elizabeth warren elizabeth ann warren née herring born june american academic politician member democratic_party senior united_states senator massachusetts warren professor law taught university texas school law university pennsylvania law school recently harvard law school prominent scholar specializing bankruptcy law warren cited field commercial law starting political career warren active consumer protection advocate scholarship led conception establishment consumer financial protection bureau written number academic popular works frequent subject media interviews american economy personal finance following financial crisis warren served chair congressional oversight panel created oversee troubled asset relief program later served assistant president special advisor secretary treasury consumer financial protection bureau president barack_obama late 2000s recognized publications national law journal time increasingly influential public policy figure september warren announced candidacy senate challenging republican incumbent scott brown won general election november female senator massachusetts assigned senate special committee aging banking housing urban affairs committee health education labor committee warren leading figure democratic_party popular american frequently mentioned political potential presidential candidate warren repeatedly stated intention running president warren remained neutral democratic presidential endorsing nominee hillary_clinton states voted july cnn reported warren person clinton vice presidential running mate clinton eventually chose tim early life education family warren born june oklahoma city oklahoma middle class parents née reed jones herring fourth child older brothers father heart attack led medical bills pay cut previous work eventually led loss car failure loan payments help family finances mother found work catalog order department warren started waiting tables aunt restaurant warren star member debate team northwest high school won title oklahoma high school competing debate teams high schools state won debate scholarship george_washington university age initially aspiring teacher left years marry high school boyfriend jim warren warren moved houston husband nasa engineer enrolled university houston graduating bachelor science degree speech year taught children disabilities public school based emergency certificate taken education courses required regular teaching certificate warren husband moved work new_jersey pregnant decided remain home care child daughter turned warren enrolled school law newark worked summer associate shortly graduation warren pregnant second child receiving passing bar examination began work lawyer home writing real estate having children alexander jim warren divorced grandchildren elizabeth married bruce law professor retained surname warren political affiliation warren voted republican years saying republican thought people best supported markets according warren began vote democratic longer believed true states voted parties believed party dominate career late 1970s 1980s 1990s warren taught law universities country researching issues related bankruptcy middle class personal finance involved public work bankruptcy regulation consumer protection mid-1990s academic warren started academic career lecturer school law newark moved university houston law center associate dean academic affairs obtained tenure taught university texas school law visiting associate professor returned professor years later staying addition visiting professor university_of_michigan research associate population research center university texas austin early career warren proponent ground research based studying people actually respond laws real world work analyzing court records interviewing judges lawyers established rising star field bankruptcy law warren joined university pennsylvania law school professor obtained endowed chair william professor commercial law taught year harvard law school robert visiting professor commercial law warren left penn leo professor law harvard law school law professor harvard attended law school american public university harvard warren highly cited law professors united_states published fields expertise bankruptcy field bankruptcy commercial law douglas chicago yale bob scott columbia citation rates comparable warren advisory roles warren asked advise national bankruptcy review commission helped draft commission report worked years oppose legislation intended severely restrict right consumers file bankruptcy warren opposing legislation successful congress passed bankruptcy abuse prevention consumer protection act curtailed ability consumers file bankruptcy november november warren member advisory committee economic inclusion member national bankruptcy conference independent organization advises congress bankruptcy law vice president american law institute member american academy arts sciences warren scholarship public advocacy impetus establishment consumer financial protection bureau public life warren high public profile appeared documentary films michael moore capitalism love story appeared numerous times television programs including daily interviewed frequently cable news networks radio programs oversight november warren appointed senate majority leader harry chair member congressional oversight panel created oversee implementation emergency economic act panel released monthly oversight reports evaluate government related programs warren tenure reports covered consumer small business lending commercial real estate bank stress tests impact troubled asset relief program financial markets government guarantees automotive industry topics consumer financial protection bureau warren early advocate creation new consumer financial protection bureau bureau established frank wall street reform consumer protection act signed law president obama july september president obama named warren assistant president special advisor secretary treasury consumer financial protection bureau set new agency liberal groups consumer advocacy groups pushed obama formally nominate warren agency director warren strongly opposed financial institutions republican members congress believed warren overly reportedly convinced warren win senate confirmation bureau director obama turned ohio attorney general richard january objections republican senators appointed post appointment senate election september warren declared intention run democratic nomination election massachusetts senate seat won republican scott brown special election death kennedy week later video warren speaking viral video internet warren replies charge asking rich pay taxes class warfare pointing grew rich depending infrastructure paid rest society stating country got rich moved goods market roads rest paid hired workers rest paid educate safe factory police forces fire forces rest paid didn worry bands come seize factory hire protect work rest look built factory turned terrific great idea god big underlying social contract pay forward kid comes president barack_obama later echoed sentiments election campaign speech april boston herald sparked campaign controversy reported warren listed minority association american law schools harvard law school publicized minority status response criticisms lack faculty diversity warren said unaware read newspaper election scott brown republican opponent senate race speculated fabricated native american heritage gain advantage job market colleagues universities worked stated warren ancestry played role hiring warren responded allegations saying self identified minority order meet similar tribal roots brothers defended stating grew listening mother grandmother relatives talk family delaware heritage autobiography warren described allegations new_england historic society found family newsletter alluded marriage license application listed elizabeth warren great great great grandmother find primary document found proof descent oklahoma historical society said finding definitive answer native american heritage difficult deliberate avoidance registration warren ran unopposed democratic nomination won june state democratic convention record votes delegates endorsed governor massachusetts patrick warren opponent scott brown agreed engage televised debates including consortium media outlets springfield boston encountered significant opposition business interests august rob political director chamber commerce claimed candidate represents greater threat free enterprise professor warren nonetheless raised million campaign senate candidate showed according new_york_times possible run big banks wall street money win warren received primetime speaking slot democratic national convention immediately bill_clinton evening september warren positioned champion middle class according warren people feel like system rigged painful right system rigged warren said wall street wrecked economy destroyed millions jobs congress shame demanding favors acting like thank tenure november warren defeated incumbent scott brown total votes woman elected senate massachusetts sitting senate female senators office largest female senate delegation history following november elections december warren assigned seat senate banking committee committee oversees implementation frank regulation banking industry warren sworn vice president joe january john resignation secretary state warren state senior senator having served month making junior senior senator congress warren banking committee hearing february pressed banking answer taken wall street bank trial stated concerned big fail big trial videos warren questioning popular internet million views matter days banking committee hearing march warren asked treasury department officials criminal charges brought money practices questions continually visibly upset warren compared money drug possession saying caught cocaine chances good going jail evidently nearly billion dollars drug violate international sanctions company pays fine home sleep bed night warren sent letters justice department exchange commission federal reserve questioning decisions settling going court later month warren introduced bill bank student loans act allow students government education loans rate banks morgan chase pay borrow federal government suggesting students great deal banks warren proposed new student able federally loan rate paid banks compared current student loan rate endorsing bill days introduction independent senator vermont stated thing wrong bill thought didn program election cycle warren democratic fundraiser supporting candidates ohio minnesota oregon washington west_virginia michigan kentucky aftermath election warren appointed majority leader harry man chair congressional oversight panel strategic advisor democratic policy communications committee position created widely seen effort lean party left following major democratic losses recent election boosted speculation possible