parents divorce parents divorce episode children television program street produced aired tests showed negative effects street history presenting difficult topics curriculum goals including death marriage disaster extensive research episodes written produced focus aired analyze effect viewers case parents divorce producers expressed desire produce episode early convinced topic address census bureau reported american children experienced divorce producers chose present family experience divorce episode written staff writer norman wrote episode death explained word divorce episode reviewed children television workshop advisory board content experts developmental tests showed young viewers confused episode understand important concepts divorce producers decided air despite investment time producers kind decision cited example producer practice listening voices children putting needs despite costs street address topic divorce november produced limited audiences little children big challenges divorce initiative like parents divorce production represent child experiencing divorce shown going real time parents divorce past gave time adjust background street premiered children television program use detailed comprehensive educational curriculum specific educational goals content goals included objectives initially skills young viewers stressed skills addressed indirectly producers writers researchers believed focusing skills increase children self esteem feelings eventually season critics forced staff address goals overtly occurred extensive research planning according writer michael davis street curriculum began addressing goals overtly 1980s example producers addressed grief death lee played premiere author david called episode poignant davis called landmark broadcast truly memorable episode best seasons topics love marriage addressed staff created storyline characters maria fall love marry child extensive research episodes written produced focus aired analyze effect viewers addressed real life disasters example producers addressed september terrorist attacks episode aired early produced series episodes aired hurricane katrina development children television workshop later workshop organization responsible production street considered discussed addressing topic divorce years developing episode early writer director jon stone expressed intention writing script stating projects year drugs divorce divorce difficult writing script drugs peer pressure executive producer singer vetoed idea reached development felt complex social matters discussed series felt issue irrelevant inner city financially families target audience said divorce middle class thing suggested instead episode focus single parent family child born absent father singer stated episode filmed nervous didn think dealing like death approach universal divorce personal people react differently topic divorce discussed following year census bureau released statistics suggesting percent children united_states middle classes soon live divorced households producer director lisa simon stated difficulty producers writers crafting episode hope end season takes figure issue appropriately child point view jerry nelson original performers noted things like divorce likely affect small children heavily didn touch things instead human characters cast writers producers decided use present narrative effects divorce young children chose use family large long time cast member bob stated knew couldn married couples gordon susan maria tried writing parents getting divorced according simon slightly frightening kids somebody identify puppet characters feelings work difficult issue face staff writer norman wrote episode death explained assigned compose script word divorce episode reviewed advisory board content experts developmental episode featured gordon explaining concept divorce assured parents loved characters talking singing good homes test results episode parents divorce studied extensively attention filmed screened test audience children centers results found negative effects christian science monitor said bombed despite gordon big bird children believed parents arguments lead divorce unsure little sister alice parents loved despite divorce unclear characters parents lived especially father appeared viewers thought alice father according singer kids came away negative messages kids misunderstood arguments said arguments mean divorce thought parents moving away said opposite number said parents longer love based findings despite expense intention air parents divorce april decided risk possibly audience air episode said wrote taped devastating test groups kids threw thing garbage tried difficult concept year old research director recommended scrapping episode going drawing board idea abandoned season producer michael recalled ate cost aired feel range issues deal family extreme divorce according street researcher susan time produced episode making large investment found tests episode work colleagues cited episode example practice listening voices children putting needs legacy street address subject divorce november producers created initiative little children big challenges divorce available military families general public family courts counseling services child care programs included minute dvd guide tip sheet extended families friends mobile social networking sites online like parents divorce little children big challenges production represent child experiencing divorce shown going real time parents divorce past gave time adjust


played lee human characters appear television series street created producer writer jon stone original proprietor store neighborhood variety store combination corner store serves place humans meet interact lee character actor instructor mccarthy era perfectly cast ranked human characters recognition young viewers described slightly good hearted bridges gap older generation young audience store social institution extension personality special relationship big bird time lee death instead role explaining departure saying moved quit retired writers producers street decided character pass away order create episode taught young audience difficult topic death research conducted messages wanted convey topic effect episode young children watched advised experts fields child psychology child development religion studies conducted episode produced showed children understood messages death experienced long term ill effects episode written head writer norman aired thanksgiving day cast crew reported filming emotional touching experience episode set standard dealing difficult topics children television called heartbreaking moments history development description played lee premiere street death human characters appeared created producer writer jon stone lee actor cast lee came stone attention writers bruce hart inspired bob character captain stone previously worked captain program greatly influenced developed street original proprietor store neighborhood variety store combination corner store serves place humans meet interact stone original conception like owners establishments time older male jewish lee character actor acting instructor range roles theater mccarthy era according writer michael davis lee played known glasses certainty adults suspend sense disbelief writer stated lee perfectly cast according fellow cast member bob appeared street episode lee broader dimension character rest convinced matter simple scene child bring tremendous integrity honesty credibility joan street creator president children television workshop said gave millions children message old young lot new_york_times reported ranked human characters recognition young viewers davis described slightly good hearted called davis stated appearance episode street things young children guy apron far generation gap half lens glasses slipping nose davis stated store called social institution extension personality special relationship character big bird come store chat running gag big bird attempts ended cooper revealed character earned night school appearances street aired lee segments taped november lee participated thanksgiving day parade street characters days died heart attack december death lee died december instead role explaining departure saying moved away quit retired producers street decided character pass away order create episode taught young audience difficult topic death according researcher colleagues episode social issues relevant dealt history executive producer singer stated left kids notice way avoid issue death entirely according big bird actor producers considered idea writing script didn know thought retire florida producers thought best thing actually deal death episode aired thanksgiving day day considered groundbreaking moments street history synopsis street episode death discussed structured episodes structured time individual segments took place main set called street scenes interrupted puppet short films animations episode begins scene gordon played jones played richard hunt gordon helps remember happy davis states later big bird makes sad big bird walks backward head legs gordon asks answers later big bird adults new baby visit street mother segments later big bird adults maria david northern bob bob susan long gordon olivia reed hall discussing politics giving pictures drawn gets picture saying returns adults emotionally explain big bird died bird bird simply says picture comes susan explains big bird people die come big bird getting upset expressing confusion sadness adults love care david reveals store left big bird asks way good reason gordon answers big bird way bob susan tell big bird won anymore fond memories looking picture big bird says times past going miss maria big bird support according big bird said line going miss started lee filming crew decided despite slip tongue heavy emotions cast members feeling episode ends big bird hanging picture near nest leaving new baby big bird says know thing new babies day day puts head legs credits roll research similar social issues developing curriculum researched topic death understand step research process assemble team experts led research director lewis fields child psychology child development religion team advised writers producers handle topic called curriculum bath described way bring experts allow writer expertise research bring people provide information writer takes integrate heard experts advised producers provide viewers sense closure death decided focus died explaining old ill increase children fears death chose deal death single episode convey simple messages like dead coming missed stated episode created example writers producers skills episode aired conducted series studies guide writers producers creating episode goal answer key questions children understand messages wanted convey death storyline parents respond treatment sensitive topic children disturbed messages long researchers broke children groups children watched scenes storyline played interviewed children watched entire episode attention recorded viewed children watched episode parents interviewed days later researchers found year olds study understood dead group understood coming fourth year old viewers responded correctly year olds understood big bird adults sad children episode parents interviewed overwhelmingly positive reactions half reported discussed death children viewing parents reported negative reactions children immediately watching episode later time development legacy street head writer norman chosen write segments death episode focused life cycle birth death mentioning birth baby remembering said decided anymore lives heart love stay wanted convey expressing grief died difficult adults children instead providing explanation adults street tell friend big bird asked died real reason happened gordon tells big bird outside experts advised producers remove line concerned open ended explanation children kept line stated good explanation people die episode aired thanksgiving day year lee final appearance thanksgiving day parade producers chose air week new season order explain absence soon possible maximum exposure ensure parents home children order discuss illustrations episode drawn performed big bird picture remained set continuing memorial lee speaking scene pictures passed reported finished scene wasn face wasn tears underneath costume jon stone directed episode wanted later said wrong perfect touched performance book entitled miss based script episode published book written according editorial staff book division worked research staff educational content information research producers create episode


