tourism malta tourism malta important sector country economy contributing percent nation gross domestic product overseen malta tourism authority turn falls responsibility minister tourism environment culture malta features number tourism attractions encompassing elements island rich history culture aquatic activities associated mediterranean_sea addition medical tourism popular malta recent years especially government efforts market practice medical tourists united_kingdom number people visited malta dropped considerably compared figures overall country tourism industry suffered percent drop visits non european_union countries dropped considerably visits european_union countries visits countries average stay length remained visitors countries require visit malta requiring european_union rules visitors holding valid area likely need complete enter malta long inside area visitors holding citizenship european_union require enter malta hold right free movement european_union recent years country tourism industry faced number issues relating nation small size terms area population issues include stretched resources infrastructure water waste management beaches roads especially summer months july august attractions malta long rich history reflected island cultural attractions romans byzantines occupied malta point history leaving mix different architectural styles artifacts explore sovereignty knights malta resulted legacy elaborate architecture malta country modern museums art galleries feature relics malta history tourists residents alike enjoy number aquatic activities enjoy malta northern malta home country beach resorts holiday areas beaches popular holiday makers bay golden bay beaches large able house restaurants small crowded rarely malta northwest home island beaches main island neighbouring nearest popular beach spots holiday makers likely suitable mediterranean_sea surrounding malta popular diving shallow attractive beginning divers experienced divers able dive deeper find historical artifacts world war earlier major event tourism major event tourism especially events centred catholicism important segment tourism sector holy week religious services dominate country food stalls set village squares malta popular major event carnival centuries old traditional celebration lasting days preceding ash wednesday celebrations carnival involve float based street parties street food stalls roman catholic biggest sporting events held island malta marathon held year late february early march race attracts number international competitors sponsored land flora malta prior marathon winner belgian recorded time approximately participated medical tourism malta tourism authority marketing malta medical tourism destination focus areas medical tourism include surgery cardiac services focus target market medical tourists malta united_kingdom followed north_africa middle_east russia north_america reason targeting united_kingdom medical tourists members malta medical profession trained united_kingdom increasing confidence british patients taking care addition unlike medical tourism destinations malta stable political climate government supports development medical tourism island believes private medical providers performing medical procedures government run facilities addition valid passport documents purpose conditions planned visit sufficient means support period planned visit return country origin travellers arriving malta required entry country european_union citizens right travel freely malta completing special nationals countries required hold enter malta accordance uniform european_union regulations list required hold enter malta area published ministry foreign affairs web site malta drop requirement nations makes agreements obtain enter area border crossing points permitted offer certain present malta agreements nations albania bosnia macedonia russia serbia ukraine statistics tourism major component economy cent malta tourists visited malta cent drop number tourists expected reach end figures available period january december drops recorded visits countries sending large numbers tourists malta including belgium france germany ireland netherlands russia scandinavian countries spain united_kingdom united_states whilst cent increase recorded visits libya visits non european_union countries took greatest hit visits countries decreasing cent compared comparatively visits european_union countries decreased cent visits dropped smaller proportion recording fall cent vast majority visitors malta stayed seven nights longer average stay length nights number people staying seven nights longer malta fell cent compared number people staying nights jumped cent nights cent expenditure tourists malta declined cent compared levels recorded value million arrivals country visitors arriving malta short term basis following countries historical trends tourism malta began grow beginning mid-1960s 1970s tourism grew significantly numbers growing figures dropped approximately visitors year late 1980s upward trend began mid-1990s figures high million tourists year tourism market past largely trends preferences tourists united_kingdom comprise malta largest tourism market malta uniform use english traditional ties united_kingdom low cost travel options attractive option british tourists changing preferences tourists impact malta tourism income significantly example increasing preference british tourists spanish destinations 1980s reflected drop malta tourism numbers period market issues malta tourism industry faces number issues threatening impact future issues facing malta tourism industry result island nation relatively small size terms area population malta nation people infrastructure required support million tourists year malta water works roads waste management systems beaches stretched capacity summer months july august year tourism numbers peak challenge facing tourism operators means simply pursue kinds mass tourism marketing measures taken operators mediterranean destinations space resources pursue addition tourism operators balance increased tourism numbers needs native population resources stretched thin tourists summer season negative impacts residents


town greater manchester england population census historically lancashire miles southwest manchester city centre southern boundary river lying east west lies north town centre covers area acres town early medieval origins arrival railway small farming community railway acted catalyst transforming town residence middle classes today major urban areas includes areas history excavation south archaeological group fragments roman pottery found area occupied cemetery previously site old hall suggesting roman settlement site early 13th century lord family lived house motorway shortly norman conquest england william led military campaign saxon earl ruled england north river campaign successful conclusion william gave roger land river river land turn given albert end 12th century bestowed land team year son edward probable derived dwelling manor rented family local surname earliest known member family richard recorded giving shillings having king good land passed richard 13th century family later lost land won result duel old hall home lord centre power area middle ages old hall completely rebuilt brick timber late 16th century new hall residence wealthy freeman medieval halls halls survived present day farming main occupation early 19th century weaving significant source employment later declined competition large industry population recorded land farmed opening lines railway allowed town grow commuter town population grew farming virtually died town residence middle classes minister health conducted symbolic inauguration national health service park hospital renamed general hospital area home district heating system england operation boiler house supplied hot water homes newly built housing estate water heated low grade houses built groups better efficiency governance township parish urban district administrative county lancashire local government act local government act abolished urban district district metropolitan borough metropolitan county greater manchester parliamentary constituency formed kate green member labour_party general election majority representing vote conservatives took vote liberal democrats united_kingdom independence party green party christian party major urban areas sale local elections council split east west like ward represented local giving seats council local election held conservative party labour elect thirds yearly cycle geography occupies area square miles km2 approximately feet sea level highest point land relatively flat sloping gently north south climate generally temperate extremes temperature weather mean temperature slightly average united_kingdom annual rainfall average sunshine slightly average comprises areas river forming southern boundary administrative reasons considered southerly lies flood plain river area known meadows valley work carried 1970s effort speed flow reduce risk flooding upstream emergency sale water park lying east constructed manchester motorway passes northern half southeast northwest motorway lies west passes area census population population density inhabitants square mile km2 females males households married couples living person households couples lone parents aged academic qualifications slightly high compared slightly lower england economy centre large shopping leisure complex north locals felt brought decline town central shopping area dating 1960s units closed pound shops beginning demolished million redevelopment site got underway include square feet retail leisure space apartments redevelopment project known square new opened summer relocated local library rest new shopping expected follow later year followed opening supermarket budget stores bars average price semi detached home whilst detached house cost average semi detached prices doubled average house prices areas country seen similar increase figures england wales average census possible workforce approximately people economic activity residents time employment time employment self employed unemployed students jobs students jobs retired looking home family permanently sick disabled economically inactive reasons low rate unemployment compared england office national statistics estimated period april march average gross weekly income households year according census industry employment residents retail wholesale health social work manufacturing property business services transport communications education construction finance public administration defence hotels restaurants energy water supply agriculture mining roughly line national figures culture cultural events venues musical theatre formed district society current president actor matthew kelly born performs adult main october rehearsals running june october january february rehearsals running november date shows performed theatre leisure centre youth section performs catholic college canterbury players local amateur dramatic society performances given stage methodist church located brook road famed recent times notable appearance dennis famed artist area young people church car park glimpse rumoured friend fielding mighty fame mid-20th century cinemas survivor new princess road opened converted twin cinema club 1970s opened present new conversion building shared dance studio recently financial reasons new forced close beatles council booked beatles play park road monday august time booking known risen popularity time appearance david hamilton received commented boys smuggled van screaming girls rushed stage trying hold idols certainly hard day night sport cricket club founded cricket club serving social club expanded include sports including hockey tennis club located road riding club established border approximately members provides football coaching facilities teams ranging club founded athletic won manchester county youth cup transport junctions motorway connect rest