ibn ibn arabic arab general governor played distinguished role wars failed decisively confront rebellion ibn early stages respected soldier statesman owed appointment governor obscure tribal background rendered dependent tenure successful introduced long tax reforms social tension largely restored stabilized control greatly reduced onslaught years occupied rivalries uprisings descended period civil war driven capital ibn returned fell resulting ibn death preoccupied conflict unable stop outbreak spread revolution leader muslim exploited situation advantage evicted province early fled iran pursued forces died december early life career military leader long service experience early participated campaign upper river led brother ibn muslim general tasked service campaign awarded entire village region despite successes central asia east remained outside effective arab control garrisons established places like largely relied relationships multitude local rulers tributary addition clashes chinese backed ambiguous policy followed conversion native population mass conversions population tribute received increasing inter arab tribal weakened control region necessitated increased military activity recorded heading army sent troops refused participate expedition resulted disastrous day troops reinforced men subject clashed prevailed led resentment person especially governorship ibn leaders fell muslim leaders distinguish disastrous battle july appointed governor arresting previous governor faced rebellion local troops ibn called reforms taxation ending discrimination native converts ibn marched took city followers commanded men unclear sources town seized captured absence successfully held case army remained passive remainder revolt aid provincial capital rebels attacked stance encouraged local tribes join uprising eventually rebels defeated ibn fleeing appointment governor july age appointed governor despite age widely respected military record knowledge affairs abilities statesman wrote age affect mind testified deeds verses gave expression feelings till end life climate times nomination owed appropriate tribal affiliation personal qualities early days muslim conquests arab armies divided regiments drawn individual tribes tribal despite fact recent creations created reasons military efficiency common ancestry soon developed strong distinct identity eventually certainly beginning period system progressed formation larger super culminating super groups northern arab south arabs dominated tribes 8th century division firmly established source constant internal instability groups formed essence rival political parties power separated fierce hatred ibn reign government appointed governors ibn tenure appointment came months death interim sources report variously province run syrian general far ibn lieutenant rate sources agree stood time prominent man clear choice governor roots leader hand addition qualities married wife acceptable numerous element army outnumbered local help reduce arabs discontent syria centric government relatively obscure tribal background non noble family tribe suited purposes meant lacked local power base rule tenure fully accepted arab aside favoured candidate resented shift power refused support syrian contingent sided opponents reliant support wife powerful tribe living long supported strong central government damascus able internal enemies check troubles followed death support vanished event succeed retaining office decade despite turmoil swept iii came power early initially ordered replaced refused accept held post eventually confirmed months later rise power december likewise affirmed position reforms campaigns gave province unprecedented period good government stability prosperity words 9th century historian built major achievements tenure reform tax system restoration control tax system established time muslim conquest remained unchanged relied collection fixed tribute local non muslim gentry muslim settlers native converts contributed increasing resentment rule demand tax reform past revolts like ibn consequently streamlined tax system implementing blanket owners agricultural land forcing non muslims pay additional poll tax way report muslims non muslims forced pay instead attention paid accurate collection accordance treaties local rulers result tax burden generally eased reform traditionally held assisted regaining loyalty local populations princes returned quickly arab fold modern scholars consider effect reform prevailing anti climate minimal appointment moved provincial capital established additionally time province history appointed sub governors drawn allies supporters order reward improve control province taking advantage murder moved aggressively campaign immediately appointment area second campaign recovered territory including little apparent resistance aiming recover lands previously conquered ibn muslim activities ibn based launched expedition targeting submitted peacefully muslim army reached confronted strong force ibn men according muslim tradition led murderer successor according arab tradition able drive scored victory detachments killing chief apparently failed subdue forced content agreement ruler ibn evicted left continue opposition launched expeditions plundered ravaged countryside took captives muslim time extend occasional tribute possibly levied position appeared stronger reality beneath splendid façade different tension mutual existed arab syrian troops introduced province security measure disastrous battle tribal continued create trouble apart continued resentment strong dislike syrian regime tax policies tried remedy situation late addition major center early specifically sect gained wide acceptance province especially confronted defeated revolt led son ibn ali leader captured executed resulting vacuum leadership opened path branch movement come control family testament respect affection regarded native population contrast native city welcomed missionaries remained loyal later revolution civil wars revolution death post influential governor iraq ibn opponent tried lure away province calling iraq delayed departure time saved murder april successor iii moved install regime dominated tribe position severely undermined faction hoped leader appointed governor appointed favourite ibn governor iraq turn nominated brother replacement refused accept fortunate persistence fell favour dismissed months faction persisted amidst rumours intercepted letters appointing governor dispute payment tried secure position leadership trying win leaders led general uprising indicative lingering late world rebellion launched revenge family act symbol resentment northern arab dominated regime july captured imprisoned barely month escaped rebellion joined soldiers arab settlers tentative truce initially agreed fruitless negotiations conducted post reality followers included tribes including collectively called sources resumed revolt turn tried strengthen position enlisting services ibn time adversary enjoyed considerable support arab tribes especially native ibn arrived july enthusiastically received town inhabitants proposals cooperation ibn soon withdrew countryside rose rebellion ibn able exploit followers recognized legitimate exchange confirmation post exploiting resentment ibn soon gathered army men march ibn army attacked repulsed casualties common cause activities escape point known trying consolidate position syria hopes reinforcement allied armies ibn drove end retreated days ibn fell clashed resulting death ibn destroyed quarters city shocking act dwellings traditionally considered exempt warfare arab culture result tribes hitherto reserved came backed especially settled resolved capital summer armies confronted walls occupying fortified camps months fighting stopped news came start uprising muslim negotiations commenced broken member entourage son ibn attacked killed heads prevailed moment sides able tentatively settle differences occupied seat tensions remained muslim soon managed persuade son successor ali involved father murder result ali separately appealed aid muslim held balance power eventually chose support february army occupied flee city pursued forces ibn forced abandon son defeated retreat region western point long awaited reinforcements arrived general failed coordinate movements able defeat army kill commander forced abandon flee way town fell ill died december age grandson ibn led large scale rebellion governor ali ibn ibn spread


edward general sir edward february anglo irish officer royal marines known fighting distinguished military career involved actions world years service wounded combat numerous times born ireland family military tradition raised entering school age received commission royal marines began service detachments marines napoleonic wars associated conflicts caribbean mediterranean north_sea served commander ships detachments gained reputation courage war posted spanish florida british attempt recruit local allies fight united_states war ended returned england attracted controversy advocating creeks locals allied british commandant ascension island south atlantic followed posting superintendent coast africa retired royal marines rank lieutenant colonel service knight commander order bath honours promoted rank general retirement early life edward born ireland son anna died time controller anna daughter reverend rector close friend anna older brother william appointment secured royal military academy william later lieutenant general royal artillery neighbour edward edward oldest siblings brothers distinguished military careers including lieutenant colonel william british_army 2nd west india regiment commander frederick royal_navy edward brothers sons died result public service educated grammar school royal park academy near prior entering marines march years old received commission second lieutenant majesty marine forces promoted lieutenant january career napoleonic wars early career napoleonic wars earned reputation fighting officer small ships engaged numerous fierce actions small boats gun batteries november blockade saint lieutenant took man cutting party cutter hms captured french cutter battery crew men armed pounder guns swivel guns british lost dead wounded including single combat french captain wounded severely pistol shot killed courage action awarded sword valued committee led boat assault capture french brig led landing party royal marines siege franco dutch forces men consecutive days continuous enemy assaults positions july promoted rank captain assigned command company embarked hms standard participated siege foray egypt period mentioned dispatches dardanelles operation captured turkish flag led boat attack standard captured italian commanded hms standard marines ship participated war marines assisted marines seamen command captain william hms owen capture island skirmish danish garrison men sharp resistance killed british marine wounded surrendering following capture briefly assigned british military governor island august received rank major war posting florida war posted spanish florida attempt recruit allies united_states operate position established april prospect bluff called british post later negro fort replaced later fort sailing bermuda summer expedition commanded stopped spanish havana told land florida prior request captain general juan arrived prospect bluff florida august spanish governor pensacola don aware threat americans posed florida requested british forces pensacola pensacola august issued order day colonial battalion royal corps marines time issued widely proclamation people louisiana urging join forces british indian allies american government reproduced register baltimore ruse real strength british numerous british spanish squadron ships vessels war described comprised sixth rates royal_navy good train artillery comprised cannon gunners whilst battalion