span span acronym cable satellite public affairs network american cable satellite television network created cable television industry public service span proceedings united_states federal government public affairs programming span network includes television channels span radio station group websites provide streaming media archives span programs span television channels available approximately million cable satellite households united_states called span radio broadcast radio washington available satellite radio internet streaming ios android devices network political events particularly live coverage congress occasional proceedings canadian australian british major events worldwide coverage political policy events providing viewers listeners information politics government non political coverage includes historical programming programs dedicated non fiction books interview programs noteworthy individuals associated public policy span private nonprofit organization funded affiliate fee paid cable satellite advertisements networks radio stations websites donations network operates independently cable industry congress control content programming history development brian lamb span chairman chief executive officer conceived concept span working washington bureau chief cable industry trade magazine time rapid growth number cable television channels available united_states lamb envisioned cable industry financed nonprofit network sessions congress public affairs event policy discussions lamb shared idea cable executives helped launch network bob provided initial funding john evans provided access needed distribution span signal span launched march time televised session available house_of_representatives beginning speech tennessee representative gore debut million homes wired span network employees second span channel followed june senate permitted televised recent expansion channel began time operations january shows public policy government related live events weekend historical programming successor digital channel called span extra launched washington area televised live recorded political events eastern time monday friday span radio began operations october covering similar events television networks programming station broadcasts washington available satellite radio channel streamed live available satellite radio lamb semi retired march coinciding channel 33rd anniversary gave executive control network rob kennedy susan span celebrated 10th anniversary hour retrospective featuring lamb recalling development network 15th anniversary commemorated unconventional manner network facilitated series seven historic lincoln douglas debates televised august october time time years later series american presidents life portraits won award served year long observation span 20th anniversary span celebrated 25th anniversary time flagship network viewed million homes million homes million homes anniversary date span repeated televised hour floor debate house_of_representatives month 25th anniversary features included segments journalists appeared span early years included 25th anniversary essay contest viewers write span influenced life community service example essay contest winner wrote span non fiction book programming serves resource charitable mission record non fiction audio books people blind commemorate years taking viewer telephone calls span hour marathon eastern time friday october concluding eastern time saturday october network viewer essay contest winner invited host hour broadcast span capitol hill studios scope limitations coverage span continues expand coverage government proceedings history requests government officials greater access especially supreme_court december lamb wrote leaders house senate requesting negotiations health care reform televised span committee meetings health care broadcast subsequently span viewed span website november lamb wrote incoming house speaker john requesting changes restrictions cameras house particular span asked add operated cameras existing government controlled cameras house chamber february denied request previous request speaker designate nancy add span cameras house chamber record floor proceedings denied span uses congressional chamber feed cables cameras owned controlled respective body congress requests span camera access non government events annual dinner club denied june june span took video footage house floor individual house representatives streaming services facebook live sit house democrats asking vote gun control measures orlando nightclub shooting needed sit formal session house official existing house cameras utilized coverage event rule use electronic devices create feeds house democrats violated house rules prohibit use floor span state chose broadcast feeds network ran air official social media feeds noting restrictions expansion technology late 1990s span significantly expanded online presence january span began real time streaming span website time congress live streamed online cover democratic republican conventions presidential debates span created standalone websites convention hub debate hub addition real time streams span television networks online features live programming committee hearings speeches broadcast later day house senate left span began promoting audience interaction early history regular incorporation viewer telephone calls programming expanded social media march viewers began submitting questions live twitter guests span morning washington journal network facebook page added occasional live streaming january live stream intended selected publicized events congress june span joined website provide users application access span content locations washington span began transition high definition planned place month period network provided span high definition june july programming senate house_of_representatives span network core programming live coverage house senate span channel emphasizing united_states house_of_representatives network televised hours floor action span spin networks provides live coverage united_states senate coverage house senate viewers track legislation moves bodies congress important debates congress span covered live include persian gulf conflict house vote senate trial president bill_clinton house senate session span channels broadcast public affairs programming public affairs public affairs coverage span networks house senate floor debates wide ranging span considered useful source information journalists government officials casual viewers interested politics coverage political events span described media observers window world washington politics characterizes mission provide public access political process networks cover political campaigns including republican democratic presidential conventions entirety coverage presidential campaign events provided duration campaign weekly television program road white_house dedicated politics website span covers elections channels events congressional hearings white_house press presidential speeches government meetings including federal communications commission hearings pentagon press conferences political coverage includes state union speeches presidential press conferences according results survey presidential election span viewers voted election results similar survey found span viewers voted presidential election addition political coverage network broadcasts press conferences meetings news media nonprofit organizations including national press club public policy white_house dinner span video access supreme_court network court audio recordings accompanied photographs justices lawyers cover court session significant cases covered individual supreme_court justices speaking engagements occasionally proceedings parliament australia parliament canada parliament united_kingdom usually prime minister questions state opening parliament governments shown span discuss matters importance viewers similarly networks broadcast news reports world major events occur instance span broadcast television coverage september attacks span covers lying state capitol presidents notable individuals span covered hurricane katrina nbc affiliate new_orleans coverage hurricane cbs affiliate houston span carries coverage events affect canadians canadian federal elections death state funeral north_america early span carried broadcasts cover events egypt tunisia arab nations additionally span nasa space shuttle mission launches landings live video footage audio sourced nasa public affairs programming span intends offer different points view allowing time multiple opinions discussed given topic example span intended speech holocaust historian adjacent speech holocaust david unsuccessfully sued libel united_kingdom years earlier span criticized use word balance describe plan cover ended media access speech span canceled coverage network neutrality lack bias programming camera hosts present role simply facilitate explain proceedings viewer policy span host said television span flagship programs hours programming span dedicated coverage house network daily programming begins political telephone interview program washington journal morning eastern time washington journal premiered january broadcast weekday morning guests including elected officials government administrators journalists program covers current events guests answering questions topics provided hosts members general public weekend schedule span main programs america courts shown saturday eastern time sunday morning interview program guests sunday evening interview program hosted brian lamb guests including journalists politicians authors public figures features interviews journalists government officials involved communications industry related legislation weekends schedule book hours programming non fiction books book events authors book launched september originally broadcast hour interview non fiction author repeats interviews remain regular book schedule title encore book programs feature political historical books biographies public figures include depth live monthly hour interview single author words author interview program featuring guest hosts interviewing authors topics familiar words developed new type author interview program end production weekend programming book includes coverage book events panel discussions book book readings authors tours programming monday friday features live public affairs events particular political events washington weekend january network broadcast hours programming dedicated history united_states umbrella title american history programming covers history founding nation late 20th century programs include american artifacts dedicated exploring museums archives historical sites lectures history featuring major university history professors giving lectures history aired installment series interviews robert institute politics university kansas featured historian richard smith vice president walter special programming span occasionally produced programs focusing specific topics collaborated lincoln scholar produce creations seven lincoln douglas debates years later similar series journey described democracy america special series american writers week tour based works famous american writers programming specially commissioned anniversary birth abraham_lincoln span produced series titled lincoln years featured episodes variety topics relating life lincoln including career homes opinions slavery network produced special feature documentaries american institutions historical landmarks exploring history present day programs include capitol emphasizing history art architecture capitol building white_house featuring film footage inside white_house exploring history building occupants supreme_court focusing history personalities court inside blair house examination president guest house span introduced new program ladies influence image episodes ladies planned series created support white_house historical association radio broadcasts addition television