castle castle ruined stone castle north area wear england originally built wood later family shortly norman conquest later rebuilt stone late 14th early 15th century castle underwent major changes interior exterior 18th century remained principal seat family death baron neglected new owner standing 1840s briefly school purchased site passed local coal company early 20th century taken state castle main features range devices found mainly west façade retained castle original construction depict coats arms belonging local gentry peers late 14th early 15th centuries provide approximate date castle reconstruction wood stone today castle owned english_heritage charity manages historical environment england surrounding maintained community organisation castle chapel protected grade listed building scheduled ancient monument february plans announced turn castle community facility visitor attraction heritage lottery fund awarding million council million provide classrooms cafe rooms exhibitions meetings events history early history family settled england reign king time adam gave monastery weighing silver coat arms bars arrival william sons robert henry joined forces killed william advance london gratitude king granted eldest son henry large tract land banks river wear castle site built henry likely built wood subsequently built stone sir william storey gatehouse style fortified manor house similar design called gatehouse belongs type small century castle similar old castles castle mentioned household inventory taken gatehouse constructed stone construction details survive believed stone castle built early 15th century coat arms featured west entrance suggested sir william intended erect larger castle addition gatehouse abandoned plan household inventory taken sir william death mentions addition castle hall chambers kitchen chapel indicating existence buildings site time apart castle chapel buildings probably timber gatehouse featured household inventory tower floors galleries inserted great hall eccentric henry 12th baron left castle city london corporation death charitable purposes ninety years returned family restoration henry nephew john 15th baron 18th century early 18th century john died second son henry 16th baron interior form block room floor inserted large alternating windows style added north wing castle seen doorway new wing added approached semi circular staircase doorway coat arms believed created commemorate marriage john wife located doorway golden lion inn south opposite river wear second son john 18th baron added south wing foundation wall extant wings removed door north wing changed circular north end west octagonal turret removed west entrance 18th baron died male heirs castle passed nephew sir richard took sold private bill new owner returned east indies buy castle million sale went instead bought lady widow sir george county durham record family taking residence exists castle later passed grandson john 10th earl time decoration long disappeared wine drawing rooms added worked daniel worked lady house william visits remarkable places notes rooms ceilings figures walls large scene venus apollo gods helmet old king probably designed gothic porch installed west entrance gothic screen single storey bow fronted rooms installed close east entrance 19th century long period remaining castle slowly began decay simon temple local businessman leased castle chapel allowing public worship added wings cultivated gardens failed business ventures prevented completing work castle lived thomas wade castle placed newcastle john wood castle boarding school census shows wood family pupils staff living estate school existed long commented scene great windows boarded large old house state kitchen occupied poor family chapel carpenter workshop according durham chronicle january castle set fire occupation farmer castle sale purchased william local timber merchant ship builder set change appearance castle believed authentic ally medieval demolished north south wings interior added light headed windows replaced gothic porch severe gothic doorway arches overhead balcony carry changes west moved stone carved banner west entrance left flanking tower interior walls vaulted ground floor rooms demolished floor raised half feet reception rooms formed east end central passage dog leg stairs constructed leading floor requiring removal rendering main staircase inaccessible ground floor walls great hall removed create large salon large bay window added south façade entrance south wing rooms kept untouched new entrance family chaplain room formed main staircase alongside medieval masonry alterations seen today albeit ruins son colonel charles james father sir charles james inherited castle built nearby margaret church demolished 20th century colonel death castle passed hands coal company national coal board expansion 1940s castle surrounded housing estates including castle castle lead roof stolen local pressure threat demolition castle chapel taken care ministry works advanced decay 19th century alterations ministry removed internal consolidated shell reveal remaining medieval masonry ministry appointed time replaced missing lead roof felt site channel_4 time team undertook excavations eastern terrace investigations revealed evidence medieval hall east castle suggested hall dining area chapel chapel dedicated catherine alexandria known existed site prior durham agreed allow appoint chaplain chapel subject prior approval return provide annual contribution draught owned nearby monastery required attend mother church easter saints peter paul dedicated virgin mary priests chapel small hill north east castle rebuilt stone early 15th century modified late 15th late 16th century perpendicular gothic light east window added shows short nave large light west window chapel disused time roof west façade chapel later demolished chancel arch built form new surround bell turret added north south sides chapel semi octagonal bays repairs chapel carried baron successive owners 19th century fell disrepair like castle taken state modern castle chapel grade listed buildings form scheduled ancient monument care english_heritage took site city_council land friends group formed residents estates north aim operating city_council durham wildlife trust agencies actively involve local community development castle december group awarded heritage lottery fund carry survey future site restored castle opened chairman castle community john described castle second oldest building asset city lovely setting love bring income organised international reunion families past years notably july american family visited castle present flag featuring flag flies recently installed provided english_heritage exterior west façade castle square towers flanking central bay south west north west topped octagonal turrets north south relatively simple east façade central projection centre rising storey form tower tower south angle accommodate main staircase survive screen closing east entrance bay arcade ground floor arches shafts roof originally covered sheet lead roof stone warriors figures similar gates york originally figures corner turret survived central towers stood sculpture knight combat fragments survive believed tale worm north façade continued central towers carved foliage arch originally fell instead feature roof shallow stone fed oil water means defence small chamber turret kept burning bring suitable temperature interior layout changes john died castle layout plan follows ground floor accessed directly outside courtyard led protected vaulted passage feet wide extending depth building passage vaulted rooms room nearest entrance right porter room housed right room located south west turret accessed passage running south wall official rooms left house staff storage floor accessed main staircase situated east tower room encountered great hall rose floors viewer immediate left kitchen lighting left viewer right small passage containing private staircase entrance roof vaulted east window east tower entered half high pointed arch doorway contained altar ornamental niche remains fireplace north wall great hall north wall great chamber containing fireplace window seat east wall west hall head west window believed raised hall window kitchen great chamber rose floors gallery accessed main staircase second floor single held butler chamber accessed staircase room gallery rooms north east sides floor accessed private staircase rooms family rooms larger great chamber larger fireplace likely baron bedroom smaller room chaplain quarters family room connected lobby private staircase room south separated rooms hall height accessed main staircase room fireplace probably guests small family chaplain room floor servant room corner fireplace windows floor accessed main staircase roof level chamber containing stone fireplace ceiling small windows east wall closet chambers turrets roof staff castle chapel adorned devices shields arms providing information castle constructed west façade main entrance western façade castle shields arms believed political alliances early banner king arms nobles knights northumberland county durham shown relation photograph shields necessary banner way new entrance seen colour version shields previously placed today particularly believed arranged shields disrupting original arrangement arms date construction completion castle early 15th century following reasons earl northumberland arms second wife marriage sir henry quarter arms inherited honour arms shown henry adopted french quarters east façade east façade castle features shield containing arms bars white hart male deer lodged hart possibly badge richard england indicating construction began richard deposition earlier crest family granted william england reward services previously mentioned moses head crest arms features east façade chapel south window supporters north window arms supporters moses crest west shields supporters lions crest twice repeated quarterly crest supporters twice repeated quarterly supporters local tradition castle haunted spirit robert known pronunciation cold versions killed exist popular sir robert later 13th baron falling asleep failing master horse ready time spirit began castle objects spirit said finally laid rest castle servants