greater manchester motorway network junction previously existed east motorway old designation closed opening known local landmark opened high level motorway bridge crosses manchester ship canal connected liverpool manchester lines committee railway line passes liverpool south parkway liverpool john_lennon airport railway stations area station town centre road stations neighbouring trains stopping stations operated northern rail served nearest stations bus services provided manchester corporation transport north western road car company north western depot higher road town centre services transferred south east lancashire north east later greater manchester later renamed april renamed transport greater manchester today area generally served commercially operated bus services areas frequent service minutes routes half hourly frequencies routes services run variously manchester greater manchester north west providing transport parts greater manchester including manchester city centre centre education rest maintains selective education system assessed plus examination primary infant junior schools including infant school independent prep school preparatory school addition secondary schools grammar school catholic college girls school grammar school specialist science language college school assessed outstanding february report catholic college specialist business enterprise college october report school assessed good improving school outstanding features religion census residents reported christian muslim hindu jewish buddhist census recorded having religion alternative religion state religion catholic diocese church_of_england diocese manchester listed churches church grade church michael grade church saints grade church saints built gothic revival style church said notably complete example best work church built taylor gothic revival style church michael mentioned older rebuilt listed structures grounds church jones chest tomb church michael grade listed buildings saints grade listed buildings notable people bbc weather presenter daughter bobby born actress mother kate wife late richard people born town include actor entertainer matthew kelly manchester city david white michael johnson franklin charles commonly known major frank english football player notable manager baron best known playing nurse open hours singer bassist post punk band certain ratio actor george partly brought keith rhythm guitarist attended grammar school manchester united player david herd home herd owned local garage bears moore founder dance studios born area hope winner bbc rainbow resident 18th century satirical poet john pseudonym tim born self styled lancashire famous work view lancashire dialect mary appeared earliest significant piece published lancashire dialect local public house tim named patrick lead singer born actor grew attended grammar school peter singer actress plays emily bishop coronation street external maps images map borough map town centre air


row row pronounced street central london known principally traditional men street varied history included headquarters royal geographical society row significant british africa south pole planned recently apple office beatles row band final live performance held roof building originally named street built development estate designed influence interpretation architecture known henry supervision daniel appears main architect row designed william kent initially street occupied mainly military officers wives later william younger irish born playwright richard residents started business area late 18th century street row henry later credited creator dinner jacket opened entrance row premises old street row style approach traditional row continued 1990s new movement involving designers richard james term applied fine understood originated row came mean suit cut hand location row runs parallel regent street street northern end street southern linking roads include new place new street street street ownership owned estate work partnership westminster city_council protect street heritage row spa special policy area august norway oil fund world largest sovereign wealth fund acquired interest estate includes properties row history house row fine house ground built site occupied series nobles demolished preparation laying houses east row row built land known acres belonging merchant tailor william development estate named lady wife 3rd earl land consisting mainly fruit trees covering row streets owned descendants estate initially laid street row ran gardens lane street houses east 19th century houses built west nineteenth century initially street occupied military officers wives politicians william younger wrote letters street called street irish born playwright richard lived row short time death row lead character world eighty days live row fashionable address home affluent influential nature residents row attracted dealers luxury goods area started premises row late 18th century street row henry credited creator dinner jacket opened entrance row late father premises old street moved street house altered bring natural light working area addition glass light wells houses altered time original design lost retains original external features royal geographical society royal geographical society occupied significant british exploration planned including asia africa south pole according society address associated adventure travel david laid state society headquarters buried westminster abbey shortly royal geographical society moved row club gentlemen club founded new club occupying rooms overlooking square changed current residence row retaining moved premises twentieth century row extended street metropolitan police station constructed corner street police station damaged german bombing raid september building opposite destroyed earlier month fortress house storey block offices faced portland stone constructed row occupied series government ending long period occupation english_heritage demolished replaced new mixed use development designed architects july beatles moved apple corps corporation row studio built basement poorly designed beatles recorded let new studio constructed estimated cost million artists including mary recorded basement studio closed beatles final live performance known rooftop concert held roof building january recorded documentary film let words band spoken john_lennon police stopped performance hope passed audition row style approach traditional continued 1990s new movement involving designers richard james increasing criticisms falling times number row declined approximately 1950s businesses increased october local online listed clothing businesses row expressed concern increase commercial development area lead death business locally traditionally manufacture suits premises basement studios priced local property market row association founded protect develop practised row surrounding streets member typically required hours hand labour piece suit association owners estate working partnership westminster council protect street heritage row spa special policy area association objected american retailer plan open children store row concerned chain stores entering street drive took successful protest allowed set children store attracted criticism january store colour scheme brown architecture original architectural plan row believed drawn campbell henry main architect street supervision daniel row designed william kent moved architects influence interpretation architecture known influence english architecture 16th century moved street house altered bring natural light working area addition glass light wells houses altered time original design lost retains original external features royal geographical society occupied built glass map room courtyard small astronomical observatory roof new basis current appearance façade row reputation built suit individually fit term etymology developing discussed advance generally understood mean order associated fine claiming term common use 17th century row argue relation understood mean suit cut hand ruling advertising standards authority term applied machine provided measure suits french cost creative director makes cost insists street generations certainly compared houses paris customers golden mile included lord nelson napoleon iii winston_churchill prince charles law reported character james_bond bought suits row evidence novels bond film character wore suits designed non row particular anthony nearby street attracted affluent influential nature residents row started open businesses area late 18th century street row original survive today henry edward vii patronage helped street fashionable presence row moved company row following death father james company henry credited creator dinner jacket smoking jacket young edward vii early 20th century frederick developed english duke windsor dress soft style developed london cut house style anderson anderson protégé london cut high small generous upper sleeve permits jacket remain close neck freeing arm comfort reputation row measure suits ready wear clothes introduced company formed merger separate businesses date late 19th century royal_navy tailor founded portsmouth london based cap maker tailor british_army hardy ltd scope appeal row staged men ready wear shows hotel london designed costumes england world cup team film space odyssey dressed queen designing gown silver jubilee portrait hardy founded company converting bombed shell sold business retired company operating control capital continued row row opened valentine day tommy edward worked ward financially backed black peter brown beatles apple corps bold window displays created unknown simon clients included beatles elton_john andrew lloyd left company went work died slowed early 1990s row struggling find relevance audience grown increasingly apprentice richard james known style modern market having broken away independently row mould public relations professional coined term new movement describe collectively work new generation interest reached peak featured vanity_fair newcomers altered shop fronts marketing publicity advantage challenging traditional row brought twists fine sense colour suits seen push envelope modern suit making active wear creating contemporary set attract celebrity clients sell clothing supermarket chains attract wider national international custom raising profile new style


