aluminium aluminium main compound aluminium white samples contaminated iron giving yellow colour solid low melting boiling point mainly produced consumed production aluminium metal large amounts areas chemical industry compound cited lewis acid example compound cracks mild temperature changing structure adopts different structures depending temperature state solid liquid gas solid sheet like layered cubic close packed layers framework centres exhibit coordination geometry melt aluminium exists aluminium change structure related lower density liquid phase solid aluminium found phase higher temperatures structurally analogous melt conducts electricity poorly unlike reactions aluminium powerful lewis acid capable forming lewis acid base weak lewis bases forms presence aluminium calcium forming reactions water aluminium having pronounced affinity water moist air mixed liquid water displaced molecules form white yellowish color phase regained heating lost leaving aluminium aluminium strong heating aluminium formed aluminium solutions conduct electricity solutions found acidic indicative partial reactions described simplified solutions behave similarly aluminium containing giving gelatinous aluminium reaction synthesis aluminium manufactured large scale reaction aluminium metal hydrogen temperatures aluminum formed single displacement reaction copper aluminum metal approximately tons produced counting amounts consumed production aluminium aluminium prepared aluminium acid metallic aluminum readily acid releasing hydrogen gas generating considerable heat heating solid produce aluminium aluminium heated aluminium forms lower aluminium unstable known phase uses aluminium probably commonly lewis acid powerful finds application chemical industry catalyst crafts reactions important products finds use reactions crafts reaction major use aluminium example preparation industry general crafts reaction system shown reaction widely reaction practice technically demanding reaction sluggish reactions aluminium materials equipment dry trace moisture necessary reaction proceed general problem crafts reaction aluminium catalyst required quantities complexes strongly products generates large waste similar reasons environmentally sought use aluminium applications displaced aluminium introduce groups rings example reaction uses carbon hydrogen copper catalyst aluminium finds wide variety applications organic chemistry example reaction addition vinyl widely reactions important examples include manufacture production making aluminium combined aluminium presence metal complexes certain metal called fischer synthesis aluminium applications aluminium common component low concentrations need higher concentration higher sold brand names maxim drier symmetry moment aluminium belongs point group form form forms aluminium possess moment bond moments cancel safety vigorously bases suitable precautions required cause eyes skin respiratory system contact aluminum established


shortened simply chemical formula solid distinguishable odor room temperature usually formed product organic synthesis burning organic materials potent compound series known simply known agent orange vietnam war released environment disaster persistent environmental usually present complex mixture like compounds health effects expert group world health organization considered developmental risk human beings people usually exposed simultaneously number like chemicals detailed account given like compounds cancer classified international agency research cancer humans group studies available classification risk high weak borderline human data deemed sufficient classification essence based animal experiments considerations criticized classification rules debated high cause toxic damage tissues recent review concludes studies support association exposure cancer risk new studies include update vietnam veteran studies ranch hand operation concluded years results provide evidence disease direct evidence low studies cancer risk decreased called shape dose response low decrease risk higher increase risk mechanism action like compounds act specific present cells factor involved expression genes fact shown high increase decrease expression genes rats genes breakdown foreign toxic compounds classic examples genes increases breaking activate temporarily natural compounds present vegetables cause activation phenomenon viewed beneficial protects organism toxic substances excessive persistent leads multitude adverse effects function subject continuous research obvious function increase activity breaking foreign chemicals normal chemicals body needed functions related growth organs regulatory functions highly factor history million years found ancient important regulatory proteins primitive species fact knock animals prone illness developmental problems taken implies necessity basal degree activation achieve normal function effects disputed confirmed foster development cancer main action causing cancer cancer promotion promotes initiated compounds high addition cause cancer indirectly proposed mechanisms stress subsequent oxygen damage dna explanations disruption altered signal disrupting activities dependent life stage anti present high concentration body absence effects vietnam usa birth defects observed children persons exposed agent orange contained production process scientific data supporting link agent orange exposure birth defects controversial weak poor colleagues university texas health science center austin published analysis exposed large different findings studies finding consistent lack consensus issue despite statistical analysis studies examined resulted data increase birth defects relative risk exposure agent orange appears order vietnamese funded studies rest world casual relationship near threshold statistical significance tube defects significant defect large vietnamese studies rest world suggested bias vietnamese studies animals far information like chemicals based animal studies utilizing organs affected high short term studies animals typical effects huge dose animals die weeks administration seemingly similar species varying acute effects lethal dose guinea pig similar difference seen different rat strains away responses seen different organs typical animal species affects balance species severe liver seen taking account low present human population types toxic effects considered cause relevant risk humans developmental effects cancer developmental effects developmental effects occur low animals include frank development organs sensitive low development sexual organs development teeth rats important tooth seen accident possibly long breast feeding babies 1970s 1980s concentrations europe times higher present cancer induced animals sites sufficiently high caused cancer animals tested sensitive liver cancer female rats long basis risk assessment dose response causing cancer linear threshold cause cancer words able initiate cancer cancer risk based promotion cancer initiated compounds indirect effects disturbing defense mechanisms body preventing programmed death altered cells associated tissue damage viewed secondary tissue damage conditions effects compounds example steps produces rapidly molecules escape nucleus cell dna causing resulting cancer initiation increases activity increase increasing possibility cancer initiation beneficial activation lead effects cases exposure number incidents people exposed high combination like chemicals including thousands inhabitants italy exposed accidental release kilograms pressure tank number animals died high concentrations fat noted especially children playing outside eating local food acute effects limited cases long term effects include slight excess multiple developmental effects disturbed development teeth excess girls born fathers exposed children long term effects suspected evidence strong vienna women poisoned workplace measured concentrations highest measured human fat compared concentrations people today compared sum like compounds young people today survived suffered difficult years poisoning likely happened october discovered april institute women worked high concentrations found suggesting compound produced police investigation failed find clear evidence prosecuted aside surprisingly symptoms abnormal laboratory findings presidential candidate ukraine poisoned large dose blood concentration measured fat second highest measured concentration implies dose exceeding body weight suffered years initial symptoms abnormal laboratory findings area land italy known triangle death contaminated years illegal waste disposal organized crime