lake village lake village iron age village situated man island somerset levels near miles north west southwestern english county somerset designated scheduled monument described best preserved prehistoric village found united_kingdom site covered area feet north south feet east west constructed laying timber clay wooden houses built clay base occupied people time village abandoned site discovered arthur excavated years artefacts uncovered include wooden metal objects display tribunal high street museum somerset timber left site soil best way preserve surveys late 20th early 21st century shown effective site risk risk drying soil history village built circa occupied approximately abandoned possibly rise water level built artificial foundation timber filled rubble clay tonnes tons clay transported site higher ground kilometre away village housed people seven groups round houses extended family sheds willow covered surrounded permanently certain times wooden gaps believed clay floors defensive purposes maximum occupation village houses use population people distinct phases occupation identified early houses timber framed square rectangular built oak later buildings circular clay spreads animal houses village close old course river thought surrounded water title lake village recent work suggests title swamp village appropriate year surrounding land open water important water borne trade route central somerset estuary village approached feet long log boats recovered sites close village landing stage repaired rebuilt times despite wet surroundings vegetable small wild mammals including beaver diet fish remains wheat beans recovered excavation lake village man island discovered local medical student arthur father local mayor founder antiquarian society heard lake villages switzerland believed similar sites found native somerset excavation area began continued years extent settlement publishing results bullied worked labourers months year spent months describing finds left site complete medical studies returned george gray continue excavation curator museum somerset archaeological natural history society gray trained archaeological techniques archaeologist rivers found remains village consisted series metres metres diameter clay laid ground central site surrounded wooden finds large timber small fragments pottery drawn described photographed site visited george prince wales wife given silver replica bowl timber best way preserving survey found successful despite reports warning area drying coverage reduced site included heritage risk register produced english_heritage risk buried site bullied gray later went similar site lake village approximately kilometres south west site artefacts site finds property antiquarian society finds site display lake village museum tribunal high street museum somerset burial sites new born babies uncovered evidence adults village artefacts recovered include fragments pottery bone stone blades later excavation spinning weaving found suggesting textile production domestic use industry evidence bronze casting iron found fine jewellery bronze bone found showing high degree files hammer heads examined showed carbon compositions found generally low early british tin coin discovered believed 1st century sent british museum objects excavation help british museum bronze bowl metal bowl sections repaired times life half dated having constructed iron age upper half probably added 1st century sheet metal previously purpose halves wooden objects site yielded number wooden objects preserved soil including wheel unfinished nave hub wheel woven recovered site provided evidence woven millimetres width millimetres height wooden frame stretching animal skins recovered representations houses recreated nearby centre run somerset county council closure


maiden castle maiden castle iron age hill fort fortified hill settlements constructed britain iron age seven county northern england hill fort probably occupied construction roman conquest britain 1st century time tribe recorded occupied parts surrounding area left distinctive pottery occupation verified military exercises protected scheduled ancient monument owned national trust hill fort open visitors access site resulted classified high risk erosion background hill forts developed late bronze early iron age roughly start millennium reason emergence britain purpose subject debate argued military sites constructed response invasion continental europe sites built invaders military reaction social tensions caused increasing population consequent pressure agriculture dominant view 1960s increasing use iron led social changes britain deposits iron ore located different places tin copper ore necessary bronze result trading patterns shifted old lost economic social status power passed hands new group people archaeologist barry believes population increase played role stated forts provided defensive possibilities community times stress increasing population burst open warfare wouldn having built state war functional defensive strongholds tensions undoubtedly attacked destroyed significant factor construction location hill forts england concentrated south country seven groups hill forts members maiden castle miles south south west southern group located grid reference maiden castle lies central ridge runs north south county hill forts maiden castle sits slight highest point plateau hill ground west north hill fort sloping making artificial defences unnecessary providing commanding view plain east maiden castle plateau continues mile miles wide constructed lieu natural defences layout maiden castle artificial defences northern western sides naturally steep slope hill artificial banks apart banks similar dimension wide ground slopes exterior bank higher inside fort high inside fort exterior face evidence maiden castle protected ditch banks main entrance east fort inner bank turns fort gap outer turn entrances site banks meet cliffs north south outer ditch runs ends possibly indicating turned entrance edge cliff similar entrance hill fort attempt banks run flush cliff edge ensure gaps site defences history dating indicates defending maiden castle built built earth timber inner originally wide dry stone bank high outer bank originally wide high built sand dry stone facing outer bank later enlarged outer face extended away fort moved height probably increased defences cover acres entire acres maiden castle site according archaeologist james conducted study hill forts lancashire unusually strong defence small site artefacts recovered site include piece iron age pottery maiden castle probably occupied roman conquest britain 1st century outer bank reconstructed time maiden castle unique site occurs places britain maiden castle probably means fortification looks taken battle despite 17th century 20th century military exercises site maiden castle survives maiden castle excavated undertook excavations hill fort investigation origin hill forts excavations undertaken structure scheduled ancient monument giving maiden castle protection change environment hill fort mixture heather site owned national trust open public access led problems erosion maiden castle damaged animal designated high risk erosion caused visitors spread seven hill forts assessed high risk compared north west england scheduled monuments


