tasmania small historic village kilometres west tasmania australia banks river valley highway passes town centre road main road devonport preserved 19th century heritage colonial buildings listed heritage register including house andrew church old watch house roller mill hotel land grant decade later william building wooden mill river bank town formed consequence mill construction town plots sold post office opened november grew large population varied today largely residential settlement work rural areas surrounding town history growth limited lack organised water supply services connected volunteer labour enabled water supply plant built mid-1970s towns outskirts local councils strategic plan aims town stay small development stone building known roller mill town prominent feature operation mill preceding wooden mill foundation town prosperity 19th century mill operated time thomas family company water powered flour mill tasmania renovation intermittently restaurant wedding venue meeting venue near mill archer imposing ruined completed grand colonial house started sold incomplete burned shell significant people associated include thomas premier tasmania thomas founded extensive company cox claims earliest european tasmania anglican church held services 1840s time town chapel private school opened government 1870s late 1930s schools closed hosts state largest single event australia largest agricultural field days anglican church hotel establishments serve townspeople brewery steam water mill butcher schools hotels long closed long association horse racing starting prior race course formation time town held oldest horse race australia today regular harness racing racing cycling events replaced history prior foundation area traditional grounds northern group records held heritage tasmania reference recently heritage artifacts area land grant thomas father thomas later premier tasmania grant acres taking area later town early land use agriculture widely scattered settlers captain william thomas granted acres near late lived nearby house locality known captain river passed great western tiers nearby river known creek plant grew banks william arrived ireland received land grants acres valley later purchased acres including acres creek began building mill grant site later roller mills business interests prospered purchased large amounts land including bridge river built simple log structure mill impetus foundation town van land land commissioners recommended early building mill short way stream recommend acres purposes village called years influence memory homeland town river disgust reported newspapers road opened path road announced april opened public traffic june state government sold town late obtaining noted high price acre 19th century samuel winter sent tasmania father request act mill managed mill went london midst dispute governor arthur leased onwards post office opened november end year village dwellings shop police station flour mill hotel built john archer passing town anne meredith took note buildings published referred crazy weather board mill time mill motive power came water wheel supplied water river long wooden trough andrew church built thomas school initial church grounds acres donated thomas winter living mill cottage arranged old wooden mill removed john archer began building blue stone mill town greatly expanded late 1850s fueled efforts returning victorian gold fields time cottages built workers house outside nearby town mills steam water wheel powered processed approximately week steam powered brewery opposite andrew church produce won prize brewery ruins operation brewery supplied town hotels open town agricultural machinery manufacturing business public library established mill sold thomas experienced miller time reported machinery poor repair building sound nearby rail line built traffic greatly diminished trade town suffered nearest station miles away government school established 1870s grew students business expanded 19th century prosperity town likewise built large grain store opposite mill opened offices depot municipal council built public hall main road current town hall dates old hall presumed destroyed prior town height 19th century return men victorian gold fields town public houses population approximately public houses operating prince wales hotel remained open reported kept open races livestock sales livestock sales held hotel main fat stock sales turn century town water relied wells river transportation river called creek simple log structure replaced 1830s substantial bridge wooden areas roads poor vehicles frequently road bridge south built replaced frequently impassable ford reliably connected bridge repaired raised keeping original foundations water sufficiently eroded foundations lead bridge collapse supporting piles logs gave way bridges connecting parts road subject river flooded floods carried bridge away 1950s road reconstructed bridge replaced reduce impact flooding raised substantially leaving mill ground floor far road level rail line built nearby advent rail traffic greatly diminished trade town suffered rail siding built oaks mile town edge station miles away passenger rail service ceased time passenger rail services ceased twice daily_mail passenger cart connecting railway station blair bus ran weekly bass highway passed designated national highway federal national highway act structure type road required centre bypassed road known valley highway bass highway connects devonport passes south town coaches runs daily school bus service passes schools regular services connecting towns sports long associated horse racing reverend thomas fields family instrumental founding racing club racing begun moat property east edge gifted somewhat south moat course originally mile links long racing club formed course regarded called best tasmania author hugh hull plate race held held new annually oldest race australia track use changed racing time club formed early meeting february year club club combined form park club later renamed park pacing club track hosting race meetings year trial sessions track grounds owned club construction began races september track use opening crowds reported town frequent host cycling events recorded far continue present day brown trout august april fishing season trout released river fisheries commission specimens pounds caught river upper reaches water organised water supply town began reported river water wells town deemed years later thomas installed hydraulic began pumping water river iron tanks town sold water townspeople mill priority river water particular problem slowed council local government time called water supply water supply system completed water pumped river near mill hydraulic tank near centre town supplied tank main road houses road tanks public use outbreak early 20th century blamed water supplied tanks subsequent pumps shut town relied tanks wells water river council water supply self funding abandoned mill dam washed away floods rebuilt losing town water storage residents progress association formed prime goal building reservoir supplied river hill overlooking town costs gain council acceptance large work performed volunteers scheme began supplying town february 1970s growth limited lack town restricted minimum size reluctance landowner property planning study found land structure allowed town served gravity fed system recommended construction majority town connected water mid-1970s processed plant near town handles nearby treated waste water discharged tributary river water supply town operated valley council water supplied mount water treatment plant plant built supplies treated water dam education thomas instrumental formation school private school built thomas converted church school moved town government school built current recreation ground schools open private school closed late 19th century government school students roll building extensively renovated use mid-1930s school closed building relocated nearby later demolished year government began funding regular school transport school nearby accompanying children school closed time school planning report stated population likely remain insufficient require flora fauna european settlement area subdivided settled farmed traveller noted area highly cultivated endangered grass frog sighted single record areas silver grassland grass recorded south town anchor plant australian anchor plant appears states endangered species list recorded north east south river apart introduced brown trout river home river common rivers nearby found potentially lethal fungal infection religion extant church andrew anglican church parish anglican parish church_of_england known anglican church australia services held shop subsequently building later transformed andrew thomas converted tower later addition church burial ground consecrated april church tasmania church_of_england bishop francis russell nixon november ordained received begin holding services shop prior later clergyman ordained bishop nixon thomas minister andrew succeeded brother james church built chapel built small building attached sunday school church eventually fell use private home demolished 1930s roman_catholic_church nearest church catholics recorded attending anglican church geography town kilometres valley highway towns river crosses town western end flowing great western tiers falls shortly passing town river joins river demographics people population large residents near rest 19th century late population living buildings sixteen classified significantly contributing heritage australia national trust recovery late 20th century saw residents recorded census census role residential area working retirement village service centre farming stock breeding enterprises population largely australian born compared average australia english speaking home compared australian average cox aka samuel significant resident claimed born samuel england spent time uncle ship father died jumped ship near heads subsequently lived local years resident tasmania years recorded settlement river existence bass proved george bass matthew met befriended cox family residents near took family surname ended working spent years living cottage little moat property cox died insane asylum claiming years old credible figure von credited age story widely reported dining room hotel named basis called doubt historian andrew describing story tall tale constructed cox writing cox thomas befriended assisted expressed doubt story thomas written father instrumental construction church heritage listed buildings town donated pounds construction town anglican church large sum time appointed elected house assembly seat held seat years premier tasmania july august avid horse trainer horse won cup plate came second melbourne cup thomas successful miller builder moving bought stone mill steam mill town following year successful operation mills brought wealth prosperity town built gothic house worked nearby acres farm called mills left holdings included mill steam mill archer houses town chairman treasurer road trust spent years area local council today town small historic village primarily residential settlement work rural areas surrounding town development slow changed town original 19th century character local council development plan aims restrict development valley road prevent merging keeping distinct centres construction planned town boundary homes potentially built strategic plan runs town development boundary dictated span connection businesses town little incentive business growth town small population town valley council local government area federal division state division post office hotel copper metal gallery accommodation thomas merged business company built operation oaks road south aligned bass highway mill owner claimed tasmania large scale commercial feed operation town plays host number events including field days races racing cycling events door ruins archer copper metal