battle battle took place november peninsula campaign second world war involving forces australia united_states japan fighting centred mission station situated atop hill metres sea level approximately kilometres inland new_guinea following australian landing scarlet beach large force japanese retreated inland holding high ground japanese subsequently threatened australian lines communication proceeded advance south order threat australian 26th brigade tasked capturing mission course days advanced west southern approaches mission reducing japanese position armour artillery air support japanese finally abandoned withdrew north having suffered heavy casualties running low supplies background following fall september australians continued advance north new_guinea coast peninsula aim securing large scale air naval facilities constructed operations planned new britain september week captured brigadier victor australian 20th brigade detached 9th division major general george divisional commander landed scarlet beach north cove east kilometres north landing lightly opposed australians began advance south japanese resistance stronger overcome early afternoon 20th brigade advanced south objective intelligence indicated japanese moving high ground west situated metres sea level captured documents showed infantry battalions concentrated old lutheran mission station established 19th century german colonial administration area concerned security lines communication presence japanese flank australian brigade commander adopted cautious tactics reinforcements called heavy fighting ensued fell australians october following 9th division tasked advancing coast northern peninsula japanese area growing strength large number men garrisoned managed escape inland rest 20th division command lieutenant general moved south provide reinforcements considered threat posed force meant captured 9th division undertake advance prelude advance advance company 17th battalion tasked securing flank sent unable occupy strength japanese force captured orders revealed japanese plans breakthrough coast decided place company blocking position east coast road position september onwards subjected number attacks attempted attacks japanese 3rd battalion infantry regiment aimed breaking plantation directly south cove september 17th replaced company 43rd battalion couple days battalion japanese surrounded position attacked times attempts australians relieve company failed attack 17th battalion october cut japanese supply lines provoked strong counterattack subsequently drew pressure company enabled relieved october threat japanese counterattack grew 24th brigade landed bay october reinforce 20th brigade following day able establish divisional headquarters preparations began australians attack japanese force time japanese planning offensive october japanese 20th division commander arrived having overland taking operational control forces october issued orders attack commence october attack consisting infantry regiments supported artillery batteries 26th field artillery regiment company 20th engineer regiment divisional signals unit offensive infantry regiment continue attacks australian forces infantry regiment drive attempt break coast attack scarlet beach assault concurrently men craft raiding unit australians learned plans result 9th division commander decided offensive plans japanese attack dealt came early hours october course following week heavy fighting ensued australians able check attacks assistance american support units time japanese called offensive october japanese 20th division suffered men killed wounded australians suffered casualties early stages fighting american soldier private van engineer boat shore regiment performed deeds resulted posthumously awarded medal honor japanese preparations infantry regiment having lost strength ammunition food running low end month reduced quarter rations japanese divisional commander decision attack order pull higher ground west mission order passed morning october morning october japanese 20th division managed east following received orders 18th army commander general delivered personally 20th division prepare hold mission engage offensive operations immediate vicinity plan decided use infantry regiment defend concentrate area intention launching counter attack australian forces advancing near song river november infantry regiment deployed key locations companies regiment 2nd battalion established position feature known japanese companies 3rd battalion positioned road feature companies positioned south main position remainder regiment entrenched mission established formidable fortress japanese commander positioned feature known strength forces estimated australian commander men immediate vicinity mission north estimates confirmed fighting japanese defenders supported 4th air army fighter bomber aircraft 6th 7th air divisions flying close support missions australian artillery positions carrying bombing operations area dropping supplies air october allied preparations prior attack australians needed reinforcements initially allied higher commanders reluctant provide october militia 4th brigade detached 5th division placed operational control 9th division troops subsequently defensive role free rest 9th division offensive operations 43rd battalion 24th brigade brought september ahead rest brigade arrived later october end september allies perceived situation reasonably secure american engineer construction units including engineer aviation battalion started arrive october december begun work constructing airfield base facilities harbour following began plans assaulting 20th brigade borne fighting following landing september 26th brigade landed bay night october brigadier david chosen attack time 20th 24th brigades operating central northern sectors continue patrolling operations order japanese balance support 26th brigade attack provided divisional assets including tanks squadron 1st tank battalion presence australians took great lengths secret artillery 12th field regiment later found transported road 2nd mountain battery support fire 2nd machine gun battalion 13th field company supplied engineer detachments battalion air assets provided united_states 5th air_force squadron royal_australian_air_force army operation squadron equipped provided aerial observation support artillery operations vengeance dive bombers squadron raaf provided support japanese supply lines disrupted allied aircraft boats supplies operation landed american landing craft engineer boat shore regiment brought forward vehicles carried local dumped distributed individual battalions heavy rain fallen end october hampered buildup stores consequently delayed australian preparations result plans finalised november time began issuing orders concept operations called capture feature called australians height feet subsequent westward advance mission 48th battalion advance west road supported tanks 1st tank battalion 24th battalion advance north west creek capture feature 23rd battalion hand defensive duties 4th commando squadron start south protecting left flank paralleling road marry 48th position called tree hill feature australians japanese planned halt resupply appreciation undertaking final attack decided tanks provide direct fire support use japanese bunker systems believed employed road considerable engineer support required position closed terrain battle initial australian attack november fighting main position commenced previous night order prepare attack feature 48th battalion captured green ridge small important feature dominated road capture ridge secured start line forward 26th brigade launch stage attack following day 48th battalion handed responsibility defence ridge company 23rd battalion attack commenced amidst heavy supporting artillery machine gun fire response japanese artillery fired limited barrage australians green ridge terrain australians advanced hampered movement considerably consisting mainly steep razor ridges thick jungle restricted tactics employ 26th brigade mainly employed tactics advancing narrow fronts columns troops consisting infantry company forward followed troop tanks engineer section support initially japanese surprised presence tanks noise masked artillery rocket barrage number positions abandoned japanese soldiers flight seeing tanks day progressed opposition defenders recovered initial shock progress subsequently slow 48th battalion approached ridge designated highland japanese midday disabled lost track improvised explosive device placed road defending japanese tanks isolated infantry support small japanese team advanced cover attack second tank come support taking machine gunner surprise placed explosive charge resulting explosion knock tank action trapped crew inside rest day firing australians machine guns mortars grenades japanese defenders ridge held advance rest day 48th battalion undertook series flanking attacks japanese killed nightfall japanese held ridge 48th battalion withdrew nearby having suffered killed wounded australian battalions found going slow 24th dug east feature 23rd managed advance half expected distance japanese abandoned ridge night morning australians brought replacement tanks australian patrol scouted ridge hour later platoon attack confirming defenders gone battlefield clearance operations got underway tanks disabled day repaired bringing total number available seven early afternoon advance resumed australians managed progress yards halted stiff opposition japanese armed anti tank guns number pieces destroyed japanese killed wounded japanese inflicted number casualties australians fatal prevented gains 48th spent day hunting trees feature southern flank limited progress australians suffered number casualties japanese mountain guns bombardment 12th field regiment dusk australians dug yards japanese defence line sporadic fighting continued night night decided stock slow progress southern central routes based captured documents australian intelligence reports placed number japanese troops mission men men believed infantry regiment australians felt close exhaustion unlikely able withstand pressure result information decided change concept operations 24th battalion attack feature originally intended serve holding action lack progress 48th 23rd encouraged order 26th brigade commander concentrate efforts feature turning drive double attack 24th attempting break following day november australians came series prepared defences slowed progress night japanese dug number anti tank ditches feet wide feet deep australian engineers fill tanks continue progress amidst hand hand fighting troops 48th managed seize feature tree hill engineers command lieutenant later captain helped clear way use fashioned drums filled petrol exploded order japanese provide smoke screen infantry attacked japanese launched counter attack dusk fell repelled heavy losses australians men killed wounded japanese left killed number machine guns mortars withdrew position 23rd battalion south defensive system delaying 48th held northern route 24th found feature unable proceed came heavy machine gun artillery fire fourth day assault november brought forward movement australians feature infantry regiment 2nd battalion fought prevent 24th moving forward different story australians main road 3rd battalion infantry regiment forced point start day australian 48th battalion able advance yards progress held thick delayed tank support south 23rd battalion moved southern slope tree hill course afternoon gradually forced defenders 48th slow progress reported reached summit hill night fell australian battalions separated yards caught groups australians course night