presidential run warren saying despite progress biggest banks continue threaten economy july senator warren john_mccain maria angus king introduced 21st century glass act modern version banking act legislation intended reduce risk american financial system decrease likelihood future financial crises committee assignments committee banking housing urban affairs economic policy ranking member financial institutions consumer protection insurance investment committee health education labor primary health retirement security special committee aging united_states senate committee energy natural resources united_states senate energy energy political positions according magazine new statesman warren speculation run presidential election warren forward liberal democrats possible presidential candidate warren repeatedly stated running president october joined senate democratic women signing letter encouraged hillary_clinton run speculation warren added democratic ticket vice presidential candidate june california democratic primary warren formally endorsed hillary_clinton president response questions endorsed clinton warren said believed ready vice president warren taken active role presidential elections publicly feuded republican nominee speeches twitter pointing business practices describing people loser return mocked description native american heritage calling indian goofy warren criticized stance university case calling loud nasty thin skinned fraud serves honors awards boston_globe named year women bar association massachusetts honored robinson award named time magazine influential people world national law journal repeatedly named warren influential women attorneys america honored influential attorneys decade warren inducted oklahoma hall_of_fame january warren named new statesman magazine based united_kingdom warren professor harvard history win law school sacks teaching award second time delivered commencement address school law newark awarded honorary doctor laws degree conferred membership order books works warren daughter wrote income trap middle class mothers fathers going broke warren point fully employed worker today earns inflation adjusted income fully employed worker years ago families spend today clothing consumption costs core expenses health care transportation child care increased dramatically result income families longer able save incurred greater greater debt article new_york_times jeff said warren book authors find free spending young elderly declaring bankruptcy families children main thesis typical families afford high quality education health care neighborhoods required middle class today clearly think warren shown little attention nation government paid way americans live warren david published study bankruptcy medical bills found half families filing bankruptcy aftermath medical problem quarters families medical insurance study widely cited policy debates challenged study methods offered alternative interpretations data suggesting seventeen percent directly medical expenses warren book fighting chance published metropolitan books april according review published boston_globe book title refers time says gone families modest means worked hard played rules fair shot american dream publications electoral history


john marshall john marshall december american served associate justice supreme_court namesake grandfather john marshall associate justice served student upper canada college college princeton_university awarded rhodes scholarship studied law college oxford return worked law firm root clark studying new_york law school later served assistant attorney southern district new_york special assistant attorney general new_york appointed united_states court appeals second circuit year later president dwight nominated united_states supreme_court following death justice robert jackson characterized member conservative wing warren court advocated limited role judiciary remarking supreme_court considered general haven reform movements general adhered closely precedent reluctant legislation colleagues court strongly disagreed doctrine incorporation held provisions federal bill rights applied state governments merely federal time advocated broad interpretation fourteenth amendment process clause arguing protected wide range rights mentioned united_states_constitution called great warren court described influential supreme_court justices twentieth century justice ill retired supreme_court september died spinal cancer months later december retirement president nixon appointed william replace early life career john marshall born chicago illinois son john chicago lawyer politician elizabeth sisters historically family politically active george served governors delaware seventeenth century great grandfather james congressman 1830s grandfather john marshall associate justice united_states supreme_court uncle james attorney general puerto_rico chairman interstate commerce commission younger years attended latin school chicago later attended boarding high schools toronto area canada upper canada college college graduation returned enrolled princeton_university member ivy club served editor daily class president junior senior years graduating university received rhodes scholarship attend college oxford studied oxford years returning england return united_states began work law firm root clark known leading law firms country studying law new_york law school received law degree earned admission bar served assistant attorney southern district new_york heading district prohibition unit prosecuted harry united_states attorney general appointed special assistant attorney general new_york capacity investigated scandal involving sewer construction queens prosecuted queens borough president involvement affair returned old law firm partner year later firm served chief assistant senior partner followed public service appointed united_states attorney southern district new_york boy scouts eager young assistant united_states attorneys worked prohibition cases swore drinking prosecutors visited family fishing camp quebec prohibition apply remained public service returned firm returned firm death leading trial lawyer firm trial lawyer involved number famous cases case conflict estate left death heirs left wealth estimated million churches charities number filed suits state federal courts demanding fortune acted main defender estate chief eventually settlement reached following years specialized corporate law dealing cases like bailey concerning interpretation state law governing distribution corporate represented new_york board higher education unsuccessfully russell case efforts retain russell faculty city college new_york russell declared morally unfit teach future justice represented boxer gene breach contract suit brought fight manager matter settled court founders controversial pioneer fund group associated advocacy served board long time played significant role fund world war volunteered military duty serving colonel united_states_army air_force chief operational analysis section eighth air_force england won legion merit united_states france belgium returned private law practice representing family members federal lawsuit returned public service serving chief counsel new_york state crime commission investigated relationship organized crime state government illegal gambling activities new_york areas period served committee chairman association bar city new_york later elected vice president main time corporate anti trust law personal life married daughter yale history professor charles second marriage originally married new_york architect henry murphy years elder divorced murphy brother john invited christmas party root clark introduced john saw regularly married november connecticut presbyterian maintained new_york_city apartment summer home connecticut fishing camp murray bay quebec lifestyle described correct justice played golf favored wore gold watch belonged justice addition carrying grandfather watch joined supreme_court furniture furnished grandfather chambers john daughter born february married frank west connecticut death children eve children international news editor christian science monitor children named john marshall matthew daughter kate professional musician published author supreme_court career january united_states president dwight nominated united_states court appeals second circuit fill vacancy created death judge noble hand confirmed united_states senate february took office february knew court appeared friendly judges stay court lasted year january president nominated united_states supreme_court following death justice robert jackson nominated called reporters chambers new_york stated deeply honored despite stay second circuit serve circuit justice responsible second circuit supreme_court capacity capacity attend circuit annual conference bringing wife catching latest gossip nomination came shortly supreme_court handed landmark decision brown board education declaring segregation public schools unconstitutional james chairman united_states senate committee judiciary southern senators delayed confirmation correctly believed support schools civil rights unlike previous supreme_court nominees appeared senate judiciary committee answer questions relating judicial views supreme_court nominee questioned judiciary committee confirmation senate finally confirmed march vote took seat march senators voted appointment south replaced second circuit joseph edward supreme_court voted alongside justice principal mentor court legal scholars viewed recognize important contributions evolution legal thought ideological adversary close personal friend justice hugo black disagreed variety issues including bill rights states process clause equal protection clause justice close law hired continued interest left chambers continue legal careers justice advise careers hold annual place pictures children chambers walls warren court consider temporary court gone soon right justice remembered people worked tolerance treated fellow justices attorneys representing parties respect consideration justice strongly objected certain conclusions arguments criticized justices anybody personally said words motivations capacity reluctant emotion heard complain intellectual leaders warren court harvard constitutional law expert paul said thinking threw light introspective way entire process judicial function decisions vote represented sufficiently philosophical enduring interest decided case respect special features marks alike honest artist judge characterized conservative held precedent great importance principle closely supreme_court colleagues unlike justice black strict believed original intention play important constitutional held broad phrases like liberty process clause given evolving interpretation believed problems solved political process judiciary play limited role dissent wrote decisions support current mistaken view constitution