hollow country club hollow country club historic country club hudson manor new_york club founded known room mansion owned colonel wife margaret built cost million million designed architectural firm white estate contributing property historic district national_register_of_historic_places exterior designed english renaissance revival style incorporating arts details building composed primarily buff colored italian brick south west symmetrical overall plan house house west facade longest ornate view hudson_river west facing windows adjoining terrace main entrance building south directly approached south drive interior significant features including marble ceilings extensive carved wood plaster detail house square feet interior space making largest privately owned houses united_states club club currently acres hole golf course tree limb facilities include main pool complex tennis courts aluminum heated platform tennis courts courts eighteen guest rooms trap areas horse boarding facility large indoor riding arena pro shops golf sports fitness complex golf course practice range non contributing outdoor riding rings stables carriage house youth activities include golf tennis riding dining rooms altogether club hold guests club currently members staff consisting year round employees height season stables room stalls indoor arenas host hollow stable riding academy club gross revenue million million food sales club property surrounds saint mary episcopal church sides slopes upwards east route open season year sits wide central plateau notable early members included george haven george moses taylor frank notable current members include bill murray james members family history hollow country club founded renaming neighboring village north hollow club named location river valley river river called harbor dutch dutch later grew apply valley today geographic term hollow refers incorporated village 19th century hollow private residence named mansion retained house butler wright lived called dates wright victorian house painted brick high tower end later renamed villa colonel came area early 1890s having purchased house acre property ordered construction existing house improvements grounds construction mansion began completed ordered construction dock present park allow construction materials shipped property died leaving wife margaret oversee completion death margaret lived spring autumn frequent trips time went november maria margaret mother widow william henry died house maria sister margaret called doctor unable assist margaret began selling property frank william sold house men thought big bargain pass spent million million property margaret offered thought house large grand live stayed nearby property 20th century present men assembled board directors form country club including future victim john jacob coal baron edward leaders stewart iii harrison williams country club incorporated members directors meeting took place office wall national city bank building president bank time initiation yearly years club rented year club purchased property club constructed golf course close harmony existing built outdoor garden theater 16th century italian portal club ended paying land house spent improvements club spent years starting house kitchen service wing house serve people stables garage club constructed tennis courts slide use winter grounds designed sons frederick law american foreign trees club charles design golf course designed update succeeded redesign holes club members president frank june year william purchased acres club bringing area acres house originally sold acres spent making largest single real estate transaction county purchases allowed construction houses club property new facilities built 1920s including manager house house house indoor riding ring swimming pool club operated loss beginning wall street crash club members successful maintaining wealth membership declined cuts horses sold closed special occasions golf house primary acre building lots north sold members club successful world war later member stay overnight golf house formal dance year cost person time club 50th anniversary modern warm gold forest green dropped lighting lowered ceilings original house occupying northwest terrace service wing italian garden vine clad symmetrical gravel paths marble benches long stone giving characteristics hanging garden garden house floor built occupying portion slope falls far lower walls house screened row large planted highest garden garden formed immense rectangular space sides terrace center pool fountain walks beds flowers occupied rest visible west facing windows house garden demolished 1960s golf house garden location replacing use golf house wing added constructed northeast terrace completed building holds pro shop dining facilities locker rooms structure designed convenient noticeable grounds sight tar roof noted worse prior standing gardens country club expanded renovated bar building renovated locker room building exterior constructed large array solar panels roof locker room dining facility building performed renovations replacing golf house location pool facility tennis shop constructed architecture architect variously stated white stanford white according william mitchell list firm works attributes house design white supervising architect exterior exterior designed english renaissance revival style house said modeled hall norfolk classical devices 18th century english architecture include columns house blown expression american renaissance incorporates characteristics arts style architecture exterior use interior family guest rooms floor north end house situated main entrance size larger houses service wing contains servant quarters compared rest house wing lower ceilings smaller windows exterior trim early 1900s wing clad ivy constructed buff colored pressed italian brick pale stone trim stories tall seven bays wide fourteen bays deep south west symmetrical house overall plan house entrance west south east window trim consisting stone surrounds classical house story separated visually stone string course topped shallow roof rise brick chimneys trimmed capped stone pavilion decorative shaped elements house windows primarily rectangular double hung panel style large triple window stained glass situated midway house main staircase lower steps house distinctive classical pale gray limestone west facade house ornate faces hudson_river view river terrace west facing windows curtain wall facade contains upheld columns supports flight steps descends terrace river parallel east minor entrance service entrance main entrance building south directly approached south drive entrance columns house described low spreading notwithstanding unusual height square feet making largest houses property miles wide interior house significant interior features including marble wood ceilings window door floors extensive carved wood plaster detail primarily mold original reported cost hundreds thousands dollars included rare carved woods paintings italian marble house rooms including servants house main door opens square vaulted walled highly polished yellow marble leads main hall ceiling wood painted white corners angles rich doors monumental frames white ceiling hall large fireplace carved white marble large table room center large red covering floor floor rooms green cedar living room white gold drawing room dark dining room rooms span linear distance feet corridor connects main hall rooms windows dividing corridor bays corridor ceiling main hall heavy velvet window entrance hallway windows delicate salmon silk room corridor living room door window frames spanish cedar imported italian walls green silk drawing room music room center walls ivory white gold ornaments richly panels paintings inserted mantle purple white marble built mirror room richly hanging ornamental plain ceiling furniture gold light yellow gold windows doors dining room high broad ceiling closely set beams like room cluster lights applied house large new_york apartments counter wash large rows walls kitchen serving room stocked equipped breakfast room green white painted white walls covered green cloth wood white marble adjoining morning room finished oak walls red stripes shades oak white furniture red gold library right hall removed rooms held table walls lined tall covered large square panel like pieces leather room richly ceiling green brown house sizes large biggest room distinct moderate rich decoration particular room furnished style furniture mother pearl floor children suite large house room arrangement planned convenience comfort compared typical english built far dining room rooms designed important rooms remote rooms scaled terms height ceilings size doors large length breadth house second floor stable stable designed white built late 19th century yellow brick main residence stable half stories high bays wide bays deep roof covered replaced original tile roof ridge sits shallow monitor flanked taller monitors elements bell cast copper roofs end bays west main facade framed brick panels line bricks resemble middle central bay arched entrance pair double wood doors beneath arch flanked blind line bay arch line continues belt course forms wood framed fixed light windows building second level windows divided main facade lower level narrow wood framed double hung repeated arched pavilion stable built hill partial basement level stalls story interior space floor originally carriages automobiles indoor exercising ring horses occupying stalls end reception area room small apartment designed occupied riding instructor golf house 1920s old butler wright house golf house center club sporting operations originally holding pro shop dining room bar refurbished showers dressing rooms addition locker room double space increase lounge space enlarged kitchen new women locker room sitting room larger dining enclosed porch northwest corner building new porch building east club pool constructed adjoining house necessitating construction showers dressing rooms building demolished country club route entrances gatehouse small stories high bays wide bay deep constructed house 1890s resemble materials simplified stylistic detail roofs shed story high rear addition houses stone brick lower level windows flat arched surrounds break lines beneath arched northern gatehouse story rear addition small car garage club gates french imported carved stone pool house pool house built brick wood framed windows divided brick building locker rooms larger west section area smaller east section west section flat roof east section shallow roof broad building contribute historic estate house house built small story log building bays wide bay deep roof interior small kitchen large multi purpose room building contributes estate early 20th century development logan memorial riding ring square foot building originally