november january german luftwaffe fighter ace world war having joined luftwaffe completed pilot training start war 3rd squadron 26th heavy fighter wing wounded raf tail gunner blinded eye returned active duty shot times war recovery chose return active service shot france seriously injured injuries kept grounded years returned active duty 1st fighter wing group commander group promoted major appointed wing commander listed missing action attack allied bases operation posthumously promoted lieutenant colonel german recommended oak leaves german knight cross confusion months war considered best fighter leaders war recipient knight cross iron cross german des combat career credited enemy aircraft destroyed downed western personality born november modern prussia modern poland short stature energy distinguishing patch gray hair forehead high sense duty expected men follow high standards lost left eye late according squadron leader german like vulture excellent eye detail wrote detailed mission log reports future use personal aircraft included design pencil superimposed termed winged pencil comment following injuries single engine aircraft sported green spinner knight cross painted awarded honour april allow women group base considering unnecessary diversion according time wife came visit base held guard room orders refused receive calls guard instead asked pass message ice saying time war survive dying months war europe came end formation leadership taking command led group mission participated following mission wrote detailed mission reports soon gained reputation reliable formation leaders reputed best units fighter force german air defense german august led group intercept sighted flying fortresses bombing group near antwerp waited minutes escorts turned attacking half hour percent bombers went credited downing 16th 17th victories september headquarters flight german led combined formation german iii skills positioned thirty bloody 100th downed escorting arrived credited military career having joined luftwaffe completed pilot training war started september 3rd squadron 26th heavy fighter wing supposedly equipped new twin engine heavy fighter production far schedule including equipped old single engined fighters took role polish campaign instead based north_sea coast near wilhelmshaven virtually western war significant aerial activity early months war raf bombers flew raids german naval bases long score victories page medium bombers squadron conducting armed reconnaissance operation near shot september needing long range fighter better intercept british bombers distance selected december raf vickers wellington bombers bases attacked intercepted units scored victory shooting bomber north_sea seriously injured return fire wellington tail gunner seriously wounding face sea picked rescue craft losing sight left eye spent months recovery shot corporal squadron raf returned active service adjutant able fly combat missions aircraft sported pencil adjutant combat pilot universal french campaign encountered time engagement resulted loss claim raf fighters shot british squadron raf involved lost entire engagement squadron leader roger prisoner war paul patrick alexander george killed action course battle rear gunner radio operator wounded force land near sur damaged aircraft badly injured spent time hospital recovering took staff duties year september squadron leader newly formed night fighter training unit coming soon october captain promoted iii located instructed pilots conversion night fighting paul future night fighter expert students leading exactly year time flew twin engine aircraft returned combat duties initially reassigned based shot engined bomber 7th victory february beginning new war 8th starting bombing offensive industrial complex soon afterward march appointed newly reformed promoted new fighter wing created april dividing flying half filling wing new flying increase homeland protection based near original airfields north_sea coast unit line defense bomber streams fighter escorts luftwaffe took fight bombers flying scored regularly leading example soon aces shooting bombers victories year included 13th victory july blitz week bombers targeted boat yards hamburg synthetic rubber factories continental pair august infamous raid awarded honour august german cross gold november increasingly critical relatively weak armament time end longer ranged fighter escorts accompanying allied bombers tactics change single engined fighters engage fighter screen bombers coincidentally paired old unit continued success february engaged escort fighters returning raid frankfurt downing 2nd lieutenant richard mcdonald fighter group crashed plane jane near days later opening 8th big week crash land island result technical problems despite air day claiming fighter bomber fighter day tally march lost killed action wounded aircraft lost resulting declaring unit non operational weeks rest replace losses april awarded des victories western april commander injured gave command moved wing command flight training promoted major given command replacing transferred command little allied bombing offensive stepped gear units skies normandy june july injured july suffering head injuries crash landing despite severe pain injuries remained combat duty wing retired rebuilt crushed half allies sending overwhelming numbers bombers destroy german industrial military factories protected advent providing fighter cover right heart operation market garden allied parachute landings netherlands credited aircraft downed september credited days later claimed raf near according raf records shot september aerial combat near fighters recorded lost near case loss records lost kept meaning claims traced accurate operation december hitler ordered final desperate attack west snow covered forests poor weather kept promised air support grounded early morning new year day long useful relevant luftwaffe launched operation devastating strategic bombers fighter virtually available fighter groups west allocated mission assigned airfield code raf airfield north fighter group ninth air_force fighter group eighth air_force based squadrons 2nd tactical wing based mission wore dress uniform medals instead flight suit based gross iii mustered aircraft mission flew black overall operation major failure large proportion inexperienced green pilots flight coordination extremely difficult extreme secrecy pilots shot pre warned operation resulted loss number combat leaders regards specifically aircraft took assembled navigate assembling ordered aircraft fly feet target area climbing feet prior commencing attack fighter squadron airborne fighter squadron runway formation disrupted german aircraft shot took heavy toll pilots lost including posted missing action senior officers death subsequent confusion confusion death flight officer dave johnson flying johnson shot german fighters aircraft heavily damaged return fire landed field near shot belly landed close johnson rode borrowed bicycle inspect aircraft intact pilot dead johnson took pilot identification card gun rode base identification card identified pilot colonel card actually belonged german august research revealed detail german records confirmed flew major time confirming johnson victim likely johnson claim form revealed claimed card johnson victim passed member ground crew spoke german individual stated rank given lieutenant colonel incorrect identification likely language error misunderstanding german ranks caused belief johnson killed johnson died october aviation historians unable secure version events officially listed missing action recently confirmed dead crashed plane taking heavy fire promoted posthumously nominated oak leaves knight cross awarded final weeks war shot times career preferred ride plane landing taking parachute credited aerial victories included achieved western summary career awards iron cross 2nd 1st class der luftwaffe august german cross gold november serving knight cross iron cross april major dates rank victories military offices held


greek byzantine general reign michael viii rising rank noble descent appears sources advanced age early leading armies empire falling favour imprisoned sided michael supported rise throne death participated campaign going capture successes year captured released months led unexpected constantinople latin empire july restoring byzantine_empire captured year spent years captivity italy released retired public affairs died early origin family known early years life exact descent belonged nobility mentioned 11th 12th centuries john chief minister empire relation unknown apparently related line seal dated found bearing inscription family date birth likewise unknown called old man turn 13th century family known son constantine according george married daughter brother emperor john iii early career appears chronicles reign john iii led detachment army sent areas lake based year participated constantine campaign fortress western mountains campaign failed heavy losses according george bad behalf failed properly bulgarian forces opposing instead army broke fled leaving equipment horses bulgarian failure enraged emperor removed offices addition probably close connection aristocratic faction michael son constantine blinded imprisoned time later probably released prison immediately death august heads aristocratic families prominent supporter michael successful coup george bid assume regency age john year accompanied army sent michael brother john confront designs macedonia michael proclaimed emperor early john promoted succeeded participated campaign led decisive victory alliance battle took captive strong detachment german knights sent king sicily aid victory john invaded john tasked reducing proper crossed bypassed left siege captured capital forcing michael flee island found released prisoners including historian george success raised rank year successes largely michael sons italian mercenary army landed population rallied cause army clashed forces pass near army routed captured recapture constantinople despite early emperor michael viii set sights capturing great prize constantinople capital byzantine_empire seat latin empire capture fourth crusade end michael concluded alliance genoa march july year truce concluded previous failed attack nearing end recently released custody sent small advance force soldiers watch spy defences force reached village miles west constantinople learned independent local farmers entire latin garrison venetian fleet absent conducting raid island initially hesitant advantage situation small force destroyed latin army returned soon exceed emperor orders eventually decided lose golden opportunity retake city night july men approached city walls hid monastery near gate spring sent detachment men led way city secret passage attacked walls inside surprised guards opened gate allowing force entry city taken completely unaware short struggle gained control land walls news spread city latin inhabitants emperor baldwin downwards rushed golden horn hoping escape ship time men set fire venetian buildings warehouses coast prevent landing thanks timely arrival returning venetian fleet managed evacuate latin held parts greece city lost good recapture constantinople signalled restoration byzantine_empire august day emperor michael entered city triumph crowned rights john brushed aside young man blinded imprisoned honoured michael procession city allowing commemorated church services year alongside emperor patriarch later life death feat earned fame glory appointed lead army defeated captured sent italy exchange widow john mentioned document december donation monastery near died probably constantinople


