dare stupid dare stupid studio album weird released album produced guitarist recorded august march album studio album released following success included single eat music dare stupid built parodies pop rock music mid-1980s featuring madonna lewis news album features style parodies musical come close copy existing artists style parodies include specific artists like musical genres like sci soundtracks music 1920s 1930s despite mixed reception dare stupid sold peaked number billboard album produced famous singles like surgeon parody madonna like virgin peaked number seven billboard hot album second gold record went certified platinum sales million copies united_states album nominated grammy award best comedy recording production recording january entered recording studio begin sessions follow album produce album brought guitarist produced previous albums backing jon bermuda drums steve jay bass jim west guitar session yielded originals dare stupid cable creatures outer space minute band recorded cover tune theme george jungle following month began recording parodies medley appear album like surgeon want new duck girls want lunch hooked originals life recorded released single november song describes narrator overly lavish lifestyle originally commissioned gangster spoof movie johnny dangerously album title track dare stupid ode living life according liner notes ultimate video collection song represents motto life song style parody band reaction positive said right finished dare stupid went mark house played enjoy lot song later released soundtrack film movie later people introduced dare stupid song movie actual dare stupid album minute girlfriend written style elvis_presley like according liner notes permanent record preparing write songs dare stupid girlfriend broke order mentally deal heartbreak decided write humorous song express anger eventually minute tears picture video creatures outer space attempt emulate sound cheesy 50s sci soundtracks track features prominent usage courtesy steve jay parodies february began recording parodies dare stupid parody recorded album originally written initial run american film empire strikes success movie idea writing song based break character unable find suitable song use base remembers college time friend named mike suggested song tune couldn believe hadn thought huge fan wrote recorded version song track cassette version hit managed hit hold number funny countdown weeks early demo later released basement tapes large success demo version wanted song albums immensely complex process getting permission george lucas publishers delayed release song years eventually lucas gave permission song publishers turned versions parody turned exist interview spin explained approached ray davies song composer approaching year half years album comes little skeptical little afraid personal song blue decided time let liner notes permanent record present different story according album notes song remained unreleased time chance encounter song original songwriter ray davies asked hadn given permission davies remarked asked davies immediately gave permission record song song later released dare stupid day recording started recording like surgeon lead single album normally refuses use parody ideas people madonna partly responsible like surgeon madonna asked friends long song like virgin like surgeon friend mutual friend manager jay word got decided good idea wrote song known time gotten parody idea directly original artist parody recorded album parody want new drug lewis news entitled want new duck recording want new duck comfortable releasing album insisted include parody song complied producing girls wanna lunch cited favorite songs ultimately left compilation album food album approached prince potential parody cry circa prince refused accept future parody ideas presented march rounded recording new album medley popular songs music dare stupid includes george jungle straight cover song released counting song later ended soundtrack film reception promotion release album undertook city stupid tour biggest tour 1980s featured costume changes carefully designed lighting videos integrated stage stage wardrobe changed dramatically tour specifically stipulated promoter supply hawaiian shirt wear eventually acquired couple started wearing exclusively joked need let warehouse home videos promote dare stupid later compiled additional material direct video called video directed manager jay robert programs kind specifically home video market minute version later aired showtime video tongue cheek book authorized released book written gone print critical response dare stupid received moderately favorable reviews critics allmusic reviewer eugene awarded album half stars cited like surgeon dare stupid best songs christopher daily vault wrote dare stupid finest album recommend song gone famous songs left greatest_hits album song featured second volume box set permanent record compilation essential weird song appeared time machine episode weird compilation album radio disney kid jams lead single like surgeon parody met praise criticized album parodies critics split emphasis original songs given rolling_stone writer david positively wrote pick album original litter minute parody style fifties vocal group specific song superb tune right perfect little right final chorus contrast disappointed original material stating missing important brain cells suggest artist original songs good album nominated grammy award best comedy recording lost original broadway recording commercial performance dare stupid released june album musical comedy released compact disc dare stupid eventually peaked billboard number album spent total weeks chart january little year release album certified gold recording_industry_association_of_america riaa february album certified platinum riaa track listing following adapted album liner notes credits personnel charts certifications singles


jane northumberland jane née northumberland english wife john 1st duke northumberland mother robert 1st earl leicester having grown future husband father ward married age children jane served lady waiting court henry_viii close friend queen catherine reformed religious outlook supporter protestant martyr anne young king edward john powerful politicians rising earl later duke northumberland fall lord protector somerset john joined forces wife promote rehabilitation reconciliation families marriage children spring jane northumberland mother law lady jane grey duke northumberland unsuccessfully tried establish english throne death edward mary victorious sought save husband life notwithstanding son executions successful achieving release rest family spanish came england philip spain died soon aged family marriage jane born kent daughter sir edward eleanor west daughter thomas west 8th baron schooling occurred home brother richard future husband father ward married sir john years old match arranged parents years jane gave birth children boys girls cases impossible establish exactly exception robert future favourite elizabeth born fifth son possibly eldest daughter mary mother poet philip family life john jane happy free scandals poem praised love devotion marriage sir edward died draw son richard nephew john claimed inheritance maintained daughter jane natural heir finally won resulting court case assistance thomas court life jane served lady waiting anne later anne interested reformed religion husband moved evangelical circles john created friendly terms william sister catherine henry_viii queen july closest friends ladies leading altar marriage day jane belonged anne contacted imprisonment protestant burnt stake july conservative court party bishop stephen renaissance science figured large children education jane commissioned works mathematician john heavenly configurations tides jane close children eldest son henry died siege aged wrote letter husband eldest son john 2nd earl reads jane northumberland health problems husband unwilling leave fit extreme time edward john raised title earl edward earl duke somerset lord protector october protector lost power trial strength council john earl emerged lord president council leader government somerset imprisoned tower london soon allowed rejoin council release somerset arranged daily order reconcile husbands marriage respective eldest son daughter anne john equally promoted ladies june grand wedding staged palace attended year old king edward jane continued great lady court husband duke northumberland october influential thomas diplomat richard morrison sought patronage mary tudor stood daughters mother law queen king edward fell ill early drew document succession final version june settle crown protestant cousin lady jane grey claims half sisters mary elizabeth jane grey daughter grey suffolk niece henry_viii younger sister mary alliances celebrated durham place london town mansion younger children concerned aged married lady jane grey years old promised earl heir henry hastings months later matches came seen proof conspiracy duke northumberland bring family throne time marriages took place implications considered significant suspicious observers imperial ambassador modern historians considered plot routine actions politics words david initiative matches probably come edward death july northumberland undertook enforcement king lady jane grey accepted crown parents parents law july northumberland accompanied son daughter law ceremonial entry tower london reside rest short reign according jane letter queen mary months later wanted king young people agreed having declared king act parliament jane changed mind declared duke duke king replied went mother furious took son told leave tower home jane insisted remain court according induced son sleep clear writings jane disliked mother law downfall struggle family claim right mary tudor began assembling supporters east demanded recognized queen council london letter arrived july dinner suffolk jane mother northumberland broke tears mary gathering strength july duke marched cambridge troops capture came passed week heard july council london declared mary orders council northumberland proclaimed queen mary market place awaited arrest wife tower soon released tried personally imprisoned husband sons mary staying outside london miles reaching court turned away queen orders wrote letter friend lady wife william lord asking queen ladies husband life plea went vain duke northumberland executed august tower hill having protestant faith following rebellion beheaded february shortly wife knowing queen character june jane pleaded authorities allow remaining sons hear mass son law henry worked hard pleading spanish nobles england new king consort philip spain lord proved helpful henry travelled spain cause autumn brothers released tower eldest john died immediately house kent location philip born november grandmother jane godfather philip spain amid family possessions july mary allowed jane retain wardrobe plate household use duke house london died january buried february old church tried provide sons financially thanked queen spanish nobles lobbied receive green don diego gave new bed green velvet furniture lifetime showed like father brother sons shall require mother gone remembered lord dear husband stipulated wise let opened dead lived bold women come hands living man physician surgeon avoided specific religion stressed trust world happen overthrow worms written ancestry