named logan riding ring completed thomas logan resident member hollow riding committee funded building expense million supervised construction building length feet width feet exterior concrete block building main section round arched roof stories high bays wide feet bays deep feet building narrow metal framed windows brick upper light sections windows open horizontally lower portions sixteen lights open vertically central light sections fixed structure bays divided sloping concrete ground buttresses paired intersections rear exhibition ring constructed near riding ring main west facade projecting half story roof section bays wide deep decorative detail exterior includes james inspired surround main entrance surrounds windows northwest corner intersection building sections story high bay square addition narrow metal window west facade large double entrance horses north building interior consists large riding ring open section changing rooms floor multi purpose room second walls floor ceiling window permitting view ring activity house house constructed completed demolished located near logan riding ring club south entrance road stories high bays wide bays deep covered flat roof entrances main south facade ground level balcony entrances double wooden doors building windows consisted wood framed paired windows brick piers extended length main facade interrupted bay wide bay deep projection east main entrance building interior contained doubles court singles courts reception room locker rooms showers spectators gallery seating road building stood outdoor riding ring enclosed rough rail fence west building site standing tall grass 16th century post stone element center stage seat outdoor greek estate dismantled manager house manager house built brick stories high bays wide bays deep plan building shallow hip roof exposed ends windows primarily double hung wood trim window concrete story rectangular brick tower set main west facade tower open beneath wide wood building brick chimney decorated chimney caps concrete building rented members carriage barn complex carriage barn complex ownership property built wright original estate prominent component brick carriage house designed white brick granite trim half stories high bays wide bays deep pitched slate hip roof spring exposed roof ridge sits octagonal element bell cast roof main north facade bay wide projection hip roof wall large roof east facade provides exterior access includes small square windows fixed near double hung windows level main facade pavilion end facade set large double wood carriage doors complex serves storage maintenance facility club golf opposite carriage barn building brick low hip roof story high bay deep bays wide sets overhead doors main south facade building high brick wall entire complex sections corner utility structures surrounding wall small building northeast corner complex bay square steep hip roof spring single round windows near root line building entrance south facade wood building counterpart yard low hip roof large brick chimney stone water table string course overhead doors north facade popular culture television pan hollow country club setting series episode media filmed country club include park avenue present good wife film wives henry 30_rock television special michael fox adventures film bounty hunter music video beyoncé song best thing


thomas thomas april june american professor coach university_of_michigan golf debate teams affiliated university_of_michigan years nationally known writer speaker debate founded department campus debate program subject national media attention chicago_tribune ran article stating offering new course love making golf teams won ncaa national championships big conference championships posthumously inducted university_of_michigan athletic hall honor professor native salem indiana attended college richmond indiana received degree robert established school kansas_city missouri largest best known institutions kind united_states came ann lecturer public speaking intending week course year invited time missouri kentucky ohio working school michigan asked join faculty stayed years founded department chairman michigan department unit major university college country established credit course speech american university turn century speech played important role american society highest paid professor university_of_michigan faculty students required courses addition organized coached competitive debate contests michigan established northern league later central debating league purpose conducting competitive debates universities including michigan university_of_chicago northwestern college iowa minnesota iowa newspaper noted zeal organization success students enter competitive contests skill drilling enabled michigan high rank league contests seven honors credit years victories debate delivered speeches gave dramatic readings tours world newspaper noted reader known west readings taken best literature special attention work plan principal scenes play parts providing entertainment acceptable attend theater performance hamlet iowa newspaper wrote man remarkable personality play taken dramatic parts giving wide range understanding characters different parts interpreted extremely keen judgment real kind speaker introduced division brief description men women appeared manner speaking high character held interest beginning end president national association met june annual convention institute new_york brought charles law student coached debate team won honors speech contest abolitionist john brown knowing southern attendance asked deliver tribute brown conference account conference states introduction delivered reaction south slain man spirit animated reach power distressed went john brown taught south new era begun threat force slavery southern members association walked angry protest michigan african american debate champion early 1900s michigan athletic teams country segregated george played michigan football team african american play football team ward years later period athletic segregation african american eugene joseph marshall permitted compete debate competitions won university debate championship ann reported time history american universities colored man won highest honors fair free competition announcement victory read pleasure working colored race entertained marshall home presented chicago alumni medal marshall subsequently placed second midwest regional collegiate competition jam incident subject national media attention result newspaper article written year old freshman student claiming teaching new course student jam campus correspondent chicago_tribune class taught delivery short extracts extract involved scene play man woman pleading hand textbook practical elements scene illustrate explosive form speech watching act kneeling scene wrote article published page chicago_tribune headline stating learn sly tricks students ann lessons love making article suggested instructing male students romance technique day chicago record herald published panel cartoon professor dreaming ways teach class properly love newspapers country picked story daily northwestern wrote professor michigan university inaugurated course love making motive stimulate interest classes students compelled lady students newark advocate headline read lessons novel course university_of_michigan sly tricks taught salt lake reported lessons university_of_michigan added new course curriculum best styled course love making inventor novel scheme course hitherto toughest university likely popular campus early week hit successful plan visitors attend classes spectators thrilling love scenes times day forced maiden pupils right way declare devotion takes place maid matter smoothly pair progressed private professor finds fault public demonstration knees hold hand old professor goes chicago_tribune ran photograph nearly worn trousers knees showing young men strained voice eyes efforts pupils throw fire passion appeals story embarrassment university memoirs recalled summoned office desk high letters country copy cartoon taking ridicule publicized story sincere enthusiasm new advance education felt university_of_michigan proud faculty voted unanimously suspend year publishing false statements affecting character work professors addition suspension charged press henry student correspondent university_of_michigan sent sensational story chicago newspapers relating professor thomas class love making suspended year story branded fake based story incident occurred rehearsal drama professor showed students propose shortly incident left trip giving dramatic readings west_coast went successful public relations man golf coach faculty tennis champion age doctor told game took golf enjoyed success sport took august october won ann golf club championship said organized michigan golf team october michigan defeated university_of_chicago golf match held west golf varsity sport school official coach retired professor emeritus age time turned attention time coaching coaching record michigan official seasons golf coach teams won ncaa national championships big conference championships big runners times coached ncaa individual champions john fischer continued golf coach athletic director fielding named emeritus coach inducted university_of_michigan athletic hall honor enrolled university promised alumni pledge pay expenses fell agreed loan percent interest pay tuition won ncaa championship twice recalled team traveled tournaments car professor seven passenger said designated golf match car chicago ohio going play teammate recalled trips car wasn big recall rode guys driving remember trip washington national championship congressional michigan won started morning drove way professor big guy took team trip mount players accidentally gear hit exited car car forward open door hit torn cole member golf team later wrote humorous incident involving coach cole recalled golf coach add little mechanics game added piece advice helpful followed practice session boys know meant hitting short approach shot close pin humorous played thursday play illinois friday professor catch train got confused room number awakened man called desk told night clerk calling shouting boys train captain golf team noted referred active coach club clubs recall seeing handle days left handed death honors died florida age time associated_press noted pioneered teaching speech nation colleges years university_of_michigan faculty brother professor speech professor college died earlier year thomas obituary reported devised famous college cheer locomotive devised university famous locomotive cheer returning ann train big football game sources indicate locomotive cheer began princeton 1890s papers historical library ann subject articles robinson walker university_of_michigan alumni publication michigan today factual information article walker articles students professor honored establishing fund today fellowship open students screen arts cultures inducted university_of_michigan athletic hall honor fourth induction class theater located henry building university_of_michigan school music theater dance named honor theater closed doors building razed room north residential academic complex portrait painted originally hung alumni hall museum art theater library building portrait hung university_of_michigan golf course time installation university record noted known chief teaching associates students thomas resides golf history books robert thomas choice readings standard popular authors company thomas robert practical elements designed text book guidance teachers students expression company publishers press robert thomas patriotic relating spanish american war issues charles sons robert thomas standard selections company thomas william henry gordon winning speeches contests northern league american book company robert thomas public speaking secondary schools company robert thomas british american company robert thomas choice readings standard popular authors embracing complete classification selections comprehensive principles vocal expression readings shakespeare bible hymn books company