serbian april military officer served chief operational intelligence branches supreme command led yugoslavia world war major yugoslav royal_air_force prior axis invasion yugoslavia involved coup deposed prince paul yugoslavia march coup escorted prince paul exile greece cairo time invasion april september landed italian occupied coast british special operations executive liaison officer companions escorted officer territory military commander serbia introduced yugoslav partisan leader soon chief staff german attempt capture leader operation december brought supreme staff montenegro united june remainder launched counter attack troops independent state croatia returning eastern town expected continue anti policies local muslims subsequently killed town forces command later oversaw large scale civilians burning muslim villages border region montenegro anti axis movement long range goals engage marginal resistance activities limited periods carried war tactical selective collaboration occupation authorities partisans movement adopted policy collaboration axis powers engaged cooperation degree establishing operating auxiliary forces axis control demonstrated late early planned oversaw involvement large axis anti partisan offensive case white alongside italian troops leader forces involved attempts come terms allied forces late partisans grip country soviet red army captured belgrade joined northeastern bosnia agree course action leaders decided west area gap modern day friendly forces concentrating early april faced attacks partisans armed forces independent state croatia route combined force defeated forces battle field captured apparent trap according sources killed concentration camp alongside early life born village near adriatic bar montenegro joined yugoslav royal_air_force prior outbreak world war risen rank major little known early life sister married royal yugoslav army brigadier general cairo outbreak world war government regent prince paul yugoslavia declared neutrality despite aim securing southern flank pending attack soviet_union adolf_hitler began placing heavy pressure kingdom yugoslavia sign pact join axis delay yugoslav government signed pact march days later coup état deposed prince paul declared year old prince peter yugoslavia age involved coup close relationship main commander yugoslav royal_air_force brigadier general escorted prince paul exile greece traveled cairo following subsequent german led invasion yugoslavia yugoslav capitulation days later remained cairo selected join combined british yugoslav special operations executive team infiltrate occupied yugoslavia contact resistance groups members team captain bill hudson fellow yugoslav air_force officer major radio operator flew cairo malta september landed british submarine hms triumph coast near september quickly came contact partisans including escorted hudson partisan held territory military commander serbia hudson partisans went headquarters briefing went escort hudson arriving october arrived delivered message war minister yugoslav government exile assuring official support government exile stating rebellion tolerated told communists taken control montenegro assumed senior staff positions supreme command headquarters montenegro went run early december wake operation operation split partisans maintained small headquarters consisting mainly intelligence branch remained close small personal staff moved mountain area remaining winter months eventually way montenegro arrived june hudson officers joined soon travelling italian held towns truck disguised troops regime directive letter dated july urged commanders develop strongest possible oral written propaganda stated people persuaded friends expect freedom happy life instructed work day night maintain spirit people wrote hour freedom near allied aid assured world august launched counterattack troops returning italians withdrew garrisons feared round violence population area local muslims subsequently killed forces command november encouraged wage campaign terror muslim population living borders montenegro subsequently reported destroyed villages killed people november december represented conference young intellectuals montenegro village near attended conference dominated resolutions expressed agenda focused restoring pre war status quo yugoslavia implemented initial stages dictatorship laid claim parts territory yugoslavia neighbors operation weeks conference sent establish forward headquarters south eastern bosnia command operation aimed destroying partisan forces bosnia units serving italian montenegro units region northern bosnia northern plan allied landing coast believed imminent outline concept set corridor italian occupied zone far partisan liberated area western bosnia italians combination vague promises encouraging surrender necessary plan finalised early december headquarters montenegro operations planned commence january plan assumed forces unified authority extended reality instead preparing march bosnia drawn closer collaboration axis second phase case white took place river valleys late february offensive fought alongside italian forces case alongside german croatian troops partisans despite fact anti axis movement long range goals engage marginal resistance activities limited periods involvement case white significant examples tactical selective collaboration axis occupation forces instance participating operated auxiliary forces italian control believed actions cost support allies wrote allies probably supported involved fighting occupation told officers held view proposed collaboration receiving message consider changing strategy plan drew called remain south avoid partisans essentially defensive strategy rejected commanders wished follow axis led offensive strategy placed difficult position key detachment commanders following orders italians reliant italian air artillery support particularly subsequently changed mind supported italian offensive plans launching attack partisans retreating february attack detachment commanders responsible particularly phase asked obtain supplies italians refused threatened declare war early march partisans forcing crossing joined letter commanders stated managing operation later denied charge operation questioned trial partisan court war realised large concentrations troops nearby mines likely draw german attention focused issue partisans forced crossing week arrival partisans successfully crossed week forced withdraw losing partisans end march fighting commanders ill disciplined failed cooperate causing threaten courts martial summary execution ordered pull positions line rivers kilometres southeast point suffered heavy losses partisans broke combined italian defence line early april report dated november colonel bill bailey senior british liaison officer war stated major critical brave tactical handling forces case white contributed largely failure operations possess necessary authority subordinate commanders unable cope rapidly changing situation adopted unpopular ineffective defensive strategy blamed detachment commanders failures july partisan leader contacted establish willingness work jointly axis given new government exile established reported contact threatened exclude organisation maintained contact partisans september promoted lieutenant colonel area commander eastern bosnia early september removed minister army navy air_force demise government exile tried contact allied forces italy agreed issue proclamation people explaining going attack germans september king peter called yugoslavia rally warned men losing fight partisans concerned russians hand partisans contacted united_states office strategic services liaison officer colonel robert unable arrange placed american command retreat death fall belgrade october force withdrew serbian territory crossed based mountain area north north eastern bosnia commanding joined withdrew time joined northeastern bosnia critical leadership argued strongly remaining troops area gap modern day point questioning plans remained decided gap independent arranged forces gap meet near western bosnia assist movement left joined detachments commanded large number refugees order safe conduct agreement elements armed forces independent state croatia details agreement known appears troops meant cross river aligned national army retaining operational command appear tried forces sending sick wounded river retaining fit troops south river began moving westwards harassed troops partisans reached river began cross battle field north combined force badly beaten strong force possessed german supplied tanks following defeat sub units induced negotiate directly leaders forces movement gap appears trap attacked captured way meeting according historian professor exactly occurred capture clear subsequently killed serbian orthodox priests according sources april taken prison near gathered field alongside prisoners arranged followers select officers non intellectuals execution selected loaded boats taken river seen reported killed concentration camp marsh vicinity website memorial site says killed camp location grave unknown forces reasons forces motivated mass terror committed muslim population southeastern bosnia opposed support union serbia montenegro ran counter books journals websites