resistant compound nitrogen chemical formula exists forms similarly structured carbon form corresponding stable soft products cubic structure variety analogous diamond called softer diamond thermal chemical stability superior rare modification similar harder cubic form excellent thermal chemical stability traditionally parts high temperature equipment potential use produced structure similar carbon sheets rolled properties different structure exists multiple forms differ arrangement nitrogen giving rise varying bulk properties material form form non lacking long distance arrangement analogous carbon forms form stable form called point group space group layered structure similar layer nitrogen bound strong bonds layers held weak van der forces registry sheets differs pattern seen eclipsed lying nitrogen registry reflects bonds close neighbors hybrids synthesized carbon cubic form cubic crystal structure analogous diamond consistent diamond stable cubic form stable form conversion rate room temperature diamond cubic form crystal structure diamond called form form point group space group structure rare carbon cubic form nitrogen grouped angles neighboring different properties physical sources diamond partly structure layers reduces electrical interaction increases resulting higher relative reduced electron indicated absence color large band gap different bonding strong basal planes planes nitrogen weak causes high properties example electrical thermal higher planes perpendicular contrary properties materials extremely hard bulk slightly smaller higher diamond grain sizes order reported vickers comparable higher diamond better stability heat transition metals diamond mechanical applications steel thermal highest electric table type type carbon nitrogen cubic wide gap band gap energy corresponding region voltage applied light range potentially light little known melting behavior normal pressure releasing nitrogen gas elevated pressure thermal stability cubic probably remarkable chemical thermal example stable temperatures air vacuum atmosphere relatively similar data summarized table thermal stability summarized follows air oxygen protective layer prevents conversion form nitrogen conversion vacuum conversion chemical stability usual thermal theoretical thermal approach order magnitude experimental measured value comparable theoretical calculations thermal transport thermal edged larger edged room temperature natural occurrence naturally occurring mineral proposed reported substance found dispersed sized rich rocks international association affirmed mineral synthesis preparation produced obtained reacting acid nitrogen atmosphere resulting contains remaining second step temperatures order achieve concentration size increasing temperature parts fabricated hot pressing subsequent parts adding better thin films obtained chemical deposition nitrogen powder nitrogen yields produce extremely sensitive contact explosive low yield metals form compounds example similar molecules metals inserted layers experiment theory suggest difficult preparation cubic synthesis uses methods diamond cubic produced treating high pressure temperature synthetic diamond produced direct conversion cubic form observed pressures temperatures similar parameters direct diamond conversion addition small lower required pressure temperature diamond synthesis reduce conversion pressures temperatures catalyst added potassium water compounds industrial synthesis methods borrowed diamond growth use crystal growth temperature gradient explosive shock wave shock wave method produce material called compound carbon nitrogen low pressure deposition thin films cubic possible diamond growth major problem suppress growth phases respectively diamond growth achieved adding hydrogen gas beam deposition enhanced chemical deposition laser deposition physical deposition methods preparation obtained static high pressure dynamic shock methods limits stability defined formed formation occurs lower temperatures close production statistics production consumption figures raw materials synthesis acid known corresponding numbers listed statistical reports estimate world production metric tons major producers consumers located united_states japan china germany prices varied standard industrial quality high purity grades applications widely good low high temperatures atmosphere particularly useful electrical chemical alternative problematic advantage require water gas molecules trapped layers vacuum space applications properties fine dental pencil leads japan high price soon abandoned application use late 1990s production processes currently nearly leading producers products foundations eye shadows products excellent thermal chemical stability traditionally parts high temperature equipment included materials giving self properties materials suitable construction filled thermal expansion higher thermal electrical excellent thermal properties electronics substrate microwave transparent windows structural material seals process laser charge barrier layer photo drum automotive industry mixed sealing oxygen sensors provide feedback adjusting fuel flow utilizes unique temperature stability properties parts hot pressing commercial grades grade contains usable atmosphere vacuum content sensitive water grade uses calcium usable grades contain dimensional thick sheets shown excellent conductor yielding unexpectedly high transport rates high transport rate combined high electrical resistance lead important advances research fuel cells water bullet bore precision target rifle applications alternative coating commonly referred claimed increase effective barrel life increase intervals bore cleaning decrease point impact clean bore shots subsequent shots cubic cubic widely arises iron related high temperatures diamond metals steel diamond preferred aluminum stone contact oxygen high temperatures forms layer metals formation metal materials cubic crystals tool bits cutting tools grinding applications softer soft metals commercial products known names diamond innovations russian vendors similar diamond combination highest thermal electrical ideal heat contrary diamond large produced simple process called nitrogen flow temperatures slightly temperature ability fuse allows cheap production large parts cubic consists light robust popular materials ray membranes low mass results small ray absorption good mechanical properties allow usage thin membranes reducing absorption layers devices prepared chemical thermal chemical deposition methods thermal deposition layers high temperatures forms dimensional material consists single layer forms self assembly highly regular high temperature exposure clean surface ultra high vacuum looks like assembly pores distance centers diameter terms material white stable vacuum air temperatures addition shows extraordinary ability trap molecules metallic clusters similar sizes pores forming ordered array characteristics promise interesting applications areas like surface quantum computing data storage media like hard drives predicted discovered imagined rolled sheet structurally close analog carbon long cylinder diameter length carbon alternately substituted nitrogen properties different carbon metallic depending rolling direction radius electrical basically independent tube morphology addition layered structure stable carbon structure containing addition improves thermal shock resistance resulting material purpose added materials reinforced include glasses glass composite aluminium composition health issues reported weak activity cause form maximum concentration recommended