art gallery family makes displays sells copper artworks lack development time left town significant number colonial buildings mature trees stone roller mill town prominent feature closed renovated heritage listed buildings ruin archer begun church old hotel annual agricultural field day held rural property state country largest agricultural field days run rural youth organisation tasmania profits assisting rural held plains near perth tasmania organising committee soon recognised need larger site purchased land oaks road family piece land originally oaks estate belonging thomas father premier tasmania thomas named rural youth park genus oak held new site grown state largest single event attracts visitors days year acre site heritage properties large number preserved 19th century buildings properties listed heritage register listings recognised historic cultural heritage significance tasmania properties listed register national estate row pair joined brick cottages built thomas originally estate heritage listed cottage close valley road called ivy cottage prolific growth plant private school police watch house built opposite inn convict labour prince wales hotel built licensed years private home storey brick building sixteen rooms cellar separate stone stable remains original farm building built grant acres original home partly demolished way extension adjacent building late 20th century main farmhouse said outstanding indian influence house demolished house east street built extended 19th century 1980s house associated horse racing stables training base storey brick house iron roof windows stone mill single storey brick cottage built single story brick building purchased mill expanded cottage rooms dairy hotel storey brick building iron hip roof built licensed premises operated hotel entire history hotel sold licence transferred numerous times including instance john taylor thomas archer august called hotel november december built inn referred survey map inn story brick building iron roof panel windows john archer inn longer operating building offered lease john jordan time art gallery hotel private home roller mills roller mills building level story building iron roof built john archer mill associated storage transportation needs main employer years mill tasmania powered water mill built timber powered water wheel fed dam constructed william samuel winter sent tasmania father request mill managed mill went london midst dispute governor arthur leased mill continued operate living mill cottage mill arranged old wooden mill removed john archer began building current stone structure built new mill water wheel pairs french thomas born spent early life gaining experience numerous operations early visit town recorded having houses wooden flour mill shop pub constructed mud straw thomas purchased mill including acres attached land auction pounds took ownership mills early wife children moved small cottage mill cottage rooms later expanded rooms dairy purchased time mill financially successful blamed state affairs speculative operation steam powered mill short distance steam mill owners eventually acquired operation building time mill machinery updated existing wire machine replaced silk dressing machine corn screen installed plant added water wheel replaced american built water powered victor turbine plant converted roller making earliest conversions tasmania change roller recorded driven public demand flour process produced oldest son took office management mill moved leaving mill management sons mill scene town installed adjacent villa mill remained hands sons merger son owned mill creating company operated mill reopened reported having ceased operations years ago sold mill known mill machinery removed time mill descending ruin long vacant mill renovated opened restaurant years later closed sold reopened wedding meeting venue closed renovated intention reopening andrew church andrew church actively anglican church building brick tower sits acres includes cemetery river building begun thomas school town building converted church donated church land funded building later purchase church organ cemetery consecrated april church november year current structure complete tower added andrew renovated roof surface replaced new cathedral glass installed bell hangs tower england iron steel lined silver early church history later cardinal henry edward manning provided communion vessels copied 12th century coffin bishop fact recorded inscriptions cups andrew east window commemorates james charlotte thomas time church features organ originally housed paul cathedral london built london organ builder bishop probably private owner dating based partly organ dedication plate claim bishop organ builder majesty queen_victoria claim bishop time organ case english oak turned pillars corners mechanical action manual speaking stops thorough restoration completed organ remains use archer john archer son inn builder began building large mansion road built substantial brick rubble walled story structure triple roof designed large rooms house centre rooms completed ship city sank adelaide supplies complete building setback exacerbated lack insurance archer abandoned building thomas bought storing grain archer building work created shell known archer recorded mercury unfinished ugly remained barn late 20th century owned local copper work artist partly restored fire broke april left shell metal art later built replacement studio workshop adjacent grand ruin villa villa gothic revival storey red brick building church street built thomas surrounded english style gardens contain large villa built site hotel inn built 1830s john archer building building vacant poor state stables tourist property set villa gardens self contained accommodation


tasmania small rural village kilometres west northern tasmania australia town valley range great western tiers area primarily farming timber lime production significant industries fertile flats valley origin era run agricultural society agricultural held february held times state oldest events area lands thousands years european settlement disease drove lands population settled europeans 1830s agriculture lime production town laid probably prior residents population large early resident john named probably devon england 19th century town hall churches school inn post office police station telegraph office built time churches school inn post office closed rail line mole creek served town till closure population measured census town privately run wildlife park shop selling making honey products stores drive main street planted roses town promoted village roses geography lies kilometres west kilometres east mole creek northern tasmania australia town fertile valley bounded ranges north great western tiers south west town south tributary river runs near town north land town suited grazing intensive grazing areas marginal land requires careful crop rotation interspersed seasons land left hills area prominent limestone depending location fertile flats origin era sediments formed sandstone areas notably winter experience occasional snowfall history lived island tasmania thousands years earliest archaeological evidence tasmania valley forth river years present prior european settlement lands tribe range included east mountain range north west mined pits people lived area camping ground church_of_england cemetery established later land clearing road construction disease conflicts settlers drove lands population population area estimated drop time settlement area covered wild bush early 1820s van land company created track stock route bay ran mole creek route enabled grazing livestock higher rainfall areas west tasmania population centres east company built facilities including store europeans settled area west early 1800s cattle illegally area early john probably named village devon england granted acres area arriving tasmania family town area granted lieutenant sold land henry later briefly member legislative council early industry area limestone mining lime production lime burning industry established lime sent use construction town surveyed marked town blocks acres date survey recorded likely john batman founder melbourne prior town laid hold population intended railway junction line north west tasmania later road transport developments caused idea large settlement abandoned dan picket convict granted ticket leave built hotel storey inn building later reduced single storey hotel inn noted police watch house completed extensive system caves discovered area attracting visitors 1860s foot single room school building constructed school opened july pupils single teacher apparently closed reopened january larger class pupils new building teacher residence completed cost pounds new school road mole creek near bridge students school suffered regular flooding building access roads paths flooding moved 1930s methodist chapel street school extended remained operation closed education department low student numbers september students travel school mole creek township formally declared continued expand post telegraph office stores churches dozen houses agricultural held agricultural society run annually breaks world wars run grounds present purchased town hall completed opened public event april year funded public subscription built local builder davis brothers donated land built feet weather board building set stone foundations iron roof near tragedy hall late generator caught fire hall people opening doors lack fire door cited significant problems post office moved new building closed building sold private home registered hospital early 20th century time town australian rules football club closed 1930s reformed finally closed 1980s telegraph communication followed construction railway line late 19th century installed homes 1930s electricity 1940s religion churches different christian denominations remain anglican cemetery opened construction anglican church_of_england church began building completed church church good parish replaced new building built local carpenter hugh miles new building consecrated held services later sold private residence presbyterian cemetery established presbyterian church built street later destroyed fire small salvation army citadel comprising number buildings established jones street closed buildings transported tasmania salvation army band room chapel built prior miles methodist services began town ceased pulpit taken presbyterian minister land church purchased town april building adjacent stables completed soon opening service held july allow extension building later moved stables removed church methodist churches australia uniting church australia closed lack sold private home railway rail line built mole creek ran kilometres junction western line opened april rail line mail freight passengers occasional passenger services went far devonport passenger services ceased replaced bus service line continued transporting logs time existence line primarily carry timber paper mill later days bell bay passenger services self propelled 1920s line closed tracks lifted present serves service centre surrounding area main industries involve farming timber town services shop producing selling honey related products service station general store second hand book store shop selling gifts home related roses large number roses planted main street drive begun town village roses historic buildings connection town early history house landscape heritage register house registered heritage council cattle farmed land house finished time property owned norman cameron later member house assembly south east corner town main road restored building van land company grain store sign commemorates restoration stating building restored november despite best efforts national trust woods woods time president national trust australia tasmania main street surveyor cottage built run agricultural society held february state oldest agricultural shows held honey farm runs shop main street sells wide variety honey related products mole creek national park nearby caves park thread limestone area nearby town acre forest reserve contains series scenic wildlife park acre private sanctuary short distance main road mole creek park contains native australian animals free ranging works effort preserve keeping population free facial disease runs training centre animal handling animal keeping valley council local government area division state house assembly federal house_of_representatives state legislative council electoral division western tiers demographics town population including surrounding district reported approximately population people living houses town boundaries census people lived town surrounding square kilometre area climate tasmania oceanic temperate climate characterised cool summer mild winters small maximum temperature variation year lies rain shadow great western tiers rainfall parts tiers exceeds millimetres 1950s average temperatures surrounding valley steadily risen 1970s average rainfall declined