japanese companies holding position abandoned fell main defensive position japanese counter attack japanese supply situation supplies successfully air dropped defenders reduced consuming standard daily supply artillery shells low despite adherence strict fire discipline given desperate supply situation worse 24th brigade cut track japanese 18th army commander gave approval withdraw november subsequently ordered colonel commander infantry regiment inflict casualties australians possible begin progressive withdrawal determined launch counterattack north east defence plans october originally intended launch attack infantry regiment november australians advancing steadily main position decided bring forward order pressure troops defending mission moving position november attack launched following day predicted based documents captured australians brigadier porter 24th brigade thoroughly prepared onslaught infantry regiment crossed song river attacked scarlet beach west 2nd battalion infantry regiment detached 41st division attacked south tactics japanese lead elements 24th brigade attack intended roll australian rear elements australians turn attacked flanks japanese units supply columns inflicting heavy casualties effect strength japanese counterattack forcing undertaking attacks dealt australians relative ease result fighting scarlet beach continued november japanese units involved withdrawn urgency affect 26th brigade advance largely broken november australian attack resumed forced tree hill commanding main japanese defensive unit infantry regiment decided concentrate defence saddle point positioned west feature feature north west intense day allied aerial bombardment begun november destroyed majority japanese guns ammunition food situation critical despite arrival tonnes rice day november battle australians resupply end day good supply situation advance resumed following day effort find best possible route australians sent small reconnaissance patrols based intelligence gained produced new set orders prior stepping november 48th continued advance road 23rd break track tree hill location dubbed turn corner advance mission attack feature 24th battalion advance west attempting bypass main japanese positions feature adjacent saddle assist capture sending detachment north secure following fall tree hill japanese inclined engage australian forces advance continued slow australian commanders terrain final advance undertaken particularly troops involved slopes required advance degrees meant reasonably short distances took considerable time matters worse near junction creek landslide caused allied bombing coupled number land mines japanese planted blocked main road meaning soldiers 48th final attack armoured support effort counter problem determined tanks allocated 23rd hope new route opened engineers pressured divisional commander increase speed advance said reasonably happy progress 48th central route performance 23rd left 24th right extent failure 24th feature attributed importance japanese commander placed defence believed battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel andrew overly cautious tactics later realised terrain 24th faced formidable thought order battalion progress like 48th need tanks attempt australians bring rear areas ultimately fighting came end effected brigade left south main route pace 23rd advance caused concern went far express 23rd commanding officer lieutenant colonel frederick tucker pointed lack progress caused large number tasks battalion assigned competing demands secure flank attempting quickly broken country order scheduled rendezvous 48th november allied bombers attacked fortress defensive positions 48th nearing objective began probe outer positions north companies 24th managed reach saddle lay north eastern approach mission uncertainty japanese withdrawn feature south west 23rd began north main positions making feature struck turn corner infantry 23rd accompanied engineers 13th field company tasked laying makeshift road tanks allocated 23rd traverse final assault november australians striking distance mission atop summit reconnaissance patrol previous evening provided australian commander idea send company 48th creek attack mission south east steep covered thick grass offered attacking force degree red stood point attack aimed metres lutheran church formed main mission japanese constructed number reinforced defensive positions damaged numerous aerial attacks launched allies previous week believed approach difficult lightly defended morning attack 23rd battalion patrols 24th north attempted break company 48th command captain hill attempted reach summit launched attacks early afternoon beaten japanese defenders dug spur late afternoon platoon platoon command sergeant later lieutenant tom attempted attack right position checked machine gun fire grenades light began fade reported lack progress company commander subsequently ordered withdraw attempt morning response order instead withdrawing subsequently led platoon forward attacking japanese positions grenades men supported owen gun fire stopping yards summit platoon continued hold position night 24th battalion reported crest feature japanese defensive position north capture following morning proceeding secondary objective believing key taking lay having 24th position support 48th final attack pressured tanks 24th soon possible following morning light spurred example provided platoon reinforcements 48th came complete capture dawn heavy artillery barrage brought summit australian artillery preparation final attack patrols sent company 48th battalion subsequently reported japanese abandoned position night later established command troops gathered mission given permission abandon situation decided withdraw position soon attack minutes later lead elements 48th battalion entered main mission complex found badly damaged finally insistence 48th battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel robert given honour raising australian flag mission signifying battle come end shortly tanks finally reached 24th battalion feature captured completion flag raising ceremony company 48th moved feature abandoned west 23rd 4th commando squadron cleared process found evidence japanese withdrawn aftermath fighting australians lost men killed wounded circumstances considered light japanese casualties unknown believed heavy large number japanese bodies found advance counted 24th position feature captured documents indicated defenders close starvation large quantity weapons captured including artillery pieces anti tank guns type heavy machine guns colloquially known considerable number mortars light machine guns small arms following capture november 26th brigade continued advance north fighting ensued pushed difficult terrain arrived december australians took japanese began fall subsequent fighting took place december early actions final assault mission awarded victoria_cross nation highest military decoration fourth soldier 48th battalion receive award end hostilities 48th distinction highly decorated australian_army unit second world war following australian units received battle honour involvement battle 1st tank battalion 23rd battalion 24th battalion 48th battalion 2nd machine gun battalion


haiti earthquake haiti earthquake french catastrophic magnitude earthquake near town approximately kilometres west port prince haiti capital earthquake occurred local time utc tuesday january january measuring greater recorded estimated million people affected death toll estimates range government figures widely characterized deliberately inflated government government haiti estimated residences commercial buildings collapsed severely damaged history national debt trade policies countries foreign intervention national affairs contributed pre existing poverty poor housing conditions exacerbated death toll earthquake caused major damage port prince settlements region notable landmark buildings significantly damaged destroyed including presidential palace national assembly building port prince cathedral main jail killed archbishop port prince joseph opposition leader headquarters united_nations mission haiti located capital collapsed killing including mission chief countries responded appeals humanitarian aid funds rescue medical teams engineers support personnel communication systems air land sea transport facilities hospitals electrical networks damaged earthquake hampered rescue aid efforts confusion charge air traffic congestion problems flights complicated early relief work port prince overwhelmed tens thousands bodies buried mass graves rescues tailed supplies medical care priorities delays aid distribution led angry appeals aid workers survivors looting sporadic violence observed january united_nations noted emergency phase relief operation drawing close following day government officially called search survivors background island hispaniola shared haiti dominican_republic active history destructive earthquakes haiti time french colony earthquakes recorded french historian saint described damage earthquake writing masonry building collapsed port prince wrote city collapsed port prince earthquake cap towns north haiti dominican_republic palace destroyed earthquake magnitude earthquake struck dominican_republic shook haiti august producing killed people injured haiti country western hemisphere ranked countries human development index australian government travel advisory site previously expressed concerns emergency services unable cope event major disaster country considered economically vulnerable food agriculture organization haiti stranger natural disasters addition earthquakes struck frequently tropical cyclones caused flooding widespread damage recent cyclones hit island earthquake tropical storm hurricanes summer causing nearly deaths geology magnitude earthquake occurred inland january approximately port prince depth blind thrust faults associated garden fault system evidence surface based geological ground data thought earthquake involve significant lateral slip main fault strong shaking associated intensity modified scale recorded port prince suburbs felt surrounding countries regions including cuba iii jamaica kingston venezuela puerto_rico iii san_juan bordering dominican_republic iii santo domingo according estimates united_states geological survey approximately million people lived area experienced shaking intensity vii range cause moderate heavy damage earthquake resistant structures shaking damage severe similar magnitude shallow depth occurred vicinity northern boundary caribbean plate shifts eastwards year relation north american plate strike slip fault system region branches haiti fault north garden fault south location focal mechanism suggested january caused garden fault locked years gathering stress study published suggested process involved slip multiple blind thrust faults minor deep lateral slip near main garden fault zone suggesting event partially relieved centuries accumulated left lateral strain small plate boundary system roughly long mean slip metres preliminary analysis slip distribution found ground motion records world earthquake hazard study noted garden fault zone end seismic cycle concluded worst case forecast involve earthquake similar size jamaica earthquake paul group including study team presented hazard assessment garden fault system 18th caribbean conference march noting large strain team recommended high priority historical studies fault fully locked recorded earthquakes preceding years article published haiti newspaper september cited comments patrick charles effect high risk major seismic activity port prince united_states geological survey