action march action march naval engagement french revolutionary wars fought royal_navy squadron french_navy ship line malta mediterranean_sea march capital siege eighteen months food supplies severely depleted problem exacerbated interception defeat french convoy mid february effort simultaneously obtain help france reduce number personnel maintained city naval commander island admiral charles ordered subordinate admiral sea large ship line tell arrived port shortly siege began september men carried aboard ship sail toulon cover darkness march british maintained blockade malta beginning siege ostensibly led rear admiral lord nelson march direct order superior officer lord keith remaining lover emma lady hamilton absence blockade command captain hms lion nelson flag captain sir edward notified departure patrolling frigate hms gave chase large ship line initially attacked tell stern causing severe damage delaying french ship sufficiently bring squadron action despite heavily outnumbered continued fight hours fighting british ships ultimately unable resist combined weight attacks casualties damage severe sides defiance french ship celebrated countries brave defence overwhelming odds background french fleet general napoleon crossed mediterranean_sea sailing egypt malta june landed soldiers seized island leaving french garrison general rest fleet continued alexandria successful landing egypt marched inland head army fleet anchored bay support troops ashore surprised completely destroyed august british fleet rear admiral sir nelson ships line frigates escaped battle french ships participated action survivors ship line sailed tell admiral charles reached malta frigates arrived malta september island turmoil dissolution roman_catholic_church island french rule highly unpopular population forced french garrison retreat fortress september start october british portuguese troops supplemented naval squadron watched harbour prevent french effort resupply reinforce garrison small quantities material reached france early start ship arrived seven months garrison near starvation effort resupply garrison french sent convoy toulon february ships intercepted malta squadron nelson february ensuing battle flagship captured admiral jean killed supplies garrison faced continued food shortages march decided send urgent request support france operation chose gun tell captain partly condition size ship enabled embark men aboard sick wounded admiral command ship confirmed date departure march french prepared expedition british maintained blockade commander nelson defiance specific orders commanding officer lord keith retired sicily emma lady hamilton wife british ambassador sir william hamilton nelson conducting affair absence command passed captain sir thomas hms captain hms lion battle march strong wind south tell sailed hoping use cover darkness escape british blockade deployed ships island watched frigate hms captain henry spotted tell captain gave chase ordering brig hms commander george miller convey message ships visible distance attempted signal discovery commanding officer gave chase rapidly gained ship line frigate range pulling stern tell beginning steady fire respond stern light cannon situated stern ship recognised stopped engage rest squadron visible horizon south soon continued sailing northeast hoping heavy ship line light frigate fast handled ship considerable skill managing pass stern repeatedly pour french ship attack successful dawn march tell lost main main yard considerably reducing speed travel french ship suffered heavy casualties exchange lost man killed wounded undamaged british reinforcements arriving south gun hms lion captain received warning immediately sailed pursuit sending brig captain sir edward hms lay distance close engage passing tell firing triple broadside port french ship shooting ahead sluggish tell lion crossed opponent bows shot away boom allowing maintain position bow french ship end manoeuvres ship briefly tell rigging determined efforts board british ship driven ships half hour lion continued fire larger tell unable ship completely range french subsequent damage showed effect lion dropping falling french vessel remaining range alongside tell came attack time caught battling ships pulled starboard broadside french ship line hailed demand surrender accompanied demand triple broadside responded fire guns flying set sails suffered severe damage rigging opening exchange additional speed provided rig forcing ahead french vessel working alongside tell fire rapidly tore away remaining french rigging allowing lion return battle dropped urgent repairs badly outnumbered french ship lost main masts returning battle time collapse foremast means making sail wreckage gun decks surrendered spare fruitless loss life ship danger lack masts strong winds caused roll severely lower deck gun ports closed prevent ship casualties french ship numbered crew badly wounded british losses lighter killed wounded including killed wounded lion killed wounded fatally damage spread suffering severely hull masts damaged badly collapsed approximately wounding men lion badly hit severely lightly damaged masts rigging battle begun sight malta concluded roughly nautical miles south west cape sicily aftermath lion battered provide effective tow french ship result left bring shattered tell syracuse sicily eventually ship repaired sufficiently journey britain added royal_navy hms malta malta hms captured years earlier powerful rate british fleet served years participating battle cape british officers praised capture tell surviving french ship line escape battle nelson absence missed glory mediterranean career wrote conduct character late glorious occasion stamps fame reach despite nelson praise particular came subsequent criticism especially historian william james wrote history conflict single handed met tell combat powerful ships met slight force chiefly number men british captain complain chances equal tell manned commanded came james instead attributed praise victory ships heavily tell successfully pressed attacks intention delaying french retreat highly praised conduct engagement stating heroic defence tell found records naval actions consul napoleon reached similar conclusion exchanged soon battle presented later converted membership given position maritime port aboard tell british found evidence severity food shortages thing found tell leg hung safety use admiral stern news capture tell immediately passed british demand surrender island french general despite food supplies refused stating place est état men place good situation conscious service country honour listen proposals despite defiance garrison rapidly french commander resisted september eventually forced surrender military equipment british


battle battle occurred second world war involved australian japanese forces wider campaign pacific theatre battle took place northern sector june august main forces took fighting australian 23rd brigade japanese naval garrison force fighting occurred following failed landing australian forces plantation early june attempt series strong points japanese built base peninsula fighting northern sector essentially action australians concentrated efforts resources driving south main centre japanese resistance island time result situation remained largely static end hostilities mid august background strategic situation japanese forces landed early capturing small force australians island subsequently developed island conduct operations northern solomon islands attack allied lines communication united_states australia southwest pacific area bases helped protect major japanese garrison naval base new_guinea allied planners determined vital japanese base marines conducted amphibious landing cape western coast island north empress bay november initial counter attack marines replaced garrison army troops began consolidating position establishing strong perimeter march japanese launched heavy counter attack turned heavy casualties situation largely static japanese focused primarily forces chose adopt mainly defensive posture focused maintaining perimeter late australian_army assumed responsibility allied operations replacing troops subsequently philippines time australians believed japanese island reality actually australians deployed lieutenant general stanley corps consisting 3rd division 11th brigade november troops australia reserve military consisting volunteers ranks included second australian imperial force soldiers officers veterans earlier campaigns middle_east new_guinea largely inexperienced having served primarily garrison role australia new_guinea prior commitment december period reconnaissance information gathering decided australians pursue aggressive campaign clear japanese campaign subsequently developed separate drives australians main allied base north centre southern parts island actions fought seizure pearl ridge late december secure control east west avenues approach island prevent possible japanese counter attacks followed actions north planned japanese forces forced narrow peninsula contained main drive took place south main japanese forces concentrated initial drive followed advance coast drive south subsequently resulted actions river preliminary moves northern sector island february major general commander japanese 38th independent mixed brigade ordered withdrawal following fighting ridge subsequently left force sailors drawn naval garrison force civilians hold peninsula civilians armed half trained undertake combat role supplies june japanese sailors command captain senior naval officer began raid australian supply lines bay attempted hold position plantation australian troops 11th brigade continued advance north ridge april clearing peninsula captured middle month 26th infantry battalion 26th carried amphibious landing island time 55th 53rd infantry battalion advanced north east swamps rugged foothills plantation occupied early australians ranged north bay establishing line peninsula distance kilometres end japanese fell series fortified positions base peninsula 26th infantry battalion subsequently replaced 55th 53rd australian advance came halt effort break resistance allow northwards advance continue australians attempted japanese defensive line launching amphibious landing plantation june plan called reinforced company 31st 51st infantry battalion land japanese positions attack west main force consisting remainder 31st 51st infantry battalion 26th infantry battalion attempted break south poor planning inadequate resources strong japanese defence landing failed considerable cost australians efforts turned withdrawal rescuing stranded men attempt main force break failed tired troops came strong japanese defensive positions battle following failed landing australians plantation commander australian corps decided focus main effort australian campaign driving south japanese garrison bulk japanese forces holding order concentrate forces phase operation decided 11th brigade carrying advance north relieved transferred south following period rest reorganisation need maintain pressure japanese north 23rd brigade previously operating central sector transferred garrison duty outer islands given responsibility northern sector relieving 11th brigade june brigade commander brigadier arnold charged keeping japanese force peninsula send patrols passage initially allowed battalions 27th