private sector participation foreign trade foreign direct investment south indian economies experienced mixed economic growth 1960s achieved average economic growth economy declined period experienced economic decline 1970s economies tamil consistently exceeded national average growth rates reform oriented economic policies compared indian states total gross domestic product region billion tamil second highest second state country march operational special economic zones south india country total south india population engaged agriculture largely dependent seasonal main crops cultivated south india include pearl cotton coffee tea rubber cultivated hilly regions staple food rice delta regions krishna rice producing areas country frequent left farmers debt ridden forcing sell livestock commit suicide region accounts total coffee production india south india major producer cotton tea rubber major agriculture related produce include silk major industry region home nearly textile mills india major india known valley india growth information technology region spurred economic growth attracted foreign investments job parts country software exports south india grossed billion billion fiscal known detroit asia accounts india overall automotive components automobile output region supplies thirds india requirements motors pumps largest jewellery wet auto components tourism contributes significantly region states tamil states tourist arrivals accounting domestic tourist visits subdivisions south india consists southern indian states tamil union territories states elected state government islands centrally administered president india sub region divided districts state headed governor direct president india chief minister elected head state government represents state ruling party coalition states note divided states june located entirely borders serve joint capital states period time exceeding years union territories administration south india members accounting roughly fourth total strength region allocation seats total state headed governor direct president india chief minister elected head state government represents ruling party coalition tamil follow legislature follow legislature state elect members terms years states upper house legislative council members size assembly governors suspend dissolve assemblies administer party able form government state organised number districts subdivided revenue divisions administration local bodies govern respective cities towns villages mayor municipal chairman chairman respectively head politics politics south india characterised mix regional national political parties justice party party major parties madras presidency justice party eventually lost elections indian national congress chief minister madras presidency 1920s 1930s self respect movement movement emerged madras presidency spearheaded commonly known started self respect movement transformed party social organisation renaming party withdrew electoral politics initial aim rest india independence independence follower formed anti hindi tamil led rise parties formed government tamil split resulted formation india anna led parties continue dominate tamil electoral politics national parties usually aligned junior partners major parties indian national congress dominated political scene tamil 1950s 1960s leadership led party death ensured selection prime ministers congress continues major party party ruled minimal opposition years formation telugu party prominent party systems united democratic led indian national congress left democratic led communist_party india past years alternately power elected chief minister credited leader elected communist government world party significant parties indian governor general india post independence south india region produced indian presidents prime ministers region culture heritage clothing south indian women traditionally wear consists varying yards yards length feet feet breadth typically wrapped waist end shoulder ancient tamil poetry describes women exquisite wrapped waist loose end worn shoulder according indian philosophy considered source life creativity typical style worn ladies tamil women wear colourful silk special occasions marriages men wear metres long white rectangular piece non cloth bordered brightly coloured stripes usually wrapped waist legs waist colourful typical patterns common form male attire countryside people urban areas generally wear tailored clothing western dress popular urban areas western style school uniforms worn boys girls schools rural areas cuisine rice staple diet fish integral component coastal south indian meals extensively south indian cuisine region rich cuisine involving traditional non vegetarian vegetarian dishes comprising rice distinct flavour achieved blending including leaves seeds pepper green traditional way eating meal involves seated floor having food served banana leaf clean fingers right hand food mouth meal fingers washed easily banana leaf discarded fodder cattle eating banana leaves custom thousands years old unique flavor food considered healthy popular dishes breakfast rice served lunch cuisine characterised cuisine famous non vegetarian items cuisine popular arts traditional music south india known music includes rhythmic structured music composers like main instrument south indian hindu temples reed instrument played type drum instrument create ensemble motion picture industry emerged important platform south india years portraying cultural changes trends aspirations developments experienced people south india home distinct dance forms dance clothing sculptures south india beauty body cinema films regional languages prevalent includes cinema cinema tamil cinema tamil telugu cinema silent film south india south india tamil released october barely seven months india talking picture established south india film studio madras vincent built cinema south india introduced concept tent cinema kind established madras known grand filmmakers tamil cinema john cinema telugu cinema produced realistic parallel cinema 1970s cinema exerted influence politics prominent film personalities like chief ministers south indian film industry contribute total films produced india literature south india independent literary tradition dating years ago known literature south india poetic literature written tamil years ago literature composed successive poetic assemblies known tamil held ancient times vanished continent far south india literature includes oldest grammar treatise written tamil references literature appear fourth century telugu literature adopted form course development immediate ancestor telugu distinct literature came later 13th century architecture south india distinct styles rock architecture style tamil style temples considered preceding door leading gate principal features surround notable temples halls purposes temples south indian temple typically tank called monumental tower usually ornate entrance temple southern india forms prominent feature hindu temples style topped spherical stone function walls surround temple complex origins traced early structures twelfth century rulers dominant feature temple outer appearance eventually inner sanctuary obscured view size transport road south india extensive road network national highways state highways golden connects region mumbai bus services provided state run transport corporations tamil state transport corporation state road transport corporation state road transport corporation state road transport corporation state road transport corporation road transport corporation rail great southern india railway company founded england registered construction track madras presidency began miles link opened railway company founded opened madras line great southern india railway subsequently merged railway form south indian railway company great indian peninsula railway established british built railway network inward madras madras railway constructed railway line established state railway extension madras southern railway founded january merging madras railway southern railway april madras southern railway south indian railway state railway merged form southern railway zone indian railways south central zone created october ninth zone indian railways south western zone created april region covered zones small portions coasts covered east_coast railway railway metro rail operated metro metro metro provides suburban rail services elevated railway line india mountain railway world heritage site air march discussion initiated pilot led founding madras flying club pioneer pilot training south india october indian aviator flew aircraft carrying mail bombay currently mumbai aircraft continued madras currently piloted vincent royal_air_force pilot friend international airports customs airports domestic airports air bases south india airport serves regional headquarters airports authority india southern region india comprising states tamil union territories busiest airports country southern air command indian air_force headquartered training command headquartered indian air_force operates air bases southern india including islands indian navy operates campbell bay region restricted international airport water total ports situated coast tamil major ports include network canals rivers lakes system formed waterways midst landscape number towns cities serve starting end points transportation services cruises eastern naval command southern naval command indian navy headquartered respectively indian navy major operational bases region