recorded hours main earthquake hours magnitude greater recorded measured magnitude greater january reported measuring greater january january local time utc strongest earthquake measuring magnitude struck haiti reported port prince place exactly coastal town representative reported collapsed seven buildings town according staff international committee red_cross reached time day town estimated lost percent buildings suffering shortages supplies medical care capital workers charity save children reported hearing weakened structures collapsing port prince sources reported significant damage infrastructure city casualties thought minimal people sleeping open concerns january earthquake beginning new long term sequence region fearful historical accounts precise suggest sequence progressing westwards fault starting earthquake dominican_republic pacific warning center issued warning immediately initial quickly cancelled nearly weeks later reported beach small fishing town hit shortly earthquake probably result underwater slide later confirmed researchers people swept sea wave reported dead witnesses told reporters sea retreated big wave followed rapidly crashing ashore sweeping boats debris ocean damage infrastructure essential services widespread devastation damage port prince vital infrastructure necessary respond disaster severely damaged destroyed included hospitals capital air sea land transport facilities communication systems affected doctors borders medical facilities port prince causing collapse completely hospital wealthy suburb port prince collapsed district hospital southern town largest hospital south east haiti seriously damaged control tower international airport damage port prince rendered harbor immediate rescue operations container crane subsided severely angle weak foundations northern haiti remained operational roads blocked road debris surfaces broken main road linking port prince remained blocked days earthquake delivery aid asked road opened head south east division world food programme said ask questions people charge promise rapid response honest don know hasn think priority considerable damage communications infrastructure public telephone system available haiti largest cellular telephone providers haiti reported services affected earthquake disrupted according reporters radio broadcasts port prince reaches percent haiti initially knocked air able resume broadcasting network week according stations active capital region prior earthquake air week general infrastructure february prime minister jean max estimated residences commercial buildings severely damaged needed demolished deputy mayor reported percent town buildings destroyed government public buildings damaged destroyed including palace justice national assembly supreme_court port prince cathedral national palace severely damaged president wife escaped injury prison port prince destroyed allowing inmates escape port prince municipal buildings destroyed heavily damaged including city hall described washington_post skeletal hulk concrete left port prince municipal petrol reserves city officials working mobile phones earthquake communications transportation minister education jean stated education system totally collapsed half nation schools main universities port prince affected schools health care facilities destroyed earthquake destroyed nursing school capital severely damaged country primary school art world suffered great losses artworks destroyed museums art galleries extensively damaged port prince main art museum centre art college saint holy trinity cathedral headquarters united_nations mission haiti christopher hotel offices world bank destroyed building housing offices port prince collapsed killing employees clothing industry accounts thirds haiti exports reported structural damage manufacturing facilities created landslide dam grand february water level low engineer believed dam collapse rainy season flood grand downstream conditions aftermath nights following earthquake people haiti slept streets cars makeshift towns houses destroyed feared standing structures withstand construction standards low haiti country building codes engineers stated unlikely buildings stood kind disaster structures raised fit buildings built slopes insufficient foundations steel supports representative catholic relief services estimated million lived land country suffered shortages fuel water disaster president government ministers police headquarters near international airport new base operations effectiveness extremely limited trapped presidential palace offices records destroyed high ranking government workers lost family members tend wounded relatives president remaining cabinet met planners day remained confusion charge single group organized relief efforts january government handed control airport united_states ease flight operations hampered damage air traffic control tower immediately port prince facilities overwhelmed january thousand bodies placed streets government crews manned trucks collect thousands burying mass graves heat humidity corpses buried rubble began smell head israeli international rescue unit delegation haiti described situation hell smell bodies hangs air like stories told holocaust thousands bodies understand situation true madness time passes bodies numbers mayor jean jason said officials argued hours volume corpses government buried mass graves ground tombs forced open bodies stacked inside burned mass graves dug large field outside settlement north capital tens thousands bodies reported having brought site dump truck buried trenches dug earth max priest protested lack dignity mass stating culture bury people fashion towns eastern dominican_republic began preparing tens thousands refugees january hospitals close border filled capacity began reporting having expended stocks critical medical supplies january border reinforced dominican soldiers government dominican_republic asserted crossed border medical assistance allowed stay temporarily local governor stated great desire possible help families limitations respect food medicine need helping hand countries area slow distribution resources days earthquake resulted sporadic violence looting reported accounts wounded killed constructed partners health working general hospital port prince claimed reports violence hampered delivery aid medical services president bill_clinton acknowledged problems said americans supporting relief effort scenes looting keen deputy commander southern command announced despite stories looting violence violent crime port prince earthquake singing heard night groups men coordinated act security groups women attempted care food days following earthquake hundreds seen marching streets peaceful singing earthquake caused urgent need outside communicate main language result mobile translation program translate english written quickly casualties earthquake struck populated area country international federation red_cross red crescent societies estimated million people affected mid february government reported death toll reached investigation radio netherlands questioned official death toll reporting estimate deaths realistic figure anniversary earthquake january prime minister jean max said death toll raising figures previous estimates experts questioned validity death toll numbers anthony professor emeritus environmental history northeastern university warned casualty estimates belgian disaster response expert noted round numbers sure sign knows assistant secretary general operations said think know death toll earthquake director red_cross jean noted organization time count bodies focus treatment survivors vast majority casualties civilians dead included aid workers embassy staff foreign tourists number public figures including archbishop port prince joseph aid worker officials government including opposition leader killed number known musicians sports figures including thirty members football united_nations personnel working killed mission chief deputy police commissioner douglas guests killed collapse montana port prince unreleased draft report based survey commissioned agency international development challenged haiti earthquake death toll damage estimates unpublished report death toll number displaced persons remained temporary shelters unreleased report compiled figures door door survey washington consulting firm strategies state department spokesperson said report inconsistencies released resolved january released report states website million people displaced remain permanent shelter reliable academic estimate number earthquake casualties haiti immediate port prince area weeks earthquake appears estimate university_of_michigan study early response appeals humanitarian aid issued aid organizations united_nations president joseph haiti ambassador united_states nephew singer jean called ambassador haiti pleaded aid donations images circulating earthquake internet social media helped intensify reaction global engagement countries responded appeals launched fund raising efforts sending search rescue teams neighbouring dominican_republic country aid haiti sending water food heavy lifting machinery hospitals dominican_republic available combined effort airports department dominican naval parties formed dominican aerial support bridge making main dominican airports available support operations haiti dominican website available internet daily updates airport information news operations center dominican dominican emergency team assisted injured people dominican institute telecommunications helped restoration telephone services dominican red_cross coordinated early medical relief conjunction international red_cross government sent mobile medical units doctors including specialists addition trucks carrying food dispatched mobile capable producing meals day nations farther sent personnel aid haiti team arrive port prince ice iceland landing hours earthquake member chinese team arrived early thursday morning middle_east government sent strategic transport aircraft loaded tonnes urgent relief materials members armed forces internal security force police force medical corporation set field hospital provide assistance port prince affected areas haiti rescue team sent israel defense forces home command established field hospital near united_nations building port prince specialised facilities treat children elderly women labor set hours began operations evening january korean international disaster relief team medical doctors nurses deployed assist efforts government american red_cross announced january run supplies haiti appealed public donations giving children hope worked needed supplies ground partners health largest health care provider rural haiti able provide emergency care hospitals outside capital undamaged deployed area workers initially involved search survivors organization collapsed headquarters international charter space major disasters activated allowing satellite imagery affected regions shared rescue aid organizations members social networking sites twitter facebook spread messages pleas send help facebook overwhelmed blocked users sending messages updates american red_cross set record mobile donations raising million hours allowed people send donations text messages community responded disaster greatly improving level mapping available area post earthquake satellite photography provided tracking website coordinated messages multiple sites assist trapped families survivors informed online poker sites hosted poker tournaments tournament fees prizes going disaster relief charities google earth updated coverage port prince january showing earthquake ravaged city refugee immigration canada