lieutenant colonel alex pope task lieutenant colonel harry 7th infantry battalion lieutenant colonel 8th infantry battalion remain central sector intelligence reports indicated japanese forces northern sector stronger australians initially thought requested permission transfer 8th infantry battalion battery artillery 4th field regiment based peninsula requirements advance south engineer armoured support initially available request approved june battalions supporting artillery approximately troops assembled 8th left western peninsula 27th right artillery based peninsula battalions sent fighting patrols forward dense terrain australian line communication long infantry spread wide area battalion occupying yard twice normal standard security rear areas difficult japanese took opportunity disrupt australian efforts conducting cutting communications planting mines tracks increased casualties mounted forward movement came halt july 27th infantry battalion reported having lost men killed wounded having gained ground light failure australian brigade commander requested resources undertake scale offensive aimed clearing japanese peninsula request passed corps level denied afford release assets drive south pressure casualties minimum following criticism australian media parliament necessity campaign formulated plan withdraw 27th infantry battalion right flank bay concentrate forces left flank yard plantation north agreed july following day 8th infantry battalion launched attack feature known australians ridge ran roughly northwest southwest centre peninsula bay plantation believed japanese attempting set forward position attack went preliminary attack air company attacking tanks 4th armoured regiment support largely ineffective tanks struggled cross ground direct fire support provided tanks proved decisive australians took position minutes killing japanese july 8th infantry battalion launched attack assaulting japanese position known base prior assault artillery shells mortar bombs brought japanese positions prepare position attack proved ineffective entrenched positions australians reached objective small ridge main japanese position shortly began receiving effective fire concealed positions killed men wounded forward section pinning place attempts answered heavy fire japanese medium machine gun man killed wounded attack began wounded year old private frank injured arm thigh heavy fire gathered light machine gun gunner killed pouring suppressing fire bunker discarded rifle rushing bunker grenade killing occupants actions attack allowed australians temporarily second japanese position wounded recovered australians withdrew having lost men killed wounded japanese confirmed killed actions attack july awarded victoria_cross british commonwealth highest military decoration australian awarded medal second world war youngest australians continued mount patrols july platoon infantry battalion clashed similar sized force japanese junction road track days later assumed flank security role eastern peninsula patrol clashed party japanese attempting set ambush near bay ensuing fight japanese killed killed area august patrol 27th infantry battalion sent bay road company tanks act direct fire support japanese active area mined road bomb rigged detonated remotely australian patrol accidentally triggered device resulting explosion killed men tanks wounded following august australians position base encountering slight resistance subsequently named ridge exploiting position discovered japanese built area majority destroyed artillery area thoroughly searched japanese australian patrol withdrawn ridge aftermath fighting base final action fighting northern sector island essentially ended stalemate australians pressure limit casualties largely inexperienced troops pursued cautious campaign slow regain initiative area following defeat plantation contrast japanese commander aggressive august anticipation capitulation japan following dropping atomic bombs japanese cities order cease offensive combat operations passed australian units commanders days later august japanese emperor publicly announced japan surrender effectively bringing end war august southern sector island japanese commander general dispatched envoy flood swollen river begin negotiations australians surrender japanese soldiers left island bringing end campaign course fighting november august australians killed wounded approximately japanese killed action died disease period


action february action february minor naval battle fought spanish north_africa february frigates french royal navies french revolutionary wars engagement formed series actions fought prevent french garrison egypt trapped significant reinforcement defeat french mediterranean_fleet battle half years earlier leader egyptian expedition general napoleon returned france promised aid troops left prompting expeditions region carrying reinforcements frigate sent early soldiers egyptian garrison february reached mediterranean_sea commodore seeking pass north african coast avoid patrolling royal_navy warships afternoon february french warship discovered british hms rapidly chased brought action engagement lasting hours french ship reduced wreck tore hull rigging soldiers packed decks time surrendered men dead wounded captured ship brought base port subsequently served royal_navy background large french expeditionary force general napoleon invaded egypt nominal control ottoman_empire extension ongoing french revolutionary wars fleet french army anchored bay near alexandria discovered british fleet vice admiral sir nelson august ensuing battle french mediterranean_fleet totally destroyed preventing french forces egypt maintaining regular reinforcement communication france ending possibility wholesale evacuation french army following unsuccessful campaign syria returned france army eventually seizing control french government events troops egypt increasingly desperate situation supplies low reinforcement france non existent disease addition subject constant attack ottoman irregular egyptian forces culminating assassination general jean conscious promises send reinforcements army egypt planned series expeditions region restore morale numbers expeditionary force drawn troops naval units available french atlantic coast largest force consisted soldiers ships rear admiral sailed brest january squadron preceded frigates frigates carried addition regular complement approximately soldiers large quantities muskets cannon ammunition reinforce egyptian garrison ships uneventful passage southwards separating entering mediterranean taking different routes egypt command commodore previously fought action march captain ship line tell elected travel north african coast avoid british patrols open waters february passing spanish north african town nautical miles east gibraltar large modern gun frigate men aboard huge quantity supplies vessel slow vulnerable attack opponent sailing afternoon february gun british frigate hms command captain robert carrying men aboard required complement operating british base port routine patrol gibraltar passed south leg journey sighted battle immediately turned investigate strange sail steering southwards directly vessel seemingly unwilling attempt face enemy continued hold original course inevitable intercept shortened sail slowing frigate meet threat unsure identity stranger fired shot warning captain identify ship responded turning port firing broadside directly poorly aimed scattered sea effect pulled parallel position devastating broadside close range frigates began exchange fire close range effect french frigate disastrous hours northwards pouring fire french ship significant reply cut cannon fire french soldiers continued climb hold join combat deck useless range ships press bodies french sailors working guns effectively killed division badly wounded subordinates including naval casualties rigging torn away guns smashed mounts decks literally dead bodies usually ship ships medical facilities located came heavy fire killed standing operating table eventually senior surviving officer captain jean suffered severe head wound authorised colours struck approximately nautical miles east gibraltar surrendering ship contrast lightly damaged principle injury masts ships strong wind deep calm evening man samuel killed wounded including lieutenant aftermath took possession battered french vessel set men making hasty repairs weather task dealing dead wounded french ship reported immediate aftermath men killed seriously wounded dying figures considered understated repairs complete turned ships nearby gibraltar face westerly breeze progress slow days abandoned attempt turned concerned state wounded men large number prisoners war aboard vessels wind dropped ships southern coast reach port march action highly praised station commander captain stated letter admiralty dated march skill effective gunnery displayed combat present instance subsequently success moved frigate hms highly desirable warship noted speed moving ship line hms triumph later year wounded lieutenant john holland promoted commander officers enlisted men highly praised official dispatch purchased royal_navy briefly renamed ship long career british service napoleonic wars participating numerous actions including controversial action september mauritius campaign nearly decades later battle actions recognised attached naval general service medal awarded application british participants living passage egypt arriving march day british expeditionary force initiated close blockade coast proved major french warship reach garrison squadron repeatedly driven efforts supplies reinforcements french army egypt effectively resist major british invasion country march brief campaign forced alexandria august historical analysis battle praised conduct tactics refusing allow french ship come alongside board vessel turning french superiority numbers disadvantage commended william james historian tom noted standing british practice firing enemy hulls rigging practiced french gave advantage crowded decks praised efforts avoid combat ship subsequent crew passengers fought fiercely hours mounting odds face truly casualties subject criticism france emerged removed guns effort force men fire british rigging hull ordered future ships intended enemy harm possible