tasmania australian town south river north tasmania kilometres south west commercial establishments primarily residential suburb nearby town buildings residential relatively recent town population grown rapidly 1960s development plans doubling settlement began early 19th century cluster houses river near frequently flooded ford time bridges built largely site river settled time officially declared originally main road devonport town centre bypassed late 20th century schools secular religious history remain town heritage listed properties colonial times town historic house built wealthy colonial estate family home thomas premier tasmania red feather inn built 1840s remains use restaurant accommodation time reflects tasmania convict past uniting church building dates years originally chapel anglican church good shepherd known taking ninety years complete geography lies approximately metres sea level kilometres southwest tasmania southern south river near confluence south rivers town set rural landscape surrounding countryside contains valleys river flood plains remnant bush majority town lies south low section land east town called beams hollow named thomas beams owner acres lot road ran history settlement named near ford south river road proposed crossing river ford near thomas property given surveyor george house garden estate somerset england 1840s small cluster houses near ford river crossing main road post office opened november town declared government gazette january bridge constructed early 1840s replacing impassable ford century bridge repaired replaced rural township long marked maps fast assuming appearance village situated close bridge obtained licence open inn large brick building cottages erected forge convenience surrounding settlers soon work abundance excellent stone found yards spot observe gentleman built remarkably neat cottage main street material distance miles road slightly repaired drive direction pleasant neighbourhood early years hotels cricket club hotel near river partly destroyed flood 1870s subsequently demolished hotel convict built sandstone structure closed hotels town application licence building opposite church unsuccessful hotel private home early 20th century remains town heritage hotels open 21st century complex town west licensed premises brewery town time long closed postal service originally handled operating shop subsequently hotels post office separate building site shop early reference churches noted bishop nixon laid foundation stone new church ford stated church church likely small wooden church_of_england reverend thomas small stone chapel built intended employees estate town 1870s conducted services chapel uniting church building main street small colonial church chapel town small church july current uniting church building completed chapel methodist church grounds church owned early schools local members church_of_england petition calling funding stated established new school sunday school students secular state school town funding school closed years school grew large average attendance students school operating public request regular transport children district school consequence school impending closure children town began attending school march middle year tender approved minister education regular school transport transport students nearby school closed 1930s school building finally removed tender called removed erected schools run town buildings including hall near anglican church worship church completion uniting church building later private home 21st century schools remaining demographics small town early life population grew quickly 1970s 1990s subdivisions developed south drive avenue period population doubled census town population highest proportions tasmania future forecast growth means town expected require primary school population grew census results town current population expected reach valley council march development plan forecast population doubling subsequent decades town population entirely australian born compared average australia homes english spoken contrast australian average median income slightly higher country average unemployment rate slightly lower transport important stop coach route 1840s coach service declined rail transport started tasmania late 1860s state government began operating school bus town 1930s valley highway known bass highway passes edge town bypassing old main street bass highway connects devonport branches east town travellers rest passes south 21st century town bus services coaches runs daily school bus service passes schools private company takes students farm school onwards primary school metro tasmania public bus service connects holiday village centre sport cricket played grounds nearer town centre 1860s cricket oval australia hosting matches melbourne foundation tour australia great english cricketer grace played ground aside cricket grounds open grand annual events cricket club formed season plays northern tasmania cricket association won association grade seasons cup combined competition north east cricket association seasons house associated horse racing activities thomas horse racing park ninety horses raced stable won wide acclaim second melbourne cup won plate stated sydney bulletin greatest horse time won melbourne cup time heritage properties buildings largely intact colonial times date early parts 19th century red feather inn adjacent convict era cottages form cluster heritage buildings midst town sandstone structure overnight inn cottage andrew church house listed heritage register recognition historic cultural heritage significance tasmania house house heritage listed property western bank south river buildings holiday village town set acres grounds contains large colonial house stables chapel hectares buildings filled indicative furniture art time including carriages coaches coach house thomas service east india company met wife mary formed trading company sydney named building house suburb calcutta india trading brought sons thomas james tasmania early 19th century james owned land near purchased 1820s thomas mary mother purchased acres district cornwall encompassing present day site thomas built initial house original building apparently single storey structure square towers defensive musket slots significantly extended surrounded thomas died october son thomas inherited acres land oaks property nearby hosts agricultural field days known leading figure anglican church area later premier tasmania built private chapel wooden organ remembered having great interest horse racing hunting deer horses bred horses raced stables time including famous library reported extensive colony lawn cricket matches 1930s opposite valley highway estate home ninety year old trees investigation prospect growing australia chocolate production death february property passed nephew thomas arthur children property longer family hands december years negotiation land buildings acquired scenery preservation board property reserved historic site heritage value colonial home association house restored filled furniture original form wealthy 19th century colonial estate management site moved national parks wildlife service formation state government took management expense concern property condition timber company looking managing property planting hectares premium wine leased partly showcase wine property remained open visitors late handed management control property state government maintained volunteers youth employment training organisation given task managing established church good shepherd anglican church planned late 1850s thomas london draw plans building design based mary parish church england designed early english style blue walls dressing nave feet long chancel feet entrance foot tower foot foundation stone new church church laid december construction estimated cost pounds began locally sourced stonework robert met ship england funding construction costs structure complete scandal erupted alleged dealt married woman husband raised issue bishop action church church_of_england england subsequently took libel action complaint dismissed jury largely held allegations true apart allegations wife health declining property declining value wrote considering years lack funds provided left person working site work ceased time walls unfinished building lacked roof church incomplete wife catherine buried graveyard building rear church remained incomplete ninety years anglican services held wooden church apparent ruin time church showed interest completion old structure partly approaching centenary construction beginning april year gathering people parish held unfinished building prayer held completion gathering associated committee led chaired assistant bishop tasmania original architects plans preserved close largely followed subsequent construction work builder contracted work including performed volunteers work completed approximate cost pounds church finally completed service held following day church came chapel including altar wooden cross symbolic paintings bell hung church porch bell carries inscription probably comes wrecked stained glass window rear church originated chapel spent time installed nearby church shows jesus good shepherd church gothic revival design somewhat scaled original plans nave built feet shorter changed elements entrance built stone west wood south church consecrated february red feather inn red feather inn heritage listed building main street built coaching inn 21st century restaurant accommodation building frontage substantial sandstone single storey building land falls away sharply street building rear storeys rising 1840s enabled growth coach transport industry built red feather inn horse change point road miles away colony earliest coaching built starting local police magistrate charles arthur built john builder house civic square convict sandstone blocks inn licensed successful decades fortunes declined rail line built reaching nearby economy rail transport took goods passengers away forcing wagons road reduced demand coaching led general decline traffic business town run restaurant refurbishment accommodation cooking school bridges flooding south river need river crossing constrained transport town history south crossed bridge valley highway separates town settlements west unusually high floods cut highway town east submerged beams hollow river crossed ford known ford near house flow ford frequently impassable requiring traffic significant thomas installed punt crossing specially passed government act allowed charge toll use called design construction bridge village years later colony government passed ford act facilitate construction bridge act specified cost bridge paid government remainder thomas recover costs allowed charge toll assisted toll house bridge ends construction toll mandated person wagon carriage beast sheep pig lamb elder died bridge completed