yugoslav coup état yugoslav coup état occurred march belgrade kingdom yugoslavia coup planned conducted group pro western nationalist royal yugoslav air_force officers formally led air_force general associated number coup plots onwards practical purposes brigadier general military aviation major yugoslav royal guards brother performed leadership roles conduct coup addition civilian leaders probably aware coup launched moved support occurred organisers communist_party yugoslavia played coup significant contribution mass street protests cities signalled popular support coup occurred coup successful member regency prince paul government prime minister days coup government signed vienna protocol accession yugoslavia pact axis coup planned months signing pact spurred organisers carry encouraged british special operations executive military conspirators brought power year old king peter declared age assume throne government national unity formed prime minister vice coup led directly german led axis invasion yugoslavia background according economics professor historian kingdom yugoslavia politically weak moment creation remained interwar period mainly rigid system strong association national group dominant religion uneven economic development particular religious serbian orthodox church national affairs discrimination roman catholics muslims compounded dissatisfaction non population dominated ruling groups treated non serbs second class citizens system arose serbian military strength sustained corruption lack discipline political parties state affairs maintained democratic system government domination rest yugoslavia ruling meant country consolidated political sense able address social economic challenges faced political scientist professor sees lack legitimacy regime reasons kingdom internal politics phenomenon referred national question yugoslavia failures establish rule law protect individual rights build tolerance equality guarantee neutrality state matters relating religion language culture contributed resulting instability democracy abandoned royal dictatorship established king alexander attempted break ethnic divisions country number means including creating administrative divisions croatian based rivers traditional regions significant opposition opposition parties figures advocating division yugoslavia based administrative units discontent largely populated developed blown civil disorder regime countered series attempted arrests key croatian opposition figures including leader croatian peasant party croatian alexander assassinated cousin prince paul headed regency members senator governor regency ruled behalf alexander year old son prince peter important member regency prince paul prince paul liberal cousin dictatorship continued dictatorship allowed country follow consistent foreign policy yugoslavia needed peace home order assure peace neighbours designs territory yugoslav foreign policy interwar period country negotiated little romania czechoslovakia face hungarian designs territory decade treaties arrangements followed following year balkan yugoslavia greece romania turkey aimed bulgarian aspirations period yugoslav government sought remain good friends france seeing european peace treaties treaty friendship signed arrangements place italy posed biggest problem yugoslavia funding anti yugoslav internal revolutionary organisation promoted bulgarian attempts king alexander negotiate fell deaf ears alexander assassination note happened aftermath alexander assassination yugoslavia isolated militarily reached france assist relationship italy agreement prince paul recognised lack national solidarity political weakness country assumed power repeated attempts negotiate political settlement leader dominant political party yugoslavia january prime minister milan met prince paul request unwilling unable issue dissatisfaction yugoslavia dominated ruling class brought borders yugoslavia early elections held december background involved coup plots early driven opposition vatican coup plot following december election december elections united opposition led attracted cent vote electoral rules government parties received cent seats national assembly votes counted opposition vote translated seats total february minister education nationalist speech assembly stated policies policies house government head yugoslav muslim organization asked statement behest senate leader evening ministers resigned government including politician sought authority prince paul form new cabinet head senate advised prince form new government prince paul dismissed appointed place direction reach agreement negotiations ongoing italy invaded albania august agreement concluded create croatia relatively autonomous political unit yugoslavia considered agreement far serbs believed went far giving power led cabinet formed wake agreement anti axis included members deputy prime minister general milan minister army navy outbreak world war september german pressure government resulted resignation minister interior organising covert anti axis activities october approached planning coup non outbreak war british diplomacy focused keeping yugoslavia neutral ambassador campbell apparently believed possible pressure builds time german invasion poland subsequent outbreak war september yugoslav intelligence service british intelligence agencies large scale country cooperation existed lesser extent early 1930s intensified combined intelligence operations aimed strengthening yugoslavia keeping neutral encouraging covert activities mid late british intelligence aware coup plotting managed track plans preferring continue working prince paul office belgrade went significant lengths support opposition anti axis government undermined hard won balance yugoslav politics government represented belgrade pro policies interests disregarded warnings british diplomats better understood situation yugoslavia yugoslavia situation worsened october italy invaded greece albania initial failure italians increased yugoslav germany forced help italy september november respectively germany forced kingdom hungary kingdom romania pact early november general believed germany win war proposed government abandon neutral stance join axis soon possible hope germany protect yugoslavia neighbors days later prince paul having realised following advice replaced general december initiative prime minister hungary count hungary concluded friendship non aggression treaty yugoslavia concept received support germany italy actual signing treaty germany planned invasion greece simplified yugoslavia months prince paul ministers overwhelming diplomatic pressure threat attack germans bulgarian territory british promise practical military support months prior coup british policy government yugoslavia shifted acceptance yugoslav neutrality country support war germany january william special president franklin roosevelt visited belgrade issued ultimatum saying yugoslavia permitted german troop passage interfere behalf peace talks february adolf_hitler met foreign minister requested yugoslavia accession pact pushed royal yugoslav army partial macedonia parts serbia probably directed italians granting permission transport german supplies yugoslavia territory greater economic cooperation exchange offered port near sea territorial security february bulgaria turkey signed agreement friendship non aggression effectively destroyed attempts create neutral balkan prince paul denounced agreement describing actions february prince paul told minister arthur lane yugoslavia engage german military entered bulgaria explained understood march yugoslavia isolated bulgaria signed pact german_army arrived bulgarian yugoslav border march prince paul secretly met hitler pressured sign pact hitler request troop passage yugoslavia offered greek city time limit prince paul wasn set prince paul middle cabinet crisis offered pact declaration friendship hitler insisted proposals prince paul warned fear follow advice sign pact shall longer months march german chief army general staff expressed expectation sign german troops cross border march prince paul returned told hitler chance yugoslavia join pact time request use yugoslav railways order facilitate accession march prince paul convened crown council discuss terms pact yugoslavia sign council members willing agree condition germany let concessions public germany agreed council approved terms cabinet ministers resigned march protest impending signing pact germans reacted imposing ultimatum accept midnight march chances prince paul obliged accepted despite believing german promises worthless march germany guarantee yugoslavia territorial security promise use railroads publicized united_kingdom alexander permanent secretary state foreign affairs penned diary sold souls devil balkan peoples trash yugoslavia signs pact march pact signed palace vienna official banquet held hitler complained felt like funeral party german radio later announced axis powers demand right passage troops war materials official document mentioned troops omitted mention war materials likewise pledge yugoslavia appear document following day gathered streets belgrade shouting better grave slave better war pact croatian rob rat development coup coup executed march planned group royal yugoslav air_force officers royal guard officers nearby belgrade senior officers involved air_force supervision deputy commander officers assumed control critical buildings locations early hours march including air_force base colonel bridges belgrade colonel city administration police belgrade radio station colonel headquarters general staff major royal court colonel main post office belgrade lieutenant colonel barracks royal guards automotive command despite british support according british diplomat emeritus professor history classics university edinburgh david came stretch imagination british said planned directed coup criticised conclusion pointing evidence dependent british intelligence senior british officials met commander general immediately coup carried british air group captain mcdonald met march british agent met close friend day ordered carry coup hours individuals probably aware coup included president serbian cultural club president national defence contradictory claims leader coup managed execution coming major claimed sole credit immediately coup stated tenth anniversary informed general idea accepted decision undertake planned revolt decision carried organization decision revolt place likely planning coup italo yugoslav pact signed king peter later credited simply younger middle ranks officers yugoslav army coup speech december response published posthumously claimed stood center undertaking personally engaged assistant brigadier general action considers account credible points sources allied axis matter play role divide soon yugoslav government exile war time coup prince paul route planned holiday morning march deputy prime minister informed coup met prince paul railway station discuss situation suggested paul stay possibility army units croatia support prince paul declined offer partially wife princess children remained belgrade reached capital train evening immediately ordered sign papers regency subsequently exiled greece morning march royal palace surrounded coup advocates issued radio message voice peter proclamation people calling support new king pamphlets proclamation coup subsequently dropped cities aircraft demonstrations followed belgrade large serbian cities continued days frequently slogan day coup better war pact better grave slave winston_churchill prime minister united_kingdom commented yugoslavia found soul nations yugoslavia prospect war government close ties serbian orthodox church appealing archbishop president roman catholic conference bishops yugoslavia wrote diary serbs worlds closer act god wrote greatest curse europe greater morality principle truth justice honesty day publicly called catholic clergy pray king peter croatia yugoslavia spared war aftermath new government wake coup new government refused yugoslavia signing pact openly rule hitler angered coup anti german incidents belgrade gathered senior officers ordered yugoslavia crushed delay day coup issued directive