operation operation february known battle fought vietnam war province australian forces 6th battalion royal australian regiment companies battalion likely reinforced north vietnamese regulars night february attacked south vietnamese regional force compound withdrawing following morning heavy fighting south vietnamese forces hours later company subsequently reported formed tight perimeter kilometres north near abandoned hamlet response australians mounted quick reaction force operation considering attempt withdraw previous encounters forces 1st australian task force subsequently inserted blocking positions likely withdrawal route attempt intercept destroy afternoon february deployed area north west american helicopters armoured personnel carriers attempt cut anticipated withdrawal establishing blocking assault forces following assault landing zone company subsequently surprised strong sited dug force withdrawing likely remained location attempt ambush reaction force sent area australians soon contacted heavy small arms fire lead platoon falling wounded initial company subsequently broke contact withdrew heavy fire appeared base area initially believing opposed company subsequently launched quick attack companies unknown australians reinforced faced battalion sized force prepared positions company providing fire support company assaulted position artillery air strikes armour support outset lead elements came constant sniper fire trees machine guns previously detected australians assault soon steadily increasing casualties resisted strongly multiple frontal assaults including bayonet charges separate surrounded receiving fire sides lead australian elements company advance determined dug force attempts regain momentum unable defenders initially australians secure landing zone jungle edge infantry trouble subsequently dispatched relief force fighting way forward finally arrived began loading badly wounded darkness approached subsequently launched successive counter attacks repulsed australians fighting subsequently disabled rifle close range killing driver finally company able break contact withdrew hour battle moving night harbour near landing zone remainder battalion mortars artillery fire covered australian withdrawal proceeded pound battlefield evening tense night australians returned morning find left area night successfully avoiding large blocking force dragging dead wounded hard fought affair close range lost heavily fighting disciplined force matched australians sides stood ground inflicting numerous casualties fell ultimately prevailed default vicious fighting probably closest australian_army came defeat major battle war background military situation australian victory battle long tan august proved major local set indefinitely imminent movement australian base challenging previous domination province months followed infantry battalions 1st australian task force 5th battalion royal australian regiment 6th battalion royal australian regiment conducted number search destroy village search route security operations attempt extend control separate local people influence operations usually resulted contacts australians small groups search operations long number villagers suspected communists handed south vietnamese authorities search operations conducted australians areas suspected containing base camps resulted discovery recently quickly evacuated camps hospitals bases destroyed battalions continued extensive patrolling program task force base december australian officers including lieutenant colonel john commanding officer begun operational aims argued away conventional operations instead focus population control disrupting communist supply lines freedom movement assessing infantry battalions strength destroy forces favoured search operations eliminate block supply rice villages january brigadier david jackson replaced commander brigadier stuart graham subsequently approved proposed concept operations days later conducted successful search village operation screening villagers confirmed members captured draft dodgers detained mid afternoon operation concluded shot fired australians considered operation complete success results largely seen evolving tactics techniques procedures following months continued develop search procedures attempted extend influence operations proving significant weakening infrastructure removing number villages control manner australians continued operate independently province war series big unit search destroy operations war attrition americans pursued counter campaign regardless differences opinion australian american methods produced friction increasingly australian approach commander military assistance command vietnam general william complained commander australian forces vietnam major general tim vincent demanding aggressive approach australians convinced deliberate patrolling techniques effective separating population villages working slowly extending government control went largely february focused area south east province initiating program conventional operations concentrating search civic action villages tasked search destroy missions targeting battalion week conducted route river pre attacks area holiday results operation modest australians suffered number casualties fire mission battery royal new_zealand artillery killed wounded including warrant officer class jack earlier received distinguished conduct medal actions long tan dead continued search operations february battalion completed search west south vietnamese forces suspects communist south vietnamese army draft australians suffered heavy casualties officer commanding company second command new_zealand artillery forward observer killed regardless operations met success day period battalion captured graham continued strategy struck sudden initiative force australians type conventional engagement advocating prelude opposing forces based iii corps tactical zone field force vietnam included infantry battalions plus armour aviation engineers artillery support total australian troop strength vietnam reaching men arrangements provided 1st australian support group based port people army vietnam units operating province included main forces 5th division consisted regiments infantry battalions command senior colonel supporting force number artillery engineer medical units group artillery equipped rifles medium mortars heavy machine guns local forces included battalion provincial unit normally operating south province long guerrilla forces included companies district long platoon total men australian intelligence assessed division capable conducting regimental sized raid time second regiment supporting tasks regiment believed capable inflicting heavy casualties units battalion regiment assessed having capability attack isolated outposts conduct limited unlikely attempt major attack support regiment overall lacked ability conduct protracted division sized operation regiment likely reinforce period hours possibility divisional attack considered remote threat raids regimental strength forced graham maintain defensive posture lacking infantry battalion operational strength limited battalion thought capable fire quick raids likely able inflict heavy casualties forces company size night february force likely battalion attacked south vietnamese regional force post occupied company located kilometres south east near vicinity coastal village south china sea alerted movement early hours following morning senior american advisor lieutenant colonel jack major gordon murphy officer commanding squadron 3rd cavalry regiment informed post attack force company reaction force likely requested murphy armoured personnel carriers required shortly advised estimated companies occupied subsequently entered nearby hamlet attempting collect boats order withdraw area sea murphy warned troop ready task force standby rifle company area order relieve south vietnamese outpost troop immediately reacted collect company recently arrived vietnam murphy taken command previous evening regardless believed send reaction force route predictable near darkness crews unable effectively respond ambush graham subsequently agreed murphy objections australians began planning deliberate response requested australian compound order transport company events squadron required operation troop recalled original order load task force standby rifle company rescinded reports fighting continued headquarters struggled respond amid delays confusion difficulties obtaining american assault helicopters intelligence reports possible attack task force base 5th division hampered planning operation operation planned begin long hills following day postponed arrangements guns field battery helicopters temporary fire support base near order provide fire support reaction force range guns heavy fighting ensured south vietnamese near company battalion 43rd infantry battalion entered battle company surrounded battalion strength supported american artillery south vietnamese successfully fought way reported withdrawn north east clear strip known australians light green suffering heavy casualties hours fighting hours later company reported formed tight perimeter jungle kilometres north near abandoned hamlet believed battalion spite repeated force remained location appeared attempting cover withdrawal main force east heavy machine gun fire australians assessed having extended night attack daylight attempt leave battlefield small parties pulling jungle bases graham hoped inflict heavy defeat boost morale south vietnamese territorial forces demonstrating attacked considering attempt withdraw previous encounters forces subsequently inserted blocking positions likely withdrawal route attempt intercept destroy swift reaction required order prevent anticipated withdrawal graham subsequently decided battalion operation support aimed cutting likely withdrawal route east incomplete information need conform dictated limited availability american helicopters resulted delays battle encounter battle landing zone february lieutenant colonel commanding officer called task force command post briefing subsequently issued verbal orders deploy battalion subsequently launched quick reaction force code named operation plan envisioned company command major brian inserted squadron 3rd cavalry regiment secure helicopter landing zone known amber kilometres east north hamlet companies flown amber american helicopters battalion link establish blocking position prevent withdrawing east patrolling westward contact direct support field battery subsequently secured company supporting operation bell light observation helicopters reconnaissance flight elements 1st battalion artillery regiment new_zealand forward observation party attached battery accompany company need secure task force base required return dark restriction later impact heavily operation seven hours original request australian finally departed murphy command company mortar platoon ambush murphy avoided following obvious route travelling cross country instead moving long fields parallel route initial lack artillery cover slowed movement vehicle column continual need reduce speed traversing numerous route appreciated hampered progress murphy correctly calculated rice fields dry hard time year found main obstacle rapid movement metre high metres edge rice field lead company air assault company commanded major max departed aboard helicopters army aviation company company arrived position secure landing zone unknown australians time earlier attack deliberate attempt provoke reaction withdrawal occasion anticipating relief force road subsequently established extensive ambush buildings alongside route led village presence trap detected australians murphy ensured avoided moving infantry cross country route instead company delayed result company assault landing zone supported indirect fire artillery suppression initially limited delay setting fire support base command major owen brien company began advance fringe thick secure southern edge landing zone arrival company remainder battalion finally minutes lead company flown began receive sniper fire neared landing zone company moved south shaking open formation frontage metres platoon right platoon left platoon depth dense vegetation platoon second lieutenant graham advanced metres sniper spotted tree subsequently shot platoon sergeant simultaneously platoon engaged small arms fire company headquarters engaged platoon assaulted straight main position