known synthetic drug classes slang names include cat white magic similar compounds found plant eastern africa comes form powder users swallow producing similar effects cocaine addition effects produces effects teeth grinding common studied rats humans detected usage widely known rediscovered point legal produce possess countries reported available sale internet law enforcement agencies aware compound reported europe particularly prevalent united_kingdom illegal israel followed sweden later year illegal european countries december ruled illegal australia new_zealand united_states considered analog illegal drugs controlled laws similar federal analog act september temporarily classified schedule drug effective october classification permanent july passage synthetic drug abuse prevention act uses recreational users reported causes enhanced appreciation music elevated mood decreased hostility improved mental function mild sexual effects similar effects cocaine different amounts time depending way drug taken dutch users described overall pleasant experience described unpleasant experience survey users previously taken cocaine users found produced better quality longer lasting high addictive users asked compare risk answered equal study users northern_ireland found fact legal safe use contrary study new_zealand users thought legal safe available forms come form white powder users swallow smoke use taken users reported feel effects minutes effects felt minutes peaked half hour effects hours taken half hour taken sold mixed product called bubbles mixed including purity published study analysed samples bought internet found mixture high purity unpublished study samples ordered internet found contained organic products sold irish head shops tested found contain products containing adverse effects short term effects reported cause effects including pupils poor concentration teeth grinding problems focusing visually poor short term memory erratic behaviour noted severe effects appear linked high prolonged usage effects users taking time effects users internet forums noted include changes body temperature increased heart rate breathing difficulties loss appetite increased anxiety paranoia depression cause nose nose burns survey conducted national addiction centre found users experienced suffered heart cold blue fingers indicative occurring doctors guy hospital london reported patients treated taking agitated increased heart rates required treatment predominantly control reported patients suffered cold blue contrary reports patients glasgow coma scale indicating normal mental state patients reported central nervous system commonly patients reported use variety compounds despite similarities known derivatives appear produce effects system mice reinforcement disorders reports users suggesting addictive case reported person took achieve desired effect injected mixed water shortly user developed blurred tunnel vision chest pressure patient treated features decreased user discharged hours arrival case syndrome reported patient prescribed took containing night treated discharged hours admission differs lack group ring compared shown toxic rat toxic simon school university london stated based chemical similarities highly likely display colleagues stated extreme caution noting associated related synthesis compound concluded experimental research needed investigate doctors treated year old female suffering suggested like promote release resulting altered mental state case year old male admitted hospital suffering heart hours taking doctors treating patient stated caused direct toxic effect heart muscle immune response case acquired patient bluish lips fingers reported user patient started recover arriving hospital necessary administer medication deaths sweden year old swedish woman died stockholm taking newspaper reported woman went turned blue face doctors reported suffering severe woman died half days onset symptoms autopsy showed severe brain swelling scheduled classified dangerous substance sweden woman death university hospital december death brought media attention drug possession classified criminal offence sweden december united_kingdom unconfirmed reports speculated role played deaths young people july alleged involved fatalities detected cases finished investigating caused directly death reported caused use year old john sterling smith underlying health problems repeatedly injected drug report forensic science international august stated recorded cause death cases scotland post samples showed concentration blood case death teenager november widely reported caused report concluded died natural causes march deaths teenagers widely reported media caused reports showed teenagers taken died result consuming alcohol heroin substitute according member reporting unconfirmed deaths newspapers followed usual cycle distortion associated reporting recreational drug use united_states implicated death year old male injected black tar heroin found blood concentration concentration blood concentration heroin comparison average blood concentration resulting deadly involving heroin studied detail sale designer drug addition controlled drug lists countries writing british medical journal stated given chemical structure likely stimulate release derivatives act similar way mainly acting expected act way actions determined differences molecular modelling suggests account higher required achieve similar effect able cross blood brain barrier centre exists forms called form thought potent form applies study determined form rewarding form contrast observed consumed alcohol study mice investigated substances focusing rewarding properties found low non alcohol significantly enhanced effects effect increase able block alcohol similarly rewarding properties enhanced low non rewarding dose alcohol articles published near end examined effects compared similar drugs nucleus rats examining reinforcing potential collected increases measured reward drug seeking linked increases concentrations nucleus drug half life plays role drug seeking based examination author nucleus shell administration caused increase increase reached peak concentrations minutes minutes respectively returned minutes injection comparison caused roughly increase minutes insignificant increase administration resulted increase peaking minutes insignificant increase analysis ratio indicated ratio additionally half lives decrease calculated drug decay rates minutes minutes respectively decay values minutes minutes respectively values minutes minutes respectively taken findings massive increase combined rapid clearance rapid rise subsequent fall levels explain addictive properties displays users based analysis rat human gas mass thought phase pathways primary producing compounds group reduced producing group producing thought derivatives knowledge primary routes allow intake confirmed drug tests accurate determination causes effects potential detection body blood gas mass liquid mass confirm diagnosis poisoning hospitalized patients provide evidence death investigation blood concentrations expected range persons drug patients victims acute physical chemical properties appearance white substance sold commonly crystals powder form pills distinctive reported range synthetic smell smell electric circuit boards synthesis ways simplest method availability compounds add dissolved glacial acid creating oil fraction oil fraction dissolved drops solution added solution containing acid added layer removed turned extracted vacuum creating oil dissolved finally gas mixture produce method produces mixture requires similar knowledge required produced potassium dissolved acid obtained specific form consisting produced danger associated method cause poisoning product correctly form prepared crafts step synthesis react presence aluminium intermediate acid alcohol produce produce analysis react reagent testing kits exception reagent gives bright yellow reaction history hundreds designer drugs legal highs reported recent years including artificial chemicals synthetic substances drugs primarily developed avoid controlled laws illegal drugs giving label designer drugs according european monitoring centre drugs drug addiction synthesis reported bulletin france alpha compound remained obscure product discovered publicised underground chemist website working pseudonym posted site bored couple days fun lying thought try going describe taking user fantastic sense haven got drug beloved interviews described mathematician design sleeping pills major company stated based israel rediscovered drug similar containing sold legally israel illegal modified new products sold israeli company products names pills range discontinued january israeli government illegal research project organisation searches internet information new drugs identified research suggested drug available purchase internet discussed internet forums seized france police sent tablet assumed analysed discovery published paper titled century reported having sold australian city annual survey regular users australia found surveyed having previous months price paid varied noted aware found denmark finland drug enforcement administration noted present united_states july detected member states reported croatia norway daily_telegraph reported april manufactured china illegal march magazine reported cost couple pounds kilogram month daily_telegraph reported manufacturers making huge amounts money selling january magazine reported dealers britain spent ship kilogram china sell making profit later report march stated wholesale price kilogram march international control board published report designer drugs noting europe north_america southeast_asia new_zealand australia united_kingdom summer march use grew rapidly readily available music festivals head shops internet survey readers found fourth popular street drug united_kingdom cocaine drug diverse range social groups whilst evidence researchers charity workers teachers users reported widespread increasing use drug drug rapid growth popularity believed related availability legality university lancaster thought emergence related decreasing purity cocaine sale view reinforced report national treatment agency substance average cocaine purity fell half pills seized contained june pills seized contained similar pattern observed netherlands number containing rising detected decrease thought partly seizure tonnes oil precursor june million according john george university london emergence related government banning class drugs december previously legal high banned august despite concerns replaced drugs december available websites based march online shops half sold amounts grams half sold bulk quantities price varied july february health professionals accessed national information service entry times telephone inquiries requests increased month month period comparison similar time period entries cocaine accessed approximately times illegal number inquiries fell substantially june media organisations including bbc guardian incorrectly reported commonly plant fact sellers drug described plant food illegal sell compound human consumption late newspapers began referring drug doubled unknown street time november tabloid newspaper sun published story stating man ripped whilst story later shown online joke posted later included police report unreliable police report source story sun myths media repeated led deaths people teachers unable drug pupils government slow ban drug parallels drawn media coverage piece satire chris morris brass eye tricked public figures talking dangers taking fictional legal drug cake advisory council drugs suggested media coverage drug led increased usage jon bbc home affairs correspondent written articles discussing media strong influence government drugs policy particularly government wished demonstrate tough drugs survey secondary school pupils university students conducted february found previously taken time available legally internet users reported purchasing online purchasing street dealers said easy easy obtain users reported negative effect associated use teeth grinding common detailed interviews users northern_ireland similarly found purchased online citing concerns address traced family members intercept package march johnson home secretary announced illegal weeks sent report use legislation illegal johnson said stop manufacturers different similarly harmful drugs run problems government drugs policy government follow advice culminating dismissal chairman david reiterated findings academic lecture members resigned sacked prior announcement banned trend continued taylor resigned saying trust way government use advice given member chairman english drug education forum resigned announcement said decision home secretary based media political pressure little discussion recommendation classify drug likely impact young people behaviour members charity groups expressed concern banning drug arguing inevitably users particularly young people expressed concern drug left hands black market dealers compound problem resignation specifically linked stated need review entire approach drugs dumping idea legally sanctioned drug users constitute main helping solve country drug problems need stop people need help support parliamentary debate held april day general election announced meaning called wash period legislation passed little scrutiny hour spent debating ban parties agreed meaning vote required interview conducted july longer minister johnson admitted decision ban sped widespread reporting deaths caused drug government wished pass law parliament dissolved prior upcoming general election january johnson told telegraph decision based information editorial april edition questioned decision ban saying evidence judge potential caused arguing policy makers sought understand young people took influenced harris liberal democrat science spokesman stated legally constituted required drugs act report published taylor resigned lacked surgeon rush illegal act passed specified inactive leaving active form legal closed february act parliament chemistry world john professor chemistry queen university belfast suggested create law similar federal analog act united_states illegal analog august james home office drugs minister announced plans create new category drugs act police reform social responsibility bill allow new legal highs temporarily illegal need vote parliament advice required according independent scientific committee drugs illegal street trade drug emerged prices double prior ban september reported ban mixed effect use decreasing areas remaining similar prevalent areas online survey users ban said continuing use half half said compared previous surveys users purchased dealers internet average price compared ban survey found quarter previous month price roughly doubled illegal likely cut substances prior ban continued use ban drugs survey participants users likely concerns interviews users northern_ireland found price roughly doubled illegal price rising increased drug thought risen reasons firstly dealers knew demand aware supplies exhausted future secondly dealers perceived customers likely willing pay illegal substance professor bird medical research council suggested ban lead cocaine related deaths months number cocaine related deaths fell time years fewer soldiers tested positive cocaine suggested users switching cocaine cautioned figures available difficult determine saved lives cost supposedly legal drugs filled gap market illegal including illegal ivory wave found contain compound illegal time products branded ivory wave possibly contain tested products sold weeks banned advertised found survey drugs workers end reported use widespread increasing reports problematic users taken poor man cocaine users heroin crack cocaine cases use reported increase society culture legal status rediscovered specifically illegal possess country use increased countries passed legislation making possession sale manufacture illegal illegal israel found products pills january death young woman sweden december linked use classified hazardous substance days later making illegal sell sweden june classified possession grams resulting minimum years prison longer sentence given possession cocaine heroin december denmark illegal act finland illegal possess november classified substance added list controlled substances estonia illegal import legal highs classified class drug april classified class drug jersey december use prevalent countries passed legislation prohibiting illegal croatia germany january followed romania isle man february march classified medicine netherlands making sale distribution illegal banned march day published report including recommended classified class drugs april drugs act amendment order passed parliament making substituted class drugs april prior ban taking effect covered drugs act offence act sell human consumption sold plant food bath use products possibly illegal trade descriptions act similar descriptions describe republic ireland illegal followed belgium italy lithuania france norway june russia july august austria poland illegal china announced illegal september reported singapore february illegal november december following advice illegal switzerland shortly countries banned netherlands greece portugal need change legislation comply ruling hungary government advisory body recommended illegal august followed making illegal january spain followed february mexico decree outlawed substance low use pose threat public health countries specifically listed illegal controlled legislation makes compounds illegal drugs listed australia specifically listed prohibited australian federal police stated illegal listed schedule prohibited substance australia standard october schedule substance substance abused manufacture possession sale use prohibited law required medical scientific research teaching training purposes approval commonwealth state territory health authorities february men arrested connection january state australia victoria listed controlled drug new_zealand included drugs act illegal similar controlled substances canada explicitly listed schedule controlled drugs substances act derivatives derivatives included section schedule act listed separate sections schedule iii listed separate sections schedule language capture etc considered controlled substance health canada according canadian medical association grouped schedule controlled substances media reports canadian police seizing currently scheduled united_states drug enforcement administration states possession controlled federal analog act according los_angeles_times applies sold human consumption cities states new_york state passed legislation specifically list illegal areas remained legal long sold human consumption retailers described bath september began emergency scheduling authority temporarily control authorized law action possessing selling products contain illegal year united_states department health human services conduct study control compounds permanent july passage synthetic drug abuse prevention act usage survey conducted late national addiction centre found readers month making fourth popular drug thirds drug average session length sessions increased increased users drug reported session took compared reported days month compared days month irish study people treatment program heroin found patients tested positive usage harm assessment professor david chair advisory council drugs said people better taking drugs know knows buy don testing system dangerous don know chemicals animals let humans les king member stated appears potent benefit associated users taking larger amounts told bbc probably harmful wait better scientific evidence support