hindi literally northern province abbreviated populous state republic india populous country subdivision world created april united provinces renamed capital city known industrial importance state november new state carved hill region state northern region indian million inhabitants state bordered west delhi northwest north east south touches states south east covers square kilometres equal total area india fourth largest indian state area hindi official widely spoken language districts largest indian state economy billion billion agriculture service industries largest parts state economy service sector comprises travel tourism hotel industry real estate insurance financial home powerful ancient medieval india major rivers state join flow east state historical natural religious tourist destinations situated history modern human hunter thousand years ago pre historical finds middle upper dated thousand years old hunter settlement near villages cattle sheep goats evidence agriculture began early gradually developed beginning valley civilization culture period extending iron age ancient classical period kingdom era located regional boundaries modern day according hindu legend divine king epic reigned capital krishna divine king hindu legend plays key role epic revered eighth avatar hindu god said born city aftermath believed taken place area upper delhi reign king kingdom corresponds black red painted gray culture beginning iron age north west india invaders south india passed plains today control region vital importance power stability india major including following invasions broke empire saw rise reign empire reached spanned north west east south included parts central india north river encompassed entire plain communities parts india claim descent migrants soon death empire kingdoms invaded ruled empire challenged empire control region times invaded south indian dynasty 8th century 10th century medieval early modern period 16th century descendant khan valley modern day swept pass founded empire covering india modern day afghanistan pakistan bangladesh descended central asian turks significant era empire emperors ruled delhi took defeating king son islam ruled capital death islam prime minister facto ruler western parts bestowed title title adopted times formal coronation took place delhi october died second battle came emperor rule ruled 18th century fall authority power vacuum filled empire mid 18th century army invaded region resulted losing control rulers conflict came end december arrest grandson defeated general following second anglo war british east india company defeated empire region came british modern period british india era starting second half 18th century series battles north indian lands finally gave british east india company accession state territories kingdoms included northern territory named north western provinces later fifth largest state india smallest states british indian empire capital shifted twice dissatisfaction british rule rebellion erupted parts north india regiment stationed widely credited starting point came known indian rebellion revolt failed british attempted divide rebellious regions administrative boundaries region splitting delhi region merging region merged incorporated state new state called north western provinces renamed united provinces commonly referred united provinces acronym capital province shifted high_court continued bench established continues important administrative base today administrative headquarters continued central indian politics especially important modern indian history indian independence movement hosted modern educational institutions hindu university muslim university nationally known figures leaders movement important national leaders indian national congress india formed session congress april famous nationalist elected president order address longstanding grievances attacks occupancy rights sparking farmers movements india quit india movement district colonial authority installed independent administration known rebel significant role india independence movement post independence india independence united provinces renamed state provided seven india prime ministers source largest number seats despite political influence poor record economic development administration organised crime corruption kept india backward states state affected repeated episodes communal violence december mosque demolished radical activists leading widespread violence india northern districts state separated form state geography total area square kilometres india fourth largest state terms land area situated northern india shares international boundary border state north plains cover state distinctly different high mountains larger plain region north includes plains plains smaller range plateau region south characterised hard rock strata varied topography hills plains valleys tract gives place area covered tall elephant grass thick forests interspersed marshes swamps sluggish rivers area course running mass thick runs parallel thin strip entire plain divided sub regions eastern tract consisting districts subject periodical floods classified areas districts highest density population gives lowest capita land regions central western comparatively better developed irrigation system suffer large scale user tracts addition area fairly arid state large small rivers larger religious importance cultivation intensive valley areas fertile rich soil intensive cultivation hill slopes irrigation facilities range forms southern foothills slopes boulder bed called transitional belt running entire length state called area rich forests cutting streams swell raging monsoon climate humid subtropical climate experiences seasons winter january february followed summer march monsoon season june september summers extreme temperatures fluctuating parts state plain varies sub humid mean annual rainfall ranges southwest corner state eastern southeastern parts state primarily summer phenomenon bay branch indian monsoon major bearer rain parts state south west monsoon brings rain rain western disturbances north east monsoon contribute small quantities overall precipitation state rain vary annual average hilly areas western given concentration rainfall months monsoon excess rain lead floods shortage phenomena floods commonly state climate range plateau subtropical mean annual rainfall comes monsoon typical summer months march june maximum temperatures ranging low relative humidity dust laden winds blow season summers hot winds called blow flora fauna state abundance natural resources recorded forest area state km2 state geographical area spite rapid wildlife diverse flora fauna continue exist state species trees large small mammals reptiles insects found belt temperate upper mountainous forests medicinal plants found wild grown plantations support cattle moist deciduous trees grow upper plain especially plain supports wide variety plants animals tributaries habitat large small reptiles amphibians fresh water fish crabs trees animals found arid tropical dry deciduous forests found parts plains sunlight reaches ground shrubs grasses abundant large tracts forests cleared cultivation tropical forests consisting widely scattered trees mainly found southwestern parts state forests confined