world world minute long segment shown end children television program street premiered november structural changes designed appeal younger viewers increase ratings fallen past decade segment developed series workshops studied changes viewing habits audience reasons lower ratings world traditional elements production sustained narrative presented perspective year old child represented host performed kevin clash street producers changed rest reflect younger demographic increase viewers long time writer came concept world writer tony executive producer helped develop instead realism rest segment presented moving combining worlds live action computer generated animation looked like child drawing come life created host stream consciousness feel pet members family silent order allow talking children opportunity respond saw screen world remained popular run world temporarily ceased production replaced musical background early 1990s street air years author michael davis undisputed heavyweight champion television dominance began challenged decade television shows friends growth children home video industry increase thirty minute children shows cable street ratings declined children television workshop organization responsible putting air responded researching reasons lower ratings time debuted producers team researchers analyzed street content structure studied children viewing habits changed analysis conducted series week long workshops completed time 30th anniversary found produced children ages viewers sophisticated debut began watch sooner early months age producers found original format consisted series short clips similar structure magazine necessarily effective way hold young viewers attention found viewers especially younger ones lost attention street minutes way addressed issues brought research lowering target age street years years late created new minute segment entitled world hosted shown end episode segment traditional elements animation music live action film sustained narrative world followed structure episode depended heavily repetition focused child centered topics balls dancing perspective year old child designed foster exploration imagination curiosity instead adult providing narration led child action street producers went changing reflect younger demographic increase viewers decided 33rd season expand world concept san_francisco_chronicle critic tim called changed structure entire narrative format making easier young children navigate executive producer years creators world called new look different development filming long time street writer came idea creating segment entirely different format rest workshops writer tony developed idea stated concept radical magazine mosaic given character character animator came idea creating realistic setting compared rest segment presented moving combining worlds live action computer generated animation looked like child drawing come life created host stream consciousness feel segment filmed different time rest season blue screen animation digital effects added later kevin clash principal world complicated shots showed entire body puppet called active operated assistance puppet filmed blue screen edited later addition writers world included emily theme song based song wrote called song lyrics changed fit segment writer new_york_times called clash called child felt intimacy provided effective teaching tool called instant success davis compared world long running children existence shows produced conducted extensive studies world found segment high appeal children regardless age sex background attention participation hand moving music counting characters increased repeated viewing characters represented year old child chosen host world tested street younger viewers created performed including richard hunt eventual kevin clash called phenomenon clash took role writer michael davis reported embodiment street marketing wonder age million dolls sold clash believed phenomenon household led world segment clash called world colorful lively celebration creativity imaginative endeavors involved stated segment provided new challenges opportunities creative risk taking according clash pet members family silent order allow talking children opportunity respond saw screen silence allowed children fill curiosity created enhanced imagination allowed writers researchers insert curriculum lessons want convey episode replaced necessary fish needed season surviving given good homes played broadway actor bill previously worked short films street unavailable asked friend michael replace brother role beginning death played sister sarah jones played sister miss according speaks trial error throw hat acts like seen kids feel empowered watching performers kevin clash additional performers pam bruce jim martin jerry nelson count martin robinson david baby bear big bird oscar john alice steve young end production world remained popular run especially younger viewers designed world temporarily ceased production producers street began taking steps increase age viewers increase ratings end 40th anniversary year old viewers increased year olds year olds according new_york_times executive producer carol final segment production world ended prevented apparent satisfaction viewers tight budgets reluctant replace segment writer explained emotionally charged process ill present discussions world replaced musical continued appear repeats street dvds website sold products related segment


children television lessons street children television lessons street non fiction book written lesser describes production street formation philosophy children television workshop lesser professor harvard_university studying social class ethnicity interacted school achievement academics researched watching television affected children development initially skeptical potential television teaching tool eventually named advisory board chairman children television workshop organization created oversee production research street educational director lesser wrote book early street history evaluate effectiveness explain writers researchers producers attempting respond criticism street children television sections proposal planning broadcasting lessons street book preface epilogue written lesser foreword written creator joan introduction creator lloyd scattered book cartoons drawn children author lesser describes origin development street describes research involved creation production background lesser professor education developmental psychology harvard_university studied social class ethnicity interacted school achievement academics researched watching television affected children development served academic adviser nbc educational program exploring street creator lloyd met student yale_university asked lesser assist research new children producer joan developing eventually street lesser initially skeptical potential television teaching tool eventually named advisory board chairman children television workshop organization created oversee production research street educational director skeptical qualifications director later stated couldn begin measure proud lesser colleague happy know pleasure company summer street researchers edward called lesser able leadership day curriculum planning conducted boston purpose attended educational experts new writers producers school preparation skills emphasize according writer michael davis lesser skills encouraging evident writer reported real friction occurred present street songwriter christopher reported lesser ran meetings better seen everybody feel like important got listened work ended final product davis noted served crash course child development psychology education producers writers according researcher robert lesser understood order bring research child development production process street close working relationship created researchers producers davis credited lesser informal collaborative manner creation close relationship head research street lesser came called model model included having assumptions children learn television use high quality production values establishing organization fostered mutual confidence members field research testing effectiveness episode content conducted prior broadcast educational goals measured episode aired evaluate effectiveness lesser wrote children television early history evaluate effectiveness model explain writers researchers producers attempting respond criticism street lesser explained logic curriculum writer robert called lesser book street adept defense according children television complete explanation reasoning time memoir development synopsis children television sections proposal planning broadcasting lessons street book preface epilogue written lesser foreword written joan introduction lloyd scattered book cartoons drawn children author attended lesser begins book describing origin street studying child development concepts teach children studied children reaction television medium teach approached assist creating new educational objectives research goals agreed despite effectiveness television teaching tool street audience included child country wished watch lesser reports producers original purpose reach poor children america lesser states series work poor children entire project fail critical american public school system blames failure educate children lack defined goals wrote television children american children received education chapters book detail reasons experiment creating educational television program like street especially regards audience understand children forever explaining things saint little prince lesser quote begin second section children television introduced sections chapters quotes lesser opens section planning relating cast crew recruited executive producer david producer sam head writer jon stone producer writer matt robinson jim composer joe actors long bob lee lesser recounts process hiring head researcher edward involved community outreach producers new spent eighteen months planning unprecedented children television lesser extensively describes series curriculum took place harvard_university new_york_city summer chapters outline philosophy street creators assumptions teaching held unconventional view learning enjoyable finally decided street set urban setting avoid depicting present child environment lesser states humor street sweet staff maintains wrong researchers developed writer writers producers serve bridge curriculum goals script development lesser connects production techniques including use music humor especially humor animation educational goals lesser emphasizes importance characters human sustain children attention according lesser street combines elements sustain attention cast live adults children set animation live action film according lesser creation street children reactions educational television ignored marked time studied evaluate improve content lesser reports approximately percent initial year budget million spent research relates priorities pre production research called evaluation outside research groups like educational testing service workshop wanted watching difference particularly interested comparing effect children different socio economic groups viewing conditions affected effectiveness lesser states time television year history child watching systematically applied sustained period design televised series children lesser describes new methods researcher edward created study effects street young viewers example slide placed television set adjusted change seconds researchers recorded children study moved attention away television data collected analyzed segments removed based information gathered time television history children listened care television series designed broadcast lesser states lesser begins section broadcasting relating origin puts forced select liked lesser reports premiere november met large acclaim good reviews negative reviews criticism recounts addresses great detail chapter entitled criticism includes criticism approximately thirty groups individuals demonstrates essence range arguments lesser describes research long term effect street reports watched million viewers middle season breaks viewership categories according lesser ratings remained consistently high lesser describes testing found positive differences weeks season found children watched learned final section lesser book lessons street creators researchers attempting lesser states street main lesson deliberately uses television teach hiding educational intentions attracts large devoted audience young children parts country reviews terry ohio_state university calls children television book read general public field education calls book treatment interesting contemporary educational phenomenon joan canadian broadcasting corporation calls book thought organized historical version early history development street considers book create produce children television important exposure public hard work dedication required air interesting story lesser tells book people strong different opinions learned work television little bit class lesser including detractors believes included ridiculous criticisms order street workshop credibility rose university criticizes lesser strange folk belief lore child head child criticizes research lesser describes book insists considered product testing educational research criticizes lesser ellen northwestern university called children television profound book greatly influenced field children media said book established idea children television studied developmental perspective academics involved production educational television programs children development understanding children development important creation media products book profound effect later research conducted cited hundreds studies books

