princes street princes street princess street major street second largest city south island new_zealand runs south southwest kilometres city centre oval sports ground close city southern cemetery north george street continues line princes street north northeast half kilometres princes street straight skirts edge city rise northwest street immediately section road traverses old cutting bell hill princes street developed 1860s boom central gold rush consequently new_zealand historic streets buildings close proximity listed new_zealand historic places trust register originally site city wharf substantial area land east street harbour reclaimed rock removed lowering bell hill separated princes street northern early years settlement years following gold rush princes street heart central business district city main retail area shifted north george street history early years settlement city growth areas reasonably flat land close harbour separated large bell hill area low land northern flat areas surrounded water small river runs city grew swamp drained new city centre hill lowered excavation allow access areas settlement street grid set main road split city centre princes street south george street north city place names names water reflect names places edinburgh settlement early days bell hill proved major obstacle travel south city centre major excavation work carried provide access south cutting hill 1860s hill lowered metres cutting allowed passage transport parts town southern flank hill completely removed area occupied queen gardens stone removed hill construction material city permanent buildings fill reclaim northern end southern edge harbour work added considerable area central city original docks close exchange area princes street metres inland area princes street exchange market reserve frequent source dispute early years european settlement area time harbour traditional landing site captain founder new city wished follow british practice keeping public land town spread area landing site populated settlers visiting relied coastal strip place set southern commissioner crown lands walter noted problem proposed superiors wellington site found erect permanent structures naming princes street preferred site bitter political opponents control early settlement quickly found proposal disputes ownership allocation land dragged decades finally settled courts years following central gold rush 1860s grew rapidly growth centred princes street city early years road notorious rough nature consequence work bell hill led early nickname mud prosperity brought gold rush led boom construction handful years area lower princes street prosperous country prominent grand buildings date period numerous structures area new_zealand historic places trust classification result considerable photographic record early princes street largely thanks presence street studios burton brothers pioneering new_zealand photographers images early photographers published series books photographic historian knight collection photographic works daniel louis entitled princes street notable companies founded headquarters princes street notable general company new_zealand later simply known new_zealand headquarters located princes street route princes street initially rises passes commercial district commonly known crossing outer place descending original cutting bell hill exchange theoretically takes retail businesses line princes street exchange actual number businesses city seen creative heart numerous art galleries video production companies city professional theatre fortune theatre based area place street parts bell hill cutting visible princes street obvious hill found place queen gardens close church princes street notable cutting street metres south street narrows significantly intersection street steps structure listed new_zealand historic places trust rise close princes street street intersection ascending cliff formed result original work bell hill exchange exchange princes street metres south original financial heart city drifted north current location george street princes street contains city older business properties particularly blocks exchange south area lowest street descends remains bell hill area metres inland edge harbour site original landing place settlers ships brought association settlers ships john philip arrived early negotiate harbour set anchor heads settlers ships travelled smaller rowing boat massive area led creation wide strip land occupied commercial premises main rail line original nature site reflected names street water street cross princes street close exchange princes street point location bridge small stream stream diverted underground spring fed stream source water brewery located metres northwest street exchange building exchange takes impressive structure designed william mason post office later occupied university museum building outside open space known square exchange building pulled largely destruction building led changes attitudes change time changes city old buildings met protests building long gone today site buildings location biggest office block john house nearby john plaza named john ships brought association settlers nearby building philip house named ships despite area site prominent victorian buildings notably bank buildings northern end area imposing buildings area include chief post office building proposed site hotel block east house seven storey building regarded construction methods skyscraper john plaza site notable public monuments dedicated city founder captain william monument designed charles robert built originally sited moved exchange exchange time complex intersection busy streets street high street lead state highway queen gardens open park containing city main war memorial close lies settlers museum chinese garden metres east princes street older hill suburbs west streets originally crossed princes street civic planning reduced high street intersection minor road john plaza covers original intersection apart monument plaza contains items public sculpture notably series small brass called sculpted jones unveiled historic places trust blue plaque foot monument marks location salvation army meeting new_zealand held site april exchange lower exchange area immediately south contains notable buildings including notable current public houses hotel provincial hotel foot street empire tavern prince wales hotel hotel immediately opposite post office building imposing structure built designs mason wales empire tavern long history claims oldest pub having continuously licensed recent past closely tied sound music scene 1980s principal venue prior fire 1980s prince wales hotel block princes street noted unusual gimmick upstairs restaurant facilities extensively themed old railway carriages included original vintage pieces rolling stock prince wales later location city restaurants bell pepper blues lower princes street rises slightly exchange dropping flat final kilometre length mix commercial wholesale light industrial properties occasional retail shops street widens thee crest exchange dual point south major junction southern end oval notable buildings found lower princes street area building crown roller mills building particular notable landmark crown roller mills building princes street lies foot manor place close intersection princes street stands edge small area called market reserve opposite edge city main bus depot area european settlers arrived reclaimed host regular market years 1870s market supported eventually folded bus depot located site city workshops market reserve contains children playground edge closes crown roller mills building small monument dedicated workers lost lives work simple memorial erected new_zealand council trade unions site donated city_council end princes street metropolitan club building home natural history new_zealand country leading television production companies opposite lies large recreation reserve despite roughly triangular shape called oval correctly oval oval contains mainly cricket association football pitches rugby hockey oval contains city main war memorials dedicated fallen boer war campaign lies close oval northernmost point close oval major road junctions north end link road connects princes street city way street system state highway anderson bay road major arterial route south peninsula princes street close oval nearby streets annually street circuit temporary inner city motor racing circuit week long southern festival speed southern end oval junction princes street terminating link road south main street king edward street road edge hilly spur join south road northern end suburb road passes southern cemetery oldest arguably historic city main southern cemetery earliest graves contains remains city founding fathers including captain william thomas burns johnny jones cemetery notable large chinese jewish sections transport links section princes street exchange long hub public transport system buses north city largely pass george street south pass southern end princes street hill suburbs arrive stuart street exchange high streets use upper princes street exchange route city early years followed routes demise system 1950s area heart cable system longer lines running slopes city rise high stuart streets heritage new_zealand listed buildings streets new_zealand contain new_zealand historic places trust category category protected buildings princes street buildings include following building princes princes place category known building restaurant main tenant storey building designed completed building distinctive major landmark upper princes street lying block south queen building princes category early small skyscraper storey queen building completed site queen theatre design louis apartments street princes category standing heart 19th century central business district apartments structure originally built tavern hotel building designed robert national bank building princes category designed william australian architect charles building reminiscent buildings melbourne sydney constructed neo baroque style uses sandstone major feature façade completed continuing history building financial institutions building years home vehicle finance company façade old building princes category bank new_zealand building princes princes high category designed venetian renaissance building stands doors national bank building william designed building notable richly carved exterior work louis ceilings interior façade combines styles makes good use port stone compact cream coloured limestone southern cross hotel high high princes category principal hotels southern cross housed impressive building designed louis occupies prominent corner site heart exchange grand hotel building extended considerably occasions history considerably renovated 1980s original features remain southern cross