organic compound vital nutrient organism requires limited amounts organic chemical compound related set compounds called organism compound sufficient quantities obtained diet term circumstances particular organism example acid form humans animal organisms important treatment certain health problems little evidence benefit healthy people convention term includes essential nutrients minerals essential essential needed greater amounts great number nutrients promote health required maintain health organism thirteen universally recognized present classified biological chemical activity structure refers number compounds biological activity associated particular set chemicals grouped generic title includes compounds known definition active form body inter diverse functions like functions mineral cell tissue growth forms function largest number complex function help work role tightly bound prosthetic groups example involved making tightly bound molecules function carry chemical groups molecules example acid carry groups cell roles assisting substrate reactions best known function functions equally important mid-1930s commercial extract complex semi synthetic supplement sold obtained solely food intake changes diet example occur particular growing season usually greatly altered types amounts produced chemicals widely available inexpensive synthetic source food middle 20th century study structural activity function role maintaining health called list typically multiple reactions multiple functions health effects essential normal growth development organism genetic blueprint inherited parents begins develop moment conception nutrients requires certain minerals present certain times nutrients facilitate chemical reactions produce things skin bone muscle nutrients child develop disease minor deficiencies cause permanent damage obtained food obtained means example commonly known gut flora produce form synthesized skin help natural sunlight humans produce consume examples include produced beta acid growth development completed remain essential nutrients healthy maintenance cells tissues organs organism enable life form efficiently use chemical energy provided food eats help process proteins required healthy little evidence benefits respect cancer heart disease provide health benefits generally healthy individuals increase mortality large studies support conclusion included known beta harmful findings suggest limited specific form taken excess european_union countries europe regulations define limits mineral safe use food sold food exceed maximum daily products legal limits considered food registered non counter drugs potential effects result fat contain amounts daily drug products daily supplement example exceed recommended daily limit lower regulations applicable european countries contain include ingredients minerals herbs scientific evidence supports benefits persons certain health conditions cases unwanted effects especially taken surgery person taking certain health conditions contain levels times higher different forms food effect cooking shown percentage loss cooking averaged common foods vegetables meat fish noted available usable body steamed cooked table shows susceptible loss heat heat boiling steaming cooking etc agents effect cutting vegetables seen exposure air light water water vegetable boiled deficiencies humans consume periodically differing schedules avoid body stores different vary widely stored significant amounts mainly liver adult diet months cases years developing condition stored significant amounts stores couple weeks symptoms experimental studies complete humans varied widely month months depending previous history determined body stores deficiencies classified primary secondary primary occurs organism food secondary underlying disorder prevents limits absorption use lifestyle factor smoking excessive alcohol consumption use interfere absorption use people eat varied diet unlikely develop severe primary contrast restrictive potential cause prolonged result painful potentially deadly diseases known human deficiencies involve developed world deficiencies rare adequate supply food addition minerals common foods fortification addition classical diseases evidence suggested links number different disorders effects large documented effects tend severe larger likelihood consuming food remote poisoning occur high cause effects effects emerge recovery accomplished reducing differ individual vary widely appear related age state health exposure mineral reported individuals american association poison control centers nearly children age leading major life threatening outcomes deaths classified water fat humans fat water water dissolve easily water general readily body degree output strong consumption readily stored consistent intake important types water synthesized bacteria fat absorbed tract help likely accumulate body likely lead water fat regulation particular significance history value eating certain food maintain health recognized long identified ancient knew feeding liver person help cure night illness known caused advancement ocean renaissance resulted prolonged periods access fresh fruits vegetables illnesses common ships crews scottish surgeon james discovered citrus foods helped prevent particularly deadly disease properly formed causing poor wound healing bleeding severe pain death published treatise recommended avoid adopted british_royal_navy led nickname british sailors discovery widely accepted individuals royal_navy arctic expeditions 19th century widely believed prevented practicing good regular exercise maintaining morale crew board diet fresh food result arctic expeditions continued plagued diseases early 20th century robert falcon scott expeditions prevailing medical theory time caused food late 18th early 19th centuries use studies allowed scientists identify number fish oil cure rats fat nutrient called isolated cured initially called compound called russian surgeon studied effects university present day estonia fed mice artificial mixture separate constituents milk known time proteins mice received individual constituents died mice fed milk developed normally conclusion natural food milk contain known principal ingredients small quantities unknown substances essential life conclusions rejected advisor von students reproduced results similar result appeared dutch medical journal widely reported east asia polished white rice common staple food middle class resulting lack endemic british trained medical doctor imperial_japanese_navy observed endemic low ranking crew ate rice officers consumed western style diet support japanese navy experimented crews battleships crew fed white rice fed diet meat fish rice beans group ate white rice documented crew members deaths group cases deaths convinced japanese navy diet cause mistakenly believed sufficient amounts protein prevented diseases result deficiencies investigated discovered feeding rice instead polished variety chickens helped prevent chickens following year frederick foods contained factors addition proteins etc necessary functions human body awarded nobel prize physiology medicine discoveries complex isolated japanese scientist succeeded water complex rice named acid later published discovery japanese scientific journal article translated german translation failed state newly discovered nutrient claim original japanese article discovery failed gain publicity polish born funk working london isolated complex proposed complex named later known described anti factor today called funk proposed hypothesis diseases disease cured max friend reader bristol university reportedly suggested vital soon synonymous factors time shown word jack cecil proposed final dropped reference researchers began suspect particular component paul correct structure beta main precursor identified norman confirmed albert discovery acid significant contributions chemistry led identification investigations received nobel prize chemistry albert fellow researcher joseph suspected acid actually gave sample charles king proved anti activity long established guinea pig awarded nobel prize physiology medicine discovery edward dam awarded nobel prize physiology medicine discovery chemical structure george awarded nobel prize discovery participate directly process etymology term derived compound word coined polish funk working institute medicine vital meaning life suggested organic food factors prevent similar diseases chemical true found word shortened english society culture discovered actively promoted articles advertisements good media outlets enthusiastically promoted liver oil source sunshine natural food promoted foods source basis scientifically determined value taste appearance world war researchers focused need ensure adequate nutrition especially processed foods robert credited term describe appeal relying obtaining varied diet foods continuing healthy lifestyle led obsessive consumption beneficial effects questionable governmental regulation countries place special category general umbrella foods drugs result manufacturer government responsibility ensuring supplement products safe marketed regulation varies widely country united_states supplement defined supplement health education act approval process requirement manufacturers prove safety introduced food drug administration rely adverse event reporting system monitor adverse events occur code federal regulations title iii took effect regulating practices manufacturing packaging labeling holding operations product registration required regulations mandate production quality control standards including testing identity purity european_union food directive requires proven safe sold standards established united_states united_states sets standards commonly preparations thereof likewise european regulate aspects identity purity european market naming reason set directly corresponding letters reclassified time discarded false leads renamed relationship complex german speaking scientists isolated described addition naming involved blood following wounding german word time letters designated use letter considered reasonable table nomenclature reclassified lists chemicals previously classified earlier names later complex missing reclassified determined example acid range forms discovered required nutrient entire population like internal use inactive toxic effects humans generally recognised science highest numbered practitioners complex recognised substances sources type number controversial cancer treatment point appears consensus substances officially designated form known named nutrient type anti anti chemical compounds absorption actions example protein egg whites absorption similar use