Children and Television: Lessons from Sesame Street


influence street children television program street premiered high ratings positive reviews controversy continued history aired american time premiere earned nielsen rating million households tenth anniversary million american children age watching street daily ratings declined 1990s societal changes survey conducted found age american children watched anniversary ranked fifteenth popular children according writer michael davis street vigorously researched program research studies impact effect american culture landmark conducted educational testing service demonstrated street significant educational impact viewers additional studies conducted history demonstrated continued positive effect young viewers street subjects controversies long run television commission mississippi voted ban controversy surrounding stemmed cultural historical reasons children television effect latino groups criticized street depictions groups producers worked address concerns years street received emmy awards television series ratings street premiered aired american earned nielsen rating million households children television workshop organization oversaw production street insisted seemingly low ratings misleading found small percentage viewers watched street approximately quarter watched regularly ninety percent households viewed children age winter partly response criticism reaching intended audience conducted poll urban neighborhoods new_york chicago washington results poll positive neighborhoods confirmed high viewership street high ratings increased second season nielsen reported high audience loyalty lesser advisory board chair reported rumors college students ratings steadily increased seasons nielsen reported street highest ratings pbs program workshop estimated regular viewers consisted adults tenth anniversary million american children age watching street daily children watched week period children low income inner city homes regularly viewed according survey conducted department education million viewers million regularly watched watched week second grade students watched week starting school reached young children demographic groups significantly economically children children low income families african american latino children watched entering children minority language groups watched starting school children communities likely regular viewers younger children children parents read regularly likely regular viewers children highly educated parents stopped viewing earlier children households ratings significantly decreased early 1990s children viewing habits television marketplace changed choices children programming limited growth home video industry 1980s boom children programming 90s cable channels like nickelodeon directly influenced street resulted lower ratings street new_york_times reported learning click remote control developmental milestone like crawling walking producers responded societal changes making large scale structural changes street widely viewed children television world international independent versions broadcasts countries survey found american watched time years old estimated million americans watched series children 40th anniversary ranked fifteenth popular children television effect according davis street vigorously researched program research studies impact effect american culture educational testing service conduct research landmark conducted demonstrated street significant educational impact viewers studies provided majority early educational effects street cited studies effects television young children additional studies conducted street history demonstrated continued positive effect young viewers lesser believed street research conferred new studies effects visual media children believed effect prestige television industry producing shows children historian robert book street reform children television chronicled influence children television television industry reported critics commercial television saw street straightforward illustration reform les brown writer variety saw street hope substantial future television networks responded creating high quality television programs saw gestures spite effectiveness creating popular commercial television limited effort emulate methods use curriculum evaluate children learned reported mid-1970s commercial television abandoned experiments creating better children programming critics hoped street depiction functioning community racial tolerance young viewers critic richard stated strongest influence street enduring rumors urban legends surrounding characters especially critical reception street praised debut newsday reported newspapers magazines written glowing reports creator joan series air year time magazine featured big bird received fan mail human hosts cover declared best children history best parents shows press overwhelmingly praised new popular magazines niche magazines lauded survey found parents supported children viewing street pbs educational shows aides classroom street intelligent important program television new_yorker david frost declared street hit goes executive abc recognizing street perfect stated opened children taste wit substance climate right improvement end season ratings high song rubber music charts weeks big bird appeared flip wilson street won awards including award award public relations society america prix award president richard_nixon sent letter benjamin predicted program result better trained citizens fewer generation fewer people welfare smaller jail populations won awards parents choice awards addition subject institution museum modern art kevin clash subject documentary journey documentary directed marks received awards including black film critics circle award special jury prize film festival premiered series received emmy awards television series street detractors state commission mississippi voted ban street member commission leaked vote new_york_times stating mississippi ready integrated cast called ban tragedy white black children mississippi mississippi commission later reversed decision vote national news according children television lesser account development early years street little criticism months following premiere increased end season beginning second season lesser early criticism categories educational goals goals chosen obtained possible effects portrayal minorities women historian robert suggested early criticism called surprisingly intense stemmed cultural historical reasons regards place children american society controversies television effects important studies found negative effects street conducted educator psychologist thomas cook seasons studies found increased educational gap poor middle class children reported studies little impact public discussion street social scientist head start founder criticized stating old ugly unwanted simply disappear criticized presenting bland unrealistic characters failing teach children social relationships society psychologist saw street urban setting superficial having little problems confronted inner city child head start director edward probably street vocal critic early years withdrew head start funding original investors stated basis criticism concern federal government transfer funding head start according studies utilized critics street later years especially child development singer insisted television shortened children attention spans author book amusing death believed television teach children claimed street introduced children shallow pop culture undermined american education relieved parents responsibility teaching children read federal funds produce segments population insisted represented street credited commitment source conflicts leadership minority groups especially latino groups conflicts resolved added substituted segments characters cast consisted african american women single african american men man white men american indian woman puerto rican woman deaf white woman latino groups criticized lack hispanic characters early years committee hispanic activists commissioned called street racist said bilingual aspects poor quality according admitted bilingual elements thought hired hispanic actors production staff researchers reported included puerto rican cast members films mexican holidays foods cartoons taught spanish words street created year race relations curriculum focused introducing viewers cultural backgrounds new_york_times reported creating strong female characters kids laugh female stereotypes challenge producers street davis reported national organization women expressed concerns needed male oriented members portrayal susan saw powerless milk spring boston_globe columnist ellen objected considered street portrayal women girls passive late threatened boycott producers satisfied critics making susan nurse hiring female writer according change women girls depicted street occurred slowly research staff women worked male production staff raise women girls portrayed scripts source friction lack female held jim responsible organization male tended create male characters demanding production schedule tended attract men expressed opinion women incapable believed difficulty creating breakout characters children viewing styles girls tended attached male characters like boys tend form female characters inventory material found shown slowly replaced new segments female performers like hired trained stronger female characters like created interesting contrast street louisiana critic presence strong single women journalist called street triumph appearance substance credited success quality combination timing sophisticated image making vigorous promotion held partly responsible declining verbal abilities american students accused negative stereotypes women according creators discouraged children natural curiosity world criticized instead transforming television took issue use cultural references stating taught young children embrace negative values celebrity anti insisted television production values producers street emphasized medium educational content supposed convey took issue educational claims stating street diminished young children readiness reading limiting abilities engage creative thinking reported positive research conducted sent sympathetic press charged studies conducted hint advocacy social science street international productions caused controversy hiv positive created response south_africa aids epidemic marked time aids goal confronting disease stigma included curriculum according documentary world according street reaction surprised workshop members congress attacked street workshop pbs according producer reaction got blew away didn expect people horrible mean controversy short lived died public discovered facts south african production united_nations secretary general prominent minister conservative political commentator jerry praised workshop efforts went named champion children november