constitutional function court view short major social ill country find cure constitutional principle court lead promoting reform branches government fail act constitution public welfare court ordained judicial body thought general haven reform movements equal protection clause supreme_court decided important equal protection cases years career cases regularly voted favor civil rights similar grandfather justice infamous case voted majority cooper aaron compelling defiant officials arkansas public schools joined opinion declared states political boundaries order reduce voting power african americans joined unanimous decision loving virginia struck state laws banned marriage process clause justice advocated broad interpretation fourteenth amendment process clause doctrine clause provided procedural guarantees protected wide range fundamental rights including specifically mentioned text constitution substantive process justice white noted opinion moore east cleveland sensitive justice suggestion approach process clause lead judges large constitutional field approach judges limited process area respect teachings history solid recognition basic values society wise appreciation great roles doctrines separation powers played establishing preserving american freedoms set forth interpretation cited opinion involved challenge connecticut law banning use supreme_court dismissed case technical grounds holding case justice dismissal suggesting court considered merits case indicated support broad view process clause reference liberty wrote liberty series isolated points terms taking property freedom speech press religion right bear arms freedom searches rational broadly speaking includes freedom substantial arbitrary restraints suggested process clause encompassed right privacy concluded prohibition violated right law challenged connecticut time supreme_court agreed consider case concluded law violated constitution decision based process clause argument right privacy found provisions bill rights justice concurred result criticized court relying bill rights reaching decision process clause fourteenth amendment stands wrote supreme_court later adopt approach relying process clause bill rights right privacy cases wade lawrence texas interpretation process clause attracted criticism justice black rejected idea clause included substantive component considering interpretation broad historically supreme_court agreed continued apply doctrine substantive process wide variety cases incorporation justice strongly opposed theory fourteenth amendment incorporated bill rights provisions bill rights applicable states opinion matter opposite grandfather supported incorporation bill rights originally ratified bill rights binding federal government supreme_court ruled case baltimore argued fourteenth amendment entirety bill rights binding states rejected doctrine called historically instead justice believed fourteenth amendment process clause protected fundamental rights guarantee bill rights fundamental implicit concept ordered liberty agreed applied states federal government example believed amendment free speech clause applied states fifth amendment self clause approach largely similar justices benjamin drew criticism justice black proponent total incorporation theory black claimed process identifying rights fundamental largely arbitrary depended justice personal opinions supreme_court eventually adopted elements approach holding bill rights guarantees applicable states doctrine known selective incorporation chief justice earl warren 1960s increasing number rights deemed sufficiently fundamental incorporation regularly majority provisions bill rights extended states exceptions amendment grand jury clause fifth amendment seventh amendment excessive bail provision eighth amendment ninth amendment tenth amendment supreme_court agreed general reasoning end result different advocated amendment justice supported warren court landmark decisions relating separation church state instance voted favor court ruling states use religious tests qualifications public office joined declared unconstitutional states require official prayers public schools arkansas similarly voted strike arkansas law banning teaching evolution cases took fairly broad view amendment rights freedom speech press thought amendment applied directly federal government according freedom speech fundamental principles liberty justice applicable states national government justice believed federal laws publications violated free speech clause united_states supreme_court upheld validity federal law time believe constitution prevented states explained dissent danger great people state legislature decide lady lover goes far acceptable standards deemed offensive non state door free choice uniform standard dangers free thought expression truly great federal government blanket ban nation book fact people state read works lawrence wise desirable acceptable person united_states allowed letter spirit amendment concurred new_york_times sullivan required public officials newspapers libel prove publisher acted actual stringent standard difficult public officials win libel cases far justices hugo black william douglas suggested libel laws unconstitutional street new_york wrote opinion court ruling government punish individual insulting american flag noted supreme_court consistently rejected manner prior restraint publication circuit judge authorized decision conviction leaders communist_party usa including elizabeth smith act ruling based previous supreme_court decisions court appeals bound later supreme_court justice wrote opinion conviction communist_party activists unconstitutional case united_states case united_states penned majority opinion california holding wearing jacket words fuck draft speech protected amendment opinion later described constitutional law expert professor yale greatest written freedom expression opinion famously wrote man lyric quote later denounced robert moral justice credited establishing amendment protects freedom association alabama justice delivered opinion court alabama law required disclose membership lists believe individuals entitled exercise amendment rights pleased joined florida upheld conviction protesters demonstrated government property brown louisiana court held protesters entitled engage sit public library likewise disagreed des supreme_court ruled students right wear form protest public schools criminal procedure 1960s warren court series expanding rights criminal defendants instances justice concurred result cases found dissent usually joined moderate members court justices potter stewart tom clark white notably supreme_court restricting interrogation techniques law enforcement officers example court holding illinois police refuse honor suspect request consult lawyer interrogation called rule ill conceived suggested perfectly legitimate methods criminal law enforcement disagreed arizona required law enforcement officials warn suspect rights questioning warning closed opinion quotation predecessor justice robert jackson court forever adding new stories temples constitutional law temples way collapsing story added justice agreed constitution required states provide attorneys defendants afford counsel believed requirement applied trial appeal douglas california wrote majority opinion united_states case declared marijuana tax act unconstitutional based fifth amendment protection self justice united_states set forth test determining government conduct constituted search case supreme_court held telephone conversation constituted search meaning fourth amendment required warrant according justice requirement search individual expectation privacy individual expectation privacy society prepared recognize reasonable voting rights justice rejected theory constitution called man vote principle principle legislative districts roughly equal population regard shared views justice green courts stay political supreme_court disagreed series 1960s case line baker court ruled courts jurisdiction issues entitled review validity district boundaries grounds failed demonstrate violated individual rights supreme_court relying constitution requirement united_states house_of_representatives elected people states ruled congressional districts particular state approximately equal population vigorously writing expected witness day supreme_court united_states render decision casts grave doubt composition house_of_representatives effect today decision proceeded argue court decision inconsistent history text constitution claimed congress judiciary power require congressional districts equal populations sole court relied equal protection clause extend man vote principle state legislative districts analyzed language history fourteenth amendment concluded equal protection clause intended encompass voting rights fifteenth amendment fourteenth amendment basis decisions conferred general right vote claimed constitution require states adhere man vote principle court merely imposing political theories nation suggested addition problem solved political process litigation wrote court limited function accordance premise serve high purpose exceeds authority satisfy justified slow workings political process constitutional interpretation court adds constitution deliberately excluded court reality view process similar reasons court held voter qualifications subject scrutiny equal protection clause claimed dissent court totally ignores term cases history fourteenth amendment course judicial decisions equal protection clause intended touch state electoral matters similarly justice disagreed court ruling harper virginia board elections use poll tax qualification vote retirement death john health began deteriorate end career began fail late 1960s cover bring materials inch eyes wife read court took case wife read lady lover ill retired supreme_court september died spinal cancer months later december buried church cemetery connecticut president richard_nixon considered california appeals court judge fill vacant seat female nominee supreme_court nixon decided nomination american bar association found nixon nominated william future chief justice confirmed senate despite described influential supreme_court justices twentieth century elected fellow american academy arts sciences extensive professional supreme_court papers cubic feet donated princeton_university housed manuscript library open research papers libraries wife months died june suffered disease seven years life