john john march known john king jerusalem latin emperor constantinople youngest son wealthy nobleman champagne john originally destined ecclesiastical career knight owned small estates champagne death brother walter iii ruled county behalf minor nephew walter lived southern italy barons kingdom jerusalem proposed john marry maria queen jerusalem consent philip france pope innocent iii left france holy land married queen royal couple crowned maria death john administered kingdom regent infant daughter isabella influential lord john attempted john leader fifth crusade claim supreme command army unanimously acknowledged right rule egypt confirmed shortly town fell claimed armenian kingdom behalf second wife armenia infant son died year john returned egypt fifth crusade ended failure including recovery john king jerusalem visit europe italy france england germany seek assistance holy land gave daughter marriage holy roman emperor frederick frederick ended john rule kingdom jerusalem tried persuade frederick restore kingdom john barons regarded frederick ruler john administered papal domains commander pope gregory army gregory war frederick elected emperor senior ruler baldwin latin empire crowned constantinople john iii emperor bulgaria occupied latin territories asia minor besieging constantinople early john directed defence capital months long siege withdrawing united fleets italian towns defeated fleet following year john died early life john youngest sons count old year old george estimate correct john born 13th century authors described john old man father referred john brothers children mentioned tutor john oldest brother walter iii suggests john brothers born late modern historians agree john born probably father destined john clerical career according late 13th century tales unwilling instead continued john fled maternal uncle abbey encouraged knight earned reputation tournaments fights elements tales apparently invented instance john maternal uncle historian guy perry wrote preserved details john life church career unusual youngest sons 12th century france father sent john monastery left reaching age taking monastic vows john clearly developed physique necessary fight youth 13th century sources adam emphasize physical strength joined crusade died holy land oldest son walter iii succeeded john mentioned charter issued brother indicating prominent figure walter court according version chronicle john participated war peter tales claimed called john according contemporary charters john held villages county champagne iii granted additional estates death widow persuaded john sell estate saying walter iii died june fighting southern italy widow sicily gave birth posthumous son walter grew italy john assumed title count began county nephew behalf leading vassal count champagne john frequented court ruled champagne son minority according version chronicle loved john man world annoyed philip france versions chronicle tell different stories john ascent throne jerusalem according version leading lords jerusalem sent envoys france asking philip select french nobleman husband queen maria taking advantage opportunity rid john philip suggested version unnamed knight encouraged lords select john accepted offer philip consent john visited pope innocent iii rome pope donated marks defence holy land john spend money consent latin patriarch jerusalem grand masters knights knights king jerusalem ruler john landed acre september following day patriarch jerusalem albert married queen maria john maria crowned tyre october truce concluded king jerusalem sultan ended john arrival willing renew lords want sign new treaty john consent john maria coronation son area acre attack city returning acre john raided nearby muslim settlements retaliation french knights accompanied holy land influential joined preferred participating french crusade sufficiently eminent john cousin walter joined expelled cyprus led naval expedition egypt delta french left holy land john forged new truce middle sent envoys pope innocent urging preach new crusade conflicts maria died shortly giving birth daughter isabella late death triggered legal dispute john administered jerusalem john coronation questioning widowed king right rule king sent bishop rome assistance holy pope innocent confirmed john ruler holy land early urging support ecclesiastical sanctions needed lords remained loyal king acknowledging right administer kingdom behalf infant daughter john left holy land settled cyprus relationship john hugh cyprus tense hugh ordered imprisonment john supporters cyprus releasing pope innocent command war succession john sided leo king armenia supported hugh john sent knights fight leo concluded peace treaty knights late year john reconciled john married leo oldest daughter known received john leo hugh documented pope innocent letters urging reconcile differences fifth crusade reached holy land fifth crusade pope innocent proclaimed fifth crusade liberation holy land jerusalem principal object troops commanded austria landed acre early september andrew hungary army followed month hugh cyprus soon joined hundreds soon returned europe famine following previous year poor harvest war council held tent andrew considered supreme commander army leaders particularly john acknowledge andrew leadership raided nearby territory ruled food fodder forcing sultan retreat november december john besieged fortress mount joined unable capture encouraged according contemporary andrew decided return home leaving camp hugh early military action suspended departure restored fortifications new troops arrived holy roman empire april decided invade egypt elected john supreme commander giving right rule land conquer leadership primarily nominal rarely impose authority army troops countries laid siege seized strategically important tower nearby island august succeeded egypt controlled traffic september reinforcements commanded pope iii cardinal considered crusade supreme commander arrived italy egyptian forces attempted surprise attack camp october john discovered movements attacked annihilated egyptian advance guard main force built floating fortress near storm blew near egyptian camp seized fortress killing nearly defenders soldiers survived attack accused john ordered execution taking advantage new italian troops cardinal began intervene strategic decisions debates john angered troops soldiers broke egyptian camp august order soon defeated nearly annihilated ensuing panic cooperation john noble prevented destroying camp late october sent offering restore jerusalem withdrew egypt john secular lords willing accept sultan offer heads military orders resisted said easily recapture towns ultimately refused offer tried send provisions camp men captured november days later stormed seized town claimed church forced acknowledge john right administer temporarily john threatened leave camp according john john seized coins following months bore sultan damascus invaded kingdom jerusalem end john father law leo armenia died months seized bequeathed kingdom infant daughter isabella john leo nephew questioned legality demanding armenian kingdom february letter pope declared john leo rightful heir saying wanted assert claim john left kingdom jerusalem easter successful campaign previous year pressed john leave egypt fifth crusade wrote deserted army died shortly john arrival contemporary sources accused john causing sudden death claiming severely beat heard tried poison daughter isabella son died weeks later ending john claim soon pope learned deaths son declared ruler threatened john fought late wife inheritance john return egypt months according letter holy land philip france lack funds kept john leaving kingdom nephew walter approaching age majority john surrendered county john absence egypt offered restore holy land kingdom jerusalem june refused john returned egypt rejoined crusade july command pope commanders army decided continue invasion egypt despite according philip john strong opposition approached imposed blockade camp outnumbered agreed year truce exchange august john crusade leaders held hostage army withdrew september negotiations fifth crusade ended failure john returned kingdom merchants genoa soon attacked acre significant portion town according chronicle john supported left acre john king jerusalem visit europe decided seek aid christian powers returned egypt wanted find suitable husband daughter ensure survival christian rule holy land john appointed administer kingdom jerusalem absence left italy october attend conference new crusade john request pope declared lands conquered crusade united kingdom jerusalem plan military campaign pope holy roman emperor frederick met march john attended meeting agreed daughter marriage frederick emperor promised allow john rule kingdom jerusalem rest life john went france philip annoyed excluded decision isabella marriage albert abbot local asked john intervene conflicts indicating homeland john attended funeral philip july philip bequeathed marks defence holy land john visited england attempting peace treaty england france return france pilgrimage march according latin chronicle kings john went kingdom marry elder daughters promised kingdom marriage claim half brother ferdinand iii protect son interests ferdinand mother decided daughter john marriage modern historians unanimously accept chronicle account john plan marry agree queen france sister played important role convincing john marry niece marriage john celebrated months later met emperor frederick son henry visited henry guardian archbishop cologne germany john went southern italy persuaded pope allow emperor frederick postpone crusade years frederick married john daughter isabella crowned queen jerusalem november john frederick relationship tense according version chronicle john got disagreement new son law frederick niece isabella lady waiting version chronicle john son law concluded john wanted seize kingdom sicily nephew walter tried murder john fled rome frederick declared john lost claim kingdom jerusalem isabella married styled king jerusalem time december simon archbishop tyre lords escorted isabella italy acknowledged frederick king papal service pope accept frederick act continued regard john rightful king jerusalem attempt advantage revived league alliance northern italian towns frederick john went according version chronicle declined offer league representatives elect king account fabricated john remained months dying pope appointed john rector saint peter papal states january urged frederick restore throne kingdom jerusalem successor gregory confirmed john position papal states april ordered citizens elect gregory frederick september accusing breaking oath lead crusade holy land emperor dispatched fleets syria plague forced return wife isabella died giving birth son frederick continued consider king jerusalem accordance precedent set john isabella minority imperial army invaded papal states command october john defeated invaders series battles took counter invasion papal army southern italy drive john laid siege returning early conclude negotiations envoys latin empire constantinople offering imperial crown emperor constantinople election latin emperor constantinople robert died january brother baldwin succeeded regent needed rule latin empire baldwin years old bulgaria willing accept regency barons latin empire suspected wanted unite latin empire bulgaria offered imperial crown instead john ally holy months negotiation john envoys latin empire signed treaty confirmed pope gregory april john elected emperor latin empire life senior ruler baldwin marry john daughter marie treaty prescribed baldwin rule latin lands asia minor years old sole emperor john death john stipulated sons inherit macedonia regions belonged emperor signing treaty john returned according contemporary matthew paris allowed soldiers nearby monasteries obtain money john lifted siege early join cardinal launched campaign frederick crowned king jerusalem church holy returned italy forcing papal troops withdraw john went france recruit warriors accompany constantinople pope gregory john expedition latin empire crusade promised papal privileges granted joined stay france john local signed peace treaty louis france hugh returned italy late john envoys signed treaty venice agreed transport knights constantinople return john confirmation venetian possessions privileges latin empire shortly john left constantinople august pope gregory acknowledged frederick claim kingdom jerusalem rule john crowned emperor autumn territory limited constantinople vicinity urged wage war john iii emperor supported rebellion rule crete according chronicle john war peace invade empire french knights accompanied constantinople returned home coronation strengthen latin empire financial position john powerful vassal gave annual coronation taking advantage john iii invasion rhodes john launched military expedition empire month campaign achieved little seized turkey john approval dominican wanted truce latin empire signed letter describing negotiations described john abandoned mercenaries john iii concluded treaty dividing latin empire early soon seized outposts empire asia minor gallipoli occupied latin territories constantinople besieged effort persuade defenders gather place enabling invasion outnumbered defenders john repelled attacks town walls compared chronicle emphasizing bravery venetian fleet forced naval forces withdraw departed home greeks besieged constantinople november john sent letters european monarchs pope pleading assistance survival latin empire jeopardy pope gregory urged defend constantinople instead holy land combined naval force venice genoa broke blockade soon abandoned alliance forced lift siege death according 13th century authors matthew paris adam bernard john death agree john declining health contributed conversion bernard described recurring vision old man urging emperor join 13th century sources suggest john died march latin emperor die constantinople according tales buried perry wrote john died buried church dedicated saint francis built reign theory proposed tomb decorated latin empire coat arms lower built john walter count family john wife maria born child isabella jerusalem second husband maria inherited jerusalem mother john maria child isabella known born late armenia john second wife daughter leo armenia wife niece wife iii gave birth son son died year john married wife born john child marie born son born late cousin louis france grand chamberlain france acquired county france marriage john second son louis born youngest son john born early grand butler france