company strength group royal marines infantry detached major george lewis battalion numbers corps colonial marines creeks difficult arrive florida british uniforms muskets allowing train drill creek refugees mentioned attempts recruit jean british cause fort new_orleans participated unsuccessful land naval attack fort september fighting wounded severely times lost use right eye life taking pensacola november american force andrew jackson forced retreat river freed slaves pensacola prospect bluff rallied indians refugee slaves living free florida recruiting detached unit corps colonial marines start december directed join expedition new_orleans joined general edward force accompanied creek warriors battle new_orleans january attached men brigade commanded colonel william regiment foot volunteers senior ranking officer royal marines present battle vice admiral alexander forbade fighting personally fearing british competent officer serving creeks actual battlefield command royal marines foot went senior officer major thomas benjamin commanding officer marine detachment hms embarked hms january cat island roads disembarked january accompanied creek warriors number royal marine reinforcements end war start seen british offensive south royal marine battalions advance westward georgia joined forces gulf_coast plans overtaken events peace declared following conclusion treaty offensive cancelled men returned prospect bluff march army aide camp named walter communicated major general thomas conditions difficult georgia frontier despite efforts reinforce american defences negotiate return slaves joined corps colonial marines command rear admiral george cumberland island inclined voluntarily hand british military personnel returned slavery americans professed difficulty communicating news treaty contributed post war diplomatic tensions united_kingdom united_states attempting represent interests native americans blacks taken arms british prior returning great_britain engaged heated exchange letters indian agent benjamin accused authority personal defence creeks allies americans authority viewed runaway slaves lost property similar tensions existed spanish writing hms royal oak mobile bay march rear admiral subordinate commander mobile squadron assured don governor pensacola post captain robert son george 2nd earl hms detailed conduct strict conduct captain property losses spanish inhabitants florida believed cases slaves persuaded return owners british government undertake owners return england received orders withdraw troops fort royal marine detachment embarked hms april duly returned ireland island bermuda arriving june rejoin 3rd battalion company left mid creek prophet francis known native american spiritual political leader known role battle holy ground anglo creek treaty initiative june francis arrived island east florida rumours circulated officers seeking obtain british possession florida spain arm supply florida factions resisting american territorial expansion fact heading bahamas unintentionally ended east florida leaving west florida according indian agent left local forces arms means resist advancing american leading andrew jackson war embarked brig hms forward june passage england disembarked portsmouth september aftermath england failed obtain official support creeks francis failed receive official recognition credentials creek foreign office receive recognition colonel british_army florida publicized encounters british returning west florida francis leader executed americans spanish territorial waters april retained pay status duties captain major royal marines america local rank lieutenant colonel authority vice admiral commander battalion corps colonial marines awarded pension annually december total battle wounds suffered awarded sword honour britain patriotic fund lieutenant colonel august summer captain george subordinate officers present spanish east florida british soldier scottish mercenary lieutenant simon left spanish east florida rejoin latin american revolutionary movement prior military intervention east florida names associated blacks soldiers mercenaries threat real imaginary north american popular time july october weekly register baltimore published portions correspondence auxiliary second lieutenant robert battalion corps colonial marines british subjects executed incident order major general andrew jackson following trial saint marks west florida april correspondence assistance asked intervene british government behalf allies seeking asylum spanish west florida perceived american wrongdoing injustice ascension island royal marines commandant ascension island small volcanic island south atlantic halfway south_america africa hms hms taken island prevent staging post rescue napoleon saint took royal_navy registered island small sloop men hms ascension navy forbidden govern colonies island garrison thirty families servants liberated royal_navy came use island station ships particularly west_africa squadron squadron working suppress slave trade water scarce important task ensure island stable source water achieved installing systems pipes bring water settlement springs mountains food shipped england locally fish vegetables grown island feral goats sheep eggs colony island turtle meat obtained laying season december efforts directing harvest turtles turtle meat expensive england common fed prisoners pigs marines complained turtle irritated superiors lords admiralty admiral ordered stop feeding turtle prisoners started selling visiting ships diet men island relied understood gave large rations men showed called spirited feelings confines island feuds vicious surgeon went insane pirates frequently seen ascension keeping garrison edge infrastructure projects island building roads water tanks developing gardens green mountain efforts freed sent ascension additionally asked grand schemes trade britain colonies failed schemes included plan grow oaks unlikely location sierra royal_navy ships plan ship ascension rocks england plan ship new_zealand england discussed letter henry 3rd earl november captain william replaced commandant ascension given substantive rank major leaving april appointed superintendent tropical island immediately coast africa west_africa squadron base operations slave trade received appointment colonial administrator anti slave trade william owen refused post merchant john deemed unfit post owen voiced dissatisfaction viewed harsh rule island increased influence area turn attacked dealings health suffered april left ascension returned england ill placed temporary charge island tropical illness took toll europeans hundreds died time nineteen men contingent died soon arrival original royal marines accompanied survived years duty station somewhat restored health served second term superintendent despite differences owen determined disrupt slave trade equally energetic attempts convince british government adopt aggressive stance frustrated territorial annexation schemes invited west african rulers old form anti slavery alliance disappointment british government ordered evacuate august end operations unfinished work efforts provide welfare liberated displaced slave populations delayed end mandate months return england april time control clashed portuguese authorities neighbouring islands refusal return escaped slaves february letter times said accused portuguese governor deliberately slaves run away encouraging thieves murderers charge denied asserting actively encouraged slaves nearby islands dangerous crossing chose duty british law return slavery considered slaves killed course escapes legally morally justified action regard thieves having seized escape offered return stolen wrote persuade return voluntarily state slavery wrote times debate followed case slaves transported aboard american vessel taken control forced crew british run port later life family retired royal marines given substantive rank lieutenant colonel november received british_army rank colonel january awarded good service pension june november promoted army rank major general june advanced lieutenant general year later june promoted general july knight commander order bath young captain marines married miss eleanor northern_ireland following children sarah married thomas eleanor married anna married john hill williams jane mary married royal_navy captain douglas william elizabeth married educator john richard lieutenant edward royal_navy died attempting save man life serving lieutenant hms dwarf major richard madras staff corps british indian army died residence london february eleanor survived husband years dying november age described peter smith history royal marines possibly distinguished officer corps anonymous war described apparently brave similar assessment said lord secretary state war colonies called man activity spirit wild fellow


general latin greek died general east roman byzantine empire native northern balkans probably mixed roman descent followed father imperial army senior commander year rebelled emperor fiscal promotion widely unpopular allowed quickly win large parts army people cause scoring series victories loyalist armies came threaten constantinople forced officially adoption summer soon failed honour terms agreement marched constantinople decisively defeated admiral fled native remained hiding death staunch promoter pardoned new emperor engaged negotiations pope end named consul year murdered shortly probably orders nephew heir apparent saw potential rival throne sons generals east roman army biography origins family born lower usually identified modern north eastern bulgaria called byzantine sources mother sister patriarch constantinople points mixed marriage probable origin father hand assertion based single source today considered dubious likewise label commonly applied contemporary authors non conclusive term mean minor simply language usual byzantine texts north eastern fringes roman world centred mediterranean term wide encompassing meaning devoid clear ethnic attributes furthermore monks members family related expressed blood time ruled italy gothic origin questionable origin latin sons generals names gothic nephew john later distinguished general wars italy according descriptions short stature personal bravery military skills widely acknowledged revolt mentioned accompanied father war risen rank comes possibly comes count soldiers serving east roman army post rebelled emperor taking advantage widespread resentment emperor military religious social policies changed form prayer officially adopted empire population adding caused strict financial policies furthermore refused supply rations provisions allowing quickly gain allegiance regular troops stationed provinces minor unpopular nephew subordinate commanders killed joined rebellion time posing champion able gain support local people join force according contemporary byzantine historians quickly assembled army men soldiers peasants marched constantinople possibly hoping inhabitants join appears revolt primarily motivated religious reasons suggested repeatedly demonstrated willingness reach accommodation counter propaganda ordered bronze crosses set city walls inscribed version events emperor reduced taxes provinces asia prevent joining rebellion forces reached capital suburb blockaded city opted negotiations sent patron consul ambassador declared aims restoration settling army grievances invited officers city negotiations refused allowed senior officers day officers treated gave gifts promised soldiers grievances settled pledged submit religious dispute resolution patriarch rome return rebel camp officers unanimously pressured accept settlement faced alternative days arrival capital retreated returned men lower appointed officer called proceeded attack forces inconclusive skirmishes managed bribe army entry base night captured residence killed point declared public