son thomas acquired father rights collecting tolls bridge completed toll run lesser years time took pay original bridge construction costs plus annual interest wooden bridge completed november little year tolls raised pounds known bridge narrow fitting single wagon single chain safety fact caused loss valuable horse bridge noted insecure state lack rails particular issue referred dangerous new bridge feet higher replaced construction new structure feet long wooden frame deck standing stone piers floods continued overflow bridge floods feet bridge approach road level bridge approach roads extensively damaged feet guard rails carried away river crossed site steel bridge new structure concrete buttresses wooden roadway march year floods topped approximately feet bridge seven spans went broken piers swept river bridge repaired later year stood half century time particularly floods calls bridge raised expense work occasional nature flooding cited defence bridge river flooded bridge flooded beams ford temporarily cutting road access town minister land works approved work raising postponed indefinitely world war raising renewal bridge investigated river flooded bridge july time timber deck repaired latest bridge constructed bypass centre bass highway crossed river upstream old main road longer road bridge metres long lane single concrete structure today town small town functions dormitory suburb extension metropolitan area house lies town west river town small shopping centre post office service station adjacent large cabin park development entirely residential northern valley highway hectares acres land development town boundary council plans allow expansion highway south study looked areas development area date happened small expansion town south highway river east bank town valley council local government area federal state electoral division bass legislative council electoral division western tiers grown area set aside small commercial operations fact led single shopping complex service station main street closed operating approximately years holiday village conference event centre retirement village town west premises general liquor licence similarly named premises location accommodation town access water town mid-1970s processed plant near serves town treated waste water discharged tributary river


summer hill new_south_wales summer hill suburb sydney state new_south_wales australia summer hill located kilometres west sydney central business district local government area inner west council summer hill primarily residential suburb sydney inner west adjoining sydney major arterial roads road liverpool road land grant convict henry suburb began growing following opening railway station main suburban railway line 1920s suburb relatively upper class large estates built suburb exist today following transition working class suburb mid-20th century large estates demolished subdivided suburb today village character mix medium density apartment blocks federation houses characteristics summer hill boundaries road liverpool road north rear properties west prospect road trinity grammar school west old canterbury road south inner west light rail east north summer hill suburb east south hill west summer hill mix federation era houses medium density apartment blocks near railway station local independent business people run shops local council defined village character suburb summer hill suburb rich heritage properties heritage listed strong feelings residents suburb protecting local architecture seen introduction heritage review expected add properties heritage register despite working class summer hill surrounding suburbs gradually undergone recent years culturally summer hill blend medium density european sydney italian influences evident east north eastern influences strongly evident west smaller influences cultures history fleet arrived port jackson known summer hill larger area people tribes hunted fought lived research greater sydney region resident fluctuating seasons tribal conflicts called canal originally long cove creek appears boundary group lands today small park summer hill called reserve located crescent bronze plaque placed council names reserve group people iron cove lined long cove iron cove creeks provided good source fish common food coastal tribes sydney basin early days colony land iron cove cook river known ground suggests land open terrain favoured common area formed significant diet european settlement land grant area farm convict henry land eastern corner summer hill additional grant acres henry eastern corner subsequently estate james died left complicated required special legislation subdivided earliest known use summer hill land subdivision adjacent present day andrew anglican church summer hill thought chosen land sub presumably based attachment england local historians regard suggestion hill dubious story substance summer hill largest mansion hospital main building built early 1880s liverpool road charles suburb opening railway station followed subdivision surrounding area area upper class suburb popular choice professionals banking insurance worked city subdivision gardens housing continued 1920s 1930s suburb changed inhabitants moved north shore demolition surviving 1970s allowed erection home units especially walking distance railway station churches places worship number places worship summer hill patrick catholic_church built oldest known building suburb small primary school associated church located building originally private home known grove owned jane exterior church original internal walls retained building converted church following death grove owned leased succession different people including real estate developer richard brick maker william sisters named freeman nurse 1920s 1930s grove nursing home mass celebrated grove patrick day giving church andrew anglican church distinctive internal arches designed presbyterian alexander junior foundation stone laid completed fast construction period unusual time indicative area recent asian influences summer hill brought introduction non christian places worship sin temple located corners road liverpool road building temple 1920s building converted current temple lower floor houses deity sin upper floor houses buddhist schools trinity grammar school prospect road private school catering students year schools site continuous use education years house trinity erected circa site operated different teaching institutions purchased anglican church known trinity grammar school trinity grammar wealthy schools new_south_wales previously received largest government subsidies comparing total government subsidies school expansion plan trinity involving demolition houses nearby street caused controversy development nonetheless approved new_south_wales land environment court summer hill public school located street primary school students year offers selective program known opportunity classes year students new_south_wales government opportunity class program school established wooden shed acres land resumed james older buildings currently school date modern buildings constructed school designed victorian classical style listed register national estate saint patrick catholic school private primary school close summer hill public school commercial area summer hill shopping centred small town square good pedestrian access surrounded restaurants smith streets suburb small australian standards having population area hectares features fine examples architecture 19th early 20th century summer hill flour mill built circa north south goods railway line constructed world war added 1950s onwards flour mill owned companies including scott fielder allied mills october mills sold developer funds management plans mill site residential commercial transport census people travelling work suburb travelled car driver took train walked took bus train took bus summer hill close main liverpool road road peak times summer hill served park left new canterbury road went prospect road swung right smith street turned street went right terminated station low usage rival buses saw line closed remains seen summer hill railway station located airport inner west south line sydney trains network railway station opened september local shops close station travelling city railway stops order central town hall travelling west stops renovation easy access upgrade railway station completed stations serving summer hill hill line sydney light rail network west adjacent flour mill border hill near road access city quicker train light rail cross regional journeys interchanges hill railway station line sydney buses routes service area follow routes road liverpool road travels road travels junction road area gradually bicycle friendly bicycle paths suburb local group friends wish bicycle walking corridor built alongside light rail population demographics census population summer hill area square kilometres population females males population born overseas china england new_zealand common strongest religious area descending order religion catholic anglican buddhism majority dwelling flats units apartments followed separate houses semi detached terrace houses notable residents notable people born lived summer hill include henry baker prize winning artist john later end 19th century recorded living summer hill census australia administer patient carry dental work colonel best director women australian_army corps david architect builder virginia gay saints actress contestant takes justice james born judge supreme_court johnson education reformer department public instruction local furniture maker member parliament mayor later john winner victoria_cross bravery india summer hill park named arthur australian artist briefly lived summer hill born head new_south_wales independent commission corruption sir lawyer justice high_court australia simon carter member australian rock band burns irish athlete lived robert politician politics summer hill safe labor federal electoral division seat held continuously labor proclaimed held current member anthony anthony held ministerial appointments eventually deputy prime minister federal election candidate mayor sam received vote comparison election received party preferred vote making currently seat country state elections summer hill electoral district summer hill created held australian labor party local political issues include proposed construction east traffic road construction option opposition plans result increase traffic sydney airport aircraft noise concern proposed new supermarket building keeping local shopping area expansion trinity school including demolition housing development new aquatic centre prospect proposed increase student numbers community concern proposed high rise development scott flour mill summer hill rainbow crossing april response removal rainbow crossing oxford parents children local schools rainbow public square summer hill rainbow crossing movement april council workers removed rainbow media attention council issued statement slip hazard requested permit obtained events covered daily_telegraph australian perth april people including local councillor alex april removed date remained group families supporters continue chalk rainbow especially rain group ensured area remains free litter hold occasional performances arts related celebrations site local businesses offered support rainbow display logo image rainbow crossing council meeting council passed motion permanent outline rainbow painted summer hill square understanding periodically children families community members summer hill rainbow crossing following twitter facebook