danish pronunciation largest city denmark population january main city island road located kilometres north kilometres south kilometres southwest copenhagen city seat municipality seat county county january county region southern denmark close associations christian remembered fairy tales born city spent childhood years human settlement area years mentioned writing grown thriving city denmark generally considered viking king murdered peasants july city burned following royal rivalry quickly recovered flourished centre commerce middle ages period decline large scale plans development 18th century led rebuilding palace building canal port trade largest railway denmark built increasing population commerce reached population tallest towers europe built destroyed nazis world war university southern denmark established present day remains commercial hub notable shopping district diversity stores major industries located city including brewery denmark major dealer vegetables fruits flowers city home palace erected king died theatre symphony orchestra christian museum situated house birthplace christian sports number football clubs including professional ice hockey team city hosts marathon served christian airport station lies line copenhagen jutland peninsula history catholic ecclesiastical history roman catholic early history derived meaning sanctuary area known sanctuary god denmark oldest cities archaeological excavations vicinity proof settlement years stone age earliest community centred higher ground river south lake dry north denmark viking ring fortresses lay south river today museum artefacts related early viking history area built numerous fortifications river banks defend invaders coming coast city celebrated anniversary commemorating mention town letter dated march german emperor iii granted rights neighbouring settlements church appears mary probably built late 12th century territory previously vast hamburg created catholic diocese recorded bishops consecrated archbishop canterbury recent excavations shown early 11th century town developed area grown city stature denmark denmark generally considered viking king murdered peasants discontent high taxes imposed town july longer exists church situated site beginning 12th century monks england founded abbey english monk wrote denmark literary work life passion shrine cathedral attached attracted pilgrims middle ages middle ages middle ages number churches monasteries built town church cathedral dates end 13th century closely connected order town old churches mary john adjacent monastery monastery founded burned denmark conflicts brother king cathedral completely rebuilt town continued flourish commercial centre charted city economically middle ages attracting merchants traded goods bishop brought german printer print short prayer book considered work printed scandinavia parallel printed account turkish siege island rhodes danish reformation involving suppression catholic city enjoyed sustained period prosperity century northern commercial centre main sources income sale cattle providing substantial funds construction fine half houses local merchants local nobility participated city development building residences spent winter months city prosperity came abrupt end late heavy taxes imposed end swedish wars period ensued end 18th century 16th century town meeting place seat provincial assembly population development dramatic changes began 18th century city great plan drawn development frederick ordered rebuilding palace partly foundations 13th century monastery construction church knights kilometre long metre deep canal harbour built facilitate growth port city radically increasing level trade population founded provincial theatre denmark country second oldest central library established removed station music library contains denmark largest collection 1840s city enjoyed period rapid expansion traditional boundaries denmark second largest city city gates demolished soon development extended area south river glove production begun 18th century developed important industries harbour facilities expanded denmark modern water gas works opened commerce boosted building railway denmark largest rail junctions provided ideal basis attracting wide range industries including iron metals food separate areas city devoted increased industrial residential expansion population city began grow markedly inhabitants modern history famous landmark tower constructed second tallest tower europe surpassed tower meters blown danish nazi group rebuilt miniature model stands area original located german occupation second world war general strike august contributed terminating collaboration germans beginning danish industrial revolution second largest city modern denmark recent times overtaken 1960s increasingly cultural hub establishment university launching trade shows including large congress centre major national television network established celebration anniversary forest meaning thousand year forest planted city celebrated anniversary birth christian steel shipyard denmark largest facility closed result international competition opened produced container ships parent company site sold port developing industrial park geography climate situated northeastern centre island road located kilometres north kilometres south kilometres southwest copenhagen kilometres east kilometres southeast suburbs include north northeast west southwest south river flows south main shopping quarter northeast city northeast road accessed narrow passage connected canal port small fishing village lies miles southeast passage controlling depth metres reported northern channel entrance terminal bight northeast harbour curves south form approach eastern bight metres south irregular beach hills south bight small shallow bay light vicinity bare rugged peninsula bay east southwestern islands connected mainland metre causeway largest island hectares important breeding ground migratory birds special area conservation habitat birds subject close monitoring target reach good ecological status island low lying highest point reaching metres sea forest northern island southern consists coastal meadows climate temperate oceanic climate classified zone mild summers feature average maximum temperatures exceeding winters characterised minimum temperatures dropping freezing hottest months average july august highs daily mean temperatures respectively months august receiving july rain average extratropical cyclones frequently affect region contributing abundant precipitation months january february daily mean temperature lows respectively common contain ice january march entrance kept clear tidal range varies metres winds west northeast raise water level metres winds east southwest lower metres climate data city recorded christian airport demographics long populated town population people population grown population grew markedly 19th century reaching inhabitants improvements communications rail port population grew dramatically early 20th century census recorded people growing second world war population passed mark reaching continued grow post war years recorded city reached population people time developing university city university established residents began centre suburban areas included municipality boundaries result population declined slightly 1970s 1980s falling began climbing late 1980s steadily grew population people population municipal administration municipality administrative unit covers city surrounding suburbs villages city_council consists members including mayor mayor member social democratic_party term defeated jan conservative elected election forming coalition red green alliance socialist people party social democrats city_council motto playing living new approach addressing learning innovation development growth targets administration criticised celebrations anniversary christian allegedly signing contract tina turner resulted deficit million municipal elections successful obtaining sufficient support liberals left ensure continuation mayor beginning economy important industrial commercial centre city central location denmark makes national convention congress centres enterprises include brewery brown kansas clothing plus pack canning containers manufacturers electrical sector recent years general trend manufacturing service sector workforce employed service sector working industry wharf denmark largest facility converted industrial park production storage components offshore industries creating variety new tenants large centre supplies fruit vegetables flowers plants country export established denmark major commercial television channel based shopping centre located south eastern centre dates second largest denmark floor space shops restaurants cinema fitness centre wide variety shops found city centre especially adjacent pedestrian streets tourism important source income city municipality listed seventh denmark turnover tourism reaching million danish year zoo popular tourist attraction eleventh popular denmark visitors zoo founded covers area hectares acres roughly animals covering species zoo inaugurated million featuring south american animal life city passage contains numerous restaurants bars lounge australian bar cafe jazz club situated notable venues include club retro restaurants include nest bar restaurant den set 17th century half house run leading chef serves fresh fish meat dishes closed 18th century cottage opposite christian house serves franco danish cuisine hotels note include hotel hotel grand bar room old english style collection hotel plaza city hotel close proximity christian museum room city landmarks hill area site denmark viking ring castles built reign forced father leave country seek refuge modern poland fort provided command river passing hill archaeological remains fort heavily damaged building odd fellow lodge constructed site late nineteenth century churches bishop saint cathedral danish connected great monastery largest finest buildings kind denmark originally dating church rebuilt 13th century brick pure gothic style altar lies danish patron saint denmark brother public display large fragment byzantine cloth displayed skeletons cathedral boasts denmark remarkable magnificent kings christian buried city church built style consecrated roman_catholic_church high mary church lady church built 13th century restored contains carved 16th century john church mentioned built knights known order saint john original building remains rebuilt subsequently restored built red brick horizontal decorations chancel wall large gothic windows date bells step tower year church completed tower adjacent palace originally built monastery church church built middle ages completed designed late style red brick granite foundations cross shaped interior complemented bell tower high peace church consecrated named gratitude end world war church work went design copenhagen church city hall city hall medieval italian look designed daniel style completed combines red masonry sandstone decorations stepped saw tooth course stands site smaller building bent won competition building tower main entrance torn rebuilt work delayed war extension completed conjunction christian anniversary comprehensive renovation work completed building interiors including entrance halls meeting rooms hall council chamber palaces theatres palace erected frederick died administrative building stands site 15th century monastery transferred crown main white baroque wing bays designed frederick completed set park king garden constructed french design established denmark second oldest theatrical enterprise country main theatres original building new building designed opened stages store scene theatre stages sugar factory runs drama school outside copenhagen established notable theatrical history staging contemporary drama pillars society november momentum publicly funded municipal government ministry cultural affairs note established signs new director year charged creating volume year set plays performers puts cultural entertainment including concerts debates lectures poetry symphony orchestra denmark regional formally established orchestra based concert hall inaugurated orchestra concerts given nielsen hall seating capacity large stops organ built son established opera den opera reopened period closure presenting contemporary operas danish christian connections remembered fairy tales christian born thought birthplace small yellow house corner old town house opened christian museum documents life childhood years son struggling schooling career author later life artefacts providing insight acquaintances adventures childhood home far cathedral lived little half house age opened museum house contains exhibition tools father items based descriptions city numerous statues sculptures representing characters stories christian include tin soldier chimney sweep needle emperor new clothes sea horse paper boat flying trunk wild distinctive statue fairy tale park cathedral sculpted louis shows book hand ready entertain fairy tales museums museums mainly governed city museums department municipal government art museum museum abbey denmark oldest art museums dating contains principal works open air village museum den tries emulate country life like denmark time life contains houses historical nielsen museum dedicated life nielsen wife sculptor anne marie nielsen documents life childhood town career success european music scene violins grand piano display number musical scores including operas chamber music numerous songs cultural history museum notable remaining renaissance buildings city built