educational goals street children television street premiered public broadcasting television stations kind utilized detailed comprehensive educational curriculum specific educational goals content goals garnered house formative research independent curriculum created series street goals initially producers researchers focused young viewers skills addressing skills indirectly believed focusing skills increase children self esteem feelings sought prepare young children school especially children low income families producers modeling repetition humor fulfill goals changes content increase viewers attention increase appeal encouraged viewing older children parents watch including humor cultural references celebrities street season producers researchers began address goals overtly addressed social tolerance diversity ways resolving conflict depicted disputes residents 1980s real life experiences cast crew death lee pregnancy maria address concerns later seasons street addressed real life disasters september terrorist attacks hurricane katrina goals outreach addressed season extensive innovative promotional campaign targeted children families low income inner city homes groups tended watch educational programs television traditional methods promotion advertising effective subsequent seasons producers developed series educational materials settings purpose according author street built single breakthrough insight hold attention children educate lesser chair advisory board children television workshop workshop organization oversaw production stated effective educational tool television needed capture focus sustain children attention street children paid attention structure episode small critical adjustments segment capture children attention street children television programs utilized detailed comprehensive educational curriculum specific educational goals content goals garnered house formative research informed improved production independent conducted educational testing service seasons measured program educational effectiveness curriculum created series led lesser attended street new creative staff educational child development specialists participants generated long lists goals workshop organized categories eventually categories symbolic representation processes physical environment social environment curriculum eventually identify writers goals instead child goals lesser reported book children television lessons learned street written document development goals creators fundamental purpose preparing children school aware individual suffering frustration child ill prepared demands school sought young viewers appetite learning related goals providing viewers basic educational skills lesser insisted valuable inner city parents teaching children think creators decided include curriculum range skills year old child focus skills skills reach street creators recognized television lent use modelling teaching tool understood children tended imitate saw screen writing production methods directly model effective verbal communication indirect modeling explicit labeling demonstrate positive behaviors positive behaviors modeled enjoyment learning humor example interfered intended message exhibited inappropriate behavior removed performer explained demonstrated emotions heads wall having fall backwards research found behaviors demonstrate good models appropriate behavior behaviors changed roosevelt franklin example removed leaders african american community felt displayed negative cultural stereotypes creators street believed young children easily distracted peripheral details unable attend useful aspects observed gave special care lesser child expected learn eliminated irrelevant distracting content making content especially repeated content presented compete occurred result viewing home realized high appeal found relationship appeal complicated initially thought discovered young children probably attend material presented higher level ready understand workshop researchers found crafting segments children verbal participation interaction increased addressed critics concerns children watching television repetition convention street creators understood repetition gave young children opportunities practice new skills assisted making connection new unfamiliar concepts observed children enjoy material viewing times allowed predict outcome sequence repetition easier teach complex concepts situations child able single viewing allowed children explore different subject early years street producers took advantage repetition effective teaching tool repeating segment times course episode seasons segments repeat earlier workshop learned varying details repeating format effective use repetition television historian robert saw called repeated alphabet segment example use repetition example short film actor james earl jones recited alphabet jones long letter superimposed corner screen moments said according educational advisors recommended jones thinking young viewers children ended loving segments producers found children seen segment times said letter jones jones served confirmation correction producers viewed way television interactive dubbed james earl jones effect humor street attract attention young viewers lesser parents older siblings share young child viewing called jim characters humor instrumental creating audience younger older viewers lesser went far state educational television completely dependent effective use humor lesser stated order comedy effective teaching tool coincide lesson taught critics complained violent children television workshop found effective comedy form lesser said favorite reported violence depicted street animations short films way workshop encouraged viewing use cultural references adults understand celebrities familiar adults older children appeared previous documentary production experience producer dave wide ranging contacts media resulted successful celebrities successful celebrities appeared street goals creators street addressed goals indirectly believing focusing educational goals naturally increase children self esteem feelings viewers racial identities addressed integrating black white actors performers eventually critics season forced workshop address goals overtly occurred extensive research planning goals addressed social tolerance diversity ways resolving conflict depicted disputes residents making street place child empowerment according davis street curriculum began addressing goals overtly 1980s focused turning inward expanding young viewers world davis reported goals inspired experiences writing staff cast crew example landmarks producers addressed grief death lee played premiere seasons topics love marriage addressed created storyline characters maria fall love marry child actress played maria married pregnant according book street published anniversary real life experiences gave writers producers idea research scripts written gain understanding previous studies understanding love marriage family research staff found time little relevant research children understanding topics books children written studies episodes maria pregnancy aired showed result watching episodes children understanding pregnancy increased way street addressed goals addressing real life disasters example producers addressed september terrorist attacks episode aired early produced series episodes aired hurricane katrina episodes workshop community outreach program called writer emily expert interpreting curriculum goals surrounding tolerance diversity inclusion especially related disability community leader workshop ensuring people disabilities included example hired little theater deaf appear street instrumental addition deaf actress cast son jason syndrome appeared times reported street better record history television regular basis comfortable kind way healthy habits life healthy habits life series segments storylines street launched season segments multi year content driven initiative help young children establish early foundation healthy habits lifetime developed early 2000s childhood critical issue public mind workshop took interest promoting healthy lifestyles viewers start sponsorship list opening sequence ran healthy moment segment aired generally segments included celebrity guests healthy habits programming workshop began monster eating habits street beat newsletter parents discussed balanced lifestyle taught children importance eating balanced diet doesn mean rounds diet plates trucks objects monster known means eats fair share vegetables set good example viewers home doesn mind bit sure loves likes act eating general long mouth heart happy international media picked story instead high percentage twisted headlines like street claiming character sent diet internet petition boycott received hundreds signatures support web users product tie ins including sony wonder home video release happy healthy monsters series books random house product placement efforts including del vegetables featuring characters ran apple month promotion featuring characters varieties activity sheets describing unique traits fruit outreach street focused children backgrounds creators recognized order achieve kind success wanted needed encourage children matter background watch time primary goal appealing inner city families group traditionally watch educational programs public television lesser stated series work poor children entire project fail called new audience concentric targeted audience urban poor larger circle workshop devoted initial budget advertise new called extensive campaign lesser stated demand production research promoted broadcast industry workshop understood special effort reach target community traditional methods promotion advertising effective groups word target audience inner cities hired davis urban league michael davis called remarkable workshop vice president community relations head workshop community educational services division street popularity established season outreach efforts turned promotion development educational materials settings child care community eventually core constituency early outreach efforts included mobile viewing units broadcast inner cities native american communities worker camps early 1980s developed street education program goal assist combining television viewing books hands activities media educational resource workshop outreach programs included providing materials non english speaking children adults instead following traditional practice translating english materials spanish example employed called creating parallel sets materials conveyed content messages culturally relevant ways starting workshop expanded outreach creating series pbs specials dvds focusing military deployment affects families soldiers workshop outreach efforts focused families prisoners health safety