james edward born january photographer worked united_states government oak ridge tennessee manhattan_project cold war people permitted camera oak ridge area manhattan_project created main visual record construction operation oak ridge production facilities civilian life enclosed community oak ridge early life career born january tennessee son moved nashville family child expressed interest photography father saved year buy derby camera cost gift camera depression year started young path future career teenage years got business developing film friends neighbors worked nashville portrait studios joined army corps engineers photographer corps nashville district job corps sent region create photographic documentation dams site tennessee later prisoner war camp airport facilities fort campbell tennessee kentucky border photographer manhattan_project aftermath december army corps transferred year old clinton engineer works secret oak ridge site later recalled november work nearing completion army camps air bases dams enemy camps seven southern states photographed areas site selection construction progress reports corps engineers leave nashville district office corps engineers accept transfer engineers having choice project alaska new job starting near predicted years complete selected 29th employee hired manhattan_project oak ridge work official government photographer world war employed anderson company contract army corps construction mechanical workings production facilities photographed civilian activities oak ridge community army sponsored weekly newspaper oak ridge journal wartime photos produced speed graphic view camera images photos distributed news media announcement atomic bomb secret project created weeks bombing hiroshima nagasaki august prints photographs secrecy preparation announcement photographs distributed press kit processed film taken damage assessment teams laboratory oak ridge took days print armed guards outside june army employee post war years transitioned employment atomic energy commission formation assigned headquarters near washington maryland worked successor agencies energy research development administration department energy retiring photographed nuclear power stations united_states year professional career assignments included creating photographic documentation notable people including manhattan_project scientists robert arthur bush lawrence james army generals taylor kenneth admiral secretary war robert senators kenneth tennessee robert ohio tennessee valley authority director chairman david seven presidents february photo portrait highly regarded depicting manhattan_project scientific director man weary tremendous weight experience met learned physicist wanted cigarette lacked change buy gave money needed bought cigarettes lit captured image physicist sitting fireplace oak ridge guest house holding cigarette hand spite suggested cigarette university tennessee photography professor baldwin lee points photo carefully planned posed according lee instructed sit slightly lean forward slightly took photograph low point makes viewer physically look man enhancing subject perceived importance lee critique notes gaze appear directed room instead aimed distant exhibits publications photographic work classified created remained classified years access work largely archived national archives washington photographs widely reproduced naming photographer publications exhibits manhattan_project museum exhibition devoted work organized children museum oak ridge entitled oak ridge seen photographs edward gallery art architecture university tennessee mounted exhibition photos entitled lens photographic history world war secret city american museum science energy children museum oak ridge exhibits devoted work addition displaying photos exhibits city history selection works gallery exhibit touring museum exhibit photograph oak ridge supermarket created town market grove center featured national archives exhibit named way worked collections oak ridge photographs published catalog gallery exhibit university tennessee isbn book oak ridge publishing isbn isbn photo shift change manhattan_project blown feet feet displayed wall national nuclear security complex personal resides oak ridge married years death children grandson works photographer alaska national_park_service documenting effects global warming suffered stroke impaired speech oak ridge marketplace shopping center opened named center honor


june november canadian american writer considered influential american twentieth century listed times higher education guide sixth cited author social sciences anthony ahead president american association best known contribution social theory study symbolic interaction took form analysis beginning book presentation self everyday life major works include stigma interaction ritual frame analysis forms talk major areas study included everyday life social interaction social construction self social organization framing experience particular elements social life total institutions life born june alberta canada max anne née family ukrainian jews emigrated canada turn century older sibling bay actress family moved father operated successful business attended john technical high school family moved year enrolled university chemistry interrupted studies moved ottawa work film industry national film board canada established john later developed interest time met renowned north american dennis wrong meeting motivated leave university university toronto studied hart ray graduating later moved university_of_chicago received phd doctoral december lived collected data island islands married son thomas born suffered mental illness committed suicide outside academic career known interest relative success stock market gambling point pursuit studies pit boss las_vegas casino married following year daughter alice born died philadelphia pennsylvania november stomach cancer daughter alice career research inspired write major work presentation self everyday life graduating university_of_chicago assistant athletic director national institute mental health maryland participant observation led essays mental illness total institutions came form second book essays social situation mental patients inmates faculty member department university california berkeley visiting professor professor moved university pennsylvania receiving benjamin franklin chair largely efforts colleague berkeley fellow american academy arts sciences american association abolition mental platform statement published relations public tied ideas everyday life seen perspective major book frame analysis came received fellowship received award distinguished scholarship section social psychology american association elected president american association serving unable deliver presidential address person progressing illness posthumously received award society study symbolic interaction influence legacy influenced hughes alfred brown parsons alfred lloyd warner hughes influential teachers according tom burns fine philip manning state engaged dialogue work influenced discussed numerous contemporary including anthony associated symbolic interaction school thought representative fine manning conclude easily fit specific school thought ideas difficult reduce number key themes work broadly described developing comparative aimed produce human behavior substantial advances study face face interaction elaborated approach human interaction developed numerous concepts massive influence particularly field micro everyday life works concerned organization everyday behavior concept termed interaction order contributed concept framing frame analysis game theory concept strategic interaction study interactions regard argued activity speaking seen social linguistic construct perspective employed approaches specifically famously study social aspects mental illness particular functioning total institutions overall contributions valued attempt create theory bridges agency structure divide social symbolic interaction conversation analysis studies study importance individual interactions influence extended far example work provided assumptions current research language social interaction discipline communication impression management defined individual attempts present acceptable image verbally definition based idea individuals view essence attempt outside looking work discover subtle ways humans present acceptable images information conflict images particular situation instance applying job inappropriate hiding bizarre obsession collecting interacting dolls society abnormal break connection george reject way individuals perceive interested actual physical proximity interaction order self words believed impression management achieved audience individual perception self audience disagreement image individual presenting individual presentation self interrupted individuals present images based society thinks act particular situation decision act decided based concept definition situation definition individuals choose act choosing proper behavior social situation draws william thomas concept thomas believed people born particular social class definitions situations encounter previously defined instance individual high class background goes black tie affair definition situation mind act according class listed times higher education guide sixth cited author social sciences anthony ahead popularity general public attributed writing style described ironic self consciously literary accessible academics style influential credited formal style academic publications students included carol brooks charles john harvey sacks david despite influence according fine manning remarkably scholars continuing work school impact social theory simultaneously great modest fine manning attribute lack subsequent style research writing nature signature style consider difficult duplicate mimic proof writing style subjects widely valued social sciences regard style fine manning remark tends seen scholar style difficult reproduce wish emulate style scholar work transitional work chicago school contemporary interest classics groups regard subjects fine manning observe topic behavior public places trivial scholarly attention nonetheless fine manning note influential american twentieth century turner revered figure outlaw theorist came best imagination theorist works early works early works consist graduate writings master thesis survey audience responses radio soap opera big sister important elements critique research experimental logic variable analysis writings period include symbols class status cooling mark doctoral communication conduct island community presented model communication strategies face face interaction focused everyday life rituals affect public projections self presentation self presentation self everyday life published revised edition developed book core ideas doctoral famous book received american association award describes theatrical performances occur face face interactions holds individual comes contact person attempts control guide impression person form altering setting appearance manner time person individual interacting attempts form impression obtain information individual believes participants social interactions engage certain practices avoid embarrassing society act differently different settings recognition led analysis saw connection kinds acts people daily lives theatrical performances social interaction theatrical performance onstage area actors individuals appear audience positive self concepts desired impressions offered backstage hidden private area individuals drop societal roles identities credited having coined term total institution fine manning note heard lectures hughes reference type institution people treated alike behavior regulated regardless coined term total institution popularized book essays social situation mental patients inmates book described concept total institution book examinations social situation mental patients psychiatric hospitals major contribution understanding social aspects mental illness book composed essays characteristics total institutions moral career mental patient public institution study ways making mental hospital medical model mental notes trades essays focus experiences patients professional client interactions mainly concerned details psychiatric nature effects process calls describes people role good patient dull harmless condition turn notions severe mental illness total institutions greatly affect people interactions places people find ways roles reclaim identities credited helping reform mental health systems