masters tournament masters tournament known masters masters major championships professional golf masters scheduled week april majors played year unlike major championships masters held year location national golf club private golf club city georgia usa masters started roberts bobby jones jones designed national course architect tournament official money event tour european tour japan golf tour field players smaller major championships event held national golf club tournament number traditions green jacket awarded champion return year victory remains personal property stored champions jackets specially designated instances time currently reigning champion remove jacket club grounds wins event multiple times uses green jacket awarded initial win needs fitted new jacket champions dinner inaugurated ben held tuesday tournament open past champions certain board members national golf club beginning legendary usually past champions hit honorary shot morning round commence play included fred gene sam nelson arnold jack player semi social contest course played wednesday day round masters wins tiger woods won won titles jimmy sam player nick player south_africa non american player win tournament second spain champion national course opened years ago modified times different architects changes occasion entirely designed added water hazards extended new boxes built hundreds trees planted installed history national golf club idea national originated bobby jones wanted build golf course retirement game sought advice roberts later chairman club came piece land georgia jones said perfect think ground lying years waiting come lay golf course land plantation early nineteenth century plant nursery jones hired help design course work began course formally opened died masters tournament played early tournament years national tournament masters originally known began march won smith present adopted tournament played current holes played second reversed permanently present layout tournament initially national field composed bobby jones close associates jones petitioned hold open denied petition noting hot georgia summers create difficult playing conditions gene hit shot heard round world shot par 15th double eagle tied wood ensuing hole playoff victor strokes tournament played world war assist war effort cattle raised national grounds 1960s 1970s big arnold player jack dominated masters winning event times span winning stroke won stroke memorable circumstances trailing shot event holes prevail win masters jack emerged early 1960s served rival popular won green jacket defeating tony stroke years later shot course record par second masters win leading bobby jones played game familiar year won green jacket hole playoff tommy gay player win consecutive masters won strokes won stroke close contest tom johnny miller exciting masters date player non american win masters beating defending champion won strokes winning tournament tour nearly years age player won final masters stroke players player currently shares fred couples record making consecutive cuts played record masters controversial ending masters occurred signed scored playing partner tommy aaron incorrectly showed making par instead 17th hole final round rules golf player signs records score hole higher actually hole player receives higher score hole extra stroke cost chance hole monday playoff bob won green jacket mistake led famous quote stupid lee elder african american play masters years national admitted black member ron result creek controversy 1980s 2000s non americans collected victories years 1980s 1990s far strongest run majors played united_states early days open european win masters oldest player win masters won sixth time age period suffered pressure competing norman norman lost sudden death playoff larry remarkable yard pitch shot second playoff hole win masters norman tied course record opening round stroke lead nick entering final round norman shot scored win shots masters championship norman suffered straight holes needing par tie lead force monday playoff badly pushed iron approach missed par closing tiger woods won masters shots age process breaking tournament day scoring record stood years woods completed tiger slam winning fourth straight major championship masters won following year making player history win tournament consecutive years defeated chris playoff major championship win years club targeted martha organized failed protest masters pressure club accepting female members planned protest gates national day tournament application permit denied court appeal dismissed stated plans protest club national chairman billy headlines april commented annual pre masters press conference tiger woods course behavior simply degree conduct said opening speech fact disappointed importantly kids tournament won mike canadian win men major championship left win masters following year left won major championship making final hole beat stroke won tournament tournament won south african final holes win strokes watson won tournament second playoff hole watson win marked fifth time left won masters previous tournaments prior left won masters masters won adam scott australian win tournament watson won masters strokes jordan second masters victory years second youngest winner second masters traditions awards total prize money tournament going winner inaugural year winner smith received purse win received final victory won recent years purse grown quickly winner share grew purse grew addition cash prize winner tournament presented distinctive green jacket formally awarded informally acquired champions years green sport coat official attire worn members national club grounds masters winner honorary member club recipient green jacket presented inside butler cabin soon end tournament presentation repeated outside near 18th green spectators winners jacket year victory return club wear visit tradition began sam won masters titles green jacket allowed removed national reigning champion remain club exceptions rule include player joy winning mistakenly took jacket home south_africa victory followed spirit rule worn jacket interview peter home showed green jackets trophy room henry jacket removed club tradition established remained closet number years display canterbury golf club ohio club professional years tradition winner previous year masters tournament puts jacket current winner end tournament jack player win consecutive years donned jacket nick tiger woods repeated champions chairman national jacket awards presented players perform exceptional feats tournament player daily lowest score receives crystal players score hole double eagle win large crystal bowl eagle player makes receives pair crystal addition green jacket winners tournament receive gold medal names engraved actual silver masters trophy introduced depicts trophy remains national winners received sterling silver replica runner receives silver medal introduced beginning silver added award runner masters began presenting award known silver cup lowest scoring amateur cut began presenting amateur silver medal low amateur runner par contest par contest introduced won year traditionally played wednesday tournament starts par course built hole course par measures yards length holes history contest record occurring player card holes round par contest par contest winner won masters year repeat winners including sandy sam won successive years event use children helps create family friendly atmosphere event televised time espn winner par competition played day tournament begins wins crystal bowl player majors winning masters gives privileges career secure masters champions automatically invited play majors open open championship championship amateur winners turn pro year period years earn lifetime invitation masters receive membership tour following seasons players championship years tournament established amateur bobby jones masters tradition honoring amateur golf invites winners prestigious amateur tournaments world current amateur champion plays group defending masters champion days tournament field welcome stay crow nest atop national tournament crow nest square feet space people lodge competition opening shot custom years start tournament honorary opening shot hole typically golf greatest players original honorary starters fred led tournament poor health prevented swinging club continued death nelson gene started joined sam trio continued died nelson stopped hit final opening shot little month died arnold took honorary starter honor masters tournaments jack joined honorary starter event player joined announced march lingering shoulder issue prevent shot champions dinner champions dinner held year tuesday evening preceding thursday round dinner held hosted defending champion ben honor past champions tournament time tournaments played number past champions officially known masters club includes past winners masters selected members national golf club included honorary members usually chairman defending champion host menu dinner frequently masters champions served finely prepared cuisine masters chef home regions notable examples included served sandy south african dish served behest champion examples include german britain nick fish chips canadian mike wild tom chicken champion created media storm suggested tiger woods refrain serving fried chicken dishes commonly associated american culture dinner players masters required use services national club club tradition african american man club founder roberts reputed said long alive white black players allowed option masters requires wear uniform consisting