arabic meaning open international production american children television series street created arab world premiered kuwait broadcast arabic speaking countries ran gulf war ended production program continued known decades went air talks arab organizations governments planned revive mass media officers social planners agreed adopt street feasible economical solution low attendance plagued region approached children television workshop producers american purchased rights create arab version million months premiere popular successful programs children arab states critics called successful pan arab collaborations creators writers artists middle_east inspired studies demonstrated children benefited watching said iraqi invaders stormed set gulf war took away videos costumes prisoners war returned efforts began revive new generation young viewers arab world late writers producers media attended training educational production techniques staff american new_york pre production march phase auditions took place april new series debuted september background months debut street pbs producers countries world approached children television workshop later workshop workshop organization responsible production create produce versions street countries creator joan approached german public television officials year version debuted years later recalled frank surprised thought creating american thought american turns international characters created hired cbs executive mike left commercial television assistant vice president tasks field offers produce versions street countries summer international agreements came productions active productions vice president charlotte cole estimated million viewers international versions street 40th anniversary seen countries new_york_times reported income productions accounted million cole stated children television workshop regarded single largest informal educator young children world studies conducted effects productions found viewers shows gain basic skills watching kuwait census conducted shortly original premiere showed citizens totally barely able read write studies kuwait showed parents adversely affected children educational social development half lived rural areas country literacy rates women girls worse reported account thirds region revived aired arab region world lowest adult literacy rates little world average developing countries census showed free citizens children aged attended number lower million arab world girls attended school commonly boys arab countries arab fund social economic development held series workshops attended mass media officers social planners education region participants agreed adopt street feasible economical solution low attendance funding arab gulf states joint program production institution movement create production children kuwait arab world program called open premiered kuwait ran gulf war stopped production broadcast arab countries continued known decades went air june workshop arab bureau education gulf states regional gulf cooperation council organization dedicated education research development agreed bring original production children educational program kind arab world street production region production use modern standard arabic development similar american version street late 1960s considered creating production years held member countries early productions simple dubbed versions local language voice overs wanted create original version established joint program production institute work create street production addition creating children shows formed team visited new_york negotiate production minute programs purchasing rights create arab version million bringing experts arab world introduce encompassing arabic curriculum teach arab values culture according researcher stages production stage pre production research identified basic education needs children age second stage involved creation pilot reel test children effects review experts invited finally series filmed aired research began august team led educator included psychologist faculty kuwait university tested different groups children ages representative cities arab countries team proposed curriculum goals based research arab agreed final goals emphasized scientific thinking effects technology society sought provide children experiences enriched knowledge environment improved reasoning teaching mathematical geometric concepts introduced viewers arab history citing important events showing castles center historic battles geography highlighted especially location countries cities capitals secondary effect helping children increase feelings belonging feeling proud arab heritage children social awareness especially social roles functions emphasized unlike american covered topic spirituality importance religion arab culture producers goals included teaching children islamic principles positive social behavior personal manners importance traits like honesty respect parents loyalty social interaction according researchers program reinforced values ethics derived teaching orthodox islam help children develop sound moral vision basis build family relationships reinforce values cooperation love justice producers wanted present characteristics arabic language alphabet pre production research showed spoken region arab children able understand modern standard arabic chosen language stated language based explicit linguistic concept developers decided use specific aspects language despite absence case endings spoken users producers features spelled features like passive forms features wanted completely avoid according principles followed closely children appeared errors rarely informal quality conversations speech patterns use patterns instead use items vernacular use language said proved possible use informal register modern standard arabic reported criticized arab countries egypt particular containing thought criticism biased selection items pan arabic programme probably satisfy everybody new created inspired cultural traditions arab world shadow syria egypt oldest world characters american like monster arabic versions version count kept distinctive laugh accent speaking new characters created including named man drawn arabic history tradition green yellow colored monster long nose named large purple ribbon wearing cat called focused arab heritage like wedding rituals countries region included arab poems songs premiered kuwait september broadcast arabic speaking countries excluding egypt opening consisted catchy tune beloved young viewers song played opening footage showed children arab world running past familiar landmarks like playing ancient running white fort gates open wide set consisted traditional arabian neighborhood called 20th street ran gulf war brought end according national popularity said iraq invaders stormed set taking away videos costumes prisoners war said man costume monster found returned kuwait legacy influence according researcher months popular successful programs children arab states critics called successful pan arab collaborations creators writers artists middle_east continued trigger nostalgia fans watched 1990s national asserts productions region compare actors children region known roles stated arabic children television popular influential middle_east 1980s offered alternative way learning hardly existed arab world time street previously west inspired flood studies scientific research doctoral masters submitted arab european american universities studies conducted years largely lack government cooperation unsuccessful attempts marred subjects dropping studies invited children arab countries kuwait access program attitudes assessed education social media specialists found viewers benefited watching parents reported children language use ability improved received letters appreciation commended efforts producing studies conducted researching effects young viewers compared relationship viewing behavior certain developmental environmental found status parental education especially mother sex age year school birth order family attitudes influenced frequency viewing article book children muslim middle_east reported study sought evaluate influence baghdad viewers knowledge language general information mathematics science moral principles study found children residing baghdad watched interacted attached characters exposed viewers accents region popular segments contained cartoons songs viewers demonstrated increase understanding knowledge areas especially information social natural environment revival workshop arab bureau education gulf states recognized deep love program felt arab world started talks pre production research preparation like process took bring american version original arab production took years workshop signed agreement bring arab television content suitable new generation children educational initiative sponsored development company investment vehicle government initiative sought old series new vision content suitable children today ceo joint production program produced productions region 1980s considered educational initiative production company media chosen produce company housed united arab version public television supported organizations world representative stated public private sector partnership need support extend communication channels continue producing educational products held design curriculum educational framework attended education media experts attended representatives sponsored joint program production institution basic industries corporation manufacturing company based private corporations sponsored new participants took consideration educational changes occurred region previous years including diverse complicated world need creativity educate young children focused education needs children arab world possible effects return provide educational resources technology children 21st century participants recommended creation advisory council consisting education experts media professionals expanding new media forms including important arab celebrities guests components american curriculum topics chosen included arabic culture heritage school readiness health female education participants decided use like producers original citing greater need expose children arabic language national example stated time arab children increasingly language culture programming nations like united_states india initiatives like help reverse trend new creative director agreed losing language revive language way child learns proper arabic fun way original outreach important new aired characters original toured region young children families road car safety cast crew took break filming months constant live events interact young viewers books dvds cds online material outreach programs children parents teachers produced late writers producers media attended training education production techniques staff american new_york gazette reported pre production march phase auditions took place april according year designing input child development experts cultural casting competitive search performers specializing voice singing movement sent universities theaters cultural centers filmed social media cast arabic speaking performers prior acting experience required egyptian production screened group candidates final cast seven chosen days workshops gazette called master level training robinson workshop new_york according editorial national new version significant encouraged arabs involved filmmaking importantly focused locally relevant arabic language content seek educate present future generations comedian actor writer voice artist involved production chosen perform character version american character addition performed voice characters wrote according entertainment reporter performance sounded similar frank brought role called highlight career lifetime opportunity stated accomplishments field children work jordan including theatre work storytelling dubbing presenting children programmes writing project incorporates genres hat crowns like cherry said cast inspired consider future projects carefully musician fan original created music new version year hiatus september appearing regional stations time launch expected reach million viewers production collaboration education council arab bureau education gulf states media live shows schools fans means facebook youtube channel accounts announced focus regional traditions culture values customs manners characters speaking classical arabic announced loved character man bird returning new run joined new include quick year old girl energy loves express cute special resident provides trademark comic chaos unique perspective world announced working announced actors appearing role educational content directed educational advisory committee representatives arab bureau education gulf states