acid implicated biological roles regulation expression genes dna proteins constitute major essential known forms life like dna assembled chain unlike dna found nature single strand folded paired double strand cellular organisms use messenger convey genetic information letters denote bases directs synthesis specific proteins genetic information molecules play active role cells biological reactions controlling gene expression sensing communicating responses cellular signals active processes protein synthesis universal function molecules direct assembly proteins process uses transfer molecules deliver links form proteins comparison dna like dna active including non contain self sequences allow parts fold pair form double analysis revealed highly structured unlike dna structures consist long double collections short packed structures akin proteins fashion achieve chemical like instance determination structure bond formation revealed active site composed entirely structure contains sugar numbered base attached position general group attached position position groups negative charge making charged bases form hydrogen bonds interactions possible group bases binding base pair important structural feature distinguishes dna presence group position sugar presence functional group causes adopt form geometry single strand contexts rarely adopt form commonly observed dna form geometry results deep narrow major groove shallow wide minor groove second consequence presence group flexible regions involved formation double attack adjacent bond backbone bases bases attached modified numerous ways mature changed bond bond found places notable ones loop notable modified base base called plays key role hypothesis genetic code naturally occurring modified greatest structural diversity modifications found present common specific roles modifications fully understood notable post modifications occur highly functional regions center interface implying important normal function functional form single stranded molecules like proteins frequently requires specific structure structure provided secondary structural elements hydrogen bonds leads recognizable domains secondary structure like loops internal loops charged metal needed secondary structures naturally occurring composed centers located use synthesized stable degradation like structured proteins define folded based arrangement chain contacts folded termed circuit synthesis synthesis usually dna template process known initiation begins binding promoter sequence dna usually found upstream gene dna double activity progresses template strand direction occurring direction dna sequence termination synthesis occur primary modified example tail cap added pre removed number dependent use template synthesis new strand instance number use type replicate genetic material dependent interference organisms types overview messenger carries information dna sites protein synthesis translation cell sequence determines acid sequence protein produced code protein output non protein called non genes genes derive prominent examples non transfer involved process translation non involved gene regulation processing roles certain able chemical reactions cutting molecules bond formation known length according length chain includes small long usually small length long long called large mainly include long non small mainly include transfer small interfering small interacting derived small small derived translation messenger carries information protein sequence protein synthesis factories cell coded correspond acid cells precursor pre dna processed mature removes non sections pre exported nucleus bound translated corresponding protein form help cells nucleus compartments dna certain time message component assistance transfer small chain transfers specific acid growing chain site protein synthesis translation sites acid attachment region recognition specific sequence messenger chain hydrogen bonding component contain different molecules molecules synthesized synthesized protein combine form called carries protein synthesis attached single time nearly found typical cell transfer messenger found bacteria proteins lack stop degradation prevents regulatory types gene expression gene dna found act interference complex block translated accelerate degradation small interfering produced breakdown viral sources act interference fashion similar cause genes target decreasing increasing genes animals interacting active cells thought defense play role regulatory system similar interference widespread gene way act binding forming double stranded degraded long regulate genes coats female mammals contain regulatory elements region region regulatory elements regulate activity regions contain elements regulate genes processing involved modifying pre contain small nuclear altered having modified modifications general directed small found bodies associate guide spot perform modification extensively modified target base modification like dna carry genetic information composed number proteins viral replicated proteins proteins protect virus particle moves new host cell group consist protein replicated host plant cell reverse reverse replicate reverse dna copies dna copies new spread copying dna contains template building ends double stranded double stranded strands similar dna found cells forms genetic material double stranded double stranded viral trigger interference response circular recently shown single stranded closed circular form expressed animal plant kingdom thought arise reaction joins downstream donor upstream site far function largely unknown examples activity demonstrated key discoveries biology research led important biological discoveries numerous nobel prizes discovered friedrich called material found nucleus later discovered cells nucleus contain role protein synthesis suspected won nobel prize medicine shared arthur discovered laboratory discovered later shown responsible degradation synthesis alex rich david davies separate strands form crystal structure determined ray sequence found robert winning nobel prize medicine shared marshall suggested earliest forms life self molecules relied carry genetic information reactions world early 1970s reverse discovered showing time copy dna opposite usual route transmission genetic information work david baltimore howard awarded nobel prize walter team determined complete sequence virus discovered cellular genes resulting nobel philip sharp richard roberts molecules discovered early 1980s leading nobel award thomas found introduced genes silence similar genes plant known result interference time long called found role development studies interference nobel prize andrew fire nobel awarded studies roger year discovery gene regulatory led attempts develop drugs silence genes evolution march complex dna organic compounds life including reportedly formed laboratory outer space conditions starting chemicals found like carbon rich chemical found universe formed red giants dust gas clouds according scientists

Classes of chemical compounds and materials


chemistry non metal chemical element lacks metallic attributes physically tend highly volatile easily low good heat electricity tend high energy values gain share react elements compounds seventeen elements generally classified gases hydrogen nitrogen oxygen neon liquid carbon moving standard form periodic table adopt structures progressively fewer nearest neighbours structures nearest neighbours case example carbon standard state nearest neighbours example case hydrogen nearest neighbour noble gases gradual fall number nearest neighbours associated reduction metallic character increase character distinction categories terms absolute boundary overlaps occur outlying elements category begin distinct hybrid like properties times elements metals hydrogen cent universe oxygen makes close half earth crust oceans atmosphere living organisms composed entirely form compounds metals definition properties rigorous definition properties metals following chief characteristics physically largely exist gases having substantial open packed forms unlike metals nearly solid close packed solid generally dull appearance opposed metals usually lower metals poor heat electricity compared metals significantly lower melting points boiling points metals exception carbon relatively high energy high usually exist solution generally form compounds mixed metals unlike metals form acidic common metals basic applicable elements elements generally classified include element group hydrogen group carbon group nitrogen group oxygen group group possible exception distinction metals means clear result borderline elements lacking metallic properties classified elements classified instead classified vice versa example classified instead particularly environmental chemistry classified instead categories structures usually forms bonds nearest neighbours number able complete shell attain stable noble gas configuration exceptions rule occur hydrogen needs bond complete shell carbon nitrogen oxygen elements sufficiently small able form alternative stable bonding structures fewer nearest neighbours carbon able form layered structure nitrogen oxygen able form molecules having triple double bonds respectively larger size remaining non noble capacity form multiple bonds instead form single bonds different example forms arranged ring forming single bonds different left right standard form periodic table metallic character decreases adopt structures gradual reduction numbers nearest neighbours zero noble gases similar pattern occurs generally level entire periodic table comparing metals transition metallic bonding metals left table van der bonding right table metallic bonding tends involve close packed structures high number nearest neighbours post transition metals true metals tend complex structures intermediate number nearest neighbours bonding right table features open packed directional structures fewer zero nearest neighbours noted steady reduction number nearest neighbours metallic character decreases character increases mirrored structures gradually change case major categories metals variation overlapping properties category carbon border begin metallic character borders metallic shows metal like character discussed metallic number nearest neighbours described significant electronic interactions occur nearest neighbours interactions rise bulk shiny appearance properties metallic begins behaviour unusual distinguished bonding standard states extended molecular forms carbon sheets molecules molecules chains consistent higher coordination numbers metallic character neighbouring solid semi values intermediate moderately high metallic given dull appearance low attributes common shows metallic character compounds examples include plastic bronze appearance metallic distinguished virtue having higher coordination numbers higher melting points stable forms higher boiling points having wider liquid ranges lower room temperature generally marked tendency exist forms stronger weaker ability form hydrogen bonds ability carbon particular fundamental field organic chemistry life earth known forms lower energies seven exist molecules standard states hydrogen nitrogen oxygen generally highly highly non reflective gases noting liquid solid volatile room temperature exceptions description occur boundaries category hydrogen comparatively low unique atomic structure form semi direction layers attributes consistent metallic character distinguished virtue having lower coordination numbers lower melting points compared stable forms lower boiling points having narrower liquid ranges greater room temperature generally exist forms stronger ability form hydrogen bonds gases higher energies higher noble gases occur naturally noble gases neon radioactive comprise group chemical elements similar properties standard states gases low chemical closed shells noble gases highest periods forces attraction property resulting low melting boiling points gases standard conditions atomic masses larger normally solid elements status period noble gases element temporary known noble gas originally predicted noble gas instead fairly solid low potential effects hand effects peak period element thought case element turn noble gas albeit gases hydrogen nitrogen oxygen plus noble gases collectively referred gases elements standard temperature pressure distinguished having lowest lowest melting boiling points strongest properties highest energy values periodic table known synthetic elements atomic number gases metals near room temperature calculations suggested category gases need sub divided metallic gases carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen referred elements collectively required life earth distinguished comparison noble gases general capacity potential form high energies intermediate electron combined low ability form metals weak neutral acid base character group possibly plus elements categorized