enemy sent new huge army reportedly men called new winning minor initial victory imperial army eventually pushed autumn black_sea coast men attacked fortified darkness dealt crushing defeat larger imperial army killed imperial commanders taken prisoner held ransom victory consolidated position able reward followers news imperial army remaining cities forts lower surrendered soon stroke luck men captured embassy sent ransom including ransom money pounds gold hated insulted wife released year later marched constantinople time gathering addition army fleet vessels black_sea ports sailed menacing city sea riots city left casualties resolved negotiate accepted conditions nomination post ransom money gifts worth total pounds gold release conceded removal changes restoration deposed bishops general church council constantinople july council pope continued deposed bishops returned sees seeing failing honour promises late mobilized army marched constantinople army captured suburb modern golden horn city john unwilling engage old friend gave command forces east trusted influential aide despite lack military experience defeated rebel fleet battle entrance golden horn according report john achieved use based chemical substance invented philosopher athens similar later greek fire landed men shore defeated rebels found losses suffered army fled north cover night sign victory led procession village established headquarters attended service thanks famed local church dedicated michael later life northern went hiding aides captured executed known years short remark chronicler indicate resurfaced led armed rebellion months life died july succeeded comes commander imperial bodyguard new emperor quickly moved strengthen rule dismissing number potential rivals enemies time called come constantinople arrival named honorary consul soon raised rank known champion play role new regime doctrines reconciliation rome played active role negotiations pope prominent men escorted papal delegation capital took vengeance patriarch celebrated defeat victory christ loving king ordered tongue cut fled egypt julian bishop finally appointed ordinary consul year sharing office rebel continued pose potential challenge importantly nephew heir apparent july year murdered inside great palace secretary aide according john killed plotting responsibility crime desire rid potential rival uncle succession primary secondary


brigadier general july june indonesian short story writer turned military historian served professor history university indonesia born noble family central java exhibited high degree nationalism young age indonesian national revolution saw active service member student army working reconnaissance despite wanting remain military influence father continued education eventually faculty literature university indonesia 1950s wrote extensively active numerous political academic groups finally graduating degree history failed attempt study university london early 1960s lecturer contacted general tasked writing history revolution affair head indonesian army history division holding honorary rank continuing teach wrote extensively revolution military events including book september movement death served concurrently rector university indonesia minister education culture early life born central java dutch_east_indies july children born professor islamic law later founders university wife family connected relatives grandfather likewise connected nobility child began writing short stories father later recalled filled themes struggle nationalism relatives later recalled stood attention like soldier future national anthem indonesia played began elementary education dutch run school east java following year transferred school native colony capital graduating completed junior high school studies indonesian national revolution family lived temporary national capital father work ministry law younger fought revolutionaries joined 17th brigade student army later transferring people security army period exclusively reconnaissance slept homes local villagers historian suggests influenced later short stories took themes post revolution end revolution given choice resuming studies going netherlands military training influenced father disapproval military finished senior high school education despite wanting continue army graduating senior high school immediately enrolled faculty literature university indonesia indonesia continued older generation political leadership 1950s wrote extensively focusing essays writing poems later short stories creative works written published short story morning rain consisted short stories dealt struggle dutch colonists revolution second anthology cities published following year followed events cities numerous stories published outside dealt war positive effects revolution aside writing active student political organisations student press academic conferences students british french supporting independence egypt travelled extensively visiting malaysia singapore philippines japan academic sorties completed degree history lecturer graduation december married better known children historian early 1960s abandoned literary career focusing instead history received scholarship foundation study school oriental african studies university london england dropped returned indonesia time recruited general provide version revolution indonesian army counter communist_party indonesia backed history ignored affair chosen head department military history worked lecturer mid late 1960s wrote extensively military history indonesia including book anti japanese rebellion battle book september movement coup written collaboration entitled coup attempt september movement indonesia subject published later basis pro film received writing credit conceived museum modern museum showcasing military role country history museum modeled australian war memorial canberra mexico_city mexico opened contained numerous later pamphlet wrote necessary habit reading developing historical remains effective way express identity existing museums revised better suit needs new order government period continued teach involved administrative work served assistant dean university faculty literature later serving assistant rector writing thesis army japanese occupation indonesia received doctorate thesis translated indonesian published years later professor member fourth development cabinet formed march replacing outgoing minister taking office days later years minister worked programmes including compulsory education student selection systems instituted new curriculum replacing use promoting concurrently work minister education culture served rector students selection considering military official sent limit freedom died home june suffering cerebral buried heroes cemetery time brigadier general highest rank available civilians military service legacy military civilian service received awards indonesian government including describes central new order regime writing worked support military argues controlled cult personality built president giving reorganisation history museums example according relegated country president background role inserted military men new places new order government selected short story collections morning rain cities love green land green shirt historical works coup attempt september movement indonesia army indonesia centre armed forces history revolt japanese battalion february centre armed forces history national struggle armed forces indonesia centre armed forces history


lewis lewis august irish born american military officer merchant writer held military civilian positions career notable letter urged george_washington assume royal title born dublin ireland officer british_army serving europe thirteen colonies establishing residence philadelphia family opened library active colonial philosophical organizations result work establish american philosophical society elected american revolution broke offered services colonial government eventually appointed positions local forces proposed continental congress establish invalid corps congress accepted proposal appointed commander corps stationed pennsylvania locations moving west_point new_york end hostilities signing treaty paris wrote letter received washington returning civilian life active military affairs recalled service despite advanced age period continued research american philosophical society writing especially controversial document entitled jesus christ considered scripture claimed jesus christ supported scripture died possession early life entry british_army little known early years born dublin ireland british_army officer grandparents refugees french italian blood parents provided strong educational background bought commission january later year married wife september stationed irish cities briefly stationed flanders belgium moved charles fort near decade pennsylvania died august married second wife jane bishop april family decided philadelphia pennsylvania arrived august arrival started dry goods store work eventually opened library september started nearly volumes expanding couple years moved library different spots finally settling spruce street renaming general circulating library help friend john morgan admitted american society promoting useful knowledge following year committee help merger american philosophical society merger completed november elected start year decided quit dry food business good focus writing stating magazines taste age found possess curiosity public serving small valuable pieces lost world began editing new periodical american magazine general issue published january magazine devoted science poetry british american news folded december issues continued conduct research write articles society entry army writing activities financial difficulties family moved cities american revolutionary war broke realized military skills probably needed philadelphia july hired pennsylvania council safety inspect local defenses place banks delaware river military position offered january opened beer selling shop shortly opened school help children disciplines mathematics engineering endeavor short lived pennsylvania council safety gave second military position time barracks master attaining position granted february composed presented council safety plan powder magazine saw repair city continental congress december town major pennsylvania tenure invalid corps invalid corps early years march proposed continental congress formation invalid corps group men unfit combat able perform military duties june continental congress accepted proposal appointing commander troops divided companies soldiers invalid corps stationed philadelphia revolutionary war forced general william howe advanced city september invalid corps retreated fort mifflin sickness lack clean water worries british incursions recommended corps new_jersey arriving moved defend locals property seeing large vessel river near valuable cargo belonging congress danger falling enemies hands taking thirty men claim cargo following brief stay invalid corps moved pennsylvania suggested richard september instead corps eventually stationed pennsylvania assist management hospitals stores like rest continental_army invalid corps suffered harshly winter brief period camp valley forge spring invalid corps moved original quarters philadelphia british evacuated service prior invalid corps continued moves including pennsylvania boston years corps remained philadelphia future massachusetts capital year period drew plan english lines near philadelphia showed locations important fortifications delaware river river locations british military facilities following drawing plan submitted papers obtained information british congress scheme partisan corps remarks proposed reformation army strengthened corps recruiting soldiers philadelphia june invalid corps given order congress west_point