project project research development project larger manhattan_project build atomic bombs work took place sites ohio working project ultimately responsible creating based begin chain reactions atomic bombs project ran mound laboratories completed work moved project began charles allen thomas recruited manhattan_project role coordinating production work carried sites scientists los laboratory calculated bomb require internal best known sources radioactive thomas undertook produce laboratories ohio project developed techniques lead dioxide ore occurs naturally targets bombarded nuclear ultimately based gun type little boy type fat man bombing hiroshima nagasaki respectively fact classified 1960s george technician manhattan_project special engineering detachment penetrated project spy soviet_union background december world war charles allen thomas chemist director research louis joined national defense research committee deputy chief division responsible explosives like early travelled east richard member james president harvard_university chairman witness demonstration new underwater explosive took opportunity quietly investigate thomas background invited meeting washington brigadier general director wartime manhattan_project responsible building atomic bomb got thomas found present hoping harness thomas industrial expertise benefit project offered post deputy robert director los laboratory new_mexico wish family responsibilities instead accepted role coordinating production work carried los laboratory chicago radiation laboratory berkeley laboratory iowa chemistry los led youthful joseph kennedy los physicist robert proposed instead relying spontaneous chain reaction inside atomic bomb triggered best known sources chosen day half life intense useful long lived thomas took charge development techniques use effort project organization thomas brought key personnel thomas laboratories ohio including james nicholas thomas director project assistant project director laboratory director decided required set recruiting professors graduate students industrial universities laboratories area recruits commenced august experience numbers increased time employees end end end end including members army special engineer detachment locations office space initially found offices nicholas known unit laboratory site found originally constructed house seminary storey brick building built owned board education warehouse leased site october began converting laboratory known unit iii new heating lighting installed windows replaced new laid rooms pair guard houses known buildings added chemical storage shed known building wire fence laboratory activities transferred unit september additional temporary buildings constructed land leased board education housed offices locker rooms physics laboratory laundry new built added portable buildings space running short began negotiations acquire wealthy residential suburb built leisure facility included outdoor swimming pool ballroom court tennis court floor stage community theater showers italian marble half storey garage estate owned company controlled thomas wife family heirs company general motors fortune come large profits world war flew city_council wanted community center thomas appeared council assured damaged disclose intending use proved reluctant sell united_states_army corps engineers condemned property unit february began march production group began moving june guard houses added wire fence changes site order easier restore later located residential area efforts minimize noise rented floors warehouse east street general_electric initially receive store equipment project later fourth floor office space laboratory established fifth floor studies carried effects laboratory animals analysis samples carried minimize danger contamination samples research occurs naturally lead dioxide port hope ontario left removal natural ore known contain estimated lead dioxide contained ton weighs pounds radioactive lead dioxide delivered project november pound batch processed december available experiments week later processes investigated ore tire rubber company patented process lead dissolved acid deposited copper sheets required large scale glass lined equipment available available plant illinois small scale tests unit iii revealed process practical tons lead dioxide sent plant recovered getting copper sheets proved problematic second method attempted process idea simply lead dioxide problem lead dioxide low process work project tried lead mixing lead dioxide acid experiments showed lead heated hours unfortunately process ran problems dust foreign matter presented problems contamination personnel equipment involved method involved lead dioxide mixture concentrated acid hydrogen proved best way separate lead dioxide problems precipitation including iron aluminum tons lead dioxide treated acid produced process proceed pilot stage better source available production produced produced manner manhattan_project development nuclear offered prospect producing large amounts manner metric ton manhattan_project oak ridge tennessee contained vast improvement yields port hope lead dioxide starting june project began receiving powerful site washington major source supply end shipping material contained metric ton dangerous handle safe handling procedures developed purchased american company highest purity produce sent aluminum cans placed inside days shipped unit acid dissolved aluminum formed aluminum solution disposed highly radioactive iron copper aluminum dissolved regia weak acid removed deposited adding resulted concentration repeated regia achieve concentration dissolved platinum main problem process required glass lined containers regia mechanisms safe handling radioactive material project explored alternative methods found efficient safe left los march lead lined carried military regular shipments testing los required anticipated december forced ask thomas ship month project able february thomas agreed increase shipments month june month december project employees allowed eat smoke processing areas hands leaving areas shower end day work subjected weekly tests employees elevated levels allowed processing areas working spreading contamination proved impossible fortunately bone like readily detection methods developed making easy track employee unit contaminated hair combined practice putting bobby mouth resulted having highest count site espionage george drafted army inducted manhattan_project special engineering detachment initially assigned oak ridge job health physics officer gave access plant began passing secrets relating production oak ridge clyde transferred job health physics officer gave wide access secret installation russian president posthumously awarded gold star making hero russian federation work spy russian officials stated bomb prepared recipe provided fact remained classified 1960s calculated theoretically improve efficiency gun type nuclear weapon gave approval march included little boy design testing carried ensure rugged handle transported airplane accidentally dropped eventually inserted bomb bombing hiroshima design fat man bomb dropped nagasaki coded named order increase efficiency explosion large number core fully compressed heart solid sphere centimetres diameter gold coated gold kept alpha particles striking fitted inside parallel grooves cut inner surface grooves converted shock wave jets shattered spheres caused mix outer surface coated gold hot touch fitted inside inch hole center pit cost total cost project end million today dollars post war mound laboratories project assumed importance manhattan_project decided permanent facility original intention operations oak ridge decided site near scientific technical staff wanted tennessee concerns dangers contamination processing site search suitable site began early found ohio miles acre site adjacent state park containing large prehistoric indian burial mound gave mound laboratories commenced construction referred unit firm detroit architects plant built construction design called underground complex withstand direct hit pounds bomb protection biological chemical weapons cost responsibility nuclear weapons production transferred manhattan_project atomic energy commission work continued mound laboratories building completed processing commenced mound laboratories february altogether major buildings constructed total floor space square feet cost million fear attack sabotage laboratory complex ohio acquired atomic energy commission maintained cold standby site decided longer needed closed site cleanup unit continued administrative facility 1980s demolished land sold unit iii theological seminary returned board education original seminary building subsequently demolished structures remain project site listed national register historical places unit deemed contaminated building demolished february ripped taken away feet earth house excavation filled site returned family paid compensation warehouse returned owners department energy succeeded atomic energy commission decided sites warrant inclusion army corps engineers utilized sites action program local community concerned cleanup meet 21st century environmental standards state ohio asked united_states congress army corps engineers conduct review carried review concluded radioactive found warrant inclusion


optical properties carbon materials science optical properties carbon refer specifically absorption carbon methods offer possibility quick non destructive characterization relatively large amounts carbon strong demand characterization industrial point view numerous parameters synthesis changed intentionally unintentionally alter quality shown optical absorption allow quick reliable characterization quality terms non tubular carbon content structure produced structural defects features determine nearly properties optical mechanical electrical properties carbon unique dimensional systems envisioned rolled single sheets precisely rolling different angles resulting different properties diameter typically varies range times length vary times reaching aspect ratio length diameter ratio high material consequently properties carbon relative typical extremely dependent mechanical electrical properties carbon established immediate applications practical use optical properties unclear aforementioned properties potentially useful particular light photo based single produced lab unique feature efficiency relatively low narrow detection light possibility fine tuning structure addition memory devices realised single walled carbon terminology article uses following carbon single wall carbon carbon omitted scientific literature commonly wall exchanged walled electronic structure carbon single wall carbon imagined sheet rolled certain angle respect plane perpendicular tube long axis consequently defined diameter angle angle range degrees pair instead refer equally long unit angles single member carbon ring taking origin carbon number unit considered line drawn carbon carbon unit line drawn carbon carbon upper right corner right draw unit sheet draw unit angle add line representing sum define plane perpendicular long axis connecting end right sum unit origin directly right unit angle right tubes having angle called angle uniquely determine metal band gap tube metallic tube diameter related formula equation magnitude unit situation multi wall complicated properties determined contribution individual shells shells different structures synthesis usually optical properties considered van optical properties carbon derive electronic transitions dimensional density states dos typical feature dimensional crystals dos continuous function energy descends gradually increases spike contrast dimensional materials continuous dos sharp peaks found dimensional materials called van van result following remarkable optical properties carbon optical transitions occur etc states metallic traditionally labeled etc tube unknown etc crossover transitions etc forbidden extremely weak possibly observed cross optical geometry energies van depend structure varying structure tune properties carbon fine tuning demonstrated illumination dispersed optical transitions sharp strong consequently relatively easy having certain detect optical signals individual plot band structure carbon having certain easily calculated theoretical based calculations designed experimental findings plot relates diameter energies diameter range shape branch plot reflects strong dependence properties index diameter example tubes diameter different properties metal optical absorption optical absorption carbon differs absorption conventional materials presence sharp peaks instead absorption threshold followed absorption increase absorption originates electronic transitions energy levels etc transitions relatively sharp identify types note increasing energy similar energies significant overlap occurs absorption overlap avoided mapping measurements instead combination overlapped transitions identifies individual pairs interactions optical lines strongly affects weaker effect optical absorption scattering consequently sample preparation techniques relatively simple optical absorption routinely quality carbon spectrum analyzed terms related peaks background carbon peak originate non carbon