areas low annual rainfall mean annual temperature low humidity known extensive common birds found state black house blue ducks bird state include sanctuary national sanctuary sanctuary sanctuary sanctuary sanctuary animals state include reptiles wide variety fishes common ones trout animal species gone extinct recent years like lion plain region endangered species vulnerable despite regulation government divisions districts cities divided districts divisions following list districts state rank india district governed district collector district magistrate indian administrative service officer appointed government reports divisional commissioner division district falls district divided subdivisions governed sub divisional magistrate blocks blocks consists village councils town municipalities blocks consists urban units census towns rural units called metropolitan cities state india absolute urban population state million constitutes total urban population india second highest state according census urban population greater municipal corporations specially administered authority state cabinet ministers headed chief minister announced separation different states seven seventeen districts respectively later proposal turned lead party came power election demographics large population high population growth rate population increased populous state india people march state contributes india population population density people square kilometre making densely populated states country sex ratio women men lower national figure state growth rate including higher national rate large number people living poverty line estimates released planning commission year revealed million people poverty line state india census populous state india home maximum number hindu muslim population religion wise percentage population muslims christians literacy rate state census national average literacy rate men women literacy rate stood overall men women hindi official languages people speak dialect written forms referred hindi depending script employed people regard language important cultural identity hindi spoken muslims large number exist distinct dialect regions identified western state upper home speakers dialect standard hindi standard lower referred land home speakers south region people speaks central people speak dialect spoken east speakers similar culture living neighbouring state indian states defined languages speak large state like contains linguistic ethnic groups lacks cohesive statewide identity government politics sends largest number legislators national parliament considered important states respect indian politics state contributes seats seats indian parliament called india provided india prime ministers remaining poor state state legislative body divided significant parts state governed parliamentary system representative democracy feature state shares indian states governor head state appointed president india leader party coalition majority legislative assembly appointed chief minister governor council ministers appointed governor advice chief minister election largest number seats went party seats local level state large number village councils similar found indian states administration district headed district magistrate belongs indian administrative service assisted number officers belonging state services judges judicial officers appointed non politically strict rules tenure help maintain constitutional independence government theoretically allows judiciary interpret law based solely legislation enacted parliament influences decisions superintendent police india officer belonging indian police service assisted officers police service entrusted responsibility maintaining law order related issues district deputy forests officer belonging indian forest service serves government development districts looked district head development department department public works health education agriculture animal etc judiciary state consists high_court bench high_court district courts district court district court district courts districts judiciary session courts district sessions division lower courts judges level president india chief justice high_court judiciary advice chief justice supreme_court india governor judges appointed chief justice high_court judiciary advice chief justice subordinate judicial service vital judiciary subordinate judiciary district courts divisions civil judicial services higher judicial service civil judicial services comprises civil judges junior division judicial civil judges senior division chief judicial magistrate higher judicial service comprises civil sessions judges subordinate judicial service judiciary controlled district judge district court district court serves subordinate judicial service state justice appointed new crime according national crime records bureau highest number crimes state india high population actual capita crime rate low states state country live value human development index steadily increased time second largest civil police force members accounting total civil police country terror attacks number terrorist attacks including explosions landmark holy place court temple bombings series bombings occurred hindu holy city march people killed injured occurred simultaneously shortly blast took place crowded temple near hindu university followed railway station near waiting area travel office initially blast reported inside stationary express bound delhi afternoon november span minutes consecutive serial occurred courts people killed injured came week police central security agencies terrorists planned indian claimed responsibility email sent stations minutes blast blast occurred premises civil court successive occurred district court closely followed bombs explicitly targeted lawyers working courts december blast occurred adjacent main people killed injured blast came day anniversary demolition mosque demolished leading nationwide religious riots killed people economy terms net state domestic product holds largest economy india billion billion agriculture leading occupation wheat state principal food crop main commercial crop india sugar comes state industries region fertile lands region home number major locomotive plants major manufacturing products include engineering products electronics electrical equipment cables steel leather jewellery frigates automobiles railway coaches wagons small scale industrial units situated state percent million units manufacturing clusters cement sector financial corporation established year act mainly develop small medium scale industries state provides financial assistance new existing units undergoing expansion acquisition fixed assets land buildings machinery provides working capital existing units sound track record new units single window scheme july financial constraints directions state government lending activities suspended state government schemes unemployment corruption inconsistent electricity supply remain major problems state state marked income inequality sector economy service industries largest contributor gross domestic product state contributing state domestic product compared primary sector agriculture forestry tourism secondary sector industrial manufacturing 11th year plan average gross state domestic product growth rate lower average states country state capita lower national capita state total financial debt stood billion billion labour efficiency higher index national average economy benefits state tourism industry state attracting foreign direct investment come software electronics fields major hub information technology industry houses headquarters major corporate media financial institutions district eastern large scale industries southern region known energy capital india largest number mobile subscribers country total million mobile phone connections million india according regulatory authority india transportation world longest railway platform railway station long state largest railway network country sixth highest railway density rail state headquarters north central railway headquarters north eastern railway headquarters serve divisional headquarters northern railway division express second fastest train connects indian capital new delhi train india new german coaches railway stations central junction junction included indian railways list world class railway stations state large transportation system largest road