networks span broadcasts span radio carried owned operated station washington area cable network feeds airing radio nationwide satellite radio programming available iphone android devices span radio selective policy broadcast content television network programming offer audio programs washington journal unique programming radio station includes oral histories committee meetings press conferences shown television programming commitments station sunday morning talk shows day commercials rapid succession availability online span archival video available span video library maintained research park west indiana unveiled august span video library contains network programming totaling hours completion public debut march older span programming continues added library dating beginning network limited earlier footage national archives film clips richard_nixon trip china available recordings span archive established saved approximately hours video slated available online june span video library held approximately hours programming described media commentators major educational service valuable resource researchers politics history span video library major role media opposition research political campaigns won award creating enduring archive history american providing free user friendly public service prior initiation span video library websites hosted house senate video records span contested usage span footage result removal portions archive produced span cameras preserving archive government produced content span engaged actions stop parties making unauthorized uses content online including video house senate proceedings notably span requested removal stephen performance white_house association dinner youtube concerns span gave permission google video host event march span copyright policy current future past coverage official events sponsored congress federal agency allows attributed non commercial copying sharing posting span video internet excluding syndication live video streams new policy affect public right use public domain video coverage floor proceedings house senate span online political coverage expanded prior elections introduction special pages span website span convention span debate hub offered video major events discussion social media major party conventions candidate debates span brought convention hub presidential election addition programming available span video library span programming available live feed streamed website flash video format july span announced begin restricting access live feeds main channel subscribers cable satellite providers later summer citing concerns slow shift viewing habits cable television internet reliance carriage fees cable satellite providers continue allow government meetings hearings conferences streamed live online archived span video library requiring provider decision drew criticism public interest government transparency advocates citing fact span designed public service organization operations span operated national cable satellite corporation nonprofit organization board directors consists primarily representatives largest cable companies early span include bob john allen gene funding span derive advertising instead receives nearly funding fees charged cable direct broadcast satellite operators span received cable bill annual budget million network independent entity cable industry congress controls content programming january network employees span led rob kennedy susan founder ceo brian lamb serves executive chairman board directors majority span employees based span headquarters located capitol hill washington television studios opened new_york denver colorado studios use digital equipment controlled washington span maintains archives west indiana research park direction robert audience span networks available million households including access span websites telephone participated discussion washington journal march official viewing statistics span network commercials advertisements use nielsen ratings number surveys providing estimates survey found population regularly watched span figure increased population according research center survey population categorized occasional viewers million people said watched span programming week march hart research survey found homes cable television watch span week estimated million americans poll conducted span penn estimates million adults watched span time january hart research conducted survey showed million adults adults access cable television watch span weekly million regular span viewers male female liberal conservative moderate half college graduates year olds report watching week year olds age public media opinion span survey viewers found network valued attribute balanced programming survey respondents mixed group describing liberal described conservative survey found span viewers equal mixture men women age groups span public service nature praised enduring contribution national knowledge andrew wrote new_york_times span influence political elections arguing span blanket coverage expanded television journalism areas shielded general view network received positive media coverage providing public access proceedings senate hearings healthcare summit everyday programming credited providing media general public intimate knowledge political proceedings people ability span provide service federal funding advertising viewer contributions remarked local newspapers online news services daily beast span million annual budget bargain article 25th anniversary network washington_post noted span programming copied television networks worldwide credits network providing information foreign politics american viewers according new_york_times span mission record official events washington makes kind particularly creation span video library received significant press coverage despite stated commitment providing politically balanced programming span shows washington journal words accused liberal organizations having conservative bias media criticism organization accuracy reporting fair released study span morning telephone washington journal showing republicans favored guests democrats margin month period year people color survey released center economic policy research reported span covered conservative think tanks left center think tanks carry congress passed carry regulations required cable carriers spectrum local broadcasters affected availability span areas particular providers chose carriage channel altogether cable systems cities dropped reduced broadcasts span following implementation carry regulations viewers protested decisions especially changes coincided matters local interest occurring house senate communities eugene oregon alexandria virginia successful restoring span availability span availability later restored technological developments resulted expansion channel capacity cable providers allowed mandatory stations span networks broadcast services span offers number public services related network public affairs programming span classroom free membership service teachers began july offers help span resources classes research span school bus introduced november traveled public government politics span resources served mobile television studio bus recorded video footage places visited second bus introduced original buses retired span digital bus inaugurated introducing public span enhanced digital products span equipped local content vehicles travel country record unique political historical stories vehicle containing production web based technologies produce spot content span published books based programming contain original material text taken interview span book span america town hall published span books include span guide congress buried grant tomb guide grave sites presidents abraham_lincoln great american historians sixteenth president collection essays based span interviews american historians supreme_court features biographies interviews past supreme_court judges commentary legal experts books drawn program life stories american character stories american history america finest authors reading writing power ideas compilation short taken lamb interviews companion book series traveling america tour book


film network film network early american television network founded network time television network like cbs nbc abc operated time basis broadcasting films run television programs major hollywood studios despite attracting affiliate stations financial support twentieth century fox purchased share november network proved discontinued film network flagship station flagship stations public broadcasting service pbs origins parent company national associates founded producers oliver film television production company inc reorganized partnership screenwriter producer successor company corporation having purchased october launched film network syndication service distributed films television programs independent television stations stations affiliated nbc cbs abc recently gone network business hoc network flagship station channel new_york network launched fourth network trade papers time referred new television network unlike big television networks local stations film network connected cable microwave relay instead film network programs filmed station network method television 1950s 1960s local stations agreed broadcast film network programs pattern simultaneously claim network status based simultaneous airing programs film network launched october affiliate stations november announced network purchased twentieth century fox produce original content network film network grew stations september network purchased fox minneapolis following list film network affiliate stations november later included montana san_antonio wish indianapolis san_francisco network purchased minneapolis september programs film network aired films television series offerings twentieth century fox films premiere performance prime time block twentieth century fox films aired film blocks included hour stars big night network television programs included marry millionaire aired based popular film series starred barbara merry nelson lisa final episode aired august man gun western series starring reason mills aired series portrayed reason newspaper editor brought criminals justice use guns alice aired starred year old ann alice girl lived fictional town river georgia series directed produced productions play week aired series televised plays program received critics received award series ended run lesser known series included bill sports man heritage official detective open end william tell assignment underwater sheriff marshall alex wonderland box jury best bishop danger business divorce court grand jury henry morgan company george business mike wallace interview man oscar levant confidential portrait crime reporter probe october film network announced provisional plans telecast live sporting special events network television season timeline programs timeline showing film network programs later offerings number episodes series aired given dates tentative accurate records filmed television series kept schedule friday note schedule announced according announcement television stations follow schedule television season film network aired programs pattern end network january succeeded charles barry took president network operations continued chair national associates despite ownership twentieth century fox film network developed major commercial television network par big television networks modern historians regard film network syndication service major television network losing money network flagship station sold educational broadcasting corporation november later flagship station national educational television network forerunner pbs network operations continue flagship station parent company national associates continued syndication services television series probe fair adventure day syndicated los_angeles film network station went founding owned operated station fox television network owned twentieth century fox 21st century fox