contaminated samples recently shown nearly single closely packed van der absorption background attributed free carrier transition originating charge transfer carbon black body ideal black body difficult attain practice especially wide range vertically aligned forests single wall carbon far far infrared forests grown super growth method height factors contribute strong light absorption structures distribution resulted individual compound material formed absorption light trapped forests multiple reflections single walled carbon near infrared light described usually occurs follows electron light transition creating electron hole pair electron hole rapidly relax assisted processes states respectively transition resulting light produced metallic tubes excited resulting optical absorption holes immediately filled available metal produced properties optical absorption scattering tube axis allows monitoring orientation direct microscopic observation quick typically occurs efficiency found low later studies measured higher quantum yields improving structural quality isolation efficiency increased quantum yield reported diameter length gradient increased procedure individual solution range wide vary depending structure apparently single spectrum displays splitting consistent interaction material increase observed multi walled carbon double wall carbon strongly depends preparation method grown inner outer shells produced outer shells isolated lying substrate extremely weak detected studies detachment tubes substrate drastically increases position peaks depends slightly environment air etc shift depends index map shifts changing medium applications characterization purposes measure quantities species sample isolated dispersed appropriate chemical agent reduce measured scanning energies producing map map define pairs unique identify index tube data conventionally identification investigated purposes imaging sensing applications optical properties including efficiency modified organic etc inside tubes efficient energy transfer occurs light efficiently absorbed significant loss transferred potentially optical properties carbon controlled certain inside allows isolation characterization organic molecules unstable ambient conditions example extremely difficult measure strong efficiency close molecules inside completely allowing measurement analysis light excited electron beam process commonly observed screens electron beam finely focused studied material technique widely study defects scale spatial resolution beneficial apply technique carbon reliable sharp peaks certain detected carbon appropriate electrical contacts attached electron hole pairs generated holes contacts subsequent results devices produced single assemblies appears proceed giving distinct peaks corresponding transitions scattering good spatial resolution sensitivity single requires minimal sample preparation consequently probably popular technique carbon characterization scattering tubes equal exciting laser energy scattering modes dominate spectrum discussed similar mapping energy light measurements producing maps maps contain oval shaped features uniquely identifying contrary mapping metallic tubes sensitive requirement laser dedicated strong technical radial breathing mode radial breathing mode corresponds radial expansion frequency depends diameter dependent environment present example individual estimated useful diameter position typical range intensity particularly strong weak second observed double frequency mode mode special form supposedly originating collective vibration bundle mode important mode mode mode corresponds vibrations carbon present like materials band shifted lower frequencies relative split peaks splitting pattern intensity depend tube structure energy lower accuracy compared mode estimate tube diameter tube metallic mode mode present like originates structural defects ratio modes conventionally structural quality carbon high quality ratio significantly higher lower ratio remains unchanged ratio gives idea mode mode misleading given mode usually second strongest mode actually second defect induced mode named intensity stronger mode different selection rules particular mode forbidden ideal requires structural defect providing certain angular momentum induced contrast mode involves self pair require defects position mode depends diameter roughly estimate diameter particular mode double wall carbon unresolved line overtones combination mode frequently seen important considered anti scattering modes observed anti scattering mentioned scattering nature tubes band gap energy similar laser energy excited difference energies band gap individual tubes estimated intensity ratio anti lines estimate relies temperature factor factor focused laser beam measurement locally heat changing overall temperature studied sample scattering carbon large aspect ratio length larger diameter consequently expected classical electromagnetic theory elastic light scattering scattering straight angular dependence spectrum band gaps individual manifestation scattering antenna effect array standing substrate specific angular reflected light depend length


glass fiber glass fiber glass material consisting numerous extremely fine fibers glass history experimented glass fibers mass manufacture glass fiber possible invention finer machine edward exhibited dress world exposition incorporating glass fibers diameter texture silk fibers worn popular stage actress time georgia glass fibers occur naturally hair glass wool product called today invented russell games material thermal building marketed trade trademark glass fiber thermal material specially manufactured bonding agent trap small air cells resulting air filled low density glass wool family products glass fiber roughly comparable mechanical properties fibers carbon fiber strong rigid carbon fiber cheaper significantly glass fibers reinforcing agent products form strong relatively lightweight fiber reinforced composite material called glass reinforced plastic popularly known structural material product contains little air gas dense poorer thermal glass wool fiber formation glass fiber formed thin strands based glass fibers small suitable textile processing technique heating drawing glass fine fibers known use fibers textile applications recent time glass fiber manufactured staple clusters short lengths fiber modern method producing glass wool invention games working illinois glass ohio applied patent new process glass wool commercial production glass fiber illinois glass company glass works joined form corporation companies joined produce promote glass fiber introduced continuous glass fibers major glass fiber producer market today composition common types glass fiber glass glass mainly glass reinforced types glass glass lime glass little glass electrical chemical resistance lime high acid resistance glass lime glass high content glass staple fibers glass glass named low constant glass glass high mechanical requirements reinforcement glass glass high content high strength naming use pure dioxide cooled fused glass true melting point glass fiber worked high temperatures order lower necessary work temperature materials introduced agents components lower melting point ordinary glass lime lime glass crushed ready called glass type glass glass initial electrical application free glass continuous formation makes production world single largest consumer minerals globally susceptible attack poor choice marine applications glass strength high strength important important building aircraft composite substance known glass reinforcement europe glass chemical resistance glass thermal north american variant glass resistant chemical attack found grades blown chemistry basis textile grade glass fibers pure form exists true melting point starts molecules freely glass cooled quickly temperature unable form ordered structure forms groups center oxygen corners form network corners sharing oxygen states glass similar energy levels molecular basis implying form extremely stable order induce heated temperatures long periods time pure perfectly viable glass glass fiber worked high temperatures specific chemical properties needed usual introduce glass form materials lower working temperature materials properties glass beneficial different applications type glass fiber lime glass glass contains resistant new type glass formed glass free glass continuous formation glass makes glass fiber production world particular components differ slightly percentage fall specific range letter originally electrical applications glass stiff high strength use strength important property glass developed resist attack chemicals destroy glass glass north american variant glass glass industry term glass bottles fiber glass resistant glass glass fibers limited water dependent attack dissolve glass surfaces glass actually melt instead point temperature diameter fiber long weight min suspended vertically heated rate minute strain point reached glass point temperature internal stresses reduced acceptable commercial limit minutes marked properties thermal glass fibers useful thermal high ratio surface area weight increased surface area makes susceptible chemical attack trapping air blocks glass fiber good thermal thermal order strength glass usually tested reported virgin fibers manufactured fibers strongest thinner fibers surface resulting glass structure properties fiber fiber humidity important factor strength moisture easily microscopic cracks surface defects contrast carbon fiber glass undergo breaks bending diameter diameter glass important manufacturing success drawing pulling glass reduce fiber relatively low high fiber break drawing low glass form drawing fiber manufacturing processes melting main types glass fiber manufacture main types glass fiber product fiber direct melt process marble process start raw materials solid form materials mixed melted marble process material rolled cooled packaged taken fiber manufacturing facility inserted glass formed fiber direct melt process glass goes directly formation formation plate important machinery making fiber small metal containing fiber formed platinum platinum glass melt natural affinity platinum glass easily ran plate exiting accumulated underside cost tendency wear platinum direct melt process serves collector glass heated slightly glass correct temperature fiber formation marble melt process acts like material major expense fiber glass production design critical number ranges important continuous manufacture thickness walls exit region found reduced today designed minimum thickness exit glass flows forms drop suspended end falls leaves thread attached long correct range fiber formation smaller ring thinner wall exit faster drop form fall away lower tendency wet vertical surface tension glass influences formation glass drawing speed important design slowing speed fiber run speeds designed continuous process continuous process fiber drawn size applied size helps protect fiber wound particular size applied relates end use sizes processing aids fiber affinity certain fiber composite size usually added weight winding takes place min staple fiber process staple fiber production number ways manufacture fiber glass blown heat steam exiting formation machine usually fibers sort mat common process process glass enters rotating spinner force thrown horizontally air jets push vertically applied mat screen cured oven safety glass fiber increased popularity discovery causes cancer subsequent removal products safety glass fiber called question research shows composition material glass fiber fibers cause similar 1970s studies rats found glass diameter greater length potent likewise international agency research cancer found reasonably anticipated american conference governmental industrial hand says insufficient evidence glass fiber group human north american manufacturers association claims glass fiber fundamentally different man instead naturally occurring claim glass fiber lungs remains body life glass fiber claims dangerous structure causes smaller dangerous pieces citing department health human services synthetic fibers fiber glass differ ways provide partial explanations lower synthetic fibers like split form thinner fibers generally markedly biological tissues fibers undergo dissolution transverse study rats found synthetic fibers year fibers persisted longer found glass reinforced plastic glass reinforced plastic composite material fiber reinforced plastic plastic reinforced fine glass fibers like reinforced plastic composite material commonly referred glass form strand mat woven fabric composite materials reinforced concrete materials act overcoming plastic strong loading relatively weak strength glass fibers strong tension tend resist compression combining materials material forces materials uniformly glass specifically placed portions structure experience loads uses uses regular glass fiber include thermal electrical sound high strength resistant reinforce materials tent poles pole vault poles arrows bows translucent panels automobile bodies hockey sticks boat hulls paper medical purposes casts glass fiber extensively making tanks vessels open glass fiber reinforce asphalt pavement non woven glass fiber blend saturated asphalt asphalt producing crack resistant membrane use glass fiber reinforced instead steel shows promise areas avoidance steel desired role recycling glass fiber manufacturing manufacturers glass fiber use recycled glass recycled glass fiber recycled glass


