bulgarian common bulgarian romanian serbian distinct bulgarian minority group settled 18th century region ruled world war divided romania serbia hungary unlike roman catholic confession stem groups roman catholics modern northern northwestern bulgaria speak distinctive codified form eastern bulgarian vernacular influence languages strongly central european region preserved bulgarian identity liberation bulgaria returned bulgaria founded separate villages population official romanian census states people bulgarian origin inhabit romanian serbian census recognized autonomous province covers serbian bulgarian researchers estimate live romania serbia earliest important centres bulgarian population villages today romania notable communities exist romania cities mare serbia villages bulgaria returning populated villages bulgarian roman catholics eastern orthodox historical population according estimates accurate number varied follows history origin migration north danube bulgarian roman catholic community north western ore mining town surrounding villages possibly established middle ages saxon miners later migrated members community organized unsuccessful uprising ottoman rule bulgaria uprising suppressed organizational flaws halting austrian offensive ottomans families surviving catholics fled north danube initially settling cities existing rights confirmed prince moved south western founding colonies receiving privileges civil rights tax exemption occupied austria status region improved imperial decree allowed privileges colonies attracted wave migration bulgarian catholics families villages central northern bulgaria settled receive rights colonists forced withdraw wake new war ottoman_empire fled new ottoman occupation settled austrian ruled northwest austrian authorities allowed found villages decree maria austria confirmed privileges received austrian hungarian rule region migrated existing bulgarian population quickly spread region late 18th second quarter 19th century settled villages towns search better economic conditions specifically need land colonies include settled began care education religion neo baroque church built imposing neo gothic church held latin strain croatian spread communities migrated cultural revival mid-19th century vernacular gradually introduced church revival led release printed book substituted bulgarian education officially codified dialect essay hungarian authorities gradually intensified world war imposed hungarian main language education interwar romanian serbian world war austria-hungary dissolved divided romania serbia citizens kingdom romania fell inside kingdom yugoslavia greater romania identity distinguished statistics main language education changed romanian bulgarian schools romanian geography book describes county foreigners national dress beautiful romanian general favourably treated larger eastern orthodox bulgarian minority interwar romania kingdom yugoslavia denied existence bulgarian minority western official post world war statistics provide data number comparison eastern orthodox yugoslavia treated better yugoslav authorities croatian language education 1930s romania entered period cultural revival led figures new cultural leaders emphasized bulgarian identity expense identification roman catholics establishing contacts bulgarian government bulgarian communities romania particularly organs revival newspaper bulgarian voice issued annual bulgarian calendar issued plan celebrate anniversary settlement significant manifestation period partially romanian authorities attracted attention intellectuals bulgaria bulgarian party section national peasants party founded initiative chairman bulgarian national society headed established bulgaria yugoslavia improved relations 1930s leading indirect recognition bulgarian minority yugoslav government bulgarian revival serbian bulgarian population yugoslavia partially affected work cultural workers romanian emigration hungary united_states bulgaria migrated mainly hungary united_states according bulgarian data lived hungary mainly major cities number likely members bulgarian community hungary include deputies national assembly son diplomat interwar period bulgarian communities romania experiencing greatest emigration usa particularly 1920s 1930s organized bulgarian community established lone wolf oklahoma farmers significant number returned bulgaria beginning 1880s 1890s founded villages province province province received privileges law settlement lands introduced superior agricultural technologies country fully applied farming experience religious life partly determined clashes dominant eastern minority catholicism cultural conflicts roman catholic communities lived villages bulgarian world war later eve world war authoritarian regime carol romania fascist government widely bulgarian minority romanian deprived property land subjected anti bulgarian propaganda villages shelter romanian refugees northern southern romanian contributed release ethnic bulgarian prisoners war yugoslav army captured axis camp near communicating bulgarian state bulgarian leaders headed negotiated prisoners release transportation bulgaria example release captured hungarian soldiers yugoslav army temporarily accommodated macedonia serbian provided food taken bulgaria serbian conquered nazi_germany april occupied war late german authorities allowed bulgarian minority classes created serbian schools sudden change war german withdrawal forced education bulgarian discontinued school year war romania yugoslavia ruled communist regimes romanian deported allowed return bulgarian school founded followed briefly closed united romanian schools bulgarian remained optional subject constitution romania allowed romanian parliamentary representation minority party bulgarian union romania led bulgarian remained optional subject schools post war yugoslavia existence bulgarian minority formally recognized given rights larger bulgarian minority eastern serbia unlike minorities allowed education mother tongue croatian language vernacular classified dialect eastern bulgarian group typical feature place replace characteristic features wide old church reduction instead pole field instead village instead fireplace characteristic feature final typical slavic languages found non standard bulgarian bulgarian den day sounds like written language borrowed words languages german wire gang corridor hungarian electricity cinema croatian item matter account romanian conference close contacts peoples religious ties roman catholic peoples bulgarian older ottoman turkish greek shares bulgarian turkish unmarried man bachelor greek rose constitute bulgarian vocabulary names influenced hungarian names hungarian eastern order family followed given female ending dropped family names bulgarian acquired icon influenced german bullet word meaning grain volcano literally fire foreword bulgarian language uses script largely based croatian version latin alphabet latin alphabet preserves features archaic language spoken bulgaria language codified early literature press distinguishes plain alphabet following bulgarian latin alphabet examples culture engaged literary activity settled earliest preserved literary work historical record written latin bulgarian vernacular enabled release number school books translation important religious works mid-19th century literary revival 1930s centred newspaper today bulgarian union romania issues newspaper monthly magazine music classed separate branch bulgarian folk music verbal musical typically bulgarian bars preserved number melodies display romanian serbian hungarian influences specific bulgarian christmas superseded urban type songs roman catholicism exerted considerable influence eliminating certain types songs replacing similarly preserved bulgarian holidays adopted roman catholic peoples popular holidays carnival terms dances heavily borrowed neighbouring peoples example hungarian women national costume varieties costume reminiscent sub balkan cities bulgaria characteristic northwestern bulgaria costume particularly influenced dress hungarians germans costume remained conservative bulgarian women costume perceived particularly impressive crown like notable figures colonel revolutionary participant hungarian revolution member forces italian unification historian high ranking theologian active member yugoslav academy sciences arts teacher writer 19th century teacher internationally acclaimed textbook writer codified bulgarian grammar carol long time mayor lawyer journalist poet lawyer journalist scientist academy_award winning argentine composer


pronounced july navigator island best known teacher traditional non instrument methods open ocean navigation system relies navigational clues sun stars winds clouds seas swells birds fish acquired learning passed teachings oral tradition earned title master navigator age eighteen time american missionaries arrived neared middle age grew concerned practice navigation disappear people western values hope navigational tradition preserved future generations shared knowledge society help experimental recreate test lost hawaiian navigational techniques modern reconstruction double hawaiian canoe successful non instrument sailing proved navigational system world achievement provided evidence intentional way oceania supporting hypothesis explained origin success cultural exchange impact pacific contributed emergence second hawaiian cultural renaissance revival navigation canoe building hawaii new_zealand sparked interest traditional home island later life known navigator called friends great reverence affection received honorary degree university hawaii honored institution bishop museum contributions maritime history life work explored books documentary films legacy continues remembered celebrated indigenous peoples oceania early life born village small coral island state caroline islands states wooded island area square kilometres located western pacific_ocean kilometres south guam personal connection sea began early life placed tide pools infancy feel pull ocean age chosen grandfather study apprentice navigator initially protested grandfather teaching preferring spend time playing beach children age trained young navigator years day begin sunrise eat breakfast care going fishing evening join men canoe house drank listening stories navigation sailing told young boy chose navigator gain respect community eat maintain position society higher chief encouraged learned basic navigational clues stars swells birds grandfather died fourteen grandfather died began training father learned navigating stars father fish build father died turned adopted aunt uncle age eighteen aunt uncle sent study acclaimed navigator studies culminated initiation master navigator school navigation revered ceremony presided held years ceremony lived month canoe house received rigorous lessons final training complete solo voyage kilometres tendency sail weather conditions given nickname word meaning strong navigator married raised boys girls daily life village involved harvesting