discussed canadian prime minister stephen harper granted temporary protected status measure permits illegal alien united_states stay legally months apply outside local state agencies south florida government began implementing plan operation mass migration caribbean laid destroyed earthquake process adoption children families netherlands children urged immediate halt haiti chief executive save children said vast majority children currently family members alive desperate reunited able care right support taking children country permanently separate thousands children families separation compound acute trauma suffering inflict long term damage chances recovery organizations planning thousands orphaned children south florida humanitarian modelled similar effort cuban refugees 1960s named pan canadian government worked adoption cases underway earthquake struck issuing temporary permits regular processing fees federal government announced cover adopted children healthcare costs arrival canada covered administered public healthcare plans rescue relief efforts rescue efforts began immediate aftermath earthquake able bodied survivors living dead rubble buildings collapsed treatment injured hampered lack hospital facilities argentine military field hospital serving available january rescue work intensified slightly arrival doctors police officers military personnel firefighters countries days earthquake january international committee red_cross working haiti focused bringing emergency assistance victims close cooperation partners international red_cross red crescent movement particularly red_cross international federation red_cross red crescent societies doctors borders reported hospitals destroyed overwhelmed large numbers seriously injured people carry running short medical supplies teams work available resources constructing cardboard latex gloves rescue units withdraw night fell amid security fears people treated january director partners health reported hundreds thousands injured people heard estimate people die day saved surgery aircraft carrying field hospital repeatedly turned away air traffic controllers assumed control international airport aircraft turned away january press release said like working war situation don manage pain patients accept planes carrying medical supplies equipment continue turned away patients die priority given medical supplies entering country voiced frustration number relief trucks sitting unused airport aid workers blamed controlled airport operations transportation security troops supplies evacuation policies favouring citizens certain nations criticised military acknowledged non governmental organizations complaints concerning flight operations bias promised improvement noting january emergency flights landed diverted weekend disaster operations reduced saturday sunday airport able support landings day day airport gets normal operation spokesman joint task force running airport confirmed flights requesting landing slots turned away brazilian foreign minister french minister state cooperation criticised perceived treatment aid arriving airport spokesman french ministry foreign affairs said official protest french government regard management airport officials acknowledged coordination relief effort central recovery president asked calm coordination assisting nations mutual accusations air_force logs documenting activity airport obtained associated_press largely claim held aid favor military flights military initially priority military units needed secure airport distribute aid provide security incoming relief flights cleared rejected come served basis according air_force captain coordinated flight schedules nearly groups sending aid insisted shipment urgent flights rejected diverted dominican_republic taken haiti land peak relief efforts airport state chaos normally airport single runway spaces large planes handled flights day earthquake struck hundreds planes rushed haiti designated landing time average plane land minutes situation complicated fact room ramps planes cargo planes fuel leave port prince airport ramp spaces dozen days following served nearly creating delays supply backup airport expected ease apron management improved perceived need heavy security diminished airport congestion reduced january united_nations forces formally agreed humanitarian flights security reinforcement january countries sent military personnel country canada united_states dominican_republic providing largest contingents uss arrived maximum possible speed january emergency food rations water containers enhanced wing helicopters litres drinking water transferred shore day helicopter carrier uss sailed large dock landing ships survey salvage vessels create sea base rescue effort joined french_navy vessel francis january day hospital ship comfort guided missile cruiser uss bunker hill left haiti large french vessel later ordered haiti amphibious transport dock international rescue efforts restricted traffic congestion blocked roads secretary defense robert gates previously ruled dropping food water air dangerous january helicopters distributing aid areas impossible reach land city mayor claimed percent homes damaged killed people left injured small suffered damage rendered supply flights january canadian navy vessel halifax deployed area january canadians joined rescue workers chilean doctors french mobile clinic relief workers responded calls aid people living adjacent agricultural communities les relatively unharmed people working fields churches homes destroyed british search rescue teams arrive town january canadian ship reached area january january canadian personnel assisting relief efforts town january staff international red_cross managed reach town described severely damaged people need assistance january reached set aid posts distributed aid kits weekend food water containers distributed safe landing areas distribution centers golf courses secured nearly present different groups search dogs airport handled tons relief supplies end weekend reports sunday showed record breaking number successful rescues survivors pulled port prince rubble bringing total number rescues tender oak grasp scene january assess damage port work reopen january pier port prince functional humanitarian aid road repaired transport city easier interview january leo haiti ambassador said expected port fully functional weeks navy listed resources area ships helicopters fixed wing aircraft addition sailors marines navy conducted air deliveries delivered gallons water bottles water meals medical supplies january hospital ship comfort began operations january completing arrival group sea base vessels came new flotilla ships assigned haiti including survey vessels ferries elements maritime underway fleets amphibious operations ships including helicopter carrier uss nassau january united_states coordination relief efforts signing agreement giving responsibility ports airports roads making authorities responsible law order stated resisted organization relief effort allow possible wishing assist relief effort new agreement leaving emergency phase urged organizations coordinate aid efforts mission haiti allow better scheduling arrival supplies january government officially called search survivors search rescue teams began prepare leave country late february survivors discovered case found rubble grocery store february baptist missionaries idaho led charged criminal association kidnapping trying children haiti missionaries claimed rescuing orphaned children investigations revealed children taken parents told children better life america interview united_states ambassador haiti kenneth stated justice system interfere justice system march deported remained incarcerated social networking organizations crisis camp haiti developed aid structure coordination relief efforts haiti future catastrophic events april potential threat mudslides flooding upcoming rainy season government began operations thousands refugees secure location north capital recovery president barack_obama announced presidents bill_clinton acts special envoy haiti george bush coordinate efforts raise funds haiti recovery secretary state hillary_clinton visited haiti january survey damage stated million raised help haiti recover following meeting secretary clinton president stated highest priorities haiti recovery establishing working government clearing roads ensuring streets cleared bodies improve conditions vice president joe stated january president obama view humanitarian mission life cycle month radar screen long cnn going long trade industry minister estimated earthquake toll economy massive jobs lost response earthquake foreign governments offered badly needed financial aid european_union promised million emergency long term aid brazil announced million long term recovery aid million immediate funds united_kingdom secretary state international development douglas alexander called result earthquake unprecedented level devastation committed million aid france promised million italy announced million loaned haiti world bank waived country debt years january government announced million aid effort pledged people haiti forgotten aftermath earthquake government canada announced match donations canadians total million canadians able donate humanitarian coalition distributed funds partner organizations working field time humanitarian coalition raised million united_nations help people affected earthquake canada pledged additional million aid january bringing canada total contribution million february federal international operation department canadian international development agency provided million humanitarian aid agencies international federation red_cross red crescent societies organizations care save children quebec centre international studies operation world vision january canadian prime minister stephen harper announced federal government lifted limit money allocated matching individual donations relief efforts federal government continue match individual donations february deadline canadians privately raised million matching donations international operation minister pledged additional million long term relief spent including million debt relief haiti broader cancellation country overall world bank debt government commitment provide million aid debt relief canadians individual donations total million addition canada federal government governments provinces territories canada announced provide immediate emergency aid haiti january province quebec largest city montreal houses world largest pledged million emergency aid provincial government quebec canadian federal government reaffirmed commitment rebuilding haiti summit prime minister harper opening speech tell head delegation spirits urge nations continue support recovery efforts president wade offered interested free land depending respond offer include entire region prime minister announced january people helped relocate outside zone devastation areas able rely relatives better fend people homeless relocated makeshift camps created residents city focused delivery aid achieved port prince according international studies professor university miami ill equipped disaster sustain number people migrated countryside past years find work earthquake thousands port prince residents began returning rural towns came january day conference held montreal assess relief effort discuss plans prime minister told delegates countries haiti need massive support recovery international community donors conference expected held headquarters new_york march took months hold conference member international interim haiti reconstruction commission headed bill_clinton prime