Television networks and overview articles


australian television network owned prime media group limited affiliate seven network prime television launched march orange new_south_wales expanded cover regional new_south_wales victoria australian capital territory national broadcast facilities based canberra prime media group head office administration located sydney history origins prime television originally began group separate stations networks television orange orange began march followed december stations licensed country broadcasting services owner radio station orange time relay australian television station relay stations formed country regional television network time began june began december stations merged north east victoria television service ltd air northern new_south_wales began transmission september relay later july started stage tied harbour owned southern cross broadcasting southern cross stations split later merged television result financial difficulties independent stations faced joined form television launched portland changed television colour television introduced time rest country march single expensive processes undertaken date station prominent broadcaster local sporting events including tennis rugby documentary titled road national titles won network award outstanding contribution regional station produced number local programs including weekend report early shift rural schools able access general microwave link national news major events television bought media magnate paul october soon merged stations television renamed prime television began increased seven network programming readiness took place prime began broadcasting southern new_south_wales northern victoria transmission problems meant southern new_south_wales took place stages australian capital territory south coast march followed orange december changes led merger remained station market instead taking programming prime line network stations relayed programming mainly win television southern new_south_wales licence successfully bid providing relay prime television soon station purchased win television undertook number minor changes mainly changing news service win news entirely win branding remains relay prime similarly licence area remained separate remainder victoria albeit single station later bought win television prime successful bidding new licence area cost million began broadcasting following year advertising revenue increased post local programming declined result costs incurred network expansion estimated million spent lead losses million renamed prime television limited posted profit prime television commercial network australia add networks broadcasts starting early consisted prime text networks circle logo located right screen updated coincide new logo right screen lasted prime seen right screen like common november prime parent company prime television limited purchased golden west network merged group stations regional western_australia albany western_australia similar remained station commercial market seven network affiliate win television began transmission affiliate network network network began expand new_zealand number purchased united christian broadcasters estimated million prime television new_zealand began broadcasting august nightly local news program prime expanded argentina purchase canal network 2000s renamed argentine network sold million early lower expected performance year prime benefited greatly affiliation seven network carriage summer olympics sydney network relationship seven developed early 2000s leading unsuccessful introduction branding seven network produced programs local news newcastle gold coast canberra falling ratings anticipated costs switch digital television closure number news southern cross broadcasting prompted australian broadcasting authority investigate regional news services later mandated stations broadcast minimum level local content based points system points minute local news point minute local content excluding paid advertisements prime formed partnership network affiliated australia competitor win television giving owner media option purchase share prime television new_zealand return access original programming cross promotion new_zealand magazine titles following prime television new_zealand began branding programming similar network november prime television new_zealand purchased subscription television provider sky network television million completed approval new_zealand commerce commission february digital television digital station began joint venture prime television limited win corporation section broadcasting services act allowed provision station owned existing networks direct relay melbourne albeit local advertising prime television announced december start broadcasting december 2010s september prime began transmission new digital channel aimed men program broadcast drawn grand final january prime media group reported prime respectively news changed news news dropped prime logo prime january programming prime programming schedule identical metropolitan counterparts sydney melbourne differences network inception featured broad range original local programming currently including children program club station mascot prime community service segment series short updates listing local community events prime overnight schedule differs seven network feed containing direct home shopping feed pay television channel expo past programming prime television recognised nationally local productions winning award outstanding contribution regional television station network won road naturally stranded prime television rest peace prime television time prime television news news network local news service produced towns surrounding regions originally covered stations television orange television prior regional television services new_south_wales occurred early 1990s areas minute news updates shown times day news presented canberra border north west north coast central west broadcast areas news daniel gibson comes canberra news centre availability available standard definition digital format june high definition available replacing network service prime viewed mainly free air terrestrial subscription cable provided neighbourhood cable australian capital territory respectively prime broadcasts southern new_south_wales stations based orange northern new_south_wales stations victoria based station prime television network november shared logo produced regional stations featuring word prime television outlined occurred network december introduction green logo featuring word prime letter globe logo network new gold logo introduced following decade use saw launch new simplified yellow logo removal circle logo launched concurrently similarly design logo golden west network following new logo introduced incorporates seven network logo


television television commonly known australian television station based newcastle australia station inaugurated march regional commercial television station new_south_wales expanded northern half new_south_wales parts south east queensland including heads harbour hunter region central coast gold coast owned network schedule closely following metropolitan counterparts sydney brisbane station acronym newcastle broadcasting new_south_wales regional station australia produce hour news bulletin seven days week owned parent company entertainment media making sister station metropolitan counterparts prior july operated independent regional station main network history origins original owner newcastle broadcasting television corporation founded begin preparations upcoming television licence main shareholders united broadcasting company owned lamb family owners radio station broadcasting company owners local radio station newcastle morning herald miners advocate bought john sons ltd accordance australian broadcasting control board regulations company locally owned shares available shillings equivalent approximately people bought shares australian broadcasting control board awarded commercial television licence newcastle hunter valley area august transmit channel atop mount near newcastle council approval issued july year letters derived company newcastle broadcasting television corporation second representing new_south_wales required law unofficially stood newcastle broadcasting network construction began november supervised engineers united_states step backwards building new station black white colour television fast norm united_states ninety cent original equipment imported united_states held bond installed equipment purchased colour production transmission mind modification required colour came studios built acre block crescent near city centre work delayed combination weather conditions road leading mount excited blocking work trucks weekends time technical team stayed mountain construction took months cost million required staff work seven days week christmas day deadline test took place early seen far away gloucester port opening night television commenced transmission march programme launch night began taped welcome general charles following guided tour studios original production manager matthew murray began longest careers australia news bulletin followed movie green light starring george theatre series followed opening episode man elevator followed episode halls ivy mystery theatre program missing head anglican bishop james gave evening meditation marking end night transmission newcastle commercials night included cigarettes streets ice cream commonwealth bank shell lead opening night station promised movies week men interest programs saturday afternoon commitment successfully met female targeted programming early afternoon children programming mature programming thirty minutes night television broadcast hours week transmission setting australian television record time spent air week new television station 1960s 1970s soon launch night extended television coverage broken bay far west station operated hours day programs produced locally including home let cook gas tempo focus nightly news australian consolidated press news limited bought shares newcastle broadcasting television corporation shortly united broadcasting company sold shares investments limited adelaide australian united investments melbourne company purchasing shares time enterprises purchased australian united investments shares november period secured relay general enhance news service began upgrading studios preparation commencement colour television cost improvements included enlarged film department film editing cleaning equipment larger master control video transfer machines new room slide drums expansion administration staff offices included new offices granted licence operate translator upper hunter near channel concurrently april expanded nightly news service hour television station australia hour news bulletin earlier preparations colour production orders placed rank emi group united_kingdom united_states new colour equipment time colour transmission tests october march station began regular colour whilst transmission expanded downs mount helen cost newcastle broadcasting television corporation bid local station owner australian broadcasting tribunal year extensions added studios included new car park officially opened november november newcastle broadcasting television corporation officially limited station renamed channel television late 1970s producing hours week local programming studios turn led station purchase bell jet ranger helicopter news coverage purposes 1980s 1990s early purchased southern television corporation limited owners adelaide million year began service purchased free local newspaper newcastle star ltd subsidiary limited later corporation purchased limited million attempted buy michael stake blocked supreme_court new_south_wales later revealed opposed purchase star newspaper created owned attempt buy company faced possible suspension australian stock exchange decision