gathering people raised chicken pork caught fish primary source protein freshwater pond served bathing facilities local materials construct called island isolation helped preserve lifestyle people role navigator arrival germans japanese culture remained intact american missionaries arrived world war built church school late 1960s attempted verify navigational knowledge wider pacific working inter island ship run trust territory pacific islands friends mike peace corps volunteer stationed marrying niece sailed worked project turtles interested navigation published articles topic kept touch ben researching navigation assignment ended asked wanted come hawaii honolulu hawaii visited hawaii introduced ben later suggested society try recruit project hawaiian traditional remained project goal test hypothesis intentional non instrument pacific renowned navigator died known reluctant release sacred knowledge outsiders time years old youngest navigator group feared traditional navigation die culture hawaii tried teach young men skills passed optimistic members younger generation busy school attracted western culture undertake rigorous course study people care traditional navigation dying lost forever later life help awarded special fellowship east west center returned honolulu april begin work hawaii based society eventually navigating double canoe hawaii maiden voyage trained native hawaiian navigator thompson later master navigator david henry lewis scholar navigation documented work hand knowledge traditional navigation accumulated northern hemisphere study voyage required geography night sky southern hemisphere preparation writes prepare voyage david lewis geography islands pacific winds currents expected way information early navigator acquainted route carried head addition alert elevation stars northern southern change canoe sailed farther farther south held training sessions honolulu bishop museum example sailed sank lower lower northern horizon disappeared equator southern cross curved higher higher sky days voyage received coaching pattern winds currents williams veteran crew year sailed yacht hawaii provide account expect encounter collaboration proved successful day sea voyage stated soon land day hours later spotted land based white followed trade wind swell night spotted brief little day sailing landfall welcomed people half population ambition sail navigator recreated traditional techniques spent years training training helped achieve goal voyage marked time years native hawaiian mastered stars seas birds winds guide sailing canoe hawaii men joined voyage new_zealand principal navigator mentor voyage new_zealand interest cultural history navigation techniques canoe building brought life stories folklore great canoe migration settlement new_zealand describing ceremony held commemorate hawaii new_zealand voyage writes sir james revered elders got said proven proven ancestors tribes trace ancestry names arrived people came canoe traditions sixth tribe took voyage sailing son sailing master watched students served seen succeed finally voyage saw proof knowledge carried forward generation canoe landed successfully voyage resulted lifting centuries old taboo sailed hawaii oceania help preserve hawaiian culture brother clay established nonprofit organization island hawaii beginning brothers helped construct foot canoe launching february voyage known sailing master home voyage pay homage master navigator thank teachings sailed home aboard honored guest continued voyage half length hawaiian canoe visit far reaches appearance stimulated interest cultural history march presided ceremony years island native people inducted master including thompson son society ocean people voyage named presented canoe named gift key role reviving traditional navigation hawaii canoe built hawaii nonprofit organization commitment build gift clay captain given behalf families organizations actively continue sail practice traditions taught death long struggle diabetes died home island time monday july tradition travel islands temporarily suspended honor island buried following day nightly held memorial service july santa church son henry continue teaching students culture preserving legacy father awards awarded honorary doctor humane letters university hawaii honored institution national museum natural history ceremony secretary lawrence small said rebirth non instrument navigation came largely man bishop museum presented robert medal july honoring exceptional dedication advancement maritime affairs maritime heritage hawaii pacific honored devotion outstanding civic leadership spirit purpose museum founder charles reed bishop legacy success navigational feats sparked cultural pride connected stories told similar generations past voyage attracted interest young students later thompson led people pacific cultural roots revived interest preserving traditional culture navigation methods art canoe building cultural studies hawaii new_zealand homeland centuries captain james cook help gained knowledge closely held death cook shared common ancestry pinned origin asia cook theory prevent debate scholars voyage academic debate settlement divided schools thought norwegian pacific settled south_america set prove expedition scholars hypothesis seriously new andrew sharp proposed accidental hypothesis erroneously argued oceania vast settled intentional happened accidental drift sharp granted likely settle pacific asia held opinion crude vessels navigational tools reliable intentional sailing hawaii new_zealand stated miles likely accidental landfall mercy wind current study computer simulation ward web investigated probability sharp hypothesis found disagreed accidental portion sharp hypothesis investigate problem founded society kane tommy holmes intent building canoe sail hawaii test intentional way oceania replicated help navigational knowledge guiding society demonstrated intentional possible ancestors settled pacific similar non instrument techniques finally linguistic archaeological evidence suggests history people originate east pacific west recent developments field dna analysis settled debate origin prove share common ancestry indigenous east navigation training navigator training historically interwoven culture ritual great discretion shown candidate selection knowledge preserved oral tradition greatest chance survival master navigator rank equal superior village chief rank navigation relies single technique instead position multiple underway constant synthesis makes easy spot navigator red eyes sleep traditionally trained navigator include physical signals sea skies stars memory signals knowledge star swell wind cultural knowledge recorded chants dances stories examples physical signals include color temperature taste floating plant debris sightings land based flying fish cloud type color movement wind direction speed temperature direction nature ocean swells waves position stars sky speed current set sailing craft compass carried magnetic mental model islands located star points use navigate mental model taken years study build dances chants stories help recall complex relationships geography location stars highly reliable position information visible managed position tracks mind blocked clouds references wind swell star compass pictured basis modern hawaiian star compass apart bulk training happens sea historically boys taught men house shells pieces coral representing stars laid sand circular pattern bits shell coral chosen represent star arbitrary generally larger pieces points compass smaller pieces represent important stars points star compass points necessarily outer circular formation represents horizon canoe center point eastern half circle depicts reference stars rising points horizon tan western half depicts setting points swell patterns prevailing trade winds represented sticks depicted star compass form square knowledge retained memory help dances chants stories stars people characters stories technique aspect method estimating inter island target island relative second reference island alignment succession selected stars points star compass refined system dead navigator constantly position relative reference island location mental model remarkable thing reference island horizon unseen imaginary simplest form star compass describes thirty points key stars rise eastern horizon set western horizon north latitude fairly easy determine north pole star easily seen naked eye called height horizon indicates viewer southward displacement north pole traveling north appears higher sky true north pole directly overhead nearly degrees traveling south equator appears descend northern horizon degrees north latitude degrees northern horizon near equator approaches zero degrees viewer farther south disappeared northern horizon continuing south equator longer visible southern cross risen southern horizon traveling southward rises higher sky longest axis imaginary line points southward southern pole south pole true star direct readings south latitude taken southern pole lies end imaginary line extended southward distance times distance thompson notes latitude distance southerly equal southern horizon steer canoe mid ocean consistent course navigator star keeps canoe pointed cloud blocked rise high sky star reference remain true relative angle swell steering star


british people british people citizens united_kingdom british overseas territories crown descendants british law modern british citizenship acquired instance descent british nationals historical context british refer ancient indigenous celtic inhabitants great_britain south river forth early british date late middle ages creation united_kingdom great_britain triggered sense british national identity notion forged napoleonic wars britain french empire developed victorian era complex history formation united_kingdom created particular sense belonging great_britain ireland superimposed older identities english scots welsh irish cultures notions british identity longstanding divisions british identity northern_ireland controversial held strong conviction modern descended mainly varied ethnic groups settled british isles 11th century prehistoric celtic roman anglo saxon norse union facilitated migration cultural linguistic exchange peoples england scotland wales late middle ages early modern period earlier immigration united_kingdom people republic ireland commonwealth mainland europe descendants british citizens assuming british dual identity british diverse multi national society strong regional accents expressions identities social structure united_kingdom changed radically 19th century decline religious middle class increased ethnic diversity population stands million british million concentrated australia canada south_africa hong_kong new_zealand united_states history term greek roman writers 1st century 1st century inhabitants great_britain ireland origin latin word 1st century ancient greek 9th century describe form ancient greek celtic national suggested derives description translated people forms