point points spear points medium size dated transitional indian period points attached split stem served bring medium sized animals deer functioning knives distribution widespread texas points discovered arkansas mexico concentration specimens highest south texas plains point prevalent indian types defines distinctive cultural pattern region point named basal corners ears resemble swallow spanish split tail classification difficult similarity types particularly point originally thought related classification classification point texas historical commission johnson discovery collection points devil mouth site reservoir texas initially believed related point classification new type termed johnson genus species approach naming classification method sought describe relationship types placing genus species highlight key similarities differences genus species classification approach discarded represent devil mouth specimens subsequent research technological analysis determined type separate distinct point shortened simply thomas kelly type takes pronounced basal corners stem recall split tail swallow spanish considered point description point medium sized shaped cross section exhibits convex sides type displays distinctive stem basal corners outward blade edges slightly outline wide wide thin end called fish shaped profile style generally random attention given alignment parallel removed equally resulting median ridge blade edges observed specimens basal edge presents concave deep basal notch varies flattened inverted shape point range length width ranging thickness width base ranges typical basal longitudinal channel point expanding area width upward stem increases size analysis suggests points attached split stem served dual function points knives nature split stem style points need deeply set resulting largely exposed cutting edge area basal edges usually ground dull edwards major materials utilized indians southern plains manufacture stone important stone tool making pre historic central texas available sites acquired age cultural points dated transitional indian period excavation sites dating providing definitive age dating points excavations area devil mouth site revealed indian points later excavations nearby baker cave texas revealed large containing wide variety small game plant remains left early hunter archaeological termed complex materials attributed post pleistocene period site materials near base rock shelter deposit dated points featuring archaic characteristics including early barbed early stemmed share overlapping chronology distribution points widespread central southern western texas distribution extending northward particularly prevalent south texas plains said represent unique cultural pattern area specimens south texas plains excavated found site surface appear mixed collections artifacts later periods sites found arkansas lower mexican states comparison points difficult type similarity point classifications particular distinction completely resolved past suggested mistakenly descendant variant type points exhibit similarities particularly terms shape recognized separate types identification lack base deeper basal points served bring large points killing smaller game deer doubling knife compared split stem style point deep setting shape points set relatively deeply bound leave cutting edge exposed evidence mary hall site southern central texas implies superseded southern plains simpson points found florida southeastern united_states similar shape age point found central united_states shares similar outline basal corner imply series identification examination blade edges exhibits type known cause confusion considered variant types


singapore stone singapore stone fragment large sandstone slab originally stood mouth singapore river large slab believed date 13th century possibly early 10th 11th century bore inscription recent theories suggest inscription old sanskrit likely person commissioned inscription slab blown clear widen river mouth space fort quarters commander slab linked legendary story 14th century said thrown massive stone mouth singapore river death sent stone pillars raised grave point straits stone displayed national museum singapore designated museum national treasures january national heritage board artefacts held collections museums sandstone slab discovery june months arrival sir singapore sandstone slab high long found labourers clearing jungle trees southeast mouth singapore river stood known rocky point later artillery point fort master attendant office short projection slab site constructed statue imaginary beast called placed statue relocated according papers journal society collected sir william edward republished said rock brought light sailors employed captain flint master attendant remember situation sandstone slab rocky point south sic southeast entrance singapore creek point covered forest trees jungle stone brought notice employed flint master attendant men discovering inscription frightened induced clearing right completed chinese high wages slab inscribed lines script time discovery meaning inscription mystery island inhabitants appearance john resident singapore described slab journal february terms point forms western entrance salt creek modern town singapore building discovered years ago hard block sand stone inscription examined early morning stone shape rude mass formed half great broken nearly equal parts artificial means portions face separated base distance feet half opposite angle degrees inner surface stone inscription engraved far thing kind seen java india writing time degree natural rock composition letters distinct character round square james anglo indian scholar started journal society published paper journal william bland wolf stated remained way slab bland described slab tongue land forming termination right bank river singapore called artillery point stands stone rock coarse red sandstone feet high feet thick feet length somewhat wedge shaped weather worn cells face sloping south east angle form irregular square presenting space thirty square feet having raised edge round surface inscription originally cut lines characters weather greater left plain particularly lower right hand corner raised edge stone measure protected inscription engraved rounded letters quarters inch wide destruction january orders acting settlement engineer captain slab blown pieces clear widen singapore river mouth space fort quarters commander sources claim superintendent public works george responsible stone destruction leave singapore time blasting lieutenant colonel james low petitioned sandstone slab spared told way projected explosion taking place crossed river office selected fragments letters fragments small chinese man selected smaller fragments bearing parts inscription sent royal society museum calcutta known indian museum analysis arrived june according papers news destruction sandstone slab reached james asked governor straits settlements colonel william john secure fragments exist send royal society museum replied remaining portion stone mention colonel low found lying treasury singapore seat guard persons waiting business lost time sending house inscription nearly erased fragment preserved stone care shall pleasure sending museum having failed establish hoped singapore large block monument lay abandoned fort canning finally broken gravel road according read arrived singapore remember large block rock corner government house fort canning absence governor occasion requiring stone replace road valuable antiquity trace past history lost destroyed sea wall built fort club post office master attendant office decorated flags offerings entrance singapore river immediate consequence removal stone act vandalism river told inscription similar characters understood exists islands recalling sailors discovered slab clearing jungle persuaded continue work commented pity authorized destruction ancient prevented museum library committee management asked royal society museum calcutta return fragments sandstone slab calcutta museum agreed send extended loan fragment known singapore stone received indefinite loan trustees museum archaeologist john said presumably pieces calcutta inscription attempts sir tried inscriptions original sandstone slab work peninsula captain peter james madras artillery honourable east india company wrote principal curiosity singapore large stone point river face sloped lines characters visible rock nature inscription said sir application powerful bring characters view result unsuccessful known recorded taking missionary henry described remarkable stone october apparently took view writing hindu oldest immigrant races east reaching java inhabitants descended william bland james note published journal society william bland reported frequently stone determined possible save letters tell small language people inscribed limited obscure knowledge peninsula assistance clever native writer bland soft impressions characters slab copy impression character character stone painted white lead far eye agreed considered nearly correct possible characters particularly attended obscure ones letters marked strength readily copied eye bland discovered stone viewed sun descending west shadow thrown letter great assistance derived bland view speaking limited knowledge subject inscription ancient james concurred saying venture connected sentences words letters readily recognised marks expressed opinion purpose inscription probably record extension buddhist faith remarkable point peninsula peter james speculative theory tamil peninsula captain peter james attempt throw light subject obscure referred legend 14th century annals posthumously published english translation british john according annals news remarkable feats strength reached land coast country sent champion named try strength seven ships filled treasures issue contest trials relative powers pointed huge stone lying hall asked opponent lift allow claims decided greatest strength displayed feat champion failures succeeded raising high knee immediately let fall took stone easily times threw mouth river rock day visible point annals state long time died buried point straits death reached land sent stone pillars raised grave monument pillars point bay went speculate monument installed grave sandstone slab mouth singapore river inscription contained feats identified reigned view inscription obsolete dialect tamil period transaction written language years religion popular arabic character introduced appears probable aware written character employed sculptor nation cut inscription rock unknown language original story related necessarily handed oral tradition corrupted thing leading features borne form