river don navigation river don navigation result early efforts river don south yorkshire england sheffield dutch engineer routed mouth river improve drainage new works included provision navigation scheme solve problem flooding dutch river cut link new channel act parliament improve navigation river obtained group based sheffield corporation obtained act following year improvements lower river locks lock cuts built river network expanded opening canal linking river trent dove canal linking sheffield canal provided better access sheffield bought don navigation 1840s canals owned series railway companies sheffield south yorkshire navigation company created eventually succeeded buying canals don navigation plans expansion hampered lack capital success opening new junction canal jointly funded navigation 20th century plans upgrade don handle larger craft eventually upgraded barges scheme little late anticipated rise commercial traffic occur use navigation leisure boats huge locks navigation river crossed wide variety bridges medieval bridge complete chapel survived britain motorway pioneered use rubber new system number railway bridges including built carry internal railway system meadows sewage treatment plant railway carries feet don national cycle network final section known river navigation early history river don outlets eastern branch chase enter river trent northern branch roman navigation channel joined river near east drainage scheme chase begun largely completed included construction bank ran miles southern bank don cutting eastern branch navigation possible provision bank lifting gates foot lock chamber bank distance east northern channel ran miles provide flood high levels prevented don winter flooding followed rioting built lock feet called great completed probably hugo assisted main project continued problems flooding led construction mile channel near eastwards water levels feet lower channel called dutch river ended completed cost boats continued use lock washed away flood replaced tidal widened channel barges tonnes normally reach house smaller boats reach year large barges flood tide initial attempts seek powers river don hampered opposition local landowners authorities sheffield act parliament presented sir representing interests support gentlemen traders inhabitants corporation opposed bill view likely impact mills support sheffield bill failed reading corporation support traders presented bill received reading disappeared second reading happening agreement sheffield agreement responsible river town sheffield section organised resistance scheme local landowners appears influence resulted proposed bill defeated committee presented parliament sheffield company sought parliamentary approval river edge sheffield terminating duke norfolk represented opposition sheffield great deal work reduce opposition landowners act parliament passed giving powers cuts river deeper wider boats tonnes reach number restrictions intended protect existing water powered installations lord frederick howard mills forge dam mills water engine specifically mentioned corporation sought powers improve river far house bill passed parliament included detailed restrictions designed protect landowners details specific included heights dams maximum length cuts details work carried acts unusual gave bodies powers borrow money create companies work financial arrangements clearly laid groups resorted issuing shares fund improvements actually empowered october groups decided act agreement issuing shares defeated included powers changes river including section finally act created company navigation river don powers create new cut sands dam problems presented river house including bridges dutch river difficult navigate resulted trying obtain powers improve lower river petition defeated parliamentary committee work continued appears head navigation years reached bill sought powers improve river ferry despite opposition included merchants traders corporation bill passed giving company new powers river deeper create cut avoid work northern section started immediately southern section wharf warehouse completed date completed navigation leased company shareholders years new year lease company managed navigation tolls years raised average indicating healthy traffic levels expansion early 19th century saw completion number canals linked don canal proposed don navigation shareholders construction started completed john thompson engineer don navigation company overseeing work death provided link lock river trent broadly following old course river don prior improvements years later dove canal opened connecting canal near canal proposed don navigation shareholders john thompson overseen initial construction opening sheffield canal connected terminus centre sheffield plans create link canal including benjamin proposal richard north east junction canal linked don broadly following modern ideas link revival idea gained sufficient support proceed company bought dove canal sheffield canal canal amalgamated south yorkshire railway south yorkshire railway river company turn leased manchester sheffield lincolnshire railway order allow extension railway sheffield pass railway line railway station holmes cut lock diverted river cut lock diverted east original bed filled railway built course despite attempts divert coal traffic railway canals maintained traffic levels carrying tonnes dissatisfaction users canals rates traffic higher railways canals failing steam boats banned despite having use years neighbouring navigation plan upgrade waterways allow use boats led formation sheffield south yorkshire canal company limited november cost scheme estimated million addition cost acquiring canals railway company new company obtained act parliament august creating sheffield south yorkshire navigation company authorised raise million purchase canals negotiation compulsory purchase negotiations failed railway company unwilling sell protracted negotiation legal battles transfer agreed navigation company succeeded raising purchase price canals railway company nominated half directors company declined buy shares railway influence ambitious plans system hindered lack capital developments took place improvement completed construction new junction canal authorised act parliament obtained july navigation specified sheffield south yorkshire navigation company share cost construction ownership new work start company actually owned canals required raise time failed raise finance takeover original canals quarters cost raised new canal leaves original navigation junction runs river don continues straight line miles join navigation upstream provided direct route sheffield opened january company hoped run compartment boats transport coal canal navigation completed april late town lock lengthened locks hold compartments time little advantage type boat later developments end world war sheffield city_council proposed major upgrade navigation expected government pay improvements contribute providing railway influence removed scheme involved deepening channel feet feet constructing new locks feet replace existing foot locks locks multiple gates capable holding barges barge estimated cost government unwilling support scheme sheffield city_council prepared proceed government backing inter war years navigation struggled hold competition railways later roads affected miners strikes coal industry traffic rising tonnes year general strike tonnes short haul traffic long haul revenues increase agreement main lock canal lengthened allow compartment boats coal traffic stretch near construction new warehouse wharf largely funded corporation major traffic navigation coal second world war steady increase oil traffic company fund expansion financial position canal gradually improved control navigation british canals passed british transport commission january terms transport act improvements continued coal built serve new power station long lock extended feet new lock opened july allowed trains compartment boats work town lock lock new junction canal similar size british transport commission british iron steel federation sheffield chamber commerce considered plans upgrade navigation handle barges work started new warehouses control navigation passed time british waterways board submitted proposal government million upgrade covering stretch involved construction new locks feet replace existing locks new main line size navigation bridges clearance proposal million scheme upgrade handle barges barges submitted department environment finally navigation subject major attempts attract commercial freight waterways upgraded standard deepening channels locks far lock removed altogether locks combined new lock initially named sir frank price lock chairman british waterways board formally opened june expected rise freight traffic occur long new larger locks built alongside original locks comparison relative sizes new locks feet navigation boats draught feet needing feet locks feet accommodate feet broad boat lock smaller feet long upper reaches effectively restricted foot boats route river don navigation ended wharf forms convenient place start description route wharf river upstream present junction canal sheffield close site shopping centre carries motorway valley river don canal victoria sheffield basin sheffield city centre walk follows course river don destination extends opposite direction passing large locks holmes cut meadows sewage treatment plant dry weather million gallons treated water day doubling flow river continues lock cut starts way navigation boat bridges cross north cut remains canal embankment road lock marks end cut followed lock shadow road bridge flood lock marks start cut dove canal turns left locks cut ends immediately following river flows don resumes way ends route continues wooded valley past site flash site special scientific interest forming trans trail lock situated lock north bank remains engine house built sir hall water wheel pumped river water feet upwards supply fountain grounds hall swimming pool provided water supply village pump powered water wheel removed 1970s soon edge reached railway yards river don leaves navigation final time streams flow prison effectively forming island building sits town lock situated close railway station long lock changes occurred years river left bow lakes right severed course cut final section usually called river navigation splits new junction canal heading north east navigation canal heading east river trent river don heads northwards turning east dutch river starts original course river traced fields little drainage ditch crossed grade listed bridge east closely followed road crossed motorway structures section provides details bridges crossing don navigation west east order starting area railway bridge bridge located little junction sheffield canal river carries sheffield freight railway line railway opened originally manchester sheffield lincolnshire railway later great central railway railway bridge jordan bridge bridges carrying pipes jordan bridge called jordan bridge british waterways bridge carried railway linked meadows sewage works additional filters contact beds east navigation constructed logan won contract valued april included settling tanks contact beds bridge eastern approach consists brick arches allowed siding pass continued expansion works required second bridge constructed carry railway river channel holmes bridge supplied charles ross ltd