alpine skiing classification alpine skiing classification classification system alpine skiing designed ensure fair competition alpine different types disabilities classifications grouped general disability types standing blind sitting classification governance handled international paralympic committee alpine skiing prior sport governing bodies dealt classification including international sports organization disabled international games federation international blind sports federation cerebral international sports recreation association classification systems governed bodies international paralympic committee alpine skiing special olympics sport open competitors visual physical disability open people intellectual disabilities classification systems alpine skiing developed scandinavia 1960s early systems designed time equipment developed allow participation spinal cord injuries goal early classification systems functional ended medical classification systems winter paralympics classifications sport 1980s classification existed cerebral time inspiration wheelchair basketball classification efforts classification functional system classes existed 1980s efforts improve efficiency classification reducing number classes fewer medals rewarded competition rules classes use rules set modified rules created international ski federation visual guides assist course standing different class rules determine sort equipment allowed competition pole poles poles sit use specially designed ski called ski classified based medical assessment body position ski blind evaluated purely medical assessment definition alpine skiing classification system ensures fair competition sport according functional mobility vision classification based mobility use device people cerebral classifications covered skiing classifications compete standing use equipment blind classifications based medical classification functional classification classifications skiing stands winter sit ski classifications classification competitors cerebral difficult levels change race progresses standing classifications gradient severe severe sit skiing classifications grouped severe severe vision impaired classifications classifications based gradient severe severe having vision level vision research central institute employment abilities handicapped moscow found differences functional capabilities based differences visual plays significant role skiing international alpine skiing said athletes try cheat hide athletes want class testing classification don try able movement started functional testing goes second problem good athlete trained sport don want punish person good performance elite athlete good sport performance tempted class try fewer classes don example gold medals alpine sports try review classes borderline classes difficult winter aim classes like sitting standing blind certainly future looking governance alpine skiing governed international paralympic committee alpine skiing sport early history international sports organization disabled founded governed sport governing bodies handling classification international games federation charge classification athletes spinal cord related disabilities international blind sports federation created took governance visual merged changed international wheelchair sports federation cerebral international sports recreation association interest sport open people cerebral governed rules sport approval classification rules governing sport including classification set handbook united_states sport governed disabled sports usa functional mobility governed united_states association blind athletes vision special olympics sport classification people intellectual disabilities eligibility sport open competitors visual physical disability open people intellectual disabilities cerebral international sports recreation association set eligibility rules classification sport defined cerebral non progressive brain results people cerebral non progressive brain damage eligible classification organisation dealt classification people similar classification system people eligible medical evidence motor people cerebral eligible provided condition interfere ability compete people strokes eligible classification following medical clearance competitors multiple muscular eligible classification eligible classification international sports organisation disabled games les sport open competitors intellectual disabilities history earliest classification systems sport developed scandinavia classification winter sport started medical moving functional system original classification system classification based type determined medical expert classes disability eligible compete 1970s equipment developed spinal injuries classification system fully developed sport going winter paralympic games winter paralympics organisers difference opinion paralympic games founder wanted functional classification medical classification system onset largely succeeded system ended developed sweden based equipment utilised instead true functional classification system winter paralympics time classifications spinal cord injury classifications competed paralympic games classifications alpine skiing athlete austria spinal disability result competed alpine event able ski standing position competed classification cerebral competitors alpine skiing cerebral international sports recreation association classification classification system designed track events cerebral classifications 1980s sit ski classes classes 1980s formally skiing classification system intellectual disability alpine skiing classes exist special olympics movement organisations governing classification sport included swedish swiss austrian richard began develop classification system skiing classification system use competition prior classification assessment process generally involved medical exam determine classification change winter disability sport classification formal functional classification system happened quickly result changes wheelchair basketball classification started sit skiing included paralympic programme norway worked change added sit skiing classifications world championships medical classification functional classification system taking place 1990s vision impaired cerebral classifications representing standing classifications ones eligible paralympics prior winter paralympics sit ski classifications added vision impaired classifications winter paralympics winter paralympics games bob richard ann von games vision classifications roman fourteen classifications sport sit skiing seven standing vision system competitors class classes combined modified winter paralympics grouped categories based functional ability vision impaired standing sitting classes exist groups different classes having results based average historical performances inside classification debate inclusion competitors able bodied competitions seen disability sport advocates like development independent classification system based rules able bodied sport time sport administrators trying disability skiing able bodied competitions like olympics efforts ended international paralympic committee tried identity largely ceased efforts inclusion disability sport olympic programme sport sports people disabilities likely participate 1990s 1990s conversations disabled athletes competing disability winter sport instead competing able bodied competitors time people including vice president entertained discussions blind classifications combined single class like disabilities sports medical component classification assessment group classification system utilized realistic handicap competition time paralympics decision use limit medals groups skiing sports assembly october order limit number potential medals offered implemented immediately paralympic games world championships system criticized relies historical data individual skiing competitors inside class taking account conditions slow temperature visibility precipitation going forward disability sport major classification body international paralympic committee working improving classification evidence based system opposed performance based system punish elite athletes performance makes appear higher class alongside competitors train sports classifications exist visual disabilities vision impaired generally follow rules sighted laid international ski federation major difference group follow sighted guides vocal directions ski guide generally order maximize ability hear guide guide tells things like weight shifted elements coming course position maximize diagonal run course guides position differently vision means things guide assists different required sight standing generally follow rules sighted laid international ski federation wear use modified length ski poles use ski pole called small ski end use poles ski use ski poles use poles use poles use ski pole sit generally follow rules sighted laid international ski federation use ski specially fitted chair attached single ski use poles aid balance called wheelchair users classified sit classifications combined event fewer competitors single class classes combined percentage system determine winner race canadian paralympic committee explains works following example athlete classified factor finishes race minute final race time seconds athlete classified factor finishes race minute seconds final race time seconds athlete wins athlete completed race fastest winner gold medalist process general classification alpine looks equipment utilized body position ski sit wheelchair group assessed based muscle strength level spinal cord injury visual classification handled international blind sports association tested based medical classification australian competitors sport sport classification managed national sport federation support australian paralympic committee types classification available australian competitors provisional national international club level competitions second state national competitions international competitions paralympic games sport introduced winter paralympics games giant exhibition event classified winter paralympics disability types eligible participate classification run international paralympic committee classification based blind sitting disability types downhill open classification super blind event event giant open blind classes open classification winter paralympics blind followed sit skiing classified standing classes skiing going games classification recorded chief february chief requiring submit amendments march list sent national paralympic committees april ability send amendments august list lists reviewed august final master list classifications sent september january sent classification evaluation schedule winter paralympics events combined events men women downhill standing classes men women downhill sitting classes men women downhill vision impaired classes super combined men women standing event men women sitting classes men women vision impaired classes