referring custom painting bodies blue greek collective british isles roman conquest britain latin term island great_britain later roman occupied britain south following roman departure britain island great_britain left open invasion pagan warriors gained control areas south east post roman period anglo advanced confined later called wales cornwall north west england term persisted latin island claimed legendary origins prestigious kings followed pseudo history support claims kings england middle ages particularly tudor period term british refer welsh people time long held belief welsh descendants ancient spoke british tongue notion supported texts account ancient british history written century chronicled lives legendary kings narrative spanning years beginning founding ancient british nation continuing anglo saxon invasion britain 7th century forced celtic west wales cornwall legendary celtic history great_britain known matter britain matter britain national myth works wales norman chronicler 12th 13th centuries term british refer people later known welsh history ancestral roots indigenous people british isles combination celtic norse anglo saxon norman ancestry modern studies dna analysis stephen increasingly suggest quarters share common ancestry hunter settled atlantic europe era melting ice caps land broke away mainland divided islands despite separation british isles continental europe following glacial period genetic record indicates british irish broadly share closest common ancestry people live country near continues majority people british isles share genetic ranging highs wales lows east genetic difference western britain east england thought originate prehistoric routes immigration atlantic coast continental europe major immigrant settlement british isles occurred period interpreted professor human university_of_oxford arrival peninsula origin britain ireland celtic tribes opinion far majority male gene types british isles derive modern spain portugal ranging low norfolk highs north wales national museum wales states possible future genetic studies ancient modern human dna help inform understanding subject early studies far tended produce conclusions small numbers people outdated assumptions 8th 11th centuries major cultural divisions emerged great_britain english scots welsh english unified single nation state king battle english known old english governance independent anglo saxon petty kingdoms gradually seven powerful states powerful scottish historian archaeologist oliver said battle define shape britain modern era showdown different ethnic identities norse celtic alliance versus anglo saxon aimed settle britain controlled single imperial power remain separate independent kingdoms split perceptions today historian simon suggested edward england solely responsible provoking peoples britain awareness 13th century scottish national identity complex anglo norman finally forged wars scottish independence kingdom england late 13th early 14th centuries wales conquered england legal system replaced kingdom england laws wales acts welsh endured nation distinct english later english reformation scottish reformation edward england counsel edward 1st duke somerset advocated union kingdom scotland joining england wales scotland united protestant great_britain duke somerset supported unification english welsh scots indifferent old basis derived pre roman british monarchy following death elizabeth england throne england inherited james king scots kingdom england kingdom scotland united personal union james scotland england event referred union crowns king james advocated political union england scotland october proclaimed assumption style king great_britain title rejected parliament england parliament scotland basis english law scots law union development despite centuries military religious conflict kingdoms england scotland drawing increasingly protestant reformation 16th century union crowns broadly shared language island monarch religion bible authorized king james version contributed growing cultural alliance sovereign realms peoples glorious revolution resulted pair acts english scottish bill rights claim right act respectively ensured shared constitutional monarchy england scotland held despite popular monarchy aristocracy attempts unite states acts parliament unsuccessful increased political management scottish affairs england led criticism strained anglo scottish relations english maritime age discovery gave new found imperial power wealth english welsh end 17th century scotland suffered long standing weak economy response scottish kingdom opposition william scotland iii england commenced scheme attempt establish scottish imperial outlet colony new panama combination disease spanish hostility scottish opposition scheme east india company english government want provoke spanish war imperial venture ended catastrophic failure estimated scotland total liquid capital lost events scheme passing english parliament act settlement asserting right choose order succession english scottish irish escalated political hostilities england scotland calls united british people parliament scotland responded passing act security allowing appoint different monarch succeed scottish crown england wished english political perspective appointment monarchy scotland opened possibility franco scottish military conquest england second years war war spanish succession parliament england passed alien act provided scottish nationals england treated aliens estates held scots treated alien property whilst restricting import scottish products england colonies half scotland trade act contained provision suspended parliament scotland entered negotiations creation unified parliament great_britain turn scottish financial losses scheme union scotland england despite opposition scottish english populations treaty union agreed ratified countries passing acts union effect created new sovereign state called kingdom great_britain kingdom began hostile merger led partnership powerful going concern world historian simon stated astonishing european history british national identity began develop initially resisted particularly english peoples great_britain begun assume layered identity think simultaneously british scottish english welsh terms north south devised scots english respectively gaining preference scotland particularly philosophers scottish enlightenment scots played key roles shaping british identity union allowed scots space time dominate construction early crucial years drawing notion shared spirit liberty common saxon church rome james poet playwright born church scotland minister scottish interested common british culture national identity way collaboration thomas wrote alfred opera alfred great victory performed frederick prince wales commemorate accession george birthday princess rule climactic piece opera quickly british patriotic song celebrating britain supremacy offshore island country series victories royal_navy associated empire naval warfare ideals britain place world new national great_britain established representation nation empire single national hero british identity historian peter wrote conventionally depicted holding spear consequence increasingly prominent role royal_navy war french spectacular victories spear replaced navy come seen british liberty essence british union battle great_britain involved successive dangerous wars catholic france brought military naval victories british pride napoleonic wars french empire advanced english scottish learned define similar primarily virtue french catholic combination sea power empire notion closely bound cultural english scots welsh fused remain despite cultural neo classical monuments end 18th century start 19th attempts concepts roman classical antiquity new expanding british_empire provided unprecedented opportunities upward mobility wealth scottish welsh irish populations prepared suppress nationalist issues pragmatic grounds british_empire crucial idea british identity self image scottish welcomed 19th century offered context hold identity whilst participating expansion british empire similarly new emphasis broadly welcomed welsh considered descendants ancient word refer exclusively welsh english victorian era enthusiastic adoption meant meant england britain variety contexts came borrow heavily english political history england dominant component british isles terms size population power common law hostility continental europe english factors influenced british union ireland political union predominantly catholic kingdom ireland great_britain coupled outbreak peace france early 19th century challenged previous century concept militant protestant new expanded united_kingdom great_britain ireland meant state evaluate position civil rights catholics extend definition irish people like terms invented time acts union west introduced irish daniel irish politician campaigned catholic emancipation stated britain house_of_commons people ireland ready portion british_empire provided reality ready kind west benefits justice ireland marked succession economic political neglect irish advanced irish nationalism years followed union successive british governments problems governing country benjamin population aristocracy alien church addition weakest executive world vast majority ireland proclaimed simultaneously irish british strain adoption great famine war continued factor people great_britain british emerged boer wars southern africa experience military political economic power rise british_empire led specific drive artistic technique taste sensibility harrison wrote morally plant british flag peak pass union jack place cardinal british institutions tea lawn tennis churches catholic relief act reflected marked change attitudes great_britain catholics catholicism significant example collaboration ardent roman catholic son sir charles barry confirmed protestant palace westminster building britain national imperial pre tensions gave way leading element british national identity victorian eras series royal imperial national celebrations introduced british people assert imperial british culture sense superiority national consciousness empire day queen_victoria introduced british middle class quickly merged national tradition modern period world war reinforced sense patriotism early 20th century war service including conscription great_britain english welsh scots irish fought british aftermath war british national commemoration remembrance sunday poppy appeal second world war similar effect british people outcome basis democratic values marked contrast notions british constituted island race stood democracy reinforced war circulated country winston_churchill speeches history books newspapers international joined peoples world shared traditions common maintained following world wars british_empire experienced rapid irish free state united_kingdom meant lost irish dimension empire supplanted independence movements appeal british identity commonwealth nations mid-20th century british act subsequent mass immigration