william murray 1st earl william murray 1st earl march march british politician judge noted reform english law born scottish nobility educated perth scotland moving london age place westminster school accepted christ church oxford graduated years later returning london oxford called bar lincoln inn november quickly gained reputation excellent involved politics beginning election member parliament appointment solicitor general absence strong attorney general main spokesman government house_of_commons noted great powers described comparison best speaker house_of_commons promotion sir lord chief justice attorney general unexpectedly died months later took place chief justice powerful british century decisions reflected age enlightenment moved england path slavery slave trade advanced commercial law ways helped establish nation world leader industry finance trade english law english courts system sped system submitting motions reformed way given reduce time expense parties work carter van called founder english commercial law best known judgment case held slavery basis common law established positive law legislation england binding law end slave trafficking altogether early life education murray born march palace scotland fourth son 5th wife margaret née scott children parents strong supporters cause older brother james followed old exile sympathies murray family contemporaries claimed educated grammar school members english judiciary incorrect murray educated perth grammar school taught latin english grammar essay writing skills later said gave great advantage university students educated england taught greek latin write properly english perth grammar school apparent murray particularly intelligent father older brother james decided send westminster school james knew dean francis distance perth london miles journey took murray days murray flourished westminster king scholar examination murray accepted christ church oxford having scored higher examination king scholar year admitted june june records came bath perth person recording names new students unable understand scottish accent older brother james scotland family decided career best murray scottish bar time difficult young build reputation qualifying english bar extremely expensive thanks patronage thomas 1st baron gave murray year live murray afford study bar member lincoln inn april george died june murray entered won competition write latin poem titled death king actions seen support house political status quo odd considering strong sympathies family probably having private income wished secure patronage help advance politically william constant rival murray death little information murray time oxford known studied ancient modern history fluent french gained good understanding roman law fluent latin translating works english latin gained bachelor_of_arts degree travelled london train family life murray married elizabeth children took care niece lady elizabeth murray mother died nephew captain sir john returned britain following seven years war assignment west_indies brought natural daughter elizabeth half african descent born slavery daughter maria bell enslaved woman asked murray care education baptized elizabeth london english bar murray contact moved london william hamilton scottish born said english bar people qualified act england scotland hamilton murray sponsors joined lincoln inn murray came london hamilton helped find set chambers old square time formal legal education requirement person called bar eaten term lincoln inn read sentence paper prepared steward murray practical training came reading papers hamilton chambers listening lord speak court thomas write special murray studied texts including french ordinance marine predecessor napoleonic commercial code works compositions municipal law murray called bar november taking set chambers king bench walk introduced alexander pope time friendship met members aristocracy later clients including sarah churchill pope taught helped enormously court cases english court sessions led charles opposed philip support allowed gain respectable practice court acts union merged kingdom england kingdom scotland national entity retained separate legal systems house_of_lords highest court appeal english scottish law result scottish cases appeal court session sent deal cases familiar scottish english law murray found niche acting scottish cases house_of_lords early work established murray brilliant young praised performance lords parker murray involved case house_of_lords appealed scottish court murray acted counsel city edinburgh aftermath death captain john edinburgh traditional criminals sentenced death allowed visit church near city jail sunday execution criminals named wilson took opportunity escape wilson church escaped completely wilson supplied fellow citizens goods city guard public opinion firmly captain edinburgh city guard angry wilson attempt escape aware possibility attempt free ordered guard men placed wilson execution man attempted cut wilson body execution ordered troops fire crowd seven people killed initially sentenced death murder execution delayed mob citizens rushed city jail result bill proposed house_of_commons sought punish city edinburgh behaviour citizens city murray represented city house_of_commons house_of_lords eventually bill time voted simply proposed fine city exchange work citizens edinburgh gave freedom city diamond possession family murray reputation continued grow involved cases heard house_of_lords acted legal counsel cases september married lady elizabeth daughter daniel 2nd earl nottingham castle durham sister mary married thomas watson 1st murray connection positive significant influence future career short holiday murray returned work member parliament murray repeatedly refused member parliament saying interest politics government sir robert fell murray brother law earl nottingham lord admiralty new cabinet added political influence murray hoped appointed government office sir john strange resigned solicitor general murray member parliament december immediately succeeded strange solicitor general solicitor general lowest legal appointment successful appointed attorney general custom attorney general allowed lord chief justice king bench vacancy arose good politicians murray successful member parliament noted skills logical arguments murray defended actions government hiring troops help fight war austrian succession argument king decide war fought second politicians experience warfare defeated motion cease employing troops votes murray popular government george result absence strong attorney general murray spoke government matters helped lord write pass act abolish old hereditary positions scotland drafted government response attempt king prussia neutral shipping lord called foundation modern law neutrality described response reply death frederick heir british throne march caused constitutional chaos george wished appoint favourite son prince william duke cumberland regent heir apparent george iii child public favoured child mother princess attempt reach compromise government introduced bill parliament declaring regent council george heir reached maturity murray speech supporting government proposal despite parliament convinced council necessary march prime minister henry died necessitated cabinet attorney general sir lord chief justice king bench murray attorney general place months later master rolls died murray asked replace declined want leave majesty service died unexpectedly murray turn opportunity immediately applied replace lord chief justice accepted appointment delighted murray government concerned loss good attorney general attempt persuade stay new prime minister duke newcastle offered lancaster addition position attorney general extra year pension finally attempted blackmail saying accepted office lord chief justice government refuse grant customary lord chief justices given murray responded saying situation refuse lord chief justice attorney general newcastle gave promised allow lord chief justice recommend seen excellent result murray interest politics stepping stone member judiciary murray suited politics far calculating independent thought accept party doctrine scottish roots allowed endless controversy accused bishop gloucester having drunk health old knees story proven false embarrassed murray late rivalry william highlighted politics unlike politicians philip edward temperament resist widely felt prime minister death henry set genius false environment declined opportunities return politics lord chief justice lord chief justice wishing judge required law murray left lincoln inn join inn qualified law november sworn lord chief justice house lord chancellor evening immediately created baron november sworn suspended duties temporarily april appointed chancellor old custom lord chief justice took position served april evidence performing standard day day duties cabinet minister serving lord chief justice stayed reform sat court november time low estimate common law england administer legal system period immediately norman conquest england completely 18th century britain greatest manufacturing commercial country world immediately began reform way law courts worked acts lord chief justice change system submitting motions day court session invited submit motions order allowed submit motions wanted time junior allowed submit motions normally end day meant work went senior time prepare properly going court addition meant work junior scarce careers changed system allowed submit motion day heard end day continue left morning time traditional reserved small number cases useful majority cases simply coming court expensive wasted time soon lord chief justice changed rules court doubts evidence presented judgment immediately far reaching effect english courts judges court appeal high_court justice reserved minority cases reforms led court king bench active courts expense court common pleas described hollow law changes eighteenth century english merchant law based medieval series customs principles regulate trading countries europe reformed law resulting english merchant law century law european countries merchant nature international inconsistencies english law law nations business difficult great effort bring english merchant law standards european nations defining position saying daily negotiations property merchants ought depend rules easily learned easily retained common sense drawn truth case european countries principle merchant bound promises signed legal documents english lawyers maintained merchant legally bound documents signed european principle based assumption good faith merchants completely lacking english law carter got chance reform law relating assumption good faith carter governor fort built british east india company sumatra indonesia took insurance policy fort taken foreign enemy witness called captain testified carter knew fort built resist attacks natives european enemies french likely attack french attack refused insurance claim decided favour saying carter failed duty judgment said insurance contract based speculation special facts contingent chance lie commonly knowledge representation proceeds confidence knowledge belief exist induce estimate exist good faith party privately knows draw bargain ignorance fact believing contrary attempt introduce assumption good faith english law failed areas english