based sheffield work carried yorkshire ltd holmes lock bridge carries steel street minor road linking meadows nature reserve car park holmes bridge railway tracks embedded road surface tracks network served holmes rolling mills north bank navigation bridge provided access crushing plant situated island formed course river south holmes cut north midland railway bridges western railway bridges built line carried truncated building holmes chord 1980s unused eastern bridges built north midland railway carried main line derby york diversion sheffield opened line freight bridge east lock actually bridges western bridge carries continuation lane eastern freight line central centenary way bridge south carries centenary way dual navigation joined river don road upgrading old road main access forms ring road begun actually goes half way town built sections completed navigation trans trail carried walkway don retaining wall factory site north corporation bridge single span metal bridge carries main street navigation slightly upstream bridge wooden railway bridge seven arches built took sheffield railway station demolished prior routing canal line crossed holmes cut little west arched bridge centre arch feet long iron lock provides pedestrian access court house forge island site iron works occupied river don separates navigation forge island road pedestrian bridge river forge island bridge street bridge bridge bridge bridge street bridge bridge single span metal bridge carries bridge street navigation street continues eastwards originally crossed river bridge originally constructed bridge arches foot wide widened fifth arch added new bridge built nearby little upstream work fifth arch removed bridge returned medieval width improvements river 18th 19th centuries wider bridge longer reaches west bank chapel bridge complete bridge exist britain west yorkshire dating remained use chapel reign king edward use 17th 18th centuries prison later private dwelling finally shop returned original use chapel formally bishop sheffield centenary way bridge north carries centenary way dual navigation road bridge road longer main road serves local businesses downstream bridge pipe bridges road bridge called road bridge british waterways bridge carries road crossing river don called bridge carries public area retail park cut section don navigation constructed crossing means swing bridge replaced current late 1900s south bailey bridge crossing river don wash lane bridge bridge situated immediately downstream upstream lock rebuilt recent times superseded lane road bridge spanning river navigation bridge ends prevent access pedestrians traffic access road bridge provides access road don rail bridge forms internal rail network constructed called locally john brown private railway railway connected john brown company don navigation bridge crossing don navigation main engineering work railway line built newton chambers company rail bridge carried great central midland railways joint line river don line double track essentially line carried regular passenger service area station road bridge bridge number conveys road roberts bridge navigation bridge railway bridge railway original navigation modern replacement station station road refers central great central station west midland railway station burton bridge bridge number conveys service road navigation railway point west navigation large tar works probable road connected works tip chemical plant east tar works built mitchell yorkshire tar group road bridge bridge number connects main road bridge street lane industrial estate principal unit richards distribution centre double bridges named double bridges canal river trust bridge carries double track railway navigation section navigation represented challenge size barges negotiate bridges immediately adjacent right angle bend canal station road bridge bridge number carries access road railway station way town centre flour mill imposing building associated wharf stands north navigation close church john baptist started don roller mills owned james white sold british cooperative society area earth centre bridge named bridge canal river trust provided road access south bridge provided main access ill fated earth centre visitor attraction bridge forms public access station main west east section trans trail pipe bridges upstream road bridge built decade 20th century valley railway line essentially served rudimentary passenger service remaining coal traffic line ceased arches built million blue bricks central metal span feet long crosses don height feet remained use ownership transferred railway paths ltd manage potentially useful railway structures incorporated national cycle network installation new deck surface safety funded railway heritage trust early opened network april rainbow bridge built south yorkshire railway later great central railway rainbow bridge use carries railway line bridge bridge actually bridges carry mill lane southern crossing stream northern crossing lock cut replacing ferry crossing river bridge associated toll house built sir joseph william hall designers southern bridge benjamin william arnold present structure arches originally formed approaches central arch arch replaced deck manufactured newton chambers ltd based sheffield recorded plates attached bridge northern bridge single arched masonry structure replaced plate bridge resting original piers toll house consisting single storey half basement dressed sandstone asphalt roof survives northern bank lock cut tolls collected passage bridge said given family don bridge carries motorway river opened minister transport july consists separate structures having seven spans longest span formed foot suspended central span feet carries motorway river height feet total length structure feet slight horizontal vertical curve southern end steel inch composite concrete deck support bridge use rubber use membranes lined copper decks design includes points compensate mining railway railway western completed formed hull great central joint railway essentially railway serve closed years closure carry belt don spur trans trail officially opened steel pillars supporting filled limestone construction uses deck contrasts deck eastern completed formed great central railway carries freight line avoids crossing level east_coast main line station town area farm bridges situated concrete wooden bridge cross channels river leaves navigation town lock hauling bridge hauling bridge known high bridge navigation crosses second streams river leaves navigation upstream town lock small section river river don left navigation farm called river shortest river great_britain north bridge bridge north bridge road carried railway navigation town lock north bridge don mary bridge north bridge road previously great north road crossed railway level crossing don navigation lengthy iron bridge took road railway navigation river bridge replaced current north bridge use restricted buses pedestrians new george bridge opened new bridge constructed old old bridge stripped surface deck cut sections suspended new structure system transport sections underside new bridge lowered cut removal site railway bridges north bridge railway tracks north station cross don navigation separate bridges section tracks known junction lines leeds york gate bridge bridge provides access navigation centre small businesses car parks island river navigation george bridge george bridge newest bridges don carries dual new bridge road main road north opened november named george bridge result public competition consists yard long steel composite bridge spans yards river don east_coast main line don navigation ladder beam layout main plate cross feet centres chosen deck size number piers drive bridge bridge provides access navigation centre small businesses situated island river navigation situated immediately north hub campus college going downstream gap miles public road crossing navigation area railway bridge bridge conveys great central railway hull railway navigation bridge consists single span decks deck older south deck pictured longer north deck tracks double track railway quadruple track junction line finishes junction metres east bridge west conveys railway river don pipe bridge point navigation runs parallel metres south east river don pipe bridge high navigation river carry waste glass works south east series settling ponds north west glass works major employer area based established plate glass works early 1920s site chosen proximity canal railway sandy terrain needed production glass funded building new houses lane area associated school recreational facilities glass works closed 1990s site occupied units industrial estate lift bridge built replace original swing bridge built steel powered electricity replacement work cost wider upgrade navigation conform standard later development section article elevated control house built sole use operational staff recent years low level standard control console built use bridge staffed lift bridge downstream built technical specification bridge carries road linking bridge provided access heavy loads nearby marsh power station bridge designed carry abnormal loads tons gross weight marsh power station demolished bridge busy road traffic crossings navigation area points interest


steel passenger cargo steamship built norway served communications link regional capital western norway bergen communities county following april german invasion norway norwegian authorities carried troops norwegian war effort forces western norway ceased fighting brief stint german service returned civilian duties later accidentally torpedoed sunk german boat bergen march construction characteristics passenger cargo built norwegian shipyards turn 20th century ships constructed supplement smaller vessels built decades earlier british shipyards addition seen flagship company fleet built company sailed cargo passenger routes western norway largest new builds considered company vessels delivered june yard number modern day oslo norway steel ship measured gross register tons grt length metres beam metres draught metres indicated horsepower nominal horsepower cylinder triple expansion steam engine propel ship knots mph cost company nok build passengers newer ships operated ships knots mph faster mid-19th century vessels company new ship named county council nickname county shipping company executive director hugo held rank english commander royal norwegian navy new ship executive director unusual decision norwegian ships era named place names historical figures royalty built carry people cargo towns villages western norway tourist trade fitted comparatively luxurious class section cabin bed class featured smoking salon women salon dining salon class passengers ship officers deck gave views directions class passengers main deck lowest deck class section expanded improved comparison earlier vessels complaints passengers county council class section described newspaper large comfortably equipped home ported bergen maiden passenger voyage bergen july passenger cargo tourist service summer season served tourist trade sailed regular passenger cargo routes winter months generally express route ship carrying patients way treatment cargo carried live animals including horses cattle sheep trips ran aground october near ship times employed transport important dignitaries region like september brought politicians inspect area proposed railway project shortly delivery