united_kingdom commonwealth world expression experience cultural life britain fragmented influences gender ethnicity class region furthermore united_kingdom membership european economic community eroded concept distinct continental europe 1970s sense crisis meant british exacerbated growing demands greater political autonomy northern_ireland scotland wales late 20th century saw major changes politics united_kingdom establishment national northern_ireland scotland wales following pre legislative calls greater autonomy countries united_kingdom existed original union gathered pace 1960s 1970s led increasingly scottish welsh irish national identities resulting diverse cultural expressions outright rejection evans welsh nationalist politician active late 20th century rebuffed political synonym extends english culture scots welsh irish sir bernard political theorist democratic socialist tasked developing life united_kingdom test said overarching political legal concept signifies allegiance laws government broad moral political concepts like tolerance freedom expression hold united_kingdom gordon brown prime minister united_kingdom initiated debate british identity brown speech society conference proposed british values demand new constitutional settlement symbols represent modern patriotism including new youth community service scheme british day celebrate central issues identified society conference english identity fits framework united_kingdom expression majesty government initiative promote inaugural veterans day held june celebrating achievements armed forces veterans brown speech event celebration said scots people rest share purpose britain rest world values freedom democracy dignity people stand time people talk football money important remember values share common geographic distribution people british citizenship british descent significant presence number countries united_kingdom particular historic connections british_empire age discovery british earliest largest communities europe british_empire expansion half 19th century triggered extraordinary british people resulting particular concentrations north_america british_empire built waves migration overseas british people left united_kingdom reached globe permanently affected population structures continents result british americas united_states easily greatest single destination british australia british experienced birth rate higher seen resulting displacement indigenous australians colonies southern british east africa cape colony permanently resident british communities established whilst numerical minority exercised dominant influence culture politics lands australia canada new_zealand people british origin came constitute majority population contributing states integral united_kingdom census estimated size overseas british million concluded conventional settlers travellers merchants professionals military personnel million born people living australia canada new_zealand south_africa publication institute public policy research estimated million lived outside united_kingdom australia beginning australia colonial period second world war people united_kingdom large majority people coming australia meaning people born australia trace origins britain colony new_south_wales founded january eastern half australia claimed kingdom great_britain initially settled transportation largely self governing crown colonies federation australia achieved january history british dominance meant australia grounded british culture political traditions transported australian colonies nineteenth century colonial culture politics australia maintains westminster system parliamentary government elizabeth_ii queen australia national status australian citizens formally described british subject citizen australia continue substantial proportion immigrants british overseas territories people british overseas territories british citizenship origins aspects common british identity distinct identity shaped respective particular circumstances political economic ethnic social cultural history instance case lewis speaker legislative council islands explains british cultural economic social political educational values create unique british like islands feel distinctly different fellow citizens reside united_kingdom geographical isolation living smaller island akin feeling european contrast majority live gibraltar insistence carries excessive loyalty britain sovereignty gibraltar point contention spain united_kingdom relations overwhelming number embrace strong conviction direct opposition spanish territorial claims canada canada traces french english scottish expeditions north_america century france ceded nearly new france seven years war united_states declaration independence quebec nova_scotia formed nucleus colonies constituted britain remaining stake north american continent british north_america attracted united empire loyalists migrated considered rebellious united_states increasing size british communities canada union colonies british north_america formed canadian confederation federal dominion began additional provinces territories process increasing autonomy united_kingdom highlighted statute westminster culminating canada act severed legal dependence parliament united_kingdom recognised continuing importance canada long close relationship britain large parts canada modern population claim british origins cultural impact british canada institutions profound phrase canadian citizen british subject ceased canadian politics canada strongly influenced british political culture significant modifications canada governed democratic parliamentary framework comparable westminster system retains elizabeth_ii queen canada head state english official language canada chile chile facing pacific_ocean large british presence british immigrants settled chile significant number settled province especially city arenas flourished major global ships crossing atlantic pacific oceans english settled influencing port city extent making virtually british colony decades 19th century beginning 20th century opening panama canal outbreak world war drove away city europe created largest important colony bringing british character schools social clubs sports clubs business organisations periodicals today influence apparent specific areas banks navy certain social activities football horse racing custom drinking tea movement independence mainly british formed chilean navy command lord british investment helped chile prosperous british seamen helped chilean navy strong force south pacific chile won wars peru confederation second war pacific alliance peru liberal socialist revolution introduced political reforms modelled british parliamentary practice british immigrants important northern zone country boom ports king john thomas north principal mining british legacy reflected streets historic district city foundation institutions club racing club british active presence came end crisis 1930s scots settled country temperate regions climate forested landscape glaciers islands reminded homeland highlands northern scotland english welsh rest irish immigrants frequently confused british arrived merchants sailors settling british main trading cities ports important contingent british principally welsh immigrants arrived settling present day region british families established areas country cultural legacy british chile notable spread british chilean community society large customs taken british include afternoon tea called football rugby union horse racing legacy widespread use british personal names chile largest population descendants british settlers latin_america british english scottish welsh origin amounting chile population new_zealand long term result james cook voyage significant number new british descent sense contributed identity late 1950s common british new refer british prime minister keith described sir successful ascent mount putting british race new_zealand world new_zealand described nationals british subject citizen new_zealand changed new_zealand citizen interview new_zealand listener don leader opposition said british immigrants fit ancestry british new_zealand values british values derived centuries struggle things new_zealand society politics new_zealand strongly influenced british political culture significant modifications new_zealand governed democratic parliamentary framework comparable westminster system retains elizabeth_ii head monarchy new_zealand english dominant official language new_zealand hong_kong british law hong_kong unusual hong_kong british colony beginning sparsely populated trading port modern role cosmopolitan international financial centre seven million people territory attracted refugees immigrants alike searching new life citizenship matters complicated fact british law treated born hong_kong british subjects enjoy rights citizenship people republic china recognise hong_kong chinese main reason recognising people british seen acceptance series historical treaties labelled unequal including ones ceded hong_kong island peninsula new territories britain british government recognising unique political situation hong_kong granted million new type known british national overseas established accordance hong_kong act million people british nationals overseas eligible british citizenship british nationals overseas british citizens british nationals commonwealth citizens according british law enables rights united_kingdom european_union south_africa british arrived area modern day south_africa early 18th century substantial settlement started end 18th century cape good hope british explored area conquests related slave trade late 19th century discovery gold diamonds encouraged south_africa british population british south rose substantially fierce rivalry british descendants dutch colonists period known boer wars started british south keen keeping strengthening ties united_kingdom latest census south_africa showed million british south total white south african demographic greatest white british ancestry populations south_africa province cities cape_town ireland plantations ireland introduced large numbers people great_britain ireland middle ages early modern period resulting protestant aristocratic class ireland broadly identified anglo irish sixteenth seventeenth centuries protestant british settlers catholic inhabitants north ireland plantation war ireland explicit attempt control ireland strategically introducing ethnic religious elements loyal british interest ireland scots people ethnic group british origin ireland broadly descended lowland scots settled large numbers province planned process ireland took place reign james scotland england english welsh settlers scots introduced particularly church scotland scots english languages mainly northeastern ireland partition ireland independence republic ireland people found longer living united_kingdom northern_ireland years site violent bitter conflict troubles claiming represent irish nationalism predominantly roman catholic claiming represent