number countries leading reductions numbers large mental hospitals individuals locked influential anti movement behavior public behavior public places focuses everyday public interactions draws types public gatherings gatherings situations social occasions types audiences acquainted versus stigma book stigma notes management identity examines protect identities depart approved standards behavior appearance people manage impressions mainly stigma shame person feel fails meet people standards fear causes individual reveal shortcomings person criminal record simply information fear judged person happens encounter interaction ritual interaction ritual essays face face behavior collection essays originally published 1950s fifth written collection include face work embarrassment social organization nature demeanor interaction mental symptoms public order action essay face work discusses concept face positive self image individual holds interacting believes face construct interaction inherent permanent aspect person individual offers positive self image individual feels need maintain live image person projects society risks embarrassment people remain guarded ensure unfavorable light strategic interaction book strategic interaction contribution game theory discusses compatibility game theory legacy chicago school perspective symbolic works clearly engage perspective view game theory shaped works thomas presents reality form game discusses rules moves players naive covering counter frame analysis frame analysis essay organization experience attempt explain conceptual frames ways organize experience structure individual perception society book organization experience organization society frame set concepts theoretical perspectives organize experiences guide actions individuals groups societies frame analysis study organization social experience illustrate concept frame gives example picture frame person uses frame represents structure hold picture represents content experiencing life basic frames called primary primary framework takes individual experience aspect scene originally meaningless makes meaningful type primary framework natural framework identifies situations natural world completely human influences type framework social framework explains events connects humans example natural framework weather example social framework weather focusing social seeks construct general statement structure form experiences individuals moment social life saw book popular earlier works frame analyses talk frame analyses provides platform understanding interpreting interaction individuals engaging speech communication chapter frame analyses talk focus words exchanged said specifically informal talk conversation concept framing introduced exploration occur basic everyday conversations argues errors verbal framing types frames considering discussed previous sections book frame breaks course frame disputes frame assume forms basis analyses subject multitude different warrant frame analysis place key idea conversation simply strip describes personal experience event talk speaker goal provide evidence current situation grounds sympathy approval understanding amusement listeners primarily obliged kind audience appreciation essentially interaction looking heard inspire kind action simply know listened understood simple head nod accepted appropriate response conversation explains way conversation critical understanding intent everyday speech key probably best understood tone dialogue change numerous times interaction signaling change key way framing takes place special introduced want relatively way aside necessary means momentarily flow words richard builds heavily work specifically idea key work pertaining analysis performance frame details performance dependent properly display successful work performance analyses deeply establishes frame analyses context element framing essential participants bound norms good manners frequency length turns talk topics avoided regard references self attention offered means rank social relationship given certain things said scenario awareness social critical awareness audience depending speaking teacher child loved friend pet etc curve speech fit frame intended audience expecting uses metaphor conversation stage play plays tone shift performance actions taken actors similar discussion based person says course interaction key change accordingly parallels claims speaker details drama provide information invite listener explained meant stirred action appreciation play generally takes form applause similarities include engaging suspense speaker attempting create scenarios aside knowledge performers know outcome event relayed sense play integral stance explains argument talk consists sense form suspense maintained shows close relevance frame close relevance organization talk lastly strips parallel stage production conversation things work concert provide foundation talk framed gender advertisements gender advertisements book series studies visual communication deals topic gender representation advertising book visual essay sex roles advertising differences depictions men women subtle underlying messages sexual roles projected masculine feminine images advertising symbolism advertising book examined advertisements order find general patterns stereotypical gender representation placed categories relative size argues social situation expressed relative size persons advertisements men showing superiority height feminine touch women frequently depicted touching persons objects manner occasionally barely touching object person function ranking man woman shown collaborative manner male likely shown higher ranked person woman family families depicted advertising parents shown closer children gender instances men shown separate rest family protective manner difference expressed lowering oneself physically superiority disdain holding body erect head high licensed withdrawal states women advertisements frequently depicted removed scene physically turning away scene appearing lost thought work measuring advertising affects self image shields stated work unique time employing method labeled content analysis provided base analyses approaches noted feminist scholars like jean built highly widely circulated findings nature gender advertising original categories forms talk book forms talk includes essays replies responses response cries lecture radio talk essay addresses verbal non verbal communication model book provides comprehensive overview study talk introduction identifies themes text participation framework essay replies responses concerns dialogue way people respond conversation verbally non verbally second essay response cries considers use social implications different social contexts specifically discusses self talk talking particular role social situations addresses way alignment shift conversation fourth essay lecture originally oral presentation describes different types methods lecture lastly radio talk describes types forms talk radio programming effect listeners positions career worked university_of_chicago division social sciences chicago assistant resident associate national institute mental health maryland visiting scientist university california berkeley assistant professor professor professor university pennsylvania philadelphia benjamin franklin professor selected works presentation self everyday life university edinburgh social sciences research centre isbn anchor books edition essays social situation mental patients inmates new_york isbn encounters studies interaction fun games role distance indianapolis behavior public places notes social organization gatherings free press isbn stigma notes management identity hall isbn interaction ritual essays face face behavior anchor books isbn strategic interaction philadelphia university pennsylvania press isbn action allen lane isbn relations public public order new_york basic books isbn frame analysis essay organization experience london harper row isbn gender advertisements isbn forms talk philadelphia university pennsylvania press isbn

Anthropology, anthropologists, sociology and sociologists


david french april november french social psychologist philosopher formally established academic discipline max commonly cited principal architect modern social science father work concerned societies maintain integrity era traditional social religious ties longer assumed new social institutions come major work division labour society published rules method set european department france professor established journal seminal monograph suicide study suicide rates catholic protestant populations pioneered modern social research served distinguish social science psychology political philosophy elementary forms religious life presented theory religion comparing social cultural lives modern societies deeply preoccupied acceptance legitimate science refined originally set forth promoting considered form realism use model social science science institutions term understood broader meaning beliefs modes behaviour instituted aim discover structural social facts major proponent structural perspective view social science purely study phenomena attributed society large limited specific actions individuals remained dominant force french intellectual life death presenting numerous lectures published works variety topics including knowledge morality social religion law education terms collective consciousness entered popular biography childhood education born son came long line devout french jews father grandfather great grandfather began education school early age decided follow family footsteps switched schools led completely secular life work dedicated demonstrating religious phenomena stemmed social divine factors chose follow family tradition ties family jewish community prominent collaborators students jewish blood relations notable social pre war era nephew née marine biologist mother noted student entered attempt entering class year brilliant nineteenth century classmates jean major figures france intellectual history studied direction social scientific outlook wrote latin time read interested scientific approach society early career meant conflicts french academic system social science curriculum time found studies turning attention psychology philosophy ethics eventually obtained philosophy finishing graduating class owing illness year way man views receive major academic appointment paris taught philosophy provincial schools decided leave germany years studied universities berlin leipzig indicated essays leipzig learned appreciate value language concrete complex things sharp contrast abstract clear simple ideas method doctoral completed draft division labour society working establishing new science academic career period germany resulted publication numerous articles german social science philosophy particularly impressed work articles gained recognition france received teaching appointment university teach university social science course official title science taught taught france appointment social scientist faculty important sign change times growing importance recognition social sciences position helped reform french school