grenades machine guns breaking moved forward killing number weapon pits suffering casualties minute lead platoon falling wounded initial pinned trouble realised facing sizable dug force attempted sections round defensive perimeter order defend counter attack attack instead remained pits attempt relieve platoon brien requesting company support right flank soon arrived landing zone arriving shortly initial contact lead platoon company platoon second lieutenant john forced jump helicopters unable land taking fire landing zone platoon quickly formed moved vegetation western edge landing zone remainder company following landed brien estimated company facing company dug metres frontage armed machine guns unable use artillery helicopters flying remainder battalion mortars arrived brien support advance possible unlike previous encounters attempted avoid battle force confronting company appeared intention withdrawing instead mounting unexpectedly determined defence australians suspected willingness fight daylight indicated force covering withdrawal command elements heavy fire appeared base area brien difficulty subsequently broke contact withdrawing metres wounded southern edge landing zone minutes contact company returned original position fringe having suffered seven men wounded ammunition brien subsequently radio reporting position camp company size proposing company remain location company adopted position right flank situation clarified agreed subsequently arrived helicopter company casualties evacuated australian squadron raaf carrying company mortar platoon began arrive company inserted helicopter minutes later took blocking positions tree line north east landing zone company major began receiving sniper fire position south west company response moved company calling artillery fire positions initially believing faced company sized force rifle companies finally assembled issued orders quick attack companies company quick attack fails february plan envisioned company advancing south approximately metres engaging attempt split fire provide fire support company right flank launch assault company occupy blocking position west company kept reserve company assault south east direction axis company require fire cut scheme manoeuvre based assumption position camp previously reported defensive position visibility thick vegetation limited metres men company actually seen position earlier fighting likely reinforced north vietnamese regulars regiment unknown australians faced battalion sized force prepared positions assault began company beginning advance forward company began forming single file right flank forward assault formation remained reserve rear forward covered frontage metres platoon command second lieutenant john sullivan left platoon right company headquarters located centrally platoon commanded sergeant rear platoon adopted similar formation sections forward outset lead elements company came constant sniper fire trees machine guns previously detected australians company shaking engaged sporadically group metres australian soldier hit attack began later dying landing zone evacuated company subsequently crossed line departure minutes later company began engaging positions small arms machine guns self loading rifles assault rifles support company moved forward left flank engaged machine gun small party sniper fire intensified australians continued advance fire movement receiving fire directions minutes stepping company crossed company forcing cease covering fire support australians assaulting dug largely unseen force disposed wide arc penetrating position australian flanks increasingly exposed fire dense obscured pits reduced visibility metres lead australian soon fire swept company engaging heavy machine guns mines light mortars continued engage australians rear unsuccessfully attempted regain initiative small arms fire grenades assault soon steadily increasing casualties forward australian subsequently lost contact left section platoon engaged heavy machine gun began fall section right engaged machine gun frontage platoon subsequently broke section commander assaulted position grenade unable right platoon pressed advance subsequently pulled ahead rest company platoon metres receiving machine gun fire right flank finally ordered platoon halt attempted manoeuvre company regain control situation platoon ordered advance platoon assault machine gun left flank linking platoon continuing assault subsequently directed men fix charge positions attack soon cut pieces machine guns engaged centre left subsequently halted rear section requested mortar fire support need request air clearance resulted delay company assault strong resistance contact unable company headquarters advanced lead pinned fighting continued company remained blocking position north east landing zone company blocking position west squadron moved harbour tree line covered flanks rifle companies included assault belief terrain unsuitable armour location occasionally hit rounds remained battle assumption later found incorrect likely able dense firepower provided calibre machine guns able assist company pinned regardless armament likely proven inadequate attacking strong defences light aluminium armour known vulnerable heavy machine guns company heavily engaged subsequently asked murphy right attempt creek ground area vehicles proved impractical close quarters battle ensued continuing night fell australians assaulting positions frontal tactics resulted heavy casualties sides final assault withdrawal overnight february orders press assault fast possible decided switch company assault right flank ordering radio advance metres order machine gun allow platoon resume advance left flank machine gun soon found located metres forward expected platoon need assault metres open heavy fire order silence relayed orders assault machine guns continued engage intermittently australians continued return fire small arms grenades fixing order australians rose immediately hit heavy fire forward line result left forward section lance corporal advanced directly machine gun located firing moved charged position throwing grenades shot killed metres position suffering men wounded australian left flank pinned right forward section corporal robin jones attacked close range inflicting heavy casualties defenders grenades small arms fire previously machine guns subsequently engaged platoon succeeded breaking australian attack right flank intense fire killed men wounded section jones left leadership later awarded military medal australian assault stalled having covered metres nearly half men forward sections casualties platoon bearer private richard repeatedly life dragging men safety providing aid recovering weapons dead providing information disposition platoon actions later awarded military medal attempting reinforce threatened right flank ordered machine gun reserve section forward support jones wounded recovered machine gunner killed attempting forward surrounded machine guns receiving fire sides lead australian elements company advance determined dug force attempts regain momentum unable defenders australian positions close forward withdraw artillery began fire support australians initially fell far rear effective adjusted company forward observer captain jim ryan heavy fire platoon danger isolated brien suggested company forward assist company rejected feared companies confusion called come forward provide assistance platoon sergeant sergeant guided section platoon forward reinforce platoon begin evacuating casualties bolstered reinforcements accurate artillery covering fire felt position extract platoon moment rounds fell short shells exploded tree landed right platoon headquarters killing men wounding including seven reinforcements platoon following urgent radio artillery ceased fire shortly rpg round hit area wounding subsequently reported facing force battalion strength support weapons likely battalion level proficiency indicated include north vietnamese army elements earlier warnings preparing attack evening prior start operation graham ordered return base afternoon restriction remained extant likewise operation scheduled start following morning company protecting artillery need released nightfall adding requirement conclude operation afternoon regardless restriction served company task difficult facing demands complete action time decisively engaged unable withdraw company ordered prepare battalion helicopter extraction begin hour later ordered break contact immediately proved impossible platoon remained heavy contact estimated unable forward support platoon minutes realised moved company continued heavily engage companies remainder australian battalion beginning line landing zone preparation returning order finally rescinded clear companies unable break engagement number bush fires burning area discarded ammunition adding noise battle initially australians secure landing zone jungle edge infantry trouble subsequently dispatched relief force troop sergeant frank graham entered shortly lacking clear directions company position metres away dense vegetation locating company instead instructed head white smoke bush fire error set obvious smoke south east company rifle subsequently engaged lead vehicle twice close range rounds missed exploding trees nearby unsure company location graham unwilling engage position heavy machine guns fear hitting men cavalry subsequently withdrew later discovered cavalry likely engaged elements defending headquarters threat posed anti tank weapons remainder troop arrived command second lieutenant david provide added protection total vehicles attempt reach company cavalry failed company guide thick vegetation threw coloured smoke helicopters arrived overhead guide vehicles position company casualties amounted seven men killed wounded fighting way forward finally arrived began loading badly wounded darkness approached subsequently launched successive counter attacks assaulting company east south east attacks repulsed australians responded small arms fire called fighting subsequently disabled rifle close range killing driver wounding crew commander second round struck open cargo hatch wounding men wounding number australian casualties round landed nearby returned fire calibre machine guns covering fire australians attempted recover damaged vehicle stuck hard tree threatening attack north east australian cavalry swept area heavy volume fire met equally heavy return fire light fading rapidly bulk platoon casualties evacuated australian dead lying close proximity positions attempt recover likelihood casualties damaged subsequently destroyed white grenades prevent weapons equipment captured finally company able break contact withdrew hour battle sides fell dispersed evacuating dead wounded covering fire troop company boarded remaining carriers moving night harbour near landing zone remainder battalion casualties extracted helicopter mortars artillery fire covered australian withdrawal proceeded pound abandoned battlefield evening night body dead driver evacuated helicopter american overhead dropping battlefield likely positions dropped continued preparation assault australians planned following day fighting night sides remained ultimately attack australian base night unusual activity reported area return battlefield february tense night australians returned battlefield following morning february assaulted area broad