copper copper commonly called lower copper formula substance white solid water concentrated acid samples appear green presence copper history copper prepared robert mid seventeenth century mercury venetian copper metal characterized different copper prepared heating red heat absence air causing lose half combined followed removing washing water acidic solution analysis carbon content gases example gas apparatus application significant time coal gas widely heating lighting nineteenth early twentieth centuries synthesis copper reducing copper dioxide reducing agents chemical properties copper lewis acid classified soft according hard soft acid base concept tends form stable complexes soft lewis bases water solutions containing suitable donor molecules forms complexes example forming concentrated acid attacked corresponding complexes solutions absorb carbon form complexes acid solutions react gas form solutions react form explosive copper complexes prepared reduction dioxide presence alcohol solution complexes particularly stable absence solutions unstable respect reason samples air assume green coloration photograph upper right uses main use copper precursor copper purpose copper generated air copper variety organic reactions discussed affinity carbon presence aluminium exploited process organic synthesis carbon aluminium hydrogen reaction form reaction treatment salt leads example reaction wide scope usually gives good yields early investigators observed copper addition alpha beta led development widely today organic synthesis finding led development chemistry example form find extensive use organic synthesis form similar compounds copper compounds copper types reactions copper recommended cases indicates group reagent gives mixture addition products adds closer copper intermediate formed copper process chemistry catalyst transfer radical


iron iii iron iii called industrial scale chemical compound formula iron state colour iron iii crystals depends viewing angle reflected light crystals appear dark green transmitted light appear purple red iron iii forming hydrogen moist air rarely observed natural form mineral known mainly dissolved water iron iii undergoes gives heat reaction resulting brown acidic solution sewage treatment drinking water production copper based metals printed circuit boards iron iii fairly strong lewis acid catalyst organic synthesis nomenclature referring iron iii distinguish common forms usually given simplified formula given systematic iii clearly represents structure structure properties iron iii adopts structure features iii centres coordinate iron iii consists complexes remaining molecules embedded crystal structure iron iii relatively low melting point consists aluminium increasingly point group molecular symmetry higher temperature competition iron gas preparation iron iii prepared union elements solutions iron iii produced iron ore closed loop process iron ore acid iron iron oxygen reacting iron acid hydrogen hydrogen turning like metal iron iii converted salt conversion iron iii accomplished heating iron produced reactions iron iii undergoes acidic solution heated iron iii iron iii gives iron layered solid host moderately strong lewis acid forming lewis bases yellow acid extracted metal react metal complexes varying complexity compounds solid phase variety complexes described nominal reaction react rapidly iron iii form complexes iron iii mild agent example capable copper copper iron form iron reducing agents convert iron iii complexes iron uses industrial industrial application iron iii sewage treatment drinking water production application slightly basic water form iron iii precisely formulated remove suspended materials agent example production process important application iron iii copper step reaction copper copper production printed circuit boards iron iii catalyst reaction forming important chemical mainly industrial production vinyl making laboratory use laboratory iron iii commonly employed lewis acid reactions compounds crafts reaction powerful aluminium cases leads higher yields example test traditional test uses iron iii solution slight formed mixture filtered use organic substance dissolved water iron iii solution added permanent coloration usually purple green blue indicates presence reaction exploited spot test indicate presence particularly acid contains group test detect presence gamma acid gamma cause turn red brown uses form drying reagent certain reactions detect presence compounds organic synthesis examining purity water treatment iron iii american coin collectors identify dates buffalo badly worn date longer visible blade pattern metal giving contrasting effect view metal pattern iron necessary plates printing photographic fine art images cylinders printing industry printed circuit boards practice treat animal claws particularly results bleeding preparation metal sandwich complex technique firing iron coloring pottery piece shades pink brown orange test pitting resistance conjunction mildly reduce organic primary animal model energy storage systems historically direct positive patent safety iron iii toxic highly acidic material powerful agent reports poisoning humans rare result mortality inappropriate labeling storage lead accidental early diagnosis important especially seriously poisoned patients


called organic chemical family functions human brain body derived latin roots meaning alongside commonly united_kingdom united_states derived greek roots having meaning usually preferred international given drug regardless substance parts body produce affected referred synthesized released central nervous system division nervous system called sympathetic nervous system brain produced closely packed brain cell small exert powerful effects brain areas important located sympathetic nervous system sympathetic located near spinal cord abdomen released directly sympathetic organs regardless released acts target cells binding located cell surface general function brain body action release lowest sleep rises reaches higher levels situations stress danger called fight flight response brain increases promotes formation memory focuses attention increases anxiety rest body increases heart rate blood pressure release energy stores increases blood flow skeletal muscle reduces blood flow system variety medically important drugs work altering actions systems widely drug treatment critically low blood pressure beta counter effects frequently treat range problems alpha counter different set effects treat psychiatric conditions effect commonly surgery treatment drug alcohol dependence important psychiatric drugs exert strong effects systems brain resulting effects helpful harmful structure structure differs group attached nitrogen group replaced hydrogen prefix derived word normal indicate compound mechanisms synthesis synthesized acid series steps sympathetic nervous system conversion occurs predominantly conversion occurs predominantly inside direct precursor synthesized indirectly essential acid non essential acid found nearly protein provided protein containing food common converted molecular oxygen converted probably iron converted acid known converted known acid converted degradation mammals rapidly degraded initial step breakdown mainly breakdown proceed variety pathways principal end products acid form thought inactive functions cellular effects like active substances effects binding located surface cells broad families identified known alpha beta alpha divided beta function protein coupled meaning exert effects complex second messenger system usually effects located pre surface cells release net effect activation decrease released types beta usually effects storage release inside brain functions controlled set mechanisms common synthesis transported stored ejected typically action potential causes release contents directly process called action potential molecules quickly absorbed cell primarily net broken making available future release sympathetic nervous system main sympathetic nervous system consists dozen sympathetic chain located spinal cord plus set located chest abdomen sympathetic connected numerous organs including eyes heart lungs liver stomach reproductive organs muscles skin sympathetic activation causes called release functioning gains access wide variety tissues broadly speaking effect target organ modify state way makes active body movement cost increased energy use increased wear tear contrasted effects nervous system organs state rest recovery food usually costly terms energy expenditure sympathetic effects include eyes increase production tears making eyes moist pupil iris heart increase blood pumped brown tissue increase burned generate body heat multiple effects immune system sympathetic nervous system primary path interaction immune system brain components receive sympathetic including effects complex immune processes activated blood vessels causing increase blood pressure release retention liver increase production meal food recently consumed body main energy source conditions increased release main effect increase production liver skeletal muscles increase tissue fat cells increase conversion fat substances directly energy sources muscles tissues stomach reduction digestive activity results generally effect nervous system causing decreases mobility blood flow digestive substances central nervous system brain form system activated effects large areas brain effects manifested readiness action primary comparatively number cell bodies confined relatively small brain areas send projections brain areas exert powerful effects targets cell groups mapped assigned labels starting letter scheme areas contain contain cell group located caudal plays role control body fluid cell group located area called solitary nucleus cells implicated variety responses including control food intake responses stress cell groups project mainly spinal cord important source brain contains cell group cell group small absolute terms estimated contain brain sends projections major brain spinal cord level activity broadly speed reaction activity low sleep drops virtually dreaming state runs level increases temporarily person presented sort draws attention unpleasant pain difficulty breathing heat cold generate larger increases extremely unpleasant states intense fear intense pain associated high levels activity released affects brain function number ways processing sensory attention formation long term working memory ability brain respond changing activity pattern areas control level strong drug induced suppression powerful effect great similarity situations activate brain situations activate sympathetic nervous system periphery essentially brain action sympathetic system body argued similarity arises large degree controlled brain structures particularly called nucleus large number important drugs exert effects interacting systems brain body uses include treatment problems shock variety psychiatric conditions drugs drugs mimic enhance effects released sympathetic nervous system drugs contrast block effects large groups diverse uses depending exactly effects enhanced blocked classified drug effects given injection increasing heart rate force blood vessels useful treating medical involve critically low blood pressure beta drugs block effects beta having little effect alpha treat high blood pressure heart failure recent reviews concluded types drugs usually superior purposes beta viable choice conditions including syndrome widely treat form effects reducing anxiety symptoms public speakers athletes reduce performance anxiety medically approved purpose banned international olympic committee unfortunately beta limited range effects including slowing heart rate drop blood pressure negative effects particularly severe people suffer diabetes alpha drugs block effects alpha having little effect beta drugs belonging group different effects depending primarily block described article frequently located releasing effects consequently usually results increase release usually located target cells effects consequently usually results blocking effects drugs act types produce complex combination effects cases term alpha qualification refers selective antagonist selective variety uses effects relax muscles neck treat help expulsion stones effects central nervous system useful treating anxiety disorder panic disorder stress disorder significant effects including drop blood pressure function partly selective best known drug class extracted bark african tree acts male purpose limited effects including anxiety cause dangerous increase blood pressure banned countries united_states extracted plant synthesized sold counter supplement drugs activate enhance effects located releasing cells net effect drugs usually reduce released drugs group capable entering brain strong effects effects example treatment anxiety disorders patients undergo surgery drug group powerful combination general surgery united_states approved use humans drugs primary effects thought different systems increase levels brain example increases release degradation cases difficult distinguish effects effects related diseases disorders number important medical problems involve system brain body sympathetic sympathetic nervous system recognized condition component number conditions possible consequence taking drugs causes distinctive set symptoms including pains rapid elevated blood pressure anxiety drop blood sympathetic activity elevated extended time cause weight loss stress related body changes list conditions cause sympathetic includes severe brain injury spinal cord damage heart failure high blood pressure kidney disease types stress rarely occurring caused genetic factors certain types cancer consequence massive increase released obvious symptoms sympathetic including particularly rise blood pressure reach fatal levels effective treatment surgical removal stress stress means situation threatens continued stability body functions stress affects wide variety body systems consistently activated axis system including sympathetic nervous system centered system brain types evoke increases activity brain body meet threat chronic stress continued long time damage parts body significant damage effects sustained release general function directing resources away maintenance regeneration reproduction systems required active movement consequences include slowing growth children loss problems impaired disease resistance slower rates injury healing depression increased vulnerability addiction attention deficit disorder psychiatric condition involving problems attention commonly treated drugs primary effect increase levels brain drugs group generally increase brain levels difficult determine actions involved clinical value substantial evidence people involving altered processing drugs primary effects including tried treatments found effects comparable failure conditions including disease diabetes called pure failure cause loss sympathetic nervous system symptoms widespread reduction heart rate extreme drop resting blood pressure making impossible severely affected people stand seconds treatment involve changes drugs comparative biology evolution reported exist wide variety animal species including related species nervous systems differ greatly animals generally present etc etc replaced closely related chemical closely related synthesis insects functions correspond roughly functions argued evolved replace vice versa nervous system primitive reported contain presents difficulties hypothesis history early twentieth century walter cannon popularized idea system preparing body fight flight colleague developed theory responsible actions belgian canadian american suggested sympathetic peter independently identified mechanism body von published series papers established role demonstrated presence tissues brain evidence cannon