nobleman artefacts related early viking history named narrow street adjacent building coin workshop operated located courtyard half houses museum exhibits ancient history middle ages renaissance danish railway museum national railway museum denmark largest museum scandinavia established engine shed adjacent city main railway station area metres locomotives railway carriages rail tracks periods danish rail history oldest steam engine dates museum photographic art national danish art museum dedicated specifically photographic art founded september international centre art culture opened exhibition space media museum documents history freedom speech denmark development printing press history danish education university university established law new provincial universities created relieve pressure universities copenhagen teaching began end 20th century students employees university southern denmark covering arts medicine natural social sciences university building opened designed university southern denmark university southern denmark established merger university southern denmark business school southern engineering school south jutland university centre main campus departments copenhagen students establishment denmark largest university faculty engineering combines institutions mechanical engineering college established southern engineering school institute institute educational institutions includes departments university college headquartered university result merger education institutions currently undertaking comprehensive renovation buildings 1960s concentrate interests intends open university college campus august aimed improving employment opportunities business academy professional higher education established result merger business college college college business college students staff programmes offered locations auspices municipality school music offers educational courses emphasis music children young people age college privately run institution offering courses food agriculture founded merger changed college offers secondary education courses natural sciences college named founded schools mid-19th century art academy independent nationally recognized educational institution located complex central offers year course visual arts home grammar schools state grade schools number private schools sports important football clubs history going founded cricket club changed football included activities club won national championships cup titles club play home matches park known founded danish 2nd division west play home matches capacity club notable team represents city rugby combination professional ice hockey team based play danish league bank team tennis tennis club located near river country largest tennis centre open marathon held annually ascension sunday children participate fairy tale run circuits smaller sports clubs covering athletics basketball boxing climbing cycling fencing football golf riding roller skating shooting swimming table tennis tennis wrestling facilities people disabilities transport port consists main basins number facilities canal measuring roughly metres length total vessels length metres draft metres facilitated port wharf situated outside harbour southern canal facilities general cargo ships bulk ships depth metres accessibility greatly increased ferry service main danish islands zealand replaced great belt bridge opened rail traffic road traffic bridge opened second longest suspension bridge world reached train hour minutes thanks great belt bridge trains copenhagen little hour quarter main railway station station lies line copenhagen jutland mainland international trains connect town sweden mainland europe example stockholm direct train stockholm daily taking hours capital city local regional trains link rest denmark separate passenger railway operates railways connected coastal cities links closed 1950s 1960s today regional routes served buses operated public company operates town municipal bus service connecting town suburbs city centre road connects zealand jutland motorway section southern way motorway comprises danish route smaller routes connect rest direct links coastal towns served airport operates flights tourist resorts mainly summer months healthcare university hospital established major regional importance healthcare conducting research collaboration institute clinical research university southern denmark largest hospital unit denmark largest employer beds staff people people doctors today employees covering fields medicine hospital tower block metres high floors tallest building principal hospital northern takes patients denmark highly specialized units hand surgery special intervention christian children hospital department island conducts research nutrition diseases diseases children hospital consisted seven employees annual visits annually new billion hospital construction closer proximity university southern denmark scheduled completed hospital floor area square metres home private hospitals including location renowned dental clinic karen media centre media activity hub regional network principal newspaper daily owned den published established january newspaper known april newspaper changed year old tradition midday newspaper morning paper average circulation editor chief chairs board centre journalism university southern denmark university journalism departments denmark denmark largest university press university press southern denmark based founded university press authors mainly academics university southern denmark television station fully owned state based station began broadcasting october privately owned company ending television monopoly previously exercised radio employees operating channels broadcasts hours television programmes year notable residents christian novelist poet fairy tale short story writer nielsen classical composer born near celebrating anniversary birth king known saint holy industrialist banker philanthropist thomas inventor industrialist born player royal gloucester born born raised caroline born tennis player peter born winner main event world series poker olympic wrestling kim born rock star born sculptor born cricketer born pop star songwriter actor film star racing driver twin cities twin cities list twin cities municipality stated lithuania islands finland ukraine greenland israel japan netherlands


plymouth plymouth city south coast devon england miles south west exeter miles west south west london mouths rivers east west join plymouth sound form boundary cornwall plymouth early history extends bronze age settlement emerged mount settlement continued trading post roman empire surpassed prosperous village called plymouth fathers departed plymouth new world established plymouth colony second english settlement united_states_of_america english civil war town held besieged industrial revolution plymouth grew commercial shipping port handling imports passengers americas local minerals tin copper lime china clay neighbouring town devonport strategic royal naval dockyard town neighbouring independent towns county borough plymouth county borough devonport urban district east merged form single county borough combined town took plymouth achieved city status city naval importance later led targeting partial destruction world war act known plymouth blitz war city centre completely rebuilt subsequent expansion led incorporation outlying suburbs city home est people making 30th populous built area united_kingdom second largest city south west bristol governed locally plymouth city_council represented nationally mps plymouth economy remains strongly influenced including ferry links brittany spain tended service based economy 1990s largest operational naval base western_europe devonport home plymouth university history early history upper deposits including bones found local caves artefacts dating bronze age middle iron age found mount showing main trading ports country time unidentified settlement named mouth listed presumed located area modern city settlement river current plymouth early trading port river early 11th century forced merchants settle current day near river mouth time village called meaning south town old english mouth meaning mouth river mentioned pipe roll plymouth officially replaced charter king henry early defence renaissance years war french attack burned manor house took prisoners failed town town burned raiders late fifteenth century plymouth castle castle constructed close area known included round towers corner featured city coat arms castle served protect pool fleet based plymouth prior establishment plymouth dockyard act parliament passed plymouth series fortifications built including defensive walls entrance pool chain extended time danger defences nicholas island date time string artillery built including nose south eastern corner location strengthened building fort later known drake fort went provide site citadel established 16th century locally produced wool major export plymouth home port successful maritime traders sir john led england foray atlantic slave trade sir francis drake mayor plymouth according legend drake insisted completing game engaging spanish fathers set sail new world plymouth establishing plymouth colony second english colony united_states_of_america english civil war plymouth sided besieged years major attack royalist sir richard leading thousands soldiers plymouth defeated freedom fields park civil war ended parliamentary win monarchy restored king charles_ii imprisoned parliamentary heroes drake island construction royal citadel began restoration armed cannon facing sea town rumoured reminder residents oppose crown mount tower dates time plymouth dock naval power 17th century plymouth gradually lost pre trading port century manufactured england cost transport plymouth city means processing sugar tobacco imports play relatively small atlantic slave trade early 18th century nearby parish dockyard devonport opened eastern bank river docks built settlement developed called dock plymouth dock time new town separate plymouth grew men employed grown population people half 18th century grain timber coal plymouth main imports time real source wealth neighbouring town plymouth dock renamed devonport major employer entire region dockyard towns plymouth devonport enjoyed prosperity late 18th early 19th century enriched series neo classical urban developments designed london architect john important devonport plymouth responsible grand public buildings destroyed including theatre royal royal hotel union street local chemist william established short lived plymouth venture exploit deposits china clay discovered cornwall acquainted engineer john builder lighthouse mile long plymouth sound designed john order protect fleet moving devonport work started numerous technical difficulties repeated storm damage meant completed years death 1860s ring forts constructed outskirts devonport protect dockyard attack direction greatest imports plymouth americas europe half 19th century included wheat sugar cane aside dockyard town devonport industries plymouth railways number small chemical works begun develop 19th century continuing 20th century plan plymouth world war plymouth port entry troops empire developed facility manufacture munitions major units royal_navy moved safety scapa_flow devonport important base escort vessels repairs flying boats operated mount world war devonport headquarters western approaches command flying boats operated royal_australian_air_force important point troops day city heavily bombed luftwaffe series raids known plymouth blitz principal targets city centre houses completely destroyed civilians lost lives largely plymouth status major port charles church hit bombs partially destroyed blitz demolished official permanent monument bombing plymouth world war redevelopment city planned sir patrick plan plymouth whilst simultaneously working reconstruction plan london homes completed year innovative systems main types new homes built transforming