new_york difficult accomplish june wrote letter george_washington corps replacement unit reason pay corps receive payment nearly months compromise later reached board war months pay given invalid corps leave pennsylvania john david captain invalid corps sent letter washington july claiming treating corps badly note requested arrest sent letters situation washington wanted settled soon corps arrived west_point washington sent series letters general alexander asked court west_point settle matter arrival invalid corps west_point charges dropped cleared charges august complained george_washington corps great difficult winter time months later september complained general gates lack respect corps eventually proposed washington invalid corps philadelphia reasons washington denied corps tenure west_point faced challenges firstly troops act way wanted october sent arrest warrant sergeant major guy giving uniforms continental_army british example april stopped members corps secondly unable fill higher ranks lack qualifications men letter washington wrote men unable men proper discipline court trials borrow men units jury problem lack enlisted men corps final problem poor financial situation letter pennsylvania supreme executive council dated april asked pay raise saying unable purchase food clothes members invalid corps claimed unable provide february pennsylvania supreme executive council fired position town major reasoning duty needed time month struggling money asked continental superintendent finance robert morris money congress pay corps failed invalid corps money letter wrote letter george_washington army quarters new_york letter describe financial men command facing lack pay army waiting months years pay congress justification found articles confederation allowed continental congress set army time war levy taxes right collect taxes reserved respective states unable afford maintenance army believed condition manifested weakness republic writing benefits mixed government pointed duly considered examined readily adopted person wrote washington recognized abilities lead difficulties apparently human power victory glory qualities universal esteem obtained army likely conduct direct paths peace concluding criticism republican form government suggested washington title king recognizing terms monarchy negative time advised alternative title near future things adjusted believe strong argument produced admitting title king conceive attended material advantages washington aware feared american reply dated day gave decidedly clear answer washington said incident course war painful feelings message ideas circulating army expressed washington mentioned knew conduct given rise petition thought facing united_states david washington aides certified rare measure proved document genuine responded harsh rejection complaints suggestions replied washington expressing sadness washington claiming affected greatly furthermore asked washington evaluate mistake committed washington answer letters apology written known relationship washington soon returned prior dissolution invalid corps promotion november complained washington fact secretary war general benjamin lincoln wanted invalid corps dissolved saying affected military benefits argued dissolution claimed regiment service corps recommendation washington dissolution invalid corps ordered continental congress june august road philadelphia resided months official conclusion peace treaty paris serving commissioner regard settlement matters concerning regiment november elevated rank brigadier general june congress finally charged period half months draw certificates members command final years advocated construction route philadelphia reading failing secure route planned temporarily operate guest house financial reasons instead manager philadelphia inspector philadelphia city militia brigade whiskey rebellion briefly returned position master commander city philadelphia period maintained affiliation american philosophical society serving multiple terms curator continuing research wrote controversial pamphlet entitled jesus christ considered scripture pamphlet concluded christ found scripture controversial nature considered publishing forms eventually decided writing second wife died retired following year moved alexandria virginia closer daughter died august earlier year financial troubles added words cincinnati society good time death possessed publications


louis june november born general division supporter napoleon fought france revolutionary napoleonic wars enlisted year career saw action major french defeats victories europe fought army switzerland participated second battles campaigns prussia napoleon invasion russia russian saxon campaign suffering exhaustion contracted died buried listed arc paris family son lutheran pastor marie born region cousins married year old april daughters born child born initially enlisted simple soldier unit included reorganization 1st regiment received commission lieutenant military career war coalition active battle campaign river northern italy campaigns proved equally adept leading heavy light cavalry military analysts consider better heavy cavalry leader promoted general brigade war second coalition participated french defeats march served newly promoted forward line defense swiss city battle directed rear guard action covering retreat holding key bridge cross river minutes larger austrian force command friedrich von days later present defeat battle withdrew entire french force river september present second battle army army danube crushed alexander russian force actively fleeing russians later fought battle napoleonic wars war coalition participated campaign cavalry played essential participated french victories later commanded 2nd division marshal cavalry reserve division key successful attack russian center suffered wounds battles received grand grand eagle legion honor appointed chamberlain emperor subsequently decorated commander order iron crown appointed colonel mounted imperial guard position held death battle february led famous man cavalry charge depicted jean fort 19th century history painter battle july commanded squadrons jean imperial guard cavalry battle turning austrians favour launched massive cavalry charge combined elements cavalry reserve corps cavalry imperial guard precipitated charge wounded cavalry attack suspended napoleon launched major infantry attack infantry considerable cavalry support including guard cavalry battle accused failure quickly charging time right accompanied napoleon russia commander light cavalry imperial guard rotated duties napoleon honor guard saxon campaign continued command guard cavalry present battle battle dresden commander guard cavalry battle september commanded imperial guard cavalry including 1st polish 2nd dutch battle leipzig commanded 3rd division cavalry imperial guard total cavalry guard included men guns resupply napoleon large depot arms ammunition french army continued withdraw western germany rhine battle october major action commanded 3rd division young guard including squadrons mounted mounted polish charge napoleon honor guard squadrons field artillery battalions time suffering exhaustion collapsed died night november sources differ died exhaustion combination body transported cathedral paris escorted detachment imperial guard buried appears arc paris


francis november april brigadier general united_states_air_force white commander group black airmen known airmen world war key factor program success units assigned combat duty born raised south east united_states joined army served military retired brigadier general association airmen began assigned assistant director training eastern flying training command december promoted position director training army flying school alabama year later december army air field commander prestigious brigadier general award named efforts troops reduce increase morale improve relations residents inhabitants base highest award named brigadier general award honor titular namesake early life career born versailles kentucky southern white minister spent parts youth living alabama georgia birthplace listed nearby lexington kentucky graduated high school alabama rice institute houston texas dropped graduate school year decided san_francisco lack work meant hunger chose join united_states_army 11th cavalry regiment private july serving california year horse cavalry aviation cadet june subsequently qualified enlisted pilot completed flight training assigned 13th attack squadron fort near galveston texas year later september joined air corps technical school field illinois later transferring air transport squadron ohio july rejoined 13th attack squadron assistant operations officer located field louisiana flying instructor field april july supervisor air corps flying school illinois commissioned lieutenant attended air command staff school field alabama captain student association airmen began march assigned assistant director training eastern flying training command graduation june chose remain work institute primary flight instructor gave desires combat command december days attack pearl harbor promoted director training army flying school alabama assuming command army air field year later december airmen experiment formation airmen experiment black americans permitted fly armed services prior air corps time single black member army possessed exactly black regular line officers beginning world war brigadier generals benjamin davis benjamin davis civilian pilot training program students completed instruction creation black pursuit squadron resulted pressure civil rights organizations black press pushed establishment unit alabama base institute selected military airmen experiment commitment training facilities engineering technical instructors climate year round flying eleanor roosevelt interested aviation program took minute flight base plane piloted charles chief anderson april anderson self taught black civilian experienced aviator learned fly war hired program chief flight instructor anderson referred ancient black aviation having flown long new recruits age program expanded center african american aviation world war members unit known airmen formation black air units announced secretary war robert january march pursuit squadron pursuit early world war synonym fighter established field illinois activated days later march enlisted men formed group black americans trained aircraft ground support trades small number core black squadrons subsequently formed fields alabama later pursuit squadron moved field field deploying combat mediterranean theater operations pilots commanders instructors maintenance support staff comprised airmen experiment december director training school end promoted position army air field commander director training later field commander played key role program success approximately ground support personnel field graduating pilots saw active combat war exercises booker washington monument located institute commemorated beginning black american pre flight training military aviation candidates officer positions cited america black press cream country colored youth classes started institute flying lessons soon began army air field approximately miles away built government press releases recounted air field developed built negro contractors skilled original class students graduated march type training plane teaching new recruits followed aircraft choice time primary flight training field trained black war half served overseas initial problems local white residents area objected immediately complained black mps challenging white people patrolling town military weapons commanding officer major james supportive mps soon relieved command colonel replaced enforced segregation base prompted black newspapers protest assignment colonel transferred promotion took command director