new_zealand lightly populated locality canterbury region new_zealand south island situated canterbury plains right bank river kilometres inland founded named old home south scotland set model village workers large sheep farm population village peaked general recession initiated village expected branch railway run past line built alignment miles away caused population decrease original buildings plus gatehouse homestead constructed concrete exist day buildings john church registered heritage new_zealand category heritage building gatehouse museum open request today buildings exist village formal layout avenues exists giving setting charming appearance geography small settlement road river located metres sea level kilometres town kilometres outer streets road form longest metres internal roads run right angles dividing area intersection internal roads forms market place apart main road avenues planted species named accordingly oak birch lime tree lined avenues charming appearance trees planted unusual pattern market square residents noticed viewing aerial photo trees form appears circles trinity inner avenues possibly history emigrated scotland new_zealand late february april sources vary bought sheep run run mid canterbury acres km2 run south bank river land taken john hall changed ownership times bought including acres km2 land renamed property father lands scotland advertisement placed newspapers mentions october april date appears likely set trying create estate village land bought adjacent run run bought station river john run planting pine trees oaks extended acres km2 allowed shelter prevailing north west winds allow sheep farming growing wheat water power agricultural machinery bought sold land consolidated estate acres km2 large mansion overlooking river complete gate lodge gate keeper estate built model village called avenues forming grid layout central market square sections including post office school church facilities cottages built named village old home south scotland post office opened year construction church began buildings mark beginning expected branch railway built near built southerly route track later known village began decline population forced closure school church john use buildings constructed pine wood grown estate original concrete buildings remain church school railway saw project doomed sold rural mail service discussed district september contracts let february post office closed school closed branch new_zealand historic places trust renamed heritage new_zealand unveiled information panel day market square project branch committee pending branch committees heritage new_zealand bill chose historic places mid canterbury regional society unveiling historic panel population flourished population village peaked effects caused population decline firstly recession set new_zealand people work opportunities presented locally opportunities created near stations branch railway began gradually sell parts land holdings recent population data obtained statistics new_zealand smallest unit data available located area square kilometres rural area larger village square kilometres river bed population recorded census notable places buildings township remain time founding addition historic gatehouse kilometres northwest buildings remain partly built concrete walls centimetres thick cement landed barrels spit lake transported overland bed river buildings registered category high value heritage structures district council john church paid construction started service held july vicar envisaged built gate added centennial project john belongs parish diocese anglican church new_zealand services second sunday month church registered heritage building new_zealand historic places trust renamed heritage new_zealand june registration number classified change classification system building later category listing church owned church property trustees anglican church land surveyed buyer education board securing land school market square teacher house adjacent section buildings built concrete exist day school built northern hemisphere design windows south stop children distracted windows wrong sun school closed functions hall teacher house bach buildings owned district council remaining 1870s concrete building gate house located distance away road homestead end drive starting gate house cliff overlooking river homestead burnt long left country new homestead built nearby lodge originally slate roof later replaced iron family moved second world war iron stripped building fell ruin later owner donated land ruin people district district council renovation began work carried financed descendants previous inhabitants building plaque building states reopened march prime minister time robert plane ran late opening ceremony conducted gate house fitted museum viewing arranged information centres cemetery located metres south west village road open district oldest recorded burial notable people founder member parliament countries new_zealand total years united_kingdom years new_zealand actress born nearby lived years child


small forest pronounced originally known beach resort city central chile capital province comprises urban centre villages located southwest capital chile residents area long populated indigenous european chilean development began mid sixteenth century gave juan included current territory january established autonomous december decree president interior minister ross edwards chilean politician member ross edwards family planned develop beach resort pacific_ocean upper class home national monuments chile ross cultural centre park wooden railway station tunnel city declared traditional area heritage site national monuments council city district ninth constituency region electoral division home main beach region tourist destination tourism main industry city forestry important expansive dark sand beaches surf championships place city year according widely considered best south_america year round history inhabited pre tribal group spanish conquest chile hunter fishermen lived primarily rivers remaining chilean society process conquest chile professor university chile investigated pre book chronicles published posthumously published volumes chile chile history chile pre hispanic chile discusses indigenous centre stone cup pottery finds writer spent life province completed investigations published los english indigenous remains stated indians inhabiting arrived chile given january juan establishing colonial republican periods agriculture promoted government chilean estates successful time including san_antonio land san_antonio created given general chile later acquired lands order establish san_antonio produced leather products later exported peru sold san_antonio bordered properties area densely populated especially salt deposits exploited natives taken 17th century president chile commissioned corvette captain francisco perform survey coast creek del concluded best place construct ferry family daniel san_antonio constructed dock served fishing port years decreed minor dock president homes built dock currently daniel avenue daniel comes words little forest chilean civil war daniel priest transferred prisoners dock later burned dock later reconstructed reached port status land currently central founded town late design city engineer decree president interior minister city officially established autonomous december mayor city improved design city year held mayor office ross edwards chilean writer member parliament minister politician bought acre tract land named time merely set thick walled barracks ross turned summer resort town affluent people designed urban setting included park forest hectares acres transformed hotel named hotel renamed hotel ross built ross casino currently cultural centre stone walls balcony facing beach large homes building materials furniture imported france england ross able build dock planned city died del ross donated construction streets avenues squares seven hectares forests park hotel balcony municipality condition municipality hold recreation public access ross casino constructed ross park constructed important city declared historic monuments national monuments council creation province decree general october capital province named chilean catholic cardinal born severely affected chile earthquake subsequent caused massive destruction coastal zone march utc magnitude earthquake occurred kilometres northwest killing person geography located kilometres west san westernmost area region coast pacific_ocean hour drive mountains near coastal mountain range rises metres elevation city bordered north south east west lies pacific_ocean covers area square kilometres located close geological fault fault according reports city depth length wide known fault formed march earthquake reactivated majority forest areas covered pine plantations native forest municipal forest remains contains species litres city consists urban centre rural villages alto colorado alto villa plaza las del san_antonio nearby bodies water apart pacific_ocean include estuary flows estuary flows provides city drinking water experiences mediterranean climate winter rains reach millimetres rest year dry coastal fog occasionally city receives winds high kilometres hour mph demographics 17th century inhabitants held inhabitants population rose onward city population progressively decreased inhabitants city population increased inhabitants census showed decreased inhabitants number people reached census population comprised people households census classified people living urban area people living rural area men women according survey inhabitants population live extreme poverty compared average greater region inhabitants live mild poverty compared regional average national statistics institute chile estimated inhabitants city living urban area living rural area men women population density estimated square mile census population inhabitants earlier estimates higher people catholic census persons national regional average respectively evangelical population considerably lower people said individuals remaining religions based information survey persons living declared people said indigenous ethnic group survey revealed living claimed indigenous peoples governance santa electoral district belongs 9th constituency electoral divisions chile governed mayor manages executive function city_council municipal manages legislative function elected popularly years possibility election elected new mayor percent vote served august permanently banned holding public office convicted tickets municipal council elected new mayor september seven removed office committing crime mayor years succeeded victor later accused crime eventually removed office popularly elected mayor time percent current mario hugo mayor took office december term december police known spanish officially commanded police station located post office building daniel avenue economy tourism main industry especially urban centre rural areas forestry mainly pine major industry area known fishing important region unsuitable coastlines common clay deposit area according archaeological investigations pottery manufactured area bce today known pottery created landmarks municipal municipal forest donated ross family main access forest ross casino near road near forest surrounded varieties trees indigenous archaeological site pre hispanic times located site ancient fishing village kilometre kilometres south los los los natural area tourist activities fishing located kilometres south del dog located kilometres south recreational activities alto alto small rain fed located beach camping hour half drive traveling north beach del located kilometres home large variety native fauna located kilometres beaches including andrew church located kilometres constructed altar built 1940s boxes ancient images saints original image andrew old parish created archbishop cardinal baptized feast day andrew celebrated november church del rural rural kid museum created initiative teacher students modern building traditional architecture rooms contain collection stone tools clay tools indigenous people region display domestic tools early colonists hamlet located kilometres east main industry domestic pottery production clay raw material settlement located