material properties diamond diamond carbon carbon arranged specific type cubic called diamond cubic diamond crystal transparent owing strong bonding diamond hardest naturally occurring material known important structural weaknesses diamond fair good precise strength diamond unknown strength observed high depending crystal orientation diamond carefully considered diamond cutting diamond high index moderate properties cut diamonds brilliance scientists classify diamonds main types according nature defects present trace replacing carbon diamond crystal cases structural defects responsible wide range colors seen diamond diamonds electrical extremely efficient thermal unlike minerals specific gravity diamond crystals small variation diamond diamond crystal structure known ancient greeks proper called adamant diamond hardest known naturally occurring material scoring scale mineral diamond extremely strong owing structure carbon carbon neighbors joined bonds material form structurally identical diamond structure nearly hard diamond currently hypothetical material beta carbon hard harder form shown diamond having grain size harder tougher conventional large diamond crystals perform better material owing use new ultra hard materials diamond testing accurate values known diamond surface perpendicular direction longest diagonal cube pure type diamond value tip sample value tested tip test works properly tip harder material sample tested true value likely somewhat lower precise strength diamond unknown strength observed high depending perfection diamond orientation strength highest crystal direction normal cubic face smaller smallest axis longest cube diagonal diamond smallest material cubic diamonds perfect easy means planes weak directions following faces fewer bonds diamond easily split blunt impact leave smooth surface similarly diamond markedly directional hardest direction diagonal cube face times harder direction plane plane intermediate extremes diamond cutting process relies heavily directional diamond nearly impossible fashion plays helpful role especially large stones cutter wishes remove flawed material produce stone piece rough diamond diamonds diamond cubic crystal system space group consist carbon second form called symmetry found extremely rare forms laboratory synthesis local environment identical structures theoretical considerations expected harder diamond size quality available stones insufficient test hypothesis terms crystal habit diamonds occur formed rounded flattened triangular outline forms include rarely evidence nitrogen play important role formation shaped crystals largest diamonds found diamond diamonds pure type contain little nitrogen faces diamond highly owing triangular shaped growth defects pits present faces diamond fracture step like shell like similar glass irregular diamonds nearly round formation multiple steps faces commonly coated like skin combination stepped faces growth defects produces appearance diamonds distorted crystal faces diamonds found brazil democratic republic occur colored spherical radial masses tiny crystals known important industry lack planes single crystal diamond similar form occurs masses like diamond lacks planes specific gravity varies widely diamonds found brazil venezuela common type industrial grade diamond poorly translucent easily great strong molecular bonding cut diamond edges appear curious effect diamond surface perfection combined property means drop water placed diamond form coherent minerals water spread cover surface similarly diamond unusually meaning oil readily collect diamond surface minerals oil form coherent drops diamond oil spread property exploited use called apply line surface suspect diamond diamond surfaces surface carbon terminate hydrogen surface terminate oxygen radical treatment gases containing appropriate gas temperatures higher change surface property completely naturally occurring diamonds surface half coverage oxygen balance hydrogen behavior moderately allows separation minerals called belt unlike denotes resistance diamond fair good relates ability resist falls impacts diamond perfect easy vulnerable diamond hit ordinary hammer natural diamond measured good compared poor compared engineering materials material geometry diamond contributes resistance diamond plane fragile diamond use attribute stones prior diamond exceptional tougher single crystal diamond deep drilling bits demanding industrial applications particular shapes diamonds prone insurance companies brilliant cut designed specifically reduce likelihood solid foreign crystals commonly present diamond minerals internal feathers compromise structural integrity diamond cut diamonds enhanced improve clarity glass especially fragile glass stand cleaning torch fracture filled diamonds treated pressure resistance called diamond experiments create high pressure environments diamonds able withstand crushing pressures excess million optical properties color causes diamonds occur colors black brown yellow gray white blue orange purple pink red colored diamonds contain defects including structural defects cause coloration theoretically pure diamonds transparent diamonds scientifically classed main types according nature defects present affect light absorption type diamond nitrogen main concentration pairs larger affect diamond color type gem diamonds type diamonds belong cape series named diamond rich region known cape province south_africa deposits largely type nitrogen dispersed crystal isolated sites paired grouped stone intense yellow occasionally brown type rare diamonds belong type represents known natural diamonds synthetic diamond containing nitrogen usually type type diamonds absorb infrared region electromagnetic spectrum characteristic visible absorption spectrum optical properties type diamonds nitrogen pure type diamond colored pink red brown owing structural arising plastic crystal growth diamonds rare gem diamonds constitute large percentage australian diamonds type diamonds account gem diamonds usually blue gray scattered crystal matrix diamonds unlike diamond types electrical properties blue gray diamonds coming australia type type diamonds contain large concentrations defects especially hydrogen nitrogen origin color uncertain type diamonds weakly absorb different region infrared absorption diamond transmit unlike type diamonds differing characteristics visible absorption spectrum certain diamond techniques commonly artificially produce array colors including blue green yellow red black color techniques usually involve including bombardment bombardment piles nuclear electron bombardment van generators high energy particles physically alter diamond crystal knocking carbon place producing color centers depth color penetration depends technique duration cases diamond left radioactive degree diamonds completely natural famous example dresden green diamond natural stones color radiation burns natural alpha particles originating ore form small patches usually deep additionally type diamonds structural repaired high pressure high temperature process removing diamond color diamond described simply means diamond like reflections properly cut diamond index diamond measured light cubic structure diamond high variation index visible spectrum fire cut diamonds fire flashes colors seen transparent stones diamond important optical property jewelry perspective prominence fire seen stone heavily influenced choice diamond cut associated proportions particularly crown height body color fancy unusual diamonds hide fire degree minerals higher difference index blue red light diamond synthetic etc combination extreme wear chemical clever marketing determines exceptional value diamond diamonds exhibit light colors long wave light cape series stones type usually blue stones yellow unique property possible long wave colors green usually brown stones yellow red type diamonds natural diamonds typically little response short wave reverse true synthetic diamonds natural type diamonds blue exposure short wave natural diamonds rays generally bluish white yellowish greenish diamonds particularly canadian diamonds origin colors unclear unique blue type diamonds reliably identified directly electron microscope blue type diamond defects nitrogen bordering vacancy green natural diamond usually center nitrogen separated vacancy synthetic diamond usually originates catalyst figure orange red reasons nitrogen vacancy center present sufficient quantities types diamond type optical absorption cape series diamonds visible absorption spectrum seen direct vision consisting fine line violet line invisible diamond cooled low temperatures associated weaker lines lines labeled optical centers associated defect consisting nitrogen bordering vacancy stones additional bands brown green yellow diamonds band green center accompanied additional weak bands center large complex presumably involving nitrogen type diamonds absorb far red visible absorption spectrum laboratories use machines distinguish natural artificial color enhanced diamonds analyze infrared visible absorption diamonds cooled liquid nitrogen detect tell tale absorption lines normally electrical properties natural blue diamonds replacing carbon diamond good electrical having natural blue blue gray diamonds common diamond australia rich hydrogen diamonds unclear hydrogen actually responsible blue gray color natural blue diamonds containing synthetic diamonds type type diamond films synthesized chemical deposition junctions light produced deposition type type layers diamond produced research purposes sin layers april journal nature reported transition temperature diamond synthesized high temperature high pressure bulk later observed heavily films grown chemical deposition techniques highest reported transition temperature diamond uncommon magnetic properties spin glass state observed diamond potassium unlike host material magnetic measurements revealed distinct behavior essentially different results potassium shows bonding promotes magnetic ordering carbon measurements presented experimental evidence induced spin glass state diamond system thermal unlike electrical diamond good conductor heat strong bonding low scattering thermal natural diamond measured times copper synthetic diamond enriched highest thermal known solid room temperature diamond high thermal manufacture prevent materials lower temperatures better reaches enriched diamond diamond high thermal employ electronic thermal probe distinguish diamonds consist pair battery powered mounted fine copper tip functions heating device measures temperature copper tip stone tested diamond conduct tip thermal energy rapidly produce temperature drop test takes seconds older mineral form introduced alternative diamonds similar thermal thermal stability form carbon diamond air heated absence oxygen flow high purity gas diamond heated surface recovered high pressure diamond heated report published suggests diamond withstand temperatures diamonds carbon crystals form deep earth high temperatures extreme pressures surface air pressure atmosphere diamonds stable decay diamond favorable contrary campaign extending slogan diamond forever diamonds definitely forever owing large energy barrier diamonds decay normal conditions