soon resolve tension sold exchange majority stake buy community shares station ceased hunter residents considered came cost shares called debt march finally completed purchase officially company cost share acquire shares michael resigned board end year result plans second independent station newcastle failed time abc newcastle asked leave band accommodate radio channel abc channel proposal launch subscription television service community broadcasting daytime hours failed year late 1980s perth based owner corporation spun limited new company enterprises took stake new company security pacific capital corporation buying sold stake soon holding new_guinea television station helped set media later purchase station source confusion revealed companies including state board banking corporation held substantial stakes media new owner issued court challenge acquire revealed held hong_kong company hung lung corporation violating foreign ownership laws following ownership changes enterprises sold washington soul million stations opposed offered alternative opening second station operate period time selling proposal rejected occurred december acquiring network affiliation following station coverage expanded cover northern new_south_wales whilst concurrently programming extended hours day sound television logo updated pseudo logo similar fellow affiliate win television 2000s 2000s regarded leaders digital broadcasting produce nightly regional news bulletin digital format digital friendly news set australia fully digital outside broadcast van washington soul began moves transfer control station publicly listed subsidiary soul telecommunications result january adopted new logo air graphics line new logo news department update graphics march april announced consider selling television received bids win corporation media media entertainment million bid final winning sale acquiring fold main network continued operate regional station purchase secured permanent status supplying content station entire coverage area future affiliation switches particularly australian television involving southern cross win corporation following high definition march launched called august began transmission new digital channel channel 2010s announced inner newcastle sites hill selected carry broadcasts state origin series september began transmission digital channel gem channel march began transmission metropolitan channel extra channel january network switched logo closed logo revived launched new lifestyle channel november announcements intent follow regional areas instead continuing broadcast feed channel released statement website days saying efforts upgrade stations region february entertainment announced receive coming months confirmation february launch march result channel listing match metropolitan listing channel channel channel extra channel february announced managing director brisbane appointed managing director retaining position stating splitting time brisbane newcastle alongside launch march unique branding began phased favour mainstream branding place metropolitan stations darwin station mainstream written alongside smaller font july coinciding media win southern cross unique branding completely phased news remains unique small areas signal overlaps sydney brisbane differentiate stations news news regional mainland news service produce nightly bulletin seven nights week news service employs staff produces local news stories annually combined news reports network australian broadcasting corporation local stories sub markets history news produced good morning news good evening news news night evening news late edition news currently running news local news presented station news studios crescent newcastle paul jane weekends mitchell hughes morris present sport weather respectively whilst weekend sport presented chris white launch hour long news bulletin april launch night 1980s murray face news australia longest serving joined ray news desk remained position retirement december news service received award coverage star hotel riot march jim sullivan began career news director service ultimately led australia longest serving news director news footage tragic events newcastle earthquake world reporters interviewed international news services 1990s news service produced breakfast late night later replaced network bulletin short period bulletin broadcast coupled introductions weather reports produced station newcastle news director jim sullivan late edition news producer matt secured live feed network abc america enabling pictures aired new_york attacks minutes late edition news opened short time later handed abc news america coverage events anchored peter bulletin extended handed start days continuous national coverage news unique live markets major national stories presented program split local window opt outs featuring pre recorded local regional market live local news round newcastle break bulletin continues live network local window opt outs sport weather news sport weather start early recording introductions local stories inserted live broadcast stories produced regional news port harbour central coast gold coast aired news bulletin week march commemorating event news produced news specials summarised prior years news production broadcasts network news content including early morning news today morning news news afternoon news current affair news air flagship bulletin news sydney news queensland news serves station flagship bulletin paul took network main male ray retired december following appointment station managing director news opener graphics metropolitan darwin stations retaining known theme music composed version graphics introduced february identical news april local programming produced local programming set record local programming transmission hours week operation member australian television facilities hand production drama series silent number won award programming country stations outstanding contribution regional station award purchased room franchise international broadcast decades original miss anne followed miss miss finally miss kim hosted program demise political example favourite feature called bounce ball deemed inappropriate children bounce ball miss assisted station mascot buttons cat underwent number incarnations costume aged outdated later buttons retired replaced bear gained rights character purchase southern television corporation local suited character determined suitable regional television station concept big dog created character suit created central coast big dog came local travel agency presented travel travel time broadcast sunday nights years starting years produces live hour raise money local charities premiered today extra lifestyle program broadcast days week day time line january announced axe today extra claiming longer economically viable drop ratings advertising base program ended career presented program years worked station years community support long supporter local events groups northern new_south_wales region currently sponsors newcastle australian ice hockey league station sponsored newcastle knights rugby league team 1990s 2000s logo visible team uniform hunter pirates basketball team predecessor newcastle newcastle united jets soccer team predecessor newcastle breakers received sponsorship television original logo featuring inside ring replaced years station frequency allocation transmitted channel atop mount near newcastle november logo updated letters replacing blue green logo coincided renaming station channel current television parent company renaming newcastle broadcasting television corporation limited despite pressure network adopt dots television retained logo years added dots new logo designed similarly network began air promotion logo replacing dots changed spheres dimensions added letters coinciding station air identity concurrently network january station logo coincide network year broadcasting new logo designed bruce associates saw removal dots blue square added letters dots reinstated logo dots discs dots january later spheres september


american game records united_states game type radio television internet program contestants television personalities celebrities team play game involves answering questions solving puzzles usually money prizes genre began shows offered prizes large sums money contestants set original monetary record appearance challenge surpassed won john carpenter won wants millionaire person win seven figure prize american game players gone win surpassed highest earning american game contestant time having accumulated total succeeded highest earning contestant virtue victory jeopardy battle decades tournament daytime game shows single day record shows daytime television set michael won equivalent press luck achieved record board patterns repeatedly hit board squares awarded contestants money additional spin spin turn replace spin effectively allowing spin board second round long wanted game split episodes aired june june turn caused game half hour allotted time game network produced documentary event succeeded set record winning 35th season premiere price right record broken appearance price right won cash prizes episode aired december including won game gas money cash shoes overall record 1950s 1950s multiple big winners charles van notable set overall record television season set record stand decades winning equivalent challenge record fell summer year naval officer named began run carried following season champions played defeated games end ties pot carrying able building total long kept playing winning won equivalent cash prizes games included cars sister wild contestant automatically won car fifth game won biggest solo winner couples chance lifetime won prize equivalent combination prizes long term run syndication january september program solo players passed michael biggest winner airing wants millionaire united_states contestant 15th final question elected walk instead equivalent biggest winner american game history time previously won day champion jeopardy making career total present second season millionaire united_states crowned million dollar winner november john carpenter won prize save phone final question tell father going win million dollars carpenter answered final question concerned richard_nixon appearance laugh host proclaimed carpenter worldwide format prize winner carpenter record remained intact following year early contestant revival won games appearances perfect bonus round total surpassing carpenter mark host proclaimed game king late run fox greed brought previous winners try extra curtis warren team win share plus winning round contestants brought february warren given question shows movies choices identify correct answers successfully giving record time warren record shorter lived lasting days days warren win david appeared nbc began run champion days warren win run continued having earned grand total wins surpass warren record contestant months game held record year ended began producers millionaire decided long games month period prize won instituted accumulating added grand prize game won kevin claimed prize april winning contestant total game supplanted time leader previously day champion jeopardy winning making career total abc launched ultra high stakes version millionaire entitled wants super millionaire prize separate super millionaire series aired february year despite higher stakes potential time record largest prize awarded won robert week super millionaire came end salt_lake_city utah new champion jeopardy episode broadcast june long winning streak software engineer possible change beginning season twentieth air syndication eliminating longstanding rule limiting consecutive appearances champion limit appearances began break game records streak continued deeper 21st season closer closer record topped millionaire consecutive win finishing day new cumulative total career counting jeopardy wins toppled game won games streak came end november extended record total time defeat awarded additional finishing second place jeopardy rules shortly defeat jeopardy decided fare tournament play february launched ultimate tournament champions inviting past champions compete months round single elimination tournament grand prize field included highest winning time champions winners previous tournaments able participate received bye finals tournament faced semi final winners game cumulative total match set single day scoring record appearance won tournament champions million dollar masters tournament highest earning contestant time tournament day final defeated win tournament process supplanted time american game contestant including million won previous jeopardy appearances regular season games tournament champions win million dollar masters win matches earlier rounds ultimate tournament champions total stood second having gained additional second place finish tournament slowly began chip away record winning mob nbc year later won grand slam tournament game network prize defeating final round finally october passed winning 5th extended record winning challenge took watson special jeopardy event won challenge pledged half charity added later appeared million dollar mind game raising total second invited play jeopardy battle decades tournament conducted producers jeopardy celebrate season syndication men advanced day tournament final roger filling position needing win reclaim record took prize tournament needed answer second day final jeopardy clue correctly win making sufficient failed won prize won second prize later appeared millionaire november winning prize way reclaimed record finished leaving second place list