minister jean max convened june committee overseeing billion pledged internationally years haiti reconstruction commission groups lacking civil society representation mechanisms half representation commission given foreigners effectively bought seats certain amounts money international development consultant contracted commission quoted saying look realize commission intended work structure entity haiti simply designed vehicle donors funnel project contracts netherlands sponsored project called dutch radio channels radio radio broadcast funded contribution million organizations building industry government department homeland security international code council reported compiling haiti coordinated national institute building sciences comprise building technology resources best practices consideration government goal creating infrastructure prevent future losses life immediately following earthquake real medicine foundation began providing medical kind medical supplies strategic coordination help meet needs health crisis ground working close partnership relief organizations real medicine organized deployments volunteer medical specialists meet needs partner hospitals haiti dominican_republic border port prince provided direct funding medical supplies local health facilities partner hospitals provided advisory services coordination local health facilities including physical therapy support coordinated mobile health field food supplies outlying villages overlooked relief effort january catholic relief services announced million year relief reconstruction program covers shelter health child protection program areas status recovery months percent rubble remained estimated million cubic yards million cubic meters remained making capital impassable thousands bodies remained rubble number people relief camps tents million transitional housing built camps electricity running water sewage disposal tents beginning fall apart crime camps widespread especially women girls major charities billion collected haiti relief efforts percent money released according cbs report billion pledged humanitarian aid pay field hospitals plastic food plus salaries transportation relief workers aid raised internationally displaced family july cnn returned port prince reported looks like happened yesterday wall united_nations office humanitarian affairs haiti said months time look land ownership posed particular problem rebuilding pre homes officially registered national registry fell rubble land tenure complex contentious issue haiti areas port prince settled death squads given land service cases land ownership officially registered logistical cleared vast majority port prince residents percent homes earthquake groups advocated government fulfill right housing designated constitution donor governments support worked push international community recognize wave camps started early months earthquake place little response september million refugees living tents humanitarian situation characterized emergency phase according haiti archbishop bernard went number rising instead diminishing reported state decided rebuild downtown port prince new government center reconstruction begun october refugees international characterized aid agencies dysfunctional inexperienced saying people haiti living state emergency humanitarian response appears paralyzed reported gang leaders land owners intimidating displaced sexual domestic gang violence camps rising claimed rape women girls living camps january earthquake increasing united_nations wasn protect october cholera epidemic broke probably introduced foreign aid workers cholera affects poor countries limited access clean water proper end died rate deaths day january year published report status recovery according report relief recovery government donor countries report stated year percent rubble cleared percent required basic temporary houses built house building large scale started enormous rubble cleared government donors basic step helping people return home robert fox executive director canada said aided way international community organized haven followed come table priorities donors provided funds transitional housing little money clearing rubble repairing houses fox said instances rubble removal means moved property road property according report today million people remain displaced living crowded camps shelter services hardly sufficient children stay healthy amnesty international reported armed men girls women displacement camps trauma having lost homes loved ones anniversary earthquake born jean served governor general canada time disaster united_nations educational scientific cultural organization special envoy haiti november voiced anger slow rate aid delivery placing blame international community abandoning commitments public letter authored head jean said time passes began natural disaster reflection international community interim haiti recovery commission led president bill_clinton prime minister jean max set facilitate flow funds reconstruction projects april january major reconstruction started january years figures released united_nations nearly billion pledged reconstruction projects percent delivered venezuela promised major share reconstruction funds percent percent respectively japan finland donors fully met data shows crucial sectors face particularly large funding gaps example donors million million grants allocated agriculture projects million million grants allocated health projects percent aid reconstruction projects gone institutions percent relief funding gone government haiti january report said half million remained homeless living tents groups criticized reconstruction process saying problem charities spent considerable money soaring board members needs supplies imported personnel miami herald reports lot good work money clearly didn lot wasn responding needs ground millions spent campaigns telling people wash hands telling wash hands water soap face institute justice democracy haiti let haiti live center constitutional rights recommended immediate changes recovery efforts ensure critical human rights concerns addressed report found conditions displaced persons camps particularly women girls victims gender based violence oversight reconstruction plans asking transitional shelters built date despite stated goal year august recovery hampered tropical storm haiti southern peninsula caused flooding deaths according local reporting result earthquake continue live tents experienced storm adequate shelter late october living tent camps second tropical storm hurricane sandy killed left large portions haiti water group meeting global facility disaster reduction recovery delegation shared approach disaster reduction management based community integration sustainable development group experts approximately nations according international monetary fund half cubic metres debris removed percent recycled cholera outbreak began october continued according centers disease control prevention considered worst epidemic cholera outbreak democratic republic called time august killed hospitalized hundreds thousands disease care cholera patients remains inadequate tent facilities rows patient treatment united_nations peace keeping force widely believed responsible cholera outbreak continues refuse accept responsibility launched billion initiative combat cholera construction million teaching hospital employ treat people beginning year small million total funds collected aid spent permanent housing billion going short term solutions including tent camps temporary shelters cash grants paid year rent survey disclosed million living camps following remained total camps percent camps basic protection services health services lacked functioning toilets higher population outside tent cities lack toilets camps remained risk flooding camps risk statement american red_cross reported money collected relief spent scheduled making progress permanent ensuring people leave camps return stable communities includes building new homes repairing homes completing new hospital clinic signing agreement second hospital npr investigated disappearance million donated american red_cross described successful despite claims american red_cross homes built investigation discovered built investigation reviewed hundreds pages internal documents interviewed dozen current staff members investigated organization claim million helped feet despite government advisor stating number cover percent urban area observing mean served city haiti numerous claims hold investigation found project multiple changes bureaucratic delays language barrier red_cross officials speak french general counsel american red_cross david directed investigators official statistics elaborate public affairs office red_cross disputed npr claims email claimed investigative report cause international incident american red_cross handed rebuilding efforts red_cross literature haiti earthquake depicted novel god loves haiti interviews persons affected haiti earthquake ann united_states isbn

Earthquakes and similar natural disasters


earthquake earthquake occurred july local time zone coast west central java large densely populated island indonesian archipelago shock moment magnitude maximum perceived intensity light capital largest city indonesia direct effects earthquake shaking light moderate intensity large loss life event resulting inundated portion java coast unaffected earlier indian_ocean earthquake coast sumatra july earthquake centered indian_ocean kilometers coast java duration minutes slow trench unusually strong relative size earthquake factors led categorized earthquake thousand kilometers southeast meters observed northwestern australia java height normal sea level typically meters resulted deaths people factors contributed exceptionally high peak small island east resort town damage heavy large loss life occurred shock felt moderate intensity inland shore surge arrived little warning factors contributed largely late watch posted american warning center japanese meteorological center information delivered people coast setting island java densely populated island earth vulnerable large earthquakes volcanic location near trench plate boundary australian plate beneath indonesia great earthquakes occurred span years northwest sumatra portion trench sumatra earthquakes produced largest release elastic strain energy series alaska trench southeastern java portion trench extends west basin east convergence relatively old oceanic crust occurring rate centimeters year west portion year east dip zone angle zone defines going slab boundary extends depth approximately kilometers historical events occurred operating region large large events unlike northwestern sumatra segment earthquake occurred java segment trench years earthquake earthquake result thrust trench length approximately kilometers unusually low velocity second resulted duration seconds minutes event shock centered kilometers trench kilometers south coast island comparison earlier sumatra earthquake earthquake similar size occurred arc shallow depth result large damaging generated proportion relative size event based short period body wave magnitude indonesian meteorological agency assigned magnitude united_states geological survey reported similar value body wave magnitude calculated short period seismic waves seconds case presented moment magnitude calculated second surface waves harvard_university subsequently revealed moment magnitude resolved based longer second surface waves intensity prone regions strong earthquakes serve familiar warnings especially true earthquakes indonesia previous estimates hazard java coastline risk area northwest