21st episode fifth season big bang theory aired cbs april episode overall learning stephen coming lecture howard simon hired maintain wheelchair equipment jim parsons discovers desperate meet howard says completes series tasks final scene episode features short cameo appearance stephen revealed appear march high profile guest star season episode million viewers america garnered mixed reviews plot johnny lunch howard gets mail stephen office coming lecture needs engineer help maintain wheelchair equipment big fan howard considers bringing meet arrives says understanding particle explains ignores howard thinking wouldn understand howard feeling insulted refuses introduce pleads day howard talks work begs howard agrees paper condition performs tasks task polish howard belt howard tends stand close given black light dozen belt clean performs task second task forced wear french maid costume howard originally bought girlfriend seen staring penny goes laundry finds washing howard explains punished according howard asks penny thinks penny agrees howard howard shows picture wearing french maid costume thinks howard cruel says unaware mean howard agrees stop making perform tasks howard mother remind plans dress shopping says accompany instead forced shopping final task howard compliment work says howard good job consider work worth howard reveals gave paper days ago finally gets meet person meet points error paper makes paper incorrect shocked production stephen mentioned times including pilot appeared comedy television shows previously voice cartoon versions episodes simpsons march bill announced super secret super cool guest star appear march cbs announced guest starring april photos appearance published hollywood reporter april asked appear previously ill bill stated stephen dream guest star appearing long shot astronomical proportions fan big bang theory requested watch rehearsal episode filming scene simon plays howard impression voice episode felt slightly uncomfortable mimicking enjoy impression high profile guest star appear season mike later appeared season episode extract season episode relationship season episode manifestation episodes voice heard shown pre recorded video segment big bang theory panel comic con apologized person sang theme tune following week break episode convergence aired reception ratings night broadcast cbs april episode watched million households received nielsen rating viewers aged meaning years olds watched episode aired alongside american idol fox missing abc nbc community repeat episode vampire diaries episode watched program night second watched cbs canada episode received million viewers making watched episode week episode aired million households watched garnered million viewers watched million viewers overall watched week ranked australia episode aired april million viewers second watched television night reviews overall episode received mixed reviews day fanatic gave episode positive review describing possibly best episode giving maximum possible editor rating oliver club gave episode complimented line calling big pay story enjoyed scene said personal slave storyline classic sitcom plot noted second episode row amy ign rated wrote episode played like filler good filler episode described final scene fun effective claimed robin critic rated episode stating craft gone stories jokes favour basic stories punch lines thought nice job showing vulnerability howard episode overall utterly predictable joke simon complimented stephen comedic timing twitter huffington_post said guest appearances felt right appeared big bang theory


convergence convergence second episode fifth season american sitcom big bang theory episode premiered april cbs main characters bachelor party celebrate howard simon upcoming marriage party drunk reveals information howard past sexual encounters picks party howard find learned howard sexual history video posted internet story concept episode written series creator bill writers steve holland written creator writers jim peter served director airing convergence garnered million viewers united_states nielsen rating demographic episode received mixed reviews television critics noting heavy jokes compared episodes series plot howard discuss howard bachelor party howard banned party suggests wine train trip valley despite approval idea rejected amy filming penny making wedding party gifts begins ask question penny tells ask normal married bachelor party proves failure jokes falling flat barry complaining lack drunk begins speech saying lonely moved america met howard tells embarrassing stories howard sexual history including howard lost second cousin sailor moon slept prostitute later comes drives howard home reveals video speech youtube howard previously claimed told girl apartment questions marry upset penny originally set howard howard shows apartment gives penny heartfelt genuine apology reduces penny tears amy relieved maid honor later meets penny laundry room wants sex penny declines production story concept convergence written series creator bill writers steve holland episode written series creator writers jim directed peter filmed march guest stars included kevin stuart bloom john ross barry scott returns captain actors bachelor party guests non speaking roles reception ratings episode originally broadcast april followed rules engagement airing convergence garnered million viewers airing simultaneously american idol fox community nbc missing abc vampire diaries exception american idol million viewers beat programs timeslot nielsen rating system episode received rating percent share adults ages canada episode aired date total million households watched episode watched week united_kingdom aired garnered million viewers watched million viewers giving episode total million viewers night broadcast making watched night channels australia aired network million viewed episode ranked second network second overall night critical reception episode received mixed critical reception oliver club graded claiming amy gets episode best lines noted lot jew humor simon perfect people deliver disliked barry said jokes wore thin fairly quickly ign gave episode mixed review saying big bang theory cynical female characters noted frustrated revelation wouldn allow bachelor party explained claimed laughs scored episode classifying mediocre day fanatic gave positive review rating episode praising penny response howard apology claiming provided nice inside pulse gave episode positive review praising episode ended sweet moment howard character doesn sweet claimed definitely people changing moving forward big bang theory great job emotionally characters past couple seasons despite said episode wasn funny hoped felt like potential howard bachelor party revealing secrets robin critic rated episode describing howard little speech written performed considered comedy generic especially regards jokes jewish stereotypes penny dismissal overall said wasn strongest episode comedy wasn particularly interesting episode end