british predominantly protestant want northern_ireland remain united_kingdom nationalists desire united ireland signing good friday agreement paramilitary groups involved troubles ceased armed campaigns people northern_ireland recognised persons born northern_ireland having time birth parent british citizen irish citizen entitled reside northern_ireland restriction period residence good friday agreement guarantees recognition people northern_ireland identify accepted irish british choose united_states english presence north_america began colony colony virginia century successful english settlement established james river estimated english people travelled north_america millions british isles pilgrims established english imperial venture plymouth colony beginning remarkable acceleration permanent emigration england trans atlantic english migrants settling new_england colonies 17th century estimated english welsh migrants arrived north_america century acts union surpassed rate number scottish irish migrants british policy neglect north american colonies intended trade restrictions way ensuring stayed loyal british interests permitted development american dream cultural spirit distinct european founders thirteen colonies british america began armed rebellion british rule rejected right parliament great_britain govern representation proclaimed independence constituted thirteen states united_states_of_america sovereign state ratification articles confederation treaty paris represented great_britain formal united_states sovereignty end american revolutionary war longstanding cultural historical ties modern times resulted special relationship historically close political diplomatic military operation united_kingdom united_states professor history princeton_university specialist suggested colonial influence united_states british find americans mysterious people physically distant culturally close similar different today people united_states identified born britain culture result expansion british_empire british cultural influence observed language culture geographically wide assortment countries canada australia new_zealand south_africa india pakistan united_states british overseas territories states collectively known british influence empire empire influenced british culture particularly british cuisine innovations movements wider culture europe changed united_kingdom representative democracy developed broader western culture result history formation united_kingdom cultures england scotland wales northern_ireland diverse varying degrees overlap cuisine historically british cuisine meant dishes quality local ingredients matched simple flavour disguise heavy traditionally limited international recognition breakfast christmas dinner despite british cuisine having absorbed influences settled britain resulting hybrid dishes british asian chicken hailed britain true national dish celtic agriculture animal breeding produced wide variety anglo developed meat techniques practice common europe norman conquest england introduced exotic britain middle ages british_empire facilitated knowledge india food tradition strong penetrating herbs food policies imposed british government wartime periods 20th century said british cuisine poor international reputation british dishes include fish chips sunday mash british cuisine national regional varieties including english scottish welsh cuisine developed regional local dishes geographically indicated foods cheese cheese yorkshire welsh british second largest capita tea consumers world consuming average kilograms person year british tea culture dates 19th century india british_empire british interests controlled tea production languages single british language english far main language spoken british citizens spoken population english facto official language united_kingdom european charter regional minority languages welsh scottish irish scots scots lowland scots languages officially recognised regional minority languages government indigenous languages continue spoken language native inhabitants welsh scottish different legal status minority languages parts languages commonly spoken language wider areas use bilingual context supported promoted central local government policy purposes standard english scottish welsh required pass life united_kingdom test english routinely considered culturally important scottish welsh united_kingdom distinctive spoken expressions regional accents english seen locality culture identity awareness knowledge accents united_kingdom place miles locality man woman grown literature british literature leading world overwhelming written english language pieces literature written scots scottish welsh britain long history famous influential authors boasts oldest pieces literature western world epic poem oldest surviving written work english language famous authors include world studied praised writers william_shakespeare christopher defined england period british romantic movement strongest europe poets william blake pioneers literature romantic writers followed figure enhanced profile europe john lord later periods like victorian era saw british writing including charles william women literature britain long troubled history female writers producing work pen george great female contributed world literature sisters emily charlotte anne non fiction played important role history british letters dictionary english language produced compiled samuel johnson graduate oxford_university london resident media music cinema theatre dance live music popular favourite british watching television public broadcast television united_kingdom began launch bbc television service bbc united_kingdom crown television licence legally receive broadcast television service source includes commercial channels cable satellite internet revenue generated television licence provide radio television internet content british broadcasting corporation welsh language television programmes bbc common british broadcasting corporation world largest broadcaster unlike broadcasters public service based quasi autonomous statutory corporation run bbc trust free air terrestrial television channels available national basis bbc bbc itv channel_4 wales greatest british television programmes list compiled british film institute chosen poll industry professionals determine greatest british television programmes genre screened topping list towers british sitcom set fictional hotel starring john british musical tradition essentially vocal dominated music england culture greatly influenced hymns anglican church music specific traditional music wales music scotland distinct celtic musical tradition united_kingdom people attend live music performances football matches british rock born mid-20th century influence rock roll rhythm blues united_states major early exports beatles rolling_stones bands united_kingdom constituted british invasion british pop rock music united_states 1970s heavy metal new wave tone alternative rock emerged british independent music scene early 1990s characterised bands reviving british guitar pop music 1960s 1970s leading oasis pulp united_kingdom 1990s domestically produced varieties electronic dance music acid house hard house jungle garage turn influenced british hip hop 2000s brit awards british_phonographic_industry annual awards international british popular music religion historically christianity influential important religion britain remains declared faith majority british people influence christianity british culture widespread extending spheres prayer worship churches significant contribution architectural landscape nation cities towns whilst schools hospitals founded men women strongly influenced christian motives united_kingdom easter christmas important events christian calendar recognised public holidays christianity remains major religion population united_kingdom 21st century followed islam judaism terms numbers adherents survey revealed identified christian similar british social attitudes survey united_kingdom census said christianity religion survey showed attend church weekly advanced britain age enlightenment modern british organisations british association national secular society offer opportunity members debate explore moral philosophical issues non religious setting treaty union led formation kingdom great_britain ensured protestant succession link church state remains church_of_england anglican legally recognised established church retains representation parliament united_kingdom lords spiritual whilst british monarch member church supreme governor church_of_england retains right draft legislative measures related religious administration general passed law parliament roman_catholic_church england wales second largest christian church million members mainly england growing orthodox evangelical churches churches england church_of_england roman_catholic_church terms church attendance large christian groups include presbyterian church scotland known informally recognised national church scotland subject state control british monarch ordinary member required swear oath defend security church accession roman_catholic_church scotland scotland second largest christian church followers representing sixth population scotland scottish episcopal church anglican communion dates final establishment scotland split church scotland matters theology ritual splits church scotland especially 19th century led creation presbyterian churches scotland including free church scotland 1920s church wales independent church_of_england remains anglican communion protestant churches major presence wales main religious groups northern_ireland organised ireland basis collectively constitute overall majority roman_catholic_church ireland largest single church presbyterian church ireland closely linked church scotland terms theology history second largest church followed church ireland anglican 19th century sport sport important element british culture popular leisure activities united_kingdom nearly half adults sporting activity week major sports united_kingdom invented british including football rugby union rugby league cricket exported games including tennis boxing golf sports separate organisations teams clubs represent individual countries united_kingdom international level sports like rugby union ireland team represents northern_ireland republic british irish lions represent isles represented single team olympic games summer olympics great_britain team won medals gold summer olympics silver bronze ranking 3rd total women hold world titles variety sports professional boxing rowing motorcycle sports poll found association football popular sport england football clubs affiliated football association clubs regional district associations founded football league founded kind world scotland associate clubs nearly registered clubs jurisdiction scottish football association welsh clubs play england football league premier league non league level whilst welsh football league contains semi professional clubs northern_ireland semi