companies forward company reserve company squadron occupied blocking position south anxious repeat failure follow retreating long tan vincent urged graham pursue battalion large american force armoured vehicles 2nd battalion 47th infantry regiment supported battery self propelled guns helicopters 9th division attempted cut likely escape routes having deployed support earlier morning kilometres north west americans subsequently cleared area line route kilometres north east battle zone impressive display combat power americans arrived late affect outcome battle contacts occurred withdrawn following day australians conducted sweep battlefield find left area night successfully avoiding large blocking force dragging dead wounded sweep missing australians lance corporal unexpectedly found alive having spent night close proximity wounded legs falling metres machine gun assaulting unable answer calls members platoon fear discovered presumed killed lying hours managed crawl metres rear dark artillery fire began fall area digging shell protection american strikes subsequently wounded light continued crawl australian lines confronted group soldiers metres away attempted fire weapon jammed walked past unaware presence continuing search australians located recovered bodies dead platoon burnt recognition stripped equipment burnt recovered written blood loosely translated english australians destruction subsequently completed cavalry burnt hull recovered squadron undertook thorough search area bodies soldiers found australians dead commander company battalion second command identified personnel command elements battalion heavy weapons company dead soldiers possibly regiment able confirmed bodies thought carried away assault rifle small quantity ammunition equipment located position found hastily prepared overnight consisted sited shallow weapon pits approximately half overhead protection assessed good night defensive position position designed deliberate defensive battle laid shape half moon fortunes war company directly assaulted centre position flat terrain offered good fields fire dense vegetation provided excellent australians believed withdrawn east company subsequently patrolled light green small village kilometres east supported south jungle tracks swamps song river signs heavy foot traffic obvious long left area evidence blood trails discarded equipment found indicating orderly retirement battlefield company returned remainder extracted helicopter squadron finally returned evening operation concluded aftermath casualties aftermath operation declared won decisive victory claiming inflicted heavy losses australians australian higher command claimed major triumph view later reflected graham believed got total bodies recovered battlefield obviously removed later australian intelligence reports assessed losses killed fresh graves later found withdrawal route result fighting battalion unable mount battalion operation remainder losses increasingly filled north vietnamese australians suffered heavy casualties sides matched bravery determination fighting cost seven killed wounded cavalry lost killed wounded destroyed proven able withstand multiple australian assaults heavy mortar artillery aerial bombardment sides fell casualties ultimately prevailed default vicious fighting probably closest australian_army came defeat major battle war assessment staying fighting surprised australians expected withdraw rapidly jungle bases following attack previous occasions assumption led australians commit forces fashion situation required deliberate battalion attack supported blocking forces indirect fire plan operation required considerable time plan execute ordered heavily engaged hoc planned operation went badly australians start delays deploying reaction force expecting minor contact graham finally sent battalion midday ordered return nightfall restriction significant impact operation limited time available commanders levels planning reconnaissance preventing deliberate approach committed australians realised struck company battalion elements heavy weapons company possibly supported north vietnamese reinforcements machine guns heavy machine gun rifles graham intended land order cut withdrawal instead landed directly affected australian response battle began initial reports position camp proving incorrect belief dense area unsuitable cavalry company initial assault lacked adequate artillery support company final assault hampered requirement company supporting fire cut early resulting friction culminated squadron difficulty linking company dense vegetation delaying relief experience held number lessons australians need tanks support infantry operation lacked firepower armour effective substitute tanks likely found terrain vegetation obstacle proven decisive waste frontal tactics bayonet charges automatic weapons demonstrated lessons fully australian_army training doctrine pressure press attack given order fix charge proximity forward despite having long ceased decisive weapon warfare ordered australians charged machine guns certainty suffering casualties result bravery platoon highly decorated australian war aggression overcome concentrated firepower survivors later bitter order losses suffered attempts lesson identified included need thoroughly prepare landing zone fire prior likewise initial contact company unable artillery need dedicated command control helicopter indirect fire assault evident attacking likely intended draw ambush relief force approached village standard tactic employed previous occasions early february companies established ambush morning south vietnamese subsequently dispatched company ambush subsequently failed company commander elected indirect route east road striking flank light outnumbered south vietnamese caught surprise able fight way clear forcing communists withdraw north east later day murphy taken similar precaution moving squadron cross country fields amber days battle information received suggested australians avoided large area ambush route main force battalions convoy passing metres command group realising murphy subsequently company force earlier contacted company flank protection blocking force larger ambush amber probable avoided ambush subsequently clashed large group resting dense jungle adjacent landing zone force likely reserve flank security element main force attacked subsequent fighting elected fight hasty prepared position displayed good battle discipline command control effective camouflage australians later generous praise performance particular use particularly effective overall individual shooting poor standard high concluded force likely ordered fight rearguard action dark order cover withdrawal larger force command elements regardless despite strong performance battle held lessons particular failure deploy machine guns tree line edge landing zone allowed australians establish despite company forced assault insecure landing zone minimal suppression single artillery battery later war developed effective tactic targeting troop helicopters arrived landing zones vulnerable intense fighting involving long tan operation australians suffered highest casualties august terms number bodies recovered compared losses worst result experienced vietnam point task force unable destroy battalion results fighting continued debated long conclusion graham felt inflicted severe casualties battle later far reaching effects province vincent believed success marginal best certainly australian soldiers fought battle victory private robin harris platoon later wrote think occasion charlie losses hiding view shared commander david recalled operation later wrote truth operation australians thoroughly overall australians lost operational strength platoon effectively lost company arguably questionable attrition achieve long term gains australians battle lasting effect ultimately resulted number measures overcome perceived weakness firepower confirming need limit freedom movement subsequent operations operation temporarily delayed fighting initially planned begin early morning february following pre planned long american bombers gone ahead planned released returned afternoon finally departed australian search destroy operation base areas dam secret zone located long hills south long kilometres operation continued february heavily defended mines traps area remained safe haven despite previous operations airborne brigade june smaller operations operation company suffered seven killed wounded single incident contact limited australians suffered heavy casualties modest gain coupled operation losses beginning mount february sustained heaviest casualties war point losing men killed wounded single week task force appeared lost initiative time months operations number australians killed battle friendly fire mines traps reversed task force kill ratio losses need battalion requirement tanks support infantry challenged conventional wisdom australian counter revolutionary warfare doctrine previously allotted minor role armour regardless nearly year additional australian forces finally arrive vietnam graham quickly established taking commander january developed sound operational concept succeeded preventing implementing intended operation confirmed mind need establish physical barrier deny freedom movement regain initiative subsequent decision establish kilometre barrier minefield coast increasingly came dominate task force planning ultimately prove controversial costly australians despite initial success minefield source munitions use later decision remove


indiana american_civil_war indiana state midwest played important role supporting union american_civil_war despite anti war activity state southern indiana ancestral ties south indiana strong supporter union indiana contributed approximately union soldiers sailors marines indiana soldiers served military engagements war majority western theater mississippi_river mountains indiana war related deaths reached battle disease state government provided funds purchase equipment food supplies troops field indiana rich state containing fifth highest population union critical north success geographical location large population agricultural production indiana residents known supplied union manpower war effort railroad network access ohio river great lakes agricultural products grain livestock state experienced minor raids confederate forces major raid caused brief panic southern portions state capital city indianapolis indiana experienced significant political strife war especially governor oliver suppressed democratic controlled state legislature anti war element major debates lead violence related issues slavery emancipation military service african americans draft state legislature failed pass budget left state authority collect taxes governor acted outside state constitutional authority secure funding federal private loans operate state government financial crisis american_civil_war altered indiana society politics economy beginning population shift central northern indiana contributed relative decline southern state increased wartime manufacturing industrial growth cities towns new era economic prosperity end war indiana rural state previously indiana votes closely split parties decades war making key swing states decided national elections indiana politicians vice presidential nominees major party tickets benjamin harrison state civil