network country state connected neighbouring states parts india national highways boasts national highways total length total length india state road transport corporation established provide economical reliable comfortable transportation state connecting services adjoining states boasts state transport corporation runs profit entire nation cities connected state highways district headquarters connected lane roads carry traffic major centres state expressway controlled access highway constructed industrial development authority reduce traffic roads expressway country largest expressway cut travel time hours hours district roads village roads provide villages accessibility meet social needs means transport agriculture produce village nearby markets major district roads provide secondary function linking main roads rural roads highest road density india km2 largest surfaced urban road network country state excellent civil aviation infrastructure international airport international airport providing international service domestic airports located airport second busiest airport north india international airport new delhi state proposed creating international airport near district international airport proposed metro constructed city alternative mode transport capital city witnessing swift rise number immigrants called transformation public modes transport chief minister february gave final clearance metro commencement civil works started september use advance signalling based french multinational manufacturing metro train south india system designed seconds mind phase construction expected operational december metro rail corporation recently awarded best metro excellence innovative designs fifth annual metro rail summit sports popular sports traditional modern sports mainly european origin athletes state included field hockey player olympic shooter player wrestler traditional sports played include wrestling swimming water sports played according local traditional rules modern equipment sports designed display martial skills sword stick lack organised patronage facilities sports survive individuals local competitive events modern sports field hockey popular produced finest players india including recently recently cricket popular field hockey won trophy tournament february beating final routinely having players national green park stadium internationally recognised cricket stadium state witnessed india famous victories cricket association headquarters sports complex sports venue includes international sports stadium greater cricket stadium newly built international cricket stadium captain founder cricket club finland international circuit hosted india inaugural grand prix race october long circuit designed german architect designer compete world class race circuits education long tradition education historically primarily confined elite class religious schools sanskrit based learning formed major education periods cultures travelled region brought bodies knowledge adding persian arabic scholarship community formed core hindu buddhist muslim education rise british present schools university system education owes inception development state rest country foreign christian missionaries british colonial administration schools state managed government private hindi medium instruction schools affiliated council boards plan completing secondary school students typically years junior college known pre university schools higher secondary facility affiliated board high school intermediate education central board students choose streams liberal arts commerce science completing required students general professional degree programs universities including central universities state universities deemed universities engineering colleges industrial training prestigious like muslim university post graduate institute medical sciences indian institute technology indian institute technology indian institute management indian institute information technology national institute technology butler technological institute known worldwide quality education research respective fields presence institutions provides students state ample opportunities higher education universities state include university hindu university university university university indian research institute technical university university university agriculture technology university king george medical university integral university state level institution established government provide education different technical applied science disciplines central institute higher studies founded autonomous organisation national ministry culture handicapped university university established exclusively disabled world large number indian scholars educated different universities notable scholars born worked studied geographic area state include tourism ranks domestic tourist arrivals million owing rich varied topography vibrant culture festivals monuments ancient places worship millions gather festival banks festival organised larger scale 12th year called million hindu pilgrims largest gatherings people world historically important towns near located far gave sermon enlightenment died important pilgrimage sites pillars lion capital important archaeological artefacts national significance distance famous tomb lord 18th century governor east india company ruled presidency tomb maintained archaeological survey india state bird sanctuary district called bird sanctuary capital state beautiful historical monuments preserved damaged complex period british resident quarters restored gives access world heritage sites fort nearby ancient city famous promote tourism tourism established director general officer state tourism development corporation established look commercial tourist activities boost tourism state country parts world government established heritage arc covering cities promote newly created ensemble government organised travel hosted city attended delegates countries world culture language literature texts hymns literature composed festival guru dedicated sage known day believed birthday day divided long literary folk hindi language tradition state 19th 20th century hindi literature authors state called hindi india hindi language state administration official language act amendment act added native language state state spreads central east central eastern zones languages major native languages state vernacular form music dance produced musicians including ali khan singer native region folk heritage includes songs called especially popular celebrate divine love krishna forms music traditional dance musical styles taught music institute university named musician classical dance form owes origin state dance form connected classical music rhythmic feet accompanied schools dance form situated festivals celebrated mid october mid december popular festivals organised month march major festival held years rotation river river local celebration hindu festival takes place actual town near held annually colourful display culture area marks birth major hindu buddhist festival christmas celebrated minority christian population festivals christian fair cuisine typical day day traditional vegetarian meal like north indian consists people drink traditional drink traditional butter milk meals occasions usually flat pan considered instead fried foods consumed typical consists communities particular style muslims certain sub regional cuisine world famous dishes occupy important place hindu diet eaten social ceremonies people distinctive milk products including known india flavour ingredients cuisine city cuisine consists vegetarian non vegetarian dishes greatly influenced cooking techniques cuisine bears similarities central asia city known foods gave birth style cooking art cooking slow fire synonymous today spread consisted elaborate dishes like cuisine lies variety cuisine ingredients like rich including cuisine style cooking developed indian imperial empire represents cooking styles north india especially cuisine strongly influenced cuisine central asia turn strongly similarities regional region tastes cuisine vary extremely mild associated distinctive taste ground dress people dress variety traditional western styles traditional styles dress include colourful women men tailored clothes women men men sport head gear like formal male dress frequently worn occasions european style trousers shirts common men media number newspapers periodicals published hindi english pioneer founded george allen wide circulation local editions published important cities major english language newspapers published sold large numbers telegraph times_of_india times hindu statesman indian express asian age prominent financial like economic times financial express business line business standard widely circulated vernacular newspapers hindi read select readership state owned television broadcaster multi system operators provide mix hindi english international channels cable hindi hour television news channels india news news jan news india radio public radio station private stations available major cities like cell phone providers include reliance communications idea cellular internet available select towns cities provided state run private companies access provided state providers