alpine standing skiing sport class classification defined international paralympic committee people upper lower limb function problems includes cerebral classified people international skiing competitions classification alpine skiing skiing national federation alpine canada handles classification domestic competitions classification separated including alpine classification choice ski poles wish user type ski poles wish utilize skiing use option use ski poles type ski pole use requires techniques use broad range disabilities class different skiing techniques learned competitors missing arm use technique lateral balance issues resulting missing arm cerebral introduction ski poles delayed system sport allow different classes compete individual competitors class competition alpine ski season giant super downhill giant super downhill skiing percentage ski season classic free classification competed separate events paralympics world championships 1990s changed 2000s classification include australian james french definition standing classification alpine skiing stands winter standing classification people upper lower limb function problems classification open cerebral similar condition long affects leg arm international paralympic committee defined classification alpine competitors typically having upper limb lower limb skiing equipment choice classification july world cup technical meeting alpine skiing class subdivided classes order improve range disabilities found class time australian paralympic committee described classification standing skiing classification poles combination disability arm leg skiing defines class combination upper lower class eligible based relevant upper lower body disability cross country canada described classification combination upper lower arm leg meeting criteria cerebral presents similar way cerebral affecting arm leg international alpine skiing competitions classification alpine skiing national federation alpine canada handles classification domestic competitions skiing events classification handled skiing technical committee international level national sports federation cross country canada country country level assessed classification number things considered including reviewing medical history medical information disability having physical person assessment training competing people upper issues knee similar problem issues includes people classes severe includes people incomplete use fingers defined american college sports medicine involvement walk run good function unaffected damage brain results body upper issue knee comparable disability includes people classes slight moderate equipment alpine classification choice ski poles wish use type ski poles wish utilize include rules rules governing ski boots enforced class different requirements rules apply equipment able bodied competitors knee class ski boot prosthetic leg built skiing use option use ski poles types skiing competitors use slightly longer able bodied fitted based height hip joint standing learning ski class cerebral use ski slant boards toe boards athletes use rifle support shooting technique stop technique involves bringing raised position pushing rotate arms changes location ski snow missing arm use technique lateral balance issues resulting missing arm knee better ability complete turns opposite trained use sides body equally likely fall cross skiing techniques class called track method developed american training system skills learned technique walk ski learn ankle knee hip allows determine centre gravity taught hop turn order understand arm leg coordination technique stationary competition skill learns fall skill learned climbing gentle terrain followed learning straight run learning stop learns ski lift followed learning traverse fall line teaches maintain ski edge skills taught including beginning turns parallel turns short swings teaching cerebral instructors encouraged delay introduction ski poles use ski bra encouraged helps learn correct knee hip placement method learning ski competitors cerebral classification american teaching system thing learn equipment learn positioning body standing position flat terrain learns step fall learns straight run taught chair lift followed learning wedge turns weight transfers wedge turns wide track parallel turns use ski poles advanced parallel turns paralympic athletes shoot prone position sport system sport allow different classes compete individual competitors class competition system works having number class based functional mobility vision levels results calculated finish time number resulting number determine winner events factor system skiing season percentage classic technique percentage free percentage ski seasons classic free technique alpine skiing classification skiing season giant super downhill alpine ski season giant super downhill giant super downhill skiing percentage ski season classic free alpine events classification grouped standing classes seeded start visually impaired classes sitting classes giant downhill super super combined group competes visually impaired classes sitting classes alpine events required ski poles equivalent equipment planted snow starting position start race cross country events classification grouped standing classes advises event organisers run men standing ski group blind men group blind women group women standing classes advised competition use limb ski competitive advantage gain speed balance putting snow rules state disqualified event events classification competed separate events paralympics world championships 1990s changed 2000s winter paralympics events classification included downhill giant grouped medal events alpine disabled alpine world championships austria medals awarded class grouped winter paralympics featured events games class winter paralympics alpine skiing grouped men downhill giant super events women alpine programme grouped downhill super events grouped giant events world championships classified women downhill event skiing world championships class grouped standing skiing classifications cross country class eligible compete men women individual race men women classification grouped standing classes race shooting stages race shooting stages world championships women men class standing downhill event competitors classification include australian james french new winter


cross country skiing cross country skiing form skiing rely snow covered terrain ski lifts forms assistance cross country skiing widely practised sport recreational activity use means transportation variants cross country skiing adapted range terrain spans mountainous terrain courses specifically designed sport modern cross country skiing similar original form skiing skiing disciplines evolved including alpine skiing ski jumping skiing propel forward classic style skating motion skiing aided arms pushing ski poles snow practised regions snow covered landscapes including northern europe canada russia regions united_states competitive cross country skiing skiing sports cross country skiing rifle components ski form cross country skiing includes map navigation snow trails tracks history word ski comes old norse word means stick wood skiing started technique traveling cross country snow starting ago beginnings scandinavia practised early bce china early historical evidence includes description people translated ski running argues people practiced skiing years evidenced old word skiing saga describes king good practice sending tax collectors law stated shall disturbed private land cross country skiing evolved means transportation world wide recreational activity sport branched forms skiing starting early long pole spear addition depiction ski poles dates traditional snow travel norway 1800s comprised short ski natural fur traction surface long longer allowing propel motion combination long history people produced finland longest recorded ski norway transportation ski warfare use ski equipped troops war recorded danish historian 13th century reportedly able cover distances comparable light cavalry garrison trondheim danish norwegian army included specialized skiing battalions details military ski exercises record military exercises french traveller recorded visit norway travel diary norwegian immigrants norwegian midwest norwegian immigrant thompson transported mail skiing sierra nevada california nevada norwegian explorer team crossed greenland norwegian workers buenos_aires railway line introduced skiing south_america south pole expedition norwegian consul imported ski equipment introduced skiing japanese motivated death japanese soldiers snow storm sport norwegian skiing regiments organized military skiing contests 18th century divided classes shooting target skiing speed downhill racing trees downhill racing large slopes falling long racing flat ground early record public ski competition occurred norwegian refers competitive skiing goal complete specific distance tracks shortest possible time norway ski touring competitions norwegian long distance cross country competitions open public competition usually age intervals new technique skiing experimented early 20th century widely adopted 1980s skating technique world championship earliest recorded use skating competitive cross country skiing technique later ski 1960s roads firm surfaces widespread 1980s success bill usa cross country skiing championships drew attention skating style norwegian started technique found faster classic style finnish developed sided variant style 1970s leaving ski track skating endurance events known marathon terminology ski originates norwegian language unlike english skiing corresponding norwegian instance describes crossing greenland ski literally greenland english edition report titled crossing greenland referred activity traversing snow norwegian term english translation translated ski running forms skiing noted ski jumping purely competitive sport noted competitions required skill turning ski given marks speed steep hill regarded forms jumping special arts believed important branch skiing travel ordinary way country germany greenland report published literally greenland german term supplanted borrowed norwegian word ski late 19th century norwegian encyclopedia sports uses term literally ski running forms skiing word german sense norwegian modern norwegian variety terms refer cross country skiing including ski literally walk general term self propelled skiing ski literally hiking refers ski touring recreation literally long competition refers cross country ski racing contrast alpine skiing referred ski literally stand recreation recreational cross country skiing includes ski touring trail skiing typically resorts accessible form recreation persons vision mobility related form recreation dog winter sport cross country assisted dogs ski touring ski touring takes place outside ski resorts tours extend multiple days typically boots allow free movement heel enable walking pace disciplines unlike alpine skiing ski touring ski involves independently navigating route finding potential terrain requires familiarity skiing skills ski touring faster easier summer hiking terrain allowing traverses harder summer access alpine climbing routes snow technical route covers hiking trail countries organizations maintain network use cross country example norwegian association maintains stretching thousands kilometres trails use summer winter trail skiing trail skiing occurs facilities oslo royal gorge cross country ski resort park quebec trails laid classic skiing track setting classic technique requires specialized equipment techniques adapt condition snow trail preparation employs snow machines tow snow track setting devices adapt equipment condition snow crystal structure temperature degree moisture content etc depending initial condition snow achieve increase density new fallen snow decrease density snow cross country ski facilities incorporate course design meets standards organizations international olympic committee international ski federation national standards standards address course distances degree difficulty elevation difference downhill plus factors facilities night time lighting select trails called light trails norwegian electric light trails swedish opened trondheim competition cross country ski competition encompasses variety formats races courses varying lengths according rules sanctioned international ski federation national organizations ski association cross country ski canada encompasses cross country ski marathon events sanctioned ski federation cross country ski events sanctioned international federation paralympic cross country skiing sanctioned international paralympic committee sanctioned competition world ski championships held numbers types events men women world championships held year including winter olympic games world war world championships held years world championships held odd numbered years notable cross country ski competitions include winter olympics world ski championships world cup events including sanctioned competition cross country ski races distances greater kilometers cup series ski classics started race classic free style skating events depending rules race notable ski include sweden norway switzerland american tour anchorage anchorage alaska held quebec canada combines cross country skiing rifle shooting depending shooting performance extra distance time added contestant total running distance time shooting round hit targets receives penalty missed target varies according competition rules ski form cross country skiing competition requires navigation landscape making optimal route choices racing speeds standard maps special green