television croatia television croatia introduced nationwide regional digital video broadcasting terrestrial television channels channels produced republic croatia produced croatian market broadcast internet protocol television cable satellite television electronic communications market croatia regulated croatian regulatory authority network industries issues broadcast licenses monitors market satellite transmission infrastructure developed maintained state owned company television signal broadcast croatia occurred fair showcased television system regular broadcasts started television established station yugoslav radio television system color broadcasts began coverage number channels grew steadily 2000s channels nationwide coverage croatia signal broadcasts began digital completed period cable satellite television markets grew considerably percent households received television remainder cable satellite addition sole source reception january broadcast territory croatia divided main regions smaller local corresponding major cities high definition television broadcast test programming broadcast test broadcast conducted television croatia media country criticised lack balance global issues trends hand national topics covered major television networks croatia generally thought excessive influence state owned croatian required produce broadcast educational programmes documentaries programmes aimed national minorities croatia television croatia considered important avenue non governmental organizations communicating concerns public criticising authorities television primary source information population croatia analog television introduction television european cities television pictures broadcast beginning august fair featured television system operated short periods day exhibition september television consisting receivers operated dutch pavilion fair fair newspaper announced event television broadcasts london berlin programming consisted comedy opera music performances news broadcast croatia broadcast fair set hotel evening austrian italian channels transmitted including live broadcast produced locally transmission opening fair september television began regular broadcasting november development centre member yugoslav radio television umbrella organization television stations yugoslavia acting technical centre television began broadcasting second channel switched airing programming color television channel introduced service launched following breakup yugoslavia television renamed croatian member european broadcasting union suffered significant war damage infrastructure percent relay stations damaged destroyed occupied october nationwide channels started broadcasting clock channel ceased operation nova privately owned television station croatia began operating followed privately owned broadcaster april nova aired single analog channel set independent company previously tasked maintaining television transmission infrastructure croatia stations croatia including nationwide channels end analog broadcasting government croatia decided simultaneous analog digital broadcasting main channels cease territory croatia split digital regions analog broadcast network switched gradually digital regions beginning january process completed achieving digital october geographically isolated areas left analog broadcasts analog croatia shut september coverage extended percent households croatia percent households regions approximately households left reception analog broadcasts television trial broadcasts signals began government developed digital television broadcasting strategy republic croatia july government croatia announced million million purpose government purchase receivers distributing worth subscribers croatian introduced april introduced july october switch virtually complete major analog phased croatia standard definition available percent population croatia available percent population region available approximately percent population croatia percent population regions households percent croatia receiving television terrestrial television infrastructure croatia operated company established independent entity division developing maintaining electronic communications infrastructure removed corporate system january operates maintains television broadcast relay stations main regions digital encompassing larger portions croatia additional geographically small areas designed local broadcasters typically covering single city main television regions assigned markings region encompasses counties parts county east region covers rest county counties nearly county area north city county town region includes county encompassed region territories counties region includes county area counties city northern county including region covers county county parts county east area island includes coastal areas county opposite islands region encompasses parts counties outside regions parts south coastal parts county opposite island areas region counties region includes entire split county parts county peninsula west islands region encompasses rest county local television regions covering specific cities immediate surroundings covering encompassing covering encompassing island covering split island large island local named started town local channel italian broadcasting started december interference observed northwest parts later areas interference caused use frequencies assigned croatia italian excessive power complaint filed croatian market croatian regulatory authority network industries italian authorities installed additional affected areas strengthen signal coverage reduce interference february cost million italian minister economic development announced august problems resolved shortly causing interference shut power reduced situation completely resolved international union radio regulations board involved process meantime technical solutions devised implemented addition emergency order improve digital television signal reception nationwide channels nationwide free air television channels channels operating nova operating remaining operated croatian olympic committee author companies government central state administrative office croatia television channels free air privately owned channels channel publicly owned broadcasters nova group television audience measurement conducted nielsen company applied terrestrial cable satellite january nova service nova channels programmes specialized comprise news variety scripted entertainment documentaries channels carry similar type programmes absence news addition croatian legally required produce broadcast programmes covering education youths aimed croatian national minorities croatia preservation cultural natural heritage protection environment promotion democracy civil society support national production films television programme music nationwide channels specialized providing programmes covering sports music regional local channels regional local television channels operating croatia number channels broadcasting individual regions varies local television local regions vacant december regional local television channels broadcast region regional local channels free air january measuring audience nielsen company terrestrial cable satellite experimental high definition television broadcasting began march expanded split experimental broadcasting ended february experimental channels operated croatian nova digital television developed government croatia broadcasting channels conducted october experimental broadcasting began access system active croatia reserved nationwide channels channels broadcast locally nationwide broadcasts nova channels broadcasts broadcasts nationwide channels croatian music channel addition local channels competition channels announced july received offers following channels finally licenses given began broadcasting january broadcasting national segment given croatian music channel owned croatian olympic committee december started broadcasting late march early april originally broadcast holder license testing period won experimental month period license later switched carries local nationwide services simultaneously carries new channels expected begin broadcasting end cable satellite television recording rapid market growth number households service grew percent nearly terms density croatia fifth ranked market world trailing singapore hong_kong cyprus estonia number rose quarter total households representing percent croatian households time households cable television connections households satellite television reception representing percent households croatia respectively leading provider croatia service owned leading cable television provider country providers offer reception channels satellite providers normally carry channels available additional channels produced croatia abroad available subscription plans significant proportion foreign channels localized dubbing subtitles largest cable providers offer channels produced croatia specifically croatia addition broadcasting viewership cable satellite channels broadcast nova measured nielsen company dedicated satellite channels broadcasts dedicated satellite channels europe middle_east north south_america australia new_zealand viewing channels requires subscription channels broadcast europe middle_east satellite access satellite channels transmit free air radio channels produced market regulation television industry croatia regulated croatian regulatory authority network industries established electronic communications act june article act tasked promoting market competition interests service users field electronic communication services infrastructure contributing development internal market european_union goals include ensuring sustainable development electronic communications market affordable prices consumers providing fair conditions return investment market contributing quality life croatia regulation television performed electronic media council mandatory regulation applying state run privately owned broadcasters based croatia regulation aimed protection minors depictions violence sexual intercourse profanity use substances tobacco scenes harmful development minors seven morning evening depending rating specific programme advising programme suitable persons years age respectively restriction apply educational documentary science news