called yugoslavia treated hostile state italy included operations directive specific mention induce hungary bulgaria operations offering prospect regaining macedonia furthermore directive stated tensions yugoslavia encouraged giving political assurances march foreign minister summoned german ambassador von handed statement declared new government accept international obligations including accession pact long national interests country protected von returned office discover message berlin instructing contact yugoslav officials avoided recalled berlin reply given april orders issued evacuation german embassy german advised diplomats friendly countries leave country april directive issued detailing plan attack command structure invasion hungary bulgaria promised yugoslav macedonia respectively romanian army asked holding position countries border internal conflict hungary invasion plans army led prime minister suicide evening april representing arrived preparation regime change croatian pilot captain royal yugoslav air_force defected germans april taking valuable information country air defenses named deputy prime minister new government reluctant remained decided considered coup entirely serbian initiative aimed prince paul agreement decided needed support new government joining necessary april travelled belgrade accepted post conditions new government respect agreement expand autonomy croatia respects new government respect country accession pact temporarily assume role day exiled croatian politician leader called start uprising government radio program based italy april new cabinet met time conditions set met appointment given prince peter declared age involving representatives political spectrum cabinet extremely weak included members fell groups strongly opposed axis prepared face war germany advocated peace germany groups follows axis invasion axis invasion yugoslavia began april bombing belgrade forced government seek shelter outside city king peter general planned leave exile refusing leave country resigned april designated successor returned ministers refused leave yugoslavia government met yugoslav soil time april near pale travelled flown country athens result coup work british intelligence anti axis government lost supporting coup undermined balance yugoslav politics achieved agreement nationalists supported welcomed coup ended croatian autonomy agreement freed pursue greater serbia agenda coup immediate aftermath contributed yugoslav government exile rest war ongoing disputes legitimacy agreement legacy prince paul found guilty war crimes september role yugoslav accession pact high_court serbia found sentence politically motivated prince paul officially similar decision war crimes charges relating signing pact books journals websites


action january action january minor naval engagement fought caribbean island guadeloupe napoleonic wars action fought blockade guadeloupe neighbouring martinique large british_royal_navy squadron seeking cut islands contact supplies france preventing passage shipping europe islands british blockade preparation planned invasions year french numerous efforts supply colonies period attempting use fast frigates bring food military stores caribbean past british losing vessels process attempt french frigate brest large cargo flour driven away british expeditionary force recently captured colony took refuge gun batteries guadeloupe discovered anchor january british brig hms hazard isolated attacked british frigates led captain samuel hms ensuing engagement british ships outnumbered overwhelmed opponent capturing ship cargo despite heavy fire french gun battery overlooked anchorage british ships drawn force gathered impending invasion martinique launched days captured successfully completed campaign lasting weeks background summer napoleonic wars years old british_royal_navy success french revolutionary wars continued new conflict dominant sea effort restrict french movement trade british fleet actively blockaded french ports maintaining squadrons fast frigates large ships line important french harbour smaller warships significant intercept vessel attempted enter leave strategy practised french empire particularly west_indies lucrative british trade routes constant risk raiding french warships result economies french colonies especially islands martinique guadeloupe collapsed food stocks military supplies morale began run low messages requesting assistance france intercepted british ships convincing admiralty order invasions french colonies late early expeditionary forces sent occupy smaller colonies major army naval fleet assembled barbados sir alexander readiness attack martinique france news situation west_indies forced authorities action autumn number ships carrying needed food military supplies intercepted including frigate captured action november bay despite losses ships reach destination intact supply ships prepared including frigate ordered transport barrels flour cargo loaded late november early december frigate carrying military supplies soldiers augment garrison ship command captain years old carried heavy guns early december departed brest travelled atlantic encountering british frigate hms bay fired unable catch despite minor damage french ship able reach caribbean incident nearing january surprised small british ship hms emerge harbour manoeuvre ship realising british hands turned sailed northwards concerned stronger british forces nearby fact british ship vicinity severely crew men including local inhabitants recruited spot colony captured days earlier combined british portuguese expeditionary force captain james lucas battle british control speed guadeloupe intending land food supplies reinforcements french held territory attempting return journey europe days crossed caribbean encountering british warships january spotted approaching guadeloupe southwest brig hms hazard captain hugh cameron squadron detached invasion fleet barbados watch french islands sighted french schooner close cameron gave orders brig close larger french frigate instead hours hazard joined frigates hms captain samuel hms jason captain william ships smaller held considerable advantage french ship hazard approaching northeast southeast jason south clear route available eastwards directly guadeloupe yards offshore anchorage protected small gun battery manned soldiers island garrison half hours british ships steadily approached bay hampered light winds breeze strengthened close open fire yards fire position bow began fire opponent shooting away french ship anchors caused swing bow shore able repeatedly ship close range severely damaged unable effectively respond danger british ships coming battery onshore jason hazard joined brig bombarding battery jason opened fire french ship causing damage recognising situation hopeless surrendered french colours fell approximately soldiers sailors board attempted escape captivity diving overboard swimming shore drowned killed jason opened fire swimmers exact losses water unknown remainder survivors including totalled men prisoners war badly damaged towed bay taken british port repairs aftermath casualties minimal recorded jason hazard french battery shore poor position accuracy opponent lost men killed wounded damage masts rigging badly cut losses french crew engagement relatively light dead wounded number men killed attempt reach shore surrendered french frigate badly damaged particularly hull required extensive repairs fit service royal_navy commissioned new hms january fleet barbados including jason hazard sailed martinique arriving days later conducting successful landings points island week french colony british hands fort held weeks surrendering heavy bombardment following month major reinforcement fleet arrived france unable affect situation martinique anchored des small archipelago south guadeloupe blockaded attacked squadron ensuing action april defeated ship line captured remainder driven europe frigates reached guadeloupe later captured subsequent attempts resupply guadeloupe remaining french position west_indies squadron commodore managed capture british frigate action december force intercepted british blockade squadron near guadeloupe action december defeated frigates destroyed forced return europe reaching destination guadeloupe subsequently invaded january captured ending direct french interest americas napoleonic wars


battle bay battle bay sinking engagement fought port bay chilean civil war congressional naval forces april involved torpedo boats lynch congressional armored frigate torpedoes missed hit torpedo lynch sank minutes loss men loss hindered congressional forces ultimately defeated forces august ironclad warship lost self propelled torpedo engagement prompted countries rapidly grow torpedo boat torpedo boat destroyer forces commonly referred destroyers background series struggles multinational interests chilean president refused sign national budget passed chilean national congress dissolved congress dissolution split chilean army navy forces remaining loyal congress president armed conflict ensued mutiny navy time docked supporters forces loyal congress including members dissolved parliament multinational interests bought weaponry europe united_states better equipped forces loyal president rapidly captured chile northern provinces recently conquered peru war pacific controlled current ships chilean navy vessels nearing completion england france including torpedo boats lynch built brothers firm built confederate alabama thirty years lynch carried armament torpedoes pound guns forecastle pound guns machine guns maximum speed knots ships arrived march ships docked bay april commanding officers commander commander juan lynch informed possibility frigate going bay days commanders consulted sent proposal attack government approved arrived bay april command captain escorting transports troops ships landed captured surrounding railroad town returned known torpedo boats nearby believed attack transports torpedo nets left onshore watertight bulkheads isolated hull breech left open battle april set bay miles away lynch yards armed steamer imperial traveled torpedo boats taking position left boats wait distance order escort ships home attack ended torpedo boats entered roughly yards boats came fire rapid fire guns board frigate seven men stationed guards yards fired bow torpedo congressional frigate missed landed shore turned torpedo boat direct fire frigate fired starboard torpedoes torpedo hit failed explode rear torpedo passed clear frigate guns occupied crew notice lynch approaching opposite direction yards lynch fired bow torpedo missed fired forward starboard torpedo executing turning maneuver like second torpedo struck creating hole roughly feet ship sank minutes taking men men escaped including captain animals cargo hold including cow sinking torpedo boats fired pounder hotchkiss guns survivors killing torpedo boats fired transport trying rescue surviving crew including captain men survived aboard entire engagement lasted minutes sank minutes torpedo hit lynch left harbor spotted transport attacked pounder guns ruling guns potential surrendered hour half battle torpedo ships unable seize approaching ship thought chilean cruiser turned neutral hms lynch slightly damaged battle suffering hits steam pipe flooding aft compartment torpedo boats undamaged aftermath impact torpedo use sinking led attack lynch sister ship time moored retreated torpedoes fired august army defeated battle army lost men days later congressional forces marched effectively ending chilean civil war underwent floating attempts war ultimately unsuccessful left bay demolished new bridge construction chilean government launched cruiser battle wider impact naval weapons development ironclad warship sunk self propelled torpedo news attack spread result action navies major powers realized potential torpedoes cheap counter expensive pre dreadnoughts led acceleration submarine torpedo boat production addition torpedo nets ships use moored port addition torpedo tubes surface ships russo japanese war self propelled torpedoes fired instance finishing seriously damaged russian flagship battle torpedo boats sank armored cruisers destroyers course war start world war torpedo boats submarines widespread use navies