professional clubs play second oldest league world recreational fishing particularly popular participation activities united_kingdom estimated million country widely practised form england wales coarse fish scotland usually salmon trout visual art architecture centuries artists architects britain overwhelmingly influenced western art history visual artists credited developing distinctly british aesthetic artistic style william experience military political economic power rise british_empire led specific drive artistic technique taste sensibility united_kingdom art illustrate knowledge command natural world whilst permanent settlers british north_america south_africa embarked search distinctive artistic expression appropriate sense national identity empire centre margins history british art imperial british visual arts fundamental construction celebration expression british attitudes modern art end 19th century modernist movements artists critics initially regarded conservative critics subversive foreign influence fully british art century art described read interwar period necessarily revolutionary studied produced extent 1950s effectively void british visual art post modern contemporary british art particularly young british artists pre occupied characterised fundamental concern material culture perceived post imperial cultural anxiety architecture united_kingdom diverse influential developments usually taken place england ireland scotland wales times played leading roles architectural history prehistoric classical structures british isles british architecture effectively begins anglo saxon christian churches built soon canterbury arrived great_britain norman architecture built vast scale 11th century onwards form castles churches help impose norman authority dominion english gothic architecture flourished initially imported france quickly developed unique qualities secular medieval architecture britain left legacy large stone castles finest examples found lining sides anglo scottish border dating wars scottish independence 14th century invention gunpowder castles redundant english renaissance followed development new artistic styles domestic architecture tudor style english baroque queen anne style georgian architecture advanced scottish enlightenment united_kingdom influence british architecture particularly strong south india result british rule india 19th century indian cities mumbai courts hotels train stations designed british architectural styles gothic political culture british political culture tied closely institutions subtle fusion new old values principle constitutional monarchy notions stable parliamentary government political come dominate british culture views reinforced sir bernard said british mean respect laws elected parliamentary democratic political structures traditional values mutual tolerance respect equal rights mutual concern allegiance state commonly crown return protection british political institutions include westminster system commonwealth nations council united_kingdom council primarily british institution officials commonwealth realms appointed body notable continuing instance prime minister new_zealand senior politicians chief justice court appeal judges conventionally prime ministers chief justices canada australia prime ministers commonwealth countries retain british monarch sovereign continue sworn universal suffrage males granted adult women movement politics united_kingdom multi party dominant political parties conservative party labour_party scottish national party social structure britain specifically social class long pre eminent factors explain party allegiance dominant basis party political allegiance conservative party descended historic party founded england centre right conservative political party traditionally draws support middle classes labour_party founded grew trade union movement socialist political parties 19th century continues describe democratic socialist party labour states stands representation low paid working class traditionally members voters scottish national party largest political party terms party membership representation parliament having won scottish seats general election liberal democrats liberal political party largest england terms membership mps elected descended liberal party major ruling party 19th century britain world war supplanted labour_party liberal democrats historically drawn support wide differing social backgrounds smaller political parties united_kingdom registered electoral commission classification according british social attitudes survey broadly interpretations british identity ethnic civic dimensions group term ethnic dimension contained items birthplace ancestry living britain sharing british customs traditions second civic group contained items feeling british laws institutions speaking english having british citizenship perspectives british identity civic definition dominant idea far capacity considered institutional overarching state identity explain generation immigrants likely describe british english scottish welsh institutional inclusive identity acquired british law vast majority people united_kingdom ethnic minority feel british attitude common england scotland wales white english people perceived english british second people ethnic minority backgrounds perceived british identified english label associated exclusively white people scotland wales white british ethnic minority people identified strongly scotland wales britain studies surveys reported majority scots welsh scottish welsh british differences emphasis commission racial equality found respect notions britain basic objective conception british people includes english scots welsh english participants tended think english british scottish welsh participants identified readily scottish welsh british persons opted combine identities felt scottish welsh held british passport british saw exclusively scottish exclusively welsh felt divorced british saw english commentators described phenomenon nationalism rejection british identity scots welsh interpret cultural imposed united_kingdom english ruling response historical word english british brought desire scots welsh irish learn heritage distinguish broader british identity


ethnic group madagascar inhabits northern tip madagascar means people limestone rock formations distinguish traditional territory visited reserve madagascar split early 17th century following succession dispute group settled northern end island established sovereignty integrated existing communities periods conflict 17th century kingdom 19th century community periodically sought refuge natural stone shelters caves modern reserve eventually taking holding sacred early 19th century king signed treaty french envoys reunion mobilized french troops expel territory exchange french control small islands madagascar west_coast aided french staging attacks monarchy resulted french colonization madagascar communities continues honor single king sacred ancestral role traditional ceremonies date centuries culturally similarities neighboring practice ancestral spirit possession believe nature spirits adhere wide range ancestral particularly including serve protect wildlife wilderness areas traditional economy revolved fishing livestock recently adopted farming salary working civil administration teaching trade areas history originally branch royal line called children silver group split 16th century following dispute children gold ended exclusive right having refused right throne left homeland southwestern coast settle north boundaries control king claimed large island north territory split provinces ruled sons territory rapidly reduced south prince led violent campaigns bordering territory expand kingdom end 17th century nobles killed quickly surrendered advancing armies oral history celebrates resisted including son founded kingdom leading north area protected reserve declaring sovereignty north accepted king people communities living north united people rocks nascent kingdom continued effort claim sovereignty territory hid natural shelters formed rocks caves eventually forced refuge town ruled relative named able repel years later support soldiers period established foundations kingdom organizing military cooperation clans establishing administration developing economic regulations introducing customs reinforced social order according oral history point preparing return capital mysterious year old girl named arrived revealed instructed rituals perform route ensure safe return establishment strong kingdom including continuing practice tying mat trees planted outside king house indicate royal residence symbolize kingdom founding kingdom ruled series nobles line succeeded kingdom rapidly expanded decades 19th century launching regular military campaigns bring coastal communities control neared homeland established posts major trade routes taxes charged merchants establishing economic control territory soon followed installation administrators govern territory forced vassal sovereign son successor king repeated attempts expel territory unsuccessful backlash forced lead people refuge rocks lived year time king betrayed people group surrounded soldiers according oral history king prayed god help swore survived convert islam party king subjects escaped island converted drowned attempt cross site crossing commonly believed village retains sacred character site pilgrimage ritual commemoration exodus agreement signed king said king said control kingdoms agreement came attention resulted changes governance ground exile traveled conclude treaty french april guaranteed french protection exchange rights islands french eventually repelled allowing king capital years passed entire permanently returned mainland death buried request cave taken refuge nobles mainly islamic cemetery near french agreed recognize sovereignty retained claimed right established succeeded son born collaborated french actively expedition successful expedition ended french colonization island monarchy son fight french world war succeeded iii madagascar regained independence france interfered little reign successor iii changed election albert noble village sought reduce powers king iii responded declaring war new president came end election successor returned policy non interference local governance traditions iii deposed following allegations corruption iii selected succeed identity madagascar live northernmost island claim arab ancestry people territory begins northern tip island extends west_coast including island bounded east river extends south village society subject national laws government united recognition authority king living line royalty going nearly centuries authority king reaffirmed years village ritual mast raising ceremony called accounts date ritual origins specific features ceremony practiced today rooted historical events 19th century ceremony includes pilgrimage commemorate flight refugees island 1830s escape advancing armies kingdom visit tombs ancestors died recently included raising french