september provided transport support large scale norwegian army field exercise western norway tasked transporting troops completion exercises modernized gaining new boiler steam engine painted white january year ran aground ran aground rebuild saw ship deck built creating flush deck profile ship refurbished modernized time measured grt ran aground april ran island route incident caused severe damage hull second world war norwegian campaign troop ship norway invaded nazi_germany april areas immediately captured invading germans able continue service month april april route bergen stopped ordered assist norwegian army units oppose germans directed transport troops smaller villages steamer set early morning april retrieve troops ships company fleet later praised regional police commander important role successful bombing april steamed carrying regular passengers load soldiers bound service norwegian army 4th division soldiers brought day belonged older age group called initial drive route steamer bombed german bomber bombs hit ship machine gun bullets minor damage caused casualties calling proceeded soldiers board disembarked docked village attacked german aircraft aircraft dropped bombs series area people cars ground targets soldiers troops march nearby attack killed travelling salesman bergen outright wounded year old local boy boy mother ship captain way hospital captain died wounds end campaign remaining week fighting south norway docked damaged axle agreement accepted western norway evening handed germans ferry smaller boats transfer ships occurred announced germans vessels limited period transport troops occupy places western norway released germans repaired entering service german occupation autumn regular service providing important link bergen smaller town villages region assigned code letters remained service february ran aground narrows remained aground weeks filled sea water salvaged towed bergen await repairs ship hull intact interior engine heavily water damaged sinking night march docked remains bergen ship struck torpedoes accidentally fired german torpedo boat anchored opposite bay torpedo explosion threw debris wide area left ship lying harbour bed mast section bow remained water aft sections ship completely destroyed torpedo crew member board time able killed incident discovering incident caused accidental launch torpedoes drunken german boat german authorities bergen launched search city total loss suffered named second world war wreck raised april towed sold scrap november


tragedy tragedy took place march ship sank collision italian naval vessel aged months years lost lives large migration italy following popular uprising began collapse large scale pyramid schemes order prevent unauthorized entry migrants italy italian navy set procedure board vessels encountered implementing facto blockade proceeding carry boarding italian vessel collided capsized resulting deaths captains ships held responsible multiple event raised questions extent power state exercise protect unauthorized entry arguments presented state limit actions risk unauthorized entry united_nations high commissioner refugees criticized italian blockade illegal established solely agreement albania background years enforced isolation ban international travel shoot kill orders border thousands began fleeing italy greece late communism albania started fall large waves people came italy march august wave sparked rumor italy giving thousands people boats sizes port communist government called outflow national reached italy italian media portrayed situation invading italian soil consequence gulf war italian opinion makers voiced concerns alleged islamic danger migration saw connection ottoman invasion miles wide contemporary migration crisis erupted albania collapse massive pyramid schemes resulted social deterioration violence country state emergency march provoked popular rebellion causing concern italy feared large scale migration flow migration italy reached peak half march bringing great pressure italian accommodation centers provoking strong reaction italian public opinion italy operating agreement albania board vessels encountered starting april migrants going italy sent albania exchange italian financial police humanitarian assistance country military operation white flags established international waters implemented facto naval blockade sinking incident happened march italian navy vessel collided ship left port city people board sought stop inspect ship suspected containing irregular migrants vessel instead ended ship sinking according italian authorities intention cause collision approached identified approximately civilians board continued italy stop order issued happened near island took operation maneuvers italian ship caused turn resulted subsequent deaths ship capsized allegedly left came approximately minutes later bodies lost lives recovered total number dead high survivors taken port arrived bus taken immigration center identified march news disaster page major italian newspapers relating sense gravity incident reported collision march day mourning albania march united_nations security council adopted resolution established multinational protection force albania facilitate delivery humanitarian assistance force known operation led italians included participation soldiers countries reason intervention stem flow refugees legal proceedings accident raised questions extent power state use protect unauthorized entry undisputed sinking controversy exists result dangerous maneuvering relation stopping ship authors argue obligation state limit actions risk intrusion united_nations high commissioner refugees criticized italian blockade illegal italy established agreement albania italy albania case held non national european court human rights held case assumed jurisdiction relying agreement albania italy ship recovered miles italian coast miles miles coast territorial waters court held italy responsible incident considered exercised jurisdiction italy held responsible holding investigation deaths requirement considered fulfilled public proceedings held captain italian vessel end years proceedings court convicted italian captains multiple years prison second responsibility accident attributed relegated individual level larger chain command legal framework established practices resulted sinking investigated remembrance tragedy folk song repertoire relating migration abroad leading figures practice local intellectuals called related world war migration use metaphors performance devices taken oral folk poetry death react fix memory community tool responding loss life tragedy tragic events parts transported concrete platform port monument tragedy project cost thousand entrusted greek sculptor project left ship lay corner port project titled opera landing work dedicated migrating humanity photographers published photographs ship italian newspaper families dead requested relics placed albania italian media reported monument


cargo ship built morgan line subsidiary southern pacific company world war known uss service united_states_navy end war reverted original world war chartered international committee red_cross spelled henry reverted original end charter sister ships carried cargo limited number passengers morgan line acquired navy july converted carry horses france armistice converted carry american troops home europe returned morgan line sailed june entire morgan line fleet purchased united_states maritime commission served civilian cargo ship world war sailing primarily united_states united_kingdom september chartered sailed swiss flag carrying food parcels american prisoners war held german camps continued sail swiss charter october returned united_states reverted placed james river reserve fleet november sold scrapping july early career cargo passenger steamship launched newport news dry dock newport news virginia yard delivered atlantic division morgan line october sister ships gross register tons grt feet inches long feet inch knots vessel sailed morgan line brand southern pacific steamship company subsidiary southern pacific railroad employed carry cargo limited number passengers new_york new_orleans eastern terminus southern pacific line galveston texas world war united_states declared war germany april unclear role played early war sister ships united_states shipping board behalf united_states_army designated animal transport ships army animal transport ship needed refit typically meant class passenger accommodations ripped replaced ramps stalls horses carried known sailed american convoy france april navy transports british transports cruiser seattle reached france april recorded activity july acquired navy commissioned day lieutenant commander william command assigned naval overseas transportation service carried animals supplies army joining sister ships duty navy voyage france began sailed newport news animals august unlike earlier animal transport crossings army mortality rate august carried transport permanent detachment care animals board ship new program delivered load horses suffering losses september additional animals october losing cargo voyage continued sailing april carrying small number troops return united_states time converted carry troops assigned cruiser transport force help return larger numbers american servicemen europe sailed june returned officers men 6th cavalry regiment july additional july august returning members 3rd infantry division philadelphia voyage returned healthy wounded american servicemen france september philadelphia decommissioned returned morgan line soon interwar civilian service resumed cargo service morgan line enjoyed quiet career typically sailing new_york galveston event note occurred february came wreck schooner run aground reef near light gale came hulk captain remained alive surviving food water days rescue continued galveston landed man world war june united_states maritime commission announced entire morgan line fleet ships including remaining sister ships ships finish previously scheduled cargo runs handed following weeks charged assembling grt fleet aid fighting germany world war paid million ships million repairs handed assigned united_states lines inc operation cargo ship placed registry lines little known movements months february sailed houston texas philadelphia sailed clyde arriving end july months sailed british isles calling belfast liverpool clyde late december sailed trip arrived january limited port facilities slow unloading cargo performed soviet women political prisoners coupled weather long waits convoy escorts required lengthy stays allied cargo ships exception staying nearly weeks compound lengthy wait accompanying faced cargo ships waiting nearest german airfield miles away minutes flying time gave advance warning air raids german dive bombers soviet anti aircraft fire drop fly away caught attack february ship naval armed guards men killed attack departed inlet march returned liverpool sailed convoy new_york april returned belfast late june calling barry haven began new_york end june october ship visited returning new_york november crossing circuit british ports returned new_york june cargo vessel sailed cuba calling havana puerto returning new_york sailed venezuela venezuela cuba returning new_york mid august sailed philadelphia mid september preparation charter red_cross ship september chartered international committee red_cross swiss ship renamed henry erroneously spelled red_cross movement founder henry ships chartered swiss interests sail swiss flag world war october henry departed philadelphia cargo mail food parcels intended allied prisoners war interned german camps henry continued sailing october ship returned norfolk resumed entered james river reserve fleet november july sold scrapping scrap baltimore maryland