white green masters cap white tennis shoes surname initial player found uniform defending champion receives number numbers order register tournament majors tour events similar policy concerning 1970s open allowed players use traditions day tournament closes bobby jones scholars university scotland play ball round course people start process repairing restoring course pre tournament standard format masters major championship year final round scheduled second sunday april exceptions ended sunday times tournaments ended april month sunday edition held late march early april event scheduled end second sunday similar majors tournament consists rounds holes thursday sunday delays masters relatively small field contenders compared golf tournaments competitors play groups rounds holes field split start 1st 10th weather available playing time tournament unique major tournament conducted private club national golf organization like holes play cut score calculated reduce size field weekend rounds cut players places ties counting strokes leader score criteria applied scores including ties strokes leader cut ties strokes lead hole cut played rounds desired following cut additional holes played final days fourth round fail produce winner players tied lead enter sudden death playoff play begins 18th hole followed adjacent 10th repeating player remains adopted sudden death playoff originally start hole needed years changed inward final holes starting tenth television coverage began employed year masters sudden death playoff ended eleventh green current arrangement beginning 18th amended following year sudden death playoffs advance past second extra hole earlier playoffs holes following day holes hole playoff round playoffs went additional holes course golf course plant nursery hole named tree associated course layout lengths course masters start decade course lengthened yards hole shortened yards resulting current length yards course adjustments courses national championship setup lengthened recent years course measured yards extended yards yards yards longer course changes attracted critics including successful players masters history jack arnold player tiger woods woods claimed shorter hitters going struggle national chairman johnson stating comfortable golf course practice round player defended changes saying lot criticisms think played guys basically having hit second shots jack hit prime originally grass putting wide bladed bermuda lost speed especially late 1970s introduction strain narrow bladed bermuda grew thicker par course reconstructed narrow bladed species shorter eliminating grain test run main course replaced time masters resulted significantly faster putting surfaces required reduction time tournament common sand replaced signature white derivative mining shipped north_carolina field masters smallest field major championships players unlike majors qualifying tournaments event largely issued automatic basis players meet published criteria players official world golf ranking invited past champions eligible national golf club discouraged continuing participate advanced age later honorary starters invitation categories categories honored provided participants maintain amateur status prior tournament masters tournament champions lifetime open champions years open champions years champions years winners players championship years current amateur champion runner current british amateur champion current asia pacific amateur champion current mid amateur champion current latin_america amateur champion players including ties previous year masters tournament players including ties previous year open players including ties previous year open championship players including ties previous year championship winners tour regular season playoff events award point allocation cup starting heritage week masters shell houston open week qualifying previous year season ending tour championship cup prior tournament leaders final official world golf ranking previous calendar year leaders official world golf ranking published week prior current masters tournament current players meet criteria multiple categories invitation masters committee discretion invite qualified practice currently reserved international players changes tournament include awarded autumn events tour begin season qualifications plus ties masters open open championship championship tour referencing season ending points tour championship annual money list masters added winner newly established latin_america amateur championship effectively replaced exemption united_states amateur public links championship ended tournament final public links champion played masters winners winner masters tournament smith repeated win player masters victories jack won times arnold tiger woods won jimmy player sam nick titles player tournament overseas winner victory notable winners include nelson ben tom watson ben watson won masters twice sudden death format adopted revised sudden death playoffs advanced past second hole decided hole seven second playoffs prior hole rounds holes round playoffs tied end round closest margin stroke playoff included players arnold player won playoff round player finished 2nd finished 3rd playoff included players jack tommy gay won playoff round finished 2nd finished 3rd low masters began presenting award known silver cup lowest scoring amateur cut began presenting amateur silver medal low amateur runner records jack won masters years days old won making oldest winner masters record holder tens cuts youngest winner masters tiger woods years days old won year woods broke records widest winning margin strokes lowest winning score jordan tied score record youngest player compete masters age years days opening day tournament following day youngest cut masters men major championship player holds record appearances player holds record number consecutive cuts player compete recovering recent surgery shares record fred couples consecutive cuts competing nick price norman share course record rounds coming respectively score record men major championships highest winning score occurred times sam jack johnson anthony kim holds record round second round double eagles history masters latest occurring south_africa louis iron reported yard shot course second hole called pink rare occurrences feat double eagle course fire hole bruce double eagle yards wood eighth hole yellow round tournament jeff hit iron yards 13th hole fourth round event players share record runner finishes ben tom jack broadcasting united_states television cbs televised masters united_states year cameras covered final holes tournament coverage holes begin resistance tournament organizers cameras jack stated organizers worried broadcasting course television cut attendance tournament usa network added second round coverage produced cbs production team masters broadcast year high definition television golf tournaments hold distinction early round coverage previously aired format usa sister network universal espn replaced usa universal weekday coverage provider cbs broadcast tournament high definition fixed handheld wired cameras standard definition wireless handheld cameras called corner live began providing coverage players passing holes rounds tournament multi hole major championship cbs added masters extra extra hour field bonus coverage daily internet preceding television broadcasts cbs added coverage holes live web masters extra dropped officials gave espn extra hour day thursday friday corner feed broadcast ultra high definition exclusively live sports format national golf club consistently chosen cbs broadcast partner successive year contracts lack long term contractual security club limited dependence broadcast rights fees owing affluent membership widely held cbs allows national greater control content broadcast performs form self censorship order maintain future rights club insisted demands respect content broadcast despite deemed acted expected club removed notably jack tends lack discussion controversy involving national martha protests coverage carries formal style golf refer gallery patrons spectators fans gallery club promotions network programs sole exception screen mention minutes final round run long right coverage ends allow sponsored graphics significant restrictions placed tournament broadcast hours compared major championships 21st century tournament allow cbs air hole coverage leaders standard majors cbs dave event telecast distinctive theme music originally came song trip course club minimal commercial currently limited minutes hour opposed usual selling exclusive sponsorship packages companies global sponsors replaced global sponsor mercedes club sells separate sponsorship packages provide rights air commercials international partners companies ups replaced mercedes company elevation global sponsor status immediate aftermath martha controversy commercials broadcasts radio coverage previously global cbs radio provided live radio play play coverage united_states coverage heard official masters website network provides short minute updates tournament longer hour segments end day international television bbc broadcast masters provides live radio commentary closing stages radio live launch bbc viewers watch championship format bbc sport held radio rights bbc coverage airs commercials financed licence fee masters sky sports began broadcasting days par contest time bbc highlights days play head head sky sports live coverage final days play ireland ireland broadcast rounds live having previously broadcast opening rounds broadcasting weekend coverage canada broadcast rights masters held bell media coverage divided cable carries live primetime cbs espn coverage rounds broadcast cbs coverage weekend rounds carries french language coverage prior canadian broadcast rights held marketing company graham media turn bought time global television network french language coverage aired sports air broadcasts selling advertising canadian broadcasts unusual arrangement canadian sports broadcasting cases broadcasters acquire rights directly event organizers partnerships international espn international espn owns minority stake global began selling advertising directly jointly produced preview highlights shows canadian audiences carrying espn cbs coverage tournament december parent company bell media announced acquired exclusive canadian rights masters beginning multi year deal broadcast television coverage owned broadcast network uses expanded channel service carry supplemental feeds including corner feed early coverage round previously exclusive digital platforms countries including asia latin_america northern africa middle_east broadcast rights entire tournament held espn international networks tickets masters expensive difficult come practice rounds difficult applications practice round tickets nearly year advance successful applicants chosen random ballot tickets actual tournament sold members patrons list closed waiting list patrons list opened closed reopened subsequently closed masters began allowing children ages enter tournament days free accompanied patron owner badge difficulty acquiring masters tournament largest events secondary ticket market majority masters delivered group patrons fans members year perennial ticket holders decide sell large ticket allow fans purchase masters badge single day opposed traditional day pass