characters resembles language oriental tongue acquainted mean words essentially tamil merely express opinion inscription obsolete dialect language examined fragments sandstone slab donated society colonel lieutenant colonel james low finely animal surface stones sweeping gently feather fill depressions way rendered remarkably distinct powerful contrast colour means studying characters different lights able drawings inscriptions fragments according fragment shown drawing upper inscription omitted identify fragments portion felt square shape characters concluding inscription fact characters bore resemblance whatsoever unable identify characters published inscriptions found identical literary language islands java based old sanskrit noted alphabet language identify nearly characters course clue inscription obtained knowledge language relying probability inscription record triumph period anterior conversion studies scholars old sanskrit study sandstone fragments dutch succeeded words including unable identify language written gave probable date inscription dutch judged stone published script resembled empire dated period somewhat earlier scholars taken different views scholar ancient indonesian writing gave preliminary judgment style script date earlier period 10th 11th century able words old language hand expert indonesian national research centre lecturer university indonesia opinion dates later 12th century closer affinity writing style language old sanskrit common use sumatra era john commented impossible determine theory correct basis easier accept conclusion person commissioned inscription culturally 10th century linguistic influence java reached region south sumatra influence discovered far north singapore evidence sumatra offshore islands time notes conclusions slab basis photographs slight possibility detailed analysis fragments sandstone slab provide information age inscription nature contents says script probably fully singapore stone today fragments original sandstone slab saved lieutenant colonel low later returned museum singapore today known singapore stone currently displayed singapore history gallery national museum singapore stone designated museum national treasures january national heritage board artefacts held collections museums articles bland william inscription singapore journal society reprinted vol miscellaneous papers relating china reprinted straits branch royal society oriental journal society oriental series london paul trench volume work reprinted james inscription singapore journal society reprinted miscellaneous papers relating china vol low james account inscriptions found province peninsula journal society reprinted miscellaneous papers relating china vol note inscriptions singapore province col col low journal society reprinted miscellaneous papers relating china vol trading post named van indie contributions geography dutch_east_indies march singapore stone singapore national library singapore retrieved july singapore stone singapore paranormal investigators retrieved july books hill autobiography singapore oxford_university press john norman archaeological research forbidden hill singapore excavations fort canning singapore national museum isbn


iron age hill fort hampshire england kilometres north west winchester grid reference site covering hectares acres excavated barry 1970s considered type site hill forts important developing understanding hill forts excavated built 6th century fort use years period number hill forts greatly increased times making complex resulting developed hill fort protected scheduled ancient monument site special scientific interest local nature reserve investigation 19th century little known hill forts excavated original purpose long forgotten medieval period construction attributed variously iconic figures king arthur king alfred giants 18th century widely thought hill forts roman origin interest hill forts investigation hill fort hill century excavation carried november antiquarian workers cleared iron age pit metres deep diameter able purpose widespread investigation hill forts carried second half 19th century rivers rivers work hill forts sussex led conclusion hill forts built iron age paved way future work hill forts 1920s 1930s hill fort british excavated late 1960s barry decided examine single hill fort surrounding territory attempt shed light iron age society politics population permission site owner hampshire county council archaeological excavations began continued seasons archaeologists spent examining site looked defences gateway excavated interior remains timber houses discovered investigation hill fort western_europe non invasive survey carried project history historical record events iron age britain archaeological investigation way reconstruct history hill forts impossible state certainty significant event hill fort history event leaves identifiable trace general chronology established dates easy establish hill fort occupied century defences numerous times early life site consisted single ditch encompassing area acres south west east rings ditches added later north fort occupied post structures probably later replaced storage pits south storage pits built 6th century coincided construction region similar size layout phase defences dates consists ditch ditch cut chalk rubble fill build local clay soil material contained timber making box vertical face east gateway simple wide gap defences timber gatehouse south west gateway excavated years built raised addition chalk material interpreted maintenance work beginning collapse timber box started time altered east gateway widened gates burnt long east gateway altered short time hill fort east gateway repaired passage entrance lengthened phase heightened time ditch dug shaped ditch deep wide size previous ditch unknown cutting ditch hard wooden box abandoned favour allowing slope ditch provide protection probably dry stone wall flint ditch ditch use long time period east gateway twice making longer creating earthworks approach southwest gateway given extra defences form earthworks abandoned filled period southern fort populated post structures probably replacing earlier fort centre probably houses mainly built close new series earthworks created existing ring turning complex series earthworks fort added acres fort probably protect livestock abandoned common trend britain hill forts fall use time east gate burnt time replaced inhabitants deserted groups bodies disposed pits site continued use smaller scale buildings left decay interior fort grazing start 1st century settlement probably single farm interpretation hill hill fort sits rises hill fort dominates local landscape rarely rises commanding views area surrounding country light soil easily cultivated territory commanded included areas forest pasture access water sources form river test west runs brook flows south east river test nearby hill forts ring hill bury hill probably established time similar size generally equally spaced commanding similar sized territories resources debate hill forts purely defensive structures extent occupied interprets essentially defensive means displaying wealth power visible miles strongest fort entrances weakest complex support view site long curving east entrance time taken attackers enter fort allowed defenders time missiles southwest entrance narrowed forcing attackers causing disarray iron age society view essentially unstable prone conflict uses possible military nature hill forts support view burning gates probably result attack pits dating end intense period occupation contain bodies injuries appear inflicted weapons spears swords surrounding hill fort smaller acres acres size fort supplied grain surrounding hold times food average indicating higher status local supported fact hill fort central place people gather trade store periods intensified activity hill forts coinciding surrounding landscape indicate increasing importance hill forts society times unrest people retreat relative safety hill fort hill forts abandoned 4th century grew known developed hill fort importance landscape increased time demonstrated continued use possibly inhabited king family housed population traces craft industry large scale use site social elite indicated presence centre fort