trails tracks indicate snow symbols indicate roads snow covered clear standard skiing equipment map holder attached chest disciplines recognized international federation upper body strength especially important frequent double narrow snow trails paralympic cross country ski competition adaptation cross country skiing athletes disabilities paralympic cross country skiing includes standing events sitting events wheelchair users events visually impaired athletes rules international paralympic committee divided categories people missing limbs blind physical disability continue sport techniques cross country skiing basic propulsion techniques apply different surfaces classic snow tracked snow skiing firm smooth snow surfaces classic technique relies wax texture ski foot traction snow allow slide ski forward virgin tracked snow skiing technique alternating firm snow surface angle manner similar ice skating techniques employ poles allow arms participate propulsion specialized equipment adapted technique type terrain variety turns descending poles simultaneously double alternating classic alternating technique common diagonal stride skating technique double poles common classic classic style prepared trails pairs parallel grooves tracks cut snow usual technique tracks prepared technique ski pushed forward stationary ski motion alternating foot foot diagonal stride variant poles planted alternately opposite forward foot kick double pole variant poles planted simultaneously stride times especially gentle double sole means propulsion terrain techniques include step steep slopes moving perpendicular fall line moderate slopes takes alternating steps gentle slopes uses diagonal technique shorter greater arm force poles skiing skiing provides propulsion smooth firm snow surface pushing alternating away angle manner similar ice skating skiing usually involves coordinated use poles upper body add impetus double pole plant time ski extended temporarily dominant double pole plant time ski extended climb hills techniques widening angle making frequent shorter forceful use poles variant technique marathon leaves ski track skating ski turns turns descending braking include wedge turn stem wedge parallel turn turn step turn maintaining speed track flats equipment equipment comprises poles boots vary according technique classic terrain vary trails wilderness performance level recreational use competition elite level cross country lighter narrower alpine skiing ski bottoms designed provide surface classic traction zone foot base surface plastic material designed minimize friction cases accept wax tails tips classic length types type ski sized designed differently length affects affects pressure snow beneath feet cut affects ease turning width affects forward friction overall area snow affects bearing capacity tip geometry affects ability penetrate new snow stay track following ski types different combination attributes classic designed skiing tracks adult recommended lengths centimetres approximately height traction comes grip zone bearing weight engages gripping surface grip wax accordingly classified recreational generally require little attention adapted casual use prepared correctly provide better grip weight distributed ski pressure grip zone snow promotes bearing remaining area ski zone test piece paper foot standing flat hard surface paper pinned grip zone ski weight placed slide freely weight bearing equally designed skiing surfaces recommended lengths centimetres height adult entire ski zone prepared maximum traction comes pushing away edge previous ski ski country designed ski touring natural snow conditions recommended lengths centimeters adult depending height weight user country typically heavier wider classic metal edges better grip hard snow greater helps turns geometry country ski depends purpose suited forested areas loose powder shorter wider selected open exposed areas snow prevail promotes turning forest rugged terrain width short length aid turning loose deep snow longer narrower rigid sharp edges suited snow wind freeze touring ski design represent general purpose compromise different ski conditions plus acceptable use tracks traction come grip zone classic ski skins applied ski long steep hairs mechanical texture prevents sliding backwards surface enhance speed surface applied ski ski classes wax available depending level desired performance higher performance coming higher cost based common recreational use race comprise combination decrease surface tension surface area water ski snow increasing speed ski specific conditions combined wax applied spray powder block form significantly improve ski widely cross country ski races traction surface designed classic technique track virgin snow rely traction zone called grip zone kick zone comes texture designed slide forward backwards built grip zone applied devices climbing skins grip grip classified according harder colder newer snow incorrect choice grip wax snow conditions encountered cause ski wax hard conditions snow sticking grip zone wax soft conditions grip generate grip interacting snow crystals vary temperature age hard grip don work snow having coarse grains wet conditions opt substance called boots ski boots attached ski toe leaving heel free depending application boots lightweight performance skiing heavier supportive country skiing connect boot ski primary groups binding systems cross country skiing descending order importance standardized system boots integrated connection typically bar end sole boot platform boot rests families standards prevail new norm system systems variants skiing surfaces country systems common type binding pin boot gripping system comprises correspond holes sole boot toe primarily country skiing cable cable free moving heel keeps toe boot pushed boot gripping section primarily country skiing poles ski poles balance propulsion modern cross country ski poles aluminium reinforced plastic carbon depending weight cost performance parameters wood bamboo feature foot called basket near end shaft provides pushing platform makes contact snow vary size according expected snow racing poles feature smaller lighter recreational poles poles designed skating longer designed classic skiing traditional skiing 1800s single pole cross country downhill single pole longer stronger poles pairs competitive cross country poles pairs introduced gallery


ski jumping hill complex located norway centerpiece consisted large hill construction point meters addition smaller hills venue opened having cost slightly million norwegian nok significant cost hosted norwegian championships ski jumping world cup hill record meters set tom planned venue winter olympics lack infrastructure new built instead closed history old hill closed spent time deciding build new venue considered locations eventually chosen municipal council passed plans original cost estimate nok hill opened having cost nok million built addition large hill consisted smaller training hills hills owned construction controversial general public politicians chief administration doubted recommend construction original plans called large normal hill lack funding meant normal hill built meaning number competitions hill severely limited cost largely created errors plans estimated little fill blasting cut costs system taken plans venue evenings limiting time venue concern locals able jump large hill politicians stated money spent instead indoor hall trial jump jan credited hill record meters bids winter olympics proposed site ski jumping awarded olympics year later plans use abandoned venue regarded unsuitable instance nok million spent building new access road addition new water sewer system new stands participant facilities normal hill built available space limited organizers saw ski stadium close ski jumping hills events hill tournaments cancelled wind snow conditions tournaments included norwegian championships norwegian champions ski jumping world cup race held march saw win ahead event drew spectators world cup race incurred large loss organizers covering half nok cost host hill record set tom reached meters final race scheduled junior norwegian championships canceled lack snow


june june born incorrectly referred nelson norwegian born canadian ski later ski jumping organizer world best ski 1920s held world record meters born moved family british_columbia quickly town best ski making debut town big hill competed canada united_states canadian champion times despite holding world record time allowed participate winter olympics officials find suitable work way switzerland worked canadian pacific railway moved north vancouver british_columbia raised family lost hand hunting accident forced retire ski continued organizer things president western canada amateur ski association later vice president canadian amateur ski association big hill expanded renamed hill inscribed national ski hall_of_fame canadian ski hall_of_fame early personal life born norwegian family june oldest children child active ski ski jumps located area family emigrated big near canada brother champion ski things boy world champion chose known supreme style better known length married emma children brief period ski instructor worked conductor canadian pacific railway flexibility participate tournaments moved north vancouver raised family athletic career won home town winter carnival tournament setting hill record meters big hill inauguration tournament subsequent better distances hold hill record won championship canada ski jumping contest subsequently defend year continued setting canadian amateur record breaking successful canada taking home trophies methods improve jumps placing pieces lead skies optimal balance traveled canada united_states attend ski jumping competitions british_columbia attended competitions nelson trail princeton alberta attended tournaments calgary eastern canada ottawa montreal united_states attended events mount washington springs denver colorado salt_lake_city vermont canadian champion times best jumps canadian records winter carnival tournament sick set world record big hill jumping meters record remained broken switzerland jumped meters bob able claim world record big hill jumped meters accepted record time favored europe stress distance records regarded simply building larger hill undoubtedly longer jump records style consideration melbourne planned travel switzerland attend winter olympics lack funding meant planned work fare freighter plans stopped officials british delegation felt inappropriate fitting team competed winter olympics kept amateur status professionals times competed winter worked ski instructor quebec hunting accident lost arm jumped organizer career legacy arriving instrumental establishment ski club big hill located mount national park helped establish ski jump mountain north vancouver accident started working establish field ski club field british_columbia spent time trains promoted strict adherence amateur code stated debates united_states national ski association traditionally governing skiing canada split canadian amateur ski association western canada amateur ski association president years rivalry reached point recognize eventually negotiation amalgamation took consideration needs western clubs subsequently vice president died heart failure field june 49th birthday big hill expanded renamed hill inscribed national ski hall_of_fame canadian ski hall_of_fame following year sports hall_of_fame