pronounced listen born october retired swedish professional successful female history stepping away competitive golf end season won international tournaments professional making female wins won official tournaments including majors tournaments internationally tops career money list earnings million million ahead nearest rival held dual american swedish citizenship winner record player year awards trophies given player lowest seasonal scoring average female shoot competition holds time scoring records including lowest season scoring average representing europe cup occasions event time leading points record surpassed england davies cup history bank america colonial tournament woman play tour event childhood amateur career born near stockholm sweden father tom retired executive mother worked bank younger sister professional coaches sister academy sisters won million child talented round nationally ranked junior tennis player played football soccer hometown team good coach swedish national ski team suggested family northern sweden improve skiing year round junior golf age switched golf sharing set golf clubs sister got odd numbered clubs earned handicap shy junior deliberately end tournament avoid giving victory speech coaches noticed tournament winner runner speech decided going face crowd win deliberate misses stopped swedish national team successful amateur career included win rule trophy played runner finish swedish national mother daughter golf tournament member swedish national team played santo trophy world amateur golf team championships world amateur champion waiting start college sweden worked personal assistant swedish played swedish ladies tour winning tournaments university arizona coach spotted playing collegiate event tokyo moved play college golf university arizona won seven collegiate titles non american freshman win individual ncaa division championship ncaa player year kelly runner ncaa championship champion ncaa american qualified women open july cut tied 63rd weeks later women amateur lakes near chicago runner hole hole final professional career 1990s turned professional missed tour card final qualifying tournament shot began professional career ladies european tour let known invited play tour events finished 4th earning finished second times ladies european tour ladies european tour rookie year tying 28th final qualifying tournament earned non exempt status season professional win came women australian open tour united_states rookie year finishes including tie second women british open cup debut breakout year won tour title women open finished money list non american winner trophy second player player year trophy winner year rookie year win australian ladies masters wins ladies european tour let order merit player european tour money lists season success worldwide resulted winning award sweden country prestigious award sports awarded gold medal saw win home let tournament ladies open sweden tournaments including women open defending title non american win women open titles passed million mark career earnings won second consecutive trophy won tour events regaining money list player year titles internationally won defended home let title renamed open player history finish season scoring average route retaining player year money list titles winning let swedish tour stop time running september saw change course team replacing years terry 2000s point career says lost focus having reached biggest goals best tour player managed win tournaments tour player 1990s qualified world golf hall_of_fame won circle championship eligible induction finishing tenth year tour october international player inducted hall_of_fame criteria having lost position embarked new day week exercise program including weight lifting balance work added yards driving distance season wins female shoot competition player cross million mark single season earnings set tied total records route regaining trophy winning fourth player year money list titles alternate shot competition best male female players world tiger woods beat david end season said eat hat repeated wins accomplished feat joining wright players win tournaments season earning fifth player year title fifth trophy successfully defended championship fourth major victory won ladies masters australia open sweden ladies european tour giving wins starts worldwide amid notable controversy invited play tour bank america colonial golf tournament fort worth texas making woman play tour event qualified los_angeles open fourth world rankings time particularly critical presence quoted saying business playing hoped missed cut statement later proven later apologized hole shot par tying finished rounds missing cut shooting par round finishing pace challenge weekend spot said nervous day pleased performance round led field driving accuracy regulation driving distance unfortunately poor putting field averaging cost spot page round ultimately caused miss cut later season won championship women british open sixth player complete career grand slam victories worldwide set tied total records earned sixth player year award competed fred couples mark skins game finishing second skins worth yard bunker shot ninth hole eighth eagle skins game history september winning european cup team native sweden awarded second award sweden plus golf writers trophy association golf writers dominance continued seventh player year award tying history posted finishes starts including wins additional international wins player reach million career earnings took single season scoring average record played rounds win trophy women sports foundation gave year award world sports academy named world year released combination autobiography golf book golf way life golf course changed february announced filed divorce david husband years finalised august adversely affect golf achievements included player history win major consecutive years championship history win event consecutive years classic wins tournaments entered worldwide included victory scandinavian hosted presented trophy giving eighth money list title tying record eighth player year award record sixth trophy player win money list award trophy year different years team competition saw seventh consecutive cup appearance points making total event time leading points inaugural cup played captain victorious international team events resulted receiving numerous awards golf writers association america named female player year eighth time associated_press voted female athlete year consecutive year woman win golf writers trophy twice year history european golf prestigious award having previously won best female awards received award best female athlete official women world golf rankings unveiled february confirmed number player women golf position relinquished april partnership team sweden won women world cup golf opened season defence title classic went starts causing talk slump winning drought ended women open won hole playoff pat tenth major championship title tying list players major championship titles totalled wins ladies european tour inaugural ladies masters swedish tournament hosts defended home town course learned play international team lost second cup competition team asia started losing playoff defending classic title championship shot highest hole score major years result explained subsequent diagnosis discs neck major injury year career month injury rehabilitation break returned tribute tournament admitted fitness finished tied 36th place fully fit tournaments championship finished tied 15th place women open defending champion finished tied 32nd early round defeat world championship finished sixth masters 16th women british open ninth swedish tournament hosts ladies european tour return finishes missed weekend season closing playoffs second year running win worldwide title ladies masters ladies european tour november declaring recovered injury ready return complete season competitive golf opened year open turtle bay captured tour victory september won stanford international pro april following week won ultra open tournament record score giving wins million earnings mid final win tour highly critical female tried play tour comments playing men tour don know continues major week qualify major don reason play men retirement announced press conference classic step away competitive golf conclusion season night threw pitch washington nationals new_york_mets baseball game stadium new_york following day read late david_letterman tournament victory came playoff ladies open event sanctioned ladies european tour ladies asian golf tour scheduled tournament tour season ending championship november failed weekend play event unique playoff structure final sanctioned appearance winning captain team international cup singapore professional tournament ladies masters ladies european tour december finished tied 7th business career began transition professional entrepreneur later years career attempting combine golf fitness charitable works businesses brand brand statement share passion promoted website blog staff regularly contribute golf course design undertaken number golf course design projects course completed mission hills golf club china second officially launched january opened golf estate south_africa recently announced new project mines golf city near malaysia projects closer home include redesign patriots point links course near charleston south_carolina course red mountain resort british_columbia jack lost bid build olympic golf course rio consultant amy golf course golden bay resort opened south_korea designed golf course hotels resorts corporation developed project retirement golf course design academy academy reunion resort reunion florida began construction opened april longtime coach serving head instructor sister instructor club personal trainer focusing overall fitness training available coaching certain packages opening ceremony included wish foundation golf clinic conducted united_states ambassador wish foundation hosted junior american junior golf association invitation event featuring girls world hosted foundation business ventures branches business include clothing line cutter limited label wine produced partnership signature developed hosted tribute hosted event tour scandinavian hosted ladies european tour years won tournament tournaments event cooking participated cooking