differ universally required life poisonous fairly strong weak acidic comparison properties characteristic properties noble gases summarized following table physical properties listed loose order ease determination chemical properties run general specific descriptive stable metallic properties standard state carbon appearance fairly good electrical conductor diamond carbon clearly translucent having relatively poor electrical carbon known forms including nitrogen form unstable lifetime oxygen standard state exists unstable half life half hour uniquely exists forms stable standard state white red black probably best known black addition appearance known unstable element plastic mixture properties electrically conducting standard state grey metallic known form sufficiently high pressures half starting observed form metallic abundance extraction hydrogen estimated approximately cent ordinary matter universe cent universe believed ordinary matter represented stars planets living beings balance dark energy dark matter poorly understood present hydrogen carbon nitrogen oxygen constitute great bulk earth atmosphere oceans crust remaining cent comparison cent crust metals aluminium potassium iron metals crust oceans cent forms extracted liquid air minerals coal diamond natural gas processing especially copper bearing applications common prevalent applications individual main article element universal near universal applications case metals structural uses typical uses extend example glasses components shared applications different instead encompass presence specific uses fields household primary constituent water party balloons beer lighting matches garden treatments constituent windows glass solar cells spa water energy saving lamps solutions display cells unwanted potentially hazardous indoor industrial air replacements lighting carbon dioxide chemical oxygen laser hydrogen laser lamp medicine number compounds formed vast places table elements frequently encountered compounds listed chemical service register july occupied hydrogen carbon oxygen nitrogen found majority greater cent compounds highest rated metal occurrence frequency cent iron 11th place discovery antiquity carbon known antiquity earliest known use dates bce employed reduction copper tin manufacture bronze diamonds probably known early bce true chemical analyses 18th century recognized carbon element usage dates bce recognized element 17th century prepared brand element discovered 18th century distinguish hydrogen gases robert joseph observed production reacting strong metals named obtained oxygen heating publish findings prepared new air recognized true element named discovered nitrogen studying university edinburgh showed air animals removal carbon dioxide longer able burn henry studied element time named obtained acid thought recognize element early 19th century discovered ashes working lead discovered substance reminded investigation concluded new element related named earth named new element moon discovered autumn published results following year late 19th century independently observed yellow line solar spectrum match element case time independently observed trapped marie predicted element analogous acid researchers tried obtain eventually isolated lord discovered comparing molecular weights nitrogen prepared air nitrogen prepared chemical means noble gas isolated period weeks separated neon liquid differences boiling points discovered radioactive gas resulting radioactive decay robert gray subsequently isolated chemistry non metals educational london isbn johnson introductory descriptive chemistry selected properties behavior benjamin new_york chemistry non metals hall cliffs new_jersey chemistry non metals hall london isbn chemistry non metallic elements press oxford chemistry non metals introduction atomic structure chemical bonding english edition berlin walter isbn


protein proteins large consisting long chains acid proteins perform vast array functions organisms including reactions dna responding transporting molecules location proteins differ primarily sequence dictated sequence genes usually results protein folding specific dimensional structure determines activity linear chain acid called protein contains long short containing rarely considered proteins commonly called individual acid bonds adjacent acid sequence acid protein defined sequence gene genetic code general genetic code standard certain organisms genetic code include certain shortly synthesis protein modified post modification physical chemical properties folding stability activity ultimately function proteins proteins non groups attached called prosthetic groups proteins work achieve particular function associate form stable protein complexes formed proteins exist certain period time degraded recycled cell machinery process protein turnover protein lifespan measured terms half life covers wide range exist minutes years average lifespan days cells abnormal proteins degraded rapidly targeted destruction unstable like biological proteins essential parts organisms participate virtually process cells proteins reactions vital proteins structural mechanical functions muscle proteins form system maintains cell shape proteins important cell signaling immune responses cell cell cycle animals proteins needed diet provide essential synthesized breaks proteins use proteins cellular components variety techniques precipitation advent genetic engineering possible number methods facilitate methods commonly study protein structure function include site directed ray nuclear magnetic resonance mass proteins consist linear built series different possess common structural features including carbon group group variable chain differs basic structure contains unusual ring end group forces fixed chains standard detailed list standard great variety chemical structures properties combined effect acid chains protein ultimately determines dimensional structure chemical chain linked bonds linked protein chain individual acid called linked series carbon nitrogen oxygen known main chain protein backbone bond resonance forms contribute double bond character rotation axis alpha roughly angles bond determine local shape assumed protein backbone end protein free group known terminus terminus end free group known terminus terminus words protein little ambiguous overlap meaning protein generally refer complete biological stable generally reserved short acid lacking stable dimensional structure boundary defined usually lies near refer single linear chain usually regardless length implies absence defined abundance cells estimated average sized bacteria contain million proteins cell smaller bacteria contain fewer molecules order million contrast cells larger contain protein instance cells estimated contain million proteins human cells order billion note times fewer proteins humans small bacteria human importantly concentration individual proteins ranges molecules cell hundreds thousands fact proteins produced cells induced certain circumstances instance proteins human detected cells synthesis proteins assembled information genes protein unique acid sequence specified sequence gene protein genetic code set sets called combination acid example code dna contains total number possible genetic code specified genes dna pre messenger proteins organisms process pre known primary forms post modification form mature template protein synthesis soon produced bound having moved away contrast cell nucleus nuclear membrane protein synthesis takes place rate protein synthesis higher reach second process protein template known translation loaded read time matching base pairing located transfer carries acid corresponding recognizes charges molecules correct growing termed nascent chain proteins terminus terminus size synthesized protein measured number contains total molecular mass normally reported units synonymous atomic mass units derivative unit proteins average long mass largest known proteins component muscle molecular mass total length chemical synthesis short proteins synthesized family methods known synthesis rely organic synthesis techniques chemical produce high yield chemical synthesis allows introduction non natural chains attachment acid chains methods useful laboratory cell biology generally commercial applications chemical synthesis inefficient longer synthesized proteins readily assume native structure chemical synthesis methods proceed terminus terminus opposite biological reaction structure proteins fold unique dimensional structures shape protein naturally known native proteins fold simply chemical properties require aid molecular fold native states refer distinct aspects protein structure primary structure acid sequence protein secondary structure regularly repeating local structures stabilized hydrogen bonds common examples sheet turns secondary structures local regions different secondary structure present protein structure overall shape single protein spatial relationship secondary structures structure generally stabilized interactions commonly formation core salt bridges hydrogen bonds bonds modifications term structure synonymous term fold structure controls basic function protein structure structure formed protein molecules chains usually called protein context function single protein complex proteins entirely rigid molecules addition levels structure proteins shift related structures perform functions context functional structures usually referred transitions called changes changes induced binding substrate active site physical region protein chemical solution proteins undergo variation structure thermal vibration collision molecules proteins informally divided main classes typical structures proteins proteins membrane proteins proteins proteins structural major component tissue protein component hair nails membrane proteins serve provide channels polar charged molecules pass cell membrane special case hydrogen bonds proteins poorly shielded water attack promoting called structure determination discovering structure protein structure complexes provide important clues protein performs function common experimental methods structure determination include ray produce information atomic resolution experiments able provide information distances pairs estimated final possible protein determined solving distance geometry problem dual method measuring overall protein changes interactions circular laboratory technique determining internal sheet composition proteins produce lower resolution structural information large protein complexes including assembled variant known electron produce high resolution information cases especially dimensional crystals membrane proteins solved structures usually deposited protein data bank freely available resource structural data thousands proteins obtained form coordinates protein gene sequences known protein structures set solved structures biased proteins easily subjected conditions required ray major structure determination methods particular proteins comparatively easy preparation ray membrane proteins contrast difficult structural initiatives attempted remedy deficiencies systematically solving representative structures major fold classes protein structure prediction methods attempt provide means generating plausible structure proteins structures determined cellular functions proteins chief actors cell said carrying duties specified information genes exception certain types biological molecules relatively elements proteins act proteins half dry weight cell dna respectively set proteins expressed particular cell cell type known chief characteristic proteins allows diverse set functions ability molecules specifically tightly region protein responsible binding known binding site depression pocket molecular surface binding ability structure protein defines binding