system introduced study social science curriculum controversial beliefs religion morality explained terms purely social interaction earned critics married children marie 1890s period remarkable creative output published division labour society doctoral fundamental statement nature human society development interest social phenomena spurred politics france defeat franco prussian war led fall regime napoleon iii replaced republic turn resulted backlash new secular republican rule people considered vigorously approach necessary france fading power jew staunch supporter republic sympathy socialism political minority situation politically affair strengthened activist stance published rules method manifesto stating ought founded european department university founded french social science journal aim publish work growing number students collaborators refer group students developed program published suicide case study provided example monograph look like pioneers use methods suicide case study finally achieved goal attaining prominent position paris chair education aimed position earlier faculty took longer accept called admit social science curriculum professor professor science education named chair education french universities technically institutions training secondary school teachers position gave considerable influence lectures ones mandatory entire student body influence new generation teachers time served advisor ministry education published major work elementary forms religious life death outbreak world war tragic effect life patriotic sought secular rational form french life coming war inevitable nationalist propaganda followed difficult sustain nuanced position actively worked support country war reluctance simplistic nationalist combined jewish background natural target french right seriously generations students trained drafted serve army perished trenches finally son died war december loss recovered emotionally devastated collapsed stroke paris november buried cemetery paris thought career concerned primarily goals establish new academic discipline second analyze societies maintain integrity modern era things shared religious ethnic background longer assumed end wrote effect laws religion education similar forces society social integration lastly concerned practical implications scientific knowledge importance social integration expressed work society lacks unity derives fact relationships parts exactly regulated unity resulting functions assured effective discipline addition society lacks unity based commitment men common objective pile sand inspirations university studies influenced neo scholars charles bernard principles absorbed included scientific study morality anti secular education influenced supporter scientific method fundamental influence thought effectively sought extend apply scientific method found natural sciences social sciences according true social science stress facts induce general scientific laws relationship facts points agreed thesis accepted study society founded examination facts second like acknowledged valid guide objective knowledge scientific method agreed social sciences scientific stripped philosophical speculation time believed philosophical outlook second influence view society outlook called social realism explicitly exposed adopted perspective order demonstrate existence social realities outside individual realities existed form objective relations society science realism defined perspective takes central point departure view external social realities exist outer world realities independent individual perception view opposes predominant philosophical perspectives david argued realities outside world products human sense perception according realities merely perceived exist independently perceptions power went step claiming scientific laws observations going claimed discover apparent laws able discover inherent nature society scholars debate exact influence jewish thought work answer remains uncertain scholars argued thought form jewish thought argue proving existence direct influence jewish thought achievements difficult impossible establishing authored statements practiced concern establish science arguing place sciences wrote auxiliary science distinct autonomous science place academic world ensure legitimate science object clear distinct philosophy psychology argued society certain group phenomena differentiated studied natural sciences fundamental aim discover structural social facts establishment independent recognized academic discipline largest lasting work significantly influenced structural scholars inspired include alfred brown parsons robert jean ferdinand peter robert social reformer patrick rules method expressed establish method guarantee truly scientific character questions raised author concerns study object beginning conditions relates observer according observation possible perfectly objective observation sense attained social fact studied according relation social facts according individual studies privilege comparison study singular independent facts sought create rigorous scientific approaches social phenomena people explain existence quality different parts society reference function served maintaining society work agreed organic analogy comparing society living organism work seen precursor insisted society sum parts unlike contemporaries ferdinand max focused actions individuals approach associated study social facts social facts social fact way acting fixed capable exercising individual external way acting general given society time existing right independent individual work revolved study social facts term coined describe phenomena existence bound actions individuals influence argued social facts independent existence greater objective actions individuals compose society social facts explain observed social phenomena exterior individual person social facts exercise power people composing society observed case formal laws regulations situations implying presence informal rules religious rituals family norms unlike facts studied natural sciences social fact refers specific category phenomena determining cause social fact sought social facts states individual consciousness social facts endowed power reason control individual behaviors according phenomena reduced biological psychological grounds social facts material physical objects meanings sentiments etc seen touched external real gain physical objects represent material social facts example flag physical social fact social facts meaning importance flag attached social facts material form phenomena love freedom suicide regarded objective social facts individuals composing society directly cause suicide suicide social fact exists independently society caused social facts rules governing behavior group attachment individual likes person leaves society change fact society contain suicide like social facts exists independently individual eliminated influential physical laws gravity task consists discovering qualities characteristics social facts discovered experimental approach extensively relied statistics society collective consciousness culture society like social institutions general saw set social facts society interested answering society created holds society division labour society attempted answer question holds society assumes humans inherently norms beliefs values collective consciousness form moral basis society resulting social integration collective consciousness key importance society function society survive collective consciousness produces society holds time individuals produce collective consciousness interactions collective consciousness human beings aware social beings animals beliefs sentiments common average members society forms system life termed collective common consciousness particular emotional collective consciousness emotionally bound culture act socially recognize responsible moral way act key forming society social interaction believes human beings group inevitably act way society formed importance key social fact culture groups interacting create culture attach powerful emotions scholars consider question culture intensely interested cultural diversity existence diversity nonetheless fails destroy society answered apparent cultural diversity larger common cultural system law approach described evolution societies mechanical solidarity organic solidarity rising mutual need societies complex evolving mechanical organic solidarity division labour replacing collective consciousness simpler societies people connected personal ties traditions larger modern society connected increased reliance regard performing specialized tasks needed modern highly complex society survive mechanical solidarity people self sufficient little integration need use force repression society societies people fewer options life organic solidarity people integrated cooperation extensive progress mechanical organic solidarity based population growth increasing population density second increasing morality density development complex social interactions increasing workplace ways mechanical organic societies differ function law mechanical society law focused aspect aims reinforce community making punishment public extreme organic society law focuses repairing damage focused individuals community main features modern organic society importance given concept social fact individual individual collective focus rights responsibilities center public private rituals holding society function performed religion stress importance concept talked cult individual far individual society claimed moral cult individual fact product society society instituted man god servant saw population density growth key factors evolution societies advent number people given area increase number interactions society complex growing competition numerous people leads division labour time importance state law individual increases religion moral solidarity decreases example evolution culture pointed fashion case noted phenomenon according fashion serves differentiate lower classes upper classes lower classes want look like upper classes eventually adapt upper class fashion forcing upper class adopt new fashion social crime society noted possible lead breakdown social integration society important ones forced division labour lesser ones include lack coordination suicide means state rapid population growth reduces interaction groups turn leads breakdown understanding norms values forced division labour means situation power holders driven desire profit greed results people work people unhappy desire change system society views crime departure conventional notions believed crime bound fundamental conditions social life serves social function stated crime implies way remains open necessary changes certain cases directly prepares changes examining trial argues crime independence thought rendered service humanity country served prepare new morality faith needed crime useful prelude reforms sense saw crime able release certain social tensions effect society stated authority moral conscience enjoys excessive dare criticize easily form progress individual originality able express originality criminal shall