commercial law longer use insurance contracts insurance agreements inevitably knows risk involved requirement pre contractual good faith reason tell truth insurance companies contracts earlier case rose van tried challenge doctrine consideration english law consideration vital contract valid consideration contract void argued judgment treated evidence contract vital element failed clear referring consideration commercial contracts general contracts result judgment read consideration required contract judgment criticised legal academics effectively overruled house_of_lords hughes enforced previous judgement court king bench allowed special jury merchants sit cases involving commercial law built special corps edward noted experts commercial law lord acted effective liaison merchants courts personally supporter free trade heavily influenced roman law ancient roman greek writers heard case gilbert payment insurance claim slaves killed thrown overboard captain slave ship event known massacre jury verdict said case slaves horses thrown board uphold notion slaves property destroyed situations absolute necessity new information introduced case ruled owners ship achieved aim preventing maritime insurance law complicated copyright law notable judgment taylor relation copyright law andrew purchased publishing rights james poem seasons term exclusive rights granted statute anne expired robert taylor began publishing competing publication contained poem sitting judges concluded despite statute anne perpetual common law copyright works considered public domain massive victory publishers meant effectively impossible new companies compete absence new texts print judgment finally overruled house_of_lords judgment criticised unusually short sighted failed decision correct particular case precedent set create unfair monopoly publishers small number cases overruled entire career overturned higher court judgement seen wider agenda legal figures sir william personally favour perpetual copyright parliament failed renew licensing acts result press free print material attacking government attempts force new licensing act parliament succeeded despite freedom press censorship government judiciary held different view regularly tried people libel printed material attacking government november letters written man pseudonym published public london newspaper run henry attacked political leaders including lord letters wildly popular circulation public doubled months december wrote letter attacking king government ordered people arrested tried libel including publishing letters john selling john miller case heard westminster hall jury june found guilty unclear fashion punished tried june jury believed language jury disagreed held guilty printing publishing innocent libel miller tried july hours discussion jury found innocent result trials clear jury convict printer printing letters leaving free continue publishing november letter directed published public london evening post newspaper run john miller attacked scottish finally attempting suppress freedom press response letter dated november following threat sir future ill founded pen called answer conduct way cause regret born nature given abilities guided discretion blessing curse mankind attorney general william grey advised publishers prosecuted disagreed saying failed respond bored stop writing evidently correct letter printed october ceased write beginning case best known judgment case legality keeping slaves england english involved slave trade ships registered liverpool bristol london carried half slaves shipped world james slave owned charles stewart american customs officer sailed britain business landing november days later attempted escape recaptured november imprisoned ship ann mary owned captain john bound british colony jamaica stewart intended sell people claiming john thomas elizabeth application court king bench writ corpus captain ordered produce court king bench determine imprisonment legal ordered hearing january following case heard february meantime case attracted great deal attention press members public forthcoming donations fund lawyers sides argument activist sharp continually sought test cases legal slavery real case heard fewer advocates appeared slave speaking separate hearings february lawyers included william john james francis later noted based work case charles stewart represented john james wallace behalf argued colonial laws permit slavery common law england law parliament recognised existence slavery slavery illegal english contract law allow person contract binding person consent arguments focused legal details humanitarian principles law passed said lands forts slaves owned africa company property crown interpreted mean crown accepted slavery lawyers charles stewart case argued contract sale slave recognised england existence slaves legally valid attorneys sides given arguments called saying case required consultation judges finally june gave judgment ruled master carry slave england force concluded state slavery nature incapable introduced reasons moral political positive law preserves force long reasons occasion time created erased memory suffered support positive law follow decision case allowed approved law england black discharged end slavery confirmed illegal england wales rest british_empire result decision slaves immediately freed england remained masters paid employees decision apparently immediately followed hunted kidnapped london liverpool bristol sold incident recounted autobiography interesting narrative uncertain applied specified great niece elizabeth considered free woman born slavery illegitimate daughter nephew west_indies lived wife years addition advertisements slaves continued bought sold england referred slaves judgment later case slavery completely abolished british_empire decision considered significant step recognising slavery lord rule lord frequently mentioned modern legal settings lord rule words law england clear father mother admitted issue born marriage quote comes decision moss primary legal question case principle applies children born marriage child born marriage question statements child parents allegedly deaths introduced evidence child born marriage illegitimate ruled admit testimony child legitimacy grant new trial term lord rule slightly different sense denote principle applied jurisdictions marriage creates conclusive husband wife child house_of_lords formation fox north coalition agreed act speaker house_of_lords taking post february main item debate coalition ministry east india bill provoked bitter arguments house_of_lords house_of_commons attempt speed process passing bill left position speaker debate directly december failed help returned day failure bill caused government immediately dismissed left position december earl county nottingham october attended lords lord speaker record attending presence state opening parliament march december retirement despite failing health refused officially leave post lord chief justice george iii opposed appointment protégé francis position resigned government time instead suggested lloyd possible successor office despite sitting court years hope government fall forced retire june wrote letter resignation effective day spent remainder life house time spent maintaining grounds summer visited groups informed court august earl county middlesex march complained feeling recovered day march complaining need sleep went bed early remained asleep march finally died body buried north westminster abbey left large money death including land worth gave francis legacy english law saw significant changes career lord chief justice reform way courts worked making easier people gain access legal aid making process expensive noted insistence equity applied courts court view provoked disagreement lifetime eventually confirmed parliament supreme_court act allowed courts cases equity established principle following precedent judges seek find rules longer applicable later received support oliver holmes said better reason rule law laid time henry grounds laid vanished long rule simply blind imitation past principle society alter law adapt situations mankind leading john baker describe judicial spirits important contributions commercial merchant common law spent time bringing law england par countries particularly cases rose van carter result work described later judge founder commercial law country criticised resistance freedom press refusal king blatant highlighted attempts francis lord chief justice retirement criticised politician support government antagonistic colonies john adams described responsible revolution man scholars john gray questioned reputation universally successful judge saying reputation lord commercial lawyer blind fact equally great law real property opinion intention ruling somerset case mixed current prevailing view intend free slaves judgment particularly narrow ruled master carry slave england force slaves came england seen particularly telling primary argument murray wanted slaves completely bits judicial precedent based decision smith harvey comments case suggest complete emancipation intent preliminary judgment said setting men free loose opinion effect threatens modern legal scholar interprets indicative reluctance decision fear economic consequences comments thomas private letters comments decision inhabitants thames suggest emancipation goal marriage lady barren title succeeds day passed nephew david murray 2nd earl honours stephen hall notable look visitors parliament marble monument john installed westminster abbey shows murray flanked wisdom justice inscription reads murray long country pride pope fulfilled year william earl died years honours honours declined accepted following appointed solicitor general attorney general lord chief justice baron earl love bore place early education desired buried cathedral privately forbidden instance human monument memory sum interest amounted thousand pounds left purpose bailey inn meant mark esteem previous knowledge suspicion power prevent executed fourth son david fifth married lady elizabeth daughter daniel earl nottingham issue born 2nd march died 20th march town massachusetts apparently named reputation lincoln inn offer series scholarship bar course named lord scholarship portrayed character times television film fight slavery john richmond british west tom lady david character noted bar parliament sitting judge skill speaker particular lord described comparison best speaker house_of_commons hard worker court judicial duties attempt speed legal process summarised jones conservative silver energetic cultivated read highly imaginative lawyer looked reason legacy past contemporary said superiors force equals rival excelled statement case worth argument man comment samuel johnson caught young directed johnson described mere lawyer edward considered important lawyers history english law lawyer unlike noted keeping cool head point criticised moderate unlike aggressive edward asked replied sir edward speech gain sir edward estates reputation conflicting reports temperament attitude judge william described bad judge proud bar hasty charles said offensive unpopular opinions suspect constant rival attempting beat position lord chancellor time edward said judge contemporaries memory regarded greater respect affection described great law called legal genius generation compared favourably joseph story judge supreme_court united_states noted brilliance americans julian founder university arkansas school law described greatest common law judge greatest judge anglo american legal history joseph story said broke narrow barrier common law feudal great men raised providence fortunate moment effect revolution world