site pocket chemical properties surrounding chains protein binding tight specific example protein human sub constant extremely minor chemical changes addition single group binding partner nearly eliminate binding example specific acid similar chain acid proteins proteins small proteins specifically copies form process occurs structural proteins consist self associate form rigid fibers protein protein interactions regulate activity control progression cell cycle allow assembly large protein complexes carry closely related reactions common biological function proteins integrated cell membranes ability binding partners induce changes proteins allows construction enormously complex signaling networks importantly interactions proteins depend heavily availability different groups partner proteins form capable carry sets function study interactions specific proteins key understand important aspects cellular function ultimately properties distinguish particular cell types best known role proteins cell chemical reactions usually highly specific accelerate chemical reactions carry reactions involved manipulating dna processes dna dna repair act proteins add remove chemical groups process known modification reactions known rate acceleration conferred enormous fold increase rate reaction case million years molecules bound acted called consist hundreds usually small fraction come contact substrate smaller fraction average directly involved region substrate contains known active site proteins members class proteins compound synthesized cell signaling binding proteins involved process cell signaling signal proteins proteins transmit signal cell synthesized cells distant tissues membrane proteins act main function signaling induce response cell binding site exposed cell surface domain cell activity undergo change detected proteins cell protein components immune system main function foreign substances body target destruction environment anchored membranes specialized cells known cells limited binding affinity necessity conducting reaction constraints binding affinity target high transport proteins particular small transport locations body organism proteins high binding affinity present high concentrations release present low concentrations target tissues canonical example binding protein transports oxygen lungs organs tissues close biological kingdom sugar binding proteins highly specific sugar typically play role biological recognition phenomena involving cells proteins highly specific binding proteins proteins serve transport proteins alter cell membrane small molecules membrane core polar charged molecules membrane proteins contain internal channels allow molecules enter exit cell channel proteins specialized select particular example potassium channels structural proteins structural proteins fluid biological components structural proteins proteins example critical components tissue found hard structures hair nails feathers animal shells proteins play structural functions example form long stiff fibers allows cell maintain shape size proteins serve structural functions motor proteins capable generating mechanical forces proteins crucial cellular single organisms sperm organisms reproduce sexually generate forces exerted contracting muscles play essential roles transport methods study activities structures proteins examined studies proteins controlled environments useful learning protein carries function example studies explore chemical mechanism activity relative affinity possible substrate molecules contrast experiments provide information role protein context cell organism studies use methods study proteins protein perform analysis protein away cellular components process usually begins cell cell membrane disrupted internal contents released solution known crude resulting mixture cellular components containing proteins membrane proteins cellular precipitation method known concentrate proteins types protein proteins interest based properties molecular weight net charge binding affinity level monitored types desired protein molecular weight point known protein distinguishable features protein activity additionally proteins isolated according charge natural proteins series steps necessary obtain protein sufficiently pure laboratory applications process genetic engineering add chemical features proteins easier affecting structure activity tag consisting specific acid sequence series tag attached terminus protein result passed column containing attach column components pass number different developed help researchers specific proteins complex cellular localization study proteins concerned synthesis localization protein cell proteins synthesized membrane bound proteins proteins targeted specific cellular structures unclear useful technique assessing cellular localization uses genetic engineering express cell fusion protein consisting natural protein interest linked reporter green protein fused protein position cell efficiently shown figure opposite methods cellular location proteins requires use known markers regions membrane etc use tagged versions markers known markers simpler identify localization protein interest example indirect allow demonstration location label cellular compartments similar purpose possibilities exist example usually utilizes proteins interest yielding signals compared samples allowing localization information applicable technique material technique prove compartment known density protein interest increase likelihood large scale studies finally gold standard method cellular localization technique uses protein interest classical electron techniques sample prepared normal electron microscopic examination treated protein interest extremely electro dense material usually gold allows localization details protein interest genetic engineering application known site directed researchers alter protein sequence structure cellular localization regulation technique allows incorporation unnatural proteins modified allow rational design new proteins novel properties total complement proteins present time cell cell type known study large scale data sets defines field named analogy related field key experimental techniques include allows separation large number proteins mass allows rapid high identification proteins protein allow detection relative levels large number proteins present cell hybrid screening allows systematic exploration protein protein interactions total complement possible interactions known systematic attempt determine structures proteins representing possible fold known structural vast array methods developed analyze structure function evolution proteins development tools driven large data available variety organisms including human simply impossible study proteins subjected laboratory experiments tools similar proteins proteins efficiently identified related organisms sequence alignment gene sequences searched variety tools certain properties sequence tools find restriction sites open reading frames sequences predict secondary structures phylogenetic trees constructed evolutionary developed special software like ancestry modern organisms genes express field analysis genes proteins structure prediction simulation field structural protein structure prediction seeks develop efficient ways provide plausible models proteins structures determined successful type structure prediction known modeling relies existence template structure sequence similarity protein modeled structural goal provide sufficient representation solved structures model remain producing accurate models remains challenge related template structures available suggested sequence alignment process accurate models produced perfect sequence alignment known structure prediction methods served inform emerging field protein engineering novel protein designed complex problem prediction interactions molecular docking protein protein interaction prediction processes protein folding binding simulated technique molecular mechanics particular molecular dynamics increasingly advantage parallel distributed computing folding home project molecular modeling folding small protein domains hiv protein successfully simulated hybrid methods combine standard molecular dynamics quantum mechanics calculations allowed exploration electronic states protein disorder prediction proteins contain large functional segments classified proteins predicting protein disorder important protein structure characterisation nutrition plants standard animals including humans obtain diet organism referred essential key certain present animals step synthesis present environment conserve energy taking surroundings pathways animals obtained consumption foods containing protein proteins broken typically involves protein exposure acid called protein converted fed acid cycle use protein fuel particularly important starvation conditions allows body proteins support life particularly found muscle important source nitrogen history etymology proteins recognized distinct class biological molecules eighteenth century distinguished molecules ability treatments heat acid noted examples time included egg whites blood wheat proteins described dutch chemist mulder named swedish chemist jacob mulder carried analysis common proteins found nearly proteins formula came erroneous conclusion composed single type large term protein describe molecules proposed mulder associate protein derived greek word meaning primary lead standing mulder went identify products protein degradation acid found nearly correct molecular weight early scientists german von believed protein important nutrient maintaining structure body generally believed flesh makes flesh extended known protein forms identification acid connecticut agricultural experiment station detailed review vegetable proteins compiled thomas working applying law minimum feeding laboratory rats essential established work continued communicated william rose understanding proteins came work fischer central role proteins living organisms fully appreciated james showed fact protein difficulty proteins large quantities difficult early protein study early studies focused proteins large quantities blood egg white digestive obtained 1950s armour hot dog pure freely available scientists gesture helped major target study following decades credited successful prediction regular protein secondary structures based hydrogen bonding idea forth william later work walter based partly previous studies contributed understanding protein folding structure interactions protein frederick correctly determined acid sequence demonstrating proteins consisted linear branched chains won nobel prize achievement protein structures solved max sir john respectively protein data bank atomic resolution structures proteins recent times electron large assemblies protein structure prediction small protein domains methods approaching atomic resolution textbooks projects protein naming utility human protein protein database protein structure database human protein reference database human folding home stanford_university comparative database protein chemical interactions gene protein disease relationships chemical disease relationships search engine gene protein information protein europe short articles interesting structures research structural month presenting short accounts selected proteins life model known protein molecular structure universal protein resource exploring universe human proteins human centric protein knowledge resource multi expression database human model organism protein gene knowledge expression data educational websites introduction proteins hopes disease outreach project education stanford proteins degradation virtual library cell biology alphabet protein structures