possible suicide suicide explores differing suicide rates catholics arguing stronger social control catholics results lower suicide rates according catholic society normal levels integration protestant society low levels overall treated suicide social fact explaining variations rate level considering society scale phenomena lack connections people group attachment lack regulations behavior individuals feelings motivations study extensively discussed later scholars major criticisms emerged took data earlier researchers notably wagner henry careful data second later researchers found protestant catholic differences suicide limited german speaking europe reflection factors study suicide criticized example logical error termed ecological views contested work contained ecological recent authors questioned micro relations underlying work johnson claimed intent explain suicide perspective emphasizing intended theory explain variation social environments suicide particular individuals despite limitations work suicide influenced proponents control theory mentioned classic study book pioneered modern social research served distinguish social science psychology political philosophy religion elementary forms religious life purpose identify social origin function religion felt religion source solidarity second purpose identify links certain religions different cultures finding common wanted understand social aspect religion common religions goes concepts spirituality god defined religion religion unified system beliefs practices relative sacred things things set apart forbidden beliefs practices unite single moral community called church adhere definition avoids references supernatural god argued concept supernatural relatively new tied development science separation supernatural explained natural according early humans supernatural similarly points religions little importance concept god exist buddhism noble truths important individual deity argues left following concepts sacred ideas properly explained inspire awe considered worthy spiritual respect devotion beliefs practices create highly emotional state collective invest symbols sacred importance moral community group people sharing common moral philosophy concepts focused sacred noting core religion defined sacred things simply collective ideals fixed material objects collective forces moral forces ideas sentiments awakened spectacle society coming physical world saw religion fundamental social institution gave rise social forms religion gave humanity strongest sense collective consciousness saw religion force emerged early hunter societies emotions collective run high growing groups forcing act new ways giving sense hidden force driving time emotions interactions religion organized giving rise division sacred believed religion important gradually superseded science cult individual eternal religion destined succession particular symbols religious thought clothed religion losing importance laid foundation modern society interactions governed despite advent alternative forces argued replacement force religion created expressed doubt seeing modern times period transition moral argued primary categories understanding world origins religion religion writes gave rise social including larger society argued categories produced society collective creations people create societies create categories time categories prior individual experience way attempted bridge divide seeing categories constructed human experience prior experience understanding world shaped social facts example notion time defined measured calendar turn created allow track social gatherings rituals turn basic level originated religion end logical rational pursuit science trace origins religion states religion gave birth essential society work focused religion australians native americans saw ancient religion focused believed simplicity ease discussion essential elements religion work religion criticized theoretical grounds specialists field important critique came contemporary arnold van expert religion ritual australian belief systems van argued views primitive peoples simple societies entirely erroneous van argued demonstrated lack critical stance sources collected traders priests accepting interpreted freely dubious data conceptual level van pointed tendency press theoretical scheme despite critiques work religion widely praised theoretical insight arguments according robert jones stimulated interest excitement generations theoretical school field philosophy knowledge work deals number subjects including suicide family social structures social institutions large work deals knowledge publishing short articles subject earlier career example essay classification written definitive statement concerning knowledge comes elementary forms religious life book goal social origins function religion social origins impact society language logical thought worked largely framework sought understand concepts categories logical thought arise social life argued example categories space time category space depends society social grouping geographical use space group social determines understanding time sought combine elements arguing certain aspects logical thought common humans exist products collective life understanding categories acquired individual experience universal argued content categories differed society society key elements theory knowledge concept collective representations outlined elementary forms religious life symbols images come represent ideas beliefs values elaborated individual constituents include words ideas number material items serve symbol cross rock temple feather etc created intense social interaction products collective activity representations particular somewhat contradictory aspect exist externally individual created controlled individual society simultaneously individual society virtue individual participation society arguably important collective language according product collective action language collective action language contains history accumulated knowledge experience individual capable creating says language particular add learn personal experience wisdom science group accumulated course centuries thinking concepts merely seeing reality general projecting light sensation transforms language social product literally structures shapes experience reality approach language society developed later french philosophers morality defines morality system rules conduct analysis morality strongly marked notion duty influenced highly critical aspects moral theory developed positions agrees morality element obligation moral authority certain particularly important moral rules character morality tells act position superiority exists certain pre established moral norm conform view makes critique saying moral duties originate society found universal moral concept argues morality characterized obligation desired individual individual believes morality serving common good reason individual voluntarily moral order accomplish aims morality legitimate eyes speaks argues moral authority primarily located religion religion finds code morality society resources respect power individual aspects morality influences legacy important impact development influencing school later parsons alfred brown recently influenced robert description collective consciousness deeply influenced turkish nationalism founding father turkish outside influenced philosophers ideas found work certain 60s louis recently influenced philosophers charles taylor work remains philosophy despite direct relevance proof look john wrote book construction social reality theory social facts collective representations believed landmark work bridge gap continental philosophy gross demonstrates views society theories social facts social institutions collective representations like ideas open criticisms responded saying work worse originally believed admitting read work said account impoverished read work stephen responded response gross point point allegations makes essentially argument gross work bears great resemblance attributes work fact simply read selected works contributions formation social science division labour society rules method crime suicide prohibition origins published vol scientific domain translation italian text entitled primitive classification collaboration elementary forms religious life wanted war collaboration germany published posthumously education philosophy moral education socialism


family advertising industrial revolution image family advertising prominent symbol advertising utilized marketing campaigns increase profits argue advertisements ways behavior attitudes society influenced merely argue image family advertising mirrors reality holds representative symbolic role regardless different members family portrayed different ways advertising portrayals reflect traditional roles member time history advertisement presented history family symbol advertising industrial revolution industrial revolution advertising use family images advertising prevalent industrial revolution changed advertising marking availability goods 17th 18th century europe audience physical dollar campaigns attempted instantly connect persuade peoples world industrial revolution large companies emerged mass producers products branded customers began establishing brand customers purchase brand vital advertising advertisement responsible making products services order earn consumer attention competitive industrial markets period advertising industry drastically change marketing strategies began incorporate images specify audience change largely largely strategies general specific audiences explains increase presence usage symbols representations stereotypes advertising including family different societies cultures family symbols advertising varying success family life stresses group benefits preferences successes individual societies tend use family symbols advertising societies example korea success family advertisements united_states modern post industrial era advertising widely held social values middle class alternative values lifestyles advertising industry conservative images socially acceptable countries japan continue present family especially television advertisements past decade advertising agencies begun accurately capture reality diversity lifestyles family types consumers function family popular symbol commercial advertising commonly persuade audiences consuming business goods services competitors consequently symbol family advertisements functional increases profit builds positive reputation customers family symbol functions levels social psychological personal social appeals role group corresponding expectations appeals reference groups social class culture family symbol socially appeals role family corresponding expectations feel social external pressure fulfill roles expectations good parent sibling child distinctly emotional internal pressure good psychological sibling parent children relationships psychological advertisements appeals motives attitudes personalities family symbol psychologically appeals emotional siblings parent child relationships continue example mother wants purchase product