convention convention 14th episode seventh season sitcom big bang theory episode overall aired cbs january episode features guest appearances james earl jones fisher contrast previous guest stars jones takes liking jim parsons main plot focused having night fisher appears jones suggests knock door run away episode received high ratings mainly positive reviews complimenting cameo appearances plot johnny howard simon apartment waiting comic con tickets sale online minutes trying finally gets queue line tickets run men disappointed able attend especially spent time costumes intending different versions hulk portrayed edward mark decides set comic con tries convince celebrities appear including stan lee bill science guy orders lee asks contact discovers james earl jones voicing star wars villain going restaurant meets unlike celebrities met james earl jones company spend night activities ice cream carnival strip club asks jones questions learns mute years pre college sound designer ben equipment create sound breathing sing karaoke club prank fisher knocking door running away end night james earl jones learns friends failed comic con tickets invites guests howard attempt solve comic con problem illegally buying tickets arranging come apartment begin worried pointed charged petty theft heard arriving quickly turn lights stay silent penny amy tea room attempt feel like adults tea room discover mothers children bar discuss feel grown adult necessarily good thing production episode features guest stars james earl jones fisher actors star wars film series announced appearing january day steve revealed basic plot outline episode refused explain exactly fisher small funny weird episode filmed january real life james earl jones said good sport meeting star wars fans similar character episode jim parsons described having james earl jones pretty insane said way realize work convention episode credit plays penny married ryan december episode air wedding reception ratings night broadcast january episode watched million households including viewers watching episode watched million viewers total received nielsen rating overall viewers aged episode watched episode night canada episode aired time america television network watched million viewers ranking canadian television week australia broadcast episode network march watched households ranked network night eighth cable aired episode received million viewers according ranking number week channel episode million viewers giving total million viewers reviews episode received positive reviews critics complimenting james earl jones fisher cameo appearances ign rated comes celebrity guest stars james earl jones raised bar week big bang theory oliver club gave episode complimenting having currency secure high profile guest stars episode jason hughes huffington_post agreed describing episode best uses celebrity guest stars playing seen television billy zap2it said jones proven powerful comedy performer day fanatic gave episode positive review describing far funniest episode season giving editor rating tom digital_spy gave mixed review complimented cold opening described fisher surprise cameo appearance pretty cool said girls subplot acting like grown ups bit thought ticket subplot dropped conclusion shame robin critic rated episode describing classic bad big bang theory said story like makes bit harder believe suggested experience disliked girls subplot described guys


transformation transformation 18th episode fifth season sitcom big bang theory episode overall aired cbs february episode jim parsons approach life failing usual barber howard simon rough time astronaut training episode submitted parsons emmy nomination received mixed reactions critics plot goes usual barber coma barber nephew peter instead uncomfortable situation runs away later talks friends penny offers cut hair amy suggest rejects ideas goes visit hospital nurse sees expecting calls security leave accepts going meticulous planning example chart realizing waste time early morning johnny penny wake find playing drum richard played try stop leaves apartment eventually falling asleep amy couch morning penny convinces let cut hair ends accidentally hair howard summoned astronaut training nasa day training talks experiencing forced overnight survival training goes visit howard houston finds mother taking care production primetime emmy awards jim parsons received nomination primetime emmy award outstanding lead actor comedy series submitted transformation consideration alan_sepinwall predicted hitfix parsons win time row parsons won award lost jon played harper half men watson johnson appeared episodes including pilot appeared briefly episode nurse reception ratings transformation broadcast cbs february watched million households highest viewing figure night received nielsen rating demographic night canada episode garnered million viewers total making second watched television week australia episode aired network march watched million households came nightly rank transformation broadcast april episode garnered million viewers million watches channel weekly ratings channels reviews harris club gave episode describing relatively strong claiming characterization little cameo status episode harris actually moved arrived howard hotel room houston ign gave transformation described good filler episode subplot criticized viewers howard experiencing hardships training sour end howard mother revealed staying hotel suggested episode good opportunity sex amy jim garner fanatic gave episode stars saying wasn funny episode season explore fun areas favorite garner criticized howard subplot saying lingering long ahead shoot howard space robin critic rated episode mixed feelings howard storyline described plot tedious abandoned systematic organization life episode half chance question seriously inside pulse described episode average commenting reaction surprising given strong signs spectrum howard subplot described pretty funny appearance described easy joke


privately owned software company headquartered city california develops self service data preparation software gets data ready data software software intended business analysts opposed technical staff combine data different sources check data quality issues machine learning certain aspects data preparation users work software user interface similar company founded january operated stealth mode october received million venture funding analysts praised creating software user friendly non technical business users caution noisy marketplace history founded january initially raised million venture capital company came stealth mode october simultaneously public release announced million funding round led partners adoption software grew quickly march acquired interest raised additional million funding september began working jointly develop data preparation suite software services software refers suite cloud based data quality integration governance products data preparation software intended business analysts need combine data variety sources check data fields trends integrity issues conducting analysis party software tool uses machine learning certain aspects data preparation example automatically detect records belonging person address information differently record different data sets software based user interface patterns data color coded users provided instructions resolve data quality issues supplement data information data sets related quality issues addressed collaborative environment share feature runs spark according analyst firm software possible advances machine learning data software uses understand meaning data table columns pattern recognition find potential data set uses text pattern recognition technologies traditionally found social media search software software users dairy producer uses software business staff create reports merchandising supply chain product data department reception report cool vendors data integration data quality praised developing business user friendly data quality product use code research said based user interface business analysts resistant away familiar like programs said recognized report automated based features tracks changes data research said noisy marketplace according early market large corporations making investments developing similar competing products according business edge way differs automatically merges multiple data sets single table easily imported analysis tool said difficult time finding compelling model data discovery tools provide similar features contrast said pretty small compared time users save