bombardment bombardment naval attack city took place november response looting french cargo ship residents city seven hours fighting artillery suffered severe damage french bombarded city night damaging city infrastructure great mosque french losses minimal dead wounded died thirds civilians french forces withdrew sides claimed victory background french conquest algeria declared war france requested assistance sultan morocco sultan responded favorably triggered franco war france sent warships bombard august destroying large parts city defenses french bombarded occupied french army defeated cavalry battle august sultan asked peace france leading signing treaty september morocco defeat caused revolt city nobility known sent letter sultan complaining lack weapons ammunition city french government anger morocco increasing series incidents october damaged relations countries series directed french frontier occurred french consul requested dismissal believed caused issues morocco agricultural crisis caused drought resulting crop failure people morocco suffering price wheat reached unprecedented heights people agricultural crisis anger france ultimately led bombardment april french cargo ship carrying tons goods gibraltar capsized near coast tons goods rescued stored city turned safe day hundreds townspeople stealing goods thieves thwarted temporarily end raids french lost worth goods french diplomat reported situation french accused people city piracy recommended sending military forces city french government obliged november french secretary navy tasked louis execution action vessels assigned regard armed cannons captained louis cannons cannons cannons cannons fleet gathered november supplied food coal sailed november bombardment november french ships traveled picked consul secretary later evening reached offered safe passage british consul family anticipation bombardment city following day anchored cities commander demanded apology raids immediate stolen goods threat bombardment ports cities promised answer french demands hours hours later french ships reached mouth french crews received telegraph admiral suggesting bombardment city begin soon crews welcomed enthusiasm large crowd people gathered observe french ships spotted artillery operators admiral decided starting bombardment consul aboard consul come aboard ship hours later dawn november british steamer joined took consul passenger soldiers prepared repel french attack armed artillery french moved fort entrance river short distance batteries north moved suitable position attack provide logistical support french opened fire forts instantly batteries artillery weapons hour confrontation batteries destroyed artillery damaged level useless french fire intensified damaged batteries removed city forces resistance stop lacking ammunition withdrew battle continued barrage city morning aftermath following day sent report minister war describing french losses took hits dead wounded suffered damage seriously damaged men killed wounded damage considerable wall severely damaged great mosque struck homes destroyed burnt civilians killed seven soldiers battle victory france order prevent receiving similar bombardment morocco agreed pay french november politically battle considered failure france initially france desired revolt governor force avoid destruction city occur french demanded killed christians city sentenced death thieves hands cut governor simply banished people city following confrontation diplomatic relations france morocco ended months french diplomatic mission returned bombardment promoted grand officer legion honor vice admiral february


battle battle croatian artillery bombardment croatian city yugoslav people army took place august june croatian war independence peaked late november december diminished plan accepted combatants attacks infantry armored units targets city accompanied bombardment caused approximately deaths resulted large portion city population leaving croatian sources estimated artillery shells fired period captured november target campaign croatia units 12th sad corps supported volunteer guard achieved modest advances late november early december capturing villages south croatian army maintained defensive limited advances aftermath battle croatian authorities charged thirteen officers war crimes civilians arrests date croatian authorities charged wartime commander defence war crimes committed city convicted received sentences ranging years march judicial proceedings progress background following electoral defeat government socialist republic croatia ethnic tensions worsened yugoslav people army confiscated weapons croatia territorial defence minimize potential resistance august escalating tensions turned open revolt croatian serbs revolt took place predominantly populated areas parts regions eastern croatia january serbia supported montenegro serbia provinces unsuccessful attempts obtain approval yugoslav presidency deploy croatian security forces skirmish insurgents croatian special police march supported serbia allies asked federal presidency grant wartime powers declare state emergency request denied march came control serbian president summer yugoslav federation started fall apart end month conflict escalated resulting fatalities war stepped support insurgents prevent croatian police intervening early april leaders revolt croatia announced intention integrate areas control serbia government croatia considered act timeline intervened directly croatia time july driving croatian forces north city east advance followed intermittent fighting points positions approached yards city limits units near 12th sad corps commanded major general city barracks housed 12th brigade 12th mixed artillery regiment 12th brigade contained handful battalions maintained combat readiness established starting point planned westward offensive croatian forces area formally operational zone command headed colonel practice city defense overseen head national defence office according information presented trial 2000s formally commander city defenses december bombardment city attacked mortar fire july heavily bombarded city center august attacks came positions north east south supported garrisons stationed september inconclusive battle fought kilometres miles city garrisons besieged croatian forces mid september barracks city centre captured september remaining garrison tried break croatian troops besieging barracks heavy fighting reached positions south september intensity increased peaking november december arranged january following acceptance plan artillery attacks dropped intermittent ceased june height intensity bombardment reported reach high shell minute artillery attacks compounded yugoslav air_force strikes city according croatian sources total artillery shells fired period prior start bombardment civilian population totaled city residents municipal residents numbers significantly reduced civilians fled fighting estimated population remained city end november sources placing estimate lower suggesting population city reduced civilians intense periods bombardment remained fighting generally slept bomb shelters ground offensive captured november 12th sad corps supported serbian ministry interior trained volunteer guard started advance west november city appeared target later confirmed general commander 1st military district november captured villages situated approximately kilometres miles south kilometres miles south captured days later developments threatened pointed potential december special envoy secretary general united_nations cyrus visited inspect damage early december modest advances capturing located kilometres miles south december day armoured force unsuccessfully attacked positions held croatian brigade forest near approximately kilometres miles east december pushed croatian troops followed heavy attack repulsed croatian army december december personnel entered village kilometres miles kilometers west executed civilians serbs hungarian captured days later december attacked managed contain attack fighting continued south january operation devil beam advances north threatened control narrow held river city northern edge mid december reduced strip land opposite encompassing suburban settlements order remove threat launched offensive operation devil beam croatian december offensive involving 1st battalion brigade elements special forces battalion based special police unit river flotilla artillery brigade personnel 4th police station successfully pushed north lake located approximately kilometres miles north withdrew village sufficient resources exploit development lost killed offensive advance north halted aftermath june approximately people killed bombardment end croatian war independence total people killed including soldiers civilians city suffered great damage war bulk direct damage occurring consequence bombardment direct war damage sustained city estimated total billion damage regularly recorded volunteers bombardment media reported bombardment journalists city felt receiving low level media coverage compared wartime events croatia attacks welcomed newspaper published serbian orthodox church appeared blessing attack holy war setting context world war concentration camps independent state croatia withdrew croatia continued contribute personnel equipment army republic serbian controlled areas previously held united_nations protection force deployed area basis plan placed heavy weapons storage intermittently bombarded war artillery strike occurred september hostilities ceased november agreement securing restoration croatian rule region november croatian president officially apologized massacre shortly serbian counterpart issued formal apology massacre war crime trials croatian authorities formally charged colonel commanding officer 12th brigade officers war crimes civilian population charges include causing deaths civilians surrounding areas injuries civilians destruction different structures indicted officers remain large serbia district court convicted croatian soldier involvement killings sentenced years prison convicted involvement given year sentence war croatian fighters charged convicted counts murder attempted murder torture civilians found barracks surrendered september received prison sentences years tried alongside crimes received year sentence conviction final avoid fled bosnia granted citizenship sentence reduced years final arrested imprisoned bosnia january conviction set aside constitutional court croatia pending new trial supreme_court croatia