flag west_virginia flag west_virginia official flag state west_virginia officially adopted west_virginia legislature march present flag consists pure white field bordered blue stripe coat arms west_virginia center maximum topped red ribbon reading state west_virginia flags represent west_virginia following battle flags utilized west_virginia regiments american_civil_war west_virginia official state flag adopted based flag designed west_virginia state commission louisiana purchase exposition flag altered exposition featured coat arms maximum reverse order reproduce flag west_virginia legislature ratified current flag state coat arms integrated appears reverse pledge allegiance west_virginia state flag unanimously adopted office secretary state west_virginia design current state flag west_virginia consists pure white field bordered sides stripe blue white field purity blue border represents union center state flag state coat arms stylized version great seal west_virginia lower half state flag maximum state flower west_virginia state flag red ribbon constitutional designation state west_virginia state flag tied red ribbon state latin motto english free state coat arms center flag principal pursuits resources west_virginia center ivy boulder inscribed june date west_virginia admission union state boulder lie crossed hunting rifles cap cap liberty illustrate importance state fight liberty men farmer stand boulder represent agriculture industry farmer stands left stands right hammer state flag proportions identical flag united_states utilized parade purposes staff state flag trimmed gold fringe concurrently flag united_states ceremonial occasions state flag trimmed mounted like united_states flag regard fringe cord mounting history prior adoption current state flag west_virginia state represented number flags attaining proved impractical west_virginia legislature commissioned joseph county design great seal west_virginia september west_virginia legislature officially adopted seal designed stylized version designated state coat arms despite adoption official seal state decide official state flag american_civil_war prior west_virginia separation virginia june pro union supporters western virginia created unique flags support union cause january residents erected measuring feet height hoisted word union prior virginia war western virginia regiments union_army carried flags supportive women case fifth regiment virginia volunteer infantry carried flag bearing legend 5th regiment january west_virginia legislature approved flag fourth regiment west_virginia volunteer infantry acknowledge regiment battles charleston jackson missionary ridge listed flag battle flags represent west_virginia utilized soldiers west_virginia regiments war state battle flags presented west_virginia union regiments course war early state flags squares silk cloth measuring feet dark blue trimmed golden fringe flags painted state newly seal oval respective west_virginia regiment names dates battles participated reverse united_states national emblem painted consisted bald eagle wings bundle arrows right olive branch left shield placed breast eagle national latin motto english following conclusion american_civil_war state west_virginia official flag matter taken early 20th century flag need official state flag arose west_virginia state commission louisiana purchase exposition louis reported state required flag ensign represent distinguish states exposition lieu official state flag commission adopted state flag design west_virginia building exposition mountain laurel white field pale blue border report west_virginia legislature west_virginia state commission recommended adoption flag design official state flag february west_virginia legislature ratified commission flag design following passage joint resolution number gubernatorial administration albert white legislature adopted commission flag design addition fringe border red state flag approved legislature employed occasions special display state necessary regarded appropriate according joint resolution said state flag shall length breadth proportion thirteen flag great american republic west_virginia forms field thereof shall pure white center shall maximum big laurel having flowers leaves reverse shall state coat arms motto field pure white shall bordered band strip blue turn shall bordered strip fringe red said flag shall regarded west_virginia state flag occasions special display state shall necessary regarded appropriate following formal adoption legislature schools institutions west_virginia began flying new state flag teachers students schools purchased new state flag june measured feet length united_states flag patriotic exercises flag west_virginia legislature found state flag design completely lettering reading staff differing colors respective showing opposite flag white field cloth state legislature found destroyed distinctive features banner leaving state prescribed official flag west_virginia legislature sought remedy state flag design flaws state properly represented exposition norfolk february administration governor william west_virginia legislature passed joint resolution amended flag removing seal motto reverse changing color bordering fringe red old gold instead seal motto reverse flag changed consist spring maximum according joint resolution said state flag shall length breadth proportion flag great american republic west_virginia forms field thereof shall pure white center observe shall great seal coat arms state beneath shall appear legend state west_virginia reverse shall appear maximum big laurel state flower having leaves field pure white shall bordered band strip blue turn shall bordered strip fringe old gold said flag shall regarded west_virginia state flag occasions special display state shall necessary regarded appropriate flag flag design ratified remained state official flag state west_virginia sought flag design produced state flag mass produced state public schools flag proved costly reproduce different symbols banner state coat arms state flower reverse west_virginia legislature decided state flag stamped design integrate coat arms state flower sides design present state flag officially adopted west_virginia legislature march west_virginia senate joint resolution number according joint resolution proportions flag state west_virginia shall united_states ensign field shall pure white center shall proper colors coat arms state west_virginia appears date admission state union motto free coat arms state west_virginia shall ribbon state west_virginia arranged appropriately lower coat arms state west_virginia maximum proper colors field pure white shall bordered strip blue sides flag state west_virginia parade purposes shall trimmed gold colored fringe sides ceremonial occasions united_states ensign shall trimmed mounted similar fashion united_states flag regards fringe cord mounting north american association surveyed members flag enthusiasts designs state territorial canadian provincial flags members ranked west_virginia state flag flags surveyed state flags state seals solid color fields like west_virginia state flag proved unpopular survey usage protocol west_virginia legislature passed series laws west_virginia code governing usage west_virginia state flag state flag permitted placed level right united_states flag united_states west_virginia state flags flown west_virginia state capitol building year round united_states west_virginia state flag purchased state funds manufactured united_states west_virginia county boards education purchase state flags manufactured united_states board building funds honor death law enforcement officers state west_virginia code permits state flag coffin cost request half mast protocol effective july office west_virginia governor earl ray established guidelines accordance united_states code west_virginia precedent customs half mast display united_states west_virginia state flags west_virginia state properties united_states west_virginia state flags hoisted mast lowered half mast position likewise flags hoisted mast prior lowered day flags displayed half mast position accordance federal law following occasions memorial day monday flags displayed half mast sunrise noon raised mast peace officers memorial day flags displayed half mast entire day day armed forces day saturday patriot day september flags displayed half mast entire day national pearl harbor remembrance day december flags displayed half mast entire day flags displayed half mast days following day death current president united_states flags displayed half mast days following day death vice president united_states chief justice retired chief justice supreme_court united_states speaker united_states house_of_representatives flags displayed half mast day death day vice president associate justice supreme_court secretary executive military department united_states governor state territory possession flags displayed half mast day death following day member united_states congress flags displayed half mast state properties following proclamation governor west_virginia unique instances outlined guidelines according west_virginia state law flag united_states west_virginia state flag offense conviction guilty verdict result fine dollars confinement jail period exceeding thirty days discretion court justice trying case laws united_states supreme_court texas johnson reaffirmed ruled amendment united_states_constitution unconstitutional government federal state municipality prohibit flag status symbolic speech pledge allegiance february office secretary state west_virginia unanimously adopted pledge allegiance west_virginia state flag motion adopt pledge charles smith carol pledge reads follows pledge allegiance flag west_virginia serves constant reminder free stands symbol majestic mountains fertile forests rich veins coal pride people


flag poland flag poland consists horizontal stripes equal width upper white lower red colors defined polish constitution national colors variant flag national coat arms middle white stripe legally reserved official use abroad sea similar flag addition swallow tail naval ensign poland white red officially adopted national colors origin derive colors coats arms constituent nations polish lithuanian commonwealth white eagle poland grand lithuania white knight riding white horse red shield prior polish soldiers wore color combinations national flag officially adopted polish flag day celebrated flag flown continuously buildings highest national authorities parliament presidential palace institutions polish people fly national flag national holidays special occasions national significance current polish law restrict use national flag coat arms long flag horizontal white red relatively widespread design flags similar unrelated polish national flags red stripe white indonesia poland flags based national design feature national colors design legal sources colors flags republic poland described legal documents constitution republic poland coat arms colors anthem republic poland state seals act subsequent amendments henceforth referred coat arms act legislation concerning national symbols far perfect coat arms act amended times refers extensively executive issued act contains errors inconsistencies law confusing open interpretations followed practice national colors according chapter article constitution national colors poland white red coat arms act article colors white red horizontal parallel stripes equal width white red colors displayed vertically white stripe placed left viewpoint attachment act shows national colors horizontal vertical alignment official shades colors expressed color space tolerated color differences specified color space variants national flag constitution contains mention national flag instead flag defined coat arms act variants national flag national flag republic poland national flag coat arms republic poland flags defined article act follows state flag republic poland rectangular piece cloth colors republic poland hoisted state flag republic poland flag specified coat arms republic poland placed middle white stripe fly ratio flags flag proportion coat arms images variations flag found attachment coat arms act usage respect flag polish law says treating national symbols including flag reverence respect right obligation polish citizen state organs institutions organizations public destruction intentional removal flag considered crime fine year imprisonment official statistics crimes national symbols rare crimes crimes registered poland years unspecified violation regulations polish flag fine month imprisonment right obligation fly flag according coat arms act use polish flag especially national cultural events long respectful manner liberty use national colors relative novelty polish citizens allowed fly polish flag national holidays use variants restricted flying flag coat arms fine arrest year unauthorized use national symbols possible explanation harsh measures fact officially promoted holiday 1st separated day pre war current national holiday poland anniversary signing constitution flag acceptable later following day hidden restriction kind state monopoly use national