naturally bodies dating approximately late period ancient egypt complete bodies discovered preserved bodies excavated end nineteenth century british museum keeper shallow sand graves near modern egyptian desert excavated bodies grave site identified male female gender bodies given british museum grave goods documented time excavation passed british museum whereabouts remain unknown bodies found different types reed palm animal skin remain bodies bodies found positions lying left sides body excavated remained display british museum body originally nicknamed red hair nickname longer officially recent ethical policies human remains excavation ruins excavated morgan director egypt proved pottery found pre dated period interest european archaeologists excavation completed local egyptian residents continue search sites remains behalf british museum inscribed furniture 12th dynasty tombs working egyptian service started purchasing finds locals including spear arrow heads carved flint bone figures partial human remains described chiefly bones skin flesh remaining approached resident claimed found taken bodies immediately recognized period complete pre bodies identified began excavations total bodies removed shallow sand graves river located eastern slopes north hill grave goods pot found female adult body partial remains fur bodies period bodies usually buried naked loosely wrapped burial body covered warm sand environmental conditions mean water body quickly drained away meaning corpse naturally dried preserved method widely pre egyptian period artificial developed natural occurred dry sand led original egyptian belief death survival started tradition leaving food bodies similar positions lying left sides knees raised chin comparison bodies excavated egypt dating period similar position bodies found right sides time bodies buried middle kingdom period dead laid sides period buried backs dorsal position fifth dynasty bodies fully extended archaeological interest started early 18th century included description site includes remains temple deity number mud bricks royal 2nd dynasty 3rd dynasty later period finds include greek 2nd 1st century mercenary garrison official excavations artefacts site traded market found museums cairo berlin british museum description bodies buried separate shallow graves placed position knees raised heads common form egyptian time series rays photographs bodies british museum egyptian collection provided detailed analysis excavations findings summarized body excavated red hair led nickname later public human tissue act british museum developed policies ethical treatment human remains longer uses nickname death man november revealed man probably murdered cat scan body taken hospital london showed man aged time death left shoulder blade scan revealed body murder weapon force slightly damaged shoulder blade shattered rib beneath penetrated lung believed injury caused copper blade flint knife length wide daniel british museum expert human remains believes man taken surprise attack defense wounds exhibition history acquired british museum male adult body museum number nicknamed went display earliest body seen public apart maintenance continuous display gallery body temporarily taken display restoration female body replaced nicknamed body long brown hair male body displayed reconstructed sand grave british museum room case wrote body artefacts acquired museum number egyptian grave goods taken similar graves period instead display grave goods include black topped clay typical period plain buff coloured typical slightly later periods slate hard stone vessels flint knives associated elaborate historical period man wrapped skin second mat palm rolled reed mat woman covering pot grave contained sort dried man taken grave saturday march presence lord principal librarian laid table complete saw examined following monday morning discovered joint missing knowledge found body exhibited egyptian room time british public saw egyptian bodies female adult given museum number exhibited body tour rome ancient faces exhibition body went birmingham gas hall egypt revealed exhibition going loan body restoration japanese paper secure loose finger rib locks hair strips reduce movement right arm


known water castle site royal garden located south grounds indonesia built mid 18th century multiple functions resting area workshop meditation area defense area hiding place consisted distinct areas large artificial lake islands located west bathing complex centre complex pools south smaller lake east today central bathing complex preserved areas largely occupied settlement palace complex including listed tentative world heritage site etymology comes words meaning garden park means beautiful flowers means area beautiful garden adorned flowers old article described water castle dutch shutting complex completely immersed water leaving tall structures standing history building commenced reign sultan sultan completed time sultan building site known bathing place called spring reign according project leader construction travelled twice learn european architecture reason architecture marks european style regent participated funding construction sultan relieved tax obligation offered alternative ways payment sultan accepted proposal sultan commanded regent supervise making bricks build beautiful garden sultan wanted place spend time relax years wars experienced supervision later responsible construction building started year finding large complex realized cost greater taxes resigned project replaced prince continued project completion built years agreement resting place sultan complex consists buildings including mosque meditation chambers swimming pools series water gardens surrounded artificial lakes complex effectively british invasion saw considerable parts complex destroyed building ended completion gates walls western gate marks year words denoting year core flower suck drink bird sentence read birds gathering flower relief shows birds honey trees maintenance abandoned shortly died partly elaborate hydraulic works difficult maintain gardens neglected buildings suffered damage java war palace complex fell use following earthquake destroyed buildings drained water features time began inhabit site surrounding ruins deserted filling early 1970s effort restoration bathing complex completely restored manuscript mentions story portuguese man said architect according manuscript strange man suddenly appeared village locality south coast java near long nose white foreign language villagers suspected person kind spirit forest fairy presented current sultan apparently sultan found interest person took strange man servant years passed man finally learned talk according portuguese stranded claimed sultan ordered erect fortress satisfied man work sultan gave title person known controversy actually architect design resembles hybrid dutch styles portuguese java book iii page wrote local research says architecture designed spanish portuguese engineer stranded sunken ship southern beach architecture strongly shows character evidence remains inconclusive architecture moved number portuguese experts architecture cultural heritage examine widespread assumption european influence design challenged research university presented conference paper historic context architectural style complex conclusion creators likely local absence mention european involvement construction dutch historic descriptions presented evidence support hypothesis buildings divided areas area artificial lake located west second area bathing complex south lake called bathing complex area completely gone pool located south bathing complex fourth area east second area extend far east southeast complex lake area lake area main complex era complex consisted man lake called artificial sea buildings located artificial islands middle lake buildings connected underwater tunnel starting point royal family reach pools vessel today lake seen longer water drained lake bed filled human settlements underwater tunnel underground water gone exist accessed middle artificial island known island named trees covered island island structure called building ruins south island row small buildings called buildings originally air tunnel located lake underground tunnel constructed alternative way reach island vessel south island artificial island called island island structure sultan said hiding place royal family attack island south island hangs ground place reached underwater tunnel building island ruin legend says secret tunnel connects palace south sea indian_ocean queen south palace supernatural queen spiritual wife sultan generations west island circular structure forms artificial island past called building entered underwater tunnel building mosque niche wall building central area building elevated platform meet platform staircase reach floor ground level platform small pool muslim ritual bathing complex second area located south artificial lake area focal point best preserved area complex currently popular tourist attraction area accessed gates east west gates leads center complex inner octagonal shaped courtyard east west leads central bathing complex center gates gates lead bathing complex western called eastern called gates decorated ornaments stylized birds flowering west entrance main entrance bathing complex east facade gate visible today west facade blocked settlements construction gate finished year east entrance functioning gate main entrance tourists east entrance building west decorated gate left building finished calendar octagonal gates leads octagonal shaped courtyard western gate leads western octagonal shaped enclosed courtyard past building stood center courtyard called building eastern gate leads octagonal shaped enclosed courtyard similar layout courtyard known resting place royal family eastern western octagonal lead central bathing complex bathing complex known bathing complex royal family bathing complex enclosed space surrounded tall structures consists pools decorated mushroom shaped springs large flower buildings bathing complex northernmost building resting place changing room daughters sultan south building pool known pool divided central known runs east west building south building tower center right wing building sultan changing room east wing resting place central tower sultan observe daughters bathing pool south building pool sultan era females sultan allowed enter bathing complex southeast northeast buildings known buildings castle guard according study south building building garden remain seen anymore filled settlements area area located south bathing complex visible remains left according reconstruction site complex consisted complex pool complex garden complex protected probably meditation place sultan said meeting place sultan middle building sleeping room sultan water flowing beneath kitchen room storage pools servants garden fourth area fourth complex complex practically visible remains hanging bridge remains pier description area retrieved reconstruction english army sketch area extends meters east lake area area consisted artificial lake southeast complex northeast complex middle artificial lake artificial island called island building known building stood middle island artificial lake connected east lake meter long canal runs east west canal meter wide thought place hanging bridge stood bridge located street connects complex layout bridge recognized bridge gone west hanging bridge pier sultan starting point journey pool royal vessel canal bounded south north garden located west complex today canals bridges lakes gardens filled local settlements garden lake today area castle complex occupied settlement called residents community known traditional painting craft traditions located area traditional market hosted biggest bird market long time bird market relocated mosque unique mosque built early 20th century single pillar different usual traditional architecture