limits harm child social role expectations feels emotional attachment child attempt activate emotions audiences psychologically persuade popular advertisements family affects significantly psychological level level advertisements effective personal appeals demographic identity consumer behaviors family symbol personally families buying decisions unit furthermore person family majority buying decisions target person advertising referencing location family responsibility purchasing decisions family profitable targeting example personal mcdonald corporation india great marketing success designating family restaurant interpretations advertisements attract customers business products services making statements race social class gender values family describe social categories behaviors act accordance social ideals norms according advertisements ideal life live targeting specific groups people products services advertisements reflect changes social norms social norms acceptable behavior argue image family plays symbolic role reflecting current cultural values advertisements reflect changes social norms asserting behavior acceptable result challenged public study ads containing images family marketing messages vehicles behavior attitudes society advertisements specifically ones family transition transition transition middle class nuclear families norm recognition acceptance variety different family types embracing societal furthermore transition mass culture prevalence sub cultures literary critic says advertising fed arts family members advertising wives general advertisements tend reflect popular attitudes surrounding appropriate gender roles time example 1920s tiny proportion wives working economic gain outside homes rare wives portrayed advertising role working monetary gain instead women primarily portrayed household tasks exceptions rule came times economic wives thrown labor force ensure families economic survival times great depression 1930s important family role advertisements portraying women solely performing household tasks decline husbands image wife advertising reflected general views appropriate roles wife images husband reflect cultural values surrounding role believed husband engaged example time common find images husband performing work outside home taking care family finances noted role especially prevalent hand likely find advertisement depicting husbands engaged household depicted particularly bad performing addition noted time portrayal husbands wives intimate romantic relationship rise mothers fathers history mothers portrayed primary physical children physical includes tasks breast feeding changing idea women having natural instinct fathers hand likely portrayed play activities children likely shown interacting sons daughters similar decline time wives portrayed solely portrayal mothers primary physical care children decline instead increase portrayal mothers recreational activities offspring family members like fathers depicted primarily recreational activities children male members family including sons male grandchildren portrayed play activities majority time young female members family depicted similarly play activities tend likely shown activities related child care addition image largely advertising important note images family depend specific source image found type audience source aims reach example women magazine good expect find women family portrayed solely domestic


magic magic study contemporary pagan ceremonial magic groups practiced magic london england 1990s written english susan based doctoral research undertaken college university london published publishers involved movement 1980s feminist form doctorate subject research led join orders emphasised insider practising outsider observer reacting work authored primary study london scene witch craft argued studying magical beliefs western perspective instead adopting theoretical approach informed research focused pagan magical book chapter pagan magical conception subsequent chapters detail experiences magic work goes discuss issues healing gender sexuality morality ethics london community manner community members views issues influenced beliefs magic reviewed figures involved pagan community including douglas author books relationship magic background prior work academic researchers working field pagan studies published investigations pagan community united_states united_kingdom practicing journalist political activist drawing moon goddess america today published viking press second study produced witch craft ritual magic contemporary england focused ceremonial magic orders based london allen psychologist nancy campbell literary critic undertook atlanta georgia months basis living contemporary american published investigated pagan movement east_coast midwest burning times revisited published press saw publication australia authored research child found greater spiritual connection natural world organised religion late 1970s embraced second wave feminism came feminist forms pagan dreaming dark attracted new religious movement undertook undergraduate degree college final year research project focused women spirituality exploring topic depth devoted phd subject conducting research magic initially planning gather data formal taped interviews participants rejected method believing solidified outsider status studying instead data collected informal conversations practitioners tried clear use comments work course research gained friends city pagan community sexually emotionally attached research funded grants university london central research fund economic social research council devoted published work children adrian synopsis chapter describes contemporary defines discusses london magical pagan 1990s relationship admitting insider explores mixed feelings practicing pagan observer second chapter examines community explaining approach acts altered states consciousness realm spiritual energy connected dreams imagination discussing relationship magic argues impossible truly understand beliefs magic view western lens instead arguing perspective accepts alternative views world chapter examines experiences london ceremonial focusing training magical language exploring adopting concept drift relates shifted understanding events sense magical experiences contrast emphasis practitioners overcame initial focuses practitioners learn language mode reality experiences chapter details early involvement separate offering thoughts discusses faith approach sexual pointing sexual great rite mass evidence chapter rounded explanation understands natural world comparison religion ceremonial magic chapter examines attraction magic practitioners uses healing explores ways use magic rebellion christianity construction magical identity believing organized deep internal exploration self interaction looks magic acquisition power sense empowerment discovered abuse victims sixth chapter focuses notions gender sexuality highlighting widespread belief sexual energy provides power magic discussing contrasting views fortune issue emphasised harmony balance masculine feminine magical forces advocated magical anarchy spiritual autonomy individual gender looks contrasting views issues high magic ceremonial magic feminist drawing advocated religion susan argues high magic sex situation men women seen unequal different holds position sex men women seen different equal feminist advocates sex unity tolerance sexual ambiguity chapter seven deals morality ethics arguing high magic typically world view good versus evil seen parts view morality place hide pseudo scientific nature magic discusses magic developed europe moral discourse looks internal source morality high magic explaining concepts examining internal source morality feminist central arguments states western view considering universe alive spiritual energies according beliefs energies operate time space distinct closely connected everyday reality area termed pagan discourse relates western believe forces inhabit deities animal guides spirit beings furthermore states individuals universal highlights practitioners belief interact entities inhabit rituals facilitate altered states consciousness notes western use mythology form map structure experience notes closely linked dreams imagination western magical belief argues academic discipline product western developed age enlightenment skeptical claims existence magic non western cultures western contrast attitude notes discipline pointed reality culturally constructed multiple ways experiencing world including conceive existing alongside reality reason argues wishing understand society believes practices magic tentatively accept existence claiming inappropriate use methods developed study everyday reality magical reception recognition academic text reviewed college peer reviewed academic journal american describes work provocative noting represents native account native gone experiences religious spiritual magical practices described involved manipulating beings forces instrumental end classic definition magic argument notions identity gender morality derived encounter considers sources notions recommended book book reviewed religious studies scholar michael york bath spa university journal scientific study religion enormously engaging provocative rich book notes readers wish explicitly presented assumptions shortcomings feminist comparing witch craft york comments thoroughly enjoyable highly recommended work sarah pike california state university reviewed book culture religion journal describing accessible personal account believing important contribution pagan studies study magic thought attitude book strength pike finds problems insider outsider status believing sufficiently unaware bias favour feminist turn affects interpretation forms ceremonial magic critiques book lack commentary detailed analysis complaining lack conclusions university stockholm published review australian journal referring magic welcome contribution containing valuable material noting joins work like paul turner praises manner contemporary practices historical perspective strains contradictions magical believes arguments strengthened use depth study magical morality considers unfortunate touched ritual studies pagan community work independently reviewed separate individuals new journal thought scholarly academic publication reviewer daniel wood water magazine praises theoretical approach claiming maintaining creative tension insider outsider asserting use terminology hard reading suspects use word disagree manner conclusion recommends valuable inexpensive book second review came pagan studies scholar douglas university tasmania praises research theoretical approach style writing notes truly ground breaking approach taking spiritual experiences seriously fascinated thrilled asserting work builds pioneering edited collection changed jean guy david young noting magic provocative conclusions highlights arguments think issues focus reviewing website prominent chaos described work fascinating arguing interest students practising praises author descriptions experiences groups manner highlighted power struggles place recommending engaging thought provoking read