banners honor treaty signed french king selected council elder members royal family ruling line responsible reciting ancestral ceremonies ancestors requested important social role community single noble woman hold position similar authority importance king wife separate leadership role fulfill recognized remaining ethnic groups madagascar continues ancestral authority king continued practice traditional rituals family homes typically raised ground level young men seeking start family typically leave father house build wood gathered locally marrying young woman leave family home husband house manages household assists planting harvesting rice husband responsible earning money basic farming family land young couple typically receives furniture wedding gifts friends family community members divorce common society class affiliation like madagascar society traditionally divided classes nobles slaves slavery abolished french colonial administration families retain historic traditional communities descendants nobles live northern village non nobles live southern areas divided central clearing town hall situated village house reserved royalty traditionally located classes common claim family relation member noble class historically sub divided like groups called types people based form religious affiliation majority identify varying degrees muslim year village muslims northern western parts madagascar visit tombs muslim kings buried form islam practiced highly blends traditional ancestor worship local customs beliefs major holidays cultural elements borrowed arab muslim culture number practice standard orthodox form islam culture culture shares common points neighbors rituals similar honor ancestors members groups adhere making difficult times distinguish groups relations custom unique called trees growing house noble family tied symbolize unity community merger past present dead living like coastal groups practice spirit possession means ancestors royal ancestral spirits possess ancestry widely believed spirits dead inhabit kill animals believe kind nature spirit rice foundation meal eaten fish beans green staples commonly eaten foods expensive season historically generally cattle kept milk viewed form wealth number cattle gives away indicates number sacrificed ancestors measure loyalty sacrifice typical element major rituals celebrations ranging muslim holidays life events like marriage death birth traditional martial art madagascar large dance parties popular youth drawn western culture ancestral practices beliefs clothing historically woven fibers strands form woven panels panels create prayer clothing women men historically wore long numerous protect wilderness areas particularly including excessive cutting trees wood setting bush fires prohibited use nets holes millimeters prevent catching immature fish certain species protected hunting including sharks rays exist regulate relations sexes instance taboo girl wash brother clothing conservative communities adhere medical surgery modern association historic enemies use widely instead ceremonies traditional commonly healing strongly applied center territory village villages periphery region funeral rites celebratory events villagers living near sea uncommon remains loved placed coffin family carries running sea dance music royal ceremonies traditional dance called performed language speak dialect language branch language group derived languages spoken southern borneo economy historically fishermen recent years sea fishing carried man single log fishermen hunt turtles fish nets hunt rivers catch fish food sources salt production historically major economic activity historically engaged trading european exchanging guns today majority continue work traditional sectors especially highly lucrative shrimp fishing business growing wage laborers highly educated community members particularly noble class work positions government officials teachers variety trades national sugar company factories located territory employ migrants relatively standard living average high able pursue better opportunities significant urban area homeland diego current king resides nearest major urban area traditional seat royal power


hindu mainly indian state northern area state word derives sanskrit inland country resident literally translating residents country valleys krishna rivers plateau adjacent hills collectively termed original home community produced eighth century sanskrit scholar thirteenth century saint philosopher reign constitute percent population percent second largest community historically rituals achieved era followed passing seat empire hands era marked period social warfare sub classification hindu system mentioned ancient hindu scriptures like sub classifications system exist based geographical origin fall classification community india sub region sub regional significance fall classification north indian world oldest texts worship oldest literature india exists rig oldest handed generation verbally generation written include different versions exist white sanskrit black krishna sanskrit different branches called classified major sub based follow classified groups called follow branch word fusion words din mean middle day respectively called perform noon exception regional groups indistinguishable similar physical features similar study groups resident mumbai surrounding areas generations blood group markers found genetically closer communities traditionally located followers branch white arrived district years ago recently colloquially referred traditionally lived belonged treated separate distinct authors including wilson significant population state sub classification based type hindu philosophical system follow follow teachings follow teachings north based speaking identical example names like allowed classification southern india telugu respect provincial linguistic character claiming follow customs claim traditionally accept state records considered degraded sold cows instead traditionally generally sanskrit called earliest settlers divided descendants illegitimate adultery father woman legally wife similar origin difference illegitimate descendants accept new illegitimate traditional generally called demographics constitute percent population percent valleys krishna rivers hills collectively called original home traditional social studies recent genetic studies indistinguishable population report census sir hope classified western india including belonging type equally distributed state ranging villages urban areas speaking found large numbers outside cities influenced empire immigrants came state service rule military settlers included reason isolation distant home sub divisions separated mother country forgotten common migrants migrants groups migrated region till today maintain separate identities despite common tag today speaking population descendants speaking immigrants immigrated tamil 17th 18th centuries isolation homeland culturally alien example sound strange mixture tamil hardly likewise find difficult follow maintain distinct identity seen religious wedding customs customs traced practices conducted early settlers belong major groups arranged marriages groups common sub groups conduct arranged marriages conduct arranged marriages year old community member estimated families particular neighbourhood remained history word comes sanskrit words mean inland country resident respectively fused words literally mean residents country community longest known history making original oldest hindu sub indian state community old literature describes people strongly resembling puts presence making history older mother tongue originated original held greatest esteem considered superior history 12th century sparse history documented traditional occupation hindu temples socio religious ceremonies records religious literary leaders 13th century addition village priests village belonged priests famous temple priests temples traditional included village revenue officials administrators practitioners medicine study called called practitioners medical science called called engaged farming author recorded continue great branch sanskrit learning according survey india progressive community taken white collar jobs helped build empire built helped administration contributed fields sanskrit literature mathematics philosophy mathematics philosophy literature produced prominent literary figures 13th 19th centuries great sanskrit scholar lived region works high sanskrit poetry plays best known plays work early life hindu god love story lover happy ending twists turns poet community lived 13th century said poet composed known works connected orthodox known literary scholars 17th century grandson distinguished poet meter known translating translation available entire translation lost came near works said superseded sanskrit certain extent major literary contributors 17th 18th century 17th century mathematician forward looking mathematician studied hindu greek arabic astronomy important work studied agreed notions systems traditional present proposed new prime passed imaginary city provided table latitudes cities outside india community produced saints philosophers important revered saints universally acclaimed commentary lived 13th century saint published extensive poem called 16th century works include 17th century saw saint spiritual adviser military administration principal officers important contributors warriors like point empire seven came community included important posts ecclesiastical head chief justice natural leaders era foundation empire importantly time appointed fifth seat remained hands fall empire order obtain loyalty powerful established system patronage scholars conquering sent portuguese governor governor insulted envoy calling deployed brother conquest hard fought battle british supplying portuguese advice equipment played important roles battle victory promised promise kept instead harassed fed humiliation migrated mumbai work british society culture majority speak major languages mainly northern language group major called standard standard official language state language considered standard language pronunciation given prominence sub like inherently standard dialect tradition like communities southern india vegetarian typical cuisine consists simple mixture traditional cuisine use black mix literally black cooking traditionally family recipe mix tradition dying modern households buy pre packaged mixed directly festivals day day marriage special dish middle aged young women urban dress western outfits skirts trousers traditionally yard disappearing markets lack demand older women wear yard traditionally women unlike cover head end urban areas yard worn younger women special occasions marriages religious ceremonies prefer wedding day early mid 20th century men wear black cap cover head popular religious ceremonies males wore coloured silk called modern times worn older men rural areas urban areas like women range styles preferred example politician prefers white fine younger men prefer