henry 1st duke lancaster henry 1st duke lancaster 4th earl leicester lancaster march earl derby member english nobility 14th century prominent english diplomat politician soldier son heir henry 3rd earl lancaster edward iii trusted captains early phases years war distinguished victory battle founding member second knight order created duke author book highly personal treatise remembered founders early patrons corpus college cambridge established town family background early life uncle thomas lancaster son heir edward brother inheritance fortunate marriage thomas wealthiest peer england constant king edward led execution having heir thomas possessions titles went younger brother henry father earl henry lancaster deposition edward long stay favour regency queen isabella roger edward iii took personal control government relations crown improved time older henry struggling poor health little known early years born castle wales born turn century previously held according memoirs better martial arts academic subjects learn read later life represented father parliament year recorded participating royal tournament took edward scottish campaign unclear present great english victory battle hill service north appointed king lieutenant scotland year men edward iii promoted higher levels father lesser titles earl derby bestowed service france outbreak years war attention turned france took diplomatic missions minor campaigns present great english victory naval battle later year required commit hostage low countries king considerable debts remained hostage year pay large ransom release return king lieutenant north stayed years spent diplomatic negotiations low countries edward iii planning major assault france attack earl attacking brittany king flanders dispatched prepare campaign south moving rapidly country confronted isle october achieved victory described greatest single achievement lancaster entire military career ransom prisoners estimated year edward carrying campaign laid siege captured returning home england duke lancaster france father died younger henry earl lancaster wealthiest powerful peer realm participating siege king honoured lancaster including founding knight order years later edward bestowed greater honour lancaster created duke lancaster title duke relatively new origin england title existed previously addition lancaster given status county lancashire entailed separate administration independent crown grant exceptional english history counties existed durham ancient ecclesiastical chester crown property sign edward high regard lancaster extensive privileges men second cousins great grandfather henry iii practically edward born natural assume strong sense existed factor influenced king decision fact henry male heir grant earl lifetime intended hereditary prestige lancaster spent intermittently campaigning negotiating peace treaties french present naval victory allegedly saved lives black prince john years spent crusade prussia quarrel duke led duel men narrowly intervention french king john later half decade campaigning france resumed normandy siege lancaster participated great offensive phase years war campaign appointed principal treaty english achieved favourable terms returning england november fell ill early year died leicester castle march likely cause death plague year making second england buried church lady leicester church built religious charitable institution founded father leicester castle buried father years previously private life lancaster married isabella daughter henry lord sons daughters married william duke bavaria married edward iii son john ended lancaster possessions title dying king edward iii largely able restore rights county lancaster son henry crown henry vast lancaster inheritance including merged crown lancaster know lancaster character contemporaries memoirs book holy doctors book highly personal treatise matters religion contains details historical interest things revealed lancaster age wrote book suffered book primarily work organized seven wounds henry claims representing seven sins lancaster confesses sins explains real mythical medical terms theological symbolism reader greater morality ancestors

Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster


charles charles officially referred honour march hereditary noble kingdom hawaii father william charles 6th monarch kingdom hawaii descendant notable figures ancient hawaiian history including island served counsel house nobles named uncle means conquering hawaiian language uncle greeted captain james cook confronted navigator killed wife widow niece married converted christianity gave wife lived traditional style home sacred neighborhood honolulu hawaii called near offspring compound eventually official royal residence hawaiian royal family build center families estates gift daughter victoria site palace palace walk kept property palace death original owner palace use living son william charles named iii heir throne kingdom ascended father lived died year later years father death died march written produced left son having died hearings proceeded years final went cousins including bishop birth early life marriage charles born charles circa hawaii father mother maternal great grandmother high granddaughter king great grandfather cousins descendants king descended ancient rulers son descended son great great great grandmother paternal grandparents named nickname uncle chief drawn artist john later reputed struck captain james cook killed bay hawaiian language means conquering married converted christianity gave wife free marry monarch friend wives influence christian missionaries renounced wives free marry took christian names residence couple lived near family members home west called home area called area sacred burial site nobles style home similar estates neighborhood consisting small buildings different purposes sitting sleeping area folding door entrance green painted wood glass upper panels house rooms separated tent door fabric hand crafted lounge area opposite mirror middle placed semi circle center table couple write matching cabinet glass doors set corner room silk hanging book visit south seas ship years charles samuel stewart states write great readiness husband freedom command hand class good improving home old estate demolished called spot ancient called july began building large home gift daughter victoria instead iii buy estate use royal residence moving capitol kingdom honolulu palace older died lands passed concentrated fewer hands lands passed family died left accumulated lands wealth son husband moved bodies royal family new royal refused allow remains moved rest provisions royal tomb built street palace church mother buried served member house nobles iii council july supreme_court founded tradition european royalty granted style manner address children sons son died young informal adoption family members children wife iii later second son surviving natural son william charles born january considered second cousin king king princess victoria mother cousin elizabeth later called declared eligible succeed royal decree king iii sent chief children school later called royal school founded missionaries trust acted trustee royal lands inherited wife son minor son death died court appointed trustees militia monarchy new provisional government record supporting break crown lands promote american style farming newspaper lawsuits ensued property including suit questioning validity father requested use estate fund charity trustees favored splitting estate selling claimed value land run charity funded lease income example leased later heirs sell thousands acres land island hawaii businessman son missionaries william death legacy died march honolulu buried church son died left son died petitions administer estate began following day proceedings years affirmed attorney general alfred applied appointment trustees shortly death articles article bequeathed entirety estate trustees appointed justices supreme_court hawaiian kingdom property sold invested sum raised fund home poor chief justice charles coffin harris ordered hearing april hear petition pertaining estate late charles reason grant estate petition filed king david sisters brother law scott hearing set justice lawrence july justices harris heard appeal justices felt claim sisters proven impressed cousin based testimony witnesses court decreed estate split equal shares quarter quarter quarter widow children died claim line petitions court act land titles act later deemed unconstitutional new decree december land trust william cooper marshal hawaii owned heirs agreed settlement supported sale lands order land sold auction heirs legacy final found total parties groups relatives descended husbands heirs estate splitting total shares shares going party records include great deal information years litigation great number people petitioned courts claim title heirs initial judgement final bishop received shares remaining seven shares divided equally 9th distributed historic figures grandmother older sister mother parties trustees included john smith hawaii public archives building built palace grounds section estate dedicated building held state offices 1950s added contributing property hawaii capital historic district restored friends palace family tree