demonstrations tournaments talked cooking school season took opportunity improve skills working hour shifts lake country club interest investments real estate stock market earned check august invited ring closing bell new_york stock exchange personal life described met husband david driving range moon valley country club phoenix arizona rookie practicing tournament worked club manufacturer engaged masters married lake january divorced august married mike managing director brand businesses son tour champions tour player jerry lake golf country club orlando florida january daughter born september march gave birth son william nicholas weeks prematurely professional wins tour tour playoff record majors shown bold ladies european tour open austria cup ladies open open open masters ladies masters sanctioned tour masters open women british open ladies masters sanctioned tour open scandinavian hosted scandinavian hosted ladies masters ladies masters ladies open ladies european tour majors shown bold masters classified major let tour women british open sanctioned tour wins counting tours tour women australian open australian ladies masters ladies masters sanctioned let ladies masters sanctioned let japan tour classic cup skins game tour challenge pepper women world cup golf team event endorsed main women tours official money event major championships wins defeated grace park par extra defeated hole playoff results timeline women british open replaced classic major play cut missed half way cut tied place green background wins yellow background summary consecutive cuts british open longest streak times tour record includes events cut world ranking position women world golf rankings end calendar year january ranked previous week despite having announced retirement effective end season removed rankings official explanation given removal later posted personal blog asked removed team appearances amateur santo trophy representing sweden professional cup representing europe winners winners cup representing international team winners winners world cup representing sweden winners cup record awards honors


dunder mifflin dunder mifflin_paper_company paper sales company featured united_states television series office analogous british original series french canadian french adaptations respectively originally company completely fictitious eventually brand sell products staples office supply outlets websites created support fictional company nbc sold branded merchandise nbc universal store website logo prominently displayed locations downtown scranton pennsylvania set scranton associated internationally dunder mifflin international reach patrick day speech suburb city prime minister ireland reference city fictional branch office overview fourth season episode dunder mifflin infinity said company founded robert dunder robert mifflin originally sell use construction fifth season episode company picnic said founders met tour college news world report real companies size range facing increasingly competitive marketplace like smaller players compete low prices charged big box rivals like staples office depot constantly bleeding corporate customers focused cutting costs creators share assessment basically staples big says producer kent companies dunder mifflin considered competitors says office depot executive think michael_scott actually perfect person run scranton office company depicted based new_york_city branches smaller northeastern cities episodes set scranton branch branches mentioned seen closed connecticut branch seen jim_halpert john_krasinski transferred half season episode branch wars gave viewers brief glimpse branch upstate new_york says city short list base writers having ties central new_york intended branch office located reasons different sounding scranton says little research thought kind business survive buffalo branch mentioned episodes rochester office mentioned episode titled lecture circuit dunder mifflin website lists branch albany rounds new_york locations deleted scene stress relief revealed closed leaving branches states ohio new_jersey new_hampshire company picnic announced branches closed buffalo branch close boys girls branch mentioned jan shut warehouse workers episode turf war focuses closing branch syracuse branch competing scranton employees old clients business writer pointed parallels dunder mifflin real life mason paper company based near boston massachusetts similarly regional focus serving corporate customers new_england mid-atlantic states like dunder mifflin original product line rubber stamps paper faces stiff competition national international chains branch office mason remained open accounting scandal resulted payment corporate customers dunder mifflin deal arrest ryan_howard fraud year depiction corporate culture company clearly dysfunctional management style major source tension notes chicago based writer canon corporate headquarters rejects television commercial michael created turn insisted ideas commercial ignored employees ryan_howard began michael new boss despite having sold paper paper products michael turn treats employees way depiction dysfunctional corporate culture led commentators dunder mifflin software maker mike judge cult comedy office space company comic strip set dunder mifflin depicted struggling accommodate demands diverse workforce episodes focused sensitivity training sessions informal efforts sexual harassment occurred lent episode employment lawyer started blog analyzing episode plot developments likely occurred real life estimating legal bill possible verdict company suit filed michael supervisor jan episode alleging termination daniels creator said episode fact based anecdotes recounted sensitivity training members cast crew required annually employees nbc general_electric subsidiary episode boys girls showed company strongly resisted efforts employees point closing branch real companies threaten situation locations sets office warehouse scranton branch office sets production company office van california real office season parking lots exterior building likewise exterior building season building exterior different different shooting location stage set windows writer office dressed look like michael_scott script called look window parking lot second subsequent seasons office interiors different location van viewers presumed pennsylvania paper supply company tower downtown scranton landmark appears video footage shot cast member john_krasinski opening credits dunder mifflin office real company sells paper office supplies welcomed exposure increase business ground floor sells products shirts tower plans add dunder mifflin logo circular near tower mifflin avenue ends adjacent penn paper supply building presence real world success led sale actual products dunder mifflin logo nbc sells branded shirts items website nbc store located new_york_city website ranked dunder mifflin second beer simpsons best fictional brand annual office convention scranton fans paid reserved seating uncommon meeting mall received annual report complimentary paper nearby elevator shaft decorated company logo scranton branch address avenue actually exist street invented tribute original british version set near london company logo seen places city downtown section outside mall pedestrian avenue banner city hall websites company exist main site basic information company allegedly company serves official nbc site shut january machine november staples announced selling product manufactured paper dunder mifflin license nbc parent company dunder mifflin products produced sold wholly owned subsidiary staples brand expanded paper product line manufactured paper november dunder mifflin appearances video games monday dunder mifflin warehouse sign visible city scene


class monitor class monitors group wooden ironclads named brazilian states built brazil brazilian navy war late 1860s ships finished rio participated february remaining ships joined provided fire support army rest war ships split newly formed upper portuguese alto war transferred rio_de_janeiro 1890s participated fleet revolt design description class river monitors designed meet need brazilian navy small shallow draft armored ships capable heavy fire war saw argentina brazil allied foreign built river monitors service drew water operate shallower rivers monitor configuration chosen design problems engaging enemy ships fortifications ironclads brazilian service gun turret sat circular platform central pivot rotated men system gears minutes required rotation bronze ram fitted ships hull metal reduce ships measured meters long overall beam meters draft meters displaced metric tons long tons meters towed rio_de_janeiro area operations crew numbered officers men propulsion class ships direct acting steam engines driving single meter propeller engines powered tubular boilers working pressure psi kpa cm2 engines produced total indicated horsepower gave monitors maximum speed knots mph calm waters ships carried coal day steaming armament ships carried single pounder rifled muzzle gun turret ships substituted pounder gun maximum elevation larger gun elevation reduced longer barrel guns similar maximum range meters gun weighed pounds fired inch shell weighed pounds inch shell gun weighed pounds gun weighed pounds unusually guns brazilian designed iron carriage designed pivot vertically muzzle minimize size splinters shells enter armor hull class ships layers wood alternated orientation millimeters thick capped millimeter layer hardwood ships complete wrought iron waterline belt meters high maximum thickness millimeters amidships decreasing millimeters millimeters ship ends curved deck armored millimeters wrought iron gun turret shaped like rounded corners built like hull turret protected millimeters armor sides millimeters rear millimeters roof exposed portions platform rested protected millimeters armor armored positioned ahead turret construction service ships finished rio participated february engagement river monitors larger ironclads case engines disabled guns led rio followed taken estimated hits beached passing fortress prevent sinking repair mid march joined squadron capture town february rio continued upstream undamaged ships bombarded february little effect march rio sank steamer ships boarded soldiers evening july managed repel rest war river monitors bombarded positions artillery batteries support army notably rivers war ships divided newly formed upper transferred rio_de_janeiro 1890s participated fleet revolt ships disposed decades 19th century rio docked reconstruction work completed eventually scrapped


