lead poisoning lead poisoning type metal poisoning caused increased levels heavy metal lead body like toxic heavy metals lead variety body processes toxic organs tissues including heart bones reproductive nervous systems brain organ sensitive lead exposure lead development nervous system particularly toxic children causing potentially permanent learning behavior disorders including violence symptoms include abdominal pain confusion severe cases coma death routes exposure lead include contaminated air water soil food consumer products exposure common cause lead poisoning adults according estimates national institute safety health million workers united_states potentially exposed lead workplace largest threats children lead paint exists homes especially older ones children older housing paint lead dust window frames lead paint greater risk prevention lead exposure range individual efforts removing lead containing items home nationwide policies laws ban lead products reduce levels water soil provide cleanup contaminated soil etc elevated lead body detected presence changes blood cells visible microscope dense lines bones children seen ray main tool diagnosis measurement blood lead level blood lead levels recorded results indicate lead circulating blood stream stored body units reporting blood lead level grams blood numerically equivalent centers disease control set standard elevated blood lead level adults blood children number set lower blood previous children especially prone health effects lead result blood lead levels set lower closely monitored contamination possible major treatments removal source lead therapy administration agents lead humans mining heavy metal thousands years poisoning process lead poisoning oldest known work environmental hazards modern understanding small lead necessary cause harm come half 20th century safe threshold lead exposure discovered known sufficiently small lead cause harm body classification lead poisoning lead defined exposure high levels lead typically associated severe health effects poisoning pattern symptoms occur toxic effects mid high levels exposure wider spectrum effects including ones cause symptoms professionals use lead poisoning lead official sources restrict use lead poisoning refer effects lead lead blood tissues time course exposure determine lead poisoning acute intense exposure short duration chronic repeat low level exposure prolonged period common diagnosis treatment lead exposure based blood lead level lead blood measured lead blood lead levels commonly cases chronic exposure lead highest concentrations bones provider performing provocative test challenge measurement obtained blood likely provide accurate representation total lead burden skilled interpreter centers disease control prevention world health organization state blood lead level cause concern lead development harmful health effects lower levels known safe exposure level authorities american academy define lead poisoning blood lead levels higher lead forms variety compounds exists environment forms features poisoning differ depending agent organic compound contains carbon organic lead poisoning rare countries world phased use organic lead compounds gasoline compounds industrial settings organic lead compounds cross skin respiratory tract easily affect central nervous system predominantly signs symptoms lead poisoning cause variety symptoms signs vary depending individual duration lead exposure symptoms subtle elevated lead levels symptoms symptoms usually develop weeks months lead builds body chronic exposure acute symptoms brief intense occur symptoms exposure organic lead probably toxic lead occur rapidly poisoning organic lead compounds symptoms predominantly central nervous system symptoms different adults children main symptoms adults abdominal pain memory loss kidney failure male reproductive problems weakness pain early symptoms lead poisoning adults commonly include depression loss appetite intermittent abdominal pain muscle pain early signs adults include fatigue decreased problems sleep unusual taste mouth personality changes early signs adults symptoms occur levels likely occur symptoms begin appear children generally lead levels symptoms appear vary widely depending unknown characteristics individual blood lead levels effects delayed reaction times difficulty concentrating slowed motor nerve occur appear blood lead levels higher adults abdominal involving pain appear blood lead levels greater signs occur adults blood lead levels exceeding include wrist drop foot drop signs condition characterized brain swelling accompany increased pressure skull coma children signs bizarre behavior occur lead levels exceeding adults children rare blood lead levels exceed acute poisoning acute poisoning typical signs pain muscle weakness rarely symptoms associated brain abdominal pain acute symptoms lead effects mouth include metallic taste problems poor appetite weight loss common acute poisoning absorption large amounts lead short time cause shock insufficient fluid system loss water tract red blood cells acute poisoning cause damage cause changes decreased output people survive acute poisoning display symptoms chronic poisoning chronic poisoning chronic poisoning usually presents symptoms affecting multiple systems associated main types symptoms central nervous system symptoms usually result intense exposure symptoms usually result exposure longer periods signs chronic exposure include loss short term memory concentration depression abdominal pain loss coordination fatigue problems sleep speech found chronic lead poisoning lead skin feature blue line bluish black teeth known burton line indication chronic lead poisoning children chronic poisoning refuse play aggressive behavior disorders visual disturbance present gradually progressing blurred vision result central caused toxic effects children developing woman elevated blood lead level susceptible lead poisoning exposure greater risk born prematurely low birth weight children risk lead poisoning smaller bodies continuous state growth development lead absorbed faster rate compared adults causes physical harm older people furthermore children especially learning crawl walk constantly floor prone dust contaminated lead classic signs symptoms children loss appetite abdominal pain weight loss kidney failure learning disabilities problems slow development normal childhood behaviors talking use words permanent intellectual disability commonly seen common possible develop exposed high lead concentrations complications lead affects body organ systems especially nervous system bones teeth immune reproductive systems hearing loss tooth decay linked lead exposure lead exposure promote tooth decay aside developmental effects unique young children health effects experienced adults similar children generally higher kidney damage occurs exposure high levels lead evidence suggests lower levels damage toxic effect lead causes cause syndrome tubular function kidney impaired long term exposure levels lower cause lead reported patients developed countries chronic kidney disease risk diabetes lead poisoning waste product causes builds condition known system evidence suggests lead exposure associated high blood pressure studies found connections lead exposure heart disease heart rate death stroke evidence limited people exposed higher concentrations lead higher risk cardiac days fine particles higher reproductive system lead affects male female reproductive systems men blood lead levels exceed sperm count reduced changes occur volume sperm morphology pregnant woman elevated blood lead level lead low birth weight problems development childhood lead able pass breast milk blood lead levels mothers usually similar poisoned lead mother bones subsequently mobilized changes pregnancy increased calcium intake pregnancy help phenomenon nervous system lead affects peripheral nervous system especially motor nerves central nervous system peripheral nervous system effects prominent adults central nervous system effects prominent children lead causes nerve cells lose coats lead exposure young children linked learning disabilities children blood lead concentrations greater danger developmental disabilities increased blood lead level children decreases intelligence reasoning short term memory attention reading ability fine motor skills emotional regulation social engagement effect lead children abilities takes place low levels apparently lower threshold dose response relationship unlike heavy metals mercury reduced academic performance associated lead exposure blood lead levels lower blood lead levels reported associated lower behavior problems aggression proportion blood lead levels blood lead levels decrease points increase reported children high blood lead levels adults associated decreases performance psychiatric symptoms depression anxiety found large group current lead workers korea blood lead levels range defects increases blood lead levels adults found associated persistent possibly permanent central nervous system function lead exposure children disorders attention deficit disorder anti social behaviour elevated lead levels children higher scores aggression measures found early childhood lead exposure violent crime adulthood countries highest air lead levels found highest murder rates adjusting factors study economic consultant lead exposure explains variation violent crime rates paper author claims strong association blood lead subsequent crime rate trends decades countries believed ban lead paint buildings late 1970s gasoline 1970s 1980s partially helped contribute decline violent crime united_states early 1990s exposure routes lead common environmental causes environmental contamination include industrial use lead found facilities process lead acid batteries produce lead wire pipes metal recycling children living near facilities process lead lead found unusually high blood lead levels august parents china lead poisoning found nearly children living near lead exposure occur contact lead air household dust soil water commercial products gasoline linked increases lead pollution research suggested link gasoline crime rates exposure adults exposure main cause lead poisoning people exposed working facilities produce variety lead containing products include radiation shields ammunition certain surgical equipment developing dental ray films prior digital rays film lead liner prevent radiation going monitors circuit boards jet engines addition lead miners