hill station indian state west located average elevation metres town set headquarters announced district indian army mountain division located outskirts town known educational institutions established british colonial period gateway trade india china annexation sino indian war neighbouring major centres calling separate state 1980s recently municipality sits ridge overlooking river tourist destination owing temperate climate magnificent beauty proximity popular tourist locations region important flower market notable wide array export grown flower contribute economy home ethnic indigenous ethnic groups non native migrants parts india town religious centre buddhism buddhist monastery holds number rare buddhist scriptures science centre established hill council recent addition tourist attractions science centre provides scientific awareness students town locals sits atop hill origin precise etymology remains unclear theories origin widely accepted theory claims means assembly king ministers derived king ministers derived translation ridge play known place traditional tribal gatherings summer sporting events people hills area black spurs according author unknown reality term means time distorted later possible points plant found abundance region history mid-19th century area ruled succession kingdoms rule area known king won territory monarch renamed overlooking valley believed forward position 18th century area sparsely populated indigenous community tribes later invaded conquered anglo war treaty signed held territory east river ceded british east india company time hamlet families known reside recorded mention town reference year government official civil service added district anglo commission common boundaries giving shape subdivision district war region subdivision western district following year merged district temperate climate prompted british develop town alternative hill station escape summer heat plains proximity passes means pass ancient silk road added advantage soon important trading outpost trade food grains india increase commerce attracted large numbers migrants leading increase population economic prosperity britain assigned plot influential family trade relations flowed later house administrative cultural center arrival scottish missionaries saw construction schools welfare centres british early 1870s established schools area scottish university mission institution opened followed girls high school reverend graham founded graham homes anglo indian students schools started offering education indian students population swollen following indian independence state west india pakistan china annexation buddhist monks fled established monasteries monks brought rare buddhist scriptures permanent closure pass sino indian war disrupted trade india led economy visiting consecrated monastery houses scriptures demand separate state based ethnic lines grew strong riots national liberation west government reached stand day strike town virtually siege state government called indian army maintain law order led formation hill council body given semi autonomous powers govern district area subdivision demand separate state revived supporters hills people party supporters movement separate state covering north gained momentum geography town centre ridge connecting hills hill hill elevation highest point altitude hill elevation river flows valley separates state soil area typically reddish color occasional dark soils found extensive existence hills like foothills steep slopes soft loose leading frequent landslides monsoon season hills higher peaks snow clad ranges tower town distance mount world tallest peak clearly visible distinct seasons spring summer autumn winter annual temperature ranges high low summers mild average maximum temperature august summers followed monsoon rains town june september severe causing landslides town rest india winter lasts december february maximum temperature monsoon winter seasons fog economy tourism significant contributor economy summer spring seasons popular tourists keeping town residents employed directly indirectly town earlier important trade post india hopes boost economy reopening pass april resumed china border trades expected better chance revival hub china trades demand local leaders reopening pass met major growing area india state contribute percent produced india hill region internationally famous tea industry tea gardens western river town tea gardens near contribute percent total tea production region division percent land percent tea production known flower export industry especially wide array indigenous significant contributor town economy education sector schools education locals attract significant number students plains neighbouring state countries bangladesh thailand establishments cater indian army bases near town providing essential supplies small contributions economy come way sale traditional arts crafts government efforts related fisheries provide steady source employment residents renowned cheese exports wide range traditional wood carvings items bags work copper jewellery artifacts transport located national highway links connects national highways links plains regular bus services hired vehicles connect neighbouring towns wheel drives popular means transport easily navigate steep slopes region road communication disrupted landslides town people usually travel foot residents use bicycle hired short distances nearest airport near kilometres air india jet air major carriers connect airport delhi calcutta thailand closest major railway station new outskirts connected major cities country demographics india census town area population male female census average literacy rate higher national average male literacy female literacy population years age scheduled scheduled tribes population respectively civic administration headquarters subdivision district semi autonomous hill council set west government subdivision subdivisions manages departments public health education public works transport tourism market small scale industries agriculture agricultural waterways forest reserved forests water livestock training sports youth services district administration authoritative body departments election law order revenue etc acts interface communication council state government rural area subdivision covers community development blocks consisting sub divisional officer subdivision police station serves municipality block municipality established charge infrastructure town water roads municipal area divided municipality constructing additional water storage tanks meet requirement water needs increase water supply water supply scheme purpose landslides occurring monsoon season cause havoc roads west state electricity distribution corporation limited provides electricity needs resolve issues like voltage fluctuations unstable electrical supply faulty electrical meters etc faced people energy development agency state plans promote usage solar street lights proposed energy park sell energy public works department responsible road connecting town national highway municipality total health care units total bed capacity assembly constituency assembly segment parliamentary constituency member west people culture cuisine original settlers majority populace ethnic having migrated search jobs british rule indigenous ethnic groups include non native communities anglo indian chinese escaped fleeing communist chinese invasion home 17th incarnations closest indian town western border small number nationals residing largest religion followed