training lack assignments according background training led excess non aviation black officers mission morale facility little line recreation began arrange celebrities visit perform base joe louis ray robinson louis armstrong hughes guests base larger extent predecessors demanded high standards performance men view race issue felt individual capacities techniques judgement held black high standards performance whites meet standards failed program airmen experiment results history views results airmen experiment tremendous success played significant role proved blacks perform leadership combat roles felt people judged capability color development return washington depressed massive resistance program decades later airmen called applauded standing ovation experience world war necessitated military review policies black confrontation discussion coordination black white groups led leaders conclusion active commitment leadership equal opportunity produced cost effective viable military force president harry signed executive order equality treatment opportunity military small successes airmen commander field historians generally credit improving morale living conditions relations blacks whites relations local citizens stated memoirs army officials whites near felt airmen aviation frederick president institute wrote september opinion development direction army air field army flying training program area cause proud development place period emergency confusion stayed command airmen end world war august assigned air university time war winding struggle integrate united_states military heated virtually commanders submitted reports claiming blacks took longer train performed poorly whites pointed instances showed blatant discrimination occurred black airmen war shortage bomber pilots europe white fighter pilots sent replace despite fact fully trained black bomber pilots available flying fighter planes requires skills different flying bomber commented fact officers army air_force scientific achievements scientific skill mechanical matters personnel matters generally approach problem races minorities arbitrary attitudes like dislike citizens united_states having rights privileges citizens august entered air war college field graduated following june deputy secretary air staff air_force headquarters washington special assistant vice chief staff january september air deputy north_atlantic treaty organization defense college located paris france september deputy director military assistance division united_states european command paris returned air_force headquarters assistant coordination deputy chief staff plans programs eventually brigadier general retiring air_force october military decorations include legion merit air medal earned phd alma mater rice university taught college history texas died tuesday april cardiac arrest veterans administration medical center point maryland service lieutenant general davis said white person believed blacks learn fly family personal life married twice second time florence tucker john joseph tucker iii dallas texas tucker air maryland james tucker pennsylvania wrote magazine articles pen interested music painting considered charming witty likable looking younger years considered ladies man prior assigned actively involved black americans causes youth miles black man later recalled people heard project train black pilots mechanics heard weird worried kind laughter white people visiting british flying ace stated better tail try teach negro fly legacy according presentation won prize national history day competition year old high school student john freeman wrote airmen america black military pilots helped lay civil rights movement prestigious award association airmen presented airmen annual convention named brigadier general award honor years award presented person widow florence recognition received general daniel james distinguished service achievement leadership award convention historians generally credit colonel commander field leadership fair treatment cadets improved morale reducing segregation improving relations blacks whites town record airmen driving force president harry decision military


elder greek died usually elder distinguish grandson emperor prominent byzantine generals late 9th century important member family youth taken personal emperor rising quickly posts governor fought success arabs led major expedition southern italy victories laid foundation byzantine resurgence peninsula return raised post domestic schools effect commander chief army led success arabs east balkans died likely contemporaries later historians lauded military ability character sons later succeeded schools leo likewise distinguished generals emperor recovery lost provinces arabs life early life career son founder family man called native campaigns emperor reigned probably father caught emperor attention raised rank time youth taken imperial soon appointed guard corps possibly participated campaign shortly rate promoted rank received emperor palace vicinity church eventually rose post military governor theme post according scored numerous successes arabs command southern italy remained command appointment commander chief single general arabs southern italy replacement stephen defeated arabs took place according traditional dating likely originally sent italy head picked detachment troops records expeditionary force command involved forces western themes macedonia reports received reinforcements themes asia minor including detachment command italy lasted recall constantinople following accession leo wise late tougher sent italy accession leo leo writings takes credit dispatch recall byzantium absent affairs southern italy century accession changed imperial fleet diplomacy employed effort secure adriatic_sea raids establish byzantine dominance extend byzantine control parts italy taken according byzantine sources tenure italy recovered numerous towns taken arabs previous years including taranto santa especially previously attacked success according besieging news came emperor death recall leo kept news secret persuaded arab garrison surrender guarantee safe passage time italy took steps strengthen byzantine position settling region slaves donated emperor old widow 11th century historian john furthermore reports brought end abuse local population ending practice returning byzantine soldiers carrying local italians sold east slaves according grateful italians dedicated church honour time departure extended byzantine control victories followed successors laid foundation resurgence byzantine power southern italy culminating establishment theme regions remain firmly byzantine control 11th century domestic schools war bulgaria successes italy secured friendly welcome honours return constantinople mentioned years outbreak war bulgaria meantime raised rank named post domestic schools effect commander chief byzantine army death predecessor andrew sent head large army unclear engaged battle byzantine instigated invasion north activities byzantine navy danube forced bulgarian ruler ask truce byzantines withdrew campaign associated reports died death reportedly encouraged reopen hostilities devastating success successor domestic leo later chronicle reports different story according dismissed post refusing proposals marriage alliance leo powerful chief minister period office appointed theme spending remaining years death fighting arabs leo later mention successful raid arab lands led retaliation arab attack fortress theme directing theme deal arab invasion led forces raid vicinity making prisoners arabs following different course return avoiding arab army sent block retreat raid probably took place years directly bulgarian war definite conclusion date death reached today modern scholars jean doubtful version unusual domestic appointed subordinate position thematic reason doubt authenticity tale seeing potential future emperor offering hand unknown daughter marriage assessment family accounts capable soldier leo military talents credited invention weapon counter cavalry campaign consisting stake driven ground brave man pious god men father elder leo elder schools leo younger emperor leo scored major successes arabs particular leading recovery crete cyprus


dave shannon david john dave shannon bar bar april australian bomber pilot world war best known raid night born south_australia joined royal_australian_air_force raaf learned fly empire air training scheme training united_kingdom posted squadron raf operating lancaster heavy bombers awarded distinguished flying cross january march selected squadron commanding officer wing commander guy gibson join newly formed squadron operation attack dams valley awarded distinguished service order following raid shannon continued fly squadron october time earned bars assigned transport duties squadron march squadron ranked squadron leader shannon war remained england executive shell died south london aged seventy early life shannon born park south_australia father howard shannon served south australian state shannon working insurance company joined royal_australian_air_force raaf reserve adelaide july aged eighteen january transferred raaf air cadet empire air training scheme received instruction western_australia initial training school elementary flying training school service flying training school following graduation pilot officer september posted united_kingdom active service promoted flying officer march shannon underwent conversion armstrong bombers operational training unit scotland posted squadron raf operating flew thirty sorties unit june awarded distinguished flying cross january attacks industrial targets enemy territory march selected squadron commanding officer wing commander guy gibson join newly formed squadron operation raid dams valley shannon australian pilots squadron martin robert les knight youngest captain crews cultivated attempt add maturity baby face night operation shannon group led gibson assaults dams aircraft dropped bouncing bombs shannon preparing attack dam gave way carried gibson captained young henry les knight detailed bombing run shannon took attempts area line aircraft meantime gibson ordered attack shannon went delivering bomb target knight dropped bomb dam broke shannon landed raf feeling terribly bomb believed caused crack dam wall knight completed breach speaking later severe losses suffered squadron nineteen planes shannon contended suppose hardened loss flown awarded distinguished service order mission number decorations awarded squadron dams raid london gazette citation night 16th force lancaster bombers detailed attack dams germany operation great difficulty hazard demanding high degree skill courage close operation crews aircraft engaged telling blow struck enemy successful dams outstanding success reflects greatest credit efforts following personnel participated operation capacities members aircraft crew soon afterward shannon married section officer ann met raid remained squadron role special duties unit operating high value targets expanded participating attacks canals weapon sites bombs shannon promoted flight lieutenant september awarded bar november low level attack adverse weather heavy opposition participated raids weapon sites january following month squadron undertook sortie leadership wing commander point unit began flying low level target marking missions light bombers addition shannon converted started flying operationally april returned lancaster june drop window allies ahead day landings following day prior flying weapon sites support normandy invasion forces according military historian patrick bishop shannon immune feelings prepared depart night missions commented beautiful sunset shannon replied don fuck want sunrise having raised acting squadron leader awarded bar september courage high order numerous sorties citation london gazette read award bar distinguished flying cross squadron leader shannon completed sorties executed outstanding resolution success times displayed courage high order appreciation responsibilities entrusted set fine example october total sorties shannon taken bomber operations transferred transport duties initially squadron flew long range missions promotion squadron leader substantive january months later assigned squadron operated consolidated later life shannon discharged raaf squadron leader december remained england executive shell later shannon longer flew war like drive fast cars served chairman squadron association helping raise funds memorial spa near raf april shortly planned anniversary reunion surviving died home south london aged seventy survived second wife daughter ann fifth anniversary raid memorial shannon south australians took mission bomb fred bob hay unveiled adelaide presence airmen families july shannon daughter medals uniform available australian war memorial canberra long term display