auto mechanics glass manufacturers construction workers battery manufacturers firing range instructors plastic manufacturers risk lead exposure present lead exposure risks include manufacture rubber printing copper processing ore solid waste production parents exposed lead workplace bring lead dust home clothes skin expose children paint lead compounds colorful widely lead paint major route lead exposure children study conducted found million housing units lead based paint estimate million deteriorating lead paint produce dangerous lead levels household dust soil deteriorating lead paint lead containing household dust main causes chronic lead poisoning lead breaks dust children prone crawling floor easily young children display eating things food small lead containing product paint chip contain tens hundreds lead eating chips lead paint presents particular hazard children generally producing severe poisoning occurs dust removing lead paint dwellings creates lead containing dust generally safer seal lead paint new paint windows doors create paint dust operated alternately special precautions taken lead paint removed oil painting common colours yellow white lead lead white oil colour main white oil painters superseded compounds containing mid-20th century speculated painter possibly francisco vincent van lead poisoning handling colour soil lead soil contributes lead exposure urban areas thought area likely contain lead case reasons lead contamination soil lead content soil caused broken lead paint lead containing gasoline engine oil past contaminated nearby industries soil problem countries longer gasoline remains prevalent raising concerns safety urban agriculture eating food grown contaminated soil present lead hazard water lead atmosphere soil end surface water potentially drinking water fixtures lead lead acidic water breaks lead readily chemicals added municipal water increase reduce public water supply adopted substitute fewer health concerns increase total lead exposure attributed drinking water team seven reporters washington_post discovered high levels lead drinking water washington won award investigative reporting series articles contamination flint water crisis switch municipal water source elevated lead levels drinking water domestic tap water australia collecting roof runoff water contain lead lead roof storage tank australian drinking water guidelines allow maximum lead water lead containing products lead found products ancient middle_east south asia parts africa names toys millions toys china recalled multiple countries owing safety hazards including lead paint vinyl mini found especially older housing contain lead lead commonly incorporated indian preparations chinese origin risks elevated blood lead levels caused folk like contain lead metallic lead small lead fishing increases blood lead levels fatal lead contaminated food threat contains lead dishes fired metal food potentially causing severe poisoning places cans food contains lead manufacturing medical instruments hardware containing lead present people eat animals hunted lead bullets risk lead exposure bullets lodged body rarely cause significant levels lead bullets lodged joints exception deteriorate release lead body time indian food safety state found samples minute contained lead times limits june new delhi government banned sale new delhi stores days found contain lead limit june banned days samples detected levels metallic lead things india biggest retailers like future group big imposed nationwide ban states banned bullets contact ammunition source lead exposure lead based ammunition production second largest annual use lead accounting metric tons consumed second manufacture storage batteries environmental protection agency regulate lead matter law lead banned areas primarily benefit birds predators humans non lead alternatives include steel iron tin game animals shot lead bullets potential lead game meat consumption studied recent study conducted north enrolled asked self report historical consumption game meat participation activities cause lead exposure study found participants age sex housing age current potential lead exposure game consumption associated blood lead level study cited popular media simple evidence hunting increases exposure lead poisoning prompting university illinois extension release statement risk concerning report authors conclusion related aid trip report notes small increase associated game consumption study urges interpretation respect environmental context study suggests consumption wild game meat adversely affect participant higher recommended threshold level recommends case management geometric mean study population lower overall population geometric mean united_states clinical significance low sample population small increase associated wild game consumption interpreted context naturally occurring copper lead based bullets economical produce use lead material alternative materials available steel copper alternatives universally effective expensive biggest vast majority alternatives relates current laws united_states pertaining armor piercing rounds laws regulations relating armor piercing ammunition prohibit use brass bronze steel nearly metallic alternative bullet shot time nearly caliber smaller including popular winchester lead based bullets resistant offering hunters ability clean game animals risk including lead fragments prepared meat bullets prone risk lead prepared meat practice use non bullet proper cleaning game animal wound eliminate risk lead eating game practice determine association blood lead levels study difficult element lead replacement shotgun hunting nearly times cost lead exposure occurs occasionally skin contact lead taken direct contact mouth nose eyes membranes breaks skin gasoline aviation fuel passes skin lead found paint food lead containing consumer products absorbed skin main sources absorption lead adults lead dust deposited lungs goes lead absorbed percentage higher children pregnant women people deficiencies calcium iron children absorb lead little known absorption rates children main body compartments store lead blood soft tissues bone half life lead tissues measured weeks blood months soft tissues years bone lead bones teeth hair nails bound tightly available tissues generally thought harmful adults absorbed lead deposited bones teeth children store manner fact partially account health effects children estimated half life lead bone years bone introduce lead long initial exposure gone half life lead blood men days longer children pregnant women bones undergoing allows lead continuously introduced lead exposure takes place years clearance slower partly release lead bone tissues store lead highest concentrations blood bone teeth brain liver lungs removed body slowly mainly smaller amounts lead eliminated small amounts hair nails sweat lead known relevant role body harmful effects lead heavy metals create damage cell structures including dna cell membranes lead dna help synthesis maintain integrity cell membrane result cell membranes red blood cells fragile result damage membranes lead bones teeth blood vessels synthesis lead harmful developing immune system causing production excessive proteins mechanism mean lead exposure risk factor children lead exposure associated decrease activity immune cells lead normal calcium cells causes build primary cause lead interference variety groups found lead results ability mimic metals biological processes act reactions displacing act lead able interact metals differing chemistry properly function interfering ability normal reaction reactions essential metals lead calcium iron main causes lead activity essential called delta acid image structure important found lead involved formation joining form lead interference synthesis results production development effect lead interference synthesis buildup acid directly indirectly harmful brain organ sensitive lead exposure lead able pass cells blood brain barrier substitute calcium calcium pumps lead poisoning normal development child brain nervous system children greater risk lead adults child developing brain lead formation cerebral development including organization channels causes loss reduces numbers decreases growth lead release chemicals send signals cells release important functions including learning blocking targeting thought main causes lead university report found addition lead exposure decreased level expression gene brain addition lead found animal studies cause programmed cell death brain cells diagnosis diagnosis includes determining clinical signs medical history inquiry possible routes exposure clinical medical specialists area poisoning involved diagnosis treatment main tool assessing severity lead poisoning laboratory analysis blood lead level blood film examination reveal red blood cells dots red blood cells visible microscope changes normally associated iron seen unrelated conditions caused deficiencies exposure lead evaluated measuring blood samples red blood cells known increase lead blood high delay weeks levels conjunction blood lead levels suggest time period exposure blood lead levels high normal finding suggests exposure recent level sensitive identify elevated blood lead levels higher threshold detection fact levels increase iron use method detecting lead exposure decreased blood lead levels indicator mainly recent current lead exposure total body burden lead bones measured ray best measure cumulative exposure total body burden method widely available mainly research routine diagnosis sign elevated lead levels presence lines called lead lines long bones growing children especially knees lead lines caused increased disrupted growing bones wider duration lead exposure increases rays reveal lead containing foreign materials paint chips tract lead content measured course days accurate way estimate overall childhood lead intake form measurement serve useful way extent oral lead exposure diet environmental sources lead lead poisoning shares symptoms conditions easily missed conditions present similarly ruled lead poisoning include tunnel syndrome syndrome adults viral children differential children include abdominal iron central nervous system emotional behavior disorders intellectual disability reference levels current reference range acceptable blood lead concentrations healthy persons excessive exposure environmental sources lead children adults previous value children current biological exposure index level exceeded lead exposed workers