buddhism christianity islam presence region muslims fled chinese invasion buddhist monastery holds number rare buddhist scriptures mosque area popular hindu festivals include buddhist festival languages spoken include predominant language hindi english growing interest cricket winter sport hills football remains popular sport year independence shield football tournament organized day long independence day celebrations captain india national football team popular steamed pork beef vegetable cooked wrapping flour served soup packaged eaten dry soup form kind hard cheese hybrid cattle milk form called served soup form popular large number restaurants offer wide variety ranging indian continental cater tourists tea popular famed tea gardens golf course circuit house cultural centres include museum monastery museum kilometre away town centre showcases culture community indigenous peoples monastery volumes belongs buddhism media access television channels aired rest india cable television provides service homes town outskirts connections practically mandatory country mainstream indian channels language channels television association hill channel network jan people channel times broadcast channels mainly broadcast locally relevant news produced regional media houses news networks broadcast local cable network slowly defunct indian government ruling mandatory channels newspapers include english language statesman telegraph printed economic times times printed calcutta languages hindi prominent vernacular languages region newspapers languages available hills region largely circulated newspapers based newspapers like read mirror language newspaper published times english come year closed year chinese aggression started regular print known bold aggressive stand local issues internet service internet established served data card different mobile services lines news online news times main online news sites collect present local north news agencies like newspapers like india radio national private channels including radio received area serviced major companies india types cellular services areas education major schools notable ones scottish universities mission institution graham homes joseph convent school academy academy school girls high school homes school scottish universities mission institution school opened schools offer education class high secondary following students choose join junior college carry additional years schooling college women college management college main colleges town affiliated north university later affiliated west university technology apart good shepherd hotel management institution offer courses sectors students choose studies calcutta colleges indian metropolis monastery hill near managed yellow hat sect library manuscripts flora fauna area lies eastern classified ecological india valley national park lies subdivision home tigers commonly found species lower altitudes bamboo found forests found higher altitudes pine trees alpine vegetation seven species found region east temperate deciduous forests include oak birch maple species found wild species line roads red leopard black bear deer fauna found near region include major production centre india exported parts world park ecological museums citrus research station works control diseases plant protection production disease free orange famous rich practice cultivation attract people far wide absolutely stunning collection host strains indigenous carefully cultivated years town boasts fascinating collection family plants adapted altitude environment proves chief proponents tourism township


city pronunciation previously spelled core urban administrative headquarters district division state northwestern india located west new delhi india capital identified counter city national capital region develop alternative center growth delhi city ruled major powers including century 14th century 16th century british 19th century india achieved independence unified state divided current given sultan delhi rivers flowed city changed course continental climate hot summers relatively cool winters commonly spoken languages hindi history early history excavations nearby locations suggest presence human pre period later people settled river literature mentions town country believed earlier kingdom capital possibly assisted war greeks kingdom included empire evidenced discovery pillars vicinity city city later came empire empire 12th century king located present day district capital built fort remained strategic place empire defeated second battle invading ruler muhammad era founded reigned delhi built walled fort gates delhi gate gate east gate south gate west construction fort started completed middle fort stood palace apart underground apartments complex different buildings near palace built emperor wife city named means fort persian invaded city soldiers set fire fort city later come rule dynasty dynasty defeated battle era invaded india empire battle sent prince succeeded defeating army handed city reward success military expedition came control defeated took assigned reign place considerable importance city remained rule british era occupied george thomas irish arrangement continued thomas driven french confederacy region came rule british east india company remained indian rebellion muhammad ram conquered away short period company sent forces general van defeated ram november british constructed long great india customs duty salt sugar ran municipality city remained major center indian independence movement rebellion independence national leaders visited city movement independence independence city later geography located western average elevation mean sea level region plain southern western portions mark gradual transition desert rivers flowed city according map district lies delhi ridge bounded earthquake significance originated zone past instance recorded famine occurring city neighborhoods main residential areas include popular commercial areas include climate continental climate hot summers relatively cool winters main characteristics climate extremes temperature rainfall maximum daytime temperature summer varies winter ranges maximum temperature recorded minimum temperature recorded january annual average maximum minimum temperature respectively relative humidity varies located outer margins south west monsoon region average annual rainfall occurs july august annual highest rainfall recorded lowest observed december january hot winds locally known strong frequent july occasionally dust storms experienced summer hail storms february april fog generally december january thunderstorms occur season summer civic administration municipality headquarters district municipal corporation consisting headed mayor functions include registration birth death marriage water supply drainage solid waste management street lighting building regulation law order city maintained police headed superintendent police city serves headquarters range police covers headed inspector general police district court set upgraded sessions division headed chief judicial magistrate district court bar association founded member legislative assembly constituency member parliament constituency serves headquarters 33rd battalion border security force 3rd battalion armed police 33rd armoured division indian army stationed corps brigade guards arrived conversion profile unit fully battalion economy city large steel industry known city steel june india largest manufacturer iron textile automobile industry major contributor economy city large number livestock farms central livestock farm established asia largest cattle farms group steel power headed 10th wealthiest woman world based city identified counter city national capital region attract migrants develop alternative center growth delhi demographics according census india population currently populated city india males constitute population females females thousand males average literacy rate higher national average male literacy female literacy population years age child sex ratio girls thousand boys city population urban population males females growth rate religion city population followers remaining followers islam christianity city major muslim population indian independence following muslims migrated pakistan partition india major centre learning seat head institutions culture popular indian festivals celebrated city important ram festivals