duke german august alexander june august sovereign duke reigning death born eldest child iii duke princess fourteen months later younger brother prince albert born later consort queen_victoria united_kingdom father duke exchange territories married princess childless marriage soon succeeded duke death father january reigning duke supported german confederation wars denmark sending thousands troops commander german corps instrumental victory battle danish forces king greece deposed british government forward possible successor negotiations fell reasons beloved favor greek throne supporter unified germany watched political movements great interest initially great outspoken proponent liberal movement surprised switching sides supporting conservative eventually victorious austro prussian franco prussian wars subsequent unification germany support conservatives came price longer viewed possible leader political movement according historian charlotte increasingly lost private earned contempt outside position linked brother prince albert husband queen_victoria boys raised twins closer separation divorce parents eventual death mother princes relationship experienced phases minor arguments grew older albert death gradually antagonistic victoria children increasingly bitter united_kingdom publishing anonymous pamphlets members british royal family despite increasingly differing political views opinions accepted second eldest nephew prince alfred duke edinburgh heir death august succeeded throne early life hereditary prince born palace june elder son iii duke wife princess soon joined brother prince albert later husband queen_victoria duke fathered numerous children affairs boys legitimate siblings father succeeded duke exchange territories death duke uncle frederick duke accounts childhood fourteen months old servant commented runs like cross little pretty beautiful black eyes mother described big age intelligent big black eyes spirit biographer richard writes infancy evident elder son took father character appearance albert strongly resembled mother respects brother lived grandmother death albert brought educated twins albert fourteen months younger surpassed according tutor went hand hand things work play engaging pursuits sharing bound common feelings mutual love aforementioned related parents marriage happy duke continually divorced subsequently left seeing sons soon remarried alexander von count dying age thirty year death father remarried niece marie sister daughter cousin duke new close produce children boys formed happy relationship marie little input lives separation divorce parents later death mother left boys close albert visited eligible cousin princess victoria kent spending weeks windsor boys especially albert considered family potential husband young princess taught speak competent english father thought better husband victoria albert possibly sporting interests better received british public favored albert possible husband victoria like lively love dancing gossip late nights conversely fast pace albert physically ill victoria believed kind honest intelligent expression albert goodness sweetness clever intelligent offer marriage forthcoming brother returned home entered military training later year april albert household moved university weeks academic term victoria succeeded queen united_kingdom rumors impending marriage albert interfered studies brothers left august close term travel europe returned early november continue studies brothers traveled england victoria found cousin albert soon proposed connection implications future instance selected godfather albert second daughter princess alice eventually come away wedding months albert death marriage candidates forward possible wife father wanted look high wife russian grand possibility princess daughter louis met visiting court marriage required conversion roman catholicism consequently came later married cousin prince august considered queen maria possible husband young daughter isabella spain queen_victoria cousin princess cambridge married year old princess eldest daughter grand duke princess sweden daughter deposed king adolf sweden gave consent father disappointed second son advance concerns marriage produce issue apparently fathered illegitimate children later years suffered disease late teens early twenties likely consequence living wild lifestyle qualities inherited father took sons sample pleasures paris berlin albert horror shame visibly deteriorating appearance result sarah lady waiting queen_victoria observed windsor thin hollow pale likeness brother beauty fine dark eyes black hair light figure great look spirit later year albert brother finding wife condition fully recovered warned continued leave incapable children historians believe able father children disease rendered young wife years went distant wife continually continued devoted choosing ignore relationships aware loyalty increasingly outside immediate family seventeen years took interest wife duke january father died territories family recently acquired consequently succeeded development constitution extravagant great degree money troubles reign january visited brother midst political unrest germany return discovered unrest concerns related finances large inheritance frequent debts increasing calls property albert intervene point spare brother embarrassment losing properties turmoil germany albert constructing liberal reform plan single monarch chancellor parliament unite german states addition state retain current ruling dynasty plan brother given copy hope develop liberal constitution subsequently concessions position remained sound counting increasing problem debts constitution drafted existed converted personal union real union common set institutions political turmoil timely concessions popular habit people pleasures instrumental keeping losing throne furthermore contemporary sources state able popular ruler helped power wars denmark german confederation fought control historically ruled denmark medieval times remained large german majority majority sparked rebellion frederick vii denmark announced march integral denmark new liberal constitution prussia soon involved supporting uprising beginning war sent men initially adding army sent german confederation desired given military job war refused extremely difficult offer position army corresponding rank according memoirs agreed smaller command coming lead contingent commented letter brother declined command kind refuse present condition states important executive power hands commander german corps instrumental winning april battle danish forces war ended resume interlude opposed marriage nephew albert edward prince wales princess denmark daughter future christian denmark enemy german states believed match flew face german interests albert replied angrily got brains help find vain reasonable choice albert agreed going problems match find alternative bride wrote keeping affair private matter outside realm government way prevent break prussia way game hands impose conditions think necessary far political edge albert warned son endeavors interfere match commenting uncle try hand work best defence enter subject soon writing letters prince albert died december death helped repair relationship sister law victoria increasingly objections danish match brothers close disagreements albert death left noted victoria letter eldest daughter death solve argument seeing direct involvement failed persuade victoria tried new tactic began spread gossip family mother princess illegitimate children young officers wrote warning unfortunate choice husband additionally met nephew likely attempting discourage match person april letter victoria noted eldest daughter tell met uncle alarmed think uncle know set marriage princess despite duly married march duke reputation strong friend united_states brother albert european sovereign appoint consul raven confederate states america july texas government raven resided clear request imply extend diplomatic recognition confederate regime nomination greek throne october bavaria king greece deposed coup greeks eager close britain queen_victoria replace desired allow prince alfred duke edinburgh second son succeed king greece elected vote greek head state referendum confirmed greeks began looking possible candidates included duke british government suggestion victoria reasoning greek throne alfred immediately inheritance succeed duke prince wales having passed claim younger brother favor nomination including prime minister lord sister law letter written uncle belgium victoria stated support new royal branch house chosen king desire second son alfred succeed uncle negotiations continued began lose enthusiasm idea problems nomination children adopt princes house succeed king greece solve problem suggested simply title regent greece hold kingdom trust chosen heir stipulated accepted throne subject certain guarantees powers apparent deal breaker fact wanted acquire greek throne maintain control safer end british cabinet thought proposed conditions unacceptable proposals turned turn refused greek throne accepted member royal family princess wales younger brother prince william denmark later comment cup spared regarded piece good fortune austro prussian franco prussian wars like brother favor german unified federal state best realize goal liked political system promised success subsequently watched growth germany interest tried build links movement leaders albert lifetime took close interest movement reform perceived progressive germany favorable view caused asylum political refugees german states attended liberal frankfurt conference openly avoided conservative prussia attendance friends prussia developed strong contacts austria looked potential leader mounting conflict northern southern powers grew tired advice received albert subject means inclined consent energetic rule adopted immediately perfection constitutional system according albert letters austro prussian war triggered desire german conservative leaders unify albeit different terms liberal counterparts urged prussian leaders impending war active advocate austrian cause normally followed liberal politics counterparts began switching views align closely prussian minister president von despite change private political views strong publicly known austrian ties immediately better equipped breakout war reasoning usually understood acting best interests extension regardless seen betrayal friends queen_victoria commented agreed neutrality necessary change colours think right fortunate support victorious prussia petty german princes kings supported austria suffered immensely hands nassau instance annexed prussia expense respective rulers recently changed political views allowed ride head battalion victory parade eldest niece prussian crown princess victoria pleased prussian support commented accustomed hearing praise crushed beaten foe sad friends suffering effects victoria husband crown prince frederick pleased decision writing journal september duke society peculiar pleasure especially heart beats warmly germany support austro prussian war later franco prussian war meant longer potential leader political movement true able retain come price according historian charlotte increasingly lost private earned contempt outside political thoughts private sphere preferring write sponsored articles press increasingly england published foreign influence germany pamphlet greatly angered family produced anonymously doubted written attacked german dependent mother declared passing confidential information war peacetime queen_victoria furious writing told uncle pamphlet simply monstrous assure felt great difficulty writing birthday wrote short cool consistently dear uncle great deal harm odd ways tongue lively imagination later years later reign actions managed continually anger sister law victoria loved albert brother displeased writing memoirs worrying contents mainly regard dead husband despite disputes met victoria family occasionally met france victoria lady waiting commented old duke today wife prince consort brother awful looking man queen particularly writing anonymous pamphlets queen empress frederick naturally creates great deal annoyance family reign known grew older enjoyed gossip thoroughly old enjoyed outrage provoked actions leading declare uncle enemy behavior manner dress increasingly joke younger generations great niece marie edinburgh later describe old coat tight bulk waist sporting hat lemon coloured gloves weight paper wealth large constantly debt excellent musician amateur composer life great patron arts sciences giving awards titles members artistic scientific world paul german opera singer chemist william bush composed songs hymns musical pieces opera stage including die tony die santa met success germany draw play piano operas diana von prompted following year write orchestral von short production metropolitan opera new_york_city inspired dismal reviews spectator commenting music simply rubbish avid hunter contemporary remarked foremost produced present century addition enthusiastic patron connected natural history instance traveling german zoologist alfred died august short illness lifelong words apparently let drive commence funeral held thousands spectators came funeral including emperor prince wales buried built succeeded nephew prince alfred duke edinburgh inheritance reign heir sibling prince albert consort queen_victoria increasingly clear childless possibility personal union united_kingdom real reality deemed undesirable special arrangements combination constitutional clauses pass throne son albert preventing personal union consequently prince alfred duke edinburgh brother second eldest son designated childless heir december older brother prince wales later edward vii united_kingdom renounced succession rights issues arose authority control upbringing heir head family normally able arrange alfred education general upbringing case alfred torn british birth german inheritance partly alfred second line united_kingdom birth nephew prince albert victor duke example problems education concerned language speak grew learning german native language decided english addition naval career chosen alfred common profession british prince prince germany wanted alfred educated brother refused albert refusal likely stemmed negative british reaction inevitably occurred fact albert fearful alfred moral development despite protests went albert lifetime told victoria time alfred leave navy enter german university march following year decided alfred attend university left consider future having reservations permanently residing outside england matter eventually resolved alfred came accept inheritance victoria understood accepted needed involved upbringing heir strong german element added education carefully visits titles styles honours arms titles styles june november hereditary prince november january hereditary prince january august duke honours knight grand master order house master mason foreign united_kingdom knight german empire recipient iron cross 1st 2nd class ancestry primary william sport alps past present account chase red deer deer black personal references historical notes sporting late duke london duke memoirs duke london publishers volumes secondary george encyclopedia library universal knowledge volume new_york encyclopedia corporation war diary emperor frederick iii home farm books isbn eugene british foreign service american_civil_war lexington university press kentucky isbn daniel harry frank moore new international volume new_york company story rise great royal house new_york james company isbn albert victoria rise fall house london isbn gill victoria albert rulers partners rivals new_york books isbn grey charles early years royal prince consort new_york harper brothers publishers christopher edward vii victorian king new_york richard victoria albert new_york martin griffin isbn george encyclopedia handbook history biography london publishing isbn victoria daughters new_york martin press isbn hannah uncommon woman empress frederick daughter queen_victoria wife crown prince prussia mother kaiser new_york simon inc isbn stanley king life prince albert london john murray inc isbn charlotte july queen uncle royalty digest retrieved february

Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha


known old norse ben daughter high king ireland whilst child married son king norway time appears process setting son king kingdom isles kingdom dublin marriage temporarily bound allies death following year left scandinavia proceeded share norwegian brothers background daughter high king ireland died late eleventh century following death father seized control kingdom moved extend authority ireland high king ireland gained control norse kingdom dublin result began extend influence nearby kingdom isles uncertainty concerning political situation isles decade eleventh century known sure end century king norway died led fleet scandinavia irish sea region held power death catalyst norwegian intervention extension influence irish sea region following death king isles died region appears degenerated chaos following demise taken norwegian authority expeditions irish sea region arrived focus second overseas operation appears ireland following apparent norwegian conquest dublin negotiated peace agreement sealed marriage son died marriage marriage agreement noted sources annals annals masters reveal marriage place sources reporting marriage include saga saga forms scandinavian sources suggest represent known borne members names include ben apparently years old time marriage age uncertain remarkably young age fact union recorded historical sources suggests marriage required conclusion peace fathers confusion historical sources marriage example twelfth century monk died claimed married daughter irish king according point set marry certain described emperor daughter possible represents died woman sister reigning mac king scotland died known married henry king england died fact episode concerning influenced erroneous claim preserved source married daughter mac king scotland time marriage father secured marital alliance daughter montgomery earl died english magnate midst revolt reigning king england prior settlement peace arrival locked extended struggle mac king died agreement year peace turned enemy ally whilst appears intended rule recently won overseas territories region stretching dublin appears intended exert influence isles new son law fact following year military operations ireland unfortunately long term ambitions ireland isles slain reveal immediately marriage apparently having returned norway proceeded share norwegian brothers died died years king norway ventured isles


prince alfred great_britain prince alfred september august member british royal family 14th child 9th son king george iii queen consort charlotte alfred ill smallpox virus early death age nearly demise brother prince months later shock parents later bouts madness king george imagined conversations youngest sons life prince alfred born september windsor castle windsor england father king george iii mother charlotte prince baptised frederick archbishop_of_canterbury great council chamber james palace october prince wales eldest brother prince frederick second brother princess royal eldest sister parents fourteenth child ninth son birth surprise bring joy family especially older sister sister elizabeth reported called new baby grandson death aftermath prince alfred smallpox sickness proved baby june taken deal nurse lady charlotte recover hoped sea air bathing water horseback riding improve condition alfred including old woman spite charming disposition continued break spots chest returned windsor august doctors inspected realized boy weeks live suffering bouts fever continuing problems chest prince alfred died august windsor castle years old household mourning prescribed royal children younger fourteen parents took loss harshly according lady charlotte queen cried vastly hurt loss king alfred buried westminster abbey remains later moved royal vault george chapel windsor castle february father continued death sight alfred posthumous portrait family painting thomas nearly year alfred death sent eldest sisters tears months alfred death elder brother succumbed smallpox virus devastating king bouts madness george imaginary conversations youngest sons youngest sister princess conceived months alfred death born exactly year died george iii queen charlotte children die alfred died nearly seventy years older sister mary survivor george iii queen charlotte children alfred unique fourteen children older sibling alive child younger born death titles styles honours arms titles styles september august royal prince alfred ancestry