random blood specimen national institute safety health reference blood lead level adults national geometric mean adults blood lead concentrations poisoning victims ranged children exposed lead paint older houses persons working pottery individuals consuming contaminated indoor shooting range instructors high drinking fruit containers prevention cases lead poisoning avoiding exposure lead prevention strategies divided individual measures taken family medicine identifying intervening high risk individuals public health reducing risk population level recommended steps individuals reduce blood lead levels children include increasing frequency hand washing intake calcium iron putting hands mouths frequently eliminating presence lead containing objects jewellery house houses lead pipes replaced permanent cheaper methods include running water morning flush contaminated water adjusting water chemistry prevent pipes lead testing kits commercially available detecting presence lead household hot water likely cold water contain higher amounts lead use cold water tap drinking cooking making baby formula lead household water usually comes house local water supply cold water avoid lead exposure measures dust control household education appear effective changing children blood levels screening important method medicine strategies screening programs exist test blood children high risk lead exposure live near lead related industries prevention measures exist national municipal levels recommendations health professionals lowering childhood include banning use lead essential strengthening regulations limit lead soil water air household dust products regulations exist limit lead paint example law restricted lead paint residences furniture toys october environmental protection agency reduced lead level factor cubic meter air giving states years comply standards european_union restriction hazardous substances directive limits amounts lead toxic substances electronics electrical equipment places programs exist reduce presence lead found high example drinking water radical solution entire towns located near lead mines closed government population case oklahoma treatment treatment removal source lead people significantly high blood lead levels symptoms poisoning therapy treatment iron calcium deficiencies associated increased lead absorption treatment lead poisoning lead containing materials present tract evidenced abdominal rays irrigation surgical removal eliminate gut prevent exposure lead containing bullets present threat exposure need removed near fluid filled spaces lead present given control treatments control swelling brain include treatment organic lead poisoning involves removing lead compound skin preventing exposure treating possibly therapy people high blood lead concentrations agent negatively charged groups allow form complexes metal multiple positive charges lead formed initially times normal rate agents treatment lead poisoning calcium injected administered therapy cases acute lead poisoning severe poisoning considered people blood lead levels use people symptoms lead poisoning widely supported use people high blood lead levels controversial therapy limited value cases chronic exposure low levels lead therapy usually stopped symptoms resolve blood lead levels return levels lead exposure taken place long period blood lead levels rise stopped lead blood stores bone repeated treatments necessary people receiving need assessed commercial contains oil calcium effective administered hours administration prior calcium necessary prevent lead central nervous system lead brain adverse effect calcium preferred agent mild moderate lead poisoning cases case instances children blood lead level reported adverse effect disturbances important note therapy blood lead levels prevent lead induced problems associated lower lead levels tissue inability agents remove sufficient amounts lead tissue inability reverse damage agents adverse effects example therapy lower body levels necessary nutrients like agents taken increase body absorption lead challenge known testing indicate elevated body burden heavy metals including lead testing involves collecting dose agent heavy metals analyzed laboratory levels heavy metals analysis overall body burden challenge mainly measures burden lead soft tissues accurately reflects long term exposure lead stored bone remains controversial technique determine therapy indicated heavy metal exposure evidence support uses blood levels comparable reference range typically heavy metal poisoning single dose heavy metals sensitive areas central nervous system tissue lead widely centuries effects exposure worldwide environmental lead blood lead level atmospheric lead pollution increased dramatically beginning 1950s result widespread use gasoline lead largest environmental medicine problems terms numbers people exposed public health toll takes lead exposure accounts deaths disability adjusted life years globally regulation reducing lead products greatly reduced exposure developed world 1970s lead allowed products developing countries countries banned gasoline average blood lead levels fallen sharply developing countries allow gasoline primary source lead exposure developing countries exposure gasoline frequent use developing countries adds risk lead exposure subsequent poisoning poor children developing countries especially high risk lead poisoning north american children blood lead levels central south american children percentage fifth world disease burden lead poisoning occurs western pacific fifth southeast_asia developed countries people low levels education living poorer areas risk elevated lead groups risk lead exposure impoverished city immigrants african american children living old housing found elevated risk high blood lead levels low income people live old housing lead paint begin exposing residents high levels lead containing dust risk factors elevated lead exposure include alcohol consumption smoking possibly contamination tobacco leaves lead containing adults certain risk factors susceptible include calcium iron deficiencies old age disease organs targeted lead brain possibly genetic differences vulnerability lead induced damage males females found studies found males greater risk found females adults blood lead levels steadily increase increasing age adults ages men higher blood lead levels women children sensitive elevated blood lead levels adults children higher intake lead adults breathe faster likely contact soil children ages tend highest blood lead levels possibly age begin walk explore environment use mouths exploration blood levels usually peak months old countries including household paint dust major route exposure children notable cases cases mass lead poisoning occur primarily countries people relocated central province locations children living china largest plant owned operated gold lead found excess lead blood total cost project estimated billion million cost paid local government company rest paid residents government suspended production lead plants affected area includes people different villages state lead poisoning epidemic occurred nigeria october children died effects lead poisoning outcome related extent duration lead exposure effects lead physiology blood generally effects central nervous system peripheral effects adults away lead exposure evidence suggests lead effects child central nervous system children lead poisoning adverse health effects follow adulthood lead medical emergency causes permanent brain damage children affected receive best treatment mortality rate people develop cerebral involvement survive lead symptoms time therapy begun permanent problems cerebral long term exposure lead decrease lifespan health effects long term death rates variety causes found higher people elevated blood lead levels include cancer stroke heart disease general death rates causes lead considered possible human based evidence animal studies evidence suggests age related mental decline psychiatric symptoms lead exposure cumulative exposure prolonged period important effect aspects health recent exposure health effects high blood pressure significant risks lead exposure prolonged year history lead poisoning known widely studied work environmental hazards metals lead thought discovered mined bce density resistance metal attractions 2nd century bce greek botanist described seen lead poisoned people greek physician lived 1st century wrote lead makes mind way lead extensively roman bce engineer reported water pipes lead pipes lead white lead produced said harmful human body prevalent affluent rome thought result lead eating drinking vessels sugar lead lead wine resulted known lead poisoning contributed decline roman empire hypothesis thoroughly disputed great disadvantage lead poisonous fully recognised specifically warns use carrying drinking water conclusion drawn romans suffered lead poisoning conclusions carried caused conditions lead largely responsible decline fall rome things attractive hypothesis impossible calcium deposit formed inside channels formed inside pipes effectively water lead touched second romans water constantly running inside pipes minutes certainly long contaminated recent research supports idea lead found water came supply pipes source contamination unknown locals punch holes pipes draw water increasing number people exposed lead thirty years ago argued milestone paper roman civilization collapsed result lead poisoning scientist convinced governments ban lead gasoline enthusiastically endorsed idea triggered volley publications aimed today lead longer seen prime culprit rome demise status system water distribution lead pipes stands major public health issue measuring compositions sediments river harbor present work shows tap water ancient rome times lead local spring waters romans consumed lead consumption boiling fruit lead relatives ancient roman cuisine including food use popular general standard copper far generally indication added quantity consumption having role fall roman empire theory proposed state lead poisoning contributed decline roman empire john criticized conclusions drawn book false evidence errors blatant primary sources reader trust basic arguments antiquity mention lead poisoning absent medical literature end middle ages german physician samuel recognized dust containing lead compounds cause disease called ancient roman times known miners workers work exposed metal painter died lead poisoning bones high lead levels recently found