hotel building home casino building princes category william mason building originally major store heart retail district exterior venetian gothic style interior largely redeveloped recent years chief post office building princes category chief post office building easy history designed john governments architects office construction severely delayed great depression originally intended built early 1930s completed impressive structure possibly modelled government architecture vogue united_kingdom era building held main post office branch late 1980s time largely plans forward use including hotel new site city public library offices city_council regional council extensive renovation lower floors began silver farms moving ground floors anchor tenant february subsequently taken gym dance studio long term executive hotel accommodation planned remaining floors hotel princes category built design mason wales hotel remains hotel building reflects followed central gold rush 1860s interior substantially exterior renaissance façade remains largely intact features intricate work mason george notably figures found carved supporting façade windows bank building princes category robert union bank building classical temple form structure partner architect work bank buildings features carved columns building continued bank houses night club building princes category listed manufacturing building princes street building covers large site southern end princes street opposite market reserve monument john plaza listed category numerous buildings structures lie close intersection roads princes street category crown roller mills building manor place category street steps


tasmania town northern tasmania australia kilometres southwest valley highway area port early george town northern tasmania driven lands european settlement land grants 1820s william thomas william sir richard dry led buildings later town april associated hall england naming estate led town believed bequeathed town land agricultural centre sited largely soil near river town population australian born remembered site tasmania started estate town cricket australian rules football teams longer fields teams church buildings presbyterian church opened closed private hands uniting church building modernist design built sits wooden methodist chapel built mary anglican church gothic revival building opened services lands significant church funds donated sir richard dry dry buried church church tower dedicated wife farm primary school oldest agricultural school australia began state school area school surrounding districts school acre farm agriculture features strongly curriculum town 19th century buildings listed register national estate heritage register mill noted possibly extant mill australia horse driven estate estate sir richard dry run tourist attraction hole golf course water supply sourced treatment plant nearby plant opened town received water town serviced passenger rail ceased prior originally main road bypassed section bass highway completed history prior european settlement van land area camping ground port tribe area native people port early george town uncertain tribe separate group near port river port tribe ventured far mainly lived hunted nearer river stone found area encounters natives reports europeans shooting feature area history mythology stephen dry cousin sir richard dry reportedly hill near property known water hole named hole legend mob blacks committed murder property sought refuge party whites heels cried kept diving water safety shot longer seen area driven traditional areas new settlers october year detachments black line reached nearby effort clear van land natives william thomas william sir richard dry important figures early days town owned land town district 1820s sir richard dry father came tasmania irish exile governor colonel william founder spent years government port recognition work retirement granted acres land governor granted land marked foundation settlement elder dry died sir richard inherited lands tasmania totaling acres km2 estate property owned sir richard death east town supposedly word meaning certain william thomas born england distant connection owning hall england spent years army moving van land family retired initially granted acres near adjacent land owned richard dry near called grant near honour town parish hall england built homestead property original building demolished lived area years returning england william builder flour mill granted acres march holdings totaling acres died england estate estate trustee lands sale believed bequeathed village area residents block land containing homestead sold james richardson remainder land sold building town brick church built road road known road called valley highway church built church_of_england services opened built behest sir richard dry davies trustee estate estate land gift church_of_england davies capacity trustee town buildings church_of_england inn built run east family opposite church clad cottages occupied separate families time road muddy land especially near bend cleared dense forest inn opened called country inn james east run earlier inn time inn extensively altered closed hotel late 1980s buildings comprised church inn shop cottage occupied occupied died recently forth built think population increased significantly 1850s people moved village farming properties district doctor practicing area school opened church_of_england paid funds raised local residents year postal service began david appointed july probably operating unofficial post office inn post office officially opened june building demolished building store called day store run wife town gained second hotel hotel remained open years town community organisation formed association regular matches began second church built methodist chapel road husband concerned lack education area early 1860s provided acres land nearby built brick school school house school finished accompanied acre farm rent pay teacher building new church church_of_england built outside mary church completed opened church continued use school prior year construction begun public school room building adjacent room teacher residence school opened town april time number stores boot maker churches schools hotels resident late 1870s town gained addition houses police station engineering works steam mill run family nearby rail line opened station miles 1880s siding added lane passenger platform siding new rail line 1880s post office receiving deliveries weekday saturday electricity reached supplied electric commission prior year unknown street lighting form dim lamps set foot posts lights manually lit extinguished daily mill began operating process locally grown mill river bank miles centre geography demographics sits flat land near river elevation metres sea level land formation largely soils classified australian soil classification system soils date period recent founded remains agricultural centre dairy farming prior world war given way principal crop grown nearby australian census people resident town surrounding area reduced lived town latest census people recorded living dwellings statistical area census record town population valley council notes people predominantly australian born reporting census contrasts tasmania australia town valley council local government area state legislative council electoral division western tiers division state federal houses representatives climate sports sport began tasmania event held june event people including governor tasmania came government railways ran excursion train service event competition called cup long history town recreation ground opened main road local australian rules football club formed matches played private moved recreation ground club successful period association won successive club closed general decline country football tasmania club years widely known player player matthew young cricket team formed 1890s playing similarly football club played adjacent current recreation ground moving new ground ground remains open cricket longer fields team water supply water act passed providing construction water scheme water river streams connected water water scheme residents asking upgrade system seen inadequate council took loans extend system work extension continued connected larger diameter pipes century water supplied 1980s dam allowed selective pumping river improvement water quality water fully treated time time contamination required water notices damaged hot water cylinders restricted supply deposits left water delivery system work began million water treatment work supply water treatment plant opened ben water june supplying filtered treated water religion churches presbyterian presbyterian visiting preacher tasmania services held time methodist chapel regular presbyterian services held likely original church_of_england building late 1870s old church_of_england purchased associated land presbyterian church pounds building demolished construction new church begun site demolition construction presbyterian services held methodist chapel foundation stone laid march time walls nearly complete cement rendering hidden stone location uncertain presbyterian church services held december built nearby church bricks demolished brewery possibly completed cost approximately pounds building designed harry conway architect largely brick building gothic revival architectural style church feet foot intended seat people presbyterian congregation small cause concern future presbyterian church building town opposite original hotel privately owned longer worship methodist uniting church uniting church built adjacent original methodist chapel dates early methodist services held 1840s farmhouse lane local began raising funds church late 1850s land donated george scott cost pounds foot wooden chapel cottage built methodist chapel opened services march uniting church built old methodist church newer building modernist design coloured glass geometric architectural shapes uniting church site listed heritage register june church_of_england anglican building brick church road church_of_england services foundation stone laid january church completed materials opened june built estate funded sir richard dry estate trustee davies completed church parish population growing held meeting consider forming parish dry offered pay minister provide pounds church buildings consequent offer separate parish created church completion later mary church later demolished way presbyterian church church_of_england parish beginnings dry endowed farms farms brought pounds rental income year england trip taken health dry commissioned architect richard carpenter draw plans new church plans modified carpenter agent henry hunter returning tasmania dry donated acres land church hunter responsible designing churches tasmania church dry funded