symbols communist regime flying polish flag symbol resistance government customary workers polish flags plant buildings going strike polish flag symbol patriotism resistance communist rule solidarity trade union logo flag coat arms organs required law fly national flag coat arms official buildings lower house parliament senate upper house parliament president republic council ministers cabinet president council ministers prime minister provincial sessions state local government organs national holidays additionally national flag coat arms ensign inland navigation flag coat arms ban flag coat arms lifted use national flag coat arms legally restricted flag flown polish representative offices missions abroad polish ambassadors residences vehicles civilian airports civil air ensign civilian international flights buildings authorities merchant civil ensign practice restriction ignored flags coat arms treated variant coat arms particularly polish outside poland especially united_states flag flying days state local government organs legally required institutions organizations citizens encouraged fly polish flag following days state holiday day labor day polish flag day constitution day november independence day polish flag day formally flag republic poland day observed established order educate polish people history significance national symbols date chosen coincide day traditionally observed polish outside poland polish senate historical reason communist regime day national flags hoisted labor day quickly removed polish constitution day banned authorities introduction constitution day establishment polish flag day flag flown continuously days unlike day constitution day flag day public holiday making bridge taking day day common practice holidays poland days polish flag flown official buildings include europe days european flag august polish armed forces day military premises tombs unknown soldier september polish underground state day flag popularly flown important sporting events world cup polish athletes participating official visit particularly important person especially pope poland pope visit national flag usually flown yellow white church flags white blue flags uncommon fly national flag personal occasions weddings according polls poles polish flag fly national holidays public display patriotism common western poland especially greater poland parts country flag protocol flags poland according customary legal flag protocol apart obligation treat flag respect polish law offer detailed code correct usage polish flag organizations public institutions institute supreme chamber control proposed written flag polish flag based custom flag countries india united_states common sense guidelines legally binding traditionally national flag reserved serve purposes single specimen flag public office building indicates official role multiple flags hand normally public private buildings mark special occasions national holidays polish charge priority relation field case polish national colors white color white eagle placed honorable position red color field polish coat arms usual horizontal alignment means white stripe placed red alignment vertical white stripe left point view flag hung vertically street white stripe placed left looking direction increasing house numbers coffin white stripe placed heart flag raised lowered sunset flown night illuminated ceremonial raising flag national anthem played timing raising matches duration anthem civilians pay respect standing manner additionally men uncover heads members services stand attention uniform includes standing organized group perform finger salute color guards dip banners flag video according generally accepted standards respect national flag person thing care taken prevent flag touching ground floor water beneath secured torn falling ground flown outdoors heavy rain strong wind flag flown dirty torn faded longer fit condition disposed manner cutting half separate colors burning displayed flags polish flag raised lowered flag flown separate pole height flag poland placed honorable position means total number flags polish flag placed right flags total number flags odd placed middle alternatively polish flags placed end row flags order precedence flags follows flag poland national flags countries order flags county flags flags european flag flags domestic organizations flags international organizations public services flags corporate flags flags president republic announce period national mourning time polish flags flown half staff flag flown wooden pole staff mast black ribbon attached pole sign mourning black flag flown left national flag history royal banner earliest flag like objects poland known probably resembled roman cloth vertically horizontal attached wooden pole spear served religious military symbols early 10th century poland conversion christianity probably replacing pagan symbols christian ones royal banner arms dates reign king generous reign king elbow high red cloth white eagle arms poland finally established banner kingdom poland symbol royal authority battles times polish lithuanian commonwealth banner commonwealth combining symbols poland grand lithuania commonwealth banner initially plain white arms commonwealth consisted charges poland white eagle lithuania polish lithuanian coats arms consisted white charges red field colors started entire banner 17th century banner usually divided horizontal swallow tailed stripes red white national 18th 19th centuries european nations knots colored pinned hat denote military poland consensus colors national polish soldiers wore white white red blue red blue white red custom came poland reign king poland time worn polish military like form white silk ribbon knot middle later replaced circular white center patterned kingdom france reign king white red came use alongside plain white military commission introduced metal cross alternative soldiers continued pin cross wear cross polish military leaders national heroes time general prince pinned plain white national hats patriotic catholic members bar confederation adopted crimson symbol polish nobility blue virgin mary colors white red considered national colors great white red publicly national colors civilians warsaw celebration anniversary adoption constitution political left wore blue white red french revolution polish created french controlled italy national particular italian served french case red blue colors replaced crimson navy blue respectively considered traditionally polish general confederation kingdom poland sought revive polish lithuanian commonwealth french invasion russia adopted red blue unity poland red lithuania blue military french controlled warsaw russian controlled congress kingdom poland white worn cadets started november uprising russian rule november uprising realized need unified national insignia polish military february adopted white red colors polish lithuanian coats arms national poland white red henceforth worn polish soldiers november uprising participants uprising polish freedom fighters grand austrian empire spring nations polish insurgents january uprising white red colors civilians protest russian rule people france britain germany belgium countries sign sympathy polish cause decision immediately accepted left wing politicians time continued regard revolutionary blue white red true national colors standards polish guerrilla units january uprising twentieth century white red flags patriotic demonstration warsaw organizing committee advised participants correct alignment colors white stripe red brought flags red stripe august year poland regained independence november officially introduced white red polish national flag order avoid confusion white red maritime signal flag internationally harbor pilots act introduced variant flag coat arms white stripe use civil ensign polish diplomats abroad apart changes legal specifications shades national colors section basic design polish flag including ratio remained unchanged day flag coat arms modified adjust changes coat arms major modifications included change eagle baroque removal crown eagle head communist rule 20th century polish insurgents wore white red played role similar previous centuries worn polish freedom fighters greater poland uprising uprisings second world war soldiers home army peasants battalions usually formations second world war polish soldiers raised polish flag sites victories allied victory german forces battle patrol 12th regiment polish 3rd rifle division raised polish flag ruins abbey italy august day warsaw uprising white red flag hoisted building warsaw tallest skyscraper time liberation warsaw soviet forces polish people army january polish flags raised palace ruins main railway station capture berlin soldiers 7th battery 3rd division 1st light artillery regiment planted polish flags berlin victory column polish flags anti government communist rule bloody riots protesters carried flags blood stained white stripe shades red exact shades national colors legally specified practice actual particularly red depended kind red available pre partition poland crimson high price color associated rich privileged obtained domestically harvested polish imported alternatives available mediterranean basin polish color mexican discovery new world crimson reserved nobility considered symbol aristocracy synonymous magnate royal ban wearing color form punishment 14th century clan greater poland forbidden dress crimson ancestors assassination king half 19th century influence french fashion crimson largely replaced cheaper national act specify shade red criticized coat arms national colors act ministry military affairs issued pamphlet illustrations polish flag national symbols crimson shade red pamphlet official source law published purpose shade red legally specified presidential decree december stipulated official shade specification upheld decree december coat arms act january replaced verbal coordinates color space proposed expert bringing resulting closer crimson related similar flags flag grand polish populated autonomous province kingdom prussia created red white horizontal colors taken coat arms consisted prussian black eagle polish white eagle germany increasingly anti polish policy rising identification white red polish national colors red white flag replaced white black white horizontal poland time flag incorporate polish national colors today flags poland based design national flag applies especially flags defined polish law polish military services naval ensign swallow tailed horizontal white red arms poland white stripe flags administrative subdivisions resemble national flag examples include flag lower horizontal white red arms flag lesser poland horizontal white yellow red yellow stripe half wide horizontal relatively simple widespread flag design white red popular colors flags flags worldwide similar near identical flag poland despite unrelated example historical flag major historical region poland southern neighbor czech_republic consists horizontal stripes white red similarly flag poland origin coat arms lion rampant queue crowned armed silver double tailed lion red field white red bohemian flag came use province austria-hungary end world war shortly flag newly formed republic order avoid confusion polish flag blue triangle added create flag czechoslovakia dissolution currently flag czech_republic examples flags confused polish include civil flags following regions spain germany upper austria austria city colombia furthermore dutch city similar design old flag avoid confusion currently independent states indonesia national flags horizontal red white reversing polish flag indonesia flags differ proportions shades colors flag indonesia flag