san san ancient maya site located north lake basin region southern maya kilometres modern village san guatemala northern department medium sized civic ceremonial centre important political economic centre late classic period site settled portion middle period likely fairly small site maya city long continuous history early peaks late late classic periods san begun refer overlord late 4th century 7th century switched allegiance great rival returning allegiance early 8th century late 8th century san appears conquered dos capital kingdom natural resources easily available immediate vicinity city nearby port trinidad important hub import exotic goods export local products goods immediately available likely provided city satellite sites local area provided number different soils suitable varied agricultural use port trinidad provided city freshwater products turtles freshwater deer hunted locally provided important source protein upper class freshwater main source protein san identified source style bearing painted scenes late classic maya aristocracy involved variety activities style characterised painted pink pale red colour scenes dancers wearing masks realistic representation subjects appeared life city capital included satellite sites varying importance including port shore lake location san located kilometres north shore lake centre department nearest town kilometres south lake nearest villages san kilometres away san kilometres away south site northern shore lake archaeological site connected san northern expansion san dirt road lies land cleared forest century plant cattle san lies limestone plateau northern edge fault depression central lakes basin local topography consists ridges generally running east west northeast southwest alternating lower lying areas clay soils low lying areas tend feed drainage systems flowing lake river river seasonal origin kilometres northeast site flowing westwards river passing kilometres site core river turn flows west san river flows northwest mexico joins river ultimately gulf_of_mexico mixture ancient modern agricultural line kilometres north site core access water crucial maya cities maya described seasonal desert combination prolonged dry season lasting months limestone geography makes surface water scarce addition maya greatly preferred water land transport trade extensively river sea access river routes connected cities extensive trade routes san lies dense cluster smaller satellite sites kilometres southwest major classic period ruins site kilometres north guatemala city ruins located hill metres mean sea level site forms ecological park spanish administered institute history university san guatemala local communities san san park covers area approximately square kilometres emblem maya cities kingdoms classic period identified texts distinctive emblem essentially royal titles composed distinct parts representing meaning divine lord followed person ruled emblem crucial interpreting political makeup classic period maya civilization emblem san contains main sign breath wind found monuments 8th 9th centuries vessel bearing emblem depicting king found far away altar analysis revealed manufactured san indicating form interaction distant sites economy majority basic natural resources readily available immediate city local soils suitable production mixed crops support local populace subsidiary site trinidad located shore lake kilometres southeast site core appears important port import export goods san food resources available immediate vicinity city probably provided satellite sites dispersed distance site core trinidad likely played important supplying exotic goods city freshwater fish turtles locally available ridges north lake workshop discovered northern sector san produced palace complex group medium sized palace complex group elite plaza group elite northern site small satellite site kilometers southwest san appears important centre production tools centres maya manufacturing scale small probably played major economy san differences architectural style elite residential complexes activities carried suggest aristocracy san divided distinct classes including royal family resident group royal low middle rank nobles river seasonal reported water channel relatively recently height san power provided important link san river significant trade route ancient times style san possibly source called style painted theory recently received additional support archaeological excavations site vessels including finely painted plates cylindrical vessels associated unidentified site 1970s emblem included texts confirmation san came investigations carried chemical analysis style revealed produced workshops satellite sites vicinity style corpus includes set features painted pink pale red colour scenes dancers wearing masks distinctive features realistic representation subjects appeared life rare art corpus represented intact vessels majority unknown compared fragments recovered san satellite sites subject matter vessels includes life region 8th century diplomatic representations scenes warriors sacrifice prisoners war variations artistic style chemical composition style suggests produced number workshops local san area subdivided types san satellite sites lower quality examples presumed manufactured sites lesser importance san style believed produced period spite differences style thought network allied workshops dedicated producing vessels use aristocracy san petty nobility capital satellites distributed widely maya region gifts order seal alliances maya kingdoms particular note chemical analysis fragments revealed workshops produced highest quality style general low quality household use high quality style san excavated maya region including northeast city far south altar western particularly rare feature found san called ray style showing figure wearing mask portraying face underneath representations rare style depicted late classic sculptures sites known san contact time including dos ray style found painted vessels san west occupation diet san occupied middle right early height city occupation late classic settlement density averages structures square kilometer structures square mile site monumental core structures square kilometer structures square mile city suburban area structures square kilometer structures square mile site periphery san likely resource zone probably extended kilometres site core included number satellite sites including trinidad region includes major water sources form lake south river kilometres north area city included variety soils suitable agriculture fertile soil highly suited agriculture area fertile required high maintenance consisting crop rotation low fertility soil consisting lowland clay suitable left soil analysis revealed grown peripheral areas close residential areas san archaeological investigations revealed diet inhabitants san included dogs turtles including pond river turtles freshwater white tailed deer red species small deer white rabbits lowland central american banded dog late classic maya majority protein diet inhabitants came hunting fishing area city common food animals white tailed deer river river turtle animal remains recovered clearly associated elite status occupation jaguar small appear related ritual economic activity needs freshwater ingredient diet lower status families deer remains associated elite residents city san important satellite trinidad majority remains trinidad aquatic species san majority terrestrial species animal remains modified form artefacts compared animal remains trinidad remains found trinidad likely waste products manufacture san likely artefacts end usable life aquatic animal products arriving san far likely consumed elite food craft artefacts history period middle san settled portion middle period probably fairly small site time satellite sites settled including trinidad small villages time settled earlier middle late investigation remains difficult san late classic construction evident site experienced major growth late centre roughly time major structures built experienced earliest occupation