belgian resistance belgian resistance french dutch collectively refers resistance movements opposed german occupation belgium world war belgium resistance fragmented large number separate organizations divided region political resistance included men women flemish parts country aside sabotage military infrastructure country collaborators groups published large numbers underground newspapers gathered intelligence maintained escape networks helped allied airmen trapped enemy lines escape german occupied europe war estimated approximately percent national population involved form resistance activity estimates number resistance members killed roughly percent active members background german forces invaded belgium following policy neutrality days fighting belgium surrendered placed german occupation fighting belgian men nearly percent country entire male population served military prisoners war detained camps germany released end war iii king commander chief army surrendered germans army held prisoner germans belgian government fled france london formed government exile growth resistance members belgian resistance soldiers particular officers return prisoner war camps wished continue fight germans patriotism resistance slow develop months occupation german victory imminent german failure invade great_britain coupled german policies occupied belgium especially persecution belgian jews conscription belgian civilians forced labour programmes increasingly turned patriotic belgian civilians liberal catholic backgrounds german regime resistance german invasion soviet_union june members communist_party previously ambivalent allied axis sides joined resistance forming separate groups calling national uprising nazi rule world war belgium occupied germany years developed effective network resistance provided key inspiration formation similar groups resistance focused french speaking areas belgium wallonia city brussels flemish involvement resistance significant percent underground newspapers french percent political prisoners resistance german occupation passive resistance widespread form resistance occupied belgium non violent listening radio broadcasts london officially prohibited german common form passive resistance civil particular employed carried belgian government institutions forced carry administration territory behalf german military government june city_council brussels refused distribute star david behalf german government belgian jews striking common form passive resistance took place symbolic dates anniversary german invasion july national day november anniversary german surrender world war largest called strike broke steel works news strike spread rapidly soon workers came strike province germans increased workers salaries percent strike finished rapidly future large scale strikes germans important strikes occurred november february king iii imprisoned palace focal point passive resistance despite having condemned government exile decision surrender active resistance active resistance belgium developed early took directions armed resistance forms sabotage took place active resistance scope activity groups specific forms resistance extremely specialized service group example members national postal service letters warning denounced person flee way succeeded letters membership active resistance low early years resistance joined called eleventh hour allied victory close particularly months day estimated approximately percent national population involved form active resistance war structure organisation belgian resistance effort extremely fragmented groups unified organization german occupation danger posed german meant cells extremely small localized nationwide groups exist split political ideological lines ranged left wing like communist partisans socialist far right like national created members pre war fascist movement groups like obvious political affiliation recruited specific demographics forms active resistance sabotage assassination belgium strategic location meant constituted important supply hub german_army northern europe particularly northern france sabotage important duty resistance following normandy landings june orders allies belgian resistance began step sabotage german supply lines country june september railroad bridges locomotives wagons tunnels blown belgian resistance telegraph lines cut road bridges canals transport material notable action german soldiers killed railway bridge blown members resistance including writer german troops reportedly killed belgium occupied france sabotage activities resistance group required germans million man hours labour repairing damage including million night january assassination key figures hierarchy german hierarchy increasingly common july assassinated brother head party leading belgian fascist suspected double agents targeted communist partisans claimed killed june september clandestine press occupation underground press flourished belgium soon belgian defeat newspapers appearing october resistance press focused producing newspapers french dutch language alternatives newspapers like peak clandestine newspaper news days faster bbc french language radio broadcasts coverage months events copies underground newspapers distributed anonymously pushed sent post usually free costs printing financed donations papers achieved considerable circulation reaching regular circulation january peaking communist paper reached dozens different newspapers existed affiliated different resistance groups differentiated political stance ranging nationalist communist liberal feminist number involved underground press estimated people total separate titles known period occupation resistance printed humorous publications material propaganda november anniversary german surrender world war group published spoof edition newspaper axis propaganda biased information permitted distributed brussels deliberately mixed official copies newspaper copies spoof publication dubbed faux fake distributed intelligence gathering intelligence gathering forms resistance grow belgian defeat eventually developed complex carefully structured organizations allies deeply reliant resistance provide intelligence occupied country information focused german troop movements military information essential keeping allies abreast attitudes popular opinion belgian public network closely organized carried significant led members feeding information communicated london radio notable networks renamed total separate intelligence networks existed belgium involving people belgian resistance provided percent information received allies resistance groups europe resistance holocaust belgian resistance instrumental saving jews death camps april members resistance group des successfully attacked twentieth convoy carrying belgian jews rail poland hid jews political occupation estimate number people hidden war significant low level resistance instance june city_council brussels refused distribute stars david certain high profile members belgian establishment including queen elizabeth cardinal van archbishop spoke german treatment jews total awarded distinction nations state israel lives save jews persecution occupation escape routes allies intensified strategic bombing campaign resistance began experience significant increase number allied airmen raf shot evaded capture resistance aim assisted british organization escort occupied europe neutral spain return england best known networks organized involved resistance members able escort allied servicemen spain line fed provided civilian clothing pilots forged french identity cards rail airmen needed hidden civilian houses prolonged periods time escape lines particularly vulnerable course war members line arrested executed german response german secret state police known responsible targeting resistance groups belgium resistance fighters captured expect interrogated tortured executed sent concentration camp effective groups local resistance network examining resistance publications clues place production resistance members involved underground press arrested war total members resistance captured war executed died captivity germans belgian army fort near torture interrogation political prisoners members resistance inmates passed camp kept extremely conditions people killed camp dying torture end war militias political parties began participate actively attacks resistance included leading figures suspected resistance involvement sympathy including head assassinated february civilians foremost massacre assassination civilians killed similar massacre took place killed relations allies belgian government exile belgian government exile creation organized resistance country place exile flight london french surrender trust fully power britain deliver german claim right share burden honour fight measure modest altogether resources faint hearted victory allied cause willing come terms know belgium saved crushed apparent isolation government exile day day situation belgium meant viewed suspicion resistance groups particularly politics differed established government government afraid resistance groups turn political militias liberation challenging government position threatening political stability resistance frequently reliant finance drops equipment supplies government exile british special operations executive able provide course war government exile delivered million dropped parachute transferred bank accounts neutral portugal group smaller sums distributed organisations early years war contact government exile difficult establish dispatched member try establish contact took year reach london radio contact briefly established late contact extremely intermittent permanent radio connection stanley established government exile attempted rebuild relationship resistance establishing coordination committee representatives major groups including national committee rendered redundant liberation september resistance liberation normandy landings june belgian resistance increased size dramatically april began adopt official rank hierarchy uniform white worn missions order organization status official army usually lacked equipment training fight openly resistance played key role assisting allies liberation belgium september providing information german troop movements disrupting german evacuation plans participating fighting resistance particularly important liberation city antwerp local resistance brigade unprecedented display inter group cooperation assisted canadian forces capturing highly strategic port antwerp intact german garrison belgium german soldiers including generals taken prisoner resistance handed allies free belgian 5th dropped parachute linked members local resistance liberation battle members killed liberation soon liberation government brussels attempted resistance particular government feared organizations armed political militias threaten country political stability october government ordered members resistance surrender weapons police november threatened search houses fine retained provoked significant anger resistance members hoped able continue fighting alongside allies invasion germany november large demonstration resistance members took place brussels crowds moved parliament british soldiers fired crowd suspected trying left wing coup état people wounded large numbers members resistance enlisted regular army formed strength belgian battalions served western day legacy belgian resistance praised contemporaries contribution allied war effort particularly later period letter lieutenant general commander general praised role belgian resistance played disrupting german supply lines day continuing actions resistance stopped germans able use country secure base fully attempt resistance enter mainstream politics formal party belgian democratic union failed attract level support similar parties managed france associations members founded years immediately war campaigned greater recognition role resistance largest association continues fund historical research role resistance defending interests members december government inaugurated medal awarded members resistance bestowed benefits members including scheme state funded individuals accorded military rank equivalent status movement war title privileges today role resistance conflict commemorated memorials plaques road names country national museum resistance