grave thought likely time contained high amounts lead known exhibited violent behavior caused lead poisoning 17th century germany physician discovered lead contaminated wine cause epidemic noticed monks drink wine healthy wine developed traced cause sugar lead result duke issued banning 18th century lead poisoning fairly frequent account widespread drinking lead component worm significant cause mortality slaves sailors colonial west_indies lead poisoning noted boston benjamin franklin suspected lead risk 18th century given symptoms suffered people devon drank presses lined lead lead added cheap wine illegally 18th early 19th centuries composer heavy wine suffered elevated lead levels later detected hair possibly cause death controversial lead poisoning contender factor industrial revolution 19th century lead poisoning common work setting introduction lead paint residential use 19th century increased childhood exposure lead lead exposure important step understanding childhood lead poisoning occurred children lead paint recognized australia france belgium austria banned white lead interior league nations followed suit united_states laws banning lead house paint passed phased fully banned 20th century saw increase worldwide lead exposure levels increased widespread use metal beginning 1920s lead added gasoline improve lead exhaust today soil dust buildings blood lead levels worldwide declining sharply 1980s gasoline began phased countries banned lead food drink cans banned gasoline blood lead levels fallen sharply mid-1980s levels found today people orders magnitude greater pre industrial society reductions lead products workplace acute lead poisoning rare countries today low level lead exposure common second half 20th century lead exposure understood problem end 20th century blood lead levels deemed acceptable steadily declined blood lead levels considered safe considered hazardous known safe threshold 1980s falsely accused scientific misconduct lead industry associates tommy thompson secretary health human services appointed persons conflicts interest lead advisory committee case state california number companies decided williams industries required pay billion studies found weak link lead gasoline crime rates species humans suffering lead effects plants animals affected lead varying degrees depending species animals experience effects lead exposure humans abdominal pain peripheral changes increased aggression known human lead effects derived animal studies animals test effects treatments agents provide information lead absorbed distributed body farm animals cows horses pet animals susceptible effects lead sources lead exposure pets present health threats humans sharing environment paint lead toys pets lead poisoning pet dog indicate children household increased risk elevated lead levels wildlife lead leading causes known cause die offs wild bird populations hunters use lead shot ducks spent later poisoned predators eat birds risk lead shot related documented 1880s spent lead hunting positively identified source deaths lead shot banned hunting countries including canada threats wildlife include lead paint sediment lead mines lead weights fishing lines lead fishing gear banned countries critically endangered california affected lead poisoning eat game shot retrieved fragments lead bullets increases lead levels grand canyon lead poisoning eating lead shot frequently diagnosed cause death effort protect species areas designated california range use projectiles containing lead banned hunt deer feral pigs ground non game wildlife conservation programs exist routinely capture check blood lead levels treat cases poisoning


primary disorder characterized moderate severe typically affect half head nature hours associated symptoms include sensitivity light sound smell pain generally worse physical activity people typically short period visual disturbance signals soon occur occasionally occur little following believed mixture environmental genetic factors thirds cases run families changing levels play role affect slightly boys girls times women men risk usually decreases pregnancy underlying mechanisms fully known believed involve nerves blood vessels brain initial recommended treatment simple pain medication medication avoidance specific simple pain effective added number useful prevent attacks including globally approximately people affected starts worst middle age women common following early description consistent contained written bce ancient egypt word greek pain head half skull signs symptoms typically present self limited severe associated symptoms people experience frequently severity pain duration frequency attacks variable lasting longer hours termed status possible phases phases necessarily experienced occurs hours days immediately pain phase known phase effects experienced following end attack phase symptoms occur onset range hours days start pain symptoms include wide variety phenomena including altered mood depression fatigue certain food stiff muscles especially neck sensitivity noise occur phase focal phenomenon occurs appear gradually number minutes generally minutes symptoms visual sensory motor nature people experience visual effects occur frequently occur cases cases accompanied sensory motor effects vision disturbances consist area partial alteration field vision interfere person ability read drive typically start near center vision spread sides lines described looking like fortifications walls castle usually lines black white people colored lines people lose field vision known experience sensory second common type occur people feeling begins hand arm spreads nose mouth area usually occurs passed loss position sense symptoms phase include speech language disturbances world spinning commonly motor problems motor symptoms indicate weakness lasts longer hour unlike described pain phase moderate severe intensity usually comes gradually aggravated physical activity cases pain neck pain commonly associated pain particularly common commonly pain occur primarily head pain usually lasts hours adults young children frequently lasts hour frequency attacks variable lifetime week average month pain frequently accompanied sensitivity light sensitivity sound sensitivity fatigue symptoms related brain stem symptoms sides body common effects include sense world spinning light confusion occurs people occurs seek dark quiet room symptoms include blurred vision nasal frequent swelling occur neck associated symptoms common elderly rarely occurs subsequent known silent difficult assess frequency cases people experience symptoms severe seek treatment realize unusual happening pass reporting problems defined symptoms occurring acute settled report sore feeling area report impaired thinking days passed person feel tired hung head pain difficulties symptoms mood changes weakness according summary people feel unusually attack note depression individuals vary time cause underlying causes unknown believed related mix environmental genetic factors run families thirds cases rarely occur single gene defect believed common high intelligence appear true number psychological conditions associated including depression anxiety disorder biological events studies twins indicate genetic influence likelihood develop genetic relationship stronger number specific variants genes increase risk small moderate single gene disorders result rare known type inherited dominant fashion genes shown involved genes involved transport fourth protein associated complex genetic disorder associated syndrome cerebral dominant induced reporting influence minority cases majority things labeled strength significance relationships uncertain people report experience trigger encountered hours prior onset symptoms aspects common quoted stress hunger fatigue equally contribute tension psychological stress reported factor people associated post traumatic stress disorder abuse likely occur influences oral use pregnancy play role influences play greater role typically occur second following aspects people report foods evidence relies self reports rigorous prove particular clear explanation food trigger lacking specific agents appear evidence effect frequently reported trigger evidence consistently support environmental aspects review potential indoor outdoor environment concluded insufficient evidence confirm environmental factors causing suggested people measures related indoor air quality lighting believed disorder evidence supporting mechanisms starting brain spreading blood vessels researchers believe mechanisms play greater role believe blood vessels play key role believe likely important theory related increased cerebral abnormal control pain nucleus high levels known believed involved spreading depression spreading depression according bursts activity followed period inactivity seen number explanations occurrence including activation leading calcium entering cell burst activity blood flow cerebral area affected decreased hours believed travels underside brain nerves sense pain head neck triggered pain exact mechanism head pain occurs unknown evidence supports primary role central nervous system structures data support role peripheral activation sensory nerves surround blood vessels head neck potential candidate vessels include role particular believed significant diagnosis diagnosis based signs symptoms tests necessary find causes examination history confirm diagnosis believed substantial number people condition remain diagnosis according international society according following criteria criteria attacks attacks sufficient diagnosis hours days duration following affecting half head moderate severe pain intensity worsened causing avoidance routine physical activity following sensitivity light sound experiences following inability work study day diagnosis likely following duration hours pain head symptoms interfere person life probability fewer symptoms probability classification classified international society recently updated classification according classification primary tension type cluster divided seven include subdivisions common involves accompanied classic usually involves accompanied commonly occur varieties sporadic person accompanying motor weakness close relative condition called called sporadic variety type accompanied difficulty speaking world spinning ringing ears number related symptoms motor weakness type initially believed supplies childhood periodic commonly include occasional intense periods abdominal abdominal pain