war generals elected president united_states indiana contributions indiana country western states civil war news reached indiana attack fort south_carolina april indiana residents surprised response immediate following day mass meetings held indianapolis state capital indiana state position decided indiana remain union immediately contribute men suppress rebellion april indiana governor oliver issued volunteer soldiers meet state set president abraham_lincoln indiana geographical location midwest large population agricultural production state wartime support critical union success indiana fifth largest population states remained union supply needed manpower war effort railroad network access ohio river great lakes transport troops supplies agricultural yield valuable union loss rich farmland south provide grain livestock military service april president lincoln called total volunteers join union_army day governor president offering indiana volunteers state initial set regiments total men months service orders issued april form state regiments gather indianapolis day men city week volunteers signed fight union nearly times needed meet state initial governor wallace indiana adjutant general established camp state indianapolis initial gathering place training camp state union volunteers camp converted prisoner war camp april indiana regiments fully organized brigade indiana volunteers command brigadier general thomas morris members companies selected regiments given option years service returning home needed companies formed regiments state militia called federal service weeks indiana ranked second states terms percentage men military age served union_army indiana contributed men roughly percent state total population serve union_army serve navy indiana soldiers volunteers numbered indiana volunteers responded requests military service early months war war progressed number casualties increased state government resort conscription draft fill military conscription began october divisive issue state especially unpopular democrats viewed threat individual freedom opposed legislation allowed man purchase exemption pay person serve substitute total men drafted october subsequent drafts indiana brought total indiana volunteers provided union_army infantry regiments cavalry regiments cavalry companies regiment heavy artillery light artillery batteries addition providing union troops indiana organized volunteer militia known indiana legion formed legion responsible protecting indiana citizens attack maintaining order state end war indiana claim general officers union_army time resided state men included don wallace robert joseph percent joined union_army casualties roughly percent indiana soldiers served lost lives conflict estimated soldiers double number killed war wounded indiana war related death toll eventually reached battle disease training support slightly percent indiana regiments mustered service trained indianapolis camps union soldiers established state including fort wayne richmond south bend county governor called soldier friend efforts equip train care union soldiers field indiana state government financed large portion costs involved preparing regiments war including housing feeding assignment standing union armies secure arms indiana troops governor appointed purchasing agents act state behalf early war example robert owen purchased arms clothing blankets cavalry equipment indiana troops state government additional purchases arms supplies exceeding provide ammunition established state owned arsenal indianapolis served indiana militia home guard backup supply depot union_army state arsenal operated april employing peak employees women federal arsenal established indianapolis indiana commission created soldiers aid societies state raised funds gathered supplies troops field provided forms support soldiers families including soldiers home ladies home home help meet needs indiana soldiers families passed indianapolis war women took added responsibility running family farms businesses women contributed war effort nurses volunteers charitable organizations commonly local ladies aid societies january governor indiana commission began recruiting women work nurses military hospitals ships wounded soldiers cared indiana facilities clark county port near new albany jefferson county madison county county indianapolis county county jefferson general hospital port indiana present day briefly largest hospital united_states jefferson general opened closed hospital treated patients prison camps indianapolis site camp union largest prisons captured confederate soldiers richmond indiana occasionally held prisoners war military national military established indiana result war federal government established new albany indiana new albany national cemetery fourteen national established year federal government authorized national cemetery indianapolis crown hill national cemetery established grounds crown hill cemetery privately owned cemetery northwest downtown conflicts indiana troops participated military engagements majority mississippi_river mountains soldiers indiana present civil war beginning engagement involving troops battle west_virginia june battle ranch texas nearly fighting outside state boundaries significant conflict known morgan raid occurred indiana soil war raid caused brief panic indianapolis southern indiana preceded minor incursions indiana raids july raid confederate officer adam johnson briefly captured indiana convincing town union garrison cannon surrounding hills merely raid convinced federal government need supply indiana permanent force regular union_army soldiers counter future raids june preparation planned cavalry offensive confederate troops command john hunt morgan officers captain thomas approximately men crossed ohio river search horses support southern indiana minor known raid local citizens members indiana home guard pursued succeeded capturing fight men escaped river kentucky morgan raid confederate army major indiana occurred month raid july general morgan crossed ohio river landing indiana arrival initially contested small party indiana legion withdrew morgan men began firing artillery river southern shore state militia quickly retreated indiana larger body gathering block morgan advance advanced rapidly town engaged battle brief fierce fight morgan took command high ground south town local militia citizens promptly surrendered morgan artillery fired warning shots sacked little damage buildings morgan continued raid north burned town salem morgan movements appeared headed indianapolis panic spread capital city governor called state militia soon morgan intention cross state known men ages volunteered protect indiana morgan men morgan considered attacking camp prisoner war camp indianapolis free confederate prisoners war imprisoned decided instead raiders turned abruptly east began moving ohio indiana militia pursuit morgan men continued raid way indiana ohio border crossing ohio july time morgan left indiana raid desperate attempt escape south captured july ohio indiana regiments indiana regiments served distinction war 19th indiana volunteer infantry regiment 20th indiana infantry regiment 27th indiana infantry regiment suffered highest casualties state infantry regiments percentage regiment total enrollment indiana regiments organized civil war 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th indiana infantry regiments men regiments volunteered months service start war brief terms provided inadequate soldiers enlisted additional years service end seven indiana regiments mustered service men enlisted terms years majority year regiments deployed western theater regiments indiana mustered service half sent eastern theater half remained west regiments mustered service replace casualties years fighting july additional thirteen temporary regiments established morgan raid southern indiana men temporary regiments enlisted terms months regiments disbanded threat posed morgan troops gone indiana regiments mustered service fighting declined indiana regiments mustered service end continued serve fourteen additional indiana regiments mustered year service november 13th regiment indiana cavalry state final regiment mustered army 11th indiana infantry regiment known indiana command wallace regiment organized indiana civil war march battle 11th indiana fought battle fort siege second day battle 9th indiana infantry regiment regiments action war 9th indiana fought major battles including battle battle stones river atlanta campaign battle nashville 14th indiana infantry regiment nicknamed brigade maintaining position battle secured cemetery hill day day fight battle lost men 19th indiana volunteer infantry regiment iron brigade critical contributions important engagements war including second battle bull run completely destroyed battle sustained casualties 19th indiana suffered heaviest battle losses indiana unit percent men killed mortally wounded war 27th indiana infantry regiment earned nickname giants battle regiment fought battle battle atlanta campaign 27th indiana casualties percent total enrollment nearly 19th indiana indiana regimental units organized towns counties ethnic units formed including 32nd indiana german american infantry regiment 35th indiana composed irish americans 28th regiment colored troops formed indianapolis december march black regiment formed indiana war trained indianapolis camp near fountain square included enlisted men signed years service regiment lost men conflict 28th participated siege battle crater men killed end war regiment served texas mustered service november casualty civil war serving 34th regiment indiana infantry private john williams died battle ranch politics voted favor republicans january indiana newly elected lieutenant governor oliver governor henry smith lane resigned office vacant seat senate helped abraham_lincoln win presidency election voted favor election lincoln won percent country popular vote presidential election earned indiana electoral votes percent popular vote compared stephen douglas percent john percent john bell percent presidential election lincoln carried state time wider margin earning indiana electoral votes percent state popular vote compared george percent lincoln war governors president maintained close alliance war war casualties mounted began doubt necessity war concerned increase governmental power loss personal freedom resulted major conflicts state republicans democrats southern influence civil war era showed extent south influence indiana southern central indiana strong ties south indiana early settlers come confederate state virginia kentucky governor complained president lincoln free state populated believed kept forceful wanted location ohio river louisville kentucky indiana cities new albany port saw increased trade military activity increase kentucky desire stay neutral war addition kentucky home confederate military bases southern indiana needed support union operations kentucky safer store war supplies towns north river served important military depot union troops heading south end war port home largest hospital united_states jefferson general hospital kentucky governor refused allow pro union forces state issued similar order confederate forces governor repeatedly came military rescue kentucky pro union government war known governor indiana kentucky allowed form