food album food album compilation album american singer songwriter weird released june brothers records release features song parodies food similar album album features songs entirely television released years later album released felt compilation unnecessary merely way record label money food related songs recorded girls want lunch king left record personal preference scheduling issues food album received mixed reviews music critics felt record enjoyable collection songs essential record purchase despite lukewarm reception record certified gold recording_industry_association_of_america riaa making compilation record reach certification production music music featured food album spans decade earliest songs recorded recent song recorded eponymous album songs featured love rocky road eat theme rocky kaiser release weird addicted originally appeared release party fat featured release worse released soundtrack film final songs white stuff taken album deep end notable absence girls want lunch dare stupid previously released food related song album according fact royalty ceiling albums needed pick song cut list order turn profit album girls want lunch chosen personal dislike song record label forced record order release dare stupid absent release king song originally recorded deep end decided swap king song actually recorded album minute forced king time song later released like single eighth studio album released months food album release album released brothers records approved time brothers insisted putting new album order meet monetary projections fiscal quarter despite fact new album ready released later year original concept release record entitled featured cover depicting holding kitchen instead live album featuring live performances featured studio remixes previously released material electronic instruments missing convinced release food album instead concept hated slightly later describe cheesy compilation better wishes judgement album released similar circumstances came time release album reported record company lot asked second time demanding following release food album album addition greatest_hits records released brothers compilation options contract prevented release compilations volcano records acquired contract late 1990s artwork album artwork features cartoon alien eaten created lawrence better known lawrence american voice actor comedian writer storyboard artist animator director cover passive aggressive protest label forcing album intended alien having picked corpse weird clean reference record label bleed ing catalogue dry releasing album japanese release album featured different artwork change japanese language album retitled hood reception critical response food album received mixed reviews critics felt album amusing essential release allmusic reviewer johnny awarded album stars wrote food album enjoyable bag treats don eat probably sick likewise rolling_stone album guide awarded album stars anthony buffalo news gave album moderately positive review wrote kinds people world love weird stand count weird biggest fans flipped listening food album concluded album like reading mad magazine gave record stars tim press telegram hand wrote negatively album stating songs kinds things sort funny concept funny actually hear increasingly irritating subsequent listen food songs worst commercial performance release food album failed chart sold steadily january years release album certified gold recording_industry_association_of_america riaa makes compilation album sell copies certified gold track listing certifications


english note debut album american singer anthony released january records produced george album anthony record starting career freestyle musician recording album began anthony asked president record juan hearing radio taxi ride recorded low budget album peaked billboard tropical albums_chart reached billboard latin albums_chart album received critics complimented george production anthony youthful voice anthony received awards best new artists billboard latin music awards awards album produced singles del alma charted billboard hot latin songs chart sold copies background anthony began recording career 1980s freestyle musician backup vocalist boy bands latin anthony wrote songs school friend fire including boy told hit billboard hot chart anthony got start lead vocalist collaborated little album night lead single ride rhythm number hit billboard hot_dance_club_songs chart manager invited anthony record album anthony declined offer lack interest record spanish following day taxi anthony listening juan song met radio motivated record song told change decision introduced anthony george produce album according george album total experiment citing low budget recorded musician time band production computers george handled keyboards music lyrics album includes compositions cover songs lead track del alma words soul cover originally performed written chester leave composed nelson frank performed written juan composed anthony father cover american band bread song written composed songs recording artists including george wrote game love adam final track die composed commercial reception debuted peaked billboard tropical albums_chart week april jerry rivera remained position weeks week june album debuted peaked billboard latin albums spent nineteen weeks chart sold copies singles single released album peaked billboard hot latin songs chart second single del alma peaked billboard hot latin songs chart single released album peaked billboard hot latin songs chart critical reception allmusic gave album stars complemented anthony voice developed unique individual felt anthony debut brought quality passion listeners beginning found songs enjoyable calling ballads praised george arrangements outstanding felt production outdated places gave album stars noting anthony viewed skepticism market felt anthony best newborn praised anthony vocals excellent described overall album noble effort criticized anthony cover unnecessary anthony received billboard latin music award tropical new artist year award tropical new artist year track listing credits personnel following credits allmusic performance credits technical credits chart performance


debut studio album american rapper released april columbia_records signing label help recorded album king studios recording battery studios unique recording studios new_york_city production handled premier large professor pete rock tip styled hardcore hip hop album features multi internal rhymes inner city narratives based experiences new_york album debuted billboard chart selling copies week initial sales fell expectations singles failed achieve significant chart success despite album low initial sales received rave reviews music critics praised production january album certified gold recording_industry_association_of_america december earned platinum certification shipping million copies united_states initial reception recognized writers music critics landmark album east_coast hip hop influence subsequent hip hop artists attributed album production contributed revival new_york_city rap scene introducing number stylistic trends region album widely regarded greatest hip hop album time appearing numerous best album lists critics publications background teenager wanted pursue career rapper enlisted best friend neighbor queens native ill graham initially went nickname kid wave adopting alias nasty met producer large professor introduced group main source recorded debut performing opening verse live album breaking subsequently solo debut single halftime soundtrack film single added buzz surrounding earning comparisons influential golden age rapper despite buzz underground scene receive offer recording contract rejected major rap labels cold jam recordings ill continued work partnership cut short graham murdered brother shot night survived cited moment wake mid group 3rd bass dissolved began working solo project approached suggestion producer ray collaborated lead single solo debut album return product recording session song discovered recording contract subsequently contacted faith newman executive sony music entertainment recounted position demo live classic find decent deal gave demo took russell russell said sounded like rap wasn wit took faith faith loved said looking year half wouldn let leave office deal table assumed role executive producer debut project attempted connect producers based buzz time numerous new_york based producers eager work went power house studios producers premier recognized time raw aggressive production jazz based samples heavy work rapper guru hip hop duo gang production lord mike smooth funky technician sun rises east premier began recording exclusively studios new_york_city working recording prior recording premier listened debut single later stating heard halftime shit classic president bridge type effect simple elements point approached cuts automatic stupid pass wasn money later noted chemistry premier separated birth wasn situation beats fit rhymes fit reached premier large professor contacted pete rock collaborate world shortly producers tip chose work album father contributed solo life bitch features rapper early promotional interview claimed meaning ill ultimate reference incarcerated friend ice later described title supreme ill ill ill gets shit science ill time recording expectations hip hop scene high interview source dubbed second coming spoke highly album saying feels like big project gon affect world low world feels ones think shit guns time science gon bring like recounted recording album got album life bitch song thought terrible honest people started hearing liking built confidence thought probably record person featured considered men new_york time new artists big sessions composed song like later recorded single album concerning recording album opening song state mind producer premier later stated state mind beginning says straight dungeons rap fake don hear don know start shit cause written got beat running studio doesn know going format going convey going don know start shit counting begin verse hear goes right premier later discussed delivery recording stating didn know gon come started going recording actually recording vocal booth window come ready hear start shit rappers studio like god cause unexpected ready verse coming album like guy gon big themes contains treatment subject matter gang rivalries urban poverty years old album released focuses depicting experiences creating highly detailed person narratives troubled life inner city teenager writer describes theme album gifted writer born trying way trap basketball diaries native son narratives featured originate experiences adolescent growing lyrics housing projects located long_island city section queens new_york said interview little kid trapped soul trapped projects interview explained inspiration exploring subject matter rap generation started bringing inside apartment wasn rap star want know streets taste like feel like smell like talk like walk like think like wanted smell feel important told story way thought wouldn told didn tell thought great point time 1990s new_york_city needed documented life needed told depicting life projects moments pain pleasure frustration columnist wrote narrative voice cynical optimistic world weary enraged globally conscious provincial music writer jeff pitchfork describes enduring image associated narrated stream consciousness baby faced monk public housing dreams grim dollar words margins light orange glow blunt liquor adolescent rush creation pen paper brain sentence remembers dark streets critic blogger kenny waste comments significance setting writing songs largely describing emotions range feeling trapped overt optimism abilities escape hands doom remain walls home narratives distinct portrayals descriptions places people interactions songs depicts corners mentioning names streets friends local crews drug