coast risk substantially higher especially near previous events coast java illustrate need accurate assessment threat july earthquake unusually slow velocity resulted minor shaking land minutes intensity light relative size followed earthquake produced shaking earthquake felt strongly intensity iii weak light intensity iii weak inland farther intensity shaking tall buildings sway coastal villages casualties occurred shaking felt strong informal survey people present time revealed cases individuals stated feel earthquake typical earthquake distinctly noticed distances unusually low felt short period body wave components event narrowed classification earthquake type earthquakes influenced presence lack sediment zone categorized earthquakes like june event mexico standalone events occur near upper portion plate interface northwestern university professor scenario occur result stress transfer wedge similar environment mechanical properties standalone events occur presence irregular contacts plate interface zone lacks sediment initial earthquakes came early 1970s additional clarity following nicaragua earthquake evaluated surface wave magnitude analyzing short period seismic signals longer period signals seconds investigated shock moment magnitude hypothesis slow nature slip event concealed substantial extent sediment thought contributed slower effect plate interface result earthquake signature abundant long period seismic signals important factor generation process warning warning system operation time shock pacific warning center operated national oceanic atmospheric administration hawaii japan meteorological agency posted watch based occurrence earthquake bulletin came minutes shock means transmit warning people coast needed know felt earthquake responded moving away shore urgency withdrawal sea exposed additional meters beach created significant warning sign locations wind waves sea effectively concealed withdrawal signalled approach earthquake came monday afternoon day people present beach major national holiday waves came tens minutes shock surprise occurred sea level approaching low tide wind waves masked initial withdrawal sea drew near portions south java coast saw heights meters evidence island indicated peak surge measuring meters occurred suggesting researchers possibility submarine landslide contributed magnitude area portion southwest south central java coast affected resulted fatalities high concentration thousand kilometers southeast steep point area western_australia measured comparable similar northern indian_ocean earthquake case greater distance kilometers weeks event scientists different countries ground java performing survey affected areas including gathering height normal sea level distance surge moved inland shore measurements island sits south coast java separated main island narrow large nature reserve referred indonesia high security prisons located town measurements taken post survey highest heights seen island beach plants large trees uprooted shore sea floor area supported proposition canyon slope failure underwater landslide contributed focused energy location nineteen farmers prisoner killed deep water port east protected island large moored vessel ground contact initial withdrawal damage earthquake caused minor ground movement lightly felt damage occurred island types buildings affected timber bamboo brick traditional brick traditional reinforced concrete semi permanent timber bamboo structures based wooden frame economical style construction assessed following disaster flow depth usually resulted complete destruction types structures group scientists evaluated damage considered brick construction weak performance homes constructed style fare better timber bamboo variety hotels houses shops reinforced brick construction far better units exposed flood depth meters considered wooden shops meters shore completely removed severe damage occurred masonry meters hotels constructed held better villages west experienced similar damage severe damage seen village buildings removed foundation meters water line inland buildings totally destroyed witnesses reported waves breaking meters inland location response officials indonesia received information form pacific warning center japan meteorological agency wanted avoid panic attempt advisories public virtually time available sort effort intention communicate danger public community leaders sent text messages information minutes prior arrival waves affected coast java comprising fishing villages beach resorts unscathed following indian_ocean kilometers distant region saw heavy destruction months prior earthquake killed trained research teams ground java responding earthquake began survey muslim farmers plantation laborers fishermen fishing related affected thirds group reported lived permanent structures wood brick cement remainder lived semi permanent facilities earth stone government cited water relocation medical assistance helping deceased rescue shelter clothing locating missing people individuals listed primary provider surveyed replied government responsible relief requiring aid stated given effective assistance hours satisfied help


valley earthquake valley earthquake struck southern county near bishop california pacific daylight time july moment magnitude maximum intensity strong shock injured people caused property damage estimated million affected areas significant sequence included moderate events series earthquakes affected southern_california northern valley july strong motion stations long valley dam building bishop captured light moderate readings event reached surface ground maximum slip limited centimeters strike slip motion white mountain fault zone destructive surface earthquakes large volume volcanic occurred area series occurred white mountain seismic gap region continues potential large earthquake preface july unusually active month moderate strong earthquakes california events occurring weeks mild moderate effects came july event banning fault near palm springs second event occurred coast shock july earthquake southern_california coast occurred area thought capable generating earthquake near palm springs occurred portion southern san fault system designated seismic gap likely location large earthquake seismic gap theory potential future large earthquake presented white mountains area near setting valley located western boundary basin range province confined sierra nevada mountain range west white mountains east valley brought active million years scene large earthquake generated surface lone pine south far north big pine distance approximately kilometers large surface events eastern california central nevada seismic zone large earthquake occurred southern extent cedar mountain earthquake northern extent lone pine earthquake south distance zone labeled white mountain seismic gap mountains earthquake valley event smaller earthquakes occurred gap generated limited surface surface cracking volcanic created major volcanic eruption formed long valley northwest bishop estimated cubic kilometers material produced event covers northern valley rocky surface layered plateau known bishop features hundreds north south oriented fault visible maps aerial photography satellite imagery university nevada united_states geological survey operated networks region valley earthquake sequence occurred data captured transmitted real time nevada park california later examination activity found begun eighteen days prior main event july onset event local magnitude activity increased july reduced hours prior primary intensity moderate july events recorded stations event events considered documented remaining hours leading events hours primary reached intensity light earthquake occurred july caused damage sequence events shock measured measured international centre originated depth approximately kilometers focal mechanisms largest events july largest primarily strike slip minor normal slip especially constrained dense array area operated primary preferred fault plane solution indicated left lateral slip fault striking largest right lateral slip striking respectively damage bishop windows shattered ceiling tiles fell buildings portion brick facade sierra bank building fell king restaurant ceiling come northwest bishop portion route blocked temporarily landslide briefly trapped pleasant valley reservoir section access road destroyed result land movement injuries reported occurred north valley minor cuts injuries falling objects mobile homes knocked foundations homes destroyed nearly buildings small town affected water sewer lines broken mobile homes able foundations homes unable repaired overall damage event compared events southern_california shock caused damage palm springs event caused estimated million damage damage valley event estimated million surface ground deemed nature documented kilometers white mountain fault zone silver creek creek cracks maximum right lateral slip centimeters measured vertical movement seen especially surface bishop volcanic largest seen vicinity mountain cracks found primarily loose sand measurements difficult strong motion largest recorded strong motion stations operated california strong motion instrumentation program total captured stations including story steel frame building long valley dam free field stations strong motion station recorded largest horizontal july instruments building north main street bishop recorded indicated ground level roof station long valley dam produced quality recordings operation saw bedrock upper day main event occurred initial shock moderate intensity scale second event felt days following july stronger occurred local magnitude maximum intensity strong felt california western nevada broke windows knocked items shelves bishop light fixtures damaged national_weather_service office


earthquake earthquake occurred west province iran earthquake iran largest measured moment magnitude scale maximum intensity extreme damaging occurred hours prior main event served warning people felt strongly reports organizations indicate fatalities occurred western iran eastern turkey villages including large settlement relocated rebuilt destroyed plain surrounding mountainous regions destructive sequence affected villages cases damage inflicted escaped devastation inspection region undertaken decades later time substantial surface ground effects documented preface area plain covers square kilometres positioned northwest lake area inhabited primarily christians thousand years prior event strongest earthquakes occur iran mountainous areas surrounding plain extremely isolated villages comprising mainly people spread far apart villagers sustained primarily wheat cattle farming west near turkish border lies volcano highest peak region relatively strong occurred area destructive event caused fatalities felt far northwestern southeastern turkey damage homes substantial roofs walls collapsed instances homes demolished villagers valley spent following night outdoors spared main event mountainous villages shock felt strongly population concerned slept indoors led high casualties areas little hours later earthquake earthquake result oblique slip felt wide area armenia georgia north baghdad iraq south strike slip motion dip slip motion normal northeast occurred fault west northwest united_states national data center lists fatalities event belgian centre research disasters database list loss estimate database state list acknowledges estimates damage villages churches destroyed southwest plain surrounding mountainous regions zone heaviest damage bounded villages homes churches destroyed east area large village reportedly casualties questioned reliability figure smaller villages survivors provided accurate count lost remembered victims village survivors unable grasp extent losses homes remained standing village renamed moved new location west villages mountains south west north plain generally smaller accounted half total number villages lost felt westernmost village destroyed losses high strongly felt east lake southwest village completely destroyed people killed nearby villages went unscathed differing amounts damage attributed soil type ground effects post earthquake survey land undertaken completed mid 1970s time kilometres surface breaks right lateral metres located villages substantial vertical movement west northwest fault seen greater maximum metres average vertical slip metres extent observed surface estimated kilometres visible fault breaks present immediately following time completed survey years later half surface features succumbed erosion effects included disturbed stream spring flow water table fluctuations landslides series strong damaging persisted half months largest sequence came event caused additional destruction northeast initial area nearly destroyed took hit villages experienced major destruction village southeast region seriously affected experienced heavy damage event