operation operation military offensive undertaken army republic bosnia western bosnia war launched area september army involved advances time croatian army croatian defence council engaging operation southeast initial kilometre advance reinforcements managed stop short reversed territorial gains counterattack 5th corps threatened defeat town requested assistance launched operation southern response removing pressure allowing 5th corps reinforced 7th corps resume advance capture october time comprehensive come effect country combat continued days significant changes fighting resume war ended following month following negotiation acceptance agreement operation commenced nato bombing campaign operation deliberate force targeted air defences artillery storage facilities initially area country operation alongside concurrent sparked debate military analysts ground assaults nato responsible ending war question extent advances assisted conversely extent hampered background yugoslav people army withdrew croatia following acceptance start implementation plan officers soldiers born bosnia transferred new army later renamed army organisation followed declaration serbian republic bosnia january ahead referendum independence bosnia took place february march declaration later cited serbs pretext war serbs began capital areas march following day fatalities war recorded final days march forces bombarded artillery resulting cross border operation croatian army brigade april artillery began examples directly supported capture early april provided artillery support serbia firing river time attempted situation arrange negotiations country bosnia faced army republic bosnia croatian defence council reporting dominated central government leadership respectively occasionally supported operations late april able deploy troops hundreds tanks armoured personnel carriers artillery pieces croatian defence forces field approximately soldiers handful heavy weapons largely unprepared nearly troops small arms half number virtually heavy weapons forces hampered united_nations arms introduced september mid units transferred withdrew bosnia newly declared federal republic yugoslavia controlled approximately percent bosnia extent control extended percent country end year prelude developed better organised forces employing large numbers artillery pieces good defensive fortifications capable penetrating defences forces employed sound military tactics instance battle june august fall croatian controlled areas croatia operation storm shifted focus western bosnia shift motivated desire create security zone croatian border establish croatia regional power gain west forcing end war government bosnia welcomed contributed goal securing western bosnia largest held city final days august nato launched air campaign targeting operation deliberate force launched response second massacre august came heels massacre began august initially targeting air defences striking targets near campaign briefly suspended september scope expanded target artillery storage facilities city bombing resumed september scope extended air defences near september nato nearly exhausted list targets near september serbs accepted nato demand establishment exclusion zone campaign ceased nato bombing generally targeted western bosnia remained relatively calm following operation storm attacks launched near time planning joint offensive region component offensive operation launched september aim capturing towns 7th corps advanced right flank towns seized september 7th corps began transferring substantial portion troops 5th corps area order battle strong 5th corps commanded divisional general assigned primary objectives capture divided brigades operational groups south comprised mountain mountain liberation light brigades augmented elements 5th military police battalion commanded north consisting mountain mountain liberation mountain brigades commanded chief staff brigadier commencement operation artillery provided fire support south 2nd corps commanded major general 30th infantry division 1st corps commanded major general formations area set headquarters overall command western bosnia commanded combined force approximately troops need defend corps combined force meant troops facing 5th corps organised infantry light infantry brigades stationed plateau near timeline stage september launched advance river initial advance undertaken south spearheaded mountain brigade positions plateau south town defences yielded ground assault supported artillery fire started retreat south alongside civilians fleeing area pursued retreating capturing day september day linked approximately kilometres miles southeast captured reached pass operation forces leading friendly fire incident left flank created advance vulnerable exploit opportunity reserves available area effort widen commenced september north moved assault spearheaded brigades time south anticipation reinforcements arriving 7th corps involved creation new formation centre consisting brigades previously assigned existing south brigades continued advance captured september having advanced covering kilometres miles start operation day north captured brigade transferred centre marked completion stage operation centre began advance 1st 1st 2nd 3rd infantry brigades remnants units pulled end operation north moved left flank centre opposition 1st 11th brigades garrison south stripped units brigade 17th mountain brigade transferred 7th corps tasked capturing right flank centre approached september encountered additional troops 1st corps command colonel supported troops arrived serbia included volunteer guard led serbia state security service red 2nd corps assembled serbian troops approached towns launched operation september involved attempts cross river points near opposite managed establish small right bank river operation called days fighting high casualties brought poor planning september 5th 6th brigades managed push centre approximately kilometres miles parts north withdraw areas captured north able continue advance near strong resistance september colonel general cut short medical treatment belgrade return control directly meeting commanders produced request general establishment corps level court request leave area despite fact invited ministry interior granted authority president finally ordered regain lost territory commenced night september protection regiment 16th 43rd brigades troops attacking north fighting lasted days personally overseen forces pushed advance stopped divert forces defend october south pushed 17th brigade kilometres miles 16th brigade command colonel 30th division supported red special police brigade battalion 1st armoured brigade started drive south north south received additional independent battalion 7th corps reinforcement reinforced 5th 6th infantry brigades organised moved south complete movement aimed destroying south counterattack gained momentum october advanced kilometre miles covering seventeen kilometres miles days 16th brigade time reinforce positions mount near remaining forces bolstered addition 2nd reconnaissance sabotage detachment 2nd corps continued attacks small advances october south finally received reinforcements 7th corps specifically brigades jeopardy requested assistance capture agreed assist launched operation southern relieve situation operation fielded troops captured brigades relieving pressure captured hydroelectric power station remaining electrical power source available serbs western bosnia october reached point mount kilometres miles south october 5th corps received approximately troops reinforcements including guards brigade 17th mountain mountain light mountain brigades 7th reconnaissance sabotage battalion guards brigade reinforce centre received brigade south comprised brigades previously 7th corps day 5th corps launched fresh attack employing centre south capture town assault spearheaded brigades penetrated defences manned 15th 17th brigades forcing withdraw troops town avoid october elements 43rd 11th brigades launched unsuccessful attempt halt advance outskirts brigade guards brigade 5th military police battalion subsequently captured town despite fact scheduled come force bosnia october centre continued advance northeast engaging bulk 43rd brigade series clashes fighting resulted little change territory held october fighting died aftermath operation operation crucial applying pressure final weeks war central intelligence agency analysis comparing effect operation deliberate force operations noted nato campaign combat capability initially assumed primarily directed field deployed units targeted command control infrastructure military analysis concluded nato degraded capabilities final inflicted damage noted nato bombing responsible bringing serbs negotiating table ending war author robert owen argues advanced rapidly nato intervened hampered defenses denying long range communications operation operation southern established distribution territory controlled hand envisaged plans forward contact group ultimately maintenance october according british historian secured following massive diplomatic pressure west alleged threat breached war ended acceptance agreement sides november offensive resulted dead wounded captured troops losses killed wounded september october civilians living area expelled homes forces time approximately non civilians went missing area presumed detained labour camps killed changes control territory allowed access mass graves near believed contain bodies civilians killed forces april operation near concurrent operation created large number refugees areas previously controlled sources document approximately refugees september encompassing entire contemporary populations towns having fled evacuated time spokesman estimated number refugees fighting october caused refugees flee areas


second battles second battles french known campaign phase campaign eastern sector chinese pinyin series engagements north korean united_nations forces korean war battle took place december january south korean town coordination chinese capture seoul western north korean people army attempted capture effort defenses central eastern fronts joint chinese north korean assault breached defenses new year eve north korean corps attacked corps north korean corps harassed corps rear engaging guerrilla warfare response corps command major general edward managed north korean forces forces later carried number anti guerrilla operations north korean aftermath battle north korean forces central eastern fronts allowing stabilized 37th parallel background launching surprise invasion south_korea june north korean people army kpa shattered united_nations forces following landing september remnants kpa fleeing northward seeking mountainous region sino korean border destruction kpa prompted china intervene korean war chinese forces launched series surprise attacks forces near border november resulting battles river valley reservoir forced forces retreat 38th parallel december eastern corps trapped port near reservoir surprise chinese offensive forced evacuate north_korea sea december absence republic korea army forced defenses central eastern fronts 38th parallel including important road junction located near central sudden defeat forces offered kpa brief respite shattered north korean forces soon rebuilt strength end aftermath chinese successes china chairman immediately ordered offensive forces urging north korean premier kim sung offensive dubbed phase campaign border intrusion south_korea envisioned total destruction south korean forces 38th parallel aimed forces withdraw korean peninsula western sector offensive control chinese people volunteer army 13th army 13th army action later result capture seoul january 9th army reservoir eastern sector offensive handed kpa overall command lieutenant general kim december general walker commander eighth army died traffic accident lieutenant general matthew assumed command eighth army december prelude locations terrain weather battle main focus road dubbed route strategically important line communication forces central korea critical village route ran north south connects 38th parallel perimeter road ran northwest connected route south korean capital seoul stood town series towns entire road network situated rough hilly mountain range fighting occurred worst korean winter conditions temperatures low snow thick ground weather cold metal artillery pieces crack water hour half times cold weather stall military activities caused casualties combat course battle forces strategy days death walker tried bolster defences central eastern sections 38th parallel stretching south korean forces korean east_coast following instructions iii corps placed corps deployed east_coast corps strength reduced single infantry division aftermath river battle filled gap iii corps absence corps defenses central eastern fronts stretched thin gaps south korean units south korean forces suffered nearly casualties end units composed raw recruits little training south korean divisions defended deemed battle worthy taking advantage situation north korean forces south korean lines mid december thousands north korean harassed rear area mountain december kpa corps managed defenses 9th infantry division corps left flank development threatened entire eastern order defend north korean penetration immediately ordered corps reinforce south korean defenses corps assembling unit available eighth army reserve 2nd infantry division recovering earlier losses river valley december ordered 2nd infantry division defend placing division corps control 7th infantry division corps finished reorganization