kilometres means medicinal produces pottery locally obtained clay small settlement located kilometres south means place fishing swimming lessons offered bridge open motor traffic view zone bridge provides access nearby places declared typical zone national monuments council chile decree december city home national monuments ross park ross casino tunnel wooden railway station ross cultural centre current cultural centre ross park floor casino constructed imported materials early 1900s ross originally housed mail telegraph service large store casino chile opened building january operated del casino opened building renovated reopened cultural arts center currently houses gallery spaces public library restoration workers found historical artifacts including copy las february ross casino served hotel american telephone battery dating period tile casino ceiling signed workers building construction ross park created ross contains year old native chilean phoenix green spaces restored december popular walking destination casino named national monuments ross hotel created ross originally named great hotel hotel oldest hotels chile partially open guests state disrepair railway station old wooden railway station constructed national monuments chile region kilometres railway lines constructed kilometres exist kilometres san section constructed passenger services operated line freight services operational section removed completely remained operation 1990s national monument september arts culture centre tourism information office exhibits decorative practical objects 1920s features old clothes beaches expansive dark sand beaches water cool year round tourists choose swim shore break summer months common activities include northernmost beaches las principal beach main beach ross park popular near beach ross park long stairs dating early 1900s balcony rocks southern end beach busiest summer months surf schools del located nearby fish market fishermen creek located south town little hell beach rocky tide pools area fishing south beautiful beach popular walking fishing south kilometres beach sheltered southern winds increasingly popular destination tourists surf contests held year size waves varies year large swells fall winter reach heights metres widely considered best beaches worldwide named thrilling surf destinations regarded prime location chile particularly october december international championship surf held beach hosts surf national championship summer media local newspapers express coast monthly newspaper directed published june del lighthouse founded november local journalist distributed province voice region published weeks appeared january directed radio services come radio radio radio directed mayor wife current radio radio television channel canal broadcasts area education education establishments include ross edwards ross edwards high school secondary school primary secondary school named school primary school school located school primary school precious blood school primary secondary school located near divine master school primary school located near avenue school primary school dawn garden school higher education arrived secondary professional centre created discontinued year thirty years discontinued academy christian university began classes engineering public gesture management engineering environment gesture management university worked ross edwards people obtained professional titles process obtaining titles december november governor province announced institute higher education brought province professional institute disclosed month later inauguration school year education regional secretary minister said work


syria modern tell ancient semitic city syria remains constitute tell located kilometers north west river western bank kilometers southeast flourished trade center state purposely built city existence related position middle trade routes position south levant west abandoned middle 26th century rebuilt capital east semitic state second engaged long war rival known strong affinity culture destroyed 23rd century allowed city rebuilt appointed military governor bearing title military governor governors later independent rapid empire rebuilt city regional center middle valley ruled second half 19th century dynasty collapsed unknown reasons short time collapse capital dynasty short lived annexed city survived small settlement rule abandoned forgotten period semitic deities established city center old trade pre periods characterized heavy cultural influence city immigrants semitic speaking nation dialect similar west began settle area 21st century dynasty era dominant population fertile crescent discovery provided important insight map ancient syria discovery contained important information administration state second millennium nature diplomatic relations political entities region revealed wide trading networks 18th century connected areas far afghanistan southern asia crete mediterranean region history city traced ancient storm deity northern syria considered patron deity city noted city spelled like storm god concluded named kingdom considered small settlement later grew new city purposely founded early period control waterways trade routes connect levant south city built kilometers away river protect floods connected river artificial canal kilometers long depending old attached hard identify today city difficult buried deep later layers defensive system floods composed circular embankment unearthed addition circular thick internal protect city enemies area meters long filled gardens quarters separated outer embankment inner height meters strengthened defensive towers findings includes city gates street beginning center ending gate addition residential houses central mound temple palaces unearthed large building administrative unearthed building stone foundations dimensions meters meters rooms meters long meters wide city abandoned end early period unknown reasons second kingdom beginning early period iii earlier rebuilt populated new city kept city exterior features including internal gate kept outer circular embankment measuring diameter topped wall meters thick suitable protection internal structure completely changed city carefully planned built streets descends elevated center gates assuring drainage rain water heart city royal palace built served temple successive architectural levels second kingdom palace unearthed oldest designated latest levels dated period levels excavated findings includes temple named largest city unknown dedicated unearthed throne room hall double wood pillars leading temple temples discovered city including temple called dedicated unknown temples dedicated temples located center city temple area considered administrative center high priest second kingdom appears powerful prosperous political center kings held title attested city important source letter king sent king mentions predecessors military achievements reading letter problematic interpretations presented scholars war earliest attested king letter mentioned attacking traditional rival long war conquering cities including land king mentioned letter conquered lands king defeated middle 25th century war continued conquest time weakness century king pay tribute mentioned letter conquering cities campaigning region received tribute reign fell entirely reign managed defeat end tribute defeated ally year seven term causing trade routes southern upper war reached climax alliance defeat battle near suffered destruction years reign king according succeeded royal seal discovered depicts battle scenes causing suggest responsible destruction general decade destruction middle chronology destroyed burned michael date short chronology kingdom deserted generations restored king governor appointed govern city held title military governor kept direct control city evident sin appointment daughters offices city dynasty member dynasty lists appointed according lists ruled years succeeded son making position hereditary followed second city terms general structure phase old royal palace replaced new palace smaller palace built eastern city contained royal date periods rebuilt strengthened embankment turned defensive wall reached meters width sacred maintained temple temples disappeared new temple called temple lions dedicated built attached rectangular terrace measured meters sacrifices following reign gained independence use title continued following dynasty period princess married son king nominally independence royal title inscriptions title correspondence court dynasty ended unknown reasons long establishment dynasty took place second half 19th century dynasty second millennium fertile crescent characterized expansion culminated dominating ruling region including seat dynasty king archaeological showed high degree continuity eras ruler establishing entered alliance relations monarchs changed open war conflict ended capturing heir according tablet found survived killed servants firmly control king started reign seven tribal leaders rebuilding walls addition building new fort named expanded west claimed reached mediterranean later face rebellion centered rebels supported king interests threatened recently established alliance defeated open war avoided king occupied rivalry son late war ended defeat assassinated possible son got assassinated years ascending throne advanced annexed era restoration appointed son throne new king married daughter rest family took refuge annexation officially justified considered acts family strengthen position new enemy married daughter neglected bride causing crisis proved unable leader causing rage father died armies advancing support heir dynasty advanced leader tribe opening road arrived months escape married princess daughter short time ascension throne help affected status referred father king able order main deity declared servant started reign campaign established alliances sent armies aid new king directed expansion policy north upper region named local petty kingdoms region forcing expansion met resistance king defeated securing control region kingdom prospered trading center entered period relative peace greatest heritage renovation royal palace expanded greatly contain rooms exquisite artifacts goddess statue royal archive contained alliance contributed demise city later enemy relations worsened dispute city consumed time negotiations war involved kingdoms finally kingdom invaded defeated battle ended dynasty capital state named kingdom later periods survived destruction rebelled causing destroy city allowed survive small village administration act considered later listed territories conquered king reigned afterward constantly changed hands middle eleventh century king took title king rebelled causing king attack city came firmly authority neo empire assigned half 8th century certain govern authority king iii reigned autonomous governor ruling parts upper middle nominal authority dan iii styled governor lands son time known located called land making unlikely family actually controlled suggesting title employed historical reasons city continued small settlement period disappearing records people language government founders city probably east semitic speaking people north relates foundation civilization cultural entity east semitic speaking populations stretched center western levant height second city home people population east semitic speaking dialect similar language language period east semitic speaking population west semitic names started attested second kingdom era middle bronze age west semitic tribes majority pastoral groups middle valleys names started observed city end period ruling dynasty members era population predominantly included named people language dominant tongue remained language writing pastoral called term indicate general split sons right sons left ruling house belonging branch kingdom home tribes lived district absolute monarchy king controlling aspect administration helped played role