september november admiral imperial_german_navy kaiserliche_marine joined navy officer cadet progressed ranks commanding cruisers battleships major staff positions land outbreak world war commander battle squadron high_seas_fleet took command iii battle squadron consisted newest powerful battleships navy january promoted admiral given control high_seas_fleet led german fleet battle jutland june largest naval battles history following battle joined calling submarine warfare allies kaiser eventually permitted august promoted chief naval staff admiral von hipper replaced commander fleet planned final battle british grand_fleet war weary sailors news operation abandoned retired end war strict popularly known navy man iron mask severe appearance wrote memoirs year later translated published english wrote autobiography died buried municipal cemetery admiral commemorated kriegsmarine heavy cruiser admiral built 1930s early career born present day lower came middle class background initially hampered naval career kaiserliche_marine dominated wealthy families entered navy april aged cadet sea assignment aboard sail frigate sms cruise aboard lasted june september cruise trained navigation engineering following return germany september assigned naval school kiel continue officer training received satisfactory rating cadet evaluation received second highest grade class sea cadet exam following year following graduation naval school embarked month long special training program gunnery torpedo warfare infantry training afterward assigned gunnery training ship sms renown short time assigned armored frigate sms friedrich year cadet training assigned frigate sms conducted world tour ship sailed melbourne australia nagasaki japan shanghai china trip following commission german_navy transferred east africa squadron tour unit lasted assigned crew frigate sms promoted important connections africa befriended von later serve commander high_seas_fleet assignment december participated landing party suppressed pro british indigenous return germany took torpedo training aboard sms january returned east africa squadron torpedo officer aboard corvette sms tour lasted early summer point returned germany instructor torpedo research command kiel far career strong reputation torpedo specialist stationed kiel met alfred von took note expertise following von promotion secretary state imperial navy office transferred work torpedo section promotion commanded light cruiser sms promoted took command battleship sms command held years report dated december recommended promotion chief staff commanding officer high_seas_fleet admiral von served cruiser sms reached flag rank months taking post von staff age held chief staff position late transferred alfred von held position chief general naval department following appointment returned sea command form squadron commander battleships battle squadron high_seas_fleet january world war december promoted remained battle squadron january time world war begun took command iii battle squadron consisted powerful battleships german fleet dreadnoughts kaiser classes advocated raids british coast lure portions numerically superior royal_navy overwhelmed german fleet highly critical admiral friedrich von felt following bombardment withdrawn instead attacking weaker british squadron remarked robbed opportunity meeting certain divisions enemy according plan seen correct following loss sms battle bank january kaiser removed post february admiral hugo von replaced commander fleet cautious remainder conducted ineffective fleet actions remained nautical miles command high_seas_fleet vice admiral commander chief high_seas_fleet january ill continue post promotion position wrote guiding principles sea warfare north_sea outlined strategic plans central idea grand_fleet pressured higher boat activity raids increased fleet sorties grand_fleet forced abandon distant blockade attack german fleet kaiser approved memorandum february approval kaiser use fleet aggressively following kaiser order forbidding submarine warfare april ordered boats atlantic return germany abandon commerce raiding intended use submarines support fleet boats major british naval bases boats intercept british forces leaving ports provoked bombardment scouting group battlecruisers command vice admiral von hipper planned operation damage battlecruiser sms previous month coupled trouble battleships iii battle squadron caused plan delayed ultimately battle jutland admiral fleet composed dreadnoughts pre dreadnoughts light cruisers torpedo boats departed jade early morning fleet sailed concert hipper battlecruisers supporting cruisers torpedo boats british navy room intercepted german radio traffic containing plans operation sortied grand_fleet totaling dreadnoughts battlecruisers night order cut destroy high_seas_fleet utc battlecruiser forces encountered began running gun fight south battle fleet reaching high_seas_fleet vice admiral david battlecruisers turned north lure germans rapidly approaching grand_fleet command admiral john run north leading ships engaged queen elizabeth class battleships 5th battle squadron grand_fleet arrived scene deployed position cross northeast fleet position ordered point turn south west decided conduct point turn launch attack british fleet later explained reasoning early assume night cruising order enemy compelled fight dark prevented exercising initiative finally cut return german bight way avoiding inflict second blow enemy advance carried regardless cost offered possibility attempt bring help hard pressed rescuing ship company maneuver dangerous position turned fleet south crossed point turn followed covered charge hipper battlecruisers ordered fleet adopt night cruising formation completed series ferocious engagements battleships destroyer screen ensued germans managed punch way destroyers horns reef high_seas_fleet reached jade june ordered undamaged battleships battle squadron defensive positions jade kaiser class battleships maintain state readiness outside wilhelmshaven post jutland battle finished wrote assessment engagement kaiser strongly urged resumption submarine warfare campaign atlantic argued option defeat great_britain spent majority remainder year debating issue naval command ultimately allies prevailed submarine campaign resumed february despite conviction boats defeat britain continued utilize surface fleet august high_seas_fleet sortied attempt draw defeat admiral battlecruiser squadron royal_navy intercepted german communications sent grand_fleet case reconnaissance worked intended warned grand_fleet approach time retreat germany later began use light elements fleet raid british convoys norway north_sea forced british deploy battleships escort convoys presented opportunity attempt destroy battleships grand_fleet april sent entire high_seas_fleet intercept convoys hipper battlecruisers crossed convoy path times sighting ships later discovered german intelligence date convoy depart britain german fleet turned south reached north_sea bases chief naval staff june informed state admiral von health permit remain post chief naval staff longer july informed von submitted resignation kaiser weeks later august promoted chief naval staff subordinate von hipper succeeded command high_seas_fleet following day met field marshal paul von general discuss deteriorating war situation agreed boat campaign sole hope german victory german_army pushed defensive called crash program build vastly increased number boats stipulated minimum additional boats constructed month quarter increase additional month quarter total plan called new boats german naval historian suggested program massive propaganda effort designed effect home abroad october war largely lost hipper envisioned major fleet advance attack british grand_fleet intended inflict damage possible british navy achieve better position germany regardless cost navy plan involved simultaneous attacks light cruisers destroyers flanders shipping thames estuary battlecruisers support thames attack dreadnoughts remained flanders strikes fleet concentrate dutch coast meet grand_fleet battle fleet consolidating wilhelmshaven war weary sailors began von der passed locks separated wilhelmshaven inner harbor men ships climbed disappeared ashore october order given sail wilhelmshaven starting night october sailors battleships ships iii squadron refused weigh anchors acts sabotage committed board battleships face open rebellion order sail rescinded planned operation abandoned attempt suppress mutiny high_seas_fleet squadrons dispersed post war wrote memoirs great war translated english following year october broke house murdered wife maid injured daughter man committed suicide cellar following incident retreated wrote autobiography entitled boot sailing ship submarine published november accepted invitation meet adversary jutland admiral fleet lord england age died trip buried municipal cemetery reads admiral rests admiral dates life flag metal single word german battle jutland heavy cruiser admiral named christened daughter ship ordered funded republic launched decorations awards german honours grand cross order red eagle prussia pour june oak leaves added february prussia iron cross 1st 2nd class knight cross royal house order service award prussia order crown 1st class swords prussia grand cross military order max joseph kingdom bavaria grand cross house order albert bear grand cross military merit order bavaria knight cross military order henry june grand cross albert order grand cross order honorary grand cross house merit order peter frederick louis knight military merit order military merit cross 1st class foreign honours knight grand cross imperial order joseph austro hungarian empire order rising sun 3rd class japan grand officer order saints italy order iron crown 3rd class austria order saint 2nd class