december ordered major general edward commander corps develop route main supply route 7th infantry division subsequently tasked defending coordination chinese assaults seoul western sector phase campaign north deployed kpa iii corps estimated total soldiers forces central north korean plan frontal attack major general san kpa corps major general kpa corps infiltrate corps rear block route aim offensive push corps concert chinese attacks seoul south korean forces mountains chinese attacks seoul chinese 42nd corps deployed near support kpa corps opening phase battle kpa iii corps act reinforcements kpa corps like south facing north korean forces badly depleted north fielded infantry divisions battle equivalent strength infantry regiment contrast professional army existed start korean war newly rebuilt north korean formations poorly trained armed start date phase campaign set new year eve order advantage moon low soldiers holiday battle opening moves central iii corps defended 38th parallel north composed 2nd 5th 7th 8th infantry divisions iii corps placed 2nd infantry division corps left flank hills north 5th infantry division defended corps center winter conditions created great difficulties south korean defenders heavy snow construction roads limiting food ammunition resupply north korean active region caused disruption rear iii corps chinese plan capture seoul 42nd corps tasked protecting chinese left flank eliminating 2nd 5th infantry divisions cutting road seoul following instructions chinese corps struck quickly midnight new year eve division penetrated flanks 2nd infantry division blocked division withdrawal route trapped 17th 32nd regiments 2nd infantry division forced retreat disarray corps 5th infantry division division advanced eastward south korean rear blocked 5th infantry division retreat route maneuver soon left 36th regiment 5th infantry division surrounded chinese 36th regiment escape chinese lines mountain trails january iii corps retreat corps headquarters lost contact 2nd 5th infantry divisions responding crisis central iii corps sector defense handed corps chinese making concentrated attack south korean north korean forces rear cutting south korean withdrawal route days chinese phase campaign kpa corps established major north estimated strength soldiers blocked retreat iii corps response corps 2nd infantry division conducted siege operation north south forced open january forces managed eliminate north korean division corps nearly destroyed fighting disbanded january success initial chinese north korean attacks forced corps abandon attempts restore original defensive position large number north korean forces soon streamed gap 2nd infantry division corps east_coast interpreted sino korean attack central attempt surround defenders seoul immediately ordered evacuation january january ordered forces withdraw 37th parallel set new defensive line dubbed line forces central eastern fronts setting defenses coastal city time chinese troops halted offensive operations kpa corps relieving 42nd corps falls aftermath south korean collapse kpa corps proceeded launch frontal attacks corps kpa corps rear area east 2nd infantry division position exposed northern defenses hampered flat terrain surrounding given strategic importance controlling central korea declared village second seoul importance defended cost accordance instructions ordered 2nd infantry division defend hills north major general robert 2nd infantry division believed terrain low morale division january infantry battalions kpa corps launched attack 2nd infantry division north korean battalion managed infiltrate american positions disguised refugees battalion launched frontal assault weak attack soon repulsed lack coordination north korean units later captured north korean attack inflicted little damage americans disruption caused 2nd infantry division rear convinced abandon january concurred decision condition 2nd infantry division retreat miles controlled artillery fire regardless ordered division retreat miles south putting village artillery range north korean control chinese declared phase campaign reached successful conclusion second battle hill hill located hill mass south critical height commanded streets loss january furious order hold later resulted major general clark replacing january january ordered 2nd infantry division retake following orders 23rd infantry regiment command colonel paul freeman attacked january 23rd infantry regiment managed reach south caught sleeping north_korea regiment surprise hill north korean soldiers killed ensuing battle alerted north korean forces soon 23rd infantry regiment east 23rd infantry regiment forced retreat avoid encouraged heavy north korean losses initial attacks ordered 2nd infantry division recapture january infantry battalions 23rd 38th infantry regiment supported french dutch troops advanced january attack stalled hill cold weather lack air support forces tried north day met defending north korean battalions estimated strength soldiers heavy air support battle hill continued january fighting french battalion 23rd infantry regiment particularly fierce point french battalion forced fend north korean bayonet charges running ammunition french battalion action impressed later encouraged american units korea utilize battle north tried attacking forces began gain upper hand artillery fire broke north korean formations suffered estimated casualties aftermath battle air support returned january attacking forces inflicted north korean casualties captured hill january cold weather north korean defenses prevented forces entering capture hill artillery range village soon man land devastating bombardment anti guerrilla operations capture hill forced kpa corps abandon heavy losses january kpa corps rear area threatened entire force complete evacuation korea mid january bulk corps tied south iii corps disarray east_coast north korean soldiers entered gap establishing guerrilla bases battles central soon degenerated irregular warfare company sized patrols north korean guerrilla bands effort stabilize ordered 2nd infantry division withdraw pulling central eastern fronts area resulted retreat sent regimental combat team 5th cavalry regiment 1st marine division greek battalion contain north korean east route north american infantry deployed central mid january north korean blocked narrow hills east route eliminate north korean threat rear ordered corps units route launch aggressive patrols destroy north korean supply bases guerrilla bands specially trained irregular forces corps special action group hunted north korean units operating constant pressure slowly depleted ammunition manpower kpa corps major general hung rallied iii corps sealed gap east_coast january january patrol carried 9th infantry regiment 2nd infantry division managed resistance lacking reinforcements supplies kpa corps scattered end january soldiers kpa corps managed survive retreat north_korea kpa 10th division vanguard kpa corps annihilated anti guerrilla operations aftermath end january kpa corps guerrilla operations estimated strength reduced kpa corps attempt capture resulted casualties estimated strength reduced end january contrast losses relatively moderate period defeat north korean army enabled forces consolidate positions korean central eastern retreating eighth army korean western finally return offensive rear eastern flank secured soon corps regained control central end january immediately ordered eighth army launch operation chinese north korean forces january


singapore mutiny singapore mutiny known mutiny mutiny 5th light infantry mutiny involving half indian soldiers british singapore world war linked conspiracy mutiny february lasted nearly seven days resulted deaths british soldiers local civilians finally british forces allied naval detachments history party hindi word mutiny rebellion formed united_states aim british india armed revolution anticipated indian soldiers posted overseas ally cause actively targeted propaganda encouraging mutiny british months outbreak world war attempted elements regiment bombay mutiny january authorities aware plan taken action soldiers outposts turned attention singapore regular garrison time consisted single regiment indian soldiers plus british royal engineers protecting british strategic interests indian 5th light infantry 5th light infantry regiment indian army arrived singapore madras october sent replace king yorkshire light infantry ordered france regiment long established dating unusually entirely muslim unit 5th light infantry mainly comprised muslims origin commanded british indian officers poor communication officers discipline weak leadership meant troops propaganda party india campaigning indian independence british rule troops stationed singapore specifically military grievances led mutiny 5th light infantry centred personality commanding officer time lieutenant colonel martin promoted major regiment previous colonel reported unpopular fellow officers inspired little respect men appointment led british officers turn reflected division indian officers promotion commissioned rank colour issues ordinary circumstances limited impact external influences party propaganda noted entry turkey war sultan turkey sided germany world war broke widely regarded leader muslim world britain declared war turkey muslims including singapore urged oppose british issued sultan pro turkey coffee shop owner visited invited home religious leader anti british feelings told religious duty rise british mutiny january colonel martin announced 5th light infantry transferred hong_kong garrison duties replacing indian regiment rumours circulated instead sent europe turkey fight muslim indian officers khan khan ali khan later identified court key conspirators matter final order sail hong_kong aboard arrived february ring leaders decided time rebel morning february general officer commanding singapore addressed farewell parade regiment complimenting excellent turn referring departure day mentioning hong_kong destination afternoon day companies companies making 5th light infantry men states guides battery remaining companies join mutiny scattered confusion british officers regiment killed attempted restore order divided groups party went obtain ammunition barracks germans including crew members german light cruiser sms interned british fired camp guards officers warning killing british guards troops present camp german dead 2nd lieutenant love rifles sergeant reserve engineers corporal rifles corporal scouts lance corporal harper rifles private cameron rifles private rifles private rifles hms british german wounded survived attack royal army medical corps personnel camp hospital including managed escape heavy fire raise alarm tried persuade germans join shaken sudden violence reluctant german sailors wanted join majority adopted neutral stance refusing accept rifles indians thirty germans escaped rest remained barracks middle chinese new year chinese volunteers corps leave leaving singapore mutiny british government caught unprepared went killing harbour killing european local civilians martial law imposed available man hms went ashore join british chinese volunteer units small number british regular troops forming garrison british vice admiral sir sent radio message requesting help allied warships nearby group laid siege commanding officer 5th light infantry lieutenant colonel martin effectively blocked route singapore town martin detachment hastily states volunteer rifles held night 15th sporadic fire loyal tried join ordered safe place prevent confused dark daylight defenders successful regimental barracks cost killed wounded scattered despite sniper fire general population stayed calm volunteers sailors marines fought sporadic skirmishes allied forces february french cruiser followed russian auxiliary cruiser japanese warships arrived seventy japanese sailors russians french marines landed round taken refuge jungle north singapore joined operation soldiers 36th passing singapore plus police british sailors states volunteer rifles lacking strong leadership mutiny started lose direction large number surrendered immediately rest scattered small groups tried cross