usually accompanied childhood occasional attacks involves accompanied visual disturbances temporary eye complications describe unusually long unusually frequent associated seizure brain probable describes conditions characteristics evidence certainty presence concurrent medication chronic criteria occurs greater time interval specifically greater equal days month longer months abdominal diagnosis abdominal controversial evidence indicates episodes abdominal pain absence type precursor episodes pain follow like typically minutes hours occur personal family history typical believed include syndrome childhood differential diagnosis conditions cause similar symptoms include temporal cluster acute temporal typically occurs people years old presents temple cluster presents sided nose tears severe pain acute associated vision problems fast onset tension typically occur sides pounding stable meet criteria receive look disease requires concerning findings swelling disc present people increased risk having cause severe prevention treatments include lifestyle alterations surgery prevention recommended days week tolerate treat acute attacks severe attacks easily controlled goal reduce frequency duration increase effectiveness abortive therapy reason prevention avoid medication common problem result chronic daily medication considered effective reduce frequency severity attacks guidelines fairly consistent rating having highest level evidence line use recommendations effectiveness varied effective prevention reducing attack frequency severity effective prevention probably effective converting antagonist reduce attacks found useful chronic episodic ones alternative effective true efficient practice placed randomly possibility effective routine care fewer adverse effects manipulation effective prevention research problems evidence support spinal manipulation poor insufficient support use tentative evidence supports use stress reduction techniques therapy techniques alternative best evidence use devices surgery medical devices advantages prevention mainly common anti case medication helps people conscious parameters control try relax efficient treatment uses similar treatment chronic encouraging results severe cases electrical nerve device approved united_states prevention surgery involves certain nerves head neck option certain people improve management main aspects treatment trigger avoidance acute control prevention effective earlier attack frequent use result medication severe frequent occur especially concerns simple recommended days week recommended initial treatment mild moderate symptoms simple non anti drugs combination including evidence support use relieve moderate severe pain effectiveness similar available known combination effective treatment low risk adverse effects effective pregnancy deemed safe effective pain people taken works better initially recommended treatments moderate severe pain symptoms respond simple different forms available include oral nasal spray oral general appear equally effective similar effects individuals respond better specific ones effects mild rare cases occurred recommended people disease stroke accompanied problems addition prescribed caution risk factors disease historically recommended specific evidence harm use population support caution addictive cause medication days month older prescribed nasal spray forms appear equally effective expensive experience adverse effects typically severe cases status appear effective treatment option potential options recommended treatment present emergency department useful group single dose added standard treatment attack associated decrease following hours spinal manipulation treating ongoing supported evidence recommended questionable risk rebound children improves pain children appear effective providing pain relief effective risk causing minor effects like taste disturbance nasal symptoms fatigue low energy long term people variable people periods lost productivity disease typically condition fairly associated increased risk death main patterns disease symptoms resolve completely symptoms continue gradually time symptoms continue frequency severity attacks worse frequent appear risk factor stroke doubling risk young adult female birth control smoking increases risk appears association appear factor relationship heart problems inconclusive single study supporting association overall appear increase risk death stroke heart disease therapy prevent associated strokes people particularly women develop higher average numbers white matter brain unclear significance worldwide affect nearly approximately billion people common women men united_states men women given year lifetime risk respectively europe affect people point lives adult men adult women getting yearly rates slightly lower asia africa western countries chronic occur approximately population figures vary substantially age commonly start years age occur frequently years age children year olds years condition slightly common boys common women rest lifespan times common elderly females males women common men types occur similar frequency symptoms worse decreasing severity symptoms resolve thirds elderly persist history early description consistent contained written bce ancient egypt bce writings school medicine described visual partial relief occurring second century description divided types term half head word eventually derived proposed pain arose blood vessels head divided types louis thomas french librarian deliberate drilling holes skull practiced early bce people survived died procedure infection believed work letting evil spirits escape william harvey recommended treatment 17th century treatments attempted use substance eventually turned effective began substance fungus isolated developed developed 20th century better study design effective measures found confirmed society culture significant source medical costs lost productivity estimated costly disorder european community costing billion year united_states direct costs estimated billion nearly tenth cost cost including billion indirect costs missed work greatest component attend work effectiveness decreased negative impacts frequently occur person family research gene related found play role pain associated antagonists investigated clinical studies treatment stopped phase iii clinical trials drug magnetic shows promise nerve


syndrome syndrome syndrome syndrome human dominant genetic disorder cause kidney cancer hair called symptoms seen family unique include combination symptoms common manifestation found face upper trunk people age equally common people eventually experience collapsed lung spontaneous kidney occur people associated kidney rare hybrid conditions occurs family indicate diagnosis syndrome confirmed genetic test gene codes protein function fully understood appears gene cell growth division versions found animals including fruit flies german rats mice disease discovered connection kidney cancer collapsed lungs definitively connected syndrome manifest similarly diseases ruled making diagnosis include causes skin similar von disease causes hereditary kidney diagnosed people treated monitoring lungs medical imaging removed kidney cancer treated according normal standard care signs symptoms skin syndrome affects skin increases risk lungs condition characterized multiple dome shaped hair particularly face neck rarely upper chest generally described having white color yellowish tone smooth texture found nose outer ear typically appear person found people syndrome age larger numerous time differ individuals appear merged plaques look similar plug include large number face associated elevated production presence person face cause significant psychological distress include hair disc identical common skin conditions seen people syndrome approximately people families disease mouth located tongue lips white colored small soft consist tissue covered skin found families people skin appear skin instead usually found skin individuals develop facial families causes develop kidney spontaneous people years age syndrome increased risk developing slow growing kidney respectively kidney possibly organs tissues occur multiple locations kidney average number kidney found person found hybrid found cases commonly found cancer followed clear cell cell people years old men likely develop kidney diagnosed median age kidney cancer associated diagnosed people ages young general people syndrome roughly seven times risk kidney cancer compared unaffected population estimates people disease range rarely associated clear cell cell cell develops cell occurs later life poor types typically associated considered aggressive cases advanced kidney cancer observed people syndrome reduce kidney function time grow larger lungs kidney affected individuals frequently develop lung base space cause abnormal collection air chest cavity result collapse lung cause symptoms lung function usually normal people syndrome cause conditions like progressive chronic disease respiratory failure cause spontaneous occurs far younger age unaffected population approximately people disease suffer spontaneous times occurrence unaffected people caused occurs middle age median age affected people spontaneous turning seen people young years age families form affects lungs organs associated present individuals families syndrome connection cancer conditions reported associated caused related include tissue face focal breast cancer cancer cancer leg lung cancer basal cell cell association gene reported gene located short arm rich region particularly susceptible common region found families significant difference symptoms experienced families location compared associated syndrome nonsense cause early protein product terminus rarely observed passed generation dominant fashion occur new individual prior family history children affected parent chance having disease syndrome high different discovered function creates protein called appears act expressed strongly skin type found brain breast normally prevent cells growing dividing rapidly way gene interfere ability cell growth division leading formation recent studies suggest function involvement cellular possibly target interacting protein form complex activated protein participation explain similarity syndrome syndrome syndrome cancer causing cause protein truncated terminus terminal end shown domain possibly highly similar species acid normally affected people syndrome position found indicating important protein