dealers utilizing vernacular slang indigenous hometown poet author kevin describes approach songwriting hip hop poet reporter rooted intimate commenting use narrative professor film media studies university southern_california compares album cinema citing detailed descriptions dense visually stunning rhymes born use reading writes like landmark masterpiece film battle captured resistance french brilliantly blurred lines fiction documentary creating heightened sense realism person narratives character driven drug violence themes found revolve experience living environment poverty violence drug use 1980s early 1990s residents experienced intense violence housing development overrun crack epidemic contains imagery inspired prevalence street crime state mind details trap doors rooftop street corner drug dealers urban describes language chilling suggests describes surreal imagery noir discontent fuck ambition fragile lives author adam interprets violent aesthetics device meant rough edges persona world criminal uses violence central poetic writer musician gregory regards violent imagery trend dark subject matter came prevail east_coast rappers hardcore hip hop scene writes dark flowing lyrics hip hop history written members clan death crack trade writers mark anthony described lyrical themes form brooding tortured dimensions drug crime impressions adolescent critic sam wrote captures post crack glory drugs empowering destructive lyrics alternately embrace reject idea glamour according steve illustrates life existence sic time providing hope greater money guns drugs richard washington_post described coming age experience balancing limitations possibilities distinguishing acknowledging growth adolescent adult respect criticize culture violence surrounds artistic credibility content informed notions artistic authenticity promotional press sheet accompanied album release implied refusal conform commercial trends stating sad rap world today sit pay attention rapper comes latest trend running time album release hip hop community embroiled debate artistic authenticity popular music rapper common describes preface born use reading concerns felt contemporaries didn grow hip hop grew hip hop hip hop growing close intimate relationship urgent felt art challenged ways began sink teeth context debate music writers interpreted hip hop practitioners opening track genesis lack legitimacy projects insisting shit citing songs life bitch argues set rappers artistic field consumed constantly shifting notions authenticity artistic credibility writes highly anticipated release far radar taking dungeons rap kind fake don trying claim different aesthetic resistance rebellion aware hip hop newfound mainstream potential musical addition lyrical content writers commented thematic significance musical drawing old school hip hop blues fairly avant garde jazz compositions writes music blogger kenny waste sampling choices reflect individual deep appreciation deep knowledge music pianist describes artistic emblem anchors moment reminding powerful musical statements select past material knowledge use present hope future kevin considers sampling artists memory lane attempt build hip hop tradition queens notably juice crew stars samples intended serve tributes lyrical sic way influences borough hip hop canon involvement older artists including father cited formative influence making author adam argues presence elders father big brother producers steering album rest comfortably identity artist tradition find space music writers characterized album contents commentary hip hop evolution princeton_university professor perry writes embodies entire story hip hop bearing features gifts raw lyrics old expert 1980s slice hood life history hip hop embodied song represent alludes juice crew conflict productions arose dispute purported origins hip hop princeton_university professor eddie claims formative history hip hop culture opening genesis contains audio sample film wild style showcased work early hip hop pioneers grand master flash rock steady crew music wild style rejected peers friend importance musical roots kenny waste suggests embedded deep track complex subtle exposition themes similarly professor california state university writes use wild style goes simple tactic old school authenticity sonic comments collective memory hip hop community real remembered imagined beginning importance history passing hip hop age innocence noted music writers unique style delivery lyrical poetic substance lyrics contain layered rhythms multi compounded rhymes internal half rhymes ear bending music critic hill popmatters delivery album stating complex rhyme patterns clever word play impressive took art rapping previously unprecedented heights building pioneering work rap big daddy kane tracks like halftime laid time mind demonstrated high level technical precision hill cites memory lane park flawless critic steve wrote lyrics album closer ain hard tell album end higher note focusing poetic forms found lyrics princeton_university professor perry describes performance poet musician conventions jazz poetry suggests shaped black art poetry album genre pioneered scott poets chicago based poet music critic kevin attributes unique approach rapping describes fresh rhyme book presentation poet reporter brings studio hears beat portraits ill precision comments rapper inner city life depicted elaborate rhyme structures words faces bodies abandoned post industrial urban framed tightly packed portraits brain community beautiful brutal extremely complex lend complex compounded rhyme schemes employs production garnered praise production according critics album major producers large professor premier pete rock tip extensively contributed cohesive atmospheric aesthetic album retaining individual trademark sound instance premier production album noted critics minimalist style featured simple loops heavy beats charles aaron spin wrote producers contributions like offer subdued slightly beats hip hop today means jazz primarily 70s keyboard vibe variety magazine noted musical backdrops razor sharp hard beats melodic hooks loops atmospheric background piano strings muted trumpet samples potent treat music critic wrote laced finest beats control volume majority album consists vintage funk soul jazz samples commenting album use samples pitchfork jeff claims producers found inspiration album production music childhood loops parent collection joe chambers parliament michael_jackson invites rolling_stone father blow trumpet coda life bitch jazz rap fusion prior rarely subtlety didn need connection explicit allowed understand jazz like time parents grandparents heard similarly journalist ben comments album nostalgic sounds production infectious organ loop vocal sample synthesizer like pads background places mind cheerful reminiscent mood content tracks intro genesis composed montage begins sound elevated train voice beneath sounds dialogue men arguing samples grand wizard subway theme film wild style major hip hop motion picture ode wild style shooting music video single ain hard tell stage finale scene film verse live played background genesis according music writer intro tells wants know train new_york barely rap fact live verse dialogue comes wild style earliest movies focus hip hop culture point genesis new_york person live rapper wild style symbolically hip hop roots saying proceeded demonstrate exactly roots yielded setting general melodic tone album state mind features dark piano sample premier opens high pitched guitar notes looped jazz funk musician flight time prominent groove piano notes sampled joe chambers composition mind rain lyrics state mind participation gang violence life parallel hell maintain rapping spans bars state mind focuses mind state person living impoverished environment new_york_city critic hill popmatters wrote song provides clear depiction life gordon parks photograph hughes poem songs celebrates life pleasures achievements acknowledging violence feature socio economic conditions focus life life bitch contains sample gap band hit love guest vocals east new_york based rapper features father legendary jazz player playing trumpet music fades columnist wrote contribution song provides beautifully end track feels dying rays crimson sunset city world provides optimistic narrative viewpoint cites political spiritual leader influence verse contrast previous references state mind citing life bitch possibly hip hop song recorded sam wrote world finds optimism urban world named seventh greatest rap song tracks nostalgic memory lane park contains wilson sample comprises sound hammond organ guitar vocals percussion adds track harmonies ign wrote lyrics evoke crossroads old school new school love composed series letters incarcerated friends mutual acquaintances events occurred receiver imprisonment address emotionally tortured mothers loyalty phrase love signifies street loyalty song delivering shout outs locked comrades youth destined prison final verse laugh cold spoke foul tell liked style words wisdom try rise eye jake love produced tip love samples double bass piano heath brothers billy suite drum break parliament come rain track mystical hypnotic time mind features battle rhyme similar vibe state mind rhythmic represent tone exemplified opening lines straight shit real day jungle murdered humble guns blast majority album consists funk soul jazz samples represent contains sample thief lee film discusses lifestyle environment loves sins life ain shit stress fake crab stunts describing crew type elevator ain hard tell rap vocals squeeze need sneak poetry deep fail raps locked cell opens guitars synths michael_jackson human nature song vocals sampled intro chorus sections creating mix horns voices large professor looped drum samples stanley clarke slow dance saxophone gang artwork vinyl cassette replaces traditional division 40th north 41st south respectively main streets form geographic boundaries divide housing projects professor views labeling significant transforms sonic map album serves legend narrates experiences live interview discussed purpose album artwork promotional efforts stating record represent jones beginning end album cover videos record company stop music videos projects matter song kid projects poster child didn exist album cover album cover features picture child taken father musician returned home overseas tour original cover intended picture holding jesus christ reflecting religious imagery rap live went hell jesus accepted cover designed features photo child superimposed backdrop new_york_city block taken clinch interview discussed concept photo age stating year started acknowledge year set year started seeing future right makes think world think couldn leave projects think left happened thought justice dead slave projects world educated pointed outside influence artwork album cover according ego trip cover believed inspired jazz album howard trio child born cover features photograph child superimposed urban landscape release cover art gained iconic reputation having subject numerous parodies tributes music columnist later called cover album covers hip hop commenting cover artistic value rob complex writes poignant cover matched mood tone qualities introspective album high degree instant classic hailed visual meaning magazine called album cover high art photo concept rap album described artwork noisy confusing looking housing projects young boy superimposed center columnist compared cover rapper wayne sixth studio album carter iii stating reflects reality youth today song shark debut album built cuban rapper criticized cover notorious ready die released months featuring picture baby implying cover copied idea generated longstanding controversy rappers resulting feud later references album god son song real alive commercial performance