adrian fisher adrian fisher january march american lawyer federal public servant served late 1930s early 1980s associated department war department state professional career participated government decision carry japanese american international trial state department cold war activities harry administration state department legal adviser secretary state dean john kennedy johnson jimmy carter fisher directly involved negotiations international nuclear testing non agreements early life early government career fisher born memphis tennessee fisher fisher attended elite schools saint princeton_university harvard law school fisher known life nickname early days football player princeton lettering late 1930s fisher lived arlington virginia estate known hall house semi famous bachelor house rooms rented fisher william william john john edward philip graham hall known social venue likes dean francis fisher admitted tennessee bar distinction supreme_court justices louis fisher began legal career appointment law clerk supreme_court justice louis years old early announced retirement supreme_court fisher invited transfer chambers recently appointed supreme_court justice following term clerk fisher joined united_states department state assistant chief foreign funds control division state department served shortly japanese attack pearl harbor world war government military service early fisher john assigned assist implementation united_states war department legal activities japanese american programs shortly united_states entered world war late fisher received officer commission trained bomber navigator united_states_army air forces missions france belgium germany returned washington assistant assistant secretary war john supreme_court case fisher required involved japanese americans west_coast united_states return europe time case united_states challenging government power exclude citizens japanese ancestry military zones came united_states supreme_court department justice assistant attorney general charge defending government position supreme_court significant consultation fisher required legal affairs section war department period fisher involved critical drafting government brief submitted supreme_court international trial captain fisher served james legal advisor attorney general francis united_states member international military tribunal trial fisher principal tribunal memorandum nazi leadership engage crimes peace document covering period november demonstrated pace armament adolf_hitler showed germans developing economic system sensible war return washington service dean return europe exit army air_force fisher served solicitor department commerce fisher general counsel atomic energy commission served legal advisor rank assistant secretary state department state serving office secretary state dean fisher served legal advisor delegation united_nations paris fisher appointed president harry original commissioner president commission immigration commission established executive office president executive order establishing president commission immigration specific context commission enactment walter act passed president veto main disagreement act retention system began congress passed act veto formed commission charged looking new options immigration policy secretary state appointment fisher state department legal adviser unique time fisher professional relationship fisher role legal adviser explained michael state department assistant legal adviser economic affairs insisted having legal adviser lawyer ability lawyer judgment politics greatly respected got adrian fisher involved political activities involved secretary state involved lot controversial things mccarthy era attack concept foreign service state department terrific controversy china lost china fisher right hand dealing people things went fisher office getting necessary background information prepared kind question came course approach secretary state took agreement signed chief question authority sign brought signed ready answer satisfy lawyer legal authority provides forth building bomb late president asked dean concentrate question united_states develop hydrogen bomb formed working group united_states national security council executive secretary consisting gordon paul fisher served state department legal adviser project view member working group mind said state department fisher don think necessary persuade anybody mind wasn choice fisher working group recommended internal study conducted overall foreign policy newly developing cold war classified study called blueprint doctrine communism provided overall policy concepts participation cold war 1950s congressional hearings firing general douglas april president announced dismissal general douglas duties allied commander united_nations forces far_east following firing subsequent public outcry joint committee armed services foreign relations united_states senate conducted inquiry removal fisher assigned responsibility coordination state department congressional testimony firing general fisher capitol hill fist fight august fisher involved incident secretary state dean senator kenneth nebraska republican minority whip united_states senate hearing senate foreign relations committee hearing senator began events korea suddenly jumped chair raised fisher required physically hold striking incident told eye witness john assistant director office international security affairs department state day administration threw big guns secretary louis johnson william foster time going rough republican table consciously lost temper remarks got tried adrian fisher state department legal adviser close friend caught arm fortunately missed feet probably fallen flat face floor great scene portrayed film candidate frank major taking fisher role instance united_states secretary defense nuclear arms control activities fisher served deputy director arms control agency took primary negotiations role atomic test ban treaty soviet_union time deputy john adviser president fisher served chief nuclear non treaty signed united_states united_kingdom soviet_union countries july collection letters adrian fisher president johnson secretary state dean perception activities arms control maintained federation american scientists return private law practice academics fisher entered private law practice dwight administration fisher joined firm dean time general counsel washington_post fisher connection washington_post arose close friendship post owner graham early days washington fisher graham supreme_court justice shared rented house belonging future secretary state dean brother fisher served dean georgetown university law center washington according report georgetown student newspaper fisher candidate position simply submitted heard looking new person called asked considered dean fisher installed francis brown chair international law center january served law professor representative president jimmy carter nominated fisher rank ambassador serving representative conference committee served united_states represented fisher special session united_nations general_assembly held led established conference single negotiating forum international community return academics fisher joined faculty george mason university school law arlington virginia teaching negotiation tactics george mason law review named annual award best student article honor fisher fisher served advisor john hearings commission wartime relocation civilians established congress commission reviewed impact executive order japanese americans determined victims discrimination federal government fisher died march aged cancer home washington


stephen stephen born august associate justice supreme_court united_states appointed president bill_clinton known pragmatic approach constitutional law generally associated liberal court following supreme_court associate justice arthur known law professor lecturer harvard law school starting specialized administrative law writing number influential textbooks remain use today held prominent positions nominated supreme_court including special assistant united_states assistant attorney general assistant special prosecutor special prosecution force serving circuit court appeals book active liberty attempt systematically lay views legal theory arguing judiciary seek resolve issues manner encourages popular participation governmental decisions early life education born san_francisco california son anne née roberts raised middle class jewish family legal counsel san_francisco board education younger brother charles federal district judge eagle scouts san_francisco troop paternal great grandfather emigrated romania united_states settling cleveland grandfather born graduated high school member forensic society debated regularly high school tournaments including future california governor jerry brown future harvard law school professor tribe received bachelor_of_arts philosophy stanford_university bachelor_of_arts college oxford_university marshall scholar bachelor laws harvard law school fluent french married hare psychologist member british aristocracy youngest daughter john hare 1st adult children episcopal priest author close michael legal career served law clerk associate justice arthur term list served briefly fact warren commission special assistant united_states assistant attorney general assistant special prosecutor special prosecution force special counsel senate committee judiciary served chief counsel committee worked closely chairman committee senator edward kennedy pass airline act closed civil board lecturer assistant professor law professor harvard law school starting taught serving professor harvard kennedy school government harvard known leading expert administrative law wrote highly influential books breaking vicious circle effective risk regulation regulation reform wrote uneasy case copyright widely cited skeptical examinations copyright visiting professor college law sydney australia university rome university law school judicial career judge united_states court appeals circuit court chief judge days president jimmy carter administration november carter nominated circuit senate