programming grants broadcast licenses forms electronic communications croatia communications industry companies fines found breach applicable regulation conducts constant supervision industry language national legislation requires television programmes broadcasts croatia croatian language appropriate translations dubbing general foreign programming subtitled cartoons narrated parts documentaries similar programmes attempt change nova soap opera dubbed provoked negative response viewers critics causing experiment abandoned legislation provide mutually languages led formal requests electronic media council demanding language television programmes serbian language ultimately issue resolved service normally closed social impact television croatia media country criticized lack balance global issues trends hand national topics covered major television networks croatia generally thought excessive influence viewed international ownership structures privately owned television broadcasters having little regard promotion national culture social issues efforts state run attract programming thought appeal viewers best spite regulation programming content restricted advertising limited special legislation regulating broadcaster minutes advertising prime time period evening hand receives income fee charged owners television sets croatia average monthly net wage croatia fee charged annual income generated fee amounted billion million social impact television croatia considered imperfect variable quality television important society offers way non governmental organizations communicate concerns public criticize government aspects politics croatia television widespread source information croatia average population croatia uses television primary source information percentage varies significantly geographic region areas surrounding capital region sources information second widely source information internet averaging million registered television sets country


digital terrestrial television australia digital terrestrial television australia commenced january sydney melbourne brisbane adelaide perth standards phase analog pal began completed december digital terrestrial television brought number enhancements previous analog television primarily higher quality picture sound multi view services video program guides high definition program information number additional channels high definition services available digital terrestrial television viewers australia digital content subject availability differs greatly television markets approximately population access digital service initially sluggish australia million households having adopted free air digital television march august australian households switch analog began phased ceased available nationwide end free air digital television platform promoted brand history planning planning digital terrestrial television australia traced group specialists drawn australian broadcasting authority department transport communications addition broadcasters manufacturers specialist group intended bring studies taking place number australian forums investigate potential options policies relating digital television group released report digital terrestrial broadcasting australia containing preliminary conclusions group found premature regulation new platform market driven development service based existing standards restrict ability broadcasters tailor local content early time decisions relating standard commence analog television phased final report released recommended australia adopt single system following detailed trials potential systems implemented high definition capabilities outset licensed commercial public service access channel services eventual termination analog pal services driven market factors subject regular review year highlighted potential target date commencement permanent digital terrestrial broadcasting response australian broadcasting authority response titled digital terrestrial television broadcasting recommended australian government support early introduction digital broadcasting free air service loan channel broadcaster order enable high definition television outset federation australian commercial television stations supported freedom members launch multi channel services time australian subscription television radio association questioned commercial viability opposed idea multi argued competitive system allow entry new players australian broadcasting corporation stated wished run different times day alternatively offer service claimed million needed prepare services half need government funded interested parties internet service provider argued provision spectrum interactive services subscription television provider supported argument competitive bidding process digital spectrum legislation march minister communications information economy arts senator richard announced government decisions introduction digital television plan allowed commercial public broadcasters spectrum free charge years services digital analog returned commonwealth digital terrestrial television commence january metropolitan areas expansion regional areas completed start following commercial broadcasters required provide minimum levels high definition content required pay fees chose provide services prohibited spectrum subscription services addition prohibition new free air broadcasters extended december amendments subsequently broadcasting services act act set ownership programming conditions broadcasting administered regulated usage spectrum respectively june digital terrestrial television broadcasting selection panel announced choice european system digital terrestrial television panel group representatives country public commercial regional broadcasters department communications information economy arts australian broadcasting authority launch digital television launched january majority households know unable buy set box order receive signal digital broadcasting australia established late help transition digital television seamless consumers possible included representatives free air broadcasters manufacturers suppliers retailers intended provide information commencement dates coverage functionality availability equipment content additional channels australian broadcasting corporation launched abc kids channel fly august available digital means showed range programming targeted children teenage viewers similarly special broadcasting service launched world news channel digital service offering number foreign language news programmes seen morning timeslot funding issues meant australian broadcasting corporation closed abc kids fly year digital television digital commercial station launched country section broadcasting services act new station joint venture existing commercial networks southern cross broadcasting win television digital television affiliated network initially available expanding early remainder state introduction fifth channel resulted significantly higher digital television tasmania parts country australian broadcasting corporation second attempt digital channel launched march service showed range repeated news current affairs children educational programs originally shown number original programs launched later australia wide short late night legends market areas broadcasters digital stations created transmit programming broadcaster area digital stations owned joint venture sole broadcaster depending area september commercial networks announced introduction high definition channels later year new commercial television channels launch metropolitan areas australia seven network launch october available prime television october followed launch december majority programming high definition channels parent channel commercial broadcasters allowed transmit alternate standard definition channel march channel launched hour sports channel broadcast channel replacing later launched general entertainment channel younger viewers august seven introduced november july abc launched proposed news channel abc news addition seven networks launched channels september seven channel gem network launched channel early november launched fourth channel february seven launched fourth channel march channel seven channel amateur digital television experimental amateur television located east melbourne late september single analog channel converted channel digital system output received set boxes digital channels transmitted standard definition amateur radio operators restricted terms content transmit transmission entertainment allowed amateur radio operators nonetheless able transmit wide range educational material related amateur radio electronics number broadcasters primarily commercial networks provided number digital services separate channels particular major sporting events seven network instance provided additional channels coverage rugby world cup providing alternate commentary statistics game information seven ran similar service coverage summer olympics showing news headlines medal tally event results similarly melbourne cup australian open australian open golf day international series united_kingdom seven network provided multi view service network television provided multi view service additional text information day digital trial service began sydney service included launch electronic program guide abc news sport weather service australian christian channel shopping channel expo number federal parliament audio streams service licensed australian communications media authority ceased broadcasting midnight night april metropolitan networks provided video program guide channels addition standard high definition channels abc abc shows program information weather music abc dig radio channels launched extra gold fresh ideas high definition minimum digital television broadcasters australia provide standard definition service addition high definition format considered format higher vertical resolution use progressive scanning australia started networks broadcast high definition format better quality scanning demanding bit rate modern television sets progressive scan conversion little difference picture quality improved conventional formats win television south_australia southern cross port stations broadcast digital provide high definition service multiple services digital frequency win television win win win television prime port commercial stations high definition services main channel standard definition prior broadcasts shown providing differing content main channel instance abc television high definition service run abc operates abc news currently television network regional station television network win television broadcast high definition respective main channel seven network channel isn implemented primary channel metropolitan stations allow games australian football league broadcast melbourne adelaide stations received channel purpose sydney perth brisbane stations continues air digital high definition downgraded standard definition default high definition content minimum hours year imposed australian government july broadcasters sydney melbourne brisbane adelaide perth requirement extended april stations darwin regional new_south_wales regional queensland january july commercial television networks australia permitted provide separate standard definition high definition channel january permitted standard definition channels addition high definition channel networks planned launch australia august government finally lifted primary channel mandate allowing broadcasters respective main channel programmes high definition transition digital television transition analog digital television digital operating federal department communications digital economy switch respective areas free air broadcasts digital channels like cable television networks began analog cable services switched april november free air broadcasters metropolitan regional joined launch brand consistent marketing platform digital broadcasting compete subscription television australia actual service commencing march government scheme april government released new scheme digital television devices help people buy correct equipment transition analog digital television following labels digital capable analog required set box digital ready standard definition able receive broadcasts digital ready high definition able receive broadcasts government standards addition standards endorsed major commercial public broadcasters contributed confusion government digital standards devices meet high definition digital ready standard controversy perth community station access closure partially blamed viewers revenue lost increasing digital television viewership analog station campaigning community television stations support federal government allowed access digital broadcast spectrum november communications minister stephen approved digital licence west perth allows broadcast digital community television station replacement defunct access digital services available areas parts western_australia central australia begin household assistance scheme aid digital television households receiving government assistance payments eligible set box provided free charge convert digital television addition set boxes assistance included necessary antenna upgrades needed achieve reliable digital signal analog october digital announced analog follows