construction funded significant church construction funding came sale original church land built nave aisle brick completed construction church began mary foundation stone laid december ceremony attended dry bishop francis nixon bishop tasmania church structure local walls pillars arches roof great_britain mary built gothic revival architectural style completed opened ceremony november dry asked buried mary death memorial church proposed memorial chosen chancel original church lacked funds raised government backed appeal including donation prince alfred duke edinburgh chancel started quarry church finished august year point church seen incomplete consecrated completion chancel mary consecrated bishop tasmania charles henry august tower added work began prior year building work funded lady dry miss jane mary tower dedicated lady dry miss designed east restored andrew church additions consecrated december mary church houses significant artworks donated lady dry recreation palace rome second 19th century copy purchased italy dry honeymoon restored contains copy east window gift lady dry copy nave houses organ built walker sons ltd london organ essentially original addition electric blowing includes manual seven speaking stops education early education private school opened church_of_england building taking borders day scholars schooling interrupted building school hours marriages religious services william wife donated land built school nearby left fully funded school state education department assumed responsibility building teacher salary students attending building condemned new brick school building built short distance away following direction school times religious services low attendance school closed remaining pupils continued schooling single school farm primary school teaches reception year students school acre commercial farm attached farm varied cattle sheep crops school oldest specifically dedicated agricultural education australia original school building built acres land east town donated sir richard dry building gothic revival form structure interior largely intact original decision 1930s area school single teacher schools local area closed opened area school january curriculum expanded prior years included classes nutrition construction agriculture cooking classes segregated traditional gender roles students closed schools brought bus point rural schools stopped education grade extended teach grade late 1930s school served town surrounding farms buses transport students sheffield area schools tasmania residential school planned buildings added agricultural work expanded sized farm start world war caused building plans cancelled soon reinstated building work began reversal spurred desire accommodate victims blitz particular use school residential boys farm extended acres borders sons servicemen extension land government purchased acres school school widened activities known farm school students education built farm buildings war principle explaining schools philosophy stated acre cow sheep willingly shut children chickens limited spaces suffer consequence schools future provided estates children surrounded natural beautiful things practical work growing food school daily course dinner staff students school farm produce war school received child migrants belgium greece united_kingdom school known state school farm school farm primary school transport rail line near surveyed route decade later railway act passed strongly supported premier tasmania sir richard dry private company western railway company formed build route turned january prince alfred duke edinburgh rail line passed miles south town station built miles distant line opened train passed near february rail line carried passengers daily_mail deliveries western railway soon ran financial problems line closed june company went bankrupt july government took railway government railways october local farmers petitioned additional line properties west construction began new line siding built intersection lane siding farm produce later facilities loading stock added platform waiting room added years passenger trains stopped lane passenger rail service stopped time passenger rail services ceased road called valley highway originally main road west beginning 1990s work began replacement highway bypass towns prospect including road national highway work funded federal government federal transport department announced spend million bypassing new bass highway time vehicles day driving bypass expected new highway passed historic mill site construction federal government funded post construction preservation work mill site local residents concerned impact reduction traffic development committee investigating town centre finally bypassed bass highway bypass opened december public transport school buses operated private coaches companies historic buildings retains 19th century buildings listed closed register national estate heritage register house brick storey georgian era house kilometres town centre construction begun william prior time noted incomplete completed death richardson mill historic site kilometre south centre estate mill land owned department transport acquired construction bass highway site significance possibly extant mill australia horse driven certainly example tasmania mill associated buildings date mill appears converted fit mobile steam mill wheel house original foundations brick walls forming octagonal building design accommodate horses driving mechanism site barn room cottage dairy date mill construction house built sir richard dry probably design richard carpenter built convict labour locally clay bricks american colonial style single storey stone long original estate broken second half 19th century opened tourism premier david october operated golf country club par hole golf course dates early 1990s


tasmania small rural town northern tasmania valley council area town land surrounding rural area granted richard dry 1830s sold farming william constructed chapel near later buildings added time town post office library shops petrol station remain 21st century contracting large civil engineering firm formed james hope significant business town history prominent features brick church adjacent original church building dating community hall large workshop offices contracting town nearby rail service 21st century transport car school bus town small largely australian born aging population houses church uniting church australia offices workshops contracting recreation ground tennis courts towns tennis cricket teams history southern estate estate granted richard dry father richard dry later premier tasmania estate main parts southern section approximately acres including outlying acres modern town lies land section recorded leased william worked acre lot tenant farmer probably leased time acre recorded lands returns records cleared southern estate covered creek valley later town farm later farms acres acre section cleared mid 1850s area settled decades noted fairly populated dry sold land area william named acres section farm farm family run tenant farmers cornwall land ownership actions assisted establishment central village surrounding farming area donated land chapel known chapel time taken village grew church built house locally bricks building extant time built house town modest country store shop chapel town population centre remained farming district buildings near church town substantial buildings brick church original wooden church school cottages late occupied cottages town land purchased local council memorial hall commemorate served world wars built largely volunteer labour working bees hall opened december buildings constructed road town town section road sealed services common rest tasmania longer passenger rail transport passenger rail service stopped service prior rail transport opened late 1870s passenger train april rail line opened regular traffic february transport siding station siding time station master regular stop passengers request train stop flag train town regular transport services coaches private school bus services town buildings house shop shell petrol installed late 1920s outside shop district post office established railway siding station house post office run chapel house main town shop ran building building years store telephone exchange mail exchange petrol station post office closed reopened telephone services reached initially subscribers telephone switching post office connected state electricity system electricity fed electric scheme connected buildings nearby farms august year mid-19th century established shop main road area contracting office site shop irrigation scheme begun provide irrigation water hectares farmland water hydroelectric power station scheme uses dam storage religion methodist circuit established meetings held homes oaks estate purchased land methodist meetings held home home proved cramped religious meetings donated land chapel built year timber feet building pit beams clad split timber opened services december completion total cost pounds wooden church sunday school state school chapel house built church trustees house initially david town school teacher 1860s new church planned original wooden building relocated new church subsequently built site foundation stone laid november year australian church jubilee church brick structure gothic architectural style designed hold people new chapel known opened sunday june cost pounds building fund remainder fund raising donations money building fund year loan methodist chapel 21st century uniting church australia original wooden church building moved extended use community hall kitchen extension added room split replaced 1900s roof replaced iron probably brick church iron interior lining old wooden church covered pine late 1930s building church seven years years meeting room community centre seventy years day sunday school school moved new building old building remained use sunday school sport recreation main street opposite church recreation ground playground maintained valley council recreation ground upgraded toilets replaced newer ones playground equipment installed cricket club began 19th century early record match oaks club minutes date time playing association cricket pavilion built time prior replaced cricket club continued field teams played grade northern cricket association successful years 1960s 1980s tennis club meeting november asphalt laid courts november shed built february tennis club fielded teams newly formed district tennis association lights installed courts tennis club courts tennis club fielded amateur grade team lower divisions school library wooden church area school dual use church school stated local historian likely planned beginning area heavily populated past 21st century large number tenant farmers large families speculated