late contrast appears lightly occupied trinidad underwent major expansion late larger important san architectural layout finalised period later classic period construction superimposed pre existing late structures classic period san begun refer overlord late 4th century 7th century texts mention dominion greatest enemy coming power early 8th century early classic early classic finds scarce san found minor component mixed fill deposits suggests san largely abandoned early classic best examples early classic pottery come outside san complete vessels recovered construction modern language school trinidad fragments early classic pottery retrieved looted late 4th century san began refer overlord late classic san experienced second major peak occupation late classic period major architecture site built surge activity city reached maximum size san important cities lake approximately size slightly smaller renewed growth city satellite sites reached peak population residential complexes built late classic experienced light occupation time major construction work took place including building principal platform causeway appears rulers erected trinidad took final form major architecture built time including major residential complexes port facilities 8th century city important relationships maya cities southwest especially region rivers including altar near dos region possible widespread distribution style elite tombs sites region linked military defeat san dos high quality forming tribute payment kingdom defeat hands kingdom san longer erected sculpted history site continued recorded certain extent texts style politics late classic period san located mutually hostile powers great city north kingdom southwest vassal enemy border states san centres political activity tried manipulate shifting political fortunes neighbours advantage case san rich tradition testament politically motivated took place city 8th century san capital aristocracy satellite sites great power able challenge position political hierarchy state remaining subordinate ruling lord capital city 7th century san recorded inscriptions vassal early 8th century city switched allegiance king falling power vassal middle 8th century switching allegiance lord recorded overlord reflecting traditional city spite shifting alliances san acted degree independence powerful kingdom 8th century ruler title given high kings city rulers successful political scene wider maya region use politically motivated war economics political marriages record lord captured lord ruler attacked san dos records lord captured dos middle 8th century san closely allied important city river demonstrated fact king bird jaguar ruled took wives san named inscriptions lady lady lady shown preparing husband battle took place british museum london fact alliance date early 8th century dedicated called ray style imagery closely associated san relations peaceful records iii defeated lord time 8th century known rulers dates style vessel possesses text declaring property son divine lord san ruled described artist appears appointed ambassador site known rulers feature prominently style named appears ruled directly son vessel father given title divine noble san king title divine lord rulers dedicated master painter artist named lord site thought located depicted style vessel wearing mask dancing depicted site core recorded vessel possibly having died painter produced vessels partially painting vessel possibly records death painted vessel recording death having taken place terminal classic san underwent major decline population end classic period construction suffered terminal classic common limited major centres san principal satellite trinidad declined construction halt occupation group site core continued late classic structures trinidad modified terminal classic little evidence terminal classic occupation smaller satellite sites inscription dating mentions known ruler evidence long standing relationship sites case appears dominant city dating roughly inscription naming ruler san recorded paramount century migration suggested maya san began northward migration maya peoples yucatán_peninsula end classic period classic period site refer king demonstrating region time nearby village san shore lake communities period extent occupation activity san area understood period known moderate occupation area early period early construction identified san satellite sites construction small scale distribution pottery limited trinidad apparently small village time produced best examples early little evidence occupation san area late possible trinidad settlement visited fall capital spanish late remains identified archaeologists modern history likely satellite site ruin spanish referred early visited san described report department guatemala published museum harvard_university graham chase separately mapped portions site core establishment ecological park site agriculture specifically cultivation site damaged times caused burning fire badly damaged site core mayor san oversaw improvement road san involved road gravel opened archaeological site easier access resulting increased tourism site san san archaeological project investigating san satellites direction williams college florida museum natural history core satellite site mapped trinidad investigated project site description structures mapped area covering square kilometres total area occupied city probably greater total size san estimated square kilometres having mapped ceremonial centre city covers area square kilometres area encompasses structures including palace widely differing sizes temples elite residential areas residential areas city cover additional square kilometres includes elite residences outlying settlements located kilometers north east residential group associated agricultural situated north site total plaza groups mapped san fragments excavated site periphery satellites heads complete site generally divided broad areas site core north zone east zone north zone separated site core wide depression containing clay soil served reservoir city identified northern southern edges depression major architecture divided groups labelled groups pyramid palace type structures major residential complexes site found groups including royal palace group major architectural groups divided lower lying areas intensive agriculture urban area site extends kilometres site core area having continuously occupied range structures elite status distinct architectural styles date period site occupation late classic uses carved stone blocks construction possibly earlier second style believed date terminal classic uses thin flat stones architectural groups group group largest group west site core group includes metre tall pyramid severely damaged pits summit north east south west sides pits large rectangular palace type structures situated west pyramid measuring metres high plaza formed group pyramid east palace west accessed plaza southeast palace plaza surrounded sides palace type structures group group includes metre high pyramid located metres south palace complex laid small main complex group closely resembles complex dos region pyramid looted pits having highest structure palace complex measures metres high south west plaza resemble palace complex looted smaller structures east plaza having completely destroyed low wall runs north metres northeast corner east plaza measures metres high metres wide wall ends platform supporting structures divided different parts site marked edge avenue north group smaller groups structures consist residential complexes laid small occupation limited purely late classic period situated low platform west main pyramid group group principal group san includes main plaza surrounded palaces tallest pyramid metres high largest group belong architectural style possibly dating terminal classic built thin flat stones excavations revealed group occupied late main plaza group measures approximately metres bordered north west sides twin east south pyramid south largest plaza san encompassing area greater square metres plaza commemorating classic period rulers badly damaged west plaza lower pyramid measuring metres high damaged badly eroded found close pyramid erected south pyramid principal group support remains summit possibly parts roofs roof construction remaining structures consists thin flat stones associated terminal classic occupation site twin temples built platform east main plaza heights metres metres erected north south line south pyramid somewhat damaged probably originally supported roof accessed twin rising plaza west palace complex laid small completely forms north main plaza massive architectural complex covering area square metres likely palace royal family structures lying immediately south central plaza complex measure high metres metres respectively investigations northern extreme uncovered piece plate dated terminal classic period excavations northwestern portion revealed series floors large amounts remains fragments worked stone bone shell artefacts recovered vessels vessels flute drum remains dated late classic found levels vessels excavated style associated investigations west structure northwest plaza recovered fill included fragments dating far late early classic south pyramid highest structure site measuring metres tall suggests forms south main plaza excavations north plaza temple uncovered group group elaborate residential complex located north twin