brazilian monitor brazilian monitor fifth ship class river monitors built brazilian navy war late 1860s arrived provided fire support army rest war ship assigned flotilla war scrapped design description class monitors designed meet need brazilian navy small shallow draft armoured ships capable heavy fire monitor configuration chosen design problems engaging enemy ships fortifications central battery ironclads brazilian service gun turret sat circular platform central pivot rotated men system gears minutes required rotation bronze ram fitted ships hull metal reduce ships measured meters long overall beam meters draft meters displaced metric tons long tons meters towed rio_de_janeiro area operations crew numbered officers men propulsion class ships direct acting steam engines driving single meter propeller engines powered tubular boilers working pressure psi kpa cm2 engines produced total indicated horsepower gave monitors maximum speed knots mph calm waters ships carried coal day steaming armament single pounder rifled muzzle gun turret gun maximum range meters inch shell pounder gun weighed pounds gun weighed pounds unusually guns brazilian designed iron carriage designed pivot vertically muzzle minimize size splinters shells enter armor hull class ships layers wood alternated orientation millimeters thick capped millimeter layer hardwood ships complete wrought iron waterline belt meters high maximum thickness millimetres amidships decreasing millimeters millimeters ship ends curved deck armored millimeters wrought iron gun turret shaped like rounded corners built like hull turret protected millimeters armor sides millimetres rear millimetres roof exposed portions platform rested protected millimetres armor armored positioned ahead turret service laid arsenal rio_de_janeiro december war saw argentina brazil allied launched march commissioned following month monitor arrived august bombarded enemy positions river provide cover advancing troops ship destroyed defenses river april sister ships santa broke defenses april drove defenders war assigned flotilla scrapped


brazilian monitor brazilian monitor lead ship class river monitors built brazilian navy war late 1860s participated february provided fire support army rest war ship assigned flotilla war disarmed discarded design description class monitors designed meet need brazilian navy small shallow draft armored ships capable heavy fire monitor configuration chosen design problems engaging enemy ships fortifications ironclads brazilian service gun turret sat circular platform central pivot rotated men system gears minutes required rotation bronze ram fitted ships hull metal reduce ships measured meters long overall beam meters draft meters displaced metric tons long tons meters towed rio_de_janeiro area operations crew numbered officers men propulsion class ships direct acting steam engines driving single meter propeller engines powered tubular boilers working pressure psi kpa cm2 engines produced total indicated horsepower gave monitors maximum speed knots mph calm waters ships carried coal day steaming armament carried single pounder rifled muzzle gun turret pounder gun maximum elevation maximum range meters pounder gun weighed pounds fired inch shell weighed pounds unusually gun brazilian designed iron carriage designed pivot vertically muzzle minimize size splinters shells enter armor hull class ships layers wood alternated orientation millimeters thick capped millimeter layer hardwood ships complete wrought iron waterline belt meters high maximum thickness millimeters amidships decreasing millimeters millimeters ship ends curved deck armored millimeters wrought iron gun turret shaped like rounded corners built like hull turret protected millimeters armor sides millimeters rear millimeters roof exposed portions platform rested protected millimeters armor armored positioned ahead turret service laid arsenal rio_de_janeiro december war saw argentina brazil allied launched commissioned june towed june steamed river passage north barred fortifications february brazilian ironclads including sailed past night sister ships rio larger ironclads case engines disabled guns led rio followed monitor beached passing fortress prevent sinking repaired february joined squadron dispatched capture town october bombarded fort company rio sister joined blockading squadron rivers war assigned newly formed flotilla disarmed discarded december


brazilian monitor santa brazilian monitor santa modern spelling santa sixth ship class river monitors built brazilian navy war late 1860s time completed war winding significant engagement forces ship assigned flotilla war santa sank repair design description class monitors designed meet need brazilian navy small shallow draft armored ships capable heavy fire monitor configuration chosen design problems engaging enemy ships fortifications central battery ironclads brazilian service gun turret sat circular platform central pivot rotated men system gears minutes required rotation bronze ram fitted ships hull metal reduce ships measured meters long overall beam meters draft meters displaced metric tons long tons meters towed rio_de_janeiro area operations crew numbered officers men propulsion class ships direct acting steam engines driving single meter propeller engines powered tubular boilers working pressure psi kpa cm2 engines produced total indicated horsepower gave monitors maximum speed knots mph calm waters ships carried coal day steaming armament santa single pounder rifled muzzle gun turret gun maximum range meters inch shell pounder gun weighed pounds gun weighed pounds unusually guns brazilian designed iron carriage designed pivot vertically muzzle minimize size splinters shells enter armor hull class ships layers wood alternated orientation millimeters thick capped millimeter layer hardwood ships complete wrought iron waterline belt meters high maximum thickness millimeters amidships decreasing millimeters millimeters ship ends curved deck armored millimeters wrought iron gun turret shaped like rounded corners built like hull turret protected millimeters armor sides millimeters rear millimeters roof exposed portions platform rested protected millimeters armor armored positioned ahead turret service santa laid arsenal rio_de_janeiro december war saw argentina brazil allied launched commissioned month reached war winding santa sister ships broke defenses april drove defenders monitor provided fire support army rest war war assigned flotilla docked repairs santa sank poor condition hull ultimate fate unknown


brazilian ironclad rio_de_janeiro brazilian ironclad rio_de_janeiro armored portuguese built brazilian navy war like built brazil designed ironclad commissioned april ship enter combat september bombarded fortifications rio_de_janeiro hit mines september rapidly sank taking crew design description rio_de_janeiro designed meet need brazilian navy small simple shallow draft armored capable heavy fire ironclad design chosen ease construction bronze ram meters long fitted hull metal reduce sea passages ship increased meters use meters high operations ship masts usually removed ship measured meters long overall beam meters mean draft meters rio_de_janeiro normally displaced metric tons long tons metric tons long tons deep load crew numbered officers men propulsion rio_de_janeiro single john penn sons cylinder steam engine driving single bladed propeller engine powered tubular boilers engine produced total indicated horsepower gave ship maximum speed knots mph ship funnel mounted directly rio_de_janeiro carried coal days steaming armament rio_de_janeiro mounted pounder rifled muzzle pounder guns minimize possibility shells splinters entering small possible allowing fire gun rectangular meter gun ports rear pounder gun weighed pounds fired inch shell weighed pounds gun maximum range meters inch solid shot pounder gun weighed approximately pounds gun weighed pounds gun range yards elevation guns fire solid shot explosive shells armor hull rio_de_janeiro layers wood millimeters thick ship complete wrought iron waterline belt meters high maximum thickness millimeters covering machinery magazines millimeters curved deck roof armored millimeters wrought iron protected millimeters armor sides backed millimeters wood capped layer hardwood service rio_de_janeiro laid arsenal rio_de_janeiro june war saw argentina brazil allied launched february completed march commissioned april reached combat zone ship reached ironclad july september rio_de_janeiro bombarded fortifications company brazilian ironclads pounder shell entered bombardment killing men wounding day damage repaired ship struck mines river trying rendezvous brazilian ironclads bombarding rio_de_janeiro sank instantly loss crew remains meters sand


brazilian ironclad brazilian ironclad armored built brazilian navy war bombarded fortifications blocking access rivers bombarding positions support brazilian army ship participated february badly damaged repaired provided fire support army rest war aside bombarding capital ship assigned flotilla war decommissioned scrapped design description designed meet need brazilian navy small simple shallow draft armored ship capable heavy fire armored rio_de_janeiro built general plan ship varied significantly size armament ship best characterized central battery design extend length ship bronze ram meters long fitted hull metal reduce sea passages ship increased meters use meters high operations ship masts usually removed ship measured meters long overall beam meters mean draft meters normally displaced metric tons long tons metric tons long tons deep load crew numbered officers men propulsion single john penn sons cylinder steam engine taken british built wooden proved unreliable service engine drove single bladed propeller powered tubular boilers produced total indicated horsepower gave ship maximum speed knots mph ship funnel mounted directly carried coal days steaming armament mounted pounder rifled muzzle pounder pounder guns minimize possibility shells splinters entering small possible allowing fire gun rectangular metre gun ports rear pounder gun weighed pounds fired inch shell weighed pounds inch solid shot pounder gun weighed nominal pounds gun weighed pounds gun range yards elevation exact type pounder gun known guns fire solid shot explosive shells armor hull layers wood millimeters thick ship complete wrought iron waterline belt meters high maximum thickness millimeters covering machinery magazines millimeters curved deck roof armored millimeters wrought iron protected millimeters armor sides backed millimeters wood capped layer hardwood service laid arsenal rio_de_janeiro war saw argentina brazil allied launched june completed september cost ship arrived march day sailed confluence rivers begin operations march bombarded defenses sank boat bombardment following day shell entered gun ports despite chain curtain protected killed men including captain lieutenant wounded ship bombarded fort downstream september company ironclads rio_de_janeiro monitor december bombarded fort january bombarded fortifications broke river defenses daylight august ironclads ships hit times seriously damaged suffered killed wounded engines broke guns towed safety ironclad quickly repaired bombarded artillery batteries commanded river north day repeated operation september result september moved large caliber gun bombarded brazilian squadron gunfire february brazilian ironclads including sailed past night class river monitors rio larger ironclads case engines disabled guns led rio followed taken estimated hits beached passing fortress prevent sinking repair mid march november ship bombarded capital destroyed artillery batteries march ship assigned flotilla based war decommissioned april scrapped