later church probably classes small size wooden school building school grew pupils register church building sunday school school period education department rented church trustees new school built donated land opposite church recreation ground state school opened ceremony august school remained open late end library operating wooden church building patronage library declined markedly 20th century 1930s virtually unused mobile library began calling 1960s time called month service finally ended places current town 21st century consists small cluster buildings road surrounded farming land census total population australian citizens born australia late 20th century town population described somewhat retirement village buildings owned contracting dominate town workshops storey office agriculture land town sits flat gently land base valley soil primarily origin bedrock creek tributary river tasmania flows past creek seasonal drying completely summer irrigation scheme reduced dry periods day creek downstream irrigation use historically highest concentrations stud farms breeding pedigree livestock australia 1950s registered miles town centre poll important breed prime lamb production australia bred stud farmers french family began breeding early 21st century family originally farmed breed 1930s uncommon australia changing meat family breeds border leicester sheep breed uncommon australia family honoured royal agricultural society tasmania involvement sheep industry previous years farm attracted media attention creating crop maze tasmania designed specialist crop design company united_kingdom created attract tourists visitors maze form stylized tiger cut acre field open day held february maze subsequently opened public crop harvested weeks later contracting contracting large civil contracting firm based large workshops storey office dominate town company stood large mid-20th century james hope born tasmania designed built agricultural machinery including jump suitable northwest coast tasmania granted patent improved disc prototypes built moved late began work agricultural service provider workshop company expanded civil construction work world war house manufactured equipment road ready company work negative impacts town electricity installed drew power town supply upgraded sufficient radio frequency interference disrupt radio reception town matter caused complaint added vehicle sales maintenance 1940s expanded purchase acre lot opposite original workshop significant company income late 1940s early 1950s selling vehicle tires company continued expand new workshop opened town ceremony august year company agent david brown agency james partner purchased ton international tractor owned tasmania electric commission company point known sons lack tractor close surrounds jobs tennis courts sons moved large scale earth moving won work irrigation scheme main channel excavation smaller channels 1970s company known contracting launched mix sold concrete created installed concrete panels mix involved general hospital cast concrete bridges line work ceased 1990s significant contracts included building kilometres freeway victoria road upgrade near capital constructing kilometres bypass town road georgetown company completed storey offices town son james wife ran business sold group included long term company employees sold company approximately employees


lord howe island lord howe island local lord howe island irregularly crescent shaped volcanic remnant sea australia new_zealand kilometres directly east mainland port kilometres south west norfolk island long wide area km2 km2 comprises low lying developed island west_coast sandy semi enclosed sheltered coral reef population lives north south dominated forested hills rising highest point island mount lord howe island group comprises islands rocks apart lord howe island notable volcanic ball pyramid kilometres south east howe north lies admiralty group cluster seven small islands reported sighting lord howe island took place february lieutenant henry ball commander armed tender hms supply route bay found settlement norfolk island return journey ball sent party ashore lord howe island claim british possession subsequently port industry permanently settled june declined 1880s saw beginning worldwide export endemic remains key component island economy continuing industry tourism began world war ended lord howe island group state new_south_wales legal purposes regarded unincorporated area administered lord howe island board reports new_south_wales minister environment heritage island standard time zone utc utc daylight saving time applies currency australian dollar commuter provide flights sydney brisbane port records lord howe island group world heritage site global natural significance island virtually untouched forest plants animals found world natural attractions include diversity landscapes variety upper mantle oceanic world southernmost barrier coral reef nesting rich historical cultural heritage lord howe island act established permanent park preserve covering cent island surrounding waters protected region designated lord howe island marine park history european visits appears prior european discovery settlement lord howe island unknown peoples south pacific reported european sighting lord howe island february lieutenant henry ball commander armed tender hms supply oldest smallest fleet ships way bay cargo male female found settlement norfolk island return journey march ball observed ball pyramid sent party ashore lord howe island claim british possession numerous turtles birds captured returned sydney ball named mount balls pyramid main island richard howe earl howe lord admiralty time names island date time year island visited ships fleet hms supply charlotte lady plant animal life recorded journals diaries visitors like david master supply arthur surgeon lady sketches native birds including lord howe white lord howe artists including george john hunter birds soon hunted extinction paintings remaining record years supply returned island times search turtles island visited ships second fleets pacific whale industry born british american ships chasing sperm equator gilbert archipelago south australian new_zealand waters american fleet numbered ships lord howe located region known middle ground noted sperm southern right island subsequently visited government ships sailing new_south_wales norfolk island pacific including american fleet reputation port preceded settlement ships leaving goats pigs island food future visitors july october fleet ships arrived sydney days reconstructed future lucrative industry whale oil new holland australia profitable export 1830s industry shaped lord howe island early history settlement permanent settlement lord howe established june british barque caroline sailing new_zealand commanded captain john landed known beach left men george james bishop unknown employed sydney firm establish supply station men initially provide meat fishing raising pigs goats feral stock landed acquired visiting ship wives boys built area known old settlement supply fresh water garden established west beach society settlers stores water wood vegetables meat fish bird feathers clothes tea sugar tools tobacco available island accepted settlers eventually left island bought september businessmen owen richard later joined john employees settled island trading provisions new business advertised ships trading sydney new island bride small cutter regular trading vessel ships landfall year occasionally closer seven time laying reef children born island bitter failing obtain land lease new_south_wales government abandoned settlement employees remained family finding beach cultivated lord howe red popular southern hemisphere years crop attacked disease people living island long island farms expanded 1850s gold discovered mainland australia crews abandon ships preferring dig gold risk life sea consequence vessels avoided mainland lord howe island experienced increasing trade peaked people living island vegetable crops included potatoes coffee aborted proposals government establish settlement island henry captain hms herald scientific expedition southwest pacific completed island survey board scottish william botanist edinburgh garden john naturalist collected fish plant specimens assistant surgeon zoologist men established basic information geology flora fauna island settlers arrived american barque captained george campbell died jack brian left island thompson brought women called girl named gilbert islands wife died married thompson resident build substantial house 1860s mainland cedar washed beach residents island ancestors blood relations connected marriage thompson second wife island officially designated new_south_wales constitution act scientific expeditions early 1860s declined rapidly increasing use petroleum onset american_civil_war unfortunate consequences island explore alternative means income thompson purchased local vessel trade sydney mainly pigs anchored deep water hole old settlement beach eventually lost sea added island time island visited magistrate aboard investigating possible murder accompanied charles moore director gardens sydney assistant william plant specimens ferdinand gardens melbourne published species ship william surveyor masters australian museum surveyed island findings published population listed people houses built split palm roof sides palm leaves time began trade demise industry months passed vessel calling provisions rotting older families lost interest market ships collected provisions fewer dozen prompted activity mainland government report island submitted surveyor william based visit year suggested coffee grown palm catching world attention island declared forest reserve captain richard armstrong resident government administrator encouraged schools tree planting palm trade north passage built roads managed upset residents john wilson sent mainland april investigate situation wilson team scientists included mines department survey department sydney botanical gardens australian museum government printing office took earliest known photographs island residents account island appeared report visit published lord howe island recommended armstrong replaced population increased considerably included children report recommended appointed study sealed lasting relationship scientific organisations australian museum sydney royal gardens royal gardens company burns started regular shipping service number tourists gradually increased regular tourist run tourism second biggest source external income palm sales europe replaced turn vessels service continues present day island trader service port palm trade began 1880s lowland palm exported britain europe america trade placed firm financial lord howe island palm nursery formed plane appear island francis converted