quickly rounded sultan army local media spoke battles fact minor skirmishes allied landing parties evening 17th captured february companies 1st 4th battalion king light infantry arrived relieve sailors marines succeeded quickly rounding trial public executions february court inquiry held secret publicly ensure fair trial seen carried crown colony lasted extensive officers men 5th light infantry identified cause mutiny established inquiry agreed agents religious sentiments band fight perceived injustice tried court martial executed including trial exposed active indian nationalist links instead detained deported british want stir trouble muslim subjects transported life given terms imprisonment ranging years public executions firing squad took place prison witnessed estimated people straits times reported enormous crowd reliably estimated people packed slopes lines looking scene square composed regulars local volunteers command colonel singapore volunteer corps firing party consisted men companies captain tongue lieutenant blair hay remnants 5th light infantry numbering plus seven british indian officers left singapore july active service german east africa accompanied colonel martin heavily criticised court inquiry retired army 5th light infantry disbanded fate states guides sent malaya quell uprising april guides sent fight africa disbanded aftermath episode persuaded british community singapore longer depend indian soldiers garrison colony japanese french russian sailors marines helped suppress mutiny increasing doubt reliance placed britain wartime allies future help empire subsequently indian nationals singapore required register causing ill feelings predominantly loyal community enhance singapore internal security british passed reserve force civil guard ordinance august requiring compulsory military service male subjects years age armed forces volunteers police argued mutiny event caught british guard shook foundation british rule singapore absence involvement population singapore affair involving battalion india temporary garrison duty colony makes doubtful contention sensing weakness britain handling mutiny extreme indian revolutionaries began court overseas aggressively cultivated friendship japan overthrow british india plans bore fruit formation indian national army led second world war japanese occupation singapore commemoration commemorate event british soldiers civilians killed mutiny memorial erected entrance victoria memorial hall plaques andrew cathedral addition roads later named memory casualties harper road road corporal harper private respectively


mumbai attacks mumbai attacks series attacks took place november members islamic militant organisation based pakistan carried series coordinated shooting bombing attacks lasting days mumbai attacks drew widespread global condemnation began wednesday november lasted saturday november killing people wounding attacks occurred south mumbai terminus palace tower cafe hospital house jewish community centre metro cinema lane times_of_india building college explosion mumbai port area taxi early morning november sites hotel secured mumbai police security forces november india national security guards conducted operation black tornado flush remaining attackers resulted deaths remaining attackers hotel ending fighting attacks disclosed attackers members government india said attackers came pakistan controllers pakistan january pakistan confirmed sole surviving attacks pakistani citizen april foremost attacks granted bail bonds background non state attacks mumbai coordinated bomb explosions killed people injured march attacks believed retaliation mosque demolition december blast best bus near station killed people injured bombing occurred 10th anniversary demolition mosque bicycle bomb exploded near station mumbai killing person injuring january day visit prime minister india city march day 10th anniversary bombay bombings bomb exploded train compartment near station killing people injuring july blast best bus killed people injured august bombs exploded south mumbai near gateway india people killed injured july seven bombs exploded minutes suburban railway mumbai killing people including foreigners injured according mumbai police bombings carried students islamic movement india training group men stated times received training marine warfare remote camp mountainous training reported taken place dam reservoir recruits went following stages training according indian media reports psychological ideas including imagery atrocities suffered muslims india palestine globe basic combat basic combat training course advanced training selected undergo advanced combat training camp near course organisation calls according unnamed source defense department includes advanced weapons explosives training supervised retired personnel pakistan army survival training commando training finally smaller group selected specialised commando tactics training marine navigation training given unit selected order target mumbai students mumbai mission received training swimming sailing use high end weapons explosives supervision let commanders according media report citing unnamed defence department official intelligence agencies determined officers pakistan army inter services intelligence agency assisted actively continuously training given targets palace tower house terminus attacks events detailed indian standard time november men came ashore locations reportedly told local speaking fishermen asked mind business split headed different ways fishermen subsequent report police received little response local police helpless terminus terminus attacked gunmen later caught alive police identified attacks began men entered passenger hall opened fire rifles attackers killed people injured assault ending security forces emergency services arrived shortly announcements railway announcer alerted passengers leave station saved scores lives gunmen fled scene fired pedestrians police officers streets killing police officers attackers passed police station knowing heavily armed terrorists police officers station instead confronting terrorists decided switch lights secure gates attackers headed hospital intention kill patients hospital staff locked patient team mumbai anti terrorist squad led police chief searched terminus left pursuit khan khan opened fire vehicle lane hospital received return fire response officers killed survivor constable severely wounded khan seized police vehicle later abandoned seized passenger car instead ran police set help gun battle ensued khan killed wounded physical struggle arrested police officer killed ran shoot cafe cafe popular restaurant bar causeway south mumbai sites attacked attackers opened fire cafe evening november killing people including foreigners injuring bomb explosions caused bombs occurred killing driver passenger second explosion took place people including driver taxi killed injured hotel hotels palace tower locations targeted explosions reported hotel lobby elevators restaurant firefighters rescued hostages windows night cnn initially reported morning november hostage situation resolved quoted police chief stating hostages freed learned later day attackers holding hostages including foreigners hotel number european parliament committee international trade delegates staying hotel attacked injured british conservative member european parliament lobby attackers initially opened fire german social democrat hiding different parts building reported present spanish hotel room british conservative reported left hotel went nearby restaurant shortly attack reported polish jan thought sleeping hotel room attacks started eventually left hotel safely reported hungarian assistant shot caught shooting president madrid checking indian noon having dinner restaurant hotel house house jewish centre known mumbai house taken attackers residents held hostage police evacuated adjacent buildings exchanged fire attackers wounding local residents told stay inside attackers threw grenade nearby lane causing casualties arrived delhi naval helicopter took aerial survey day hostages rescued floor following day house stormed fast helicopters roof covered positioned nearby buildings long battle commando perpetrators killed wife months pregnant murdered hostages inside house attackers according radio picked indian intelligence attackers told pakistan lives jews worth times non jews injuries bodies indicated tortured raid attacks hotels surrounded rapid action force personnel marine national security guards reports emerged attackers receiving television broadcasts feeds hotels blocked security forces stormed hotels attackers killed morning november major killed rescue commando hit leg bullet rescue operations hostages killed took house naval helicopter took aerial survey day hostages rescued floor following day house stormed fast helicopters roof covered positioned nearby buildings commando team fast house died long battle perpetrators killed wife months pregnant murdered hostages inside house attackers morning november secured jewish outreach centre house hotel incorrectly believed palace towers cleared attackers soldiers leading hostages guests safety removing bodies killed attacks later news reports indicated attackers explosions heard gunfire exchanged fires reported ground floor smoke arising floor final operation palace hotel completed november killing attackers resulting conclusion attacks rescued people people members different families house addition police seized boat filled arms explosives anchored dock mumbai harbour mumbai attacks planned directed inside pakistan carried young armed men trained sent mumbai directed inside pakistan mobile phones july pakistani authorities confirmed let plotted financed attacks let camps november pakistani authorities charged seven men arrested earlier planning executing assault mumbai police originally identified suspects including army officers alleged involvement plot suspects identified pakistani suspects arrested united_states october attacks found involved planning mumbai attacks men pakistani american david found trips india attacks gathered video gps information behalf april united_states issued arrest pakistani men suspects attack men alias major believed members helped plan train attackers negotiations pakistan pakistan initially denied responsible attacks blaming bangladesh indian criminals claim refuted india saying needed information india bombings pakistani authorities finally agreed pakistani january registered case pakistani nationals indian government supplied evidence pakistan governments form weapons records conversations attacks addition indian government officials said attacks sophisticated official backing pakistani agencies accusation denied pakistan pressure pakistan arrested members briefly founder house arrest found free days later year attacks mumbai police continued complain pakistani authorities operating providing information investigation journalists pakistan said security agencies preventing interviewing people village home minister said pakistani authorities shared information american suspects fbi forthcoming indian report intelligence gained india interrogation david released october alleged pakistan intelligence agency provided support attacks providing funding reconnaissance missions mumbai report included claim chief military commander close ties alleged big action let close coordination investigation according investigations attackers travelled sea pakistan arabian sea indian fishing killed crew forced captain sail mumbai murdering captain attackers entered mumbai rubber captain earlier imprisoned months pakistani jail illegally fishing pakistani waters attackers stayed trained near boarding small boat mumbai david member travelled extensively work let received training small arms let built network connections group chief scout targets mumbai attack having allegedly given cash officer known major officer helped arrange communications system attack oversaw model hotel gunmen know way inside target according testimony indian authorities helped recruit indian agents monitor indian troop levels movements according official time informant drug enforcement administration