bulk carrier bulk carrier bulk freighter merchant ship specially designed transport bulk cargo grains coal ore cement cargo holds specialized bulk carrier built economic forces development ships causing grow size today specially designed maximize capacity safety efficiency today world merchant fleets range size single hold mini ore ships able carry metric tons number specialized designs exist cargo depend port facilities unloading package cargo loaded half greek japanese chinese owners quarter registered panama south_korea largest single builder ships built asia bulk carrier crew loading unloading cargo navigating ship keeping machinery equipment properly maintained loading unloading cargo difficult dangerous hours larger ships crews range size people smallest ships largest bulk cargo dense present safety problems cargo shifting spontaneous cargo threaten ship use ships old problems linked 1990s large important efficient cargo handling new international regulations introduced improve ship design inspection process abandoning ship definition ways define term bulk carrier international convention safety life sea defines bulk carrier ship constructed single deck tanks tanks cargo spaces intended primarily carry dry cargo bulk ore carrier combination carrier classification societies use broader definition ship carries dry goods cargo ships carry bulk cargo carry specifically designed bulk carriage term dry bulk carrier distinguish bulk liquid carriers oil chemical petroleum gas carriers small indistinguishable general cargo ships classified based ship use design number describe describes carries combination ore bulk oil combination oil ore carriers terms large ultra large ore bulk carriers adapted designations large crude carrier ultra large crude carrier history specialized bulk carriers existed methods bulk goods ship method loaded cargo sacks stacked sacks cargo hold crane second method required charter entire ship spend time money build holds guide cargo small wooden shifting boards constructed methods slow labor intensive container ship problem efficient loading unloading driven evolution bulk carrier specialized bulk carriers began appear steam powered ships popular steam ship recognized bulk carrier british coal carrier john featured metal hull steam engine system instead features helped succeed competitive british coal market self lake freighter great lakes greatly decreased unloading time belt cargo diesel propulsion began appear world war international shipping demand bulk products low million tons metal trade coastal great lakes hauled vast amounts ore northern mines steel mills million tons iron ore transported lakes equal coal limestone products moved defining characteristics emerging double adopted triangular structure ballast tanks introduced world war international bulk trade began develop nations particularly european countries united_states japan economics trade ocean larger specialized period great lakes increased size maximize economies scale self common cut turnaround time thousand great lakes fleets built 1970s longest ships afloat record million ton bulk cargo moved great lakes categories size categories segregated major size categories small large large bulk ore carriers fall category considered separately categories regions categories occur regional trade appear regional trade maximum length overall meters refers new type ships larger suitable port republic guinea major loading terminal restricted vessels meters maximum beam meters maximum length overall meters refers largest vessel able enter port newcastle australia largest vessels able navigate sea japan max draft refers largest vessel pass canal locks lawrence great lakes canada draft refers largest vessel pass straits maximum beam max eastern harbour lock port france mini prevalent category small vessels capacity mini carry tons single hold designed river transport built able pass bridges small crews people ships general purpose nature segments represent bulk carriers highest rate growth partly new regulations coming effect greater constraints building larger vessels ships typically length cargo holds cranes ships general purpose nature size vessel limited panama canal lock chambers accommodate ships beam length overall draft ships large traverse panama canal round cape horn travel pacific atlantic oceans earlier ships traverse needed cape good hope recent deepening suez_canal permits ships pass specialized cargo iron ore coal ships great lakes exceed dimensions limited use great lakes pass smaller lawrence ocean large ore carriers large bulk carriers category reserved vessels carriers size designed carry iron ore general types fleet characteristics world bulk transport reached immense proportions billion metric tons coal iron ore grain transported ship today world fleet includes ships represent ships terms terms vessels including smaller ships total combined capacity million combined carriers small portion fleet representing capacity lake great lakes ships million total despite forming small fraction total fleet operating months year carried tenth world bulk cargo short trip distance fast average years old years old years old remaining years age registered great lakes trade years old oldest sailing years old flag states united_states maritime administration counted greater worldwide registered panama ships flag states combined terms number bulk carriers registered flag states include hong_kong ships malta cyprus china panama dominates registration terms positions held hong_kong greece malta cyprus largest fleets greece japan china owners bulk carriers vessels respectively nations account world fleet companies large private fleets multinational company holding group canada operates fleet including designed work arctic ice croatia fleet group hamburg germany operates fleet portugal owns denmark spain notable fleets companies mini operations england clarke shipping limited owns fleet mini small management agency turkey owns fleet seven mini builders asian companies dominate construction bulk carriers world built japan shipyards south_korea notable shipyards heavy industries ranked second builders ships people republic china large shipyards shanghai ranked ships taiwan shipyards china corporation ranked fourth accounting ships shipyards countries built afloat freight charges factors affect cost bulk cargo ship bulk freight market volatile type cargo ship size route traveled affect final price moving load coal south_america europe cost ton hauling sized load aggregate materials gulf_of_mexico japan year cost little ton ton choose instead charter ship paying daily rate instead set price ton average daily rate ship varied ship chartered day day ship breaking generally ships removed fleet process known ship breaking scrapping ship owners buyers negotiate scrap prices based factors ship weight called light ton displacement prices scrap metal market ships scrapped places like india bangladesh ship open sand cutting apart hand gas dangerous operation results injuries fatalities exposure toxic materials lead chemicals half million tons worth bulk carriers scrapped accounting year scrapping year particularly high scrap prices operation crew crew typically consists people smaller ships handled crew includes captain master deck department engineering department steward department practice taking passengers aboard cargo ships universal rare today non existent 1990s involved number led ship owners commission study seeking explain effect factors crew effectiveness study showed crew performance aboard bulk carriers lowest groups studied crews best performance found aboard younger larger ships crews better maintained ships performed better crews ships fewer languages spoken fewer deck officers employed similarly sized ships types mini carries deck officers larger carry liquid natural gas size additional deck officer determined market forces routes vary ship engage grain trade harvest season later carry work different route aboard coastal carrier trade crew know port cargo fully loaded bulk cargo difficult discharge spend time port ships study mini found takes average twice time ship load mini spends hours time port compared hours lumber carrier similar size time port increases hours hours vessels compared hour common container ships hour car carriers hour large crews opportunities spend time ashore loading unloading loading unloading time consuming dangerous process planned ship chief mate direct continued supervision ship captain international regulations require captain terminal master agree detailed plan operations begin deck officers oversee operations occasionally loading errors cause ship break half pier loading method depends cargo equipment available ship dock advanced ports cargo loaded bags poured hatch cover system replaced faster labor intensive methods double cranes load rate tons hour represent widely method use shore based cranes reaching tons hour growing crane discharge rate limited bucket capacity tons speed crane load deposit terminal return modern cranes total time grab deposit return cycle seconds belts offer efficient method loading standard loading rates varying tons hour advanced ports offer rates tons hour start procedures belts complicated require time carry self ships use belts load rates tons hour cargo discharged crew begins clean holds particularly important cargo different type immense size cargo holds tendency physically irritating add difficulty cleaning holds holds clean process loading begins crucial cargo level loading order maintain stability hold filled machines cargo check particularly important hold partly cargo likely shift extra precautions taken adding longitudinal divisions securing wood atop cargo hold technique called involves digging feet hole hatch cover filling cargo weights architecture bulk carrier design largely defined cargo carry cargo density known factor key factor common bulk vary tons cubic meter light grains tons cubic meter iron ore overall cargo weight limiting factor design ore carrier cargo dense coal carriers hand limited overall volume completely filled coal reaching maximum draft given second factor ship dimensions size ports waterways travel example vessel pass panama canal limited beam draft designs ratio length width ranges average ratio length height machinery engine room usually near stern superstructure larger usually single stroke low speed diesel engine directly coupled fixed pitch propeller electricity produced auxiliary generators coupled propeller shaft smaller stroke turn fixed pitch propeller reduction gearbox incorporate output average design ship speed knots mph propeller speed relatively low revolutions minute depends size propeller result oil crisis energy crisis resulting rise oil prices experimental designs coal fuel ships tested late 1970s early 1980s australian national lines constructed ton coal ships called river river constructed tnt called tnt tnt renamed river endeavor river ships financially effective duration lives steam engines able generate shaft power horsepower strategy gave interesting advantage carriers similar fuel suffered