damaged overnight storm repaired assistance took successfully weeks later flight sydney world war tourists arrived engined flying boats flying boat services operating rose bay sydney landing journey taking hours lord howe island airport completed eventually replaced twin engined turbo prop dash aircraft 21st century royal_navy destroyer hms nottingham struck wolf rock reef lord howe island sank recent times tourism increased government new_south_wales increasingly involved issues conservation october supply ship island trader tons fuel ran aground ship refloated high tide loss crew cargo demographics census resident population people number tourists allowed exceed early settlers european american offspring remained island generations residents involved palm industry tourism retail fishing farming observed sundays suspension games labour religious services area known locally church anglican catholic churches religious island anglican religion catholic seventh day equal division sexes population age group holding australian citizenship governance land tenure official control lord howe island lay initially british crown passed new_south_wales lived relatively self regulating community richard armstrong appointed administrator parliament declared island forest reserve result ill feeling eventually removed office returned later year view transit venus present day transit hill removal island administered successive sydney based board formed resident superintendent appointed man lord howe island board control established regulate palm seed industry affairs island sydney present lord howe island board set lord howe island board statutory authority established lord howe island act administer island state new_south_wales reports directly state minister environment heritage responsible care control management island duties include protection world heritage values control development administration crown land including island protected area provision community services infrastructure regulating sustainable tourism lord howe island amendment act gave administrative power members member board board manages lord howe island palm nursery tourism provides island sources external income amendment bill board comprises seven members elected community giving permanent residents high level autonomy remaining members appointed minister represent interests business tourism conservation board meets island months day day affairs island managed board administration permanent staff increased people land tenure issue settlement island residents repeatedly requested title absolute gift cultivated land original settlers granting acre lease richard armstrong drew complaints short term granted appointment board control revoked board given occupancy island lord howe island act land property crown direct descendants granted perpetual blocks acres residential purposes short term special granted larger areas agriculture perpetual special granted amendment act extended political land rights residents years remains active debate concerning proportion residents tenure degree influence board resident relation long term planning visitors issues relating environment global heritage economy trading vegetables meat fish visiting ships ceased 1870s industry collapsed small population lord howe island economy extremely simple external income derived significant sources tourism overseas sale palm seeds palm industry palm seeds king mountain guide surveys sent seed sydney gardens overseas trade began 1880s found endemic island palm grows naturally suited fashionable britain europe united_states assistance mainland magistrate frank needed business sound commercial director company lord howe island palm nursery shareholders included sydney based seed company formation lord howe island board control needed resolve outstanding issues native palm known locally palm houses early settlers popular decorative palm world mild climate island evolved palm tolerate low light dry atmosphere temperatures ideal indoor conditions 1980s sold seed onwards high quality nursery received certification high quality management requirements australian standard seed gathered natural forest plantations collectors descendants original settlers seed soil media sealed atmosphere prevent contamination testing picked washed bare rooted certified packed sealed containers export grow indoors popular hotels world wide nursery profits returned enhance island ecosystem nursery plans expand business include palm native plants special interest tourism lord howe island known geology birds plants marine life popular tourist activities include diving fishing relieve pressure small island environment tourists permitted time island reached plane sydney brisbane hours permanent park preserve declared similar management guidelines national park facilities fewer people island time facilities limited include butcher general store liquor store restaurants post office museum information centre police officer ranger bowling club stores shipped island island trader port small bed hospital small garden displays labelled local plants grounds diesel generated power mainland public transport mobile phone coverage public facilities internet access local radio station newsletter signal tourist accommodation ranges luxury apartments villa units currency australian dollar banks camping facilities island remote area camping permitted protect fragile environment balls pyramid carries remaining wild population endangered howe island stick insect recreational climbing prohibited pets allowed permission board use supplemented bore water showers washing clothes activities distances sites interest short cycling main means transport island tourist activities include golf hole lawn tennis fishing including deep sea game fishing boat trips including glass tours swimming diving popular tenth june island small rocky admiralty group underwater plateau drops metres reveal extensive black growing vertical walls diving sites found ball pyramid away trenches caves volcanic drop offs natural history tours talks guided walks place tracks challenging hour guided mount beaches hand feeding metre long large beach popular walking tracks cover island difficulty graded include north transit hill hours return clear place hours return stevens reserve north bay hours return mount old minutes return hill hours hours return south goat house cave hours return mount hours return rocky run boat harbour intermediate hill minutes return little island minutes return recreational obtain permission lord howe island board geography lord howe island irregularly crescent shaped volcanic remnant southwest pacific_ocean lying sea australia new_zealand island kilometres east mainland port kilometres northeast sydney kilometres norfolk island northeast island long wide area km2 west_coast semi enclosed sheltered coral reef white sand accessible island beaches north south sections island high ground relatively untouched forest south comprising volcanic mountains mount mount rising highest point island mountains separated saddle head valley north population live high points mount area cleared lowland farming housing lord howe island group islands comprises islands rocks apart lord howe island notable pointed rocky ball pyramid metre high eroded volcano south east bird contains known wild population lord howe island stick insect thought extinct north admiralty group cluster seven small islands east_coast bird island rabbit island geological origins lord howe island highly eroded remains million year old shield volcano product lasted half million years chain islands occur western rim shelf lord howe rise long wide extending new_zealand west new consisting continental rocks separated australian plate million years ago form new crust deep basin shelf nearly half size australia gradually submerged breaking away lord howe chain defined coral capped stretching north island including kilometres elizabeth kilometres away reefs elizabeth reefs marine national park reserve chain volcanic peaks probably produced northward movement australian plate stationary oldest formed northerly plate moved northward rate year plate periods volcanic activity produced major features island million years ago produced northern central hills younger highly eroded mount mount produced million years ago successive rock lava flows filled large volcanic crater seen horizontal strata mountain cliffs mount occasionally interspersed vertical lava geological remnants volcanic eruption seen island oldest rocks occur boat harbour ash angular blocks rounded bombs offshore lord howe rise water depths reach falling west rise dimensions rock island stands calculated island eroded original size rocks land foot mountains coral sand blown inland pleistocene years ago cemented layers water rock fossils bird bones eggs land marine extinct endemic turtle thought ancient non swimming relatives south_america crescent island protects coral reef barrier reef southerly world beach sands consisting grains derived granite mainland fragments shell coral algae grains minerals like black green lowland consists soils island continues rapidly expected fully submerged years taking appearance akin elizabeth reefs climate lord howe island subtropical climate climate classification lord howe island humid subtropical climate general summers mild warm rainfall erratic occasionally heavy winter cool rainfall uniform gradual transition summer winter conditions vice versa winds frequent salt laden moderate summer fresh strong winter july month winter months subject frequent strong winds island clear days annually storms occasional cyclones affect island rainfall records maintained north rainfall frequently cloud mountains south wide variation rainfall year year july august months average minimum temperatures frost average maximum temperatures range winter summer humidity averages range year round noticeable warmer summer days cooler winter months flora fauna plants lord howe island distinct terrestrial known lord howe island subtropical forests shares australia new_guinea new half island native plants endemic island unique plants grow mountain height allowed development true cloud forest different best known endemic genus commonly known handsome annual exports provide revenue million providing major industry island apart tourism origin geological terms million years old lord howe island relatively young continent flora fauna island sea carried wind water birds possibly assisted geological time islands exposed enabling island far away sufficient time evolve endemic species high degree emphasised presence endemic genera island plants similar norfolk island islands sharing endemic species example critically endangered species vine combined flora islands closely related new_zealand new australia small clear link plants closest mainland vegetation subtropical