Computer-related organizations and people


networks networks multinational corporation headquartered california develops markets networking products products include switches network management software network security products software defined networking technology founded company received rounds funding venture telecommunications companies going public grew million annual revenues percent share core market challenging dominant market share grew billion revenues billion appointed kevin johnson ceo networks originally focused core internet service providers perform address direct internet traffic acquisition entered market edge route internet traffic individual consumers entered security market security acquiring security company technologies following year entered enterprise segment early 2000s accounted revenues focused developing new software defined networking products company encountered controversy suspicion allegedly putting products history origins funding networks founded february scientist alto research center conceived idea vacation time internet traffic intended phone calls dedicated circuits wanted create based internet traffic joined engineers sun dennis communications started networks million seed funding followed million funding company year operations seven months company founding scott appointed ceo manage business founder chief technology officer february raised million venture funding later year raised additional million investments round included largest telecommunications equipment manufacturers received million investments growth million annual revenue following year product telecommunications companies signed agreements distribute internationally european headquarters established united_kingdom asia pacific headquarters hong_kong subsidiary created japan offices established korea market share core grew year later april filed initial public offering april day june stock set record day trading technology sector increasing market billion according networks latest wall street reaching billion late july year company stock grew fold revenues grew million year moved headquarters mountain view california competition controlled market high end core expense systems sales according analysts unanimously agree boxes technically superior hardware data processing relied software results slower speeds provided broader range services support entrenched market position press depicted david versus story grown acquisitions large routing equipment homes businesses thought anti small company narrow focus january introduced suite products said intended challenge increasing market share according end times fast twice cost comparable products expected growing share market companies systems announced plans release products pace introduced suite network edge compete edge market share months release companies exaggerated marketing claims promoted products stable staff bored announced lab tests light reading proved products superior publication reached opposite conclusion companies repeatedly announcing products faster specifications network world called speeds feeds public relations contest controlled core market share market enterprise edge core respectively unsuccessful challenging core market continued competing edge development late formed joint venture develop market network switches internet traffic mobile devices fiber technology introduced technical certification program involved optical internet network china growth slowed telecommunications sector experienced revenues fell thirds dot bust workforce laid rebounded surpassing billion revenues time year reaching billion revenue beginning acquisition networks began developing marketing products enterprise segment reputation serving enterprises trying change enterprise customers accounted company revenues spent billion acquisitions enterprise market companies financial results series investigations stock practices alleged company engaged practices benefited executives december charging million expenses correct stock options followed million settlement february present july ceo scott chairman microsoft executive kevin johnson appointed ceo johnson focused company software creating software solutions division headed microsoft colleague bob hired microsoft executives focus company software strategy encourage developers create software products run operating system established partnerships microsoft software compatibility efforts pulse product family launched later spun private equity firm million laid staff high ranking executives departed following year ceo kevin johnson announced retiring replacement found november networks announced appointed new ceo started position january january fund activist investor associates advocated reduce cash reserves cut costs officially appointed february reached agreement integrated operating plan involved billion shares reducing operating expenses million appointing new directors board april company staff laid cut expenses november unexpectedly resigned following review board directors conduct negotiation unnamed customer internal executive took place ceo alto networks agreed pay million settlement allegedly patents application acquisitions investments acquisitions smaller companies leadership preference organic growth pace acquisition picked purchases pacific networks billion acquisition network security company technologies revised channel program year network bring products market acquisitions deal values ranging million acquired application acceleration networks company networks wide area network company networks incorporated new application products group technology integrated framework additional acquisitions september acquisitions invested companies acquired early stage developing technology selling pre existing clients acquired digital video companies networks inc wireless software company networks acquired software develops security software intended network perimeter developer software defined network controllers systems acquired software defined networking company products networks designs markets networking products switches security products started selling core expanded edge data centers wireless networking networking branch offices access devices largest market share holder overall switches according analyst firm group fourth largest edge second core core market second largest market share holder products share market data center security second place market share holder holds joint development marketing agreement networks holds marginal market share provides technical support services care program february product families include following switches networks product operating system released july available september core internet service providers called incorporated specialized application specific integrated circuits routing internet traffic developed partnership times comparable contemporary products followed smaller december march developed hardware systems seven new releases operating system april released second generation internet embedded core april released series family originally known code gibson perform times route second products matrix family combine series released december major applications core edge mobile traffic major core entered market edge acquiring series product family originally known purchase increased focus edge built abundant core improvements software features released late time largest market share market entered market cable termination systems series product family acquisition pacific product family discontinued later year enterprise switch product released comparative technical test network world said performer network switches tested features newer robust aspects product networks announced second core newer released family universal access company new releases family edge introduced smaller version core called new enterprise released seven months later acquired technology integrated controller announced february february introduced protocol transferring data network single network layer individual products released year october introduced network architecture called new set switches family foundations new architecture february software hardware improvements introduced including series software applications use provide internet based services consumers december introduced network switch run operating system open project open source software security networks introduced security included flow monitoring network address translation acquisition technologies acquired secure meeting product line remote access software security new product introduced acquisition wireless product product intended small businesses remote access released august open interface development party tools available september september entered market enterprise access series product family channel partners acquired market released dedicated network access control product late followed acquisition funk software capabilities switches according review network world routing product threat competing products released family gateway products sold customers reported wide range technical issues starting acknowledge began providing updates product software august announced jointly develop mobile security application based pulse security software released series new features web security software acquired software february software focused presenting fake tracking activity january announced suite security switching products virtual machines following month released products intrusion deception create fake files store incorrect change network maps order confuse penetrated network perimeter analysis code december discovered key dual allowing traffic inserted year versions gives user administrative access special master analysts claim exists stephen quoted wired intentional opinion amazing coincidence december systems announced discovered unauthorized code software devices present onwards simple root changing point dual attackers presumably key use intentional traffic software defined networking according analysis recent history focusing software defined networking acquired company systems december following month announced strategy included new licensing model based usage new features operating system february released products including application software services activation director mobile control gateway announced controller called technology acquired systems series products released february network management software product fusion controller called helps find optimal path data travel network recent updates march announced series updates family core family switches updates security portfolio according report published technology consulting firm june networks largest recipient network security related patents portfolio security related patents operations networks operations countries revenue united_states asia sells directly businesses distribution partners revenues derived switches comes security services according report networks highest paid software engineers technology sector margin year operates network academic alliance program scouts fresh college graduates according analysis strong focus research development expenses revenue company manufacturing manufacturing companies technology operates innovation fund started million early stage technology companies developing applications operating system invested companies estimated companies evaluated potential investment


eugene eugene born russian expert ceo lab security company employees lab helped identify instances government sponsored head research advocate international treaty prohibiting debate views security research russian political interests born russia graduated institute telecommunications computer science degree mathematical engineering computer technology interest security began work computer infected cascade virus developed program remove helped grow lab security research ceo early life eugene born october russia grew near moscow moved age father engineer mother historical child developed early interest math technology spent free time reading math books won second place math competition age fourteen eugene began attending boarding school run moscow university math member youth division communist_party soviet_union age entered year program institute telecommunications computer science sponsored russian military time prestigious schools russia sponsored graduated degree mathematical engineering computer technology graduating college served russian military software engineer met wife vacation resort lab origins eugene interest security began infected cascade virus working ministry defense studied virus worked developed program remove continually found new developed software remove hobby early anti virus software virus definitions distributed friends granted early release military service left defense ministry job information technology center private company order work product time colleagues improved software released product called pro software purchased clients month earned month companies ukraine russia future wife hamburg university germany gave software place competitive analysis software led business european american companies lab founded years later wife friend pushed eugene start company ceo eugene head research following year virus aka virus created anti virus products said software time virus according wired software advanced time example software monitor isolated company grew quickly late 1990s annual revenue grew percent percent revenues international staff people shortly foundation product renamed american company started product original wasn threat discoveries head research authored papers went conferences promote software quoted technology press expert helped establish company global research expert analysis team great helps corporations governments investigate security threats initially told team discuss terrorism publicly avoid giving governments ideas sabotage political opponents die hard released said idea public hired researcher identified worm believed instance state sponsored company exposed flame virus request international union virus believed espionage middle eastern countries lab developed reputation discovering threats lab discovered group known stealing money banks exposed equation group developed advanced monitoring activity believed affiliated national security agency according economist discoveries relentless company anti virus product lab uncommon internationally recognized russian company ceo ceo lab according article usa_today traveled countries year promoting lab products early said personality contributed company growth relative obscurity heels larger better known rivals time lab fourth largest security company introduced new products enterprise market expanded channel programs decision taking company public saying decision making slow prevent long term investments led series high level departures company including wife founder series departures occurred disagreements run company lab defended allegedly patent claims aggressively companies firms named suit patent information protection case court pay fee case ruled favor company sued companies patent infringement case resulted dropping case according article company settling claims likely eugene hates patent blog called parasites author patents including attribute based security system controlling software component interaction lab employs people working developing software protect critical infrastructure like power plants throws new years party year guests hosts conferences exotic locations controversies alleged russia eugene prior work russian military education sponsored technical college led controversy uses position advance russian government interests intelligence efforts according allegations dubious connections russian agencies began got clients america spends working life trying governments organizations trust software spite allegations wired said critics accuse company spy users russian intelligence russian telecommunications companies example required federal law russia cooperate government military spy operations asked said company asked software espionage called accusations cold war paranoia according wired argue users hurt business relationship russian limited according evidence doors software ties russian mafia state concern operate russia controlled ruling party computing mocked extreme accusations espionage said unlikely russian business grow size lab relationships russian government npr journalists said unlikely software espionage risky company business said showed unusual russia based new_york_times said aggressive identifying originating russia countries allegations example allegedly ignored series denial service attacks december disrupt online discussion criticizing russian politicians allegedly ignored russian based called believed russia nato eastern_europe hand published information russia based days accused ignoring russia based time company published reports russian programs competitor said awkward investigate performed government march article said increasing number executive staff lab previously worked russian military intelligence agencies according news observer published response tearing accusations accusing throwing facts window sake anti russian narrative competitor said companies executives worked government military intelligence agencies npr reported increasing business russian agencies catch confirms russian agencies government customers alleged anti virus august employees alleged company introduced modified files community anti virus database trick rivals programs triggering false result false important files disabled deleted allegations claimed ordered actions specifically targeting competitors including chinese companies felt copying software dated years ceo allegedly leaked allegedly threatening competitors phrase popularized company denied allegations personal life eugene lives moscow russia wife kids wife divorced april son kidnapped million ransom worked friend russian police trace phone set trap rescued son arrested incident influence sense personal security travels bodyguard security detail richest people russia net worth billion according wired cultivated image wild man cash burn interest racing drives sports cars race tracks hobby sponsors quirky scientific projects ferrari formula racing team owns describes adrenaline gone hiking russia reserved trip space virgin travels writes experiences personal blog enjoys photography hobby known formal attire typically dressing jeans shirt supports university projects competitions security field views eugene influential politicians security experts active promoting warnings possibility targets critical infrastructure regularly speaks conferences advocating international treaty ban government sponsored attack proposed internet needed regulation idea parts internet anonymous secure areas require user identification argued benefited example network operated nuclear power plant require verified identity digital passport said internet protected responsible international body maintains record online identities correspond real world ones example identity revealed cases activity security experts believe centralized database real world identities internet users privacy disaster highly attractive target thieves age said sounds little close comfort big brother scenario wired said views highly aligned russian government agenda organizations considering reducing privacy improve security result arguments recent interview said internet divided zones red zone voting online banking critical transactions require internet grey zone require age access site identity green zone news related freedom speech proposes special red zone websites allow disclosure user identity case suspected