guerrero earthquake guerrero earthquake struck moment magnitude southern mexico local time thursday positioned west guerrero focal depth lightly felt adjacent areas buildings mexico_city prompting evacuations causing panic following police patrolled city streets safety reasons damage assessments carried affected region casualties local police stations suffered slight damage number light succeeded main event strongest measured magnitude geology magnitude earthquake occurred inland near southern coast mexico depth duration nearly minute west guerrero region north american caribbean plates converge create zone continuous seismic activity struck near eastern periphery guerrero seismic gap extends acapulco contains seismic energy generate earthquake magnitude cause gap initial estimates placed intensity magnitude national service registered earthquake magnitude owing moderate magnitude significant shaking felt localized parts registering strongest strong scale moderate populous areas lighter ground motions iii perceived guerrero including acapulco weak reported far away mexico_city capital city rests largely layers earthquake shaking vicinity generally total light occurred near earthquake registered magnitude struck minutes main shock succeeded magnitude local time similar minor intensity struck region day strongest final registered magnitude occurred morning impact response despite relatively strong ground motions damage area limited structures mix fairly vulnerable resistant earthquake shaking buildings mexico_city causing panic citizens prompting evacuate schools guerrero evacuated safety precaution earthquake sequence contributed intermittent power outages acapulco residences districts remained power day reports major losses fatalities wake police stations located acapulco suffered light damage fallen roof tiles small landslides occurred east prior arrival seismic waves mexico_city seven earthquake sensors near coast guerrero detected potentially significant alert systems subsequently activated area giving locals seconds secure shortly impact authorities dispatched helicopters damage wake officials police officers patrolled city streets safety measure response earthquake occurrence federal district announced installation seismic local schools hospitals offices structural conditions particularly earthquake prone parts state scheduled government workers earthquake simulation exercise following day scientific reaction intensity fairly significant specialists reported earthquakes magnitude release nearly seismic energy prevent major earthquake occurring region reality roughly earthquakes similar guerrero earthquake required year total energy magnitude event locals perceived apparent increase recent earthquake occurrences time registered normal levels seismic activity area similar magnitude earthquake struck guerrero near acapulco depth killing people


april earthquake april earthquake lit earthquake potent magnitude occurred utc monday april region japan shallow focus earthquake centred inland west causing widespread strong locally severe shaking follow march earthquake strongest located inland earthquake occurred result normal west triggered numerous landslides adjacent mountainous areas fires broke households lost electricity officials issued significant waves generated earthquake caused little structural damage killed people injured strong ground movements triggered nearby geological fault prompting researchers conduct extensive surveys region geology magnitude earthquake occurred inland april utc focal depth west north northeast tokyo east oceanic pacific plate beneath continental plate region situated building stress near resultant plate boundary led development shallow inland faults folding east_coast earthquake occurred vicinity fault shallow fault region near town city previously inactive surveys near revealed surface numerous fault general vertical maximum displacement occurred small village right lateral slip observed west segments fault associated surface feature classified fault fault normal dip slip fault northeast fault dormant years observations indicated earthquake occurred result normal dip slip strike slip component centred near different fault zone earthquake classified march earthquake occurred offshore northeast magnitude earthquake triggered widespread seismic activity sequence includes earthquakes magnitude greater apart earthquake measured magnitude higher earthquake strongest located inland early estimates placed strength earthquake magnitude united_states geological survey lowered magnitude japan meteorological agency assessed magnitude depth earthquake succeeded number smaller day earthquakes magnitude higher recorded near series strongest registered magnitude occurred hours initial shallow magnitude earthquake smaller struck region april effects earthquake struck late afternoon near moderately populated region structures resistant earthquake shaking unusually shallow depth earthquake generated significant shaking adjacent strongest ground motion registered severe viii town intensity scale strong shaking spread light felt areas kilometres including tokyo earthquake cut electricity households cuts reported city workers power plant distanced evacuated safety external power plant cut briefly disrupted cooling water services plant restored authorities tokyo international airport closed momentarily restricted voice calls following east japan railway company temporarily suspended services restart bullet train lines bullet trains region halted earthquake sparked fires fire breaking town fire engines extinguished blaze natural gas tank plant structural damage scattered landslides vicinity landslide crushed vehicles buried homes city trapping number inhabitants incident resulted immediate deaths people critically injured taken hospital later pronounced dead route interchange expressway runs cut traffic large landslide town close landslide resulted formation lake natural river mass water level storage volume significant land traces observed town affecting local roads largely structures total seven people regions near including southern suffered minor injuries person injured magnitude april report july fire disaster management agency confirmed death toll earthquake response earthquake early warning system activated detection primary waves seismic waves earthquake ground motions giving residents seconds seek cover main shock risk reach destructive wave heights near shallow coastal waters local fishing boats coastlines shown heading sea national news broadcasts warning issued japan meteorological agency significant waves recorded warning cancelled soon response earthquake fire department dispatched search rescue teams emergency crews relief efforts damage assessments affected area medical crews pairs sent prime minister postponed press conference scheduled marking month anniversary catastrophic earthquake earthquake occurred region historically low levels studies showed recent activity near fault zone triggered earthquake earthquake triggered faults provided essential data local geological surveys regional land rock distribution landslide vulnerability earthquake aftermath professor faculty education art science noted possibility exists widespread size occur near future


county earthquake county earthquake occurred july southern san valley measured moment magnitude scale main shock occurred pacific daylight time utc killed people injured hundreds caused estimated million property damage small sector damage near corresponded maximum intensity extreme intensity rating representative majority damage earthquake occurred white wolf fault near community ridge strongest occur california san_francisco earthquake town suffered greatest damage loss life earthquake locations county experienced significant damage effects widely felt central southern_california july significant sequence persisted july august magnitude events moderate vii strong occurred day strongest came august event maximum perceived intensity viii severe resulted deaths people caused additional million property damage following event field survey conducted fault zone goal estimating peak ground acceleration shock based visually evaluating rock formations ground disturbances created earthquakes surveyed valley foothills vertical horizontal present area strong motion records acquired event significant reconnaissance report recognized coverage event set standard types engineering scientific papers repercussions sequence earthquakes felt heavily damaged downtown area 1990s city leaders attempted improve safety surviving masonry buildings setting california south july san fault comes fault positioned northern border desert san responsible considerable seismic activity northern southern sections traverses area near transverse ranges canyon fault mirrors path river thought connection white wolf fault observed following july earthquake demonstrated offset valley fault east block mapped possibly extend area affected fault zones present region interest responsible minor earthquakes considered significant canyon valley san faults earthquakes observed county lines strong remote events previously felt area distant cause occasional destructive effects county bounded western range adjacent southern san fault large events affected area like january fort earthquake severely affected fort miles south ridge earthquake earthquake occurred strike slip white wolf fault southern san valley historically left lateral fault component reverse slip time july ratio reverse left lateral slip shock fault southwestern end point end merge east west thrust fault white wolf fault illuminated found curved dip northeast end zone higher strike slip component distinct characteristics end fault shallower overall slip total fault displacement came result type large displacement like interval proposed years working group california earthquake gave high uncertainty slip rate estimate year viii severe especially close southeast thick reinforced concrete railroad tunnel walls cracked tracks gap tunnel entrances reduced meters extraordinary damage intensity rating extreme assigned specifically location damage damage spread large area concentrated town killed injured early estimate reported los_angeles_times damage million families affected town buildings sustained damage homes destroyed heavily damaged sustained light damage windows broken plaster residential commercial districts county jail