edward edward november april officer royal_navy served french revolutionary wars distinguished naval officers age won fame honour incidents particular entered navy years age period spent british north american waters served captain james cook final voyage discovery rising ranks saw service number navy stations endured periods unemployment received command frigate hms guardian transport stores australia run ship nearly caused ship sink outright attempts stop flooding damaged hull crew abandoned ship despite fully anticipating death refused leave ship left attempt nearly impossible task navigating sinking ship leagues land weeks sea continued labour endurance successfully half sunk ship port saving lives elected remain feat earned promotions finally commands period ill health forced temporary retirement active service recovering quickly given command new gun hms amazon assigned sir parker expedition baltic worked closely vice admiral nelson approach battle copenhagen earning nelson trust admiration nelson appointed command frigate squadron battle engagement began badly british initiative attack danish forts despite heavily parker sent signal withdraw nelson ignored felt choice obey commanding officer despite despair nelson think retreat amazon swung away exposed vulnerable stern danish batteries encouraging men end cut round shot nelson learning death called loss monument erected memory paul cathedral poem commemorated loss good family early life born mount near kent november second son captain stephen guards wife embarked naval career age joining sir thomas flagship gun hms portsmouth ship gun hms flagship vice admiral john newfoundland station rated joined captain charles hms discovery voyage pacific captain james cook aboard hms resolution expedition cook voyage discovery death hawaii took command transferring resolution bringing took passed lieutenant examination october shortly expedition return britain received promotion october appointment lieutenant gun brig sloop hms sent serve west_indies appears ill common experience naval officers serving tropics survived return britain discharged ship february went royal naval hospital recovered health april active service joining portsmouth hms june went half pay lasted years received appointment time gun hms salisbury march salisbury flagship rear admiral john sailed newfoundland post commodore governor period life described aboard strict regard noted religious man son brother period half pay followed discharge salisbury november succeeded attracting attention family able use patronage secure appointment command hms guardian april command guardian guardian gun frigate armed loaded stores taken british colony bay addition stores consisting seeds plants farm machinery livestock total value guardian transport number aboard guardian young named thomas son politician thomas nephew prime minister william people aboard ship left september uneventful voyage cape good hope loaded livestock plants cape met lieutenant william sailed cook voyage sailing master resolution arrived cape landed mile voyage open boat following mutiny aboard ship hms bounty completing sailed cape mid december picking began second leg voyage new_south_wales christmas eve days departure cape large spotted decided use ice stocks fresh water quickly depleted need supply plants animals transporting positioned near boats collect ice time boats recovered night fallen sudden descended hiding view found dangerous situation lay large mass ice concealed darkness fog posted bows rigging began edge slowly forward danger past left clock strange pale glow reported bows ordered helm turn hard starboard turning wind wall ice higher ship masts slid briefly appeared danger avoided passed guardian struck underwater projection crash caught sudden gust wind ship swung driving stern ice smashing away rudder shattering stern frame tearing large hull despite seriousness situation remained calm sails pull clear ice taking stock damage clear immediate danger ice found desperate situation feet water hold rushing sea rising gale sprung pumps manned influx water midnight feet water hold dawn christmas day attempt hull involved lowering packed sail cover hull slow flooding temporarily successful clock pumps able reduce water level inches respite short lived sail split pressure water water level began rise number requested permission ship boats convinced stay attempt hull sail failed sail immediately ripped nightfall december water hold risen feet ship rolling violently allowing water pour ship ordered stores guns livestock thrown overboard attempt ship injured hand crushed falling trying clear bread room morning day ship settling stern sails torn away gale seamen time joined requested allowed boats agreed aware boats announced determined remain ship shall presence useful long occasion determined remain ship boats prepared wrote letter secretary admiralty sir officers crew guardian survive home conduct fatal stroke island ice admirable wonderful related duties considered private men majesty service possibility remaining hours world leave recommend consideration admiralty sister conduct service found memory favour shown widowed mother sir remaining great respect humble gave note master guardian given command launch total people chose join boats leaving people including thomas surgeon mate carpenter daughter thirty seamen boys guardian nearly feet water hold noise deck attracted attention investigation found number broken free floating hold trapped lower realising providing extra gun deck sealed sail sent hull control flooding having created substitute hull deck raised little sail began long journey land pumps continuously manned weeks small crew guardian little leagues cape good hope cape good hope sighted february table bay help battered ship safety ran aground prevent sinking gale struck coast shortly completing wreck guardian voyage described dictionary national biography parallel remained guardian survivors accident boats sent december launch people survived having rescued french merchant launch witnessed sinking boat losing contact long boat arranged surviving helped save ship pardoned good service promotion returned britain met popular acclaim feat acquitted blame loss ship promoted master commander september advanced post captain june promotions rank receive command outbreak french revolutionary wars appointed command sixth rate hms rose june served west_indies sir john active operations guadeloupe martinique moved gun hms november capturing number small french vessels ill health forced home meantime appointed yacht hms princess health improved able return active service june appointment command gun hms amazon active french assigned sir parker expedition baltic abandon league armed neutrality elected fellow royal society baltic british force surveyed danish positions copenhagen council war held parker second command vice admiral nelson british captains present worked closely nelson captain thomas lead attack nelson duly appointed commander frigates smaller vessels instruction deploy ships support main fleet battle began nelson ships ran aground harbour new plan attack improvised nelson ships line engaged danish counterparts took frigates harass forts despite heavily dangerously exposed exchanged fire hours ships suffered heavy casualties hit head splinter nelson think parker waiting outside harbour reserve raised signal ordering nelson withdraw nelson acknowledged signal ignored nelson second command rear admiral thomas graves repeated signal obey found difficult position junior officer risk direct order reluctantly gave order small squadron withdraw ships forced turn danish guns leaving open heavy fire vulnerable area withdrawal hms hms reduced thick cloud gun smoke helping obscure british ships leaving amazon exposed force danish guns remained action half hour reluctantly giving order withdraw lieutenant colonel william stuart commanding soldiers 48th regiment recorded sitting gun encouraging men wounded head splinter expressed obliged retreat observed nelson think clerk killed shot marines hauling main shared fate come boys let die words scarcely fatal shot severed command amazon lieutenant lieutenant john completed withdrawal memorials nelson known expedition conceived great affection wrote poor dear country sustained loss naval historian sir declared qualities perfect officer parliament commemorated memory joint memorial shared james robert paul cathedral poet thomas campbell wrote battle baltic lines brave hearts britain pride faithful true deck fame died good


major paul august november german luftwaffe ace fourth recipient knight cross iron cross oak leaves knight cross iron cross higher grade oak leaves awarded recognise extreme bravery battle successful military leadership germany highest military decoration time presentation born joined luftwaffe trained fighter pilot assigned 2nd fighter wing saw combat battles france britain promoted major october given position wing commander youngest luftwaffe hold rank position shot vicinity isle november likely british ace john subsequently shot posted missing action presumed dead credited destroying enemy aircraft aerial combat making leading german fighter pilot time flying claimed victories western allies early life pre war service paul born august germany youngest children civil engineer née eldest brother walter born time german south west_africa outbreak world war forced family return germany sister born near owing demand father skills expertise building roads bridges spent childhood traveling german family moved mother died february father took family near danzig east prussia finally settling berlin graduating gymnasium high school initially considered career applied officer candidate course new german air_force scoring tests accepted german military april luftwaffe officer candidate school dresden completing compulsory labour service swore oath allegiance adolf_hitler april passing officer training courses assessed suited officer july started flight training shortly later considered average pilot difficulties theoretical training especially topics little interest early briefly transferred 6th squadron bomber wing month later returned dresden complete officer training failed pass course training given second chance april reported officer candidate school iii 3rd air war school west near successfully completed course started special pilot training fighter training facility graduation assigned fighter wing november fighter wing lieutenant colonel max flying obsolete fighters november senior ensign promoted second lieutenant january transferred fighter wing later renamed 53rd fighter wing began flying fighter spanish civil war flying ace credited aerial victories guidance flight leader world war war battle france august given orders transfer time unit intention send 1st fighter wing based near berlin world war attached world war era incorrectly order noticed mistake realizing choose famous 2nd fighter wing currently bore chose commanded colonel von unit equipped tactical code yellow september joined serving air defence berlin polish campaign following german victory poland transferred frankfurt tasked protection germany western border war phase britain france declaration war germany september battle france flying sixth combat mission claimed second victory november near nancy shot french hawk fighter piloted air killed feat received iron cross 2nd class allowed home leave spent christmas wife baby son walter parents returning frankfurt february members spent week black forest skiing german forces launched offensive western_europe remained ground aircraft yellow underwent engine change seven days later air recording victories french leo bombers mission june confirmed unconfirmed victories including french fighters shot june record fifth eighth victories unconfirmed victories royal_navy torpedo bombers claimed witnesses june pilot complete combat missions claiming ninth tenth victory day achievement awarded iron cross 1st class harry von end french campaign total stood confirmed victories trailing captain victories victories luftwaffe scorer end french campaign headquarters moved house louis knight artist fled days germans arrived battle britain battle britain royal_air_force raf rose quickly rank profile battle zone public figure germany july promoted lieutenant leader succeeding major fighting air grew increasingly difficult kept adding victories tally recorded 20th victory august added fighters day later achievement earned reference total information bulletin issued headquarters singled individually honour entered orders decorations section soldier service record book aerial victories eligible knight cross iron cross des higher grade iron cross awarded knight cross iron cross august empire marshal interviewed eagle luftwaffe weekly magazine journalist prior presentation articles appeared time granted days leave spent family