wives warned american officials involvement let plotting attacks warning specifically hotel target officials believed inter services intelligence officers provided support carried attacks american intelligence contractor edward revealed central intelligence agency cia intercepted communications boat let headquarters occupied passed alert raw november days terrorists actually struck mumbai arrest alias june provided clarity plot hatched according attacks previously scheduled indian youth job huge attacks recovered leading original plot subsequently fled pakistan commanders scouted pakistani youth attacks september people selected mission september people tried sailing mumbai couldn complete mission waters men second attempt november successfully managed execute final attacks david pakistani army officers associated planning execution attack revelations interrogation arrest pakistan foreign office claimed received information indian nationals involved attacks method attackers planned attack months ahead time knew areas security forces left sources quoted telling police group received help mumbai residents attackers cards purchased indian border bangladesh reports card purchased state new_jersey case iraqi intelligence services egyptian islamic involvement pakistani connections iraqi intelligence old network police mentioned indian operative arrested february scouted mumbai targets november attacks later police arrested indian suspects resident supplied cards calcutta new delhi attackers satellite phone cell phones talk based pakistan intercepted indian authorities attackers provided attackers encouragement tactical advice information gained media coverage attackers personal cell phones obtained victims communicate news media attackers encouraged murder hostages attackers communication news media cell phones demands return release hostages believed order confuse indian authorities dealing primarily hostage situation type grenades china state owned attacks indications attackers taking survived said attackers google earth locations buildings attacks gunmen subsequently shot dead captured security forces witnesses reported early twenties wore black shirts jeans looked happy shot victims initially reported attackers british citizens indian government later stated evidence confirm similarly early reports gunmen later shown incorrect december attackers identified mumbai police home towns pakistan khan khan khan north west frontier province rest towns pakistani april home minister state includes mumbai informed assembly bodies killed pakistani gunmen attack mumbai buried secret location january bodies mumbai hospital muslim city refused let buried grounds attackers attackers survived attack hanged jail attackers killed onslaught ali khan alias arrests attacker arrested alive police information attackers preparation travel movements comes confessions mumbai police february pakistan interior minister said pakistani national acquired phones spain mumbai attackers facilitated money transfer attack arrested men known khan names given arrested arrested italy east milan november accused providing logistical support attacks transferring internet accounts false red corner notices issued suspected involvement issued year strikes october chicago men arrested charged fbi involvement terrorism abroad david pakistani american charged november scouting locations mumbai attacks reported posed american jew believed links militant groups based bangladesh march pleaded guilty dozen charges avoiding going trial december fbi charged retired major pakistani army planning attacks association january successful operation agents attacks chief india operations wanted suspect india sri_lanka brought india formal arrest june delhi police arrested alias key suspects attack international airport new delhi arrest touted significant development case arrest security agencies chasing years delhi ultra hindi tutor attackers responsible mumbai attacks arrested deported india intelligence officials official request indian authorities arrest investigations revealed allegedly stayed day room old legislators belonging khan minister government minister denied having links home minister asserted provided safe place pakistan present control room established active state support interrogation revealed pakistani army major visited india fake names cricket spectators survey targets delhi mumbai fortnight officials holiday news story times revealed officials india pakistan attend 5th round home secretary level meeting 25th day terrorists attacked pakistan officials 25th evening extended invitation indian officials visit nearby hill station hold level talks remote location mobile networks day attack officers delegation india confirmed secretary internal security casualties compensation victims civilians security personnel attackers killed attacks dead foreign nationals countries attacker captured bodies dead hostages showed signs torture number killed notable figures business media security services according chief minister policemen killed including following officers assistant police sub inspector succeeded capturing terrorist alive bare hands joint commissioner police chief mumbai anti terrorism squad additional commissioner police encounter specialist senior inspector senior inspector commando major commando railway officials terminus killed terror strikes casualties occurred following locations government announced compensation killed terror attacks seriously injured august indian hotels company group received million usd payment insurance claims account attacks general insurance corporation india aftermath attacks referred india date attacks began similar style attacks united_states attack madrid spain bombings london united_kingdom inquiry commission appointed government produced report legislative assembly year events report said war like attack capacity respond police force found fault mumbai police commissioner lack leadership crisis government planned buy speed boats patrol coastal areas helicopters purpose planned create anti terror force called force upgrade weapons mumbai police currently prime minister party conference declared legal framework strengthened battle terrorism federal anti terrorist intelligence investigation agency like fbi set soon action terrorism government strengthened anti terror laws federal national investigation agency formed attacks strained india slowly recovering relationship pakistan india external affairs minister presently president india declared india military strikes terror camps pakistan protect territorial integrity effects united_states relationships countries led nato war afghanistan global war terror fbi chief robert praised unprecedented cooperation american indian intelligence agencies mumbai terror attack probe secretary general noble said indian intelligence agencies share information new national counter terrorism centre proposed set home minister office collect integrate report information received intelligence agencies state police departments departments movement troops pakistan moved troops border india voicing concerns indian government possible plans launch attacks pakistani soil operate days talks pakistan government decided start moving troops away border reactions indians criticised political leaders attacks saying partly responsible times_of_india commented page politicians die political reactions mumbai india included range political changes including minister home affairs chief minister deputy chief minister controversial reactions attack including taking son bollywood director ram tour damaged hotel remarks attacks big deal large city prominent muslim personalities bollywood actor khan appealed community members country observe day mourning december business establishment reacted changes transport requests increase self defence capabilities attacks triggered chain citizens movements india india today group war terror campaign held india candles commemorating victims attacks based delhi met criticism taking hours reach sites attack international reaction attacks widespread countries international organisations condemning attacks expressing civilian victims important personalities world condemned attacks media coverage highlighted use social media internet social networking tools including twitter spreading information attacks addition indian offered live coverage attacks map attacks set web journalist google maps new_york_times july described event documented terrorist attack november families american victims attacks filed lawsuit brooklyn new_york naming chief mumbai attacks september attack american embassy afghanistan attributed pakistan cell phone records identical attacks mumbai linked pakistan investigation going trials trial trial delayed legal issues indian lawyers unwilling represent mumbai bar association passed resolution proclaiming members represent chief justice india stated needed lawyer fair trial lawyer eventually found replaced conflict interest february indian investigators filed page formally charging murder conspiracy war india charges trial began initially pleaded guilty later admitted guilt july initially apologised attacks claimed deserved death penalty crimes later retracted claims saying tortured police force confession arrested beach court accepted plea lack judge deemed charges addressed trial continued convicted charges found guilty murder directly killing seven people conspiracy commit murder deaths people killed day terror siege war india causing terror conspiracy murder high ranking police officers sentenced death hanging appealed sentence high_court february bombay high_court upheld death sentence dismissing appeal august indian supreme_court upheld death sentence court stated left option award death penalty primary foremost offence committed war government india verdict followed weeks appeal hearings decided judge supreme_court panel led judge panel rejected arguments denied free fair trial filed mercy petition president india rejected november hanged jail secret november naming operation operation indian mission informed pakistan government hanging letter pakistan refused letter family pakistan sent news hanging pakistan indian pakistani police exchanged dna evidence photographs items found attackers piece detailed portrait mumbai plot police pakistan arrested seven people including arranged bank accounts secured supplies begin formal trial october pakistan indian authorities prosecution stops short leaders november indian prime minister said pakistan bring perpetrators attacks justice member commission comprising defence lawyers prosecutors court official allowed travel india march gather prosecution seven suspects linked mumbai attacks defence lawyers barred cross examining prosecution witnesses case including eve anniversary pakistani anti terror court formally charged seven accused including let operations commander actual trial started pakistani court conducting trial mumbai attacks accused reserved judgement application filed challenging report judicial panel july july court refused findings pakistani judicial commission evidence ruled new agreement allows panel examination witnesses reached prosecution application sending panel mumbai indian government upset court ruling contended evidence collected pakistani judicial panel value punish involved attack pakistani judicial commission arrived india carry investigation cross examine witnesses second visit march success report rejected anti terrorism court pakistan lack evidence united_states let operative david born testimony chicago federal court accused trial revealed mumbai house added list targets surveillance given inter services intelligence major hotel sites attacked originally list june acquitted plotting mumbai attacks held guilty charges sentenced years federal prison january david pleaded guilty counts related attacks including conspiracy commit murder india aiding murder americans january sentenced years federal prison plea india pakistan denmark accepted memorials anniversary event state paid homage victims attack force new security force created government staged parade point memorials organised locations attacks occurred second anniversary event homage paid victims