south eastern queensland link indicated presence endemic species like wedding lily living relatives occur south_africa flora island relatively untouched large number rare plants endemic island diversity conditions ranging valleys ridges plains mountain tops habitat wide range plant communities analysed mapped species endemic abundant moist environments southern island especially higher parts mount apparent endemic tree genus occur southern mountains communities special plants plant communities classified categories lowland subtropical cloud forest lowland swamp forest coastal cliff vegetation inland offshore island vegetation shoreline beach vegetation disturbed vegetation plants immediately evident visitor remarkable tree trunk aerial roots seen track clear place near beach tree spectacular like prop roots like fruits orange red mature tough leaves occurs damp areas like creek beds fine specimens seen boat harbour track species island noticeable bush lowland trees rocks bearing cream flowers august september prominent flowering plants summer include mountain slopes red flowers mountain rose small yellow flowers orange flowers tree white spikes tree bush large heart shaped leaves heavy rain endemic glowing mushrooms found palm forests signature plants island especially dominate landscape places special economic importance species endemic island occurring dense pure stands proved world wide success indoor plant palm lowland palm seed branches hands palm occurs slightly higher ground directed solitary hands natural hybrids species occur island mature specimen growing island nursery mountain sides higher big mountain palm large golf ball sized fruits little mountain palm marble sized fruits found mountain images native flora animals snakes insects animals plants dangerous daytime sharks beaches birds total different birds recorded island eighteen species land birds breed island migratory species occur island adjacent possible humans close island identified international endemic bird area permanent park preserve important bird area supports entire population lord howe breeding population providence world population species populations endemic subspecies fourteen species breed island red tailed seen large numbers cliffs perform rituals august thousands flesh wedge tailed return island dusk day little island track march november world birds providence performs courtship displays winter breeding extremely island breeding location years breeding colony norfolk island late 19th century small population adjacent island discovered breeding mount roy bell collecting specimens gregory black winged confirmed numbers increased following elimination feral cats island flesh breeds large numbers main island spring autumn chicks harvested food wedge tailed little breed main island surrounding small number species found main island breeding white storm discovery roy bell masked largest breeding lord howe seen nesting sea cliffs bird point year round seen main island middle beaches north bay beach numerous island breeding eggs harvested food common black build nests trees bushes white lay single eggs slight depression tree branch grey lay eggs cliff endemic subspecies lord howe golden lord howe lord howe iconic endemic rail lord howe surviving member genus ancestors fly predators plenty food island ability lost easy prey feral animals 1970s population birds feral animals removed birds raised captivity successfully reintroduced wild population relatively safe stable mammals reptiles amphibians native remains islands large forest bat endemic lord howe long bat known skull presumed extinct possibly result introduction ship rats terrestrial reptiles native island group lord howe island lord howe island rare main island common smaller islands offshore garden tree frog accidentally introduced australian mainland invertebrates lord howe island stick insect disappeared main island soon introduction rats tiny population discovered single slopes ball pyramid successfully bred captivity nearing introduction main island lord howe beetle colourful endemic beetle seen summer months endemic lord howe lord howe affected introduction rats common species endangered captive breeding program way save extinction marine life marine environments near temperate subtropical tropical species derived cool temperate ocean currents winter warm east australian current flows great barrier reef summer fish species recorded endemic tropical main fish new_zealand game fish include giant called species coral occur reefs surrounding islands australian underwater photographer photographed lord howe island species inhabit migrate waters vicinity little biology area known lack studies sighting efforts caused conditions commonly observed species confirmed seasonal yearly residents species observed large showing slow steady numbers annually migrating island lord howe smaller migrating australian continent historically migratory blue fin abundant island waters severely reduced numbers near extinction commercial illegal hunts including mass illegal hunts soviet_union japan 1960s 1970s southern right sperm severely hunted area called middle ground likely seasonal residents island right prefer sheltered shallow bays sperm mainly inhabit deep waters conservation percent lord howe island forests cleared agriculture percent disturbed domestic cattle feral sheep goats pigs result island remains relatively untouched variety plants animals endemic rare threatened species plants terrestrial birds bat invertebrates extinct generic level includes woody tree worm genera shrimp bug cricket lord howe island board instigated extensive biological environmental survey published guided island conservation program lord howe island amendment act proclaimed permanent park preserve north south ends island administration preserve outlined management plan sustainable development island prepared national parks wildlife service ranger stationed island island cited world heritage list offshore environmental assets protected lord howe island marine park consists state marine park managed marine parks authority new_south_wales waters nautical miles island including ball pyramid includes commonwealth marine park extending nautical miles managed federal department environment heritage total marine park covers square kilometres feral animals plants pigs goats released island potential food early 1800s goats destroying shrubs grasses nesting sites pigs eating eggs chicks disturbing land food birds extinct island arrival humans round included lord howe white white red crowned eliminated visitors settlers nineteenth century food protection crops black rats released ships 1840s mice norfolk island black rat accidentally introduced ran aground beach triggered second wave including robust white eye lord howe lord howe lord howe destruction native palm fruits offered rat pig tails popular pursuit subsequent poisoning programs kept populations low lord howe extinct predation competition masked introduced 1920s failed attempt control rat population stray dogs threat harm native wood birds invasive plants lily occur inaccessible areas probably currently managed action taken control spread introduced plants island chiefly ground cherry vine followed tours formation friends lord howe island group programs started remove private properties cultivated areas environmental unit created board includes flora management officer permanent officer mapped program place supported improved education procedures despite large number introduced species harm lord howe native flora fauna feral pigs cats early 2000s goat population reduced animals ongoing efforts control introduced plants july announced australian federal environment minister tony new_south_wales environment minister parker australian governments contribute estimated million cost implementing plan island aerial deployment poison plan local vote considered controversial recovery program restored lord howe numbers close carrying capacity climate change according analysis tim ecosystem lord howe island threatened climate change global warming reefs risk rises water temperature great barrier reef specifically identified risk effects global warming australia analysis applies reefs lord howe island cool climate flora fauna risk rises temperature limited scope migration higher altitudes international conference global artificial climate change solution occurred lord howe island papers published australian journal chemistry fiction rendezvous novel tom ferry isbn virus sci horror film titular computer virus sets course lord howe island seize british intelligence facility control world military


informally called city new_south_wales australia river urban population people state largest inland city important agricultural military transport hub australia midway largest cities australia sydney melbourne major regional centre south west slopes regions central business district focused commercial recreational grid bounded best streets river highway main shopping street street street northern end city valley city problem urban original inhabitants region people charles european explorer visit future site city arrived soon town positioned site ford surveyed village town grew quickly town municipality negotiations leading federation australian colonies contender site capital new nation world war town starting point recruitment march great depression resulting saw centre movement region garrison town world war establishment military base royal_australian_air_force bases forest hill war proclaimed city new suburbs developed south city city amalgamated neighbouring mitchell form city local government area mayor introduced city nickname town small military parade geography eastern end region slopes great dividing range form plain city river great rivers murray basin city centre southern bank protected potential flooding city sits halfway largest cities australia kilometres southwest sydney kilometres northeast melbourne sydney melbourne railway line passing highway australia national highway network passes city way adelaide junction main sydney melbourne route highway kilometres east location major transport routes nation important heavy truck depot number companies including toll holdings major regional centre south west slopes regions providing education health services region extending far west north east upstream plain mid range river valley confined low bedrock hills heavy clay soils large drainage basin small discharge point leave easily leading having problem soil soil urban subject large multi approach prevent reclaim salt affected areas city suburbs location central business district established late 1800s remains focused commercial recreational grid bounded best streets river highway main shopping street street street northern end water focus city centre key element development separation