christians muslims celebrated popular popular primary folk dance performed people festivals occasions folk theatre region classical indian vocalist poet belong architecture signs pre settlements found pre phases named period site settlements found site covers hectares making largest site known india second biggest overall sites maintained archaeological survey india place historical importance situated city capital king believed lived stages era remains capital excavated known mound locally belong city major centre period buddhist temples revealed excavations palace complex prominent historical site located inside city built fort centrally protected monument built historical places british era include thomas church museum temple converted museum places interest sites valley civilization lost ancient river flowing river tributary ancient river flows remnant river historic mound prominent religious place located outskirts city away road local deity local people delhi era palace complex tomb located city oldest park located city park located historic thomas church park built 19th century known company parks include park town park knowledge center knowledge centre inaugurated museum library park houses high steel tower modeled space needle seattle rural antique museum maintained exhibits evolution agriculture museum named george thomas located inside palace complex maintained archaeological survey india valley museum located valley site away blue bird lake artificial lake tourist complex maintained tourism offers boating recreation deer park park located outskirts city maintained state forest department established endangered species found police lines golf course located near airport media headquartered set local cable operators offer local regional national international channels city india radio station located private stations operating big radio radio radio community radio station started community radio station north india farming community facilities utility services independence india monsoon main sources irrigation main source water branch western canal municipal corporation supplies water city city got electricity produced thermal power station distributed limited limited provides services cell phone coverage extensive main service providers reliance communications idea cellular planning city urban development authority healthcare people come medical treatment district red_cross society specially people transport road city lies national highway national highway national highway delhi connects national highway connects state highways pass state highways district roads village link roads canal inspection roads total road length city increased bus stand hub bus service major means transport district bus services provided roadways private operators bus stand came august depot total buses daily bus stands located villages district connected city public transport provided roadways private buses auto major means transport travelling city august city bus service started city city delhi mumbai industrial corridor project aims developing strong road rail connections cities lying develop industrial area rail railway junction station falls division north western railway zone railway line city laid delhi railway extended currently broad gauge railway lines station railway station western dedicated rail freight corridor according city developed export oriented industrial unit city connected neighboring states rail links air airport located outskirts city august approved state government plan develop airport operate domestic passenger services foot runway extended accommodate air service education british indigenous schools provided elementary education till city middle school private school high school set agricultural university asia biggest agricultural universities university established universities located city guru university science technology university animal sciences commercial private pilot license training provided institute civil aviation airport built agricultural research centers situated city national research centre central sheep breeding farm government livestock farm northern region farm machinery training testing institute regional fodder station central institute research city hosted 2nd world buffalo congress major library city library sports stadium agricultural university stadium centre host state sponsored sports hosted 51st national boxing championship 22nd state women sports festival sports center run sports authority india agricultural university synthetic track international standard apart facilities major sporting venue stadium multiple sports completed year run district olympic association sports persons include ram wrestling krishna throw cricket wrestling boxing april year old qualified summer olympics


pronunciation known historically british rule city south indian state tamil administrative headquarters district sixth largest municipal corporation state salem located southwest state capital away city located west bank river twin city east bank believed ancient settlement ruled different times early medieval later later bar empire kingdom british war involving led forces british east india company waged city outskirts number historical monuments temple prominent industries include administrative services agricultural trading tourism banking agricultural machinery educational services city educational hub southern tamil institutions medical college college research institution law college government college engineering administered municipal corporation established municipal corporation act city covers area km2 population connected road rail rest tamil etymology known seventh century canonical work temple inscriptions indicate descended form roof save crop hindu legend place known forest bamboo presence bamboo temple deity believed appeared early named city known british independence word derived tamil words meaning sacred history history researched robert christian missionary visited area rule kings secondary capital empire primary capital dynasty region dates centuries christian era inscriptions bce mention writings province came rule unclear conquered region obtained voluntarily remained control early 13th century second empire established capital temple royal shrine later 13th 14th centuries city benefited dams constructed royal patronage period death region occupied rulers 16th century occupied western foothills settled black soil rich eastern portion subsidiary capital city rebuilt inscriptions temple indicate generous contributions temple rule ended region captured khan century lieutenant plateau displaced region came rule original power lay hands originally military chiefs city chief commercial town era city known meaning developed foreign town built forts hills troops waged war british government sent mission major khan restored order bestowed city khan waged war khan seven miles defeated failure khan led east india company send help khan ruler rebelled hanged british troops colonel reduced stronghold war broke british major headed head aided british defeated hanged home province years later rebellion known second war fell british stiff resistance region came british rule following treaty acquiring british headquarters district administrative military headquarters located attacks launched independence cities reverted original names remained capital district separate district split april government known said smart cities india geography climate located average elevation metres located southernmost tip plateau river divides city quarter area river tributaries major source irrigation fed northeast southwest major lakes city lake lake area river streams east west feeds channels soil red sandy climate generally hot humid average temperature summer march june ranges rest year average annual rainfall millimetres maximum precipitation occurs northeast monsoon october december economy district primarily based agriculture flooding river monsoon rain immediate impact local economy primary crops grown region cotton introduced 16th century tobacco late 16th potatoes early 17th centuries common tree palm raw material cottage industries trees grown region teak wild jack bamboo livestock city district comprises cattle buffalo goats sheep animals smaller numbers demographics according census population sex ratio females males national average total age males females scheduled scheduled tribes accounted