modern western clothes jeans past social disputes resolved joint meetings sub men area religious customs rig religious ceremonies prayers occasions ceremonies include birth wedding initiation ceremonies death rituals ceremonies different occasions hindu life include performed family formally establishes residence new house originating 19th century ceremony performed commencing new particular reason family important aspects ceremonies like hindu communities shrine called house idols symbols pictures deities ritual reading religious texts called popular traditional families food offered preferred deity consumed family members guests meals taken religious offering contemporary families offered days special religious significance like hindu trace paternal ancestors seven classify named ancestor marriage uncommon recently discouraged likened taboo considerably reduced case modern families bound practical considerations court case versus involving couple german philosopher max definition descending branching families thrown reputed judges bombay high_court court called idea families descending line common ancestors indicated names respective impossible accept court consulted relevant hindu texts stressed need hindu society law times notions good social behaviour general ideology hindu society changed court said mass material hindu texts vast contradictions impossible task reduce order family family patron deity deity common lineage clan families connected common ancestor example families common ranging practice local territorial deities began period dynasty family deities people hill district despite popular deity people families regard popular krishna exception ceremonies rituals birth child initiated family according rig naming ceremony child happen weeks months later called hindu communities india naming consulting child suggested names depending child lunar sign called families child inevitably uses secular functioning decided parents chosen basis kept secret ward casting spell child life naming ceremony child paternal aunt honour naming infant child months old gets hair cut important ritual called male child reaches eighth birthday undergoes initiation thread ceremony variously known reference grass official ritual specification day official member called translates twice born english sense birth biological parents second initiating priest traditionally boys sent learn scriptures boys expected practice extreme discipline period known boys expected lead life live consume selected vegetarian food observe considerable behaviour deeds practices followed modern times majority boys undergo sacred thread ceremony continue initiated years age skip initiated marriage twice born perform annual ceremonies replace sacred threads moon day month according hindu calendar threads called historically community marriages place negotiation symbol marriage woman studies indians traditional views religion family background remained unchanged came marriage people marry advertisements newspapers classified sub rivers record allowed cross cousin marriages like south indian arranging marriage kept mind matched describes marriage ceremony groom bride party goes bride house ritual named performed people groom bride throw coloured rice grains couple ceremony exchange bride groom groom ties neck bride followed end bride tied end groom feast arranged groom place marriage ceremony includes elements traditional hindu wedding ceremony consists wedding eve wedding includes ceremony followed ceremony involves bride walking sacred fire seven times complete marriage modern urban wedding ceremonies conclude evening reception woman husband family marriage adopts traditions husband family weddings thread ceremonies families arrange traditional religious singing performance group decades ago girls married groom parents choice early teens today girls married late teens rural educated urban women choose remain unmarried late early records time heads wear simple red widow stop wearing forehead past widow allowed acceptable lead life little joy non existent practices gradually fallen years modern lead better lives younger divorce takes place mutual consent legal approval sought dispose dead dead person son carries corpse ground atop eldest son lights fire corpse head males feet females ashes gathered pitcher immersed river day death day ritual offered dead soul 11th ceremony followed funeral feast 13th performed according rites usually day individual death like preference ashes immersed river river annual ritual family passed remembered rituals expected performed male descendants eldest son deceased festivals follow calendar follow festivals hindu people include krishna festival popular state popular festival india equally popular celebrate festival private domestic family affair depending family tradition clay image half half seven days placed river sea tradition private celebration runs parallel public celebration introduced popular food item festival incorporates festivals festival observed fast women whilst installation idols religious fast days prescribed according hindu calendar typical days day women people fast week honour particular god example monday saturday planet saturn observed day lunar month hindu calendar victory pole erected outside homes day leaves cuisine day like hindu communities celebrate respectively month eaten new mothers called religious food observe festival day widely known north indian festival men change sacred thread day important festival new celebrated tuesday involves worship gathering husbands women play traditional games contemporary activities till hours morning krishna birthday krishna day recipe special dish called moon night month celebrated honour milk preparation special food evening born family honored day families commonly known incorporates festival families known celebrated days day arrival observed ladies family bring statues door place instead statues use special stones symbols statues settled certain location near adorned clothes ornaments second day family members prepare meal consisting day day meal offered sought day goes husband home departure ladies family invite neighbourhood ladies exchange customary family days families consider daughter living husband family year visits parents days day festival starts day month tenth day days year people exchange leaves tree symbol gold women girls hold referred region singing party honour goddess like hindu people varying degree hindu indians celebrated days celebrate waking early morning having people light houses lamps candles burst fire course festival special like prepared festival colorful drawings house children replica mud fort memory great king observe festival month day festival sixth lunar day bright fortnight households perform festival sixth day festival called period ends customary families consume consumption food items resumes ritual preparation small round flat prepared white falls january sun enters exchange seeds customary god means accept friendly special type stuffed dish day celebrated month honour fruit fruit elephant apple monkey fruit wood apple cuisine day falls moon day month celebrate festival lighting offering fire unlike north indians celebrate colour throwing days social political issues lived surplus land ritual restrictions seen situation started change newly independent india constitution land reform state governments started legislation accordance constitution implementing reform legislation led abolition like implementation land reform mixed results different states official inquiry revealed abolished state social political issues include anti treatment inter issues primary targets anti riots following assassination burnt homes properties owned violent riots exposed social tensions recent history january oriental research institute members brigade organisation promoting cause organisation protesting remark american author james book hindu king islamic kingdom targeted scholar acknowledged book incident highlighted traditionally uncomfortable relationship recently organisation demanded removal statue child land threatened demands met demolish statue recent times like high india followed practice segregation considered lower social hierarchy decades ago large number hindu temples presumably priest barred entry called example case 14th century saint time denied entry temple built gate temple early 20th century leader attempting visit temple stopped burial site denied entry point fellow entire family stripped father return family life family harassed extent parents committed suicide saints movement like government taken away hereditary rights temple families handed governmental committee families fighting complex legal battles win rights organisation founded advocates head priests hindu temples supported helped leaders like respectively expressed gratitude times speeches relations prominence indian society directly related virtues values knowledge practice scriptures list virtues perfect according italian jesuit order importance compassion self restraint work prior rise considered inferior society held socio economic ritual superiority mentioned earlier rule modern families surname fact tracing descent appointment migrants began arriving offered important offices rewarded tax relief grants land historians point corruption time contains legend origin carefully suppressed destroyed early described reluctantly produced manuscript asked ruined respectable found possession copy social war period late 18th century established complete political economic dominance region richard states rise classic example social rank rising political fortune despite traditional religious social failed feature prominently recent decades mark person late party politician called brilliant impact nationwide include chief minister founder social activist politician social activist present chief minister looked newcomers 18th 19th centuries refused considering invited household considered privileged individual refused permission perform religious rites claimed possessed greater intellectual ability better political british colonial period 19th early 20th century dominated government administration practice medicine music legal engineering fields dominated fields like politics social reform journalism education situation improved larger scale mixing communities social financial educational fields community organisations sub community organizations major cities mumbai etc organizations affiliated central organization community called located mumbai activities includes offering scholarships students financial aid members exchange information services community organizations affiliated respective local umbrella organizations similar community organizations dedicated welfare sub families large number derived adding village family originally hailed example came town bid comes city town poet colloquially knows came town names common denote example means revenue collector means simply describe physical mental characteristics means green literally translates ocean intellect means religious