north older south newer parts city centre residential growth higher ground south city centre residential areas north flood prone suburb north university suburb major industrial areas include northern suburb eastern suburb east thomas mitchell surveyor served lord wellington named streets peninsula war veterans climate temperate climate hot dry summers cold winters climate classification city humid subtropical climate albeit having semi arid influence vegetation elevation metres sea level distinct seasons winters cold australian standards mean maximum temperature falling july mean minimum lowest temperature recorded august fog heavy common winter snow rare occurrence contrast summers warm hot mean maximum temperatures ranging hottest temperature record february relative humidity low summer months average clear days annually city recorded maximum country average highest maximum australia proceeded early southeastern australia heat wave recorded consecutive days mean annual rainfall millimetres year rainfall distributed fairly equally months march airport recorded millimetres rain breaking previous time record millimetres set march millimetres rain recorded street city december city recorded year record yearly rainfall recording millimetres history inhabitants region people term derivatives word language thought mean crow create repeat word translates place recognised latin roman catholic diocese latin word crow translations render word sick man man dance slide grind european exploration future site began arrival captain charles expedition river settlers arrived shortly charles establishing run north bank river soon george best establishing run south bank settlers followed initially land illegally colonial government regulated tenure land established licensing scheme years settlers numbers increased greatly local bench place holding petty sessions established beginnings village formed near ford traffic passing area included crude shop hotel post office town marked surveyor thomas scott formally village grew quickly reaching population decade number hotels stores opened professional services form banks doctors published today daily commenced 1860s goods transported markets wagon short time arrival faster cheaper reliable allowed goods transported easily export markets era ended new_south_wales government extended railway line north river march incorporated municipality george chosen mayor gas lighting installed streets north neglected town reservoir established water quality remained problem poor caused horrific town blamed large increase infectious diseases fever 1890s early 1900s council approved scheme main streets free public library opened council began establish park town hall gardens september local residents formed committee construction pile bridge river new_south_wales government refused support type bridge committee decided finance bridge completed october opened october metres long metres wide new_south_wales government purchased bridge demolished bridge called bridge built river bridge served community years august closed public bridge declared safety risk failed bridge demolished increasing prosperity population surrounding district place interest infamous police magistrate henry mad dog morgan captain band arrived district november held people station gang escaped police pursuit captured nearby property police neighbouring arrived region majority residents supported federation australian colonies large prospect free trade colonial borders group residents promoted consideration site future national capital location sydney melbourne ample water supply despite bid lack success referendum residents voted strongly favour federation world war town starting point march series marches conducted new_south_wales war groups recruits march sydney appeal men towns route join enlist australian imperial force recruits left december large crowd accompaniment band included john ryan later won victoria_cross actions battle line march finished recruits war area designated settlement returned soldiers faced difficulties poor land lack farming experience lack access markets walked land years work residential growth continued population residential growth housed higher ground south extending south railway tracks suburb consisting tents crude known tent town developed river providing housing poorer residents electricity provided town electric power available dam result great depression election jack labor party premier new_south_wales sparked formation movement early series rallies organised movement culminating great meeting february meeting called state federal governments alleviate concerns producers district hold referendum determine movement following dismissal recovery regional economy outbreak world war saw royal_australian_air_force bases established forest hill major australian_army camp constructed year later troops training taking characteristics garrison town war grew steadily proclaimed city april suburbs park developed south city 1960s residential growth expanded cover areas lake albert main commercial district moved south street end development mall city_council developed series industrial areas including areas service general industries agricultural processing industries established new industrial estate 1950s defence bases important city army camp reopened recruit training centre role maintains day raaf base forest hill expanded training defence force aircraft technicians series major floods early 1950s city_council protected city area south flood plain construction completed designed provide protection floods levels expected years north initially excluded protection constructed protect village lower standard following pressure community university teachers college established college advanced education relocated site adjacent agricultural college amalgamated college amalgamated college advanced education charles university new_south_wales government forced amalgamation city_council neighbouring mitchell form new city local government area containing square kilometres february city world proclaimed peace city peace monument unveiled corner best street demographics major city largest inland city new_south_wales june urban area home population having grown prior year prior decade growth city phenomenon attracts residents smaller towns region factors include role regional centre hosting major defence establishments charles university campus population reasonably population born outside australia opposed australia households speaking english home home immigrants england residents new_zealand india china south_africa indigenous population census main sources employment include education health defence religion predominantly christian major religious denominations catholic anglican population professed religion falls boundary anglican diocese canberra anglican parishes include john church paul park lake albert community seat roman catholic diocese principal church michael cathedral industry commercial attracts people southwestern new_south_wales shopping facilities major support city people live region shopping centres include notable centres metropolitan standards marketplace mall central business district suburban shopping centres south city shopping centre park lake village shopping centre lake albert shopping centre mall large home base located highway central business district streets surrounding streets offers hundreds retailers including national chains big target country dairy company dairy products based highway supplier dairy products major industries include suburb defence forces australian_army base includes army recruit training centre general members australian_army undertake initial training barracks named world war military commander sir thomas born lake albert australia field marshal following recruit training soldiers trade specific training training establishments australia soldiers club named john australia victoria_cross winner world war born separate royal_australian_air_force raaf base forest hill raaf base administration logistics training base air_force personnel tri service ran army raaf electronic white aircraft black trades school royal australian navy aircraft technicians assigned naval air station based raaf base aircraft maintenance flight trials unit recruit training unit moved raaf edinburgh raaf raaf base home raaf museum education sole provider higher education local campus multi campus charles university located outskirts suburb university established july following enactment charles university act involved merger existing separately administered colleges advanced education including college advanced education time establishment ninth university state inaugural vice chancellor blake time principal college institute collection institute campuses headquarters home campuses primary industries centre north set hectares runs courses agriculture national training centre excellence raaf base provides training support australian defence force program commercial contract largest technical training contract australia addition home secondary schools primary schools government local government city provided city_council city_council area includes outlying towns covering area local government area formed result amalgamation city mitchell council consists elected year term mayor deputy mayor elected year council largest city australian house_of_representatives electorate currently represented michael national party state level city represented new_south_wales legislative assembly liberal party member electoral district transport provides bus services suburbs saturdays services sunday public holidays radio run city taxi ranks station place street street base hospital mall street olympic highway bridge referred locally bridge believed longest continuous span new_south_wales northwest opened july highway passes centre railway station located sydney melbourne railway line twice daily rail services provided state owned passenger rail service airport forest hill scheduled daily flights sydney melbourne operated carriers regional express bringing approximately passengers region year coupled major maintenance base australian airline pilot academy airport busiest regional australia airport owned royal_australian_air_force civil leased city_council sealed runway cater aircraft boeing sport location approximately midway melbourne sydney line contributes high levels participation rugby league rugby union australian rules football town popular sports include soccer cricket tennis lawn local rugby league teams play group rugby league competition include brothers south city group grand final major sport event rugby union teams include agricultural college city southern inland rugby union australian rules football clubs include united park tigers football league east north football league soccer teams include park united