brazilian ironclad brazilian ironclad armoured built brazilian navy war bombarded fortifications number times participated february ship provided fire support army rest war assigned flotilla war decommissioned scrapped design description designed meet need brazilian navy small simple shallow draft armored ship capable heavy fire ship best characterized central battery design extend length ship bronze ram meters long fitted hull metal reduce sea passages ship free board increased meters use meters high operations ship masts usually removed ship measured meters long overall beam meters mean draft meters normally displaced metric tons long tons metric tons long tons deep load crew numbered officers men propulsion single john penn sons cylinder steam engine driving single bladed propeller engine powered tubular boilers engine produced total indicated horsepower gave ship maximum speed knots mph ship funnel mounted directly carried coal days steaming armament mounted pounder pounder rifled muzzle pounder pounder guns minimize possibility shells splinters entering gun ports small possible allowing fire gun rectangular meter gun ports rear inch shell pounder gun weighed pounds gun weighed pounds pounder gun weighed pounds fired inch shell weighed pounds inch solid shot pounder gun weighed approximately pounds gun weighed pounds gun range yards elevation exact type pounder gun known guns fire solid shot explosive shells armor hull layers wood millimeters thick ship complete wrought iron waterline belt meters high maximum thickness millimeters covering machinery magazines millimeters curved deck roof armoured millimeters wrought iron protected millimetres armour sides backed millimeters wood capped layer hardwood service laid arsenal rio_de_janeiro february launched november completed january march bombarded fortifications hit times significantly damaged ship bombarded fort downstream september company ironclads rio_de_janeiro monitor ships bombarded september hit times september allied army attempted storm fortifications supported fire brazilian ironclads rebuffed heavy losses december bombarded fort broke river defences daylight august ironclads ships hit times seriously damaged suffered killed wounded repeated operation september february brazilian ironclads including sailed past night class river monitors rio larger ironclads case engines disabled guns led rio followed continued upstream undamaged ships bombarded february march rio sank steamer ships boarded soldiers evening july managed repel war ship served flotilla decommissioned scrapped


brazilian monitor brazilian monitor fourth ship class river monitors built brazilian navy war late 1860s passed fortifications july provided fire support army rest war ship assigned flotilla war scrapped design description class monitors designed meet need brazilian navy small shallow draft armored ships capable heavy fire monitor configuration chosen design problems engaging enemy ships fortifications central battery ironclads brazilian service gun turret sat circular platform central pivot rotated men system gears minutes required rotation bronze ram fitted ships hull metal reduce ships measured meters long overall beam meters draft meters displaced metric tons long tons meters towed rio_de_janeiro areas operations crew numbered officers men propulsion class ships direct acting steam engines driving single meter propeller engines powered tubular boilers working pressure psi kpa cm2 engines produced total indicated horsepower gave monitors maximum speed knots mph calm waters ships carried coal day steaming armament single pounder rifled muzzle gun turret gun maximum range meters inch shells weighed pounds gun weighed pounds unusually gun brazilian designed iron carriage designed pivot vertically muzzle minimize size splinters shells enter armor hull class ships layers wood grain layer right angles layer millimeters thick capped millimeter layer hardwood ships complete wrought iron waterline belt meters high maximum thickness millimeters amidships decreasing millimeters millimeters ship ends curved deck armored millimeters wrought iron rectangular gun turret rounded corners built like hull turret protected millimeters armor sides millimeters rear millimeters roof exposed portions platform rested protected millimeters armor armored positioned ahead turret service laid arsenal rio_de_janeiro december war saw argentina brazil allied launched january commissioned later month ironclads passed weakened fortifications july bombarded day monitor number brazilian ironclads bombarded batteries downstream october november november sister ships santa broke defenses april drove defenders august monitor unsuccessfully tried locate destroy remnants navy river 1880s ship armament reinforced pair millimeter machine guns war assigned flotilla scrapped


brazilian monitor brazilian monitor ship class river monitors built brazilian navy war late 1860s participated february provided fire support army rest war ship assigned upper portuguese alto flotilla war transferred rio_de_janeiro 1890s participated fleet revolt ship scrapped design description class monitors designed meet need brazilian navy small shallow draft armored ships capable heavy fire monitor configuration chosen design problems engaging enemy ships fortifications ironclads brazilian service gun turret sat circular platform central pivot rotated men system gears minutes required rotation bronze ram fitted ships hull metal reduce ships measured meters long overall beam meters draft meters displaced metric tons long tons meters towed rio_de_janeiro area operations crew numbered officers men propulsion class ships direct acting steam engines driving single meter propeller engines powered tubular boilers working pressure psi kpa cm2 engines produced total indicated horsepower gave monitors maximum speed knots mph calm waters ships carried coal day steaming armament carried single pounder rifled muzzle gun turret pounder gun maximum elevation maximum range meters pounder gun weighed pounds fired inch shell weighed pounds unusually gun brazilian designed iron carriage designed pivot vertically muzzle minimize size splinters shells enter armor hull class ships layers wood alternated orientation millimeters thick capped millimeter layer hardwood ships complete wrought iron waterline belt meters high maximum thickness millimeters amidships decreasing millimeters millimeters ship ends curved deck armored millimeters wrought iron gun turret shaped like rounded corners built like hull turret protected millimeters armor sides millimeters rear millimeters roof exposed portions platform rested protected millimeters armor armored positioned ahead turret service laid arsenal rio_de_janeiro december war saw argentina brazil allied launched october completed november arrived river january passage north barred fortifications february brazilian ironclads including steamed past night sister ships rio larger ironclads case engines disabled guns led rio followed cable tying severed shells monitor drifted guns commander ordered attempt pass guns daylight disregarded order successfully rest squadron upstream fortifications taken estimated hits beached passing fortress prevent sinking repair mid march accompanied bombarded destroyed artillery battery upstream march monitor bombarded artillery positions defending river july august october bombarded fort south company sister war assigned newly formed alto flotilla based 1880s ship armament reinforced pair millimeter machine guns transferred rio_de_janeiro 1890s joined rebels fleet revolt engines removed point towed position fire government forts scrapped


brazilian monitor rio brazilian monitor rio second ship class river monitors built brazilian navy war late 1860s rio participated february provided fire support army rest war ship assigned upper portuguese alto flotilla war rio scrapped design description class monitors designed meet need brazilian navy small shallow draft armored ships capable heavy fire monitor configuration chosen design problems engaging enemy ships fortifications ironclads brazilian service gun turret sat circular platform central pivot rotated men system gears minutes required rotation bronze ram fitted ships hull metal reduce ships measured meters long overall beam meters draft meters displaced metric tons long tons meters towed rio_de_janeiro area operations crew numbered officers men propulsion class ships direct acting steam engines driving single meter propeller engines powered tubular boilers working pressure psi kpa cm2 engines produced total indicated horsepower gave monitors maximum speed knots mph calm waters ships carried coal day steaming armament rio carried single pounder rifled muzzle gun turret pounder gun maximum elevation maximum range meters pounder gun weighed pounds fired inch shell weighed pounds unusually gun brazilian designed iron carriage designed pivot vertically muzzle minimize size splinters shells enter armor hull class ships layers wood alternated orientation millimeters thick capped millimeter layer hardwood ships complete wrought iron waterline belt meters high maximum thickness millimeters amidships decreasing millimeters millimeters ship ends curved deck armored millimeters wrought iron gun turret shaped like rounded corners built like hull turret protected millimeters armor sides millimeters rear millimeters roof exposed portions platform rested protected millimeters armor armored positioned ahead turret service rio laid arsenal rio_de_janeiro december war saw argentina brazil allied launched august completed september arrived january steamed river passage north barred fortifications february brazilian ironclads including rio sailed past night rio sister ships larger ironclads case engines disabled guns led rio followed ships damaged sailed past fortifications beached prevent sinking rio continued upstream undamaged ships bombarded february march rio sank steamer soldiers attempted board ships evening july successful getting board rio able kill ship captain crew remaining locked monitor able kill capture deck october bombarded fort company sister war rio assigned newly formed alto flotilla based docked rebuilding completed scrapped february