released april columbia_records united_states album featured international distribution year countries including france netherlands canada united_kingdom week release debut billboard albums_chart number selling copies spite initial record sales fell expectations album radio singles failed obtain considerable billboard success single gain significant charting billboard hot lead single halftime charted hot rap singles chart number life bitch chart album suffered extensive prior release regional demand high writes music critic jeff claimed discovered garage copies initial sales low album eventually certified gold sales recording_industry_association_of_america riaa january shipping copies riaa later certified platinum december following shipments excess million copies april album sold copies april album certified gold canadian recording industry association shipments excess copies canada critical reception received universal acclaim contemporary music critics hailed hip hop masterpiece nme called music rhythmic perfection greg_kot chicago_tribune cited best hardcore hip hop album east_coast years entertainment_weekly credited giving neighborhood proper respect establishing said clever lyrics harsh beats draw listeners borough lifestyle poetic efficiency writing rolling_stone hailed elite rapper detailed lyrics like tone said pair beautiful moment harsh christopher john time praised album wake listeners commended rendering rough world comes usa_today james jones cited lyrics urgent poetry public enemy commended honestly depicting dismal life contemporary rappers richard washington_post praised balancing limitations possibilities distinguishing acknowledging growth adolescent adult respect criticize culture violence surrounds mixed review los_angeles_times found hampered tired attitudes interpreted acclaim east_coast critics obvious attempt wrestle hip hop away west charles aaron spin felt comparisons deserved expand lyrics personally revealing review playboy robert_christgau called new_york typically spare entry post recommended listeners bore authenticity brutal february village_voice cover story ranked new_york_city album source release source gave rating highest rating prestigious achievement time given magazine influence hip hop community jon founder source received copy album months scheduled release soon lobbied receive rating twitter blog recounts hearing meeting editors staff office gather heads conference room remember twitter account source unsigned hype editor twitter account chris editor twitter account free contemporary editor heads eyes wide mouths open hip hop paradise pretty system didn matter pop tape powerful musical magic speakers funky eerie powerful notes love come remember literally lying floor good best shit heard lives internally start debating gon handle right away got eventually review handled magazine columnist writing shared enthusiasm album review wrote maintain best hip hop albums heard wrote content lyrically shit point metaphors abstract superficial commented impact poetic realism writing images remind personal memories people passed present sound like melodrama hearing similar responses memory lane shit claim world got peoples time love hit hardest backing editors staff awarded magazine highest rating controversy time debuting artist receive rating author matthew writes difficult impact receiving rating given new release magazine editor dennis dennis music editor magazine founder later recounted awarding records classic status levels mean saying particular piece music superior better things released future gave watch went dennis cited time broke rule added told jon work stuff time review album everyday jon like album seriously rating come share controversy dennis described reaction followed review happy jon happy happy everybody happy people felt chronic gotten years prior groundbreaking chronic failed earn rating despite musical landscape hip hop later revealed everybody magazine knew instant classic decided comply strict policy staying away perfect rating subsequently album fans pointed decision confirmation bias east_coast hip hop despite receiving criticism staff earlier review chronic dennis continues defend decision award magazine highest rating happy universally acclaimed classic accuse dropping ball hadn gone chronic wouldn flexibility allow bending policy think worked retrospect initial reception viewed music writers hip hop recordings 1990s rankings near publications best album lists disparate genres given reputation greatest hip hop albums time jon new_york_times cited milestone trying capture street essence album described number writers critics classic chris ryan writing new rolling_stone album guide called portrait artist hood tortured soul juvenile fledgling social critic wrote stands rap achievements similar source initial sentiment later gave album classic rating retrospective review retrospective review music said record better thought time sure happens heard like enjoy found inferior notorious debut album ready die prefix matthew examined musical significance stating best hip hop record great tracks perfect beats flawless rhymes encompasses great hip hop makes genre worthy place music history hip hop record destroyed entire genre reconstructed album spirit easily compared ready die takes nation millions hold enter rites spring hard day night mind find meaning hip hop music struggle youth retain freedom ultimately struggle man retain essence included numerous publications best album lists disparate genres pitchfork listed album number list albums 1990s publication columnist called album crafted essence makes hip hop music great practically sonic strand genre dna listed hip hop albums rolling_stone essential recordings 90s ranked number critics black music albums time number hip hop connection readers poll album ranked number vibe list rap albums number mtv list greatest hip hop albums time selected source best rap albums rolling_stone ranked album number list greatest albums time ranked number revised list march remastered released bonus disc remixes new material produced large professor commemoration tenth anniversary release hill popmatters dubbed greatest album time stated years release stands best hip hop album greatest artistic productions twentieth century album included book albums hear die legacy influence east_coast hip hop noted influential hip hop albums time describing east_coast hip hop album jeff pitchfork writes album better reflected sound style new_york soul jazz samples broken nose breaks raw rap ideal boom citing string notable albums released david drake stylus magazine writes critical point east_coast time rappers new_york area releasing thrilling work john bush allmusic compares premier production sun rises east east_coast records critical acclaim clan debut album enter chambers success notorious debut ready die instrumental restoring interest east_coast hip hop scene rarely birthplace hip hop wrote rob complex unanimous praise rap record later recounted felt amazing accepted new_york_city way time lot west_coast hip hop selling east_coast wasn selling especially new artist couldn tell sales tell streets production noted creative high point east_coast hip hop featured production renowned new_york based producers large professor pete rock premier album solidified reputation producers contributions influential shaping new_york regional scene according music writer rob helped establish premier producer jazz blues knock central east_coast sound following album release hip hop artists increasingly began draw broad stable producers projects time assembly big producers unprecedented hip hop albums primarily work dedicated producer embedded production team author adam reflects impact noteworthy producers writing psychological impact listener having elite producers like tip weren known outside production work coming lace debut kid tremendous template successful east_coast rappers article new_york hip hop creative wrote draw hip hop producers recording industry formula successfully mined late notorious life death daddy way jay-z vol hard knock life prospects use today jon new_york_times writes release commonplace rappers search different producers enhance sound hip hop artists continue draw template album production practice earned criticism article titled ruined hip hop complex argues consequence overall decline quality rap albums thing knew rap albums started having different producer song like film different director scene albums affairs meant producers weren tied artists anymore credited reviving rap scene home prestigious pioneers productive hip hop scenes country 1980s april article columnist wrote history impact hip hop scene stating 1980s new_york_city housing projects documented better geographic location starting super producer dominant juice crew 80s way 90s like bridge produced highest capita talent hood early 1990s rap scene according coming legacy juice crew kind vibe knowing guys neighborhood time scene dead dropping album right said lot carry legacy pioneers following release returned prominence years obscurity influential hardcore rap group deep gained credibility affiliation later emergence trend setting duo appeared deep critically acclaimed studio album infamous furthermore album credited launching career east new_york based rapper gained instant exposure underground credibility appearance life bitch frequent collaborator appeared debut album die decline alternative hip hop major recordings emerge new_york burgeoning hardcore hip hop scene time east_coast hip hop dominated alternative hip hop acts tribe called quest soul groups known jazz inspired production playful adam new_york press comments appeal alternative hip hop new_york_city music scene points appeared likely money definitely cultural rewards working arrested development planets according provided explosive explicit rejection cultural previous hip hop rugged use language portrayal crime cites role hardcore movement writing came scene hardcore golden child clan deep invented 90s new_york rap notion east_coast meant rap designed manner style new_york artists address rap hottest topics drugs violence similarly duke university professor mark anthony writes forefront renaissance east_coast hip hop distinct east_coast style called rap appeared heard similarly styled recordings clan notorious everyday struggle according steve allmusic contains strong elements jazz rap nonetheless signaled major regional shift hardcore aesthetics marking beginning shift away native inspired alternative rap professor university southern_california comments hardcore hip hop gap street rap revolutionary ice cube unified disparate threads urban rebellion hip hop street corner west_coast hip hop critical acclaim surrounding album helped shift attention away synth driven funk induced funk dominated charts time chronic citing example wildly popular released months prior debut author matthew writes thing immediately noticeable source magazine review like essentially review publications like vibe spin rolling_stones new_york_times mentions nearly reviewer felt need response frame west_coast funk reminder style hip hop world music community according writer east_coast records helped create sparse rough rugged clearly differed multi layered melodies allmusic steve writes helped artistic renaissance new_york hip hop post chronic era leading return street aesthetics contrasting aesthetics themes found funk writer filmmaker dream writes dirty bomb thrown orchestral sonic soundtrack chronic wasn backyard bikini ohio players month bid island dirty game brown brooklyn sparked park dark despite regional differences credits providing common artistic ground rappers west_coast east_coast rap scenes essay born die recounts album impact west_coast artist working journalist source covered court cases