attributed arms attributed arms western european coats arms given persons real fictitious died start age half 12th century arms assigned knights round table biblical figures roman greek heroes kings historically borne arms author attribute different arms person arms major figures soon fixed notable arms attributed biblical figures include arms jesus based instruments passion shield trinity medieval literature attributed coats arms including alexander great king arthur arms given kings including edward william england attributed arms practice arms descendants history attributed imaginary arms appeared literature middle 12th century particularly legends generation following arthur knights attributed coats arms second stage development occurred 14th 15th centuries arms expanded include attributed coats arms centuries rolls arms included invented arms kings foreign lands wrote vows included list famous leaders list divided groups known art literature given coat arms king david instance assigned gold device coats arms established fashion ruling class society expected king era natural consider suitable devices compositions assigned men mark earlier ages author attribute different arms person regional styles developed arms major figures soon fixed turner attributed arms incorporated descendants arms family lloyd instance include numerous arms originally attributed welsh 9th century earlier similar vein arms attributed pope leo based later arms family descendants turner 16th 17th centuries additional arms attributed large number saints kings especially 11th 12th centuries pope innocent pope personal coat arms known certainty end 17th century use attributed arms restrained charges attributed individual past provide insight history symbolism legends knight round table accompanied description coat arms arms arbitrary characters traditionally associated coat different coats king arthur assigned different arms 13th century commonly given gold crowns field manuscript depicting arthur shown holding flag gold crowns reason triple crown symbol unknown associated pre norman kings seal sweden relics wise men cologne led crowns seal university cologne grants edward england towns crowns towns arms number crowns increased thirteen thirty times arms associated arthur manuscript later 13th century arthur shield gold likely edward england assigned arthur dragon helmet standard possibly arms arthur father assigned arthur shield image virgin mary illustration based battle flag described cross virgin mary including motto king arthur dead found cover characters legends described coats arms starts plain white arms later receives shield bends signifying strength men attributed variety arms earliest arms gold lion rampant red field shown set 13th century tiles found abbey thomas britain 12th century attributed arms believed patron richard henry_ii coats arms contained form lion versions field red green von attributed silver shield black rampant italy attributed geometric patterns bend plain arms legends contain numerous instances red knights black knights green knights challenging knights round table cases color chosen random symbolic significance arms create atmosphere plain arms rare 12th century literature suggest primitive time long past noted favor age worthy knights arms color suggesting 12th century ornamentation partly plain arms function disguise major characters knight cart bears plain red arms disguise hero competes tournament plain black green red arms successive days kings arms attributed important pre kings best known assigned king given france supposedly derive william norman king england coat arms lions richard coat arms lions red field lions coat arms england derive proof william arms attributed william death earlier saxon kings assigned gold cross blue shield exist 13th century arms saint edward blue shield charged gold cross gold birds appears suggested time henry iii england based coin edward reign arms later richard england devotion saint arms attributed kingdoms anglo saxon kingdom essex instance assigned red shield swords coat counties essex middlesex middlesex county council applied formal grant college arms times middlesex granted red shield swords saxon crown essex county council granted arms crown kings rome assigned arms king rome wolf flags attributed king morocco attributed arms arms shown sources resulting 14th century version flag morocco flags world religious figures jesus mary attributed jesus arms inherited descendant david cross regarded christ emblem arms christ feature lamb principal charge 13th century numerous brought increased instruments passion instruments described terms treated personal christ coat arms early example seal includes cross nails lance crown instruments passion split shield crest form achievement arms roll shows christ holding shield charged veil proper continues 15th century helmet covered seamless form cross whip crest banner long red mark german omitted image copied book image opposing page shown includes shield wounds christ rods head bag money christ associated images passion mary associated images prophecy luke resulting attributed arms include winged heart pierced sword placed blue field mary attributed group white lily flowers example found lower coat arms college lady windsor trinity angels desire abstract visible arms attributed unseen spirits anthropomorphic representations trinity discouraged church middle ages shield trinity quickly popular churches theological manuscripts rolls arms early example william shows knight battling seven deadly sins shield variation included shields arms matthew paris adds cross center circles accompanied words est est word flesh john saint michael appears settings case device shield trinity placed blue field attributed michael usually shown armour red_cross white shield devil depicted dragon attributed arms later transferred saint george attributed commanding general fallen angels arms identify heat battle apocalypse portrays carrying red shield gold frogs based revelation


flag national flag ran national symbols flag based tradition lineage buddhism features thunder dragon mythology basic design flag dates version displayed signing treaty second version introduced visit eastern based photos predecessor featured white place green original subsequently redesigned flag match measurements flag india believed better modifications changing red background color orange led current national flag use national assembly codified code conduct flag design establish protocol acceptable flag sizes conditions flying flag origins historically known numerous names country thunder dragon tradition dates founder lineage buddhism reportedly witnessed valley glowing rainbow light considering sign entered valley choose site construction monastery heard thunder sound produced dragon according popular belief monastery built year named school teaching known school later split founded nephew spiritual heir afterward spread nation later known legend offers explanation symbolism dragon came form basis national flag alternative hypothesis maintains notion sovereign state form dragon emerged neighboring china adopted rulers symbol royalty early 20th century current national flag design current flag divided lower corner upper triangle yellow lower triangle orange centred dividing line large black white dragon facing away dragon holding jewel claws background colours flag yellow orange identified respectively shades white specified codes according particular matching systems indicated dimensions flag maintain ratio following sizes declared standard government car flags symbolism according legal provisions national flag kingdom endorsed resolution 36th session national assembly held june constitution yellow signifies civil tradition temporal authority embodied dragon king royal traditionally includes yellow orange half signifies buddhist spiritual tradition particularly schools thunder dragon spreads equally line colors placement center flag dividing line flag colors signifies equal importance civic monastic traditions kingdom evokes strength sacred bond sovereign people white color signifies purity inner thoughts deeds unite diverse peoples held claws represent wealth security protection people dragon mouth deities commitment defense historic evolution centre studies independent research centre issued paper henceforth cbs document readily available account historical development national flag document draws heavily hand accounts obtained interviews individuals personally involved creation modification flag late 1940s adoption current flag report significant primary source information history flag description flag document complete accord photos flag discussed making difficult interpret document record primary sources remaining people involved flag history handful existing government records represents valuable source information poorly documented evolution flag national flag cbs document states national flag designed request second 20th century kingdom introduced signing treaty document provide illustration original design black white photographs taken historic event provide images flag ceremony design flag credited painters available royal court time said flag colored green accordance traditional religious references today modern reproduction historic original significant changes influenced modern flag displayed throne national assembly hall according cbs document original flag square flag divided lower upper fly field yellow extended upper fly red field extended fly end lower centre flag convergence yellow red fields green located parallel edge facing fly cbs document illustrate early versions flag description flag entirely consistent photos surviving describes flag square proportions flag photographs appear closer document describes dragon facing fly end dragon visible photos faces dragon described parallel fly meaning according document parallel length edge flag dragon photos appears slightly rising vertical slant dragon described green shade photos green pale western flag books generally flag closely resembling photos changes second version national flag developed visit eastern trip began use flags new design based photograph national flag colour dragon changed green white included convoy consisting small version flag placed saddle tenth pony large flag approximately square feet size flown camp evening hoisted sound changes beginning late 1950s secretary sixth speaker national assembly requested king modifications flag responsible current design remained unchanged king reportedly dissatisfied early square flags like rectangular indian flag displayed visit indian official country standard measurements flag altered resemble flag india feet feet change dragon placed roughly horizontal position center flag spread diagonal dividing line background colours change sought avoid having dragon face earth flag hanging artist painted new design curves dragon body relaxed create somewhat longer gently shape cbs document states king ordered colour lower half changed red orange flag flown abroad nation flag time state visit india visit inaugurated new level relations countries code conduct june national assembly approved resolution bringing effect national flag rules drafted cabinet rules provisions covering description symbolism flag fields design elements rules relate size flag flag protocol including appropriate places occasions flying flag display flag cars general flag given respect state head state united_states flag code flags placed higher flag flag cover exceptions flag touch ground provisions include including design objects logo exceptionally flag high ranking state officials ministers military personnel rules provide district headquarters national flag national flag hoisted office main government officer officials rank minister allowed fly flag residence provided live near capital tradition flying national flag government offices existed prior decreed standard practice moved city year flag day prescribed rules national day held annually december national day commemorates king december