january march polish philosopher taught wrote poland united_states course work shifted focus philosophy remains major figure history polish american founder polish academic entire school thought won international renown author william thomas study polish peasant europe america considered foundation modern major contributions theory introducing terms poland established polish department adam university worked career begun university_of_chicago continued columbia_university university illinois 44th president american association year life childhood education born january congress poland state controlled russian_empire née received early schooling attended secondary schools warsaw secondary school member underground study group specializing history literature philosophy secondary school grades average best repeat year school largely interest polish language study banned school program youth wrote poetry including drama poem included anthology later life literary critics judged poetry outstanding entered imperial university warsaw soon expelled taking protests russian administration student rights threatened conscription imperial russian army chose early left warsaw switzerland period briefly editor french language literary magazine nice late early faked death briefly served french foreign legion algeria worked market farm traveling circus librarian polish museum switzerland switzerland soon resumed university studies university geneva university eventually transferring paris france attended lectures death supervisor returned poland obtained degree university new supervisor early polish career year joined polish psychological society highly active years vice president early academic work time classified philosophy aged published academic paper philosophical ethics science moral values year later published question values philosophy based doctoral paper mind reality published new book knowledge paper elements practical reality year later published translation creative evolution paper meaning world human development year saw publication papers forms principles moral creativity principle foundation philosophy works published polish received polish scholarly community past political activism unable secure post major university novel women institution higher education advanced courses women studies worked european institutions dealing polish immigrants build experiences involved warsaw based society welfare worked society director editor journal polish expert polish migration government page report seasonal migration work thomas year earlier met william thomas american come poland connection research polish immigrants united_states thomas begun collaborate soon thomas invited come chicago continue work united_states july eve world war left poland work thomas research assistant university_of_chicago work culminated polish peasant europe america considered classic collaboration thomas marked transition career philosopher stayed thomas chicago moved new_york following thomas lost job chicago scandal year published new book philosophical cultural reality published english synthesis philosophical thought new_york thomas carried research corporation process immigrant contributed thomas book old world traits published anonymous article topic february atlantic monthly founding polish poland regained independence following world war contacted newly founded ministry religion education offering return poland ministry help secure chair polish university proposed creating novel institute bureaucracy communication delays resulted idea shelved offered philosophy newly organized adam university returned newly established second polish republic university soon poland chair accomplished renaming department originally philosophical department department cultural philosophy chair establishing seminary year founded polish institute fifth oldest institute europe department officially renamed department department gained authorization issue degrees polish institute began publishing polish journal review chief editor year institute organized poland academic conference role founder building blocks considered father poland late career keeping touch american visiting professor columbia_university new_york summer summer ended polish stage career german invasion poland start world war prevented return poland aboard ship bound poland travel cut short united_kingdom briefly considered returning poland wife daughter remained faced occupation poland returned united_states family eventually joined help american colleagues obtained extension appointment columbia_university moved university illinois obtained american citizenship allowing transition visiting regular taught university illinois retirement deciding return communist people republic poland established aftermath world war despite offer chair university retired professor emeritus 44th president american association presidential address basic problems contemporary delivered september association annual meeting later published american review died march illinois cause death funeral took place march buried cemetery family married fellow polish student university geneva son poet writer born wife died year married daughter born importance polish historian ideas writes major contributions include founding poland work work theory notes sought bridge number gaps theoretical approaches viewpoints american european intellectual traditions writes theoretical contributions subsequently pushed background parsons offered ambitious theory known america parsons famous work remains polish peasant europe america authored william thomas major works include introduction method social actions social role man knowledge cultural sciences themes contributions began influenced collaboration william thomas polish peasant europe america volume work wrote thomas considered classic study polish immigrants america based personal documents work landmark study new immigrants united_states americans work represents valued contribution works focused theory notable exception city consciousness citizens theory definition key element theory view particular social sciences general scientific field uniquely different natural sciences defines study social actions recommended induction analysis typical case studies theories form major action theory work major foundation term connected theories systematic sought create grand theory bridge gap theoretical approaches criticized widespread definition study society perspective study culture study culture recognized social sciences study culture definition described cultural science function study systems social interaction based patterns values norms behaviour use simply investigation organized interaction human beings culture focused social relation interaction saw culture field separate nature individuals perceptions essence culture socially constructed objects begin analyzing personal documents letters diaries like considered analysis documents important method saw objective science according viewed science able use similar natural sciences daughter introduction social relations social roles writing science subject matter calls method different natural sciences formulated principle induction designed identify universal laws contrasted research provided mere account exceptions statistical relationships critical statistical method useful addition science deeply interested larger field science analyzed social roles scientists concept school thought social systems according divided study dynamic social systems social action theory social relation theory social actors theory social groups theory saw social actions foundation society rise complex social relations saw theory foundation unlike max believe reduced social actions skeptical insights coming science psychology held low esteem major forms cooperative interaction social systems growing complexity social actions polish basic type social fact social relations polish require persons mutual obligation study social relations study norms regulating social actions social personalities polish combined picture emerges number different social roles individual social group polish group recognized separate entity saw society group groups denied area focus time recognizing differed category division described appeared book method division speaking instead social relations social roles social groups societies culture coined term method social research way data analysis emphasizes participants perceptions experience analyzed sees social facts created social actors perspective ought study reality trying understand world independent observer words scientist needs understand subject world criticized approach close saw anti observed social facts cultural systems exist existence skeptical value coming personal observations arguing observations value described argued difference natural social sciences lies difference objective experiences subject studied natural sciences studied things social sciences studied cultural values characterized world caught contrary modes reflection realism proposed way called founding ideas modern term introduced english book cultural reality translated polish previously discussed concept polish themes work touched areas conflict urban rural works academic works 1910s philosophical nature beginning 1920s works primarily cultural reality synthesis philosophical thought simultaneous publication popular polish peasant europe america associated academic circles primarily philosophy early works focused analysis culture strongly criticized principles notes gap research read engaged previous current theories largely ignored works notable time max parsons hand works engaged closely william thomas robert park method introduced concept divisions notable works included books published year modern cultural sciences analysis evolution national culture societies presents theoretical study relation sciences finished systematic eventually collected published posthumously unfinished final form social relations social roles unfinished systematic list works roughly half published works english rest polish english polish peasant europe america william thomas principle philosophical philosophical review vol march cultural reality chicago subject matter tasks science knowledge translated christopher published polish polish contributions science science edited publishing company isbn proposes founding new based science study science terms science knowledge proposed science called names including science science science laws social psychology warsaw method new_york social actions new_york social role man knowledge new_york cultural sciences origin development modern social relations social roles unfinished systematic san_francisco selection works edited chicago social role university student polish question value philosophy warsaw knowledge warsaw decline western civilization sketch interface cultural philosophy introduction subject matter tasks science knowledge polish science vol english translation subject matter tasks science knowledge translated christopher polish contributions science science edited publishing company isbn education warsaw vol vol city consciousness citizens contemporary people civilization future