sir william gordon 4th sir william alexander gordon gordon 4th july scottish landowner soldier notorious best known central figure royal scandal joined army saw service south_africa egypt served distinction rose rank lieutenant colonel spent time hunting india friend edward prince wales years attended house party yorkshire took game behest prince course nights play accused cheating denied news affair leaked sued members host family prince wales called witness ensuing trial case public spectacle widely reported abroad commentators day subsequently sided gordon judgement went society handsome arrogant man gordon particularly married women court case married american couple children unhappy relationship grandfather writers jane gordon early life william gordon gordon born july house near parents alexander gordon wife anne née campbell died big game hunter george gordon uncle travel writer gordon aunt educated wellington colleges age eighteen inherited chief clan line traced fourth century inheritance included estates near near dallas estates totalled acres km2 yielded poor revenues annual income estates described professional career gordon suffered blind eye purchased ensign commission scots guards later scots guards dated december promoted regimental lieutenant rank captain army purchase year commissions allowed purchased volunteered service south_africa anglo war served man enter battle year conveyed army empress death son prince imperial gordon promoted regimental rank captain army rank lieutenant colonel july went serve egypt anglo egyptian war war guards regiment desert column promoted regimental major found time independent adventure hunting rocky_mountains india stalk tigers foot published account travels india wild men wild scenes camp jungle royal scandal september gordon invited edward prince wales house party yorkshire accused cheating placing additional stake hand finished stake paid method cheating known gordon insisted mistaken explained played coup system betting won hand stake add stake stake hand order avoid scandal involving prince gave way pressure attendant royal sign statement undertaking play cards return pledge present speak incident consideration promise gentlemen names preserve silence reference accusation regard conduct nights monday tuesday 8th 9th undertake play cards long live despite pledge silence rumours incident began brought gordon attention attempt rumours demanded house party forthcoming withdrawal forthcoming february gordon issued claiming trial opened june entry court ticket prince wales present sat red leather chair raised platform judge witness box appearance time heir throne appeared court trial closed following week judge biased according jury minutes finding favour defendants decision greeted prolonged members galleries day judgement passed leader times stated condemned verdict jury social extinction brilliant record wiped speak begin life social rule committed mortal offence society know gordon senior counsel solicitor general sir edward clarke remained convinced client memoirs wrote believe verdict wrong sir william gordon innocent aftermath result scandal gordon dismissed army day trial resigned membership london clubs guards turf day married american fiancée florence garner stood trial despite gordon twice offering break engagement scandal service took place holy trinity church small congregation couple returned scotland days later locals near estate decorated station pulled carriage streets hand according lord chancellor michael lawyer edward historian peter prince society considered social people prince determined gordon remain declined meet henceforth acknowledged scottish later life gordon remained outside high society remainder life later told daughter host acquaintances thought friends spoke friends relented death prince stage king edward vii gordon wife sons daughters florence fortune couple compelled let close houses scottish estates bridge house devon reduced household gordon managed disguise contempt middle class society limited continue golf cricket bridge collecting post marks enjoyed company dogs pet monkey hated considered wife fat little engaging chronic infidelity florence lost opportunity remind funded life eventually resorted alcohol abuse couple effectively separated died gordon ensured labour_party politician membership rescinded golf club opposition world war gordon died home age succeeded title eldest son major alexander gordon private life gordon biographer jason thought subject possessed wit arrogant man london sporting life described possibly handsome man london certainly gordon owned house london friend prince wales lend premises prince royal gordon stated aim members sex preference relationships married women admitted married women try included sarah lady churchill days events prince wales returned early travelling europe visited street found mistress lady gordon arms relationship men gordon death house obtained kurt turned eponymous school attended prince philip duke edinburgh sons charles andrew edward gordon jane gordon writers


anglo norman nobleman royal official son earl began career administrator brother estates married feudal norfolk reign king henry_ii royal justice played minor role controversy died left son heir daughters origins son william second earl surrey died mother likely born brothers william earl surrey sisters married roger earl william lancaster married henry earl husband son king david scotland mother kings scotland william mother marriage robert siblings half siblings twins robert earl leicester count earl worcester alive lifetime illegitimate half brother early career appears historical record witness father charters main administrators elder brother estates lands granted brother honour norfolk sussex brother crusade granted right form merchant guild inhabitants town long brother agreed return crusade william earl died early crusade estates passed william daughter king stephen england married king second son william continued serve new earl began serve king witnessing number royal charters eventually main advisor new earl granted castles charter westminster settled rights william surviving son king stephen received crown england going henry stephen death witness charter continued serve royal official witnessing number new king charters royal service justices present king henry_ii decided case bishop walter abbot battle abbey present council long struggle king henry_ii new archbishop_of_canterbury thomas control english church accompanied king daughter germany marriage henry lion duke main justices involved general richard guy dean holy cross william henry_ii summoned law identifiable members order historical record administrative judicial roles baron held office sheriff sussex involved attempts thomas exile returning england working roger archbishop york gilbert bishop london bishop salisbury sheriff kent time royal party met sandwich december archbishop returned england group led complained archbishop land managed calm officials stating consider matter reply day day group accompanied clergy sent accomplished meeting offers consider options involved attempt resolving differences king later december came worked king richard nicholas men assessed land tax parts royal men assessed tax counties kent sussex revolt served king hastings castle death legacy married alice daughter william baron norfolk william died fined bit pounds king right inherit father law lands father law death lord baron assessed quarter knight fees located norfolk suffolk centre honour norfolk start retired public life monk founded family retired began pressure repay debts owed king previous decade ignored died heir son william son daughters married times peter son roger second william son william daughter william son henry daughter alice married peter constable possible daughter nun abbey possible daughter married duncan earl death owed large portion fine assessed inheritance father law estates historian king called formidable family gave lands gifts number monasteries family foundations castle acre gifts


william 3rd lord william 3rd lord 12th century lord secured foundation dominant position later held family welsh marches addition family english holdings sussex devon william inherited wales father philip marriage increased welsh holdings include william remained loyal king stephen 12th century period civil war trusted royal servant subsequent reign henry_ii accompanying king campaigns france ireland served sheriff family power reached peak son william reigns king richard king john lands family william eldest son philip lord mother daughter line anglo norman family founded grandfather william father died william inherited land castles sussex held devon welsh marches confirmed grants father grandfather abbey grants abbey dependent sussex inherited mother family half honour devon paying fee marks privilege william internationally recognised figure archbishop canterbury asked pope adrian background certain walter canon reply dated read facts demand need little shine brightly hid great brilliance noble birth glory walter know fact son distinguished knight born noble mother closely related blood noble william william married daughter miles gloucester brothers died leaving issue william marriage unexpectedly valuable gained control brother died additional land holdings greatly expanded territorial power income family held vast block territory welsh marches extensive interests sussex devon william daughters able good marriages notably william earl derby married john william son heir william major player national politics king john royal service empress legitimate living child henry landed england attempt press claim monarchy soon besieged king stephen forces castle stephen allowed safe conduct bristol provided escort included william suggesting king stephen william present witness charters issued stephen dated years appears remained loyal king treaty ended hostilities william sussex followed duke henry soon king henry_ii normandy william frequently new king military leaders supported henry witnessed king charters recorded king court wiltshire enacted accompanied king expedition france witnessing william documented irish campaign dublin william younger brother philip accompanied king ireland remained garrison philip granted kingdom henry failed possession citizens set fire town henry facing war sons william appointed sheriff easter maintained king interests later life death king henry withdrew favour family william son organised murder welsh princes little subsequent record william public life likely retired estates sussex william died succeeded son william 4th lord gained favour king richard king john dominant force welsh marches reigns


roger roger roger roger medieval lord chancellor king stephen england son powerful bishop roger owed position family connections lost office father relatives lost power arrested father roger secure surrender castle held mother disappeared history background early life roger son roger salisbury lord chancellor king henry england bishop salisbury possible roger salisbury married prior elevation unlikely son roger described young likely born father bishop biographer roger salisbury edward argued roger person roger died possibility younger roger roger wiltshire likely known roger closely related nephew son roger salisbury historian diana takes view chancellor younger roger family powerful england father bishop salisbury held administration government hands older roger powers office having actually appointed office continuation power held second reign henry elder roger bishop previously lord treasurer alexander bishop lincoln held important nephew son held brother roger family controlled number castles england william medieval chronicler claimed younger roger appointment chancellor price demanded elder roger bishop support stephen king death king henry england roger served chancellor june roger travelled king accompanying royal progresses england late roger king court called westminster heard complaint holy trinity london tower london taken land belonged end regained custody land march roger king right king sailed normandy chancellor witnessed charter king prior departure chancellor roger witness royal arrest exile middle rumours current family going defect stephen rival throne empress rumours appear started group nobles led twin brothers count robert earl leicester brittany roger family intended switch support unclear unlikely late june fight broke men service roger family fight excuse king moving roger family elder younger roger arrested alexander escaped held castle king persuaded surrender castle stephen king threatened hang younger roger yield younger roger restrained chains high platform view castle neck means given roger father fall power possible new bestowed expected receive time chancellor happen family disgrace possible reason contrast father wealth unlikely actually poor family wealthy powerful historian francis west described base family power control important offices royal government roger sent exile family disgrace person died middle sure information known exile