november american computer scientist known work digital equipment corporation digital world wide web consortium levy book heroes computer revolution describes classmates massachusetts institute technology mit true child grades college mit member tech model railroad club mit freshman programming class helped develop earliest computer software including digital audio program called video game teacher john mccarthy classmates team wrote mccarthy program took chess match computers leaving mit joined computer manufacturer worked years chief architect family computers created company internet business group responsible forms web based technology known contributions internet world wide web work world wide web consortium digital helped found served associate chairman personal life born philadelphia pennsylvania raised child new_jersey childhood played tools father hardware store learned model child grades high school massachusetts institute technology mit aged interest computers began high school practical experience computing came mit developed habit working late night computer time available age married choir director piano teacher faculty school music lived cambridge massachusetts cape new_jersey couple shared love 16th 17th century music pipe organs toured historic pipe organs sweden germany italy mexico daughter prior marriage recorded oral history computer history museum died home cambridge apparently heart attack months death wife treatment cancer mit mit earned bachelor master degrees electrical engineering influenced teachers jack dennis john mccarthy involvement student organized tech model railroad club joined soon starting college graduate student member dennis introduced students loan mit indefinitely lincoln laboratory spring mccarthy taught course programming mit offered outside classes david gross peter robert robert wagner friends reserved time able use personal single user tool batch processing system thanks dennis faculty advisors john operations manager september digital donated mit expensive machine tiny today standards memory type precision display dennis oversaw lab located door students worked support staff programming new computer chess classmates michael charles wagner began develop mccarthy chess playing program described work mit artificial intelligence project memo bachelor thesis time chess group graduated program played chess comparable amateur games experience came learn great deal game mccarthy known chess players times world chess champion wrote book computers chess long range planning mccarthy program rule rejecting moves constituted machine threw baby bath water program drew criticism richard later wrote mac hack beat person tournament play recently looked cold war mccarthy played lost best russian chess program match computer programs martin stephen russell wayne conceived computer game working harvard_university inspired position display dubbed version running help mit classmates dan edwards stephen early coded russell earliest interactive computer games called video game write code travel digital obtain routine russell needed credited building game controllers allowed people play enduring legacy game success celebrated rolling_stone game 10th anniversary fanatic life symbolic death computer recently source code java 40th anniversary creators interviewed new_york_times software edward time technologies digital customer mccarthy russell anderson met panel celebrate computer history museum restoration gordon bell tape presentations illustrated contributions users early software wrote expensive enabled group operate directly wagner wrote expensive desk second physics department daniel murphy wrote text editor text editor later implement wrote type program known early page layout program implemented war card game collaboration computing dennis led writing harmony users coded music worked square drafting program controller gross built digital audio program expensive tape recorder early users wrote programming software including translated weekend later wrote interpreter programming language classmates described true book heroes computer revolution levy digital graduating mit started digital equipment corporation company dozen employees year career company held senior engineering positions storage telecommunications software began writing contributing development instruction set anderson vice president engineering principal architect gordon bell led team including assistant logic designer developed commercial time sharing computer designed delivered aiming scientific market digital machines bit word length accommodate artificial intelligence work compete computers world networking connection university western_australia perth operated boston united_states link principal architect designer generations bell thomas hastings richard hill wrote accelerated transition batch processing time sharing single user systems system architect known venus introduced highest performance computer digital history date operating times faster standard time expanded areas expertise engineering teaching business following suggestion taught logic design university california berkeley academic year earned master degree business administration clark university prepared later work digital web digital recognized web potential helped found world wide web consortium early switzerland tim lee met michael discuss starting new organization mit april steve grant brian digital traveled geneva speak lee need consortium create open standards coordinate web development lee mentions pivotal meeting digital book weaving web technical director digital corporate strategy group instrumental creating internet business group advocated early adoption integration internet web based technologies digital created search engine internet web portal live election returns digital continued lead internet web development difficult times questioned corporate strategy believed consumed web internet resources sell digital products like example saw missed opportunity system buying selling web content cent corporate consulting engineer digital advisory committee representative digital vice president marketing tech inc member science advisory board consultant content advisor computer history museum digital tech early members sponsors fourth international world wide web conference boston coordinated birds feather meeting selection payment vehicle internet purchases april santa california california presented systems electronic payments forum joined associate chairman role involved managing contractual relations hosts member organizations coordinating worldwide systems web team services millions pages resources website maintaining host site mit computer science artificial intelligence laboratory research scientist associate chairman member management team worked closely advisory board helped establish new office india worked internal task force reduce membership fees developing countries major contributor patent policy chaired patent advisory groups including briefly served domain leader technology society domain time included activity digital signatures electronic commerce public policy privacy security


paul ron born february professor stanford_university department computer science leading researcher field computer graphics focusing topics relating physically based simulation natural phenomena level sets techniques employed motion pictures earned recognition academy_awards national academy science oscar awarded developing techniques enabled technically sophisticated adaptations including visual effects 21st century movies star wars harry potter pirates caribbean franchises designed platform create movie world advanced special effects character rise machines won oscar work design visual effects use technique instead developed system award winning technicians engineers create visual effects world expensive highest grossing movies founder pivot stands personal improvement technology stated mission company develop technology help people achieve personal goals looking better feeling better living better technology early life family born buffalo new_york earned university buffalo state university new_york mathematics respectively received applied mathematics ucla chaired stanley completed studies ucla mathematics joining stanford computer science department daughters brittany born born career professor department computer science serves editorial boards journal physics journal scientific computing published level set methods dynamic implicit surfaces isbn stanley consultant industrial light magic receiving screen credits work rise machines star wars episode iii revenge addition worked pirates caribbean harry potter movies techniques possible sea pirates movies dragon breath harry potter fire possible rushing feels best result use techniques sinking ship shots pirates caribbean dead man chest won academy_award visual effects academy_awards awarded february nominated year category applications math engine responsible jones pictured left academy_award winning dead man chest february academy scientific technical award ceremony hotel beverly_hills california awarded academy_award technical achievement development industrial light magic fluid simulation system shared award nick frank physics based simulation enable better water effects previous representations varying levels success surface representation efficient smaller particles breaking waves team innovative particle level set method allows smooth surfaces water breakdown including water spray worked industrial light magic animation studios corporation sony pictures commented informed presented award quoted associated_press follows said got seconds spend realizing feet away beautiful woman planet order time colleagues designed code library physics based modelling creation better special effects movies including water smoke fire cloth rigid bodies bodies receives screen credit consulting special effects engineers technicians movie executives research focused design new purposes including fluid dynamics soft body dynamics computer graphics computer vision fact system range applications motion capture rendering main emphasis physics based simulation described work follows task motion degree freedom piece clothing crashing wave motions governed physical processes difficult phenomena appear natural physically based simulation popular special effects industry class tools useful fluid dynamics useful sinking ship big screen awards presidential early career award scientists engineers national academy science award initiatives research significant new researcher award book level set methods dynamic implicit surfaces new_york