berlin return france promoted september named group commander september continued adding score october gained 41st combat victory way overtake closest rivals major adolf 41st victory earned second reference october fourth member armed forces receive knight cross iron cross oak leaves des mit directly hitler bavaria september received orders late afternoon october report berlin following day bad weather chose drive normandy berlin car friend travelled night arrived air ministry right time meet field marshal colonel general general der general kurt student general der meeting berlin drove personal train arrived october official oak leaves presentation exposed press chief international public press conference presented hero performance left predominantly negative impression presented life magazine fun victims october promoted major appointed wing commander 27th fighter wing ambition leave giving matter thought asked let remain instead day revoked decision gave command years age youngest major luftwaffe major commanded beginning september placed command instead claimed aerial victory november earning reference celebrate victory headquarters personnel went paris november exactly year aerial victory visited casino paris death accompanied including claimed 55th aerial victory shot afternoon november opponent squadron pilot officer reported killed engagement highest scoring fighter pilot luftwaffe surpassing score time stood victories returning mission ordered aircraft armed took returned vicinity isle spotting flight climbed intercept favourable attack position diving attack shot killed pilot officer paul squadron flying shortly factory number shot probably victory ace flight lieutenant john squadron possible fell victim pilot officer polish pilot squadron scored hits aircraft shot killed battle saw shoot pilot shot observed crash sea pilot inside later find saw ordered kriegsmarine torpedo boats night long search rescue mission day naval vessels air sea rescue service escorted fighters continued vain search found luftwaffe declared missing action presumed dead december earning reference daily combat mission oak leaves recipient lose life combat family august married berlin marriage produced children walter born october girl born death february january father received telephone headquarters rescued taken prisoner war apparently official report indicated year old luftwaffe major credited aerial victories interned prisoner war camp canada hitler initiated steps confirmation report february telegram ottawa informed interned canada married military doctor equivalent captain later war awards iron cross 2nd class december 1st class june pilot observer badge gold diamonds knight cross iron cross oak leaves knight cross august 4th oak leaves october major


march march norwegian scientist intelligence officer military organizer graduated norwegian institute technology prolific researcher writer academic publications professor chemistry norwegian institute technology pioneers heavy water research instrumental heavy water plant built world war norway invaded germany conducted domestic resistance year fleeing country england gathered valuable intelligence norwegian sources development rocket growing german interest heavy water planned operation german access heavy water processing severely information rocket contributed massive allied bombing long time wanted return norway organize resistance work prevented norwegian military authorities britain travel norway organize operation sunshine defence norwegian infrastructure months country killed action team taken local hostage early life born son died months born grew mother siblings graduated middle school grades mathematics embarked thirty months professional practice local electricity companies requirement technical school predecessor faculty engineering oslo university college enrolled chose technical chemistry instead electronic engineering graduated best chemistry student fellow student recalled read order remember spring took attending school year ready norwegian institute technology waited year possibly wanting strengthen personal finances meantime started compulsory military service accomplished athlete helped hometown club norwegian metres relay records records set broken team brother john bronze medalist metres norwegian championships relay team brothers father time took mother later moved trondheim study norwegian institute technology graduating graduation paper deemed exceptional reported king norway regarded fully fledged academic work published scientifically taken stray jobs studying finished military service reaching rank second lieutenant norwegian army corps weaponry worked briefly assistant norwegian institute technology private company returned norwegian institute technology research fellow year married years junior trondheim couple children academic career spent year research period assistant berlin studied metal surfaces breakthrough managed measure extremely thin surface solving problem dating time michael continued stockholm study elaborate results berlin work completed thesis spanning pages published german der des und received doctorate degree hired norwegian institute technology lecturer summer spent year university_of_cambridge conducting research scholarship memorial fund christian research cambridge continuation thesis work time tested method mercury following death professor technical chemistry norwegian institute technology appointed successor april effective time youngest professors norway member royal norwegian society sciences letters early vice president norwegian chemical society short scientific career penned eighty scientific publications including fourteen heavy water related topics properties heavy water discovered head created plan industrial production heavy water norway producing nitrogen realized large amounts water available paid consultant opened plant near power station world plant industrial mass production heavy water french german scientists expressed interest project world war german invasion norway holding military rank standing order report norwegian military headquarters oslo face military germany invaded norway april informed students situation drove oslo brought wife children having intention taking possible theatre war left valley continued shortly learning oslo city fall invaders stopped family cabin vicinity helped organize volunteers local rifle associations form line defence meant repel advancing german forces german land nearby surprised contingent regular norwegian forces area ensured tactical victory norway ensuing battle resistance norwegian campaign ended german occupation norway reality involved resistance work largely based norwegian institute technology associated radio agent group regular contact london january things sent reports interest shown german authorities heavy water plant source information old companion charge plant helped people flee country sea coast exposure group september flee country resistance member jailed managed warn travelled trondheim oslo train following day visited house arrest days hiding driven car travelled foot continued plane england rejecting offer civilian job sweden reached england october broad network contacts stemming academic career radio operations maintained contacts abroad including scientists knew norwegian institute technology hole opportunity work directly british presented instead chose aim efforts disrupting german occupation norway improving norwegian resistance work wanted active duty stopped norwegian military command considered valuable war theatre foremost skill organization owed experience science staff ministry defence later norwegian high command headed section department established december leadership colonel brought reinforcement work burden increased recently promoted captain major section responsible special operation industry shipping training norwegian independent company technical advice sabotage end war protection norwegian industry established norwegian high command technical committee included norwegian scientists exile technical committee considered precursor norwegian defence research establishment established heavy water sabotage aware heavy water production greatly increased beginning aware connection heavy water atomic weaponry eventually clear germany running nuclear energy project especially visited united_kingdom november later learned expansion heavy water production discussed small conference issue hosted kurt berlin january later communicate england covert special operations executive agent october summoned england reportedly request winston_churchill instead team agents area gather intelligence operation idea heavy water facility heavy air bombing surfaced staunch opponent idea saw hazardous warned presence civil housing argued bombing guaranteed succeed given heavy water facility located armoured basement plant attempt facility november consisted british personnel land near operation freshman units aircraft perished crash landings german captivity organized attempt wanted active sabotage mission stopped commanders regarded supplied extensive knowledge facility organized training operation led carried successfully february months germany managed resume production july american led raid aircraft bombed shipment yard bombings claimed lives people civilian heavy water plant directly affected bombing production halted damaged generator germans tried production facility followed retreat remaining stock heavy water resulted sinking norwegian halting heavy water transport claiming civilian lives given consent operation reportedly heavy heart concealed listening posts revealed high level german discussions long range weaponry place frequently mentioned intelligence reaching ear contacts norway british result royal_air_force bombed army research center august raids army air_force july august bombing halted weapons program centered development flying bomb rocket fellow scientists evans later wrote contributed directly victory allied nations saving region came known southern england longer severe ordeal actually endured operation sunshine tide war turning germany german forces started retreat northern norway earth tactic retreated consequently started plan organize defence industrial sites southern norway plan operation sunshine basic principle build defence force existing pockets district earlier stopped travelling norway time felt time deal decisive blow german war power called effort called men october norwegian independent company members group included lived small cabin built months situation arose compromise operation feared installed nazis municipality suspicious people operation sunshine created plan lure mountains capture march resistance member jon managed travel mountains pretext showing stolen goods soon met captured taken lodge hills interrogated day brother suspicious decided follow ski trails led armed entered lodge firing shots taking resistance fighters surprise killed initial attack bound grabbed rifle struggle charged killed brothers escaped jon survived disposed bodies lake day bodies found burned german forces war jon testified brothers legal purge norway world war claimed wounded killed blow butt rifle held court found guilty murders attempted murder sentenced year prison term year term diaries coded diaries preserved original books kept national archival services norway available historians regarded important source information outer awards legacy military funeral buried oslo awarded norway highest decoration military gallantry war cross sword norwegian war medal defence medal addition norwegian decorations received order british_empire french medal freedom bronze palm british distinguished service order memorial stone raised commemorating death streets norway named statue today stands square administrative centre commissioned local club erected abstract sculpted