poor engine yield compared higher maintenance cost efficient modern maintenance problems supply coal high initial costs hatch opening cargo hold mechanical devices allow opened closed called hatch covers general hatch covers ship breadth beam length holds efficiently load cargo large large present structural problems hull stress concentrated edges areas reinforced hatch areas reinforced locally increasing adding structural members called options effect adding weight ship recently 1950s wooden covers broken apart rebuilt hand opened closed newer vessels hydraulic operated metal hatch covers operated person hatch covers slide forwards backwards lift fold essential hatch covers watertight lead accidental cargo hold flooding caused sink regulations hatch covers evolved investigation following loss load line conference imposed requirement hatch covers able withstand load tons sea water minimum tops hatch covers international association classification societies increased strength standard creating unified requirement standard requires pressure sea water calculated function speed especially hatch covers located forward portion ship hull designed easy build store cargo efficiently facilitate construction built single hull bow allows ship efficiently water designers lean simple vertical bows larger ships hulls large block universal result inherently slow offset efficiency comparing ship carrying capacity terms weight way measure efficiency small ship carry times weight larger designs efficiency pronounced vessels carry times weight cross section typical merchant ships upper lower corners hold ballast tanks double area corner tanks reinforced serve purpose controlling ship trim designers choose angle corner tanks angle anticipated greatly reduces movement shifting cargo ship double bottoms subject design constraints primary concern high allow passage pipes cables areas allow people safe access perform surveys maintenance hand concerns excess weight wasted volume double bottoms tight spaces hulls steel usually mild steel manufacturers preferred high steel recently order reduce weight use high steel longitudinal transverse reinforcements reduce hull resistance forged steel ship parts propeller shaft support transverse iron reinforced connections construction hulls concrete steel sandwich investigated double hulls popular past years designing vessel double sides adds primarily breadth required double bottoms advantages double hull room place structural elements sides removing holds increases volume holds structure helps loading unloading cleaning double sides improve ship capacity useful carrying light goods ship increase draft stability reasons adding ballast water recent design called con seeks combine strengths single hull double hull construction short hybrid configuration design doubles forward rear holds leaves single approach increases ship key points reducing overall weight adoption double hull economic purely architectural decision argue double sided ships receive comprehensive surveys suffer hidden spite opposition double hulls requirement vessels continual danger breaking backs longitudinal strength primary architectural concern naval architect uses longitudinal strength set hull called manage problems longitudinal strength stresses ship hull composed individual parts called members set dimensions members called ship naval architects stresses ship expected subjected add safety factors required analyses conducted traveling loading unloading partially fully loaded conditions temporary places subject largest stresses studied carefully hold bottoms hatch covers bulkheads holds bottoms ballast tanks great lakes designed withstand developing resonance waves cause fatigue april international association classification societies adopted common structural rules rules apply meters length require calculations account items effect harsh conditions found north_atlantic dynamic stresses loading rules establish margins safety 1980s 1990s unsafe time bulk carriers sank time lost sudden quick making impossible crew escape sailors lost period partly sinking series international safety resolutions adopted 1990s stability problems cargo shifting poses great danger problem pronounced grain grain voyage creates extra space cargo hold cargo free ship ship rolls cause ship list turn causes cargo shift kind chain reaction quickly convention sought control sort problem regulations required upper ballast tanks designed manner prevent shifting required leveled trimmed holds practice reduces cargo surface area contact air useful effect reducing chances spontaneous coal iron metal sort risk affect dry absorption ambient moisture fine mix water mud created hold shifts easily produce free surface effect way control risks good ventilation practices careful monitoring presence water structural problems bulk carriers sank taking crewmen sank killing level loss focused attention safety aspects bulk carriers great deal learned american bureau shipping concluded losses directly failure cargo hold structure lloyd register shipping added hull sides withstand combination local fatigue cracking operational damage accident studies showed clear pattern sea water enters forward hatch large wave poor seal etc extra water weight hold number partition hold number water enters hold number trim water enters holds holds rapidly filling water bow ship quickly leaving little time crew react previous practices required ships withstand flooding single forward hold guard situations holds flood case rear holds flooded better engine room quickly flooded leaving ship propulsion holds middle ship flooded stress hull great ship contributing factors identified involved ships years age ships age occurred 1980s caused growth international trade replace prematurely shipping companies compelled cost grounds aging vessels service lack maintenance affected seals hatch covers strength bulkheads separate holds difficult detect immense size surfaces involved advanced methods loading ships designed new processes efficient loading difficult control hour halt operation occasionally resulting ship unexpected time damage hull structural integrity recent use high steel allows building structure material weight retaining similar strength thinner regular steel steel easily plus develop metal fatigue seas according lloyd register principal cause attitude ship owners sent ships known problems sea new rules adopted convention focused problems reinforcing bulkheads longitudinal frame stringent particular focus routine port additions required restrictions instance forbidden carrying certain types mark hulls large easy crew safety december required carry free fall located stern arrangement allows crew abandon ship quickly case catastrophic emergency argument use free fall require degree physical mobility fitness enter launch boat injuries occurred launches example case incorrectly secured safety belts december chapter convention amended require installation high level water monitoring systems safety measure quickly watch bridge engine room case flooding holds cases catastrophic flooding speed process abandoning ship


ferry norwegian ferry operator county operated ferry town island ferry company operated seven ferries history operating time including reserve based company founded started service initial owners company mixture municipalities county private individuals companies company operations split services single crossing following opening bridge ferry terminated company taken state decided route subject public service obligation company lost bid operation ceased end history establishment initiative cross ferry services taken arthur leader merchants association january invited members municipal councils sides establish company meeting held representatives took days meeting interim committee appointed cooperate persuade purchase new ship consider purchase combined cargo ferry alternatively conventional vessel time national road constructed competed end decade longer connected committee suggested route established municipal council voted place ferry serving municipal center state funding nok granted build ferry committee decided wanted ferry similar delivered time stationed trondheim costing nok finance state guarantees load needed granted ministry transport communications promised grant partial guarantees local guarantees issued sale shares started municipalities bought shares county municipality bought shares want issue guarantees established share capital nok split shares county bought largest owner seven municipalities bought remaining shares owned private individuals local companies company incorporated nok borrowed nok invested ferry arrived december named initial plans crew ferry quickly expanded single direction vessel space passengers plus vehicles test run clear centimetres narrow allow ferry dock ferry service different route combinations direction fees based different zones trips zone trips zone trips zone initial prices nok person zone nok zone nok zone cars prices nok respectively ferry round trips round trips round trips ferries corresponded southbound trains line station walking distance buses operated station operations commenced february days service stop technical problems engine took week resumed suitable ferry dock low tide caused ferry dock main dock passengers whilst unloading vehicles wait high tide months operation ferry transported vehicles cars passengers number cars increased company employed ticket sellers new ferry ordered entered service august metres long vessel cost nok capacity sixteen cars trucks rationale purchasing new ferry increased traffic following completion national road ferry fastest link people traveling routes discussion splitting route started early 1960s public roads administration felt unnecessary cross service time road administration process building road allow ferry drop service june service split time service upgraded national road connection responsibility funding transferred ministry service taken service taken state granted sufficient guarantees allow new ferry purchased year road opened new ferry similar built nok originally named sold operator nok time transferred municipality merged ferries equipped following year company deficit nok million transported passengers took service mobile came use january service reduced result oil crisis lasted march smoking indoors banned new built opened july local disagreement location new delayed construction open planning new ferry service started order placed june new ferry cost nok million space cars directional service february kept reserve need larger ferry service pressing cars wait ferry sailed capacity room passengers leave vehicles work new ferry replace started resulted acquisition second hand ferry bergen capacity cars entered service starting december leased tickets single trip ferry nok adult nok car driver service nok respectively available cars trucks buses new times proved small cars left additional service year order costing nok million signed december service sold nok nok million following year municipality sold shares company system changed company received fixed instead state covering deficit allowed company profit managed operations meeting local commercial political interests establish bridge held establishment company finance construction parliament norway passed plans construction started years later bridge cost nok million opened king december taken ferry purchased municipality shares bought previously