dense pre war city low density dispersed city centre shops destroyed remained cleared enable reconstruction according plan modernist high rise civic centre constructed significant example mid twentieth century civic slab tower set piece allowed fall disrepair owner plymouth city_council recently grade listed english_heritage prevent demolition post war devonport dockyard kept busy aircraft carriers royal later nuclear submarines new light industrial factories constructed newly industrial sector attracting rapid growth urban population army substantially left city barracks pulled 1960s city remains home commando royal marines government local government history record existence settlement plymouth book saxon south farm located present day saxon times gained status town town england granted charter parliament plymouth mayor county plymouth devonport urban district east merged form single county borough plymouth collectively referred towns nancy elected female member parliament office british houses parliament constituency plymouth taking office husband lady active resident constituents plymouth granted city status october city lord mayor appointed boundaries expanded include town parish plymouth born michael foot elected labour war torn constituency plymouth devonport serving secretary state education responsible health safety work act went distinguished leaders labour_party local government white paper proposed county left plymouth town people administered council based smaller exeter county led plymouth lobbying creation county include plymouth rural campaign successful plymouth ceased county borough april responsibility education social services highways libraries transferred devon county council powers returned city authority april recommendations commission parliament united_kingdom plymouth represented plymouth view plymouth devonport south west devon european parliament south west england general election returned conservative mps oliver devonport devonport johnny view city_council city plymouth divided elect making total council year council election consecutive years elections following fourth year county council elections place total electorate plymouth april local election resulted political composition labour conservative resulting labour administration plymouth city_council formally brest france poland russia san spain plymouth united_states plymouth granted dignity lord mayor king george position elected year group traditional position lord mayor conservative party labour_party annually lord mayor chooses deputy lord mayor conservative councillor john incumbent lord mayor official residence terrace located home nancy given lady city plymouth official residence future lord today civic visiting dignitaries high_court judges available hire private events civic centre municipal office building way listed building june quality period features centre controversy council planned demolition estimating cost resulting possible job losses geography plymouth lies river east river west rivers flow natural harbour plymouth sound authority plymouth included independent towns lie east river river forms county boundary devon cornwall estuary forms sited devonport dockyard river flows north east forms smaller estuary east city called plymouth sound protected sea plymouth use sound drake island seen plymouth flat public area limestone cliffs authority plymouth square kilometres topography rises sea level height feet ordnance plymouth mixture limestone slate granite middle limestone plymouth sound shores cliffs site special scientific interest geology bulk city built upper entrance plymouth sound formed lower withstand power sea band middle limestone runs west east including local limestone seen numerous buildings walls plymouth north north east city granite mass granite mined exported plymouth rocks brought include containing tin copper lead minerals evidence middle limestone belt south edge plymouth west urban form april sir patrick plan plymouth rebuild bomb damaged city published called demolition remaining pre war buildings city centre way replacement wide parallel modern aligned east west linked north south avenue way linking railway station plymouth peripheral road system connecting historic east union street west determines principal form city centre following shopping centre late 1980s continues inform present vision plymouth developed team led barcelona based architect david calls city centre mixed use residential suburban areas post war begun appear permanent council houses built year according modernist low density garden city model advocated new homes built permanent council homes built admiralty plymouth home parks average size square metres largest park central park green spaces including victoria park freedom fields park park devonport park climate rest south west england plymouth temperate oceanic climate generally rest england means wide range exotic plants grown annual mean temperature approximately modifying effect sea seasonal range parts result summer highs lower southerly latitude warrant contrast month february mean minimum temperatures mild snow rare usually european winter storms early january covered plymouth inch snow higher ground period notable snow occurred december inches snow fell period inches lie time melt period annual snowfall accumulation averaged year july august months mean daily south west england favoured location azores high pressure area extends north eastwards particularly summer coastal areas average annual sunshine totals hours rainfall tends associated atlantic depressions convection atlantic depressions vigorous autumn winter rain falls seasons south west source average annual rainfall millimetres november march highest mean wind speeds june august having winds predominant wind direction south west typically day year achieve temperature june temperature reached site record average days year report maximum temperature winter half year night typically fall january temperature fell typically nights year register air frost education university plymouth total students 22nd largest employs staff annual income million founded south west plymouth following higher education act courses maritime business marine engineering marine biology earth ocean environmental sciences surf science shipping logistics university formed joint venture fellow university exeter establishing peninsula college medicine college ranked 8th universities medicine dental school established provides free dental care attempt improve access dental care south west university mark john known teacher training offers training country abroad city home large colleges city college plymouth provides courses basic foundation degrees approximately students plymouth college art offers selection courses including media started years ago independent colleges art design plymouth state primary phase schools state secondary schools special schools selective state grammar schools devonport high school girls devonport high school boys plymouth high school girls independent school plymouth college city home royal naval engineering college opened trained engineering students years completed remaining years course college closed new college opened renamed dockyard technical college finally closing training transferred university southampton plymouth home marine biological association united_kingdom conducts research areas marine sciences plymouth marine laboratory national marine sir hardy foundation ocean sciences plymouth university marine institute diving diseases research centre marine related organisations form plymouth marine sciences partnership plymouth marine laboratory focuses global issues climate change monitors effects ocean reports results government algae treatment waste water technology photo works alongside boots group investigate use algae skin care protects taking advantage chemicals contain adapt protect sun census office national statistics published plymouth authority area population people census indicated plymouth population plymouth urban area population urban extends outside authority boundaries city average household size persons time census ethnic composition plymouth population white white british largest minority ethnic group chinese white irish ethnic group saw largest decline share population census asian black african largest increases respectively new ethnic groups added census gypsy irish traveller arab population rose rapidly second half 19th century declined plymouth gross value added measure size economy million making devon person compared national average lower plymouth unemployment rate points higher south west average points higher average great_britain england wales scotland profile national health service showed plymouth higher average levels poverty population nationally life years men women lowest region south west england economy coastal location economy plymouth traditionally maritime particular defence sector people employed approximately armed forces plymouth producing plymouth exported world royal_navy 1930s widely distributed controlled term origin 1980s employment defence sector decreased substantially public sector prominent particularly administration health education medicine engineering devonport dockyard naval base nuclear submarines navy estimates dockyard generates plymouth income plymouth largest cluster marine maritime businesses south west firms operating sector substantial employers include university staff science park employing people companies employers chosen locate headquarters plymouth including plymouth post war shopping area city centre substantial west end zone inside grade listed building market completed meaning basket french translates basket market terms retail plymouth ranked south west 29th nationally plymouth british cities trial new business improvement district initiative pool situated foot grade listed building restored 1930s look million plymouth plymouth council undertaking project urban redevelopment called vision plymouth launched architect david backed plymouth city_council plymouth chamber commerce projects range shopping centres cruise terminal boulevard increase population build dwellings old drake circus shopping centre charles cross car park demolished replaced latest drake circus shopping centre opened october received negative feedback opening david said years date contrast theatre royal production education centre built runner prize architecture project involving future relocation plymouth city_council headquarters civic centre current location bus station involve bus station civic centre demolished rebuilt location land civic centre sold suggestions include demolition plymouth entertainment arena create canal boulevard linking city centre mixed residential retail office space alongside ferry port transport dual runs east west north city city designated parkway represents boundary urban parts city generally recent suburban areas heading east connects plymouth motorway miles away near exeter heading west connects cornwall devon bridge regular bus services provided plymouth south west target travel park ride services located george junction plymouth city airport operated south west regular international ferry service provided brittany ferries operates taking cars foot passengers directly france spain ferries passenger ferry hamlet believed operated continuously pedestrian ferry steps mount alternative bridge ferry vehicle pedestrian river city airport plymouth city airport miles north city centre airport home local airline air southwest operated flights united_kingdom ireland june report south west published looking future aviation south west possible closure airports concluded best option south west close plymouth city airport expand exeter international airport cornwall airport conclude best option plymouth april announced airport close december plans reopen city airport provide daily services destinations including london plymouth railway station opened managed great western railway sees