confirmed december vote served member judicial conference united_states united_states sentencing commission sentencing commission played key role reforming federal criminal sentencing procedures producing federal sentencing guidelines formulated increase sentencing president bill_clinton considered seat vacated white ultimately went justice appointment came shortly following retirement harry clinton nominated associate justice supreme_court year confirmed senate vote took seat august second longest serving junior justice history court close surpassing record set justice joseph story days february september fell days short tying record reached march justice samuel joined court january judicial philosophy general pragmatic approach law tend law sensible according attack powerful convincing said assessing law colleagues emphasize language literal reading constitution text history tradition looks closely purpose consequences consistently voted favor abortion rights controversial areas supreme_court defended supreme_court use foreign law international law binding authority decisions recognized interests law enforcement legislative supreme_court amendment demonstrated consistent pattern congress voting congressional legislation lower rate supreme_court justice extensive experience administrative law accompanied staunch defense federal sentencing guidelines rejects strict interpretation sixth amendment espoused justice facts necessary criminal punishment submitted jury proved reasonable doubt areas court considered intellectual philosophy describing philosophy noted use tools text history tradition precedent purpose statute consequences competing interpretations notes differentiate supreme_court argues sources necessary case purpose fact provide greater legal interpretation looking merely ambiguous statutory text consequences argues considering impact legal interpretations way ensuring consistency law intended purpose active liberty judicial philosophy active liberty interpreting democratic constitution urges judges interpret legal provisions constitution statutes light purpose text consequences specific fit purposes book considered response book matter interpretation emphasized adherence original meaning text active liberty argues constitution sought establish democratic government involving maximum liberty citizens refers berlin concepts liberty concept people understand liberty freedom government berlin termed negative liberty warned calls modern liberty second concept positive liberty freedom participate government terminology active liberty judge champion having established active liberty primary importance concept competing idea negative liberty argues predominantly case judges making effect democratic intentions constitution books historical premises practical challenged example according peter reason primarily democratic nature constitution governmental structure obvious puts true sense constitution active liberty modern negative liberty position demonstrates fidelity constitution argues determination rewrite constitution priorities suggests inconsistent failing apply standard issue abortion instead preferring decisions protect women modern liberty remove controversial issues democratic discourse failing answer charge living judge law unto argues active liberty suggests necessary instead choosing consequence serves regards constitution leading purpose determine constitution leading purpose basis consequence prefers charge defended noting justices late court showed highest percentage votes uphold acts congress decision executive branch according new_yorker judicial approach based active liberty yield solutions constitutional debate words democratic process mean role enforcing limits constitution bill rights separation powers point discussion new_york historical society march noted democratic means bring end slavery concept man vote allowed corrupt inspired state laws overturned favor civil rights books released second book making democracy work judge view isbn released book court world american law new global realities examining international law realities world need considered cases views interview fox news sunday december stated based values historical record founding fathers united_states intended guns history supports views district_of_columbia summarized acting judges going decide basis history way scope right bear arms machine guns torpedoes like shoot pistols targets subway maryland problem don think wants gun wake controversy justice samuel reaction president barack_obama criticism court citizens united ruling state union address said continue attend address think important important state union people today visual people state union federal government like judges federal judges government honors honored distinguished eagle scout award boy scouts america


scott green scott green april judge united_states district court eastern district pennsylvania green eighteenth african american article iii judge appointed united_states second african american judge united_states district court eastern district pennsylvania years federal bench judge green presided number notable cases regarded popular judges district personal life judge green born april philadelphia pennsylvania father robert lewis green come united_states thomas island virgin islands green attended west philadelphia high school graduating initially thought going college intending instead immediately work worked philadelphia restaurant drug manufacturing company took job united_states_army signal corps judge green enlisted united_states_army air corps predecessor united_states_air_force time armed forces segregated green initially optimistic military going good life unit shipped fort lee virginia field air_force base mississippi unit arrived driven past barracks green later describe tent city green realized real segregated army long service standards unacceptable acceptable considering fact country war green served rising rank sergeant returned philadelphia march intending use benefits bill attend university planned major electrical engineering field worked time army classes starting september green began look work seeking employment temple university green learned temple classes beginning weeks decided green entered school business economics major planned certified public adviser told jobs available african american philadelphia green decided pursue career law father dreamed green received economics finishing undergraduate degree years graduating honors enrolled temple law school black students ultimately graduate graduate larry judge law school green member court team law review competed court team won philadelphia regional american bar association competition national competition green team faced yale court team included future law partner judicial colleague green received honors graduating class awarded graduation prizes receiving highest grades constitutional law conflicts law legal career green passed pennsylvania bar exam achieving highest score state green early included robert lived street green family january admitted bar green took practice thomas reed black philadelphia lawyer joining philadelphia district attorney office richardson green interviewed office decided couldn fit prosecutor green worked solo march entered partnership harvey firm known green harris joined partners austin prominent african american political figure joined firm known green harris firm african american law firm philadelphia firm numbered dozen lawyers given time produced federal judges green served district court later elevated circuit william hall african american appointed federal magistrate judge addition members firm harris harvey elected judges philadelphia court common pleas william brown appointed president nixon chair equal employment opportunity commission green practice firm diverse initially firm practice primarily criminal defense new partners added firm expanded include civil work eventually overwhelming majority work green eventually developed specialized practice representing churches including national baptist convention african methodist episcopal church church lord jesus christ faith father divine additionally green represented parties supreme_court decision brown board education attempt integrate student teacher populations area school districts remained firm appointment bench green entered public service special deputy commonwealth attorney general assigned counsel director bureau compensation addition representing director green responsible approving claims compensation disease statute commonwealth involved green unsuccessfully ran republican nomination philadelphia city_council judicial career green initially hesitant seeking position bench enjoyed practice law began seek appointment state court late 1950s green lifelong member republican_party serving ward leader green attempt gain seat bench unanimously endorsed republican_party seat municipal court lost general election green joined group republican ward leaders broke main party led sheriff austin support governor william scranton ward leaders voted office green retained position sheriff told longer support appointment bench green support bernard chancellor philadelphia bar association law partner austin chancellor temple university robert johnson appointed governor scranton head merit commission select nominees state court positions addition green endorsed newspapers state scranton ultimately appoint green judge court common pleas philadelphia elected term general election green served primarily juvenile court judge state court vacancy created district court eastern district pennsylvania judge wood assumed senior status senator hugh scott supported green fill position green support billy son sheriff austin time head philadelphia republican committee president nixon nominated green december confirmed united_states senate december receiving commission december green declined seat united_states court appeals circuit citing joy district court job provided numerous friendships enjoyed assumed senior status april continued serving capacity death time bench green remained popular judge survey philadelphia lawyers concluded green liked judge bench attorneys praise wonderful demeanor notable cases judge green presided number notable cases year tenure eastern district pennsylvania state police judge green ordered pennsylvania state police william minority dismissed case began resulted consent decree required state police hire minority non minority hired set additional goals promotion retention minority judge green presided consent decree years case credited helping abolish racism hiring integrate state police judge green threw fraud conviction pennsylvania state senator vincent concluding government failed prove involved single scheme pad state ghost workers alleged indictment decision upheld appeal united_states court appeals circuit awards honors judge green recipient william award awarded spirit excellence award american bar association philadelphia chapter judicial council national bar association named judge green honor criminal law committee federal bar association philadelphia chapter gives scott green bill rights award dinner event judge green lifetime trustee temple university member board trustees philadelphia state hospital children hospital philadelphia death judge green suffered cerebral died pneumonia philadelphia survived wife daughter