administrators era divided provinces addition capital provincial seats located province bureaucracy government supplied villagers agricultural return share harvest kings king list records dynasty kings enjoying dynasty dynasty names kings damaged early copies list kings historical kings belonged second city undamaged copy list date old period discovered names bears resemblance historically attested monarchs second city indicating list older probably legendary dynasty mind second city chronological order kings second kingdom era highly uncertain assumed letter lists chronological order kings attested objects discovered city dates highly speculative lists incomplete ruled end era short chronology roughly succeeded known known reigning long reign founded dynasty culture religion second kingdoms heavily influenced south society led urban citizens known elaborate hair styles dress calendar based solar year divided months calendar old calendar wrote language art indistinguishable art architectural style influence continued affect culture period evident style city influential periods distinct syrian style prevailed noticeable seals kings reflect clear syrian origin society tribal consisted farmers contrast temple minor role everyday life power invested palace women enjoyed relative equality men queen ruled husband away extensive administrative role authority husband highest officials included semitic deities history head patron deity deities included semitic deities goddess fertility sun god regarded city important deities believed knowing seeing deities included prophecy important role society temples included gave council king participated religious festivals singer temple oldest multi talented women prominent statue depicting playing music reign economy provided oldest wheels workshop discovered syria center bronze city contained districts devoted pottery manufacturing brought river boats upper area second kingdom economy based agriculture trade economy centralized directed communal organization grains stored communal distributed population according social statues organization controlled animal kingdom people directly connected palace instead communal organization included metal textile producers military officials important trading partner rival position important trading center controlled road linking levant maintained older aspects economy largely based agriculture valley city kept trading role center merchants kingdoms received goods south east distributed north north west west main handled metals tin imported iranian plateau exported west far crete goods included copper cyprus silver woods lebanon gold egypt olive oil wine addition precious stones modern afghanistan excavations archive discovered eastern flank syria near iraqi border tribe digging mound called tell recently deceased came statue news reached french authorities currently control syria report investigated digging site started december archaeologists paris discoveries came quickly temple discovered month classified archaeologists westerly outpost culture beginning excavations clay language written discovered finds excavation display national museum national museum damascus museum southern façade court room palace reconstructed including wall paintings excavated annual campaigns seasons led followed jean starting journal devoted site archaeologists tried determine layers site descends according french archaeologist time vertical probe commenced order trace site history virgin soil important discoveries horizontal digging resumed written kingdom customs names people lived time letters remainder includes administrative economic judicial texts according brought complete revision historical dating ancient near east provided new place names draw geographical map ancient world found dated years independence published language texts official proper names hints common language inhabitants northwest semitic current situation result syrian civil war excavations stopped site came control armed gangs witnessed large scale looting official report revealed focusing royal palace public temple temple


ottoman turkish turkish known term document note official nature composed ottoman sultan terms come arabic command imperial noble notes commonly written sultan personally palace written usually response directly document submitted sultan grand officer ottoman government letter petition report grants permission request decree government documents composed scratch response existing document reform aimed ottoman_empire routine kind supplanted practice sultan spoken response recorded document nearly ottoman archives istanbul famous imperial reform turkish term accurate decree started called reforms called carries order sultan grand execute command term literal sense meaning document ottoman sultan types usually written grand absence replacement senior official grand admiral governor general types addressed government post white document government post routine titles privilege written written certain officials particularly important preceded sultan note seal surrounded decorated frame note emphasize particular urging ordering followed fault called decorated title note use phrase like required command carried required interfere execution title start note sultan praising person addressed order encourage honor rarely threat want head carry order required white white documents originating sultan existing document called written blank white page documents command appointment letter letter foreign ruler exist expressing sultan opinions feelings certain matters example successful defense forces sultan sent governor praised verse heroic exploits governor warriors document normal bureaucratic procedure document submitted grand deputy situation sultan request sultan matter documents called summary 19th century suggestion later sultan response command decision called types documents submitted sultan petitions sworn oral petitions reports higher lower office religious reports higher offices record books called etc depending type document sultan responded documents submitted petitions submitted subjects following friday prayer documents analogous papal imperial regimes sultan contacted public friday prayer occasions people hand petitions addressed later discussed decided council prepare summary petitions action decided sultan write sheet informed multiple times followed item number referring palace bureaucracy reorganized reforms sultan decision came written directly chief summary document writing applied decisions practices petition memo requiring sultan decision submitted grand usually prepared executive summary attachment cases prepare separate summary document grand deputy write summary views margins documents coming lower example figure written document called grand separate cover page proposal coming lower level like treasurer minister defence introducing example proposal cases sultan write cover page cases grand matter directly margin document submitted lower sultan write page sultan write decision fresh piece paper attached submitted document cases written sultan exist penned chief important white drafted head diplomatic correspondence secretary navy cases prepared draft document written sultan usually dated concerning withdrawal money treasury carry dates late period dates especially inclined date grand later suggested practice dating successor iii follow orders carried suggestion adopted signatures parts reign language language documents generally form turkish today changed little centuries documents short comments gave given happen written clear clear provide come sight answered record supplied need write longer comments starting knowledge continue introduction topic opinion report petition record etc appearance meaning imperial knowledge common phrases according report matter clear permit according provided facts position expressions required required white elaborate drafted penned sultan started addressing recipient sultan refer grand grand away war refer deputy written officials start expression like head religious affairs sultan personal tutor addressed simply cases delivered imperial sword appointment high rank honored glorious know correspondence military commander lengthy ornate address title note address meant grand deputy history earliest known sent sultan commending commander conquests giving advice administer people reign iii present matters consent denial rare prior afterward especially reigns iii wanted increase control informed content tends reflect power struggle existed sultan council process authorize actions grand came existence reign iii led loss authority independence grand palace people master greater access sultan gained influence giving detailed instructions advice reduced role grand supervisor execution commands situation appears created backlash 17th century attempts return grand prestige power supreme time returned simplicity eighteenth century iii concerned bureaucracy general created consulting bodies share authority grand detailed answers questions asked inquiries decisions followed iii tool ensure rapid precise execution decisions reign early 1830s practice writing grand replaced chief imperial office recording sultan decision government bureaucracy streamlined routine communications imperial began record spoken sultan called supreme glorious replaced use white sultan grand continued matters great importance high level appointments promotions grand sultan wrote directly large number documents required sultan decision considered indication centralized ottoman government written time pen leaves hand god resolve early written styles variant written iii skilled notable long elaborate official documents contrast accessed throne early age display poor spelling archival sent grand handled recorded grand organized recorded correspondence grand sultan correspondence foreign rulers ottoman ambassadors addressed grand stored document stores called terminology current turkish cut creation state archives nineteenth century documents organized according importance white considered important international relations border transactions internal regulations documents secondary importance routinely placed stored need repair presumably sign respect sultan documents petitions reports etc cut stored white rest documents stored cut cross referenced documents referred palace office general terms approximate date habit dating late period empire cases documents associated known conversely decisions memorandum petition request submitted sultan unknown separation documents considered great loss information researchers ottoman archives istanbul special section cut today known recorded database ottoman archives turkish prime minister short istanbul number stored museum archive contains originally organized systematically historians nineteenth early twentieth century created based different organizing principles historic use historians catalog belonging consists volumes listing documents short catalog lists documents covers primarily reigns iii period ali chronological catalog documents organized according periods sovereignty foundation ottoman state period catalog includes documents foreign relations catalog created committee led historian covers period lists documents types relating palace correspondence private correspondence appointments land grants charitable documents volumes organized topics include local governments provincial administration internal security exist thousands imperial reform known history texts refer simply decree sultan promised equality education government appointments administration justice regardless creed ottoman code laws text introduced copy supreme written grand perfected decoration technically rank reform decree referred reform word sense decree reply document extension important reform reforms document generally referred term synonymous sultan script term occasionally literal sense sultan example imperial poet written describing sultan called der sultan han poem compliment writings sultan