group northeast like groups consists structures laid plaza group includes palaces including west plaza badly damaged metre pyramid situated east group plaza trench cut pyramid revealed earlier levels construction consisting stone blocks archaeological investigation tunnel revealed probably plundered high ranking noble royal tomb items recovered looted tomb included fragments pieces jade pieces shell jade mosaic fragments shell mosaic fragments mosaic fragments shell necklace spine human bones tomb painted red presence royal tomb suggests palaces group royal residences dedicated rituals dead king occupation group dates far middle period group occupied late terminal classic termination ritual apparently performed northern building group abandoned ritual included scattering large rubbish south entrance building possibly burning building rubbish presumed come area group included items associated weaving manufacture paper south structure group circular columns architectural style characteristic terminal classic period group group second largest group san group situated west groups group includes measuring metres metres high looted taller pyramid located north smaller pyramid residential groups lie south east rectangular structures laid small central structures metres high palaces investigated group different palaces groups notable feature doors possess projecting corners western structure vaulted room central bench cross shaped exterior bench walls structure stand metre high north structure walls stand metres high western room divided placement vertical stone north structure possess interior benches different architectural styles group main groups san result association different style group distinguished metre long avenue known north south avenue residential groups east west avenue bordered metre high wall northern end avenue terminates small temple south ends plaza known san found group located main plaza dating 8th century contains known mention phrase divine lord situated west main plaza group preserved text site text describes accession throne local lord supervision provides best evidence found identifying san late classic situated distance west main plaza group plaza small temple photographed decade 20th century depicts king shows dancing figures east face west face depicts figure sculpted called ray style found style depicts face profile wearing mask cut away face underneath located east main plaza group north situated east main plaza group near twin temples south north shows king performing dance foot raised located east main plaza south located south main plaza group north south pyramid discovered broken pieces base large fragments lying surface smaller fragments collected appears shattered fell time san abandoned north south faces bore sculpted designs remaining butt left foot human figure worked profile south sculpture north appears shown figure ruler city dressed rich clothing figure positioned performing dance foot half lifted ground right hand ruler held god reconstruction sculpture indicates figure king measured metres high similar dos depicting ruler identical position appears relatively late addition plaza dates late period satellite sites number smaller satellite sites located san situated kilometres northwest san known monuments centre covers area hectares includes structures metre high artificially hill number structures scattered surrounding area hill supporting site core rivers main periods occupation date late late classic occupation terminal classic early overall area probably larger trinidad covering square kilometres area includes structures trinidad small residential groups widely scattered site core main residential complex rests metres platform contains residential groups east south west platform base small temple located east north served rural administrative centre royal estate san elite seven sculpted monuments found unusual number small site monuments originally erected mean site actually outside san archaeological investigations carried unable determine monuments moved best preserved monument badly eroded dated damaged long count date inscribed dates end 7th century beginning 8th bears representation standing divine lord attributes typical late classic badly damaged broken number fragments pieces buried near base lies kilometres southwest site core kilometres northwest shore lake structures mapped situated small plaza small temple east site located larger partially covered modern development san structures investigated revealing probably occupied middle late classic reduced population early site surveyed preliminary excavations took place main san visible large lake fairly good soil surviving portions site currently cultivation earliest evidence excavated dates end early period indicating site initially settled transition early middle periods long history linked proximity rich hills excavations revealed evidence workshops dedicated production tools waste features early architectural style differs san consisting platforms built stone wide probably built middle late periods reused late classic differences style probably results differing construction group arranged main plaza group located little southeast contains structures structure east pyramid located short distance rest metres high late classic structure containing looted tomb summit temple lake twin temples group san visible structure north structure dates late classic construction dating middle ascended building found remains late classic belonging pre construction ritual offering floors mound supported walls date period associated mix late classic pottery structures long low rectangular platforms measure metres long metres wide metres high roofs date late classic structures middle remains situated kilometres east site core formed san large site covering square kilometres area includes structures includes small ceremonial centre possible group identified site located area poor soils considered unsuitable growing somewhat odds settlement density site contrast settlement density poor soils highlighted need research maya agriculture environment relatively large site secondary rank san principal phase occupation appears date terminal classic period 10th 11th centuries site possesses massive basal platforms presence group suggests longer period immediately evident excavations site investigations revealed long history beginning late period continuing right late classic small site located kilometres southwest san kilometres site includes small number spread overlooking lake site investigated archaeologists site small important centre production high quality tools major manufacturers tools considerable economic importance san site severely damaged modern construction deposits reused construction material located kilometres east main plaza occupies area hectares consists structures widely dispersed small plaza flat summit metre high hill principal occupation dates late late classic periods soils considered good agriculture grown site area san occupied low lying seasonal swamp plaza small covers area square metres north east sides bordered residential groups metre square platform south west low parallel structures measuring metres high largest structure metre tall temple east large residential area bordering plaza east residential areas possess bottle shaped underground storage chambers known having found thick vegetation site investigators consider probably found closed disc shaped stone found place close belonged stone supposed chambers store dry goods water located kilometres north site core located hill country kilometers south san fertile soil agriculture located hills kilometers north northwest san possesses rich soils agriculture trinidad trinidad known language located kilometres southeast san northern shore lake site located closest point lake shore served maya port site structures located area hectares site actually cover hectares contain structures site long history stretching right middle early phases greater activity early classic late classic terminal classic occupation largely limited lake shore fairly dense monumental architecture port identify trinidad important secondary centre san additionally site situated close source probably manufactured tools trinidad tentatively identified settlement visited spanish conquest capital late remains identified site divided areas site core located hill metres lake good view second area spread lake shore leading site core site core structures arranged majority structures residential nature trinidad unusual ceremonial architecture small site trinidad important port import export goods san group main residential complex site small shrine eastern end trinidad main site core labelled resurfaced multiple times late late classic combined surface areas cover square metres plaza making half making slightly smaller main plaza san structure main temple metre high radial pyramid structure elite residence structure originally circular building structure sub elite residence located group form shape metre long sides closed northern end zone small temple adjoining eastern phase construction dates late classic similar design main plaza dos region identified san site making presence interest rich deposits found associated including pieces fragments stone tools group small residential group west plaza structures identified area port including retaining walls possible port appears partially enclosed artificial peninsula