coat arms singapore national coat arms singapore symbol representing southeast asian island nation singapore adopted year singapore self governing british_empire committee created headed deputy prime minister chin responsible national flag national anthem singapore centre emblem red shield bearing white crescent new moon representing rising young nation white stars representing national ideals including supported lion tiger representing singapore malaysia respectively blue ribbon inscribed gold onward singapore use coat arms restricted government symbol enjoys wide use national currency state decorations appears cover national passport history singapore self governing prime minister lee determined create new state coat arms symbols replace coat arms united_kingdom use committee formed design state symbols headed deputy prime minister chin wanted arms flag singapore represent country united multi ethnic society coat arms flag created span months committee law establishing state symbols singapore presented national assembly minister culture approved november december state coat arms flag anthem presented people singapore time said interview tasked creation state symbols apart anthem produce flag crest felt new flag singapore flying union jack stated case state crest got stars new moon lion tiger tiger course local animal lion old city_council lion merge ideas self governing singapore symbolism central emblem coat arms red shield white stars resting white crescent similar crescent stars singapore flag national symbols national ensign civilian ships red universal brotherhood equality man white purity virtue crescent represents new moon reflects young nation pointed stars stand nation ideals democracy peace progress justice equality supporters shield lion tiger tiger nation historical close connections malaysia singapore state lion represents singapore supporters blue ribbon national motto written gold title national anthem means onward singapore national language singapore uses monetary authority singapore began issue second series coins coat arms displayed coins surrounded inscription comprising singapore official languages chinese tamil english year dollar coin entered circulation pattern according coat arms appeared series state decorations singapore depict coat arms example use achievement arms medal displays shield guidelines according singapore arms flag national anthem rules use coat arms restricted government explicit permission ministry information communications arts person group permitted physically print manufacture display sell depicting coat arms allow actions happen forbidden use symbol easily mistaken coat arms persons wish use coat arms literary work obtain prior permission exception provided rules arms government officials building printed documents


scottish crest badge scottish crest badge badge worn allegiance individual membership specific scottish clan crest commonly called clan thing collective clan crest thing clan coat arms crest consist crest motto slogan elements property protected law scotland crest worn entitled elements wear crest badge surrounded elements wear crest badge surrounded plain represents follower individual owns crest motto crest commonly worn members scottish clans usually consist elements clan chief coat arms clan members wear chief crest motto surrounded member chief clan family established clans chiefs recognised lord king arms cases clan members wear crest badge known chief clans wear crest derived arms individuals recognised clan chiefs clan commonly bought sold crest motto belong chief individual clan member crest like clan long history owe victorian era having worn 19th century original clans said specific plants worn hung pole spear introduction term clan crest commonly fact thing clan crest possible purchase clan crest badge owned clan member crest motto badge belong chief clan member crest motto sole property chief clan members permitted wear badge allegiance clan clan chief illegal clan member chief crest motto acts inscriptions rings jewellery short coats arms personal property person terms clan property clan chief crest specifically people wear silver white metal illustrated crest printed coloured women entitled wear crest badge generally worn left crest badge gold established clans chief recognised lord king arms cases clan members usually wear crest badge contains crest motto known chief instances clans wear crest based arms recognised clan chief example clan current chief uses crest badge derived arms registered arms court clan clan chiefly line 15th century crest badge containing crest motto bearing surname oddly actual link main clan instance crest badge clan crest badge based modern coat arms clan member clan chief according english officers arms john martin robinson thomas played relatively insignificant role scottish compared english consequence scottish including clan chiefs comparatively similar crest obvious association clan example clans associated confederation share similar crest bearing wild cats clans associated clan clan campbell clan clan campbell use crest contain similar chief clan entitled wear crest badge person need member clan society able wear crest badge clan member right clan societies clan society members according court lord clan membership goes surname today people bear clan surname wear crest mother clan offers allegiance clan chief member clan chief decides refuse person allegiance people bear names actual clan names associated names certain clans smith wright miller examples names associated names clans clan individual explore personal ancestry discovery correct clan belong elements scottish crest contain following elements wearing crest badge clan chiefs clan clan members clan members wear crest differences type crest badge wear clan chiefs clan chief head clan family family founder clan chief recognised lord king arms possess arms clan chiefs wear crest encircled motto feathers common clan chiefs wear personal crest plain inscribed motto slogan pictured left chief crest badge contain clan members permitted wear clan chiefs entitled wear eagle feathers crest badge certain occasions clan gatherings appropriate use real eagle feathers clan chiefs members british feudal baron entitled wear appropriate crest badge matter personal preference clan clan large branches scottish clan officially recognised clan lord king arms clan like clan chiefs wear personal crest plain inscribed motto slogan clan wear small eagle feathers unlike chief certain occasions real eagle feathers worn crest badge clan member british feudal baron permitted wear appropriate crest badge recently feudal barons taken wearing eagle feathers badge ancient tradition solely based fact feudal barons likely chiefs feudal baron member clan consult clan chief clan customs traditions lord gives guidance governance wearing feathers recommends consulting clan chief number feathers worn members clan clan wear crest badge chief manner clan member clan members clan members terms scottish registered coat arms inherited coat arms according laws arms scotland ancestor arms recorded register like clan chiefs wear personal crest plain inscribed motto slogan permitted wear silver eagle feather certain occasions real eagle feather member british feudal baron permitted wear appropriate crest badge member scottish clan wear crest badge chief encircled clan members non clan members members scottish clans considered court lord relatives clan chief immediate family extended family clan members people bear clan surname associated clan court lord stated allegiance clan chief considered clan member clan members wear chief crest encircled inscribed chief motto slogan membership clan allegiance clan chief


coat arms munich coat arms munich depicts young monk dressed black holding red book existed similar form 13th century certain points history depicted central figure monk german munich means monks monk case self explanatory symbol arms represents city munich appearing document oldest seal munich picture monk wearing open hood seal impressions monk book hand fingers monk varied slightly appearing profile later faced bare headed 19th century figure portrayed youthful known munich child coat arms current form created important symbol state capital monk german munich means monks monk case self explanatory symbol represents city munich figure portrayed wearing golden trimmed black black hood red shoes right hand raised left carries red book open right hand monk interpreted oath making gesture blessing gesture christian tradition red book left hand refers oath book city accordance gesture right hand municipal law book bounded red handed interpretation gospel book munich town administration developed constitution council seal necessary purposes asserting authenticity town council documents appearing document oldest seal munich picture monk wearing open hood seal impressions monk book hand fingers monk varied slightly appearing profile later faced bare headed monk sole figure found seal dating year flags city middle 14th century colourful representations town coat arms stem 15th century course centuries current version coat arms undergone distinctly visible changes 15th century portrayals child figure instead monk monk representations onwards began lose disposition hair youthful looking face 18th century especially 19th century monk munich child reference figure documented clear appeared coat arms time coined term transformation brought artists painters copper seal opposed legal order second half nineteenth century local artists supplemented figure items laurel beer symbol appears numerous places covers beer tower town hall symbol man monk previously clear gender ambiguous designated interpretation simply 1920s female apparent portrayals person day young women history munich coat arms seals seals monk gate eagle referring bishop city belonged probably derived coat arms city possession eagle replaced lion symbol old duke coat arms ratification max joseph king joseph granted city city emblem depicting classical portal atop king crown lies golden lion sits gate threshold sword shield letter monarch max joseph wanted city symbol culture time stereotype monks township decided complete elimination historical reference monk replaced previous monk head design coat arms ratification king granted city old coat arms form large small embodied small crest seal large coat arms blue background later corrected background rarely changed example occurrence 16th century instead coat arms lion replaced eagle time nazi party deemed der capital movement munich significant place terms nazi ideology city home headquarters beer hall saw establishment nazi concentration camp post war designs pursued new coat arms small large coat arms existed based representations prior large small city coat arms newly arranged designer time city_council set resolution december large longer official use particular representative purposes


crest crest component display consisting symbol device borne helm originating decorative sculptures worn knights tournaments lesser extent battles solely devices 16th century era referred paper normal achievement consists shield set helm sits crest base encircled twisted cloth known use crest independently rest achievement practice common era paper led term crest frequently erroneously refer arms displayed shield achievement origin word crest derives latin meaning related hair existed forms ancient times roman officers wore fans feathers placed depending rank viking helmets adorned wings animal heads appeared context form metal fans worn knights 12th 13th centuries primarily decorative served practical purpose blows opponents weapons edges came fans generally colour later evolving repeat arms displayed shield fan crest later developed cutting figure displayed form metal outline evolved late 13th early 14th centuries dimensional sculpture usually cloth leather paper wooden wire framework typically form animal popular wings horns human figures feathers probably worn tournaments battle add considerable weight helm opponents handle pull head crest helm join covered twisted cloth known case high ranking nobles come regular use britain 15th century uncommon continent usually depicted continuing mounted cap known royal crest england later development 16th century age tournaments ended physical largely disappeared illustrated consequently began treated simply dimensional pictures period physically impossible bear helm crest granted sir francis drake consisted hand issuing clouds leading ship globe representing god guidance period different began different ranks knights faced forwards peers gentlemen faced right period faced way helm result rules directions crest helm knight crest lion lion depicted looking helm viewer suffered treated horizontal bars general underwent renaissance late 19th early 20th centuries adopted previous centuries discarded generally granted actually physical helm rules directions longer observed usage use restricted tournament rank knights modern times nearly personal arms include generally women exception reigning queens participate war tournaments wear opinion personal devices suited use corporate bodies widely observed continent particularly germany far greater significance britain common person display multiple arms certain high ranking entitled seventeen practice exist britain modern era arms crest rare contrast continental practice crest detached helm crest choose display helm simply floating space usually adopted marriage examples exist secondary granted defeating americans battle robert ross granted addition original crest crest arm holding flag broken 16th century common crest helm use manner badge displayed carriage doors etc led erroneous use term crest mean arms widespread recent years unlike badge relatives crest personal use considered scotland member clan house entitled use crest badge consists chief crest encircled inscribed chiefly motto marks generally incorrect british royal family continue practice widely observed england families use crest contrast scottish practice significant borne form great people blood relationship exists result lack need scottish tend far simpler english counterparts usual crest frequently replaced kind known crest usual form simplified consisting golden indications rank generally granted special circumstances modern examples crest features crest practice orders places physical seen britain orders order george chapel order chapel order bath henry vii chapel chapel rows stalls use knights stalls placed knight sword helm carved lime wood painted official sculptor royal household