trains network smaller stations served local trains valley line main line great western come fire recently widespread rail service cuts south west affect plymouth greatly mps main political parties region lobbied train services vital economy exeter plymouth railway needs reopened connect cornwall plymouth rest railway system weather basis proposals reopen line service plymouth night february amid high winds extremely rough seas sea wall breached washing away metres wall ballast railway immediately line closed network rail began repair work line reopened april wake widespread disruption caused damage mainline track coastal storms february network rail considering reopening exeter section line alternative coastal route religion plymouth churches roman catholic cathedral city oldest church plymouth known andrew church anglican located royal parade largest parish church devon site gathering city includes baptist churches methodist thirteen roman catholic churches assembly england movement conservative non evangelical christians established city called plymouth movement begin locally plymouth known reference jews south west sir francis drake log mentioned moses jew man plymouth plymouth listed grade building built oldest english speaking world places worship islam buddhism chinese beliefs population described census return nominally christian muslim religions represented portion people religion national average state religious belief census number christians jews decreased respectively religions increased non religious people doubled number culture built union street heart plymouth historical culture known servicemen playground sailors royal_navy seek entertainment kinds 1930s attracted performers charlie new palace theatre late night hub plymouth entertainment strip reputation trouble closing hours outdoor events festivals held including annual british championships august attracts tens thousands people waterfront august world record simultaneous fireworks surpassed roy university plymouth plymouth sound music night performed royal citadel commando regiment local performers raise money local military charities city main theatres theatre royal capacity drum theatre capacity production creative learning centre plymouth multiple uses city staging music concerts basketball matches stand comedy cinemas reel cinema cross plymouth arts centre street cinema leisure park plymouth city museum art gallery operated plymouth city_council allowing free admission galleries plymouth includes local interest library society dedicated promotion learning fields science technology literature art housed theatre plymouth regional television centre bbc south west team journalists headquartered plymouth itv west country regional station merger itv west forced itv close february main local newspapers serving plymouth herald western morning news radio plymouth bbc radio devon heart south west pirate main local radio stations sport plymouth home plymouth play fourth tier english football league known football league team home ground called home park located central park links group english non left plymouth new world nickname pilgrims city non league football clubs plymouth parkway play park villa play road oak villa play mill united play cross clubs play south west peninsula league sports clubs include plymouth plymouth raiders basketball club plymouth rugby football club rugby union club founded currently competing tier professional english rugby play plymouth raiders play british basketball league tier british basketball play plymouth entertainment arena founded plymouth cricket club formed current 1st play devon premier league plymouth team british premier league plymouth home american football club plymouth plymouth home plymouth hockey club 1st playing national_league season plymouth important centre especially diving sailing port plymouth oldest world held regularly september plymouth hosted america cup world series days public services plymouth supplied water south west water prior supplied plymouth county borough corporation 19th century built order provide drinking water town carried water plymouth known plymouth drake opened april tap river devonport constructed carry fresh drinking water expanding town devonport growing dockyard fed rivers west carrying water officially completed originally designed carry water devonport town shortened carries water reservoir feeds water supply plymouth reservoir located miles north city constructed expanded plymouth city_council responsible waste management city south west water responsible plymouth electricity supplied national grid distributed plymouth western power distribution outskirts combined cycle gas powered station power station started produce electricity plymouth end majesty courts service provide court combined crown county court city plymouth borough police formed eventually devon cornwall police stations charles cross divisional smaller stations city devon cornwall area crown prosecution service divisional offices plymouth fire stations located head devon somerset fire rescue service royal national institution atlantic class class stationed docks plymouth served plymouth hospitals trust city hospital hospital miles north city centre royal eye located hospital south western ambulance service foundation trust operates plymouth rest south west headquarters exeter mid-19th century burial ground ford park cemetery reopened successful trust city_council operate large early 20th century mill privately owned cemetery outskirts city drake memorial park allow mark graves brass plaque set ground landmarks tourist attractions english civil war royal citadel built east end plymouth defend port naval attacks suppress parliamentary train armed forces guided tours available summer months west tower built lighthouse rocks miles shore dismantled thirds rebuilt open public views plymouth sound city room plymouth war memorials including plymouth naval memorial remember killed world wars memorial commemorate defeat spanish early port settlement plymouth called area referred listed buildings largest concentration streets britain fathers left new world near commemorative steps pool pool national marine displays marine species includes britain deepest tank mile kilometres upstream opposite river estate georgian mansion northern outskirts city fort restored example owned landmark trust open public west city devonport plymouth historic quarters devonport millennium regeneration project devonport heritage trail introduced complete outlining route plymouth base visitors valley beaches south east cornwall bay popular building landmark building university plymouth located city central quarter designed leading architect building opened houses university arts faculty consistently considered beautiful university buildings images landmarks notable people people plymouth known formally meaning described person devon cousin jan devon form john particularly naval circles plymouth area navigator sir francis drake born nearby town mayor plymouth englishman world known spanish meaning dragon raided ships died coast puerto_rico mission recover body bring plymouth allowed ministry defence cousin contemporary john plymouth man painter sir founder president royal academy born educated nearby plymouth william born set successful business city close friend john designer lighthouse january benjamin robert english painter specialised grand historical pictures born naturalist william way britain charles darwin born gate explorers robert falcon scott frank lived city artists include cook paintings depict culture plymouth robert paintings investigated themes sexual behaviour suicide lived city 1960s death illustrator creator children series king david born brought south devon trained plymouth college art jazz musician john born nearby close connections area evidenced album bells avant garde prepared guitarist keith born city establishing jazz free improvisation band london musician film director lived towns south devon filmed videos plymouth addition actors sir george turner prize winning duo gilbert george born city labour politician michael foot family reside nearby castle notable athletes include swimmer davies tom dancer wayne sleep francis past residents include composer journalist newspaper editor william henry ron journalist angela comedian dawn french canadian politician legal scholar chris plymouth america based actor roles include american vice president johnson film right stuff fictional president bennett clear present danger born plymouth


valley welsh coal mining valley wales local government district consisting communities built river area fact valleys larger valley large smaller valley bach small singular term valley valleys commonly constituency national assembly wales population national office statistics described urban area having population county borough south wales valleys valley notable historical link coal mining industry peak valleys home strong early christian movement manifested baptist values 19th early 20th century famous strong masculine cultural ties social community expressed outside industry form male voice sport politics larger valleys extends rises valley reaches near settlements follows district district community district district district district district district community community community community sees unofficial capital mainly geographic location ton district community community district southernmost smallest valley communities community largest community valleys district district district community celebrated david alexander song valley includes settlements follows district community community district district community district district community etymology early middle ages kingdom sparsely populated agricultural area spelling varied widely cardiff records shows sources state meaning noisy simplified translation research sir williams work suggests form welsh relate similar old irish speech suggestion river speaking aloud comparison english expression brook increase population mid-19th century area officially recognised local government district renamed urban district river residents valley rarely use terms referring instead specific village relevant locals tend refer definite article despite non usage sign posts maps early history prehistoric roman valley located area landscape formed glacial action ice age slow moving glaciers deep valleys exist today retreat ice sheet valleys modified stream river action left river valleys narrow steep sided slopes layout settlements early modern times period earliest evidence presence man upper areas discovered small stone tool found site recorded possibly type early period places human activity plateau valleys items discovered predominantly upper areas mainly stone age items relating hunting fishing foraging suggests seasonal nomadic activity definite settlements located area concentration finds suggests presence temporary vicinity period structural prehistoric man excavated near watershed river remains rectangular traces wall foundations discovered carbon dating found site dated structure late bronze age little evidence settlements found date bronze age periods discovered length valleys best example round found near summit west consisted mound surrounding ditch metres metres tall discovered area round ring circle exists mountain known consists upright stones height central found located high ground late bronze age weapons tools discovered construction work reservoir source items originate thought left site offering particular interest fragments iron sword earliest iron object found wales type sword recorded britain iron age exception settlement certain pre medieval settlement sites valley camp earliest structures camp remains situated ton defences slight camp good use natural slopes rock north east face camp consisted earthworks inner outer enclosure site excavated archaeological finds led camp bronze age finds mainly pottery flint knives excavated burial discovered outer enclosure site classified iron age