paul lawyer paul august march american lawyer chicago real estate founded park township included known south far southeast sides chicago cook county illinois united_states turned south lake michigan area especially park community area neighboring neighborhoods resort community 1850s early 20th century urban paved way preserved parks chicago park district additionally successful entrepreneur interests manufacturing hotels modern legacy includes large parks chicago park district jackson park washington park midway washington park south southeast sides chicago developed eventually annexed city chicago result background born upstate new_york distinguished new_england family descendant thomas family north_america cousin founder university father died time family moved adams county county area worked pay schooling passed illinois bar examination moved chicago unfortunately entire savings stolen hotel room night town sympathetic lawyer provided loan job law office skinner met senator stephen douglas married sister law john evans named strong local connections related founders northwestern university evans george riverside improvement company brother law purchased area 51st 55th west purchase later purchased lands purchased uncle add park park douglas advised consider investing land south city limits horseback travels area began viable community following advice douglas bought acres km2 property 51st street 55th street speculative investment area miles south mouth chicago river miles south downtown chicago 1850s chicago urban area contained miles radius center common development companies locate hotels near rail depots introduce visitors new suburbs paul invented chicago railroad suburb effort improve land value acres km2 illinois central railroad exchange 53rd street train station commitment daily connections chicago central depot direction marketed neighborhood wealthy resort area selected park associate area elite high class neighborhoods new_york london time built park house story hotel 53rd street lake michigan hotel focal point community drew affluent guests leisure time income site occupied house hotel helped thriving affluent community area residents petitioned illinois general_assembly create park township paul specifically forbade heavy industry development park philosophy later plan maintained character park intended elite suburb bordering chicago selling large lots affluent afford neighborhood flourished generations entire park township area south 39th street north street east state street population population population voted annexation city chicago paul planned advocated town park adjoining park shaped town plan cornerstone institution rival northwestern university thwarted decision establish theological seminary north come fruition foundation university_of_chicago philanthropy john marshall field park maintained racially restrictive excluding african americans purchasing occupying homes park nearly years tool struck united_states supreme_court case lee concerning nearby washington park subdivision death bequeathed east end park renamed washington park city stone pictured commemorates gift civic leadership considered father south parks system extensive efforts american_civil_war create parks system south chicago real estate developer presented convincing case city developers parks system increase value land surrounding based arguments new_york_city central park substantially raised surrounding real estate values repeated attempts eventually got plan illinois general_assembly civic leader peer william baron west parks commissioner commissioned urban landscape designers frederick law cleveland create implement coordinated parks boulevard system design railroad served suburbs complement urban civilization state passed parks law created north south west parks district parks districts established municipal corporations funding based real estate service area legislation provided orderly growth evolution city outlining powers duties parks districts geography parks connecting able benefit financially million spent parks remainder century assume position influence parks served years south parks commission regulated parks south city position enabled pursue vision park system lungs great city future generations served park township town supervisor today jackson park washington park washington park stand testament efforts parks major selling points contributed growth park ventures built park hotel left site home lake park east park boulevard hotel expanded hotel expanded second time doubled capacity rooms right paul purchased prairie miles south loop intersection lake shore michigan southern railway illinois central railroad location 75th street south chicago avenue subdivided parcels sale 1870s area named grand crossing accumulated total acres km2 land point reason changed pre existence illinois paul established watch factory street illinois central tracks grand crossing ventures founded republic life insurance company american bronze company served secretary group purchased acres km2 create oak woods cemetery feet tall monument cemetery memorials avenue running east block south south drive running east block jackson park streets different names street park historical society gives annual paul awards


born august chicago lawyer public official democratic primary candidate united_states senate candidate mayor chicago served chief staff mayor richard board president chicago public schools named outstanding school board president illinois state board education board president chicago park district board president city colleges chicago june named chairman illinois state board education illinois governor pat quinn early life education born august mexican american father greek lithuanian mother née younger brothers grew chicago park neighborhood mother worked secretary university illinois chicago college attended closed school lady good counsel catholic elementary school 35th headed altar boys patrol boys played baseball years hip injury kept wheelchair freshman year thomas kelly high school pursued pre medical degree university illinois sophomore year transferred university illinois chicago political science major volunteered 11th ward later secured city department planning senior year worked received bachelor degree worked city_council finance committee finance committee chair edward promoted research manager senior research assistant department planning economic development time took night classes university chicago school law earned law degree member law review married twice wife daughters currently married sunny son daughter previous marriage department education employee sunny runs consulting firm focuses services curriculum advice legal career austin began working associate chicago based law firm austin served general counsel chicago development council real estate development association left firm deputy chief staff mayor richard later returned partner leading firm practice related state local government gray left austin senior partner gray oscar friend richard partner suggested firm managing partner firm hire years later age chairman firm gave hundreds thousands dollars governor rod attorney general lisa campaigns chairman simultaneously running senate dissolved partners blamed bankruptcy poor management attorney sat financial committees blamed economic served special counsel planning department colleague marcus formed general practice law firm clients seeking government business chief staff chicago mayor richard deputy chief staff mayor richard coordinated efforts drain freight tunnels flooded water chicago river later promoted chief staff position held duties oversaw completion international terminal hare international airport preparations world cup construction new schools budget director paul helped add officers police force improved neighborhoods city program called neighborhoods alive chicago public schools board illinois state legislature passed chicago school reform act gave mayor chicago unprecedented new control chicago public schools asked ceo declined resuming law career instead recommended appoint colleague paul ceo named chairman school reform board trustees named outstanding school board president illinois state board education reforms education fiscal policies responsible efforts preserve restore hundreds murals public schools commissioned president franklin roosevelt progressive new deal eras hidden layers dirt paint administration appointed arts education task force bureau cultural arts campaign senate ran democratic nomination succeed retiring republican senator peter democrat declare candidacy july rally hispanic leaders senate committee preferences included education transportation foreign relations criticized campaign reform act child left act supported gay marriage abortion rights stem cell research death penalty universal healthcare candidate supported gay marriage seven democrats republicans state senator barack_obama ultimately won nomination candidates including chicago park district board october mayor appointed president chicago park district board commissioners supported construction new soccer field lincoln park despite opposition local residents stepped city colleges chicago board march mayor nominated chairman board trustees city colleges chicago board elected chairman chancellor reformed city colleges budget laying employees removing jobs reducing executive spending increase spending technology training students furthermore reduced taxation property straight years cancelled nursing programs resigned months later run mayor chicago campaign mayor chicago september announced run mayor chicago candidates ballot raised million campaign funds pledged hire police officers offer raise funds opposed making school board elected body favored extending school day school year picked endorsements unions represented police officers firefighters laborers painters operating engineers iron workers sheet metal workers considered leading candidate election considered rival best chance forcing runoff election february support support won chicago won campaign communications director claimed controversy eligibility run mayor diverted focus press away candidates election remained involved runoff elections city offices endorsing candidate 25th ward state board education named chairman illinois state board education june confirmation delayed result questions ties save life foundation failed charity undergoing investigation illinois attorney general lisa office