union regiments indiana soil kentucky troops especially louisville included 5th kentucky infantry indiana camp joe camp joe established indiana new albany bright represented indiana united_states senate leader state years prior outbreak war january bright expelled senate allegations union written letter introduction arms merchant addressed jefferson davis president confederation letter bright offered merchant services firearms supplier bright senate replacement joseph wright pro union democrat indiana governor bright senator expelled senate political conflict support war effort outset political differences soon erupted violent political battles state history major debates lead violence related issues slavery emancipation military service african americans draft april addressed special session indiana general_assembly obtain legislature approval borrow spend funds purchase arms supplies indiana troops urged indiana legislators set aside party considerations duration war unite defense union republicans democrats cooperate long initially democratic controlled legislature supportive measures passed legislation requested state legislature state prominent democrats changed opinion war january democrats clarified position state convention chaired thomas indiana democrats stated support integrity union war effort opposed emancipation black abolition slavery elections fall governor feared legislature democratic majority attempt hinder war effort reduce authority vote union legislative session convened republican legislators stayed away indianapolis prevent general_assembly attaining needed pass legislation including funding state government making tax provisions rapidly led crisis state government began run money conduct business nearly bankrupt going constitutional powers millions dollars federal private loans crisis obtain funds run state government turned james wealthy banker madison indiana occasions provided state million usd loans successful able fund state government war effort indiana little legislature watch indiana political continued emancipation proclamation freeing slaves war goal pro war democrats moved openly oppose war governor began crackdown notorious incident governor soldiers disrupt democratic state convention indianapolis causing referred battle run regular session indiana general_assembly convened june state decidedly pro union group southern known knights golden circle strong presence northern indiana group proved threat general wallace commander union forces region spent considerable time activities june group successfully broken golden circle members arrested formal charges pro confederate press prevented printing anti war material writ corpus denied suspected reaction governor actions indiana democrats party called dictator republicans countered democrats tactics conduct war confederate special agent thomas went french june seeking support confederate general john hunt morgan eventual raid indiana met sons liberty major general william offer support morgan upcoming raid claimed raise force deal finalized informed union force approaching fled state result provided support morgan raiders caused morgan harshly treat indiana claimed sympathetic confederacy large scale support confederacy golden circle members southern general declined morgan confederate raiders homes bearing banners golden circle despite proclaimed support confederate colonel duke recalled incident fought harder morgan raiders failed support morgan men numbers governor slowed crackdown confederate failed come morgan aid large numbers similarly fail aid larger invasion raids indiana smuggling goods confederate territory common especially early days war union_army pushed lines far south ohio river new albany indiana points northern goods smuggled confederacy cincinnati daily gazette pressured towns stop trading south especially louisville kentucky proclaimed neutrality perceived sympathetic south fraudulent company established ohio river madison indiana louisville boat gem regular trips confederate ports southern believed particularly numerous exact number serve confederate armies unknown likely traveled kentucky join confederate regiments formed state sgt henry stone indiana rode john hunt morgan raided indiana army officer francis briefly led indianapolis militia unit left florida prior war ultimately confederate brigadier general republican legislative majority elections state republican legislative majority arrived critical turning point north slowly blockade south new republican controlled legislature fully supported policies worked meet state commitments war effort indiana general_assembly loans secured run state government assumed state debt commended actions interim aftermath news confederate general robert lee surrender courthouse virginia reached indianapolis april causing immediate enthusiastic public celebrations indianapolis journal characterized week later community excitement turned sadness news lincoln assassination arrived april lincoln funeral train passed capital city april people attended indiana economic civil war forever altered indiana economy despite hardships war indiana economic situation improved farmers received higher prices agricultural products railroads commercial businesses state cities towns manpower shortages gave laborers power war helped establish national banking system replace state chartered banking institutions thirty national banks state wartime prosperity particularly evident indianapolis population doubled war reaching end increased wartime manufacturing industrial growth cities towns new era economic prosperity end war indiana rural previously overall war caused indiana industries grow state southern counties experienced growth war slower rate counties state population shifted central northern indiana new industries cities began develop great lakes railroad depots erected war colonel opened new laboratory indianapolis founding later company indianapolis wartime home richard inventor gun world machine guns invention civil war era campaigns fully adopted use army charles war veteran founded indiana manufacturing musical instruments new industry town post war development different southern indiana state commerce ohio river reduced war especially closure mississippi_river commercial trade south increased competition state expanding railroad network indiana river towns recovered providing transport union troops ohio river war new albany largest city state primarily commerce south trade war war indiana viewed new albany friendly south new albany robust building industry ended built new albany named robert lee new albany regained pre war stature population leveled early victorian mansion row district remains boom period political war ended state democrats upset wartime treatment republicans staged quick comeback indiana state civil war elect democratic governor thomas rise governor office initiated period democratic control state reversed political gains republican_party war indiana senators strong supporters radical reconstruction plans proposed congress senators oliver elected senate serving indiana governor voted favor president andrew johnson especially disappointed congress failure remove south returned firm democratic control end 1870s indiana closely split parties key swing state decided balance power congress presidency politicians vice presidential nominees major party tickets held nation political parties support state electorate height state post war political influence civil war general benjamin harrison elected president served capacity social half state households based average family size persons contributed family member fight war making effects conflict widely felt state died civil war conflict twice served world war twice died civil war war veterans programs initiated help wounded soldiers housing food basic needs addition established assist women children war women especially active supporting war home turned organizational skills concerns especially prohibition woman suffrage example wallace wife indiana governor david wallace general wallace founder indiana chapter woman christian union served president memorials numerous war memorials erected honor indiana veterans civil war largest indiana soldiers sailors monument downtown indianapolis decades discussion construction monument began finally completed local regional studies john history new albany indiana indiana university southeast david robert encyclopedia indianapolis indianapolis indiana university press isbn multiple names authors list link john indianapolis civil war lawrence producer politicians workers party politics new albany indiana northern indiana historical society indiana history indiana center history archived original retrieved douglas anne crown hill history spirit sanctuary indianapolis indiana historical society press isbn military units personnel nancy fourteenth story indiana civil war regiment books isbn frederick war rebellion compiled arranged official records federal confederate armies reports adjutant generals states army registers reliable documents sources des publishing company truth ninth indiana regiment perspective indiana magazine history foster john michael good cause protection border service indiana legion civil war civil war history militia unit summary fox william regimental losses american_civil_war albany albany publishing company indiana civil war camps valley visions voices digital memory project retrieved marshall joan aid union soldiers families comfortable indiana social service review david douglas morgan great raid remarkable expedition kentucky ohio charleston history press parsons joseph march indiana volunteers april indiana magazine history retrieved roger captives gray civil war prisons union university alabama press isbn roller scott march business usual indiana response confederate invasions summer indiana magazine history indiana university retrieved national_register_of_historic_places registration form new albany national cemetery department interior national_park_service retrieved march went war indiana women nurses civil war indiana magazine history indiana university retrieved william indiana war rebellion report adjutant general state indiana biographical ray fighting equality life wright indianapolis indiana historical society press isbn william life oliver company james governors indiana indianapolis indiana historical society press indiana historical bureau isbn multiple names authors list link indiana prominent civil war personalities civil war indiana archived original retrieved susan summer wallace indiana conservative radical traces indiana history indiana historical society historiography memory john september impact civil war indiana indiana magazine history indiana university retrieved fuller james oliver politics historical memory indiana magazine history madison james civil war memories indiana magazine history thomas caroline narrative civil war historian novel indiana nicholas fires patriotism grand army republic department indiana thesis online stephen summer tending soil ohio valley history survey recent scholarship online resources dealing war indiana