damaged southwest justice court building hotel post office businesses condemned heavy damage small town disruption light exception destroyed wall department store single home damaged settlement fire burned oil explosion occurred long beach cracked pipe greater los_angeles area free heavy damage distant location miles southwest earthquake power affected van los_angeles long beach windows broken moderate damage area included crack street hollywood crack santa parking lot late september recorded higher magnitude day like shock felt didn cause damage july shock july shock damaged buildings event caused slight damage near additional july particularly destructive walls portions buildings previously damaged took second hit event house saw minor damage nearly destroyed gas water lines severed shock compounded problems damage previously affected buildings described shock july slight affect july occurred hour felt central california caused pipeline damage south minor building damage locations pre existing ground disturbances enhanced canyon landslides occurred creek canyon canyon grade state route number fires initiated july intensity vii strong severe damage caused especially buildings damaged including strongest sequence came august magnitude event maximum perceived intensity viii severe damage especially heavy brick buildings buildings collapsed outright buildings shock damaged needed brought completely total damage event estimated million injuries additional deaths peak acceleration prior earthquake county taiwan little information available estimating ground motion resulted large greater thrust earthquakes values seen event commonplace remains unresolved foam rubber modeling numerical modeling field studies shown intense ground motions close possible hanging wall fault large thrust earthquakes common occurrence shattered rock observed hanging wall thrust faults existence strong motions rock surveys indicated smaller ground motions present foot wall fault foam rubber modelling studies confirm ground motion foot wall lower factor example displayed september earthquake taiwan rocks classified semi area white wolf fault surveyed group earth scientists extensive experience estimating thousands rock formations rocks assessed individual estimates usually agreeing foot wall semi rock formations observed allowed peak ground acceleration estimated kilometer fault trace rock shattering lack rocks hanging wall suggested value near experienced time shock ground effects erratic surface generated san valley white wolf fault cracks defined result disturbance makes valley floor cracking fault trace northeast cracks ranging width near inches wide seen california state route showed clear lateral offset determined localized effects ground aligned fault perpendicular general trend significant breaks believed direct result depth true mountainous areas breaks higher elevations probably related northeast breaks described report state california prepared known southeast block northwest block lateral movement southeast block northeast offset rows cotton documented number locations northeast fault breaks valley offset feet seen miles south east california state route miles southwest north south oriented row offset movement west south shift location east west road northeast minimum near mouth creek miles south shallow sloped fault raised maximum vertical displacement response german american director laboratory time shock commented event saying energy event times long beach earthquake statements july los_angeles_times shock compared fort event went doubt yesterday largest southern_california century largest occur area modern instruments available possible intense charles departed lab mobile truck bound area record close fault harry wood founder lab thirty years prior visited lab following onset commented possible predict location large earthquakes american red_cross called major disaster getting relief area stalled landslides blocking ridge route running los_angeles counties california state route blocked landslide miles south highway quickly reopened later day tunnels southern pacific railroad santa railroad collapsed aircraft related relief effort ordered land municipal airport inmates prison women evacuated damage california department stated facility left injured received medical care county general hospital sought treatment valley hospital existing patients moved room new arrivals aftermath downtown heavily impacted earthquakes damaged buildings room buildings eventually constructed newer architectural styles world war economy region experiencing period urban renewal county courthouse francis church original memorial clock tower damaged leveled rebuilt push renewal historic buildings able salvaged brought stood years earthquakes masonry buildings survived use years later cost buildings owners city_council given authority seize demolish city changed approach late 1990s building owners complained upgrade process expensive possibility city left possession properties left needing costly renovations following present day damaging earthquakes teams investigators institutions earthquake engineering research institute sent affected region set instruments capture strong motion records study damage effects event case report thoroughly detailed effects especially buildings place model modern earthquake reconnaissance reports written strong motion record obtained shock earthquake widely data sets san earthquake


lake earthquake lake earthquake occurred local time august moment magnitude maximum intensity vii strong shock occurred fault near lake santa county california resulted number injuries including required damage caused non structural businesses closed repairs data numerous strong motion instruments determine type depth extent slip mild sequence lasted remainder month interest especially regard fault following event local governments evaluated response incident setting strands san fault system eastern region san_francisco bay area creek faults fault exhibits fault potential large earthquakes like earthquake occurred southern segment northern fault meets fault near reservoir produce large earthquakes shock occurred central southern segments produce smaller events fault earthquake earthquake originated fault near lake santa county felt away santa north san south high rise buildings sway nevada damage mainly limited nearby towns earlier earthquake occurred north shock located near mount hamilton strong motion stations recorded event including array units zone instruments berkeley laboratory away records revealed strike slip motion occurred vertical fault total slip varied depth slip occurring shallower regions closest stations creek berkeley stations overall fault length slip depth strong motion event captured distances miles including richmond unit hole bay mud underground instruments tube richmond site showed low san_juan route state route saw peak acceleration ground structure instruments gymnasium roof campus west valley college provided records interest number dams instruments installed san dam san reservoir strongest response highest acceleration seen array fault zone damage sixteen people injured damage totaled chimneys fell especially older homes downtown area glass broken structural damage afflicted buildings wall cracked city hall court room ceiling collapsed damaged structural components ford department store forced closure hole cracks ceiling collapsed law office service station sustained structural damage fire station pass early estimate small business administration total damage twice seen victims brought memorial hospital treatment cardiac problem anxiety hospital saw similar cases patient fractured hip sought care including transported ambulance treated released admitted united_states geological survey operated network stations region shock occurred survey activity data stations custom velocity model narrow locations tens meters study indicated aligned strike dip fault area classified distinct groups east northeastern group middle group shallow nearly vertical southwestern group showed variations slip especially months fault significantly higher northeastern middle groups response affected counties cities declared state emergency following event small business administration approve request office emergency services disaster declaration late september paved way low interest loans commercial residential properties suffered damage claims expected local authorities trained disasters regular basis response light damage considered smooth officials sought room improvement discussions followed event local governments focusing problems emergency power systems seismic safety


sierra earthquake sierra earthquake occurred june local time moment magnitude maximum intensity vii strong thrust earthquake resulted deaths injuries damage estimated million event occurred beneath san mountains fault sierra fault system instruments captured event number strong motion stations southern_california including largest local magnitude occurred june july preface history generating great earthquakes focal point earthquake hazard assessment california strike slip san system faults system faults including sierra fault system runs border san san valleys caused series moderate large events greater los_angeles area westernmost portion fault system identified major fault systems pose threat highly populated region research shown shortening occurring region transverse ranges rate inches year number earthquakes occurred los_angeles area rate moderate events typical large events occurred records kept rate moderate events occurred indicated researchers deficit seismic energy release exists larger frequent events contribute release strain accumulation setting west san fault southern edge transverse ranges state period active reverse san mountains west striking range sierra faults san fault santa faults exhibit component left lateral strike slip motion share similar trend coast santa fault lies southern flank santa mountains fault runs south mountains meets san mountains fault lies beneath san mountains fault characteristics faults difficult interpret dip north thousand feet displacement earthquake shock occurred june local time result thrust fault southern boundary san mountains total minimal considering vertical displacement observed san earthquake initiated million years ago result convergence pacific north american plates near bend san fault damage earthquake felt santa barbara north palm springs east south mexico united_states border centered miles northeast sierra hundreds homes damaged roads leading mount wilson blocked landslides woman killed steel beam fell santa park woman died result heart attack badly damaged structural damage resulted shock example dozen buildings damage limited cracked plaster broken windows city hall moderate damage consisting cracked wall marble barriers offset dome sierra apartment buildings homes tagged injuries reported sierra cuts injuries occurred strong motion california strong motion instrumentation program obtained records ground response stations buildings dams airport control tower power station individual stations reported close miles dam far miles downtown measured floor buildings duration strong motion seconds station recorded dam station recorded peak horizontal acceleration major damage occurred interval long term slip rate constituent faults sierra fault zone precisely known studies forth scenarios possible future activity independent reports suggested complete fault system result shock similar county earthquake researcher stated interval event greater years proposal seven individual segments event comparable san earthquake interval type event placed years