function people syndrome born copy gene cell having functional copy gene cause copy gene kidney cells check lifetime random normal copy gene cells occurs result cells functional copies gene allowing cells grow control loss common mechanism cancer frequently detected associated molecular genetic defects people different similar kidney cell associated differs kidney loss responsible skin strongly expressed found tissue low levels expression affected furthermore shown activated tissue humans mice diagnosis suggested clinical findings definitively diagnosed molecular genetic testing detect gene classical clinical includes hair spontaneous clinical originally described abnormal hair hair periphery found face skin confirmed individuals found multiple lungs episodes detected chest scan manifest multiple types cell certain including hybrid commonly seen original syndrome discovered basis findings recognized individuals manifest findings skin signs indicate confirmed genetic test genetic testing detected syndrome means people clinical diagnosis current technology currently unknown gene responsible minority cases addition regions tested genetic testing useful confirm clinical diagnosis provide means determining risk individuals family developed symptoms differential diagnosis difficult symptoms hereditary occur hereditary kidney similar seen occur von disease clear cell cell hereditary cancer cell hereditary cell cancer syndrome differentiated examination hereditary associated syndrome syndrome complex non hereditary occur cell conditions differentiated examining patient history performing physical examination women suspected disease ruling necessary unique present ambiguous appearance confirmed diseases mimic including complex syndrome multiple type distinguished disorders present face common management different syndrome controlled different ways removed skin laser permanent solution symptoms managed recommended regularly family members advised smoke preferred method surveillance people carry risk radiation complications sensitive severe symptoms non indicated kidney cases removed taking kidney procedure called partial knockout mouse studies shown administration effects improve cancer interaction disorder reported families worldwide sources cite families inherited dominant pattern considered diagnosed expression pattern spectrum symptoms individuals severe skin seen women people sexes late onset skin symptoms patient registry syndrome patients families encouraged join rare lung diseases consortium contact registry privacy protected site provides date information individuals interested latest scientific news trials treatments related rare lung diseases history syndrome described canadian physicians arthur william earliest case possible medical literature published described case year old woman face described associated case symptoms described found siblings father exhibited characteristic siblings symptoms father lungs syndrome inherited inherent examined family hereditary cancer discovered members defined classical symptoms eponymous disease case spontaneous associated discovered case cancer followed presence lung people confirmed thought people syndrome higher risk foundation supports research syndrome holds regular related disorders researchers family members animals genes related diseases similar found dogs fruit flies rats mice german shepherd dogs cause similar human kidney case skin similar pattern human skin likely caused loss female german prone called discovered common fruit fly decrease expression results loss male stem cells suggest required male maintenance fly maintenance downstream parallel signal pathways suggest controlling stem cells human line rats hereditary kidney cancer developed japanese researchers produces truncated protein develop symptoms seen humans seen early life develop clear cell hybrid significantly shortening animals lifespan prone clear cell survive birth wild type gene added rescued knockout mice created kidney cancer causing develop kidney lead failure weeks birth mice activated indicating mouse plays regulatory role partially rescued regulating die


alcoholism alcoholism known alcohol use disorder broad term drinking alcohol results problems previously divided types alcohol abuse alcohol dependence medical context alcoholism said exist following conditions present person drinks large amounts long time period difficulty cutting acquiring drinking alcohol takes great deal time alcohol strongly desired usage results fulfilling responsibilities usage results social problems usage results health problems usage results risky situations withdrawal occurs stopping alcohol tolerance occurred use risky situations include drinking driving having unsafe sex alcohol use affect parts body particularly affects brain heart liver immune system result mental illness syndrome irregular heart beat liver failure increase risk cancer diseases drinking pregnancy cause damage baby resulting alcohol spectrum disorders generally women sensitive alcohol harmful physical mental effects men environmental factors associated alcoholism half risk attributed person parent sibling alcoholism times likely alcoholic environmental factors include social cultural influences high stress levels anxiety inexpensive easily accessible alcohol increases risk people continue drink partly prevent improve symptoms withdrawal low level withdrawal months following stopping medically alcoholism considered physical mental illness certain blood tests detect people possible alcoholism information collected confirm diagnosis prevention alcoholism possible regulating limiting sale alcohol alcohol increase cost providing inexpensive treatment treatment steps medical problems occur withdrawal alcohol carefully controlled common method involves use given admitted health care institution occasionally person remains community close supervision mental illness treatment support group therapy support groups help person returning drinking commonly form support group anonymous help prevent drinking world health organization estimates million people alcoholism worldwide population years age united_states million adults million age years age affected common males young adults common middle old age common africa highest rates eastern_europe alcoholism directly resulted deaths deaths total million deaths deaths believed alcohol reduces person life years united_states resulted economic costs billion usd terms insulting informal refer people affected alcoholism including world health organization discouraged use alcoholism meaning preferring alcohol dependence syndrome signs symptoms early signs risk alcohol dependence begins low levels drinking increases directly volume alcohol consumed pattern drinking larger amounts occasion young adults particularly risk long term alcoholism characterised increased tolerance physical dependence alcohol affecting individual ability control consumption characteristics play role decreasing alcoholic ability stop drinking alcoholism adverse effects mental health causing psychiatric disorders increasing risk suicide depressed mood common warning signs warning signs alcoholism include consumption increasing amounts alcohol frequent drinking exclusion activities promises quit failure inability remember said drinking personality changes denial making drinking refusal admit excessive drinking work loss interest personal appearance marital economic hardships complaint poor health loss appetite respiratory anxiety physical short term effects drinking cause blood alcohol concentration typically causes overall improvement mood possible increased self confidence decreased anxiety red appearance face impaired judgment fine muscle coordination causes balance problems blurred vision causes profound confusion impaired speech speech causes amnesia death occur unconscious respiratory depression potentially life threatening causes coma life threatening respiratory depression possibly fatal alcohol poisoning alcoholic drinking driving operating aircraft heavy machinery increases risk accident countries penalties drunk driving long term effects drinking drink day women drinks men increases risk heart disease high blood pressure stroke risk greater younger people drinking result violence accidents million deaths deaths believed alcohol year alcoholism reduces person life years alcohol use leading cause early death united_states professional medical association recommends people start drinking wine long term alcohol abuse cause number physical symptoms including liver alcoholic heart disease deficiencies sexual eventually fatal physical effects include increased risk developing disease alcoholic liver disease cancer damage central nervous system peripheral nervous system occur sustained alcohol consumption wide range defects result skeletal addition recognized tendency accidental injury resulting bone women develop long term complications alcohol dependence rapidly men additionally women higher mortality rate alcoholism men examples long term complications include brain heart liver damage increased risk breast cancer additionally heavy drinking time found negative effect reproductive functioning women results reproductive decreased mass problems cycle early alcoholic occur individuals abuse alcohol recent history drinking alcohol processed effects differ sexes equal alcohol consumed men women generally result women having higher blood alcohol concentrations women generally higher percentage body fat lower volume distribution alcohol men men tend alcohol quickly psychiatric long term alcohol cause wide range mental health problems severe problems common approximately percent cases related alcohol consumption making second leading cause excessive alcohol use causes damage brain function psychological health increasingly affected time social skills significantly impaired people suffering alcoholism effects alcohol brain especially area brain social skills impaired alcohol abuse include facial emotions perception problems theory mind ability understand humour impaired alcohol psychiatric disorders common percent suffering severe psychiatric disturbances prevalent psychiatric symptoms anxiety depression disorders psychiatric symptoms usually initially alcohol withdrawal typically improve disappear continued confusion organic brain syndrome caused alcohol lead panic disorder develop direct result long term alcohol occurrence major disorder alcoholism documented occurrences distinction commonly episodes alcohol substance