battle battle vietnamese major battle fought national liberation summer offensive vietnam war battle took place long province south vietnam june general gained control south vietnamese government general overthrown military coup general able gain control military failed garner support civilian population implemented laws limited freedoms south vietnamese people falling catholic faction government increasingly reliant buddhist movement hold power consequently february general ousted power forced leave south vietnam forever political instability gave north vietnamese leaders opportunity step military campaign south believed south vietnamese government able survive strong military combat growing influence summer campaign north vietnamese forces aimed inflict significant losses south vietnamese military long province communist summer offensive culminated campaign fight began evening june regiment attacked captured civilian irregular defense group special forces camp response sudden assault army republic vietnam joint general staff ordered 1st battalion 7th infantry regiment retake district arrived battlefield june quickly overwhelmed regiment near later day recaptured 52nd ranger battalion survived ambush marching district june south vietnamese reinforcements arrived form 7th airborne battalion south vietnamese searching survivors 1st battalion rubber plantation defeated deadly ambush june army general william decided insert elements airborne brigade major battle time feared secure major base area long province time withdrawn battlefield ordered return base fight background january general ousted general leader south vietnam military coup considerable efforts consolidate power opposition rule began grow censorship laws banned protests allowed police arbitrary search imprisonment powers drafted new constitution expanded power military response general political manoeuvres south vietnamese people held large demonstrations cities calling end laws limited people political freedom fearing power weakened demonstrations general immediately repealed constitution new police powers promised civilian rule remove members catholic based power internally concessions general effect unsettling catholic officers concerned perceived handing power buddhist leaders subsequently general fell general policy issues religious lines alliance men enabled remove general power military support regime diminished rely civilian buddhist activists maintain power americans increased reliance cause concern favoured political resolution conflict communists end americans looked overthrow order continue military effort communists february finally removed power forced leave south vietnam communist perspective south vietnam plagued political instability strong army resist shortly campaign north vietnamese leaders reached resolution launch summer offensive destroy regular units south vietnamese military early stages communist summer campaign forces province successfully destroyed south vietnamese task force led 51st infantry regiment village following victory national liberation known america turned attention delta region prepare offensive major general tan given task directing military operations provinces long time newly created regiments ordered join regiments battlefield objective destroy regular units south vietnamese military eliminate strategic north vietnam viewed liberated zones prelude offensive long province swing beginning regiment supported battalion local units attacked district town long capital province simultaneously regiment overran south vietnamese government positions sub sector brief occupation long district destroyed major strategic surrounding areas song response occupation long district 36th ranger battalion ordered joint general staff recapture government positions companies battalion sustained heavy casualties battles units positioned inter provincial road national highway regiment support units withdrew long district sub sector regiment able overrun south vietnamese government positions minutes claimed killed south vietnamese soldiers process 34th ranger battalion small town located kilometres away south east 34th ranger battalion marched upward regiment ordered destroy south vietnamese rangers time regiment arrived south vietnamese staging area rangers pulled successfully recaptured regiment defeated south vietnamese regional force companies route destroyed vehicles process operations long district sub sector 9th division ordered attack district town situated road junction connected inter inter provisional road national highway highway district defended local vietnamese soldiers drawn militia companies regional force company supported armoured squadron armoured vehicles soldiers civilian irregular defense group united_states_army special forces personnel navy prior battle special forces assumed control defences stepped guard patrol activities ordered construction new defensive fortifications district headquarters special forces camp armoured artillery positions eastern district battle evening june final preparations assault assembled formations forces inside special forces camp suddenly placed alert forcing commence attack minutes earlier scheduled heavy mortar rounds began fall south vietnamese american positions soon followed infantry assault led regiment initial assault sustained heavy casualties tried navigate surrounding minefields wire fences failed pick previous reconnaissance missions helicopter army aviation company dispatched support special forces camp fired compound returned base weapons load emptied americans soldiers retreated district headquarters local troops holding air base flight crews aviation company preparing combat assault light time captured special forces compound began attack district headquarters fighting inside district aircraft aviation company flew small town kilometres contingent 1st battalion 7th infantry regiment battlefield formations aviation company descend landing zone near rubber plantation kilometres north immediately began receive fire surrounding area south vietnamese command believed landing zone near ideal land troops distant find engage immediately anticipated south vietnamese land troops area prepared ambush result helicopters departed landing zone soldiers regiment immediately turned attention south vietnamese minutes main body 1st battalion completely destroyed remaining soldiers 1st battalion discharged near original landing zone action minutes touching field afternoon managed destroy parts district headquarters building rifle second lieutenant williams ordered americans inside building equal number vietnamese women children retreat artillery position located east town continued resistance late afternoon june aviation company joined elements combat aviation battalion final sorties day 52nd ranger battalion objective road junction special forces camp following mission aviation company immediately returned day heavy fighting helicopter unit sustained damage including loss helicopter entire crew 52nd ranger battalion discharged landing zone kilometres south south vietnamese rangers marched town centre lead company ambush mounted elements regiment strength continued march district night june battalion began attacking positions special forces camp gradually recaptured compound town eventually launched counter attack attempt win loss ground failed soldiers 52nd ranger battalion morning june aviation company strength like previous day flew air support reinforcements 7th airborne battalion south vietnamese dropped soccer field aviation company started large scale evacuation south vietnamese casualties contrast previous day aviation company encountered isolated rear guard actions 7th airborne battalion landed battlefield intercepted radio conversation aforementioned unit 52nd ranger battalion district centre months earlier 7th airborne battalion involved battle vowed avenge loss comrades soccer field 7th airborne battalion marched light opposition south vietnamese arrived area group 1st battalion 7th infantry regiment dropped collected seven survivors bodies afternoon elements 7th airborne battalion moved rubber plantation search remnants second group 1st battalion regiment started attacking south vietnamese manner characterised earlier taking advantage poor weather conditions limited air strikes numerical superiority broke south vietnamese formation small groups destroyed day strength 7th airborne battalion reduced soldiers defeat 7th airborne battalion general william concluded strength continue attacks contrast south vietnamese forces vicinity severely depleted sufficient strength defeat furthermore remaining battalion south vietnam strategic reserve drive communist area committed unwilling leave position dominate long province june decision insert combat forces subsequently men 1st battalion airborne infantry regiment airborne brigade flown staging area elements 3rd battalion airborne artillery followed later day arrival army task force waited days soon apparent withdrawn area intention holding territory june infantry ordered return base aftermath battle sides conflict paid heavy price achieve objectives battle search parties found bodies small arms range special forces compound district headquarters bodies inside compounds numerous casualties evacuated incurred fighting towns borders efforts recapture district town south vietnamese military lost soldiers killed action wounded missing addition south vietnamese civilians believed brief occupation area total casualties sustained military personnel included soldiers killed wounded missing according vietnam official account campaign communists claimed enemy soldiers including americans action furthermore weapons kinds captured weapons vehicles destroyed aircraft helicopters shot won clear victory regular units south vietnamese army away light casualties battle combined total bodies recovered special forces compound district headquarters battlefield individual soldiers usually spare efforts evacuate dead wounded comrades military operations conducted rainy season struggled evacuate casualties battlefield conditions main roads deteriorated despite minor setbacks campaign marked rapid maturity 9th division fighting force efforts battle regiment received title regiment mark achievements days large scale fighting concluded change government south vietnamese air marshal appointed prime minister executive chairman government military general president unlike previous leaders air marshal general interested fighting communists intended stop buddhist factions interfering decision making processes air marshal lack experience civil government americans entirely pleased formation new government leader contrast general appointment office president considered positive development american embassy military command possessed political skills required political establishment nonetheless ascension position prime minister effectively ended cycle military plagued downfall significant contrast political scene south vietnam north vietnamese government far occupied military effort north vietnamese transportation group leadership major general ordered open new transportation communication lines southern south vietnam purpose facilitate movement troops material occupied section trail supported workers ministry transportation volunteers end strength group grown personnel organised battalions motor vehicles battalion boats battalions combat engineers battalions anti aircraft artillery guard units addition expansion logistical abilities north vietnamese decided establish infantry divisions artillery south vietnam stage set major military struggle american allied forces