settlement dated roman period discovery fragments wheel british pottery discovered location site group thought sheep farming community definite example roman site area found settlement group earthworks indicates presence roman army 1st century thought military site marching camp dark age medieval 5th century saw withdrawal imperial roman support britain succeeding centuries dark ages witnessed emergence national identity kingdoms area lay area incorporated modern area ruled dynasty founded dynasty later replaced founded descendant morgan welsh coming norman battle hastings south east wales divided lay narrow strip running modern day coast cardiff divided relics dark ages uncommon area secular monuments sites discovered period located leaving historians believe sparsely inhabited maybe visited structural relics area period carved stones crosses exist indicate presence christian shrine early middle ages communities split lived small villages centred court local ruler paid enjoyed higher status lived scattered important village mayor settlement identified mainly strength village survive past middle ages largest concentration dwellings time discovered mainly platform houses late 11th century norman lord robert entered attempt gain control area building earth timber castles early 12th century norman expansion continued castles founded period bishop urban established diocese belonged large parish death william lord extensive holdings eventually granted gilbert begun finally completed powerful family gilbert great lords territory far settled lord captured cousin morgan annexed attempt single native ruler conflict unresolved time death area fell royal control settlements medieval little evidence exists settlements norman period unlike communal dwellings iron age remains medieval buildings discovered area follow pattern similar modern separate holdings spaced evidence medieval welsh farmers comes remains buildings foundations platform houses having discovered spaced valleys site platform houses common excavated 1930s dating century discovered remains medieval castles older nos located head overlooking recorded evidence castle nos mention john stated nose high castle comprises ditch forming raised platform north face ruined building location form appear norman design thought built welsh border defence date richard seized second castle located close town centre little remains bailey defence destroyed railway station built 19th century dated 12th century early 13th century historians notably owen morgan book history valleys recorded sacred mound erroneously believed burial mound king earliest christian monument located shrine mary holy mentioned 15th century post medieval pre industrial century time known belonged large sparsely inhabited parish administrative purposes parish divided upper hamlet north middle hamlet lower hamlet post medieval period heavily wooded area main economic staple sheep horses cattle historian rice describing area stated great breeding cattle horses sheep elder time grew small store corn places ground english john speed described cattle best means unto wealth afford fair held animals taken neighbouring markets self supporting farmers area grew crops corn small quantities crops grown lower narrow meadows adjoining napoleonic wars scarce supplies forced cultivation areas describe diet inhabitants consisting bread wheat bear years later benjamin showed little diet changed wrote people ate bread miserable cheese beer worse half 17th century rising cost goods series bad brought economic changes wealth able seize opportunities created unsettled conditions set farm lands enclosure lands began later middle ages gained momentum farms owned individual farmers owned small groups wealthy landowners 19th century farms estates owned earl bailey family settlements post medieval acts union century english civil war century period great rebuilding took place kingdom england wales annexed reflected structures built valley fluctuating economic state late tudor period resulted farmers taking land creating higher levels surplus goods producing higher profits profit reflected new farm houses built time emphasis domestic comfort apparent design dwellings new farm buildings simple structures consisting small rooms permanent quality medieval platform houses popular style building long house building combined house single building farms existed destroyed growth mining industry surviving buildings note include new house 17th century house thought given neighbouring village dated industrial buildings note include 17th century blast gave village mill established david turn gave corn mills existed sparsely valleys early coal pits early pits recorded opened mined exposed rock deep mined industrial industrial growth southern wales largest continuous britain extending kilometres east bay west covering square kilometres took majority entirety situated neighbouring areas sunk coal mines walter coffin initiated lower coal exported valleys sort commercial scale coal originally taken extension private canal port cardiff lack transportation links main problems curtailed exploitation valley coal fields belief beneath valley thought deep economic working seen expensive risk looking quick profit exploration undertaken trustees agents owned large tracts valley farmland possessed large financial interest cardiff docks export coal trustees sank october began producing coal working steam coal conjunction sinking head second issue transportation tackled time extension railway line royal given construct railway original line laid cardiff branch opened link cardiff allow easier faster transportation walter coffin addition considering coffin director extended railway reached areas valleys time valley connected major transportation route rest wales exploitation begin line dominate transportation coal industrial history monopoly point contention rivals owners negotiate rates attempts break monopoly including opening bay railway linked head prince wales dock achieve rail link tunnel constructed time longest railway tunnel wales initially shallower pits proved bigger attraction prospective owners fully worked 1860s saw rapid growth development opened valleys leading david davis david davies output coal valley roughly quarter years later producing million tons valleys figures later massive excavation rates seen quarter 19th century beginning world war recorded valley output million tons valleys initially owned small group private individuals trend changed start 20th century companies began buying existing widespread adoption limited liability status began trend concentration ownership reducing economic risks involved unstable coal prices inflated acquisitions geological difficulties large scale accidents emerging companies formed individuals families sank original start 20th century principal shareholders companies included davies ocean coal company hood coal company david davis son population growth industrial period early mid-19th century valleys inhabited small farming settlements parish later constitute borough recorded having population thousand inhabitants discovery massive deposits high quality accessible coal mid-19th century valleys experienced large influx financial immigrants immigrants came lower villages special came miners neighbouring areas census lists temple cloud somerset earliest english immigrants mere population parish grew urban district population coal mines sunk population grew fill jobs needed extract coal 1860s 1870s majority came neighbouring welsh counties improving rail transportation cheaper transport immigrants came 1890s recorded workers south west places gloucester devon 1900s people came north wales lead mining area depressed slate villages records scottish workers mainly centered hood mines small numbers irish low immigration levels irish workers blamed irish lived days rioting population valleys peaked inhabitants mass influx immigrants period totally english welsh notable exception immigrant outside united_kingdom italians late 19th century group italian immigrants originally northern area italy centred town forced london market immigrants set network ice cream fish chip shops south wales businesses iconic landmarks villages served subsequent generations welsh italians particular shops ran italian immigrants known believed named opened café early 1890s early 21st century original open business decline coal economic emigration start world war economic prospects south wales good production fell high demand strong push limit february coal mining came government control demand increased war intensified ensuring market sufficient supplies coal war picture began change initially british coal industry series economic events american coal miners strike unemployment miners national average belief mining industry experience permanent demand coal shattered depression experienced massive unemployment situation worsened response reducing pay working hours miners called general strike defence miners locked following cook penny pay minute day called strike days later resolving miners cut wages miners disagreed stayed strike seven months surrendering saw schemes set miners aid plight soup joy days support local miners set system time miners returned work little desire action strikes saw decline popularity fed greater emphasis solving problems political parliamentary means advent great depression employment valleys continued fall turn led decline public social services people struggled pay rates outcomes lack funds fall health provisions lead lack medical nursing staff failure provide adequate sewage works rise deaths tuberculosis long term unemployment figure recorded unemployment figure adult males rose high little employment available solution appeared emigration people left time life difficult communities built solely singular industry especially families single wage start second world war saw complete turnaround employment figures unemployment figures ranged mining disasters heavy industry possibility injury death everyday risk workers valley notorious form disaster gas explosion caused buildup gas coal dust mines deeper ventilation difficult control risk increased worst single incident disaster explosion saw loss lives major disasters accounted roughly overall fatalities individual accidents accounting bulk deaths list shows mining disasters saw loss lives single incident modern present coal mining industry artificially war years expectations return industrial collapse end second world war sense salvation government announced british following decades saw continual reduction output mines miners single pit valleys producing coal located decline mining coal world war country wide issue south wales affected higher degree areas britain oil superseded coal fuel choice industries political pressure influencing supply oil industries reliant coal demand quality especially coal required steel industry percent coal supplied second biggest market domestic heating coal fashionable publication clean air act markets controlled fate mines demand fell sectors knock effect mining industry addition exports areas europe traditionally france italy low countries experienced massive decline cent start 20th century roughly cent major factors decline coal related massive investment mines past decades mines valleys sunk 1850s 1880s consequence meant far smaller modern mines mines comparison methods ventilation coal preparation power supply poor standard british coal industry cut cent output south wales figure cent way ensure financial survival mines valleys massive investment plan coal paper drawn overly optimistic future demand coal drastically reduced following industrial recession increased availability oil british government welsh employment bodies funded external businesses locate new ventures valleys replace heavy industries attempt bring business connected coal mining industry began 1920s david jones town clerk urban council gained government support attracting outside businesses area companies included