induced episodes primary independent episodes additional use drugs increase risk depression psychiatric disorders differ depending gender women alcohol use disorders occurring psychiatric diagnosis major depression anxiety panic disorder post traumatic stress disorder borderline personality disorder men alcohol use disorders occurring diagnosis personality disorder disorder impulse disorders attention deficit disorder women alcoholism likely history physical sexual assault abuse domestic violence general population lead higher instances psychiatric disorders greater dependence alcohol social effects social problems arising alcoholism caused changes brain effects alcohol alcohol abuse associated increased risk committing criminal offences including child abuse domestic violence rape assault alcoholism associated loss employment lead financial problems drinking inappropriate times behavior caused reduced judgment lead legal consequences criminal charges drunk driving public disorder civil penalties behavior lead criminal sentence alcoholic behavior mental drunk profoundly affect surrounding lead isolation family friends isolation lead marital conflict divorce contribute domestic violence alcoholism lead child neglect subsequent lasting damage emotional development alcoholic children reason children alcoholic parents develop number emotional problems example afraid parents unstable mood behaviors addition develop considerable shame liberate parents alcoholism result failure develop self images lead depression alcohol withdrawal similar substances hypnotic mechanism withdrawal alcohol dependence fatal properly managed alcohol primary effect increase promoting central nervous system depression repeated heavy consumption alcohol reduced number resulting tolerance physical dependence alcohol consumption stopped abruptly person nervous system suffers firing result symptoms include anxiety life threatening possible heart failure systems involved especially severe acute withdrawal symptoms rarely occur week post cessation alcohol acute withdrawal phase defined lasting weeks period weeks following cessation increased anxiety depression sleep disturbance common fatigue tension persist weeks post acute withdrawal syndrome quarter experience anxiety depression years post acute withdrawal symptoms demonstrated animal models alcohol dependence withdrawal effect occurs subsequent withdrawal syndrome severe previous withdrawal episode occur result periods followed exposure alcohol individuals multiple withdrawal episodes likely develop experience severe anxiety withdrawal alcohol alcohol dependent individuals history past alcohol withdrawal episodes effect leads persistent functional changes brain circuits gene expression results intensification psychological symptoms alcohol withdrawal decision tools help guide physicians evaluating alcohol withdrawal example alcohol withdrawal symptoms order guide therapy decisions allows efficient interview time retaining clinical validity reliability ensuring proper care withdrawal patients danger death causes complex mixture genetic environmental factors influences risk development alcoholism genes influence alcohol influence risk alcoholism indicated family history alcoholism paper found alcohol use early age influence expression genes increase risk alcohol dependence individuals genetic disposition alcoholism likely begin drinking earlier age average younger age onset drinking associated increased risk development alcoholism percent drink excessively late entirely clear association researchers known disagree view severe childhood trauma associated general increase risk drug lack peer family support associated increased risk alcoholism developing associated increased sensitivity effects chronic alcohol abuse effects increases behaviour contribute development persistence severity alcohol use disorders evidence reversal alcohol induced central nervous system damage use associated later problems alcohol use alcohol use associated increased probability later use tobacco illegal drugs alcohol availability alcohol available widely abused substance beer world widely consumed alcoholic popular drink overall water tea thought oldest gender difference based combined data national surveys drug use health rate past year alcohol dependence abuse persons aged older varied level alcohol use past month heavy past month non drink alcohol past month met criteria alcohol dependence abuse past year males higher rates females measures drinking past month alcohol use drinking heavy alcohol use males twice likely females met criteria alcohol dependence abuse past year genetic variation genetic differences exist different racial groups affect risk developing alcohol dependence example differences african east asian racial groups alcohol genetic factors believed explain differing rates alcohol dependence racial groups alcohol causes rapid alcohol found african descent certain native american tribes african americans native americans reduced risk developing alcoholism native americans significantly higher rate alcoholism average unclear case risk factors cultural environmental effects trauma proposed explain higher rates alcoholism native americans compared alcoholism levels diagnosis definition problem use abuse heavy use refer improper use alcohol cause physical social moral harm moderate use defined guidelines americans alcoholic day men alcoholic day women drink alcohol day heavy drinking period national institute alcohol abuse alcoholism defines drinking alcohol leading blood alcohol content adults reached consuming drinks men women hour period according men risk alcohol related problems alcohol consumption exceeds standard drinks week drinks day women risk standard drinks week drinks day defines standard drink bottle beer glass wine spirits despite risk report national survey drug use health found heavy defined according met criteria alcohol dependence non met criteria drawn study evidence based policy strategies clinical services effectively reduce drinking requiring addiction treatment cases term alcoholism commonly poorly defined calls alcoholism term long standing use variable meaning use term expert committee big book anonymous states person alcoholic alcoholic define meant term alcoholic context bill founder anonymous said called alcoholism disease technically speaking disease entity example thing heart disease instead separate heart combinations like alcoholism wish wrong medical profession alcoholism disease entity called illness far safer term use professional research contexts term alcoholism encompasses alcohol abuse alcohol dependence considered equivalent alcohol dependence observes alcoholism classical disease model follows progressive course person continues drink condition lead harmful consequences life physically mentally emotionally socially johnson explores emotional progression response alcohol looks phases considered normal drinking viewed typical alcoholic drinking johnson phases consist learning mood swing person introduced alcohol cultures happen relatively young age person enjoys happy feeling produces stage emotional cost seeking mood swing person drink regain feeling experienced phase drinking increase required achieve effect stage significant consequences stage physical social consequences family problems work problems etc person continue drink excessively problems fourth stage detrimental johnson cites risk premature death person drinks feel normal block feelings overwhelming guilt remorse anxiety shame experience sober focus physical deterioration alcohol describe process stages stage person experience negative symptoms believe capacity alcohol changes happening increase tolerance noticeable dependent stage stage symptoms build gradually symptoms confused withdrawal symptoms maintain drinking avoid withdrawal sickness drinking small amounts frequently try hide problem avoid gross deterioration stage organs damaged long term drinking medical treatment required changes cause death psychology common global standard medicine standard terms recommend similar identical diagnosis alcohol dependence represents approach definition alcoholism assist development research findings compared according alcohol dependence diagnosis alcohol use significant manifested following year period tolerance withdrawal taken greater amounts longer time course intended desire unsuccessful attempts cut control use great deal time spent obtaining recovering use social recreational activities given reduced continued use despite knowledge physical psychological despite inherent term attempts define word alcoholism interpreted encountered defined primary chronic disease characterized impaired control drinking drug alcohol use alcohol despite adverse consequences thinking entry alcoholism references definition describes alcoholism illness involves physical different meaning modern medicine mental obsession doctor addiction specialist william writes behalf suffer physical mental control study considered foundation modern disease theory alcoholism definition restricted use word alcoholism showing particular natural history modern medical definition alcoholism revised numerous times american medical association currently uses word alcoholism refer particular chronic primary disease social barriers attitudes social stereotypes create barriers detection treatment alcohol abuse barrier women men fear lead women deny suffering medical condition hide drinking drink pattern turn leads family physicians likely suspect woman know alcoholic contrast reduced fear stigma lead men admit suffering medical condition display drinking publicly drink groups pattern turn leads family physicians likely suspect man know alcoholic screening tools detect loss control alcohol use tools self reports form common theme score tally sums general severity alcohol use cage named questions example screen patients quickly doctor office yes responses indicate investigated asks following questions felt needed cut drinking people annoyed criticizing drinking felt guilty drinking felt needed drink thing morning eye opener steady nerves rid cage demonstrated high effectiveness detecting alcohol related problems limitations people severe alcohol related problems white women college students tests detection alcohol dependence alcohol dependence data sensitive test cage helps distinguish diagnosis alcohol dependence heavy alcohol use michigan alcohol screening test mast screening tool alcoholism widely courts determine appropriate