east reigned assassinated succeeded father ruler independent kingdom east angles member east dynasty known named semi historical king little known life short reign little documentary evidence east kingdom survived primary source ecclesiastical history english people written 8th century soon king received christian teaching baptised soon conversion killed pagan noble succeeded ruled years motive assassination probably political religious early english king suffer death consequence christian faith subsequently church saint martyr magnificent ship burial discovered large mound suffolk usually considered buried ship commemorated possibility alternatively ship burial nearby background family beginning 7th century southern england entirely control anglo peoples known included angles began arrive britain 5th century number kingdoms begun form conquered territories including kingdom east angles anglo saxon kingdom today includes english counties norfolk suffolk documentary sources exist history kingdom reign reigned sources information include names early kings mentioned short passage ecclesiastical history english people written defeated killed battle river idle installed new king whilst exile court dream told converted christianity greater ruled relates according version events told life gregory visited obtained promise convert christianity return power emerged ruler centre york accepted king northern province following victory king east angles powerful king rulers english kingdoms occupying role later described term thought buried ship burial son wife recorded brother sibling brother letters naming sons father younger brother named suggests younger sibling heir elder brother slain battle unclear understood brothers shared mother father stated 12th century chronicler william according historian barbara member different line rival forced exile order ensure king accession conversion christianity pagan king east angles following death maintains fled east internal strife followed accession new king created tension christian pagan factions kingdom resulted reduction influence undertook conversion peoples east prompting according persuaded accept christian faith calculated event occurred taking account years known held east contrast anglo saxon chronicle recorded baptism took place baptized known baptised east kent likely senior ruler present sponsor suggests lack proper facilities east likely baptised centre authority manner conversion indicated subordinate king overlord following baptism priests position able suppress pagan practices kingdom convert east conversion general political benefit bringing entire eastern kent exception essex dominion christian allies death conversion kingdom result establishment ecclesiastical infrastructure establishment kingdom reported soon conversion slain named killed kingdom reverted rule est years english king killed christian faith circumstances recorded known representative internal east opposition christian rule abroad wishing diminish influence east angles return east pagan rule necessarily mean overt struggle worship anglo saxon gods worship christ express reaction away christianity east angles prompted rise power subsequent dominance king ancestry unknown unclear ruled killed years assassination returned exile king east angles near suffolk site century anglo saxon believed members dynasty large earth east kings including suggested possible candidates burial site mound discovered martin speculated historians use lists sources information identify occupants whilst acknowledging material evidence exists support theory members family buried relationship son place mound according complete history british published king saint martyr english church feast day known


old norse died viking leader ireland scotland mid late ninth century founded dynasty descendants dominate irish sea region centuries son king identified non contemporary annals ireland annals brothers viking leader considered scholars brother irish annals title kings foreigners modern scholars use title kings dublin viking settlement formed base power scholars consider identical viking commander great army named contemporary english sources appears son legendary viking late early involved protracted conflict southern powerful ruler ireland cause conflict uncertain sparked competition control resources allied king northern died lands split effectively ending conflict following irish leaders attempt expand kingdom influence disappears historical record ireland years consistent identical active england dates mentioned english sources annals record rock chief fortress kingdom successfully captured following month long siege died given title king ireland britain contemporary annals annals record father died year believed time combined territory encompassed dublin isle man western isles large parts northern western scottish coast including background norse contact scotland written records 8th century nature frequency contacts unknown excavations island indicate scandinavian settlers reached early century onwards repeated raids british isles recorded islands britain devastated sacked record conquest inner scholarly interpretations period led widely viking age scotland especially early period identified competing theories regards proven notes conquered occupied isles unknown earliest recorded viking raids ireland occurred time raids increased intensity ireland time constructed irish ford site later develop city dublin established sites ireland developed larger viking settlements time viking population ireland boosted arrival large group known dark foreigners contentious term refer newly arrived opposed fair foreigners viking population resident arrival prior influx kingdom viking scotland established mid ninth century exerted control ireland separate kingdom dublin set claimed control ireland main historical sources period norse irish annals annals annals believed contemporary accounts written dates later events describe considered far reliable annals annals ireland annals masters complied later dates contemporary material fragments according apart additions saga fragments irish chronicles considered scholars largely accurate records albeit partisan presentation events biography arrival ireland mentioned contemporary irish annals years brother recorded arriving ireland later annals ireland suggest come ireland shortly brother joined ireland brother date onwards brothers described kings foreigners annals modern texts usually labelled kings dublin viking settlement base power originally land father king identified norway universally accepted meaning early times historians proposed instead early times certainly late battle refers norse norse lands isle man northern isles parts mainland scotland original sense twelfth century undertook expedition west come mean norway war mention irish annals concerns war fought southern group known norse irish powerful king ireland time lands lay close viking settlement dublin fighting began previous year great warfare supported norse irish reported annals fighting focused sought increase influence kings took hostages province power kings weakened viking raid royal centre son relative king killed alongside great weakness likely drew gaze competition resources cause war early battles gone way inflicted rout fair norse irish lands certain evidence suggest person later anderson suggested person allied king routed force norse irish east shannon modern day county small kingdom larger realms beginning reign allegiance pledged king kingdom grew weaker strategic location allowed opportunities advancement previously fought allied challenge supremacy norse irish allies following year conducted raid consequence royal conference held modern day county following meeting shed allegiance formally submitted order peace men ireland ally turned sought new alliance northern rival led large army men southern lands near southern forces launched night attack killing southern men forces took casualties forced retreat retaliation invasion led raids driven times according annals alliance cemented political marriage later years alliance northern dublin regular occurrence northern southern frequent competitors supremacy ireland uneasy neighbourhood dublin southern natural allies later life died territory split rulers mac mac joined ireland younger brother sought use change extend influence lands southern brothers raided alliance following year drowned abbey mac killed probably trying expand beginning brothers halted campaigns conquest ireland instead campaigned britain disappears irish annals concludes identical viking leader active england period commander great army according identified son matter controversial irish annals marked raid undertaken laid siege rock chief fortress kingdom captured following month siege pair returned dublin ships brought captivity great prey angles according annals returned year aid father war leaving rule died chronicle claims died protracted campaign constantine scotland annals record death father final mention contemporary annals death reported reports titled king ireland britain according evidence suggests death kingdom including territory ruled father included man western isles parts coastline ross origins great army landed england leaders identified anglo saxon chronicle later norse tradition records calls son legendary generally accepted epithet recorded twelfth century origins obscure suppose identical scholarly consensus way supports connection writes great army invaded east generally agreed arrived britain directly ireland senior partner active decade argues evidence favour identification consists points identity names absence mention irish annals irish account siege subsequent close connections dublin york note mentioned english source reappears irish annals offers argument identification example dublin identical reconstruction shows east know contemporary irish sources dublin besieging months returned ireland early taken genuine material contemporary english sources slight states new suggestion dublin english history identical frequently forward equally frequently rejected treated mere possibility concludes medieval writers interested modern historians origins accept know dark fair foreigners irish annals terms dark foreigners fair foreigners refer rival groups exact meaning terms subject debate historically popular interpretation refers refers onwards descendants described leaders identified explicitly annals figure considered brother called lord dark foreigners interpretation dark fair recently challenged suggested refer cultural difference instead distinguish old new group arriving new dark group old fair agrees goes step suggesting applied followers king phenomenon convenient way distinguishing ireland alternative reconstruction proposed alex identifies grandson earl figure closely associated king norway provides pieces evidence support theory firstly son legendary king old secondly son killed scotland attempts modern era link kings historical figures norway suggested identified king son hunter half brother black speculation nature received support states good historical linguistic evidence link norway link dynasty dublin history family father identified annals entry dated gives partial naming son son son son states reference ascent construct historical value nonetheless accepts existence father stating likely father historical person ancestor came ireland following following identified kings foreigners annals brothers annals annals killed annals state explicitly planned brother death motive given identified brothers contemporary annals names descendants strongly suggests connection scholars identify brother identification contingent identical named brothers anglo saxon chronicle according annals son slain battle figure generally agreed correct explain reason conflict control kingdom potential problem according norse tradition sons named sons annals uncertain identification father relied figures later named annals identifiable sons reigned king dublin individuals titled annals term usually understood mean grandson ruled king dublin king viking time given annals possible identify known sons father possible reason lack children son ruled dublin spent time outside ireland making legitimacy rule dependent identity grandfather father possibility daughter right rule dependent grandfather grandson directly identifiable son descendants collectively titled translated descendants later members dynasty include multiple kings dublin isles states descendants dominated major ireland challenged power kings britain later ninth tenth centuries viking power ireland severely weakened battle descendants maintained influence irish sea region strength previously dynasty rulers isles likely descended great grandson suggested king isles clan clan descended dynasty female line family tree