owned municipality year operation service carried people cars trucks buses sold nok annual meeting postponed ferry strike prevented shareholders attending municipality county municipality remaining public shareholders announced intended sell trondheim based ferry operator politicians changed mind municipality remained ferries service small passenger ferry days company hit strike normally service chosen subject strikes high needed chicken manufacturer proceed unnecessary animals cooperation started including shared reserve ferry cooperation competition started work proposals purchase new ferry following year chose buy nok million renamed taken service november sold time amended agreement stationed shared reserve ferry meant reserve vessel needed ferry sent service january ferry services national test project fees cars increased passengers traveled free project included larger large users scheme terminated new ferry opened larger waiting area ramp ramp separate sections walk passengers cars terminal building built waiting room toilets offices terminal square metres stories cost nok million ground building built symbolize lighthouse appears shaped like fish second cabinet liberal minister transport decided ferry services norway subject public service obligation held concession end bid service january company need expertise bidding increased share capital succeed bidding bought company county municipality sold shares following meeting held succeeded securing sufficient number shares private owners purchase entire company valued company nok million private owners given option paid shares july subsidiary company remained separate limited company board service packaged ferry located ferry initial contract proposal public roads administration considered acceptable ferry service hours technical difficulties vessel massive local protests arguing residents option ferry delay reduced hours specified reserve ferry stationed public roads administration declared joint venture won bid continued operate concession ran terminal sold employees received jobs remained paper company sale completed completed company accidents history services cross cross route service connected sea locked communities mainland ferry round trips round trips round trips ferry connected municipalities sound point route operated june december replaced bridge norwegian national road ferry hourly services direction day crossing took seven minutes ferry connects mainland island service operated june norwegian national road ferry daily round trips crossing taking minutes kilometres stretch service operated later merged tide fleet company vessel single direction vessel built arrived december cost nok equipped radar initially cross route reserve service route ferry sold nok later restaurant oslo ordered service august metres long metres wide cost nok built larger saloon place sixteen cars trucks bridge covered width vessel radar contemporary equipment ferry service route reserve ferry sold size service route capacity sixteen cars built nok replaced leased sold nok cost nok million places cars directional weighed tonnes metres long service route february reserve ferry following purchase bought dated service near bergen capacity cars sold nok million size placed cars directional cost nok million service sold nok million vessel built bought named built cost nok million metres long place cars sold following loss bid


manchester liners manchester liners cargo passenger shipping company founded based manchester england line pioneered regular passage ocean going vessels manchester ship canal main sphere operation shipping trade company operated services mediterranean line vessels registered port manchester lost enemy action second world wars successful switch traditional container shipping relatively short lived subsequent introduction larger container ships meant company vessels restricted maximum length feet imposed ship canal lock chambers longer compete economically line ceased operations early history opening manchester ship canal possible large ocean going ships sail directly heart manchester opposition ship owners based liverpool ports united_kingdom shipping lines slow introduce direct services new port manchester found difficult compete established ports new trading routes manchester west_africa mediterranean ports countered established shipping conferences sharply reducing charges inducing customers sign binding contracts cases achieving aims imposed old charges help counter sharp practices sir christopher company proposed manchester based shipping line formed encourage use manchester ship canal docks public manchester liners ltd issued authorised share capital million company largest appointed chairman directors included representatives ship canal company borough council robert director appointed managing director initial operations manchester liners decided outset manchester canada prime route secondary route southern united_states cotton ports new_orleans galveston lesser seasonal routes added later built gross registered ton grt ships bought renamed manchester enterprise manchester trader trader shipping line voyage setting montreal docking manchester cargo grain vessels joined january newly built manchester city grt constructed steamship carried long tons coal burned long tons day giving speed knots mph fast day vessel designed carry frozen meat live cattle claimed largest meat carrying ships afloat successful maiden voyage canada new canal manchester taking days stopping overnight crew rest manchester guardian reported january head liverpool attempt canal pilots reaching looked bed week eyes exhaustion city discharged cattle sheep manchester corporation foreign animals wharf near mode wheel locks overall length feet far largest vessel ventured successful navigation claim liverpool owners ships feet safely reach manchester vessel continued manchester docks unloading met lord mayor accompanied band crowd successful voyage encourage use new port voyage halifax nova_scotia march city took days sixteen hours arrived mail boat left hours ahead fleet joined new smaller grt vessels manchester port manchester merchant new vessels followed quickly basic sailing pattern canada john new_brunswick year round montreal lawrence river ice free manchester ships crews united_kingdom government transport troops horses supplies south_africa boer war aftermath collecting points horses included galveston new_orleans usa buenos_aires south_america manchester port second voyage cape continued australia bring troops conflict voyage return january manchester merchant lost passage new_orleans manchester fire developed cotton cargo scuttled bay west_coast ireland flames subsequently broke bad weather line operating fourteen seven thousand tons built associated shipyards services ports eastern canada supplemented regular boston philadelphia southern cotton ports new_orleans galveston deployed vessels including manchester city river plate route serving ports manchester main return cargo frozen meat city set record largest meat time lord died succeeded chairman death fleet maintained vessels years world war ships deployed canadian routes carrying mainly manufactured goods meat grain operations world war start war july fleet ships fleet continued operate services ports eastern canada usa including baltimore returning war supplies august manchester miller manchester civilian supply ships sent coal islands refuel battlecruisers hms hms invincible civilian cruisers german vessels approached british warships cast immediately engage ensuing battle admiral von battleships plus escorting cruisers sunk civilian later equipped gear returned carrying supplies equipment canada troops france vessels fitted defensive guns bow stern june manchester port beat submarine attack gunfire near cape wrath manchester commerce outward bound quebec city sunk northwest ireland october loss crew merchant ship sunk june second manchester trader route bay crete engaged running battle boat captured sunk near island loss master captain awarded distinguished service cross went complete years service line surviving sinking second world war ships sunk boats seven losses occurring acquired seven ships sunk manchester engineer acquired short career june bound chased boat escaped naval escort arrived august sailing coal torpedoed miles head sunk manchester division achieved fame maiden voyage west join westbound atlantic convoy plymouth rammed sank german submarine head october end war november surviving vessels strength peacetime operations fleet augmented second hand vessels resumed new_orleans baltimore service extended norfolk virginia ships including manchester civilian manchester spinner regular carriers coal trade sydney nova_scotia civilian round trips usa japan carrying relief supplies japanese earthquake took delivery tons steam turbine manchester regiment constructed company knot mph ship crew largest operated date carrying cattle plus hold cargo equipped large assist heavy goods handling regiment record bar quebec seven days hours captain won gold headed cane traditionally awarded spring master ship break lawrence ice reach montreal feat repeated later captains old head office manchester inadequate replaced august purpose built storey modern building located ann square royal exchange line acquired new vessels later year fortunes adversely affected competition american firms north_atlantic routes disposed seven ships late reducing fleet vessels regiment steamed miles gale reach sinking glasgow steamer launched rescue crew return home king george awarded regiment crew silver medal gallantry saving life sea manchester lord mayor presented silver board trade captain amid great depression ships laid manchester merchant disposed breaking manchester civilian sold greek owners public sailing programme summer season listed ships allocated weekly fast freight service quebec montreal advertised fitted fan forced ventilation cold storage accommodation vessels able carry passengers year gap new vessels commissioned trade started recover maintaining fleet ships trio equipped automatic coal fired boilers greatly improved accommodation passengers crew operations second world war vessels start world war early conflict lost manchester regiment december general cargo john new_brunswick proceeding lights run pacific steam navigation detached eastbound convoy fleet continued deployed north_atlantic routes war company vessels undertook wide variety roles conflict manchester city naval auxiliary ship working far_east manchester progress ships leave japanese conquest burma manchester commerce deployed mediterranean convoys year transported south_africa india burma campaign manchester trader fitted extra crew quarters use commodore ship atlantic convoys supply runs bone algeria remained atlantic theatre served manchester brigade having survived world war sunk september torpedoed bound montreal convoy head north ireland crew lost manchester merchant completed quickly involved operation fish transporting britain gold reserves canada making valued total million late deployed operation torch supply ship north_africa february torpedoed atlantic convoy crew including gunners lost captain survived received manchester division bound table bay directed assist blue star line star beached rugged coast division stood heavy swell days rescuing passengers crew taking cape_town manchester citizen sunk boat whilst passage july surviving supply runs eighth army