alfred clothing factory jacob manufacturing cardboard boxes electrical musical industries ltd following end second world war companies set valleys eighteen sponsored board trade companies periods growth collapse notably emi 1970s 2000s heritage park museum commemorating industrial past situated south lewis small mining village religion earlier parish little known celtic saint parish named saint thought existed parish bears religious monuments places worship named boundaries churches south wales outside area named saint saint earliest known religious monument catholic holy mentioned 15th century place pagan worship pilgrimage site identified manor belonging abbey seen important religious sites wales shrine holy site main reason people pass thought main reason bridges built river middle ages parish church near bank river served families attended church inhabitants lower vicinity need trek hear service despite importance anglican church lives growing strength felt 18th century reverend henry davies formed independent cause years later meeting house opened attracting families far away parish causes david williams began preaching people baptised river near opened new house religious services baptist chapel later known chapel new religious movement valley years early 19th century places worship parish church dedicated john baptist changed rapidly coal mining industry brought influx population valley chapel life central valley life late 19th early 20th centuries communities britain post wars saw decline regular membership extent population declined number places worship declined exacerbated process linguistic change saw severe decline number welsh speakers result welsh language particular saw severe drop membership 1950s half century saw close places worship buildings demolished political activism political activism deep link trade unions socialist movement initially slow develop 1870s amalgamated association miners won support destroyed employer hostility miners association successful creation south wales miners federation coal strike gave south wales miners reputation valley played act granted seat parliament won moderate trade union leader william notably working class member elected wales socialism ideals grew 20th century industrial struggle reached riots year later saw publication pamphlet miners step centre public disorder june field large group people gathered confront open air address tommy propaganda officer british union crowd recorded strong turned violent police forced protect bodyguard seven local people arrested strong history communist sympathy socialist society key element coalition founded communist_party great_britain seven communists urban district council publishing communist newspaper vanguard 1930s communist support known little moscow producing left wing activists born arthur writer lewis jones miners active socialist activities outside valleys 1920s 1930s surrounding valleys provided principal support largest hunger marches federation members serving spain international brigades total number volunteers english councillor annie wales communist mayor culture recreation role women economy fundamentally dependent single industry paid employment women wales notes image welsh wife mother constantly home queen household essentially creation produce social reformer elizabeth women list greatest welsh heroes chosen ballot sport social amenities rudimentary formation urban district council geographic layout valleys land scarce resource leisure activities took little space time money sought saw popularity activities races open air courts attached public house boxing foot racing rugby union rugby union mid-19th century influx immigrants older mining towns brought game rugby took month game establish amalgamated association miners held meetings rugby football club formed followed late 19th early 20th century forward key player wales teams heavy industrial worker prime aggressive attack figure early welsh packs likes bull jones foot inch stone weight seen animal man lack playing fields valleys rugby teams share grounds travel week away grounds play inappropriate sloping pitches valley clubs teams meeting changing closest local public house clubs built pub teams appeared disbanded clubs survive day football dominance rugby union football teams note history valleys teams formed end 19th century folded depression including mid successful club area ton music movement absorbed system caused shift social attitudes mid- century alcohol looked increasingly violent sports rugby young men looked different acceptable voice natural progression chapel society brass bands eventually gain acceptance movement male voice phenomenon welsh industrial communities appearance male voice believed formed glee clubs produced note including glee society represented wales world fair rival male voice choir enjoyed considerable success sang queen_victoria exist today including male voice choir situated brass bands mid-19th century brass bands poor relationship mainly heavy social drinking came hand hand member band changed end 19th century respectable bands actually joined movement known brass bands started bands famous band ton started life ton local rivals dare band drum band movement faded bands found new owners bands took names specific memorable image connection brass bands came miners filmed returning work miners strike marching village band culture language majority history area recognised valley exclusively welsh speaking area early 20th century english began welsh language social intercourse english historian benjamin heath mentioned travelling met person talk help interpreter situation repeated john george wood visit area complained understanding particular native speakers times difficult welsh speakers understand dialect called dialect men valleys began little shift use welsh language initial immigrants welsh 1900s english workers began settling great numbers wasn new workers changed language erosion welsh begun 1860s school classrooms educational philosophy accepted governmental administrators english language scholars welsh barrier moral commercial prosperity workers spoke english risen welsh speaking dropped period true valleys took place improved transport communications facilitated spread new cultural influences dealings outside companies understanding welsh trade union meetings held english coming radio cinema television cheap english newspapers paperback books factors absorption english language circle population embracing english language 1940s literary intellectual movement formed produce influential group welsh language writers formed second world war german wife group known circle met house welsh writers movement included davies williams james davies davies national hosted national occasion stones placed commemorate event stand overlooking held national children young adults communal activity strong tradition communal activity exemplified halls miners trade unions miners began contribute building running dare hall 1890s onwards centres entertainment self improvement halls libraries reading rooms media valley served local newspaper chronicle gazette general valleys valley served weekly post post circulation leader familiar local papers region published years later leader telegraph gazette published period newspaper called socialist gazette circulation available late 1930s gazette leader published published years leader gazette recent years leader observer combined leader separate edition august bbc began broadcasting allowing receive television pictures time followed january commercial television provided television wales west giving viewers choice television channels transport geological layout valley transport links fairly restrictive original road layout followed valleys connections 1920s major unemployment relief programme work miners created build mountain roads connecting communities mountain roads lasting effect transformed valleys dead end communities main roads service area runs services starts runs ending joins begins outside heading north road eventually links roads service area relief road known bypass links reaching single rail link line based old railway serviced line runs linking cardiff central railway stations populated closed axe railway line serves stations villages directly linked connected bus services british rail reopened closed stations railway station residents note category people inhabitants prior residents note valleys coal mining area earliest individuals come fore linked coal industry people physical men found way sport charismatic led miners unions political religious leaders tended deeply religious chapel going public sport main sports appeared produce quality participants rugby union boxing true rugby stars come gained caps wales scoring points born member british lions fame riots left unscathed crowds past sporting duties players came gain international duty split amateur rugby union professional northern league tempted north england earn wage abilities new league players jack born living went north eventually world dual code international rugby player famous rugby player later half 20th century cliff morgan morgan born gained caps wales british lions inaugural international rugby hall_of_fame notable player billy member grand slam winning team 20th century supplied steady stream championship jones world champion hold world title won belt jones came notable boxer jimmy known mighty took world title british champions valleys include tommy held british empire heavyweight belt edwards took british title association football popular rugby early 20th century 1920s notable players emerged area important players came village ton jimmy murphy capped times wales managed welsh national team manchester united roy paul ton led manchester city successive cup finals gained welsh caps curtis best known representing city cardiff city came neighbouring village year international career won caps wales scoring goals valleys produced world class players evans won world masters feat repeated surpassed evans world champion winning tournament politics despite born notable political figures emerge area william known george thomas best known trade member parliament leader south wales miners federation strong early years valleys moderate lost ground radical leaders later years thomas born port raised near member parliament cardiff years speaker house_of_commons retirement politics wood current leader film television known actors born sir stanley baker brothers houston baker born starred films cruel sea richard iii actor producer film legacy houston brothers born gaining better success film actor memorable roles blue dance hall houston acted primarily british movies better known television actor literature circle notable number williams winner crown occasions landscape industrial valleys basis work writing english language peter george born best known oscar nominated screenwriter based book red alert reflecting lives residents thomas ron brought realism industrial valleys missing rose writings richard visual arts valleys produced notable group visual artists writers 1950s small group students brought daily train cardiff college art came prominence known group set school manifesto group included charles burton morgan thomas hughes evans flower david robert thomas important artistic movement 20th century welsh art notable members group include painter work deeply rooted buildings valleys set green hills surround sculptor robert thomas born heavy cast statues icons contemporary wales statues publicly displayed centre cardiff science social science sciences social sciences provided important academics aspects wales world stage davies born inventor switching process enabled exchange information computers feature enabled internet social sciences produced welsh historian john davies important voice welsh affairs recognised faces voices 21st century welsh history main authors welsh academy wales produced eminent member circle wife influential writers history egyptian lore