Digital terrestrial television in Australia


genus duck billed dinosaur upper cretaceous period million years ago lived north_america means helmet derived greek named described brown thought related estimated length metres skull including crest centimetres tall known complete specimens including nearly complete found brown skeleton missing section tail preserved impressions scales known tall resemble helmet likely function crest thought sound waves travel chambers crest specimen preserved meal chest cavity inside cavity remains seeds twigs fruits probably fed species present slightly different levels dinosaur park formation existed like discovery species specimen discovered brown red deer river alberta canada secured fall complete skeleton find notable impressions creature skin survived specimen came belly river group province left underside skeleton preserved clay making difficult expose skin skeleton articulated missing metres tail preserved position rest gone pieces apparently remaining eroded away impressions preserved covering large skeletons outlining shows form body specimen found brown peter specimens housed american museum natural history original death poses type species named brown based specimen collected original author brown published detailed description based specimen possess crest generic derived greek helmet means specific refers bird similar skull crest means like helmet crest best preserved specimens found charles lost december carried united_kingdom world war sent arthur smith british museum natural history england ship transporting sunk german merchant sms middle ocean seven species described including parks parks parks parks peter studied differences different species found differences size shape actually related gender age animal species recognized certain recognized valid studies based specimen rom skull found named william parks originally named earlier year specific derived apparent intermediate position according parks lived slightly later time species identical supported separation study description size estimated average length metres richard earlier length estimate published found slightly longer total length size similar canadian models specific including estimate weight model modelled vincent mounted skeleton supervised brown testing concluded average weight tonnes long tons short tons recent size estimates published find genus largest smaller total length specimen found weight tonnes long tons short tons skull shorter smaller including crest superficial area large skull found dinosaur animal bore tall elaborate bony crest atop skull contained passages passages extended crest separate pockets sides single central chamber onward respiratory system skull type specimen dermal impressions preservation compressed width thirds real life according brown compression caused shift pressed pressed closed apart compression skull appears normal contrary brown assumed areas concerned fully resemble helmet formed combination instead projecting backwards spine rise highest point orbit halves crest separated median orbit crest thick bone crest brown assumed extended tip highest spot crest unlike genera meet centre separated ascending process brown snout actually largely formed separate brown thought crest external face covered mistake assumed fact end hooked short process crest brown lower upper branch actual triangular shape located crest base brown seen frontal real largely internal crest base structure visible mouth narrow form long air passages extending passages snout end narrow openings called false bony nostrils mistaken brown real nostrils actually situated inside crest eye expanded portion opening comparison bill short extend far forward end bill unite incorrect identification brown assumed inferior process shorter process unite difference genera actually touch extends rear eye lower jaw centimetres long centimetres deep total length crest tip type specimen centimetres total length centimetres height centimetres soft tissue sides tail body covered scales types scales covered small vary size body conical like scales preserved fold skin preserved probably belly leg separating scales scales arranged close rows present region extend transverse processes flattened origin central rod ending rounded point aside found extensive skin impressions found notable found unidentified preserved scales scales similar preserved skin impressions hind limbs feet study showed preserved best complete foot limb species like share fair preserved tissue regions thought dinosaur lived water appearance hands feet later discovered called fact like found modern mammals distinguishing characteristics set characters indicated brown distinguish alberta comparatively short skull high helmet like crest formed separated narrow expansion elongated small opening brown expanded character set include features revised version comparatively short skull high helmet like crest formed separated narrow expanded section elongated small opening formula possession dorsal spines medium height high anterior caudal spines long long possessing blade medium width radius considerably longer comparatively short long foot like terminal expansion anterior blade short broadly expanded end longer short sides tail composed scales pattern graded size different parts body belly longitudinal rows large conical like scales separated uniformly large presumed traits snout incorrect brown confused nasal bones nasal bones traits today known shared classification originally brown referred member family inside brown classified later brown revised phylogeny found closely related possibly ancestral differences found development proportions limbs study 1920s alfred proposed orders evolved separately birds based shape proportions truly specialized base model analyze theory likely true found birds thought plausible evolved specific pelvic anatomy evolved like resemble modern birds pelvic structure birds thought descended currently classified subfamily related exception share similar looking research published suggested possesses unique crest closest known relative found closely related said formed group fan study including description published journal study included complete relationships including derived sister taxon simplified version including comparisons rings modern birds reptiles suggest active day short intervals sense hearing specifically greatly developed elongated presence thin ear bone rod like reptiles combined large implies existence sensitive middle ear possible ears sensitive detect sound modern crest function internal structures crest complex making possible warning attracting mate nasal shaped possessing shaped tubes travel elaborate chambers probably scientists speculate loud low pitched cries like wind brass instrument sounds serve alert presence food potential threat predator nasal passages low frequency sounds individual produce different sounds likely species unique sound range different nasal passages vary probable low pitched sounds low sounds travel set distance environment higher sounds larger spread distance travelled described thought aquatic assessment based incorrectly known theory animals swim deep water use crest store air breath proven crest holes end water pressure metres great lungs able growth surviving juveniles assigned juveniles harder assign species young age lack distinctive larger adults age tend grow prominent come maturity dinosaur park formation articulated specimens found coming different genera juveniles hard identify species level earlier genera thirteen species recognized formation area differences size crest shape differentiate taxa smallest specimens identified seen synonym largest skeletons called adult identified small canyon formation referred started developing crest half size adults juveniles grew long adults juvenile adults nasal young adult similar skull smooth straight feature helps differentiate generally juveniles like like primitive like alike features distinguish work recognized taxa present alberta found juveniles assigned based largely information non specimen assigned found later species found diet realized shallow delicate concluded feed soft vegetation based climate late cretaceous selective eating fruits youngest leaves specimens preserved meal chest cavity inside cavity remains seeds twigs fruits meaning probably fed fossils found upper formation lower dinosaur park formation canada formation dates million years ago dinosaur park formation dates million years ago lived million years ago dinosaur park formation lived living formation species deposits lived specimen clearly floated beach shells water worn bones turtle preserved probably lived woodland forest occasionally areas limited fauna known upper section formation taxa section formation genera known persist upper section formation contemporaries widespread lower unit dinosaur park formation found closely associated found dinosaur park river formations wind river basin county area lived alongside numerous giant earliest stages formation middle age later stages formation studies jaw anatomy mechanics suggests probably occupied slightly different ecological order avoid direct competition food crowded space large predators known levels formation unnamed species thomas observed hasn discovered outside southern alberta abundant region large like living north_america late cretaceous remarkably small geographic ranges despite large body size high mobility restricted distribution strongly contrasts modern large ranges typical span continent