vessel lost albeit deliberately manchester spinner taken military supplies india june shortly day manned volunteer crew led line harbour sunk beach normandy act whilst troop reinforcements stores landed beaches superstructure armed anti aircraft guns peacetime operations war end fleet vessels built continued operate traditional service eastern canada years new vessels acquired manchester merchant ship fitted radar navigate lawrence aid year company carried manchester lord mayor party canada goodwill trade mission manchester sold replaced newly built larger manchester regiment ton knot mph ships commissioned meant manchester division veteran wars sold scrapping record years service line robert grandson second chairman generation family appointed executive director joined line turn chairman manchester transport german aircraft canada left port 23rd august arriving montreal september cargo included manchester commerce carried second world war german aircraft canada leaving docks august arriving september contracted build smaller vessels tons commissioned named manchester pioneer explorer joined ton manchester trio size able pass restricted size canals locks leading directly toronto great lakes ports far detroit michigan initiative british line taken ahead completion saint lawrence gave line head start direct trade midwest ports winter months thick ice prevented navigation lakes trio employed charter lines manchester progress grt opened regular mid summer service churchill hudson bay short ice free season bringing grain shipped port rail canadian captain survivor wars retired march years service commodore gained master ticket sail year great lakes service extended chicago service southern ports charleston savannah jacksonville resumed engined strategic bomber suffered engine fires august route travis california raf suffolk crew ordered bail miles west ireland manchester montreal manchester pioneer diverted scene despite bad weather able rescue surviving crew air_force sent messages commending ship masters crews efforts adverse circumstances motor vessels engines accommodation located aft commissioned april manchester vanguard venture grt designed great lakes service larger motor vessels manchester faith fame grt commissioned april faith quickly commercial vessel transit newly opened lawrence larger locks vessels involved successful mid-atlantic rescue passengers september flying tiger line lockheed super route new_jersey frankfurt airport persons aboard engines failed changed course shannon airport ireland hour engine failed captain john murray successful darkness nautical miles west shannon occupants evacuated aircraft sank larger manchester progress acted radio relay ship manchester faith picked survivors persons board aircraft lost sank heavy seas switch containers manchester liners house company new headquarters docks officially opened december high commissioner canada design advanced day remains basically unchanged today unusual curved facade storey building designed echo bridge shape manchester miller later renamed house built manchester ship canal railway nos docks late 1960s rising shore costs dock workers strikes restrictive practices sides atlantic competition american shipping lines persuaded manchester liners switch future fleet container ships example delaying effect strikes canadian ports consequent impact operating costs extended ninety day return voyage quebec city early new manchester progress initially new ships ordered dock company manchester challenge delivered british built operated cellular container ship challenge sisters manchester courage followed crusade manufacturers supplied containers ships capacity carry foot containers deck new regular container route started november twice weekly service montreal containers transferred smaller vessels navigate ports great lakes new powerful knot mph vessels constructed standard exceeding class ice additional aft protection rudder permit reversing ice second voyage early manchester challenge lived entering heavily montreal harbour departing days late thirty seven conventional vessels stuck port month quartet ice breaking capability resulted leading convoy vessels montreal winter months ships gross tons maximum size able navigate manchester ship canal obtain greatest operational efficiency constructed dedicated container cranes etc manchester terminal built open site western end dock second container berth added terminal created montreal similar equipment containers trans shipped dedicated liner train operated canadian national railways carried onwards toronto destinations inaugurated container service mediterranean smaller ships initial destinations included malta cyprus israel later decade countries served extended include italy greece lebanon syria improve service large road acquired enabling door door container operation introduced facilities container storage repair acquired following successful pioneering container trade given queen award export given shipping company ship fleet flew award flag carried long tons total long tons dry cargo handled ship canal year acquired manchester dry docks ltd operated large small dry docks canal adjacent docks facilities assisted greatly keeping fleet fully operational manchester challenge completed 100th round voyage montreal having carried containers weighing long tons distance miles equivalent round trip moon manchester canada route week decline closure manchester liners partly owned beginning subsidiary taken group hong_kong robert retired chairman manchester liners years service company severe competition following building excess container shipping capacity companies badly affected trade company vessels smaller average industry leading higher operating costs unit cargo carried operations severely affected mid-1970s official unofficial strikes dock workers service canada ended early 1980s manchester ships remained ton container vessel manchester challenge ton vessels manchester crown manchester trader manchester faith manchester city line ceased port manchester smaller vessels operating mediterranean port miles closer sea lower reaches ship canal jointly canadian pacific steamship company container line instituted weekly service suffolk montreal contribution service large manchester challenge manchester liners ships sold services operated company taken orient overseas container line successor group ship naming policy house flag colours company ship naming policy year period operations use home port plus word trade occupation frequently manchester trader applied different vessels cessation operations names appropriately world war manchester hero manchester brigade manchester division reused disposal loss vessels ships operated short term charter retained original names receive manchester prefix earliest days line colours funnels dark red black thin black band hulls black white boot topping second world war ships painted battleship grey names deleted security friendly ports 1960s onwards ships hulls painted light grey red line flag colours red oval placed horizontally white lettering centre imposed overall white background


washington washington short ton day boat flagship hudson_river day line operated hudson_river washington collided oil barge fog june north river aid reached shore pier jersey city sank soon passengers crew died result accident removal complicated sinking site holland tunnel construction remained submerged february raised determined total loss bond issued replacement characteristics quadruple washington named author washington built new_york company contract number machinery built company new_jersey ship launched december delivered use new_york_city albany service naval architect frank designer large great lakes passenger collaborated new_york_city firm brothers designers ferry boats design ship launched november detroit company largest wheel ship world time preliminary design tests hull form conducted university_of_michigan determining best form minimum wave making resistance shallow water high speeds carrying capacity passengers largest passenger carrying capacity built time construction steel steamer measured feet inches length overall feet inches beam feet beam feet inches depth feet inches draft ship short ton seven transverse bulkheads divided hull extensive strengthening decks prevent use visible prevalent older vessels type steel hull superstructure particularly high exposure areas fire room practical fire protection propulsion steel feet inches diameter horsepower driven cylinder compound inclined engine cylinders measuring inches inches inches inches stroke single ended double ended boilers provided steam single ended boilers measured feet inches diameter feet inches length double ended boilers feet inches diameter feet length coal consumption tons hour operating speed miles hour marine terms knots turbo generators provided electrical power ship smoke amidships boilers forward stack non functioning added aesthetic purposes ship began service hudson_river day line flagship steamer washington intended solely passenger day service sleeping cargo spaces incorporated design nineteen private balcony available rest spaces large public spaces based period large writing room design based forward main deck large lunch room old tavern london ladies lounge patterned study main dining room main deck purely colonial style main saloon main deck blended designs largest rooms afloat vessel acres outside deck space rooms fitted large plate glass views river licensed passengers breaking record ships previously held consort hudson deck space possible carry capacity license allowed service life washington operated daily leisure passenger service hudson_river maiden voyage saturday street pier new_york_city destination albany voyage oil paintings artists illustrating period view tickets maiden voyage sold washington replaced robert new_york albany run ship remained service sinking ship service lost day line pilot washington captain van sinking soon departing street pier way albany morning fog june washington struck little oil barges pushed boat thomas collision damaged washington starboard water line aft amidships allowing water rush engine rooms collision resulted hole measuring feet long feet wide captain david ordered passengers life ship signal long short repeatedly chaos shouts prevailed passengers tried don life locate children fog inability land increased alarm passengers despite captain shouts safe ordered jazz band resume playing music maintain post rescue assisted boats washington reached shore construction pier jersey city sank minutes later passengers died result accident wood wife arthur mother arthur allen year old daughter mary woods steward trapped cabin far deck accident determined unusual unexpected strength tidal current possibly surface inquiry united_states steamship inspection board closed june washington valued barge suffered damages time sinking alexander head porter joined day line continued service till aftermath washington sunk new_york new_jersey tube removal wreck menace navigation struck june railroad car float washington raised february towed dry dock determine condition repair march washington determined total loss bond issued company debt provide financing replacement peter peter originally estimated cost boat completed june final cost closer