involving time received advance copy immediately dubbed cassette version instant convert album day writes arrived assigned courtroom blasting loudly turn judge took seat bench essay implies influenced acclaimed album world recorded year west_coast artist game recounts impact fans like outside new_york collaboration episode taking place youth decided chronic years day record shop choices shelf chronic left wanna cop got fuck stole spent dub sack ripped package complex new_york state mind time release brought renewed focus hip hop rap big daddy kane music journalist new_york_times wrote stating perfected dense rat rhyme style built legacy 1980s pioneers like big daddy kane book break dawn freestyle hip hop aesthetic william writes impact comparisons eminent rapper time poetic sage projects hailed second coming reached date stood terms sublime combined fact delivered boiling east west conflict quickly solidified reputation premier writer time despite initial low sales album profound impact hip hop underground circuit marked major stylistic change hip hop music introducing new standard album release hip hop defined popular forms characterized fast paced flow accompanied lyrical delivery popularized brooklyn based groups das characterized lazy sacrificed lyrical complexity clarity rhythmic exemplified west_coast hip hop including warren content verbal pace intricate internal rhyme patterns inspired rappers modify lyrical abilities music critic rob notes like deep tragedy nature city common find new inspiration self awareness internal rhyme schemes mastery street detail describes impact poetic approach jay-z writing brooklyn switched style fast talking days produce reasonable doubt album marked like rappers taken note influence recounted listen days like shit murdered forced pen game album forced ahead shit inspiration detroit rapper states round time wanna step game reasons storytelling pictures vivid displayed rhyme schemes word play songs wanna create visual pictures recounts impact work underground rapper 2000s got didn till late probably thing listened months year got heavy sleeping class tried skills better hip hop poetry addition rapping achieved significance poetic use language professor california state university writes hip hop witnessed birth urban telling hard boiled tales triumph like spoken word chester novel author music writer wrote urban realism stating poetic lyrics poignant words describe urban experience spoken word like delivery vivid use metaphor placed game terms overall skills cultural commentator columnist similarly described genius rose rubble forward brand introspective street poetry princeton_university professor perry describes definitive statement art hip hop poetry according author poet kevin raise bar advancing punch lines hot lines thought pictures manifest rhyme form paul seminal collection poems cites release moment marked development hip hop poetry hip hop written published time paper provided sonic production definitively captured poetic response hip hop music point writes style technique craft merge stark portrait painting margins fun funny linear storytelling schemes burgeoning school american letters moving aesthetics hip hop poetic found terms phrases hip hop world reference writes rob remained hip hop taken heart word synonymous surprisingly excellent street born left field music writer jeff commented extensive vernacular usage writing phrases images deeply rooted rap consciousness cliché years million secret hooks executed lines hip hop artists respected mainstream underground rappers acknowledged influence wide range artists include battle rappers reef lost conscious rappers producers blaze 9th wonder platinum selling artists keys game makes references album debut documentary featured list acclaimed hip hop albums compiled member hip hop duo claimed captured new_york state mind embraced knew new_york album songs flawless got great memories rolling listening embodied right hip hop came deck speaking british producer described album perfection forced evolution production values hip hop eighteen years later remains mac electronic music duo produced cover version world jazz hip hip fusion project lyrics sampled rappers notably big samples ain hard tell real samples life bitch real live real live shit samples ain hard tell raw poetic samples state mind blu exile remembrance samples world love mac miller feet samples world jay-z rap game crack game samples represent dead presidents samples world legacy tributes release upcoming rappers albums widely anticipated critics hip hop viewed debut albums crucial generating publicity shaping legacy artist career given historic anticipation acclaim surrounding debut sort phenomenon columnist complex magazine writes think question pops head new rapper drops album release album good kid city drew comparisons critics journalists interview commented comparisons stating people album light accomplishment crazy mentioned scary time era wanna age range recognize album album 90s era growing weird feeling type light takes lot responsibility long run longevity don cited musical template hip hop artists common critically acclaimed album said underground hip hop artist released ode pay homage cause kinda albums impacted life detroit rapper released remake titled taking note trend tributes richard watson guardian wrote quote jones ain hard tell today rappers paying tribute debut album work looked hip hop history pointed future intellectual response received notable attention scholars authors outside music industry release album subject scholarship academic literary circles book series author matthew published focuses inform narratives playwright created tribute play titled homage tells story aspiring artist explores themes found debut title suggests writes reviewer play completely based acts tribute album rappers bars come alive stage homage deliberately shows truly bigger hip hop offer culturally outside radio clubs street focus significant work hip hop scholarship born use reading edited michael contributions figures adam eddie dream hill born use academic project assemble group scholars poets filmmakers journalists musicians reflect specific hip hop album introduction explains singular focus writing ask productions criminal minded public enemy takes nation hold ice cube wanted doubt great albums coming moment hip hop cutting teeth social commentary ear dusty breaks hard sonic categories existed hip hop complex simplicity elusive felt wanted explore straight album hip hop mastering matters beats rhymes hip hop debates helped shape attitudes perceptions hip hop fans music template defines genre conventions music critic jeff writes gold standard boom refer way baby talk highway revisited evidence point want good new_york_times columnist jon credits album inadvertently spawning hip hop writes mobilized national network true streets eager distance beginning perceived gangster rap according debut received fans trends beginning shape mainstream rap pop crossover production values rap concerned wings reason considers unusually significant intellectual development hip hop genre remains critical spawned essay night time writes responsible countless pointless rap versus hip hop debates shocking hip hop self emergence movement regional persistence idea standard great rap music held commenting debates jeff suggests best heard ignoring culture wars clones april cares greatest rap album time example great rap necessarily way subsequent work success helped career hip hop cited album gift curse critical fame subsequent studio albums weighed despite debut standard critically deemed mediocre follow ups manager steve convinced aim efforts commercial direction follow album written enlisted production team known mainstream work time criticized embrace themes subject matter proved commercial success selling million copies critics gave mixed reviews general consensus failed live classic status fans labeled subsequent efforts selling crossover participation hip hop group firm radio friendly hits aimed pop charts ruled world imagine hate released fourth studio albums underwent editing recording sessions fans critics feared career deteriorating albums received criticism commercially oriented sound reflecting widespread perception hip hop community adding ongoing feud time jay-z mocked song takeover having hot album year average journalist writing source commented demanding legacy debut blame excellence blame perfection aggression blame hip hop beautiful moments prison traps jones today blame comeback fifth album acclaimed follow god son lost tapes compilation previously unreleased tracks sessions subsequent albums received critics fans regarded definitive album performed album entirety rock bells music festival featured album personnel including pete rock premier stage design depicting urban landscape graffiti lined streets subway entrance models housing project performed album entirety south southwest music festival personnel stage design reissued deluxe bundled page hardcover book featuring photos reproduced artwork lyrics liner notes courtesy source founder jon announced 20th anniversary edition original album released april days prior 20th anniversary original release date april includes remastered version extra disc demos remixes unreleased records era career announced plans tour perform album stop track listing samples personnel faith executive producer charts certifications accolades information accolades attributed adapted acclaimed music


album english magic debut album singer songwriter released june sony music colombia signed album recording contract record collection pop ballads wrote years old themes inspired experience hanging males adventure stories dreams living coast album live performances helped receive attention media earned award del international song festival commercial success sales estimated copies request follow removed music markets released promotional single development composition born colombia began writing songs age years performances local competitions led meeting local theater producer later held audition performed songs executives sony music columbia impressed sign age record albums low budget months pre production involved choreography live performances album singing lessons arranging songs concept music reflected personality despite fact managed record label tracks deal emotions person time falling love range love poem celebration dance influenced experiences males boyfriend oscar stories told father dreams living coast book woman grace diego wrote album demonstrated potential collection songs written ages mainly consists pop ballads produced recorded studios sony music columbia representative said recording process simple went perfectly fine process problematic ability decide tracks included input rhythmic structure artistic production songs release promotion promote launch album suggestion live performances held locations santa theaters events received print radio television coverage performances featured additional dancers background vocalists richard music video starred found working enjoyable recalled sensitive energetic worker total blast choreography performances ray album won award del international song festival able attend ceremony age years despite live performances media coverage fare commercially copies sold home country refused allow release album released track listing personnel credits liner notes songwriter vocals acoustic electric guitars saxophone producer songwriter music direction artistic arrangement vocal direction chorus maria chorus songwriter producer songwriter music direction artistic arrangement vocal direction producer songwriter musical direction arrangement computer programming synthesizer programming drum programming design general coordination sound engineer mixing engineer leo album artwork