population respectively average literacy city compared national average city total households total workers comprising main agricultural labourers house hold industries workers marginal workers marginal marginal agricultural labourers marginal workers household industries marginal workers according provisional data census urban population males females overall sex ratio city child sex ratio literacy rate percent male literacy percent female literacy percent total city population age religious census muslims christians following religions city covers area square kilometres population density city census persons square kilometre compared persons square kilometre form majority urban population followed muslims christians tamil main language spoken city use english relatively common english medium instruction educational institutions offices service sector tamil dialect spoken region distinct widely spoken tamil economy inscriptions eighth 14th centuries rule later indicate growth centre economic growth developed temple drier parts province flourished rule kings early modern era migration city parts state common urban regions manufacturing commerce strategic point connecting eastern western parts peninsula trading centre records sea overland trade indicate close trading connections sri_lanka 1840s cotton produced region demand british mills chief exports british rule cotton tobacco salt dried fish cattle include service sector activities administration agricultural trading tourism banking machinery educational services region ranked second number women workers service sectors tourism developed growth religious tourism cement factories tobacco companies workshops steel based products mills cotton spinning weaving small scale industries brick agricultural areas hand woven clothes household industries contribute economic growth city food processing industries developed late 1990s district level foremost industrial segment industries involving rice making blue metal manufacturing power generating located outskirts city major agricultural produce region cotton production 1990s earned annual revenue billion foreign exchange billion districts major area wind power generation wind power generation units tamil located districts contributed state power generation capacity private multinational wind companies located outskirts city june group signed memorandum understanding state government open dioxide plant estimated value billion districts state government project hold increasing protests administration politics corporation established british rule municipal corporation bringing municipalities town village city limits municipal corporation zones corporation elected councillor ward corporation departments general administration personnel engineering revenue public health city planning information technology departments control municipal commissioner legislative power body members ward legislative body headed elected assisted deputy city district headquarters district city assembly constituency member tamil legislative assembly years elections assembly seat held terms following elections india anna terms following elections current minister leader constituency assembly current member parliament constituency parliament seat held indian national congress terms party won respectively won seat twice won seat seven times elections order city maintained division tamil police headed commissioner units prohibition enforcement district crime social justice human rights district crime records special branch operating district level headed deputy superintendent police transport extensive transport network connected major cities road rail air corporation maintains total roads city concrete roads roads water bound roads roads highways kilometres fourteen miles highway maintained state highways department thirty kilometres nineteen miles national highways department bridge built colonel river connecting city located south north extension connects port connected major highways main bus stand popularly known new bus stand opened located regular bus service city bus stands service junction bus stands tamil state transport corporation daily service number cities corporation operates reservation centre main bus stand operates local buses serving city neighbouring villages state express transport corporation service cities junction railway station oldest railway stations india line opened connection completed later important trade route province british india city connected major cities directions north south west east connected major indian cities daily service salem mumbai delhi passenger service nearest airport airport district east city offers daily flights nearest international airports international airport away international airport away culture temple hindu temple dedicated form deity revered verses seventh century work temple greatly expanded 16th century period number architectural attractions including musical pillars temple festivals foremost annual festival temple brought streets near temple temples royal courts dancing form performed cosmic dance shrine temple represents copper features copper sculptures fair share temples dating ancient times site temple located state largest temple known sweet wheat sugar originated stores exist art sweet making spread parts tamil shop opened sells twilight number cinemas predominantly play tamil movies cities india radio stations stations india radio government india operated sun network hello operated group number national level sports events sponsored annually grounds central anna stadium thomas road popular venues city events held sports facilities india generally popular sport cricket popular football swimming hockey played facilities provided division sports development authority tamil government exhibition annual event exhibition grounds attracts thousands visitors near city regional tourist attractions dams bird upper education tamil christians established number schools missionary educational system included primary boarding schools industrial schools colleges boarding school girls opened efforts hampered emphasis christian education thomas british east india company established tier school system district schools teaching law sub district schools teaching vernacular languages madras presidency sub district schools teaching tamil telugu persian schools higher secondary schools high schools middle schools primary schools city corporation operates schools city arts science colleges professional colleges university named poet wrote tamil thai state anthem christian schools colleges city located area anna university technology established offering variety engineering technology courses undergraduate graduate students medical college college research institution government college engineering professional colleges operated government tamil jesuit college john college operated church south india diocese hindu college college sarah tucker college notable arts colleges indian institute operates regional unit research laboratory conducting research atmospheric space sciences city district science centre satellite unit industrial technological museum permanent exhibitions science shows interactive self guided tours mini sky observation district high rate child labour drop female school attendance ages times greater rest tamil utilities electric service regulated distributed tamil electricity board city headquarters region division suburbs forms electricity distribution circle chief distribution engineer stationed regional headquarters water supply provided city corporation river city metric tonnes solid waste collected city daily door door collection source segregation disposal performed department municipal corporation underground drainage system constituted covering percent corporation area remaining system disposal sewage tanks public corporation maintains total kilometres drains percent total road length operated corporation provide primary health care urban poor family welfare programs addition private hospitals providing health care citizens district limited india state owned internet services provider global system mobile communications code division multiple access mobile services available addition telecommunications provides internet service cities india line identification internet service available city passport public private sector collaboration accepts passport applications region passport office