tell tell ancient city syria remains constitute tell located upper region near modern village tell kilometers north east city city original unknown second half millennium city known later starting small settlement seventh millennium tell evolved fourth millennium biggest cities northern interacted cultures southern city size beginning millennium end period expanding known capital regional kingdom controlled river valley destroyed came rule empire followed period independence city state contracting beginning second millennium prospered 19th century came rule different regional powers tell center destroyed city regained importance remaining small settlement abandoned points history disappearing records early era different peoples inhabited city including tell religious center earliest periods famous eye temple unique fertile crescent main deity revered entire region making city pilgrimage site culture tell defined different inhabited famous style glass independent city ruled local assembly monarch tell trade center location levant southern excavated max regularly different teams work stopped syrian civil war history tell current tell east mound lies dried lake named recorded lake roman map lake probably named tell nearest camp area echo ancient unknown early settlement earliest period dated culture small settlement existed objects dated period discovered including pottery culture transformed northern materials found tell excavations surface survey site surroundings unearthed large platform bricks dates late revealed tell developed urban center slightly earlier better known cities southern city southern original culture evolved period people southern period military commercial means expand civilization northern post period designated late northern period tell original unknown started expand period witnessed building city walls tell expansion mound form lower town late 5th millennium tell reached size hectares area tell map tell areas revealed remains monumental building meters thick walls threshold building paved street discovered leading northern entrance city city continued expand period reached size hectares mass graves dating discovered surroundings tell suggest process accompanied internal social stress increase organization warfare half period designated saw erection eye temple named thousands small eye idols discovered idols found area interactions south grew second half period designated colony established city end culture tell colony abandoned deliberately leveled occupants tell contracted following periods limited mound evidence exists interaction south period represented existence materials similar ones produced southern period city remained small settlement period small temple associated sealing activities kingdom large administrative building built city expanded tell revival connected civilization city named origin mean cultivated place important buildings dated kingdom administrative building temple named oval located area building curved exterior wall reminiscent oval temple central aside wall comparison buildings terms architecture difficult building follows different plan oldest references comes discovered important source come archives texts record ruler title mentioning text record king identical king mentioned texts king known pre ruled little generation kingdom destruction probably recorded texts including ones height encompassed southwestern half basin diplomatic political equal states kingdom included subordinate cities importantly city state annexed served provincial capital involved wide diplomatic network relations kingdoms involved confrontations alliances text mention victory king years later treaty concluded relations progressed marriage princess prince monarch son defeated year seven term causing trade routes southern upper later king concluded alliance campaign headed led combined armies victory battle near alliance attacked rebellious vassal city destroyed approximately years battle soon followed large parts city burned act attributed period following destruction rebuilt empire form center provincial administration city included tell lower town southern edge mound public buildings built early periods complex area area building area included temple served located near northern gate city early monarchs occupied internal conflicts tell temporarily abandoned point preceding reign sin abandonment connected environmental event caused region destruction kingdom created power vacuum upper concentrated took advantage situation control region early years tell known kings took title king attested seal king use title continued reigns successors ruled sin incorporated firmly empire important building city called palace sin parts built original eye temple despite palace closer fortress fortified depot storage collected tribute residential seat palace burned sin reign attack city burned end period probably post kingdom period followed period center independent dynasty evidenced discovery seal recording king ruled slightly reign sin son view tell came control iii refused evidence exists rebuilding sin palace erroneously attributed max period saw reduction city size public buildings abandoned lower town evacuated short lived houses built area period greatly reduced size provided evidence continued occupation city instead abandonment foreign rule later periods period densely populated northern ridge tell city came rule site decisive victory won lost importance came rule 18th century ceased occurring following old period city continued exist control period tell important trade city state story palace built northern section tell addition associated temple rest tell occupied lower town extended north destroyed modern agriculture legal documents bearing names kings recovered city destroyed waves hands king successor little evidence occupation tell exists following destruction city series small villages existed lower town periods remains settlement discovered nearby satellite tell northwestern edge main tell excavations recovered roman byzantine periods dating periods noted middle millennium fortified building erected northeastern lower town building dated era sixth century basis architecture occupation period site early period canal built provide town water nearby river society people language indigenous people northern syria later adopted southern culture contact south increased early middle northern period southern people moved tell late period forming colony produced mixed society colony abandoned end fourth millennium leaving indigenous tell contracted city pre kingdom population semitic spoke east semitic dialect language dialect closer dialect names recorded pre period prince difficult understand semitic period semitic names recorded appears taken advantage power vacuum caused destruction pre kingdom order migrate expand region post period tell strong element named rulers region inhabited tribes number tribes settled surroundings tell reign group language languages tell center empire official language region international language evidenced post eras discovered tell written religion findings eye temple indicate tell earliest sites organized religion northern unknown deity eye temple dedicated eyes appears offerings unknown deity temple center semitic eyes representation seeing female deity pre kingdom era old center northern syria served pilgrimage center eye temple remained use small shrine goddess kingdom paramount deity temple identified probably lies beneath palace deity monarchs attested visiting temple semitic deity period temple area dedicated god patron animals tell important religious center temple retained importance entire region early second millennium culture northern evolved independently south late early middle northern period characterized strong emphasis holy sites eye temple important tell building containing eyes idols area wood main room lined wooden panels building contained earliest known semi facade character associated temples later periods late northern especially northern came cultural dominance southern culture affected tell architecture administration southern influence obvious level named latest eye temple southern elements cone presence peaceful noted context commercial deals period traditionally ratified excavations area revealed important local habit cooking facilities large amounts grains skeletons animals backing oven fire pets discovered late materials found tell standard text educated standard text standardized education taught 3rd millennium wide area syria pre kingdom famed demand trained local kingdom local style called style distinct southern sealing variants employing soft shapes edges administration little effect local administrative traditions sealing style seals existed local variant employed style seals seals discovered indicating interaction western iranian plateau tell provided great knowledge culture produced glass sophisticated techniques resulted different varieties decorated shapes samples elaborate discovered addition seals combine distinctive elements international motifs period wagons seals tell dated pre kingdom revealed use wheeled wagons war carriages excavation area recovered clay models wagons dated post periods models provides information types wagons period include wheeled vehicles types wheeled vehicles cart fixed seats second cart driver stands axle introduced era pre carriages considered mistakenly described sources government city characteristics large urban centers monumental buildings ruled based assembly headed elders pre kingdom provincial center ruled council elders king representative monarchs tour kingdom regularly order assert political control early period local officials central control number officials increased following supposed environmental event preceded construction sin palace post city state kingdom gradually lost political importance early second millennium evidence king dating period exists rulers tell economy history tell important trade center trade situated river crossing levant southern countryside occupied smaller towns villages city surroundings kilometers probably intensive cultivation immediate order sustain population city manufactured different objects including white marble flint tools shell evidence exists slight shift production goods manufacturing objects desired south following establishment colony trade important economic activity pre kingdom major partners kingdom produced glass wool famous breeding trading hybrid female tell remained important commercial center period main trade cities objects manufactured tell including furniture ivory wood bronze addition glass city provided evidence international commercial contacts including egyptian objects produced region satisfy local taste pre drawing carriages kings horse royal procession included animals great demand empire cost silver times price imported regularly monarchs transport animals gifts allied cities horse known region millennium draught animal 18th century site excavations tell excavated british archaeologist sir max husband eye temple building unearthed artifacts initial excavation preserved british museum collection including famous tell head team institute university london led david joan worked tell seasons excavations conducted number filed directors general guidance david joan directors included roger mcdonald institute archaeological research university_of_cambridge helen mcdonald british institute study iraq metropolitan museum art mcmahon field director sponsored british institute study iraq regional archaeological field survey radius supervised henry wright finds excavations tell display museum recent excavations took place spring archaeological work currently suspended ongoing syrian civil war syrian civil war according syrian authorities camp archaeologists looted tools kept site changed hands different combatants mainly people protection units islamic state iraq levant early tell taken forces light fighting islamic state