steam line sailed london career ship built brothers dutch ship carry limited freight passengers rebuilt increased length metres world war line attempted maintain service september seized prize german submarine sailed retained months later shelled british submarine sank near career sister ship iii built william company brothers scotland ship launched august built metres long perpendiculars metres powered single cylinder triple expansion steam engine indicated horsepower moved knots carry passengers class second class listed gross register tons grt completion october joined ton service london pair joined iii completion november ships docked london ships originally docked near london bridge switched customs house wool near tower bridge beginning line service london offered daily sundays ships round trips week addition passengers carry limited quantity freight example typical load long ton short tons dry chemical wood pulp carried london march rebuilt grt lengthened metres metres outbreak world war august line continued service london route december news handling identified pound swedish matches discovered escaped german_army officer inside plan apparently shipped london plot heavy rolling knocked man unconscious officer returned custody british military officials june passengers witnessed attack german british steamship north hinder attack broken british arrived ship engage german aircraft destroyed ship unscathed september departed ship stopped german submarine seized prize sailed german held dutch crew women children passengers released sent train germans confiscated ship cargo food board escaped russian prisoners war richard german born new_york businessman american newspapers carried reports plight reporting october likely impressed german_army whereabouts activities months uncertain remained german control time long clear sources dutch control late july july shelled british submarine outside dutch territorial waters damaged gunfire crew steered dutch territorial waters sent prize crew board sailed outside dutch waters time dutch torpedo boat arrived scene taking water drifted dutch territory torpedo boat sent message respect neutrality retrieved prize crew departed despite efforts stem flow water sank nautical mile north


general cargo container ship owned lines originally named meter ship built american atlantic shipping serve route united_states brazil ship seized united_states maritime administration government loans renamed rainbow hope leased small company serve route united_states american military base iceland rainbow hope ship central international disagreement united_states iceland span years compared chicago_tribune plot movie mouse involve political personalities including elizabeth george ronald_reagan finally losing iceland route ship renamed bought norwegian owners worked norwegian trade bought lines renamed iceland route leading tensions united_states iceland closing united_states naval station ship gone carrying cargo activities azores construction named ship keel laid january shipyard louisiana hull constructed ordinary strength steel overall length metres beam metres depth metres general cargo holds total capacity cubic metres grain capacity cubic metres ship gross total carrying capacity long tons built ballast tanks having total ballast capacity cubic metres major features ship structure include diesel oil tanks oil tanks water tanks chain tank waste water tank ship built cranes removed ship features man diesel main engine millimetre cylinders millimetre stroke maximum continuous power kilowatts driving bronze propeller electrical power generated kilowatts auxiliary generators construction ship completed history early 1980s company american atlantic shipping wholly owned subsidiary american maritime industries built multi purpose ships carry cargo united_states brazil sister ships america united_states maritime administration took possession ships american atlantic title payments rainbow hope entrepreneur mark county new_jersey founded rainbow navigation sole purpose serving route united_states united_states military base iceland money earned ship company chartered department transportation renamed rainbow hope company consisted ship crew seven time employees companies serviced iceland route late 1960s submitted bid quoting rates companies charging invoked cargo preference act rainbow won million contract carry cargo route immediately began work route contract military command according official state department speaking condition right start iceland let feelings known losing business entirely dependent trade issue national sovereignty minister counselor embassy washington informed reagan administration iceland accept foreign shipping company monopoly carrying cargo iceland rainbow hope left pier department transportation approached rainbow trying situation new_york_times characterized ensuing fight rainbow navigation versus navy national security council departments state defense justice transportation president iceland raised matter united_states department state times including meeting lisbon june year secretary state george foreign minister iceland described matter major relations relations strained point iceland threatened start boarding ships close base state department attempted solve problem number ways tried failed cargo preference act amended offer pay shipping firms monetary damages loss route refused president reagan asked united_states secretary navy john determine rainbow claim cargo preference act valid august declared rainbow rates excessive days rainbow pressed suits united_states district court department navy federal agencies secretary navy government officials personal capacities suits demanded relief federal agencies monetary damages named individuals international organization masters mates pilots representing rainbow hope crew joined rainbow suits october district court issued order granting rainbow requests relief ordered government withdraw new bids government appealed finding january panel circuit court appeals consisting future supreme_court justice future report special prosecutor kenneth senior circuit judge upheld rainbow victory appeal government attorneys conceded finding rainbow rates excessive politically motivated court found arguments forth extraordinary having rational basis particular wrote factual basis assertion utterly lacking time transportation secretary elizabeth supported rainbow according chicago_tribune viable employer united_states months later government took different approach solve problem rainbow form treaty united_states_of_america republic iceland facilitate defense relationship treaty negotiated future secretary veteran affairs updated iceland treaty adding explicit exemption cargo preference act contract companies giving companies opportunity compete contract time said don solve problem war united_states senate ratified treaty day reagan left attend summit meeting reagan met president iceland seeing giving guarantee majority contract returned shipping companies tumultuous time rainbow hope kept iceland route late bidding rainbow company bid bids competitors lower giving carriage rights rainbow hope secured remaining bidding navy changed bidding process way rainbow found unfair rainbow took new case washington district court court issued preliminary injunction halting bidding process ordering carriage continued terms contracts november court granted summary judgement rainbow finding new bidding system illegal judgement held nearly years ultimately overturned august panel judges douglas david court appeals washington circuit reversed lower court decision operational incidents addition non stop succession challenges related contracts iceland run rainbow hope involved notable operational incidents notable involves labor strike prevented rainbow hope cargo keeping vessel anchor days ship scheduled depart bound iceland september government rainbow aware possibility strike scheduled begin october rainbow hope arrived iceland october strike underway rainbow repeatedly contacted government instructions given ship remained idle anchor days unable discharge cargo strike ended october cargo delivered day government paid rainbow delivery rainbow filed suit 3rd circuit court seeking extra days waiting court denied claim appeals lasted june appeals court upheld earlier decision operational incidents note include fire return voyage iceland united_states forced ship stop newfoundland repairs crane breakdown november cargo operations required repairs azores ship certificate inspection united_states_coast_guard rendering unable march vessel sold owners jamaica coast guard prevented ship receiving oil proceeding berth valid certificate financial responsibility provided late ship purchased company norway norwegian approximately dollars mortgage bank december new owner registered ship norwegian international ship register wages journey norway guaranteed ship inspected roads virginia april june transferred norwegian ship register spotted amateur enthusiasts october january ship renamed november ship declared free financial sold american company lines decided start shipping company serve iceland route citizen educated united_states having worked van shipping seven years familiar route history college roommate college rose came affluent family yearly business revenues estimated million year rose offered company started companies lines lines iceland february originally partners ventures shortly accepted offer shipping company american purchase company exercised option buy company largely owned company preparations bid iceland contract rose secured million dollar letter credit state bank long_island early operations company ships secure letters shipping companies supply vessels sufficient cover charter requirements pledged vessels supply boat native dancer bids iceland run military traffic management command january bids received observers speculate bids company dutch shipping company van lines lines iceland september military traffic management command awarded iceland contract lines iceland lowest overall remaining lines lowest american shipping companies portion awarded lines cumulative total value set october month united_states renamed port jacksonville response awards government iceland lodged protest state department arguing true shipping company lacks necessary experience technical capability financial responsibility material connection iceland shipping companies van lines usa iceland previously serviced iceland route sued united_states protesting award district court found van requiring army restart bidding process appealed decision january court appeals reversed lower court decision finally securing contract december members coast guard marine safety office observed accidental discharge approximately gallons diesel fuel tank elizabeth river coast guard iceland detained vessel leading american bureau shipping temporarily ship safety construction certificate safety equipment certificate september cold war united_states naval air station tenant commands process begun march closure marked end year military presence years coordinated united_states_navy activities national_guard air_force army february united_states transportation command awarded contract carry cargo united_states terminal azores contract serviced expected completed february percent small business set aside acquisition bids received ship owned operated lines company currently owns operates vessels including barge combination vessels chartered military command perform duties delivering cargo military activities diego bay cuba lines collective agreements unions