lake albert grade competition men cup women cup gold cup said australia second oldest horse race held week effect effect term frequently australian media describe large number elite women originate city speculated phenomenon arise rural areas population large sustain presence large number sporting codes small ensure talented individuals exposed adult level competition earlier age famous include australian rules football wayne carey paul kelly cameron paul bill john matt adam cricket mark taylor michael golf championship winner steve horse racing jockey rugby league peter sterling ben cross brothers chris peter steve rugby union soccer australia women national soccer team representative tennis tony french open champion later coach near commonwealth games gold world champion city instituted sporting hall_of_fame museum dedicated elite surrounding area clock wave clock wave fictional theory reasons sporting success according local urban myth precisely clock arrives giant wave secret nutrient river following release water dams wave said continue river high speed visitors told powerful ride river reaches town recreation culture recreation river forms large sandy beach popular location swimming warmer months beach played host races people encouraged inner sabotage competition throwing rotten eggs flour visitors local residents opportunity warmer months float river area known rocks metres upstream main beach area lake albert parks provide recreational facilities sporting facilities include oasis regional aquatic centre australia wave ball civic theatre forum cinemas provide entertainment venues gardens home music bowl small zoo walk tree chapel hill model railway garden located banks officially opened victory memorial gardens established amidst controversy tribute fought died world war culture main cultural found central civic centre banks includes civic theatre museum regional art gallery city library civic theatre officially opened cost design construction opening theatre subject severe criticism critics lamented destruction rose gardens removed allow construction size orchestra pit seating seats design feature mural considerable refurbishment carried 1990s theatre regarded best regional australia playing host national international touring acts regional art gallery hosts local collections travelling exhibitions space artist residence collection national art glass gallery nationally significant collection studio art glass hosted separate specially designed gallery collection established director regional art gallery response request australia council regional galleries develop specialised collection avoid competition collection consists works making largest studio glass collection australia museum established district historical society city_council took operations late 1990s operates sites historic council chambers site corner streets central hosts travelling exhibitions main site gardens home main collection including sporting hall_of_fame museum important collection memorabilia case including set rare plaster depicting characters trial complete set hard bound court monumental painting entitled trial painted hughes hangs city council chambers jazz festival established featured range australian international musicians established company renamed theatre company australia longest running regional theatre companies runs program events year located banks river owned charles university notable artists performers include poet dame mary featured australian dollar note veteran actor bill yellow sam having replaced original yellow page november fictional creation barry dame said born frank wrote song city calling paradise recorded tom orchestra strong cultural ties international sister cities form program sister cities kansas united_states established germany established china mutually established literary links captured interest writers songwriters years specifically city international notoriety surrounding arthur case attracted visit mark visited australia 1890s addition home number famous australian writers including frank worked journalist city daily newspaper poets mary spike taken double names australian towns presented called australia cases town directly referred content songs novels example song don written australian country music artists champion jim minor hit australian country charts light hearted habit australians refer double named towns examples include harry potter series fantasy novels character claimed defeated book power main character said cousin australia book passages place including judgement billy simple robert novel mud crab partially set media regional centre south west slopes home number regional media outlets win television air half hour local news programs presented studios canberra respectively reporters camera crews services based city win bulletin included coverage area addition southern cross runs small sales office airs short local news updates canberra studios day city receives abc free air national television networks abc news television networks commercial networks digital channels gem win southern cross local radio stations broadcasting include abc radio commercial station radio commercial station star radio reading service radio local stations include christian radio station life community station abc national stations radio national triple abc classic network radio broadcast daily published monday friday sister publication weekend service surrounding region newspaper established wealthy local george jones thomas printed december editor frank oxford graduate originally printed weekly tri weekly finally daily december newspaper reduced size tabloid format leader local free community newspaper launched notable people helen liberal party senator new_south_wales ceo paul kelly australian rules medal winner captain sydney seasons bill australian actor star bbc radio comedy half hour arthur late 19th century sam member children musical group william monks architect steve rugby league player dame satirical figure tony french open tennis champion peter sterling rugby league player commentator rugby union player rugby league player mark taylor cricket australian captain dancing stars professional dancer british musician david stewart confirmed famous music duo formed


western_australia northeastern rural suburb perth capital city western_australia located perth central business district alexander drive road city swan local government area suburb covered native forest small community based street drug rehabilitation retreat located road suburb northeast perth international telecommunications centre facility based suburb northwest geography kilometres north perth central business district residential suburb covers approximately square kilometres borders road north alexander drive west road east hepburn avenue south public road street enters locality suburb area owned western australian planning commission known west park march contains square kilometres significant remaining sections general rural city swan rural plan located known mound major supplier scheme perth metropolitan area area classified underground water pollution control area water authority act priority drinking water source department water survey soils area april indicated soil located sand soil association white sand mineral retention capability vegetation mainly low woodland forests scattered community community consisting units set hectares existed designed different groups western australian government perceived having difficulty surviving homeless families moved homes october corporation registered incorporated march councils associations act lands trust community housing managed state department housing local programs maintenance managed corporation funded federal state governments alleged problems discussion local media alleged problems community australian reported residents unemployed public transport despite years state government management access jobs shops education health services article noted residents walk dangerously busy road bush track reach shop bus stop nearest primary school away derelict homes community refurbished training scheme assist young community members gain skills community claimed funding available month periods making run years impossible offer review report community identified issues land general rural effectively prohibiting residential development illegal dumping concrete demolition rubble refuse near community series articles west australian newspaper claimed gun violence threats women children social problems widespread similar camps street brook reported residents criticism community long time manager ivy reporting government select committee operation reserves later year director defended best long time run place involved families dysfunctional normal community tendency system ask said department legitimately ambivalent future camp press report australian newspaper august noted passing suggested following withdrawal funding federal government provided corporation income state department housing works intended close camp relocate families resident village better housing suburban perth mention community department housing works website mention impending action perth international telecommunications centre acre site originally home radio station overseas telecommunications commission entities later merged formed telecommunications company government agencies refer site location july international meeting agreed construct cable singapore perth spanning kilometres nmi connecting cable systems malaysia philippines middle_east eastern_europe perth international centre commenced operations november day handles large percentage satellite communications recent debate community state federal residential development near previously isolated site maintained years surrounding land residential development occur mid-1990s onwards members parliament area tried resolve issue behalf neighbouring landowners residents developed section complained facility interfered domestic october planning commission presented metropolitan region scheme amendment western australian parliament approved took effect april amendment area known east west alexander drive rural urban august city_council local government area responsible submitted corresponding changes district plan approval unknown time eventually relocate medium long term result facilities house residential program house trading arm council inc non government profit organisation treatment drug alcohol based north perth operate facilities road established centre community residents spend weeks followed week community entry skills development program women program residential village women affected addictive behaviour children residents spend minimum months receive assistance entry general community transport served public transport nearest stop avenue walk community regional