seal indiana seal state indiana governor indiana official documents seal gone revisions region northwest territory likely original seal similar current created william henry harrison administration indiana territory current design seal standardized indiana general_assembly usage state seal maintained governor indiana authenticity official state documents seal placed reports bills governor signs law official communications governor high ranking office holders seal commissions granted state proof commission authority history united_states congress passed legislation directed secretary state provide proper seals respective public offices said territories indiana northwest territory time seal created united_states department state official papers territory original seal maintained governor arthur recorded use proclamation july indiana territory created act congress provision official seal included measure earliest recorded use indiana territory seal court documents signed governor william henry harrison january seal adaptation original seal created northwest territory origin uncertain likely harrison alterations constitution contained clause stated governor maintain state seal use official communication design seal proposed session indiana general_assembly november representative davis floyd harrison county proposed adoption seal design referred forest tree buffalo leaving forest fleeing plain distant forest sun west word indiana bill joint conference houses general_assembly funds voted purchase printer create seal state seal state crisis lieutenant governor christopher harrison acting governor governor away conducting negotiations northern indiana native tribes returned harrison refused step governor claiming actions governorship harrison seized state seal set governor office weeks debate state legislature harrison forced return seal vacate office governor robert reading clerk indiana senate directed legal status design state seal thorough review found laws authorized seal explicitly state design recommended bill passed seal senator submitted legislation purpose action taken january article ran indianapolis news containing information origin seal dubious article received attention started informal inquiry history seal discover sun seal rising setting jacob indiana historian time consulted history arrived conclusion sun rising cited fact state young mountains east state west clearly indicating sun rising current design seal standardized indiana general_assembly meeting general_assembly representative taylor morris introduced legislation design state seal bill described seal depicts tree american runs foreground sun rises background leaves state tree border design bill passed assembly session law statute came criticism states sun state seal setting rising thorough investigation indiana historical bureau history seal led discovery original seal created intention sun fact depicted rising legislation introduced change wording statute action taken correct error current statute law created state seal effect stature states indiana state code official seal state indiana shall described follows perfect circle inches diameter plain line circle inches diameter line leaving margin quarter inch half margin words seal state indiana center flanked diamond dots leaf tree ends diamond inner circle trees left background hills center background nearly sun setting second hill left fourteen rays sun starting short ones left longer alternating short long trees right larger nearer center having notch cut nearly half way left short distance ground wearing hat holding nearly perpendicular right blade turned away hat buffalo foreground facing left tail feet ground feet air jumps log ground shoots blue grass area buffalo sun rising picture represents indiana bright future ahead beginning mountains rises representation mountains showing indiana west represents civilization wilderness indiana buffalo represents wilderness fleeing westward away advancing civilization government seals indiana


canadian authority canadian authority french canada canadian honours system canadian monarch authority exercised governor general canada authority responsible creation granting new coats arms flags canadian citizens corporate bodies authority registers existing granted recognized authorities military flags insignia canadian forces provides information practices canadian counterpart college arms london court lord scotland office chief herald ireland republic ireland known innovative designs incorporating nations symbolism history prior creation canadian authority canadians wishing obtain legally granted coat arms apply offices united_kingdom college arms london court lord edinburgh process lengthy costly addition college arms court lord unfamiliar canadian history symbols time canadians interest began calling office offer designed canadians early plans reportedly works transfer overview college arms canada push wholly canadian system came largely society canada royal society canada inception seen priority successive national governments politician british_columbia brief written calling creation canadian authority staff member secretary state david office department organise meeting ottawa following year national international experts invited meeting concluded strong recommendation government authority created years later queen canada issued letters patent governor general exercise provide exercise powers authorities belonging queen canada respect granting canada letters patent presented prince edward governor general behalf crown subsequently governor general authorised creation canadian authority june result canada commonwealth realm outside united_kingdom authority canada provides equality women terms arms additionally canada file trademark protection grant arms trade marks act structure authority located hall residence monarch governor general governor general personal representative canadian sovereign highest authority canadian governor general herald chancellor position held secretary governor general currently organized office called honours office issues canadian orders decorations order canada deputy secretary honours deputy herald chancellor authority headed chief herald canada job oversee direct operations bears main responsibility granting arms governor general authority grant arms directly position chief herald inaugurated robert inception held retirement june office chief herald held claire saint herald arms chief herald arms time workers considered public service canada names offices taken significant canadian rivers titles territorial designations tradition herald serves entire country assigned badge office arms honorary positions authority allows types honorary positions emeritus extraordinary emeritus title reserved canadian retired title extraordinary honorary position notable contributions honorary enlisted perform work honorary position grants individual badge title based canadian river current holders honorary positions obtaining arms eligibility canadian citizen corporate body petition grant new arms registration existing arms general eligibility grant arms based individual contributions community exact criteria grants published number grants people recognized state honours notable achievements admission order canada accordingly entitled grant arms companions order request chief herald grant supporters grant process order request coat arms flag letter addressed chief herald canada letter clearly ask receive canadian crown powers exercised governor general include proof canadian citizenship permanent residence biography curriculum corporate petitions include brief history company proof incorporation canada financial reports copy corporation governing body resolution seeking grant arms chief herald canada approve reject petition petition approved authority grant given warrant signed herald chancellor deputy herald chancellor sent process begins granting arms regarded honour monarch governor general bestowed chief herald deemed individuals worthy receiving grant arms assigned herald develops written description based consultation signs contract artist authority create design herald serving principal artist review design stages documents approved chief herald final step prepare letters patent official notice award arms includes drawing accompanying legal text explanation symbolism canadian laws letters patent written english french choose language placed left column document completed grant documents recorded public register arms flags canada notice grant published canada gazette section government house government canada requires processes financed person requesting grant registration arms pays fees associated request grant registration processing fee plus cost preliminary design ranging cost final design illustrated letters patent ranges canada buy coat arms arms freely given qualified individuals fees paid artists services rendered average time needed complete grant months longer particularly detailed intricate arms registration existing arms individuals institutions possess legitimate awards arms apply canadian authority arms registered cost associated application registration takes time approximately months application new award arms authority technical description language plain english description crest helmet doubled colours lion crowned proper resting charged maple leaf helmet red white cloth look like maple leaves national coat arms stands golden lion wearing crown holding white shield red maple leaf shield maple leaf white shield red maple leaf white shield supporters representation canadian shield proper maple leaves maple seeds raven bears wings elevated armed portion canadian shield shown covered red maple leaves gold maple seeds standing red white raven bears golden claws motto let honour honour country symbolism use current arms authority confirmed warrant governor general january honour authority fifth anniversary celebrated previous year canadian authority incorporate symbolism seen mythical raven bears national symbol maple leaf traditional canadian colours red white official king george crest modification royal crest canada lion wearing crown bearing maple leaf crest authority features lion instead holding white shield containing red maple leaf governor general authority crown grant canadians shield white red maple leaf similar middle portion canadian flag white shield leaf represents sign created recorded canadians raven bears new beast combined creatures important symbolism proposed honour united_nations international year world indigenous peoples occurring raven bears standing known canadian shield geological formation authority foundation based canadian shield formed rocks covered red coloured maple leaves golden maple seeds motto chosen latin let honour honour country shield crest comprise badge seal authority letters patent grant register arms composed red maple leaves bound gold