sentencing people convicted alcohol related offenses driving influence common alcohol use disorders identification test screening developed world health organization unique countries internationally like cage uses simple set questions high score earning deeper investigation alcohol test pat designed screen alcohol related problems attending accident emergency departments administered fifth time certain blood tests indicate possible alcoholism genetic testing psychiatric john jean suggest alcoholism single cause including genetic genes play important role affecting processes body brain interact individual life experiences produce protection report fewer dozen alcoholism related genes identified likely await discovery genetic test exists alcoholism addiction human genes variation referred possess variation small significant tendency addiction releasing drugs like alcohol slightly common adequate alcoholism researchers argue evidence contradictory blood tests reliable tests actual use alcohol common test blood alcohol content tests differentiate non long term heavy drinking recognizable effects body including enlarged elevated moderate elevation ratio high regard alcoholism useful judge alcohol tolerance turn sign alcoholism blood tests biological markers sensitive screening prevention world health organization european_union regional bodies national governments formed alcohol policies order reduce harm alcoholism targeting young adults regarded important step reduce harm alcohol abuse increasing age drugs abuse alcohol purchased banning restricting advertising alcohol recommended additional ways reducing harm alcohol dependence abuse credible evidence based educational campaigns mass media consequences alcohol abuse recommended guidelines parents prevent alcohol abuse helping young people mental health problems suggested management treatments varied multiple perspectives alcoholism approach alcoholism medical condition disease recommend differing treatments instance approach condition social choice treatments focus helping people alcohol intake followed life training social support help resist return alcohol use alcoholism involves multiple factors encourage person continue drinking addressed successfully prevent example kind treatment followed combination supportive therapy attendance self help groups ongoing development mechanisms treatment community alcoholism typically supports based zero tolerance approach prefer harm reduction approach alcohol abrupt stop alcohol drinking coupled drugs similar effects prevent alcohol withdrawal individuals risk mild moderate withdrawal symptoms individuals risk severe withdrawal syndrome significant acute conditions generally treated actually treat alcoholism necessary follow appropriate treatment program alcohol dependence abuse reduce risk symptoms alcohol withdrawal depressed mood anxiety typically weeks months symptoms persist longer alcoholism adverse effects brain function average takes year recover incurred chronic alcohol abuse psychological forms group therapy deal underlying psychological issues related alcohol addiction provide prevention skills mutual help group counseling approach common ways helping maintain anonymous organizations formed provide mutual counseling largest include secular recovery smart recovery women secular organizations programs management mandate complete unable limit drinking way return moderate drinking study national institute alcohol abuse alcoholism showed percent individuals diagnosed alcohol dependent year prior returned low risk drinking group showed fewer initial symptoms follow study subjects judged examined rates return problem drinking study found alcohol stable form recovering long term year follow groups alcoholic men concluded return controlled drinking rarely persisted decade evolution united_states currently approved alcoholism forms drugs investigation brain chemistry altered alcohol dependence actions post withdrawal phase reducing excessive activity occurs onset alcohol withdrawal reduce prevent alcohol withdrawal related reduces risk alcohol dependent persons useful management acute alcohol withdrawal long term cause worse outcome alcoholism chronic lower rate achieving alcohol taking class drugs commonly prescribed anxiety management initiating individuals recovery high rate author reporting quarter people prescribed long term users withdrawn rapidly severe anxiety panic develop known risk factors alcohol abuse regimes months found successful reduced intensity withdrawal calcium works way advantage occasional adverse effects occur calcium prevents elimination chemical body produces breaking cause symptoms alcohol use overall effect severe discomfort alcohol extremely fast acting long lasting uncomfortable alcoholic drinking significant amounts medicine competitive antagonist effectively blocking effects decrease alcohol encourage alcohol causes body release turn release activate reward pathways body reduction effects consuming alcohol evidence supports reduced risk alcohol dependent persons decrease excessive drinking appears effective works similar manner evidence support use selective dual require treatment drug drug common dual dependence syndrome alcohol dependence dependence studies showing percent alcohol dependent individuals problems dependence problems increase alcohol volume alcohol consumed problem requires careful reduction avoid withdrawal syndrome health consequences dependence illegal drugs common alcohol hypnotic cross tolerant dependence withdrawal medically severe alcohol withdrawal risk managed properly world health organization estimates million people alcoholism worldwide population years age substance use disorders major public health problem facing countries common substance abuse dependence patients presenting treatment alcohol united_kingdom number dependent calculated million american adults alcohol dependence problem time life united_states western_europe percent men percent women point lives meet criteria alcoholism medical scientific communities broad consensus alcoholism disease state example american medical association considers alcohol drug states drug addiction chronic brain disease characterized drug seeking use despite devastating consequences results complex biological vulnerability environmental exposure developmental factors stage brain maturity alcoholism higher prevalence men recent decades proportion female increased current evidence indicates men women alcoholism percent genetically determined leaving percent environmental influences develop alcoholism young adulthood percent college students signs alcohol abuse percent dependent alcohol new definition means percent college students meet criteria alcoholism reduces person life years common cause death complications high rate suicide chronic increases longer person drinks approximately percent commit suicide research found percent associated alcohol drug dependence believed alcohol causing distortion brain chemistry social isolation suicide common adolescent alcohol percent related alcohol abuse alcohol dependence year met criteria low risk drinking percent group received treatment breakdown follows percent found dependent percent partial symptoms persist percent consumption increases chances percent fully recovered percent low risk plus percent contrast results long term year follow groups alcoholic men indicated return controlled drinking rarely persisted decade evolution return controlled drinking reported short term studies history historically coined german physician superseded alcoholism term specific meaning term alcoholism swedish physician describe systematic adverse effects alcohol alcohol long history use recorded history biblical egyptian sources record history abuse dependence alcohol ancient cultures alcohol abuse condemned excessive alcohol recognised causing social problems thousands years ago defining known adverse consequences established medically 18th century greek monk named document chronic alcohol associated nervous system body resulted range medical disorders internal bleeding effects alcohol abuse chronic led failed prohibition alcohol considered eventually enforced briefly america cost alcohol dependence abuse estimated cost economy approximately billion dollars year cancer society culture health problems associated long term alcohol consumption generally perceived detrimental society example money lost labor hours medical costs secondary treatment costs alcohol use major contributing factor head injuries motor vehicle accidents violence assaults money significant social costs alcoholic family friends instance alcohol consumption pregnant woman lead alcohol syndrome damaging condition estimates economic costs alcohol abuse collected world health organization vary percent country australian estimate alcohol social costs drug abuse costs similar canadian study concluded alcohol share study cost forms alcohol billion economic costs united_states estimated billion stereotypes found fiction popular culture town drunk stock character western popular culture stereotypes based racism depiction irish heavy studies social attempt document perceived prevalence high alcohol consumption irish america alcohol consumption relatively similar european cultures united_states australia asian countries high gross domestic product heightened drinking compared asian countries near high countries like united_states seen countries low gross domestic product showing high alcohol consumption study korean immigrants canada reported alcohol integral meal time solo drinking occur believe alcohol necessary social event helps conversations start lower rate higher tolerance symptoms drinks alcohol chinese drinks respectively cultures influenced culture adopt drinking practices agent shown promise treating alcoholism alcohol actually replaced native americans agent choice rituals outlawed research derivative naturally occurring sugar found effective helping quit cut drink evidence suggests release gamma acid function review effectiveness concluded results published trials promising data insufficient support conjunction brief weekly compliance counseling line agent alcohol dependence review found superior existing alcohol options effectively reduces alcohol withdrawal severity improving quality life ratings study treatment alcoholism systematic review concluded insufficient evidence use withdrawal symptoms alcoholism tentative data supporting alcohol dependence trials needed antagonist appears promising