hungarian bulgarian romanian serbian century ruler territory known present romania serbia primary source long life saint 14th century powerful ruler owned horses cattle sheep baptised according orthodox rite salt transferred king stephen hungary river king sent commander chief head large army defeated killed occupying realm territory county roman catholic diocese established historians disagree year defeat occurred ethnicity subject historical debate hungarian romanian romanian historiography viewed member romanian ruling family founded glad lord according background hungarians lived decades invaded basin defeat coalition byzantine emperor constantine wrote seven tribes formed confederation originally lived rebelled joined according constantine contemporary sources fought basin opponents sources noted local rulers including bavaria duke lower earliest extant hungarian chronicle written instead mentioned glad lord lands danube known romania serbia local rulers absent earlier sources credibility reports subject scholarly debate pop historians describe glad local romanian rulers attempted resist invading hungarians scholars including dozen imaginary figures invented author foes hungarian conquest basin constantine identified settlement turkey hungary basins rivers unidentified indicating land east ruled hungarians time emperor apparently received information basin situation hungarian visited constantinople century according byzantine historian john baptised visit wrote violated contract god invaded byzantine_empire remained faithful christianity empire mentioned greek monk ordained bishop hungarians accompanied hungary converted christianity 10th century byzantine coins artifacts unearthed confluence particularly tudor historians lands territories theory universally accepted unlike chose eastern orthodox church grand prince hungarians opted western christianity holy roman empire according scholars abbey saint baptised 11th century authors emphasized cruel ruler suggesting unification hungarian lands began succeeded son stephen crowned king hungary primary sources principal source life long life saint compiled number earlier sources early 14th century according modern historians including information incorporated long life based ballad heroic deeds commander chief shorter version bishop life mention historians agree ballad composed shortly death addition long life mentioned hungarian chronicle written according descended glad source lord credibility questioned sermon wrote region evidence exists indicate knew place birth recorded earliest sources origin according rooted word golden changed hungarian place names echo abbey named monastery existed county village county settlement named exists romania according long life seat stronghold realm extended north danube south west east wealthy ruler owned horses cattle sheep powerful establish customs offices guards tax salt carried stephen hungary river originally pagan baptised according greek rite shortly baptism established monastery greek monks seat dedicated john baptist remained seven wives baptism long life taken power greeks suggesting accepted byzantine emperor commander chief described son nephew king stephen accused fled stephen king prepared conquer realm placing head large army crossing royal army engaged troops forced withdraw second battle stephen army routed troops near modern killed battlefield according long life stronghold according long life cut tongue death enabling prove killed exposing taken credit deed stephen presence archaeologist said treasure mare excavated near seat connected ruler view universally accepted scholars king stephen granted large estates lands ruled stronghold known hungarian named stephen commander king appointed head county realm stephen established roman catholic diocese venetian monk bishop greek monks transferred new monastery built descendants owned land region indicating king stephen confiscated predecessor domain modern historiography ethnicity debated historian paul described according historian origin imply romanian historiography considered member romanian dynasty descended glad historian wrote latin seat preserved romanian form date conquest uncertain close contacts byzantine_empire including greek rite baptism ruled byzantine emperor seized conflict king stephen occurred king appointed bishop called ally samuel bulgaria emperor wrote stephen army occupied realm parallel conquest placed conquest realm according pop stephen decided invade raid byzantine_empire emperor constantine viii death following year pop writes fully incorporated kingdom hungary 13th century frequent internal conflicts enabled preserve idea romanian country rejected long life account altogether calling family legend 14th century primary secondary


née kennedy june october british novelist mother lady illegitimate daughter william united_kingdom known born day william succession monarch travelled young girl europe visiting courts france married cousin william 2nd earl children including 3rd 4th earl lived square brighton later life lady novelist short story writer released novel second earl followed years later year saw publication tales collection tales supernatural largely forgotten today lady produced autobiography entitled memories released died years later family early life kennedy born june house scotland second child john kennedy wife lady illegitimate daughter william monarch day birth father second son 13th earl captain 16th king william dying age paternal grandmother anne descendant family van family including van family british north_america lived widowed mother siblings charming brick house river_thames called door house owned paternal grandparents king william visited family fond occasion visited comfort daughter year old nearly died dangerous brain fever kennedy visited windsor castle king reign years kennedy death lady married lord frederick gordon decision displeased husband parents decision led lady departure state palace death sister lady isle lived married sister enjoyed music particular love italian soprano sisters italian singing master secretly arranged meeting encounter singer discovered daughters assuming ladies departed soon late 1840s travelled europe family learn languages finish education trip started dresden mother desire daughters learn german family lived paris near arc received french royal family headed louis queen marie left soon king queen fall power city suddenly unsafe rank visited court received family later year returned palace came society marriage married cousin william 2nd earl castle april double wedding sister married james hay like william young age succeeded father 1st earl served governor windsor castle constable round tower suicide travelled hamburg immediately wedding visiting local family prince christian later married princess child edward born year couple children mother edward march frederick july march 3rd earl july february died issue arthur manners october 4th earl june january died issue william george september october married charlotte elizabeth williams edward november august married eleanor son 5th earl lady adelaide mary december july married captain william arthur lady married major lee warner earl lived square brighton according article contemporary women magazine lady realm lived quiet life magazine reported lived retirement brighton past thirty years attachment city article suggested childhood memories visiting king william article stated lord health failing living comparative lifestyle attributed love quiet literary artistic life died october having widowed years literary career later life lady novelist short story writer writing title age nearly published novels second earl plot centred young woman eventually kills stealing works art friends oscar noted skill writing compared clever novel eponymous heroine sort born sharp praised author ability draw sentences portraits social types social exceptions article ballad singing appeared woman world victorian women magazine edited earl centred vulgar scottish nobleman named lord received contemporaries spectator published critical review soon publication suggested novel contempt society wealth rank close socialism review criticised earl lacking merits construction style added lady capable novelist released tales collection stories written manner similar accounts true lady realm considered stories based fact positive review tales published saturday review stories described entertaining dramatic noted based supernatural events hugh lamb included surprisingly grim story ghost edited volume tales gas lit graveyard wrote time lady works completely overlooked death lamb deemed considered tales possibly best work truly representative collections victorian ghost stories lamb included stories page boy ghost anthology modern author editor douglas anderson called stories standard melodramatic fare perfectly forgettable lady produced autobiography entitled memories foreword explained valued friends convinced write despite reluctance long life witnessed interesting events book called chief work manchester guardian time death wrote entire book memory expressed regret given journal writing young girl read autobiography included recounted sightings female ghost green jean castle lady claimed members family including saw ghost staying ancestry

Wilhelmina FitzClarence, Countess of Munster