meaning greek sides hollow concave genus dinosaur probably synonymous genus includes estimated largest dinosaur specimen discovered originally named based surviving descriptions single fossil bone scientists years estimated longest known animal metres length potentially mass tonnes short tons fossil remains lost point studied described 1870s evidence survived drawings field notes recent analysis surviving evidence biological large land animal suggested enormous size animal estimates partly errors original description description type species named edward cope december published incomplete skeleton consisting hip bone upper leg bone cope named second species paper subsequent researchers considered synonym recognized distinguished genera features described cope widespread assigned additional bones shoulder blade shoulder bone lower arm bone tooth henry charles noted overall close similarity key differences longer teeth shaped like long slender cylindrical rods spaced apart project forward mouth unusually long slender round cross section thought distinguishing characteristic found specimens similar size estimated long scientists details distinguish separate genera suggested probably senior synonym history collected lucas fossil collector employed cope shortly hired cope lucas discovered partial arch spine new species garden park north city colorado close quarry yielded poor condition large measuring metres metres height lucas shipped specimen cope spring early summer cope published specimen catalogue number new species august derives latin fragile referring bone produced thin walls revealed cope recorded based lucas report excavation site locations specimen came hill south quarry known cope cope originally wrote site belonged formation mid cretaceous age presence rocks indicates probably belong morrison formation places age site million years ago late period specifically age gigantic bones attributed ignored largest partly according subsequent reports whereabouts unknown attempts locate failed carpenter presented possible scenario disappearance specimens cope noted description arch bone material fragile techniques preserve fossil bone invented cope rival marsh use chemicals early 1880s carpenter observed fossil bones known quarry preserved deeply tends easily fragment small irregular bone badly discarded american museum natural history possibly cope soon illustrated rear view paper carpenter suggested explain cope drew view multiple angles discoveries attempt relocate original quarry species found ground penetrating radar attempt image bones buried ground attempt failed bones density surrounding rock making impossible differentiate study local topography showed fossil bearing rock strata severely eroded probably time lucas discovery indicating majority skeleton gone time recovered cope description met skepticism researchers noting errors measurements example measurement units given obviously incorrect centimeters millimeters carpenter argued reason cope word noting reputation stake discovery took place bone wars cope rival marsh ready cope called claims question marsh known employed spies monitor cope discoveries confirmation enormous size bones henry john accepted cope data question published reviews foster published analysis evidence circumstances surrounding publication interpretation size producing estimate complete size requires scaling bones better known species family extremely long slender assumption relative proportions similar original paper cope size hypothetical upper leg bone cope noticed specifically twice tall tallest dorsal estimated size tall related reference gregory paul estimated length metres evaluation carpenter scale guide finding height metres carpenter went estimate complete size cautioned relative proportions vary species species assuming proportions known carpenter presented estimated total length noted fell range presented paul metres carpenter pointed lowest length estimates higher giant metres metres metres carpenter presented speculative specific proportions based scaled including neck length metres body length metres tail length metres estimated total height metres hind limb height metres overall height highest point metres comparison blue whale average longest living creature reaches metres length relatively thin enormous size massive weight difficult determine length complex needed prone greater margins error based smaller variations overall proportions animal carpenter paul estimate mass metric tons long tons short tons speculate weighed metric tons long tons short tons heaviest blue whale record weighed metric tons long tons short tons heaviest dinosaur known reasonably good remains weighed metric tons long tons short tons size estimates lighter estimated weighed metric tons long tons short tons known highly remains unpublished estimates appeared online estimated length based linear scaling meter long assuming times larger linear dimension mike taylor addressed issue size blog picture week based comparisons estimated long tonnes concluded impossible determine degree certainty large reality lack accurate information classification species edward cope described finds issues american naturalist assigned new genus placed unique family considered forgotten genus usually assigned family modern analyses found base larger group uncertain placement named species genus specimen discovered cope represented partial skeleton characteristics define genus known better remains smaller cope named second species named species known single incomplete tall arch spines processes second series dorsal based illustration published measured metres tall life argued scale bar published description contained error fossil fact metres tall addition cope field notes contain entry end located tens meters away giant likely leg bone belonged individual animal spine monograph available formally published henry referred fourth species based complete specimens found quarry big horn basin wyoming held private collection specific referred hypothesis based specimens nearly morrison species growth stages represent sexual members genus analysis met skepticism publication lead author explaining obviously drafted manuscript complete etc final paper fact printing distribution attempted species sinking suggesting large individual position subsequent studies including foster foster agreed carpenter disagreed citing numerous differences construction noted cope suggested differences warrant separate species separate genus went caution validity separate species nearly impossible determine original specimen study clearly probably synonymous found lower morrison formation deeply concave faces caudal consistent john foster suggested differences usually cited differentiate known significant individual variation foster argued probably senior synonym research bears familiar need abandoned favor case senior synonym foster reiterated conclusion stating species referred considered considered placed subfamily following instead shows outside evaluation carpenter examined giant including addresses question group attained huge size pointed gigantic sizes reached early evolution large sized species present early late period concluded evolutionary pressure caused large size present early origins group carpenter cited studies giant elephants showed larger size plant eating animals leads greater efficiency food larger animals longer digestive systems food kept significantly longer periods time allowing large animals survive lower quality food sources especially true animals large number chambers allow accumulate plant material aiding evolutionary history found primarily semi arid dry environments corresponding seasonal drop quality food dry season environment essentially similar arid environments modern giant found supporting idea poor quality food arid environment promotes evolution giant carpenter argued benefits large size relative immunity predators lower energy expenditure longer life span probably secondary advantages morrison formation environment lived resembled modern grass appear late cretaceous probably dominant plant main food source dismissed food source relatively low content carpenter argued digestive system adapted handle low quality food allows consumption large diet carpenter noted occasional presence large logs indicate presence tall trees conflict comparison trees rare tall trees require water environment generally provide probably existed narrow tracts gallery forests rivers water accumulate carpenter speculated giant like shade gallery forests stay cool day feeding open night


genus dinosaur late period mid late stage million years ago means hollow tail referring hollow tail greek hollow tail linked main divisions historically poorly understood confused better known contemporary like studied early years confusing taxonomic history species named later transferred genera abandoned species currently recognized valid type species described charles marsh known partial skeleton found morrison formation wyoming united_states small legs description known skeleton single individual including numerous partial pelvic shoulder arms legs stored museum natural history relative skeleton known fossils recovered reed quarry bluff wyoming additionally arm bones possibly belonging genus known cleveland lloyd dinosaur quarry utah large dinosaur weight estimated kilograms length meters hip height meters skeleton relatively long neck long long slender long potentially small slender skull skull unknown possibly portion lower jaw found site rest known material preservation coloring fossils known belong skeleton slender mean belong skeleton bone centimeters long centimeters tall general long low low spines thin walls bodies neck numerous hollow spaces surfaces evenly distributed varied size neck bodies times longer wide articulated concave faces ends lacked surface developed concave faces bodies shaped tail lacked surface bone known shoulder fragment upper arm distinct shaped curve view slightly longer centimeters versus centimeters wrist similar fingers long slender bone known pelvic paired fused bones prominent long foot end thigh bones shape viewed unusually long slender nearly length thigh bones best preserved thigh bone centimeters long best known small morrison formation mistaken times fully described possible distinguish characteristics anatomy example visibly different proportions longer neck longer slender legs feet similar differ variety details details include shape upper arm thigh bones location muscle thigh bone longer long classification growth phylogenetic studies 1980s usually found uncertain fitting better known cretaceous multiple base phylogenetic analysis conducted smith found closely related oliver proposed composed plus found group work published following description found closely related base proposed actually phylogenetic analysis turner found basal derived recovered basal family membership family stable use phylogenetic analyses taxonomic small belong groups accumulated dubious genera late 1980s popular books recognized dozen including disparate forms considered descendants early 1990s sources appears source recognized reduced form received formal phylogenetic definition defined species closely related remains unclear group contains species included support relationship weak studies recovered placing history described charles marsh american naturalist known bone wars edward cope time described interpreted tail found location type specimen new genus species later renamed use cricket marsh impressed hollow interiors thin walled characteristic gave type species thought new genus animal large wolf probably prove named small morrison formation time marsh certain dinosaur returned provided illustrations bones putting new order family story complex apparently skeleton scattered quarry remains recovered september september marsh elected place material new species strength pair fused bones thought belonged animal times size returned genus add based unknown remains represented today single bone pertaining small early cretaceous formation maryland species currently accepted representing reviews genus given genus despite professional animosity cope assigned species named fossils late new_mexico later gave genus henry named second genus small morrison formation genus based partial skeleton bone cabin quarry north bluff charles influential study concluded synonyms followed literature decades genera formally compared accounting actually belonged john study suspected able demonstrate greatly expanded known material pertaining able demonstrate different time russell proposed species based incomplete information published able demonstrate case additionally showed marsh illustrated actually composite later shown come quarry belonged unnamed small unnamed genus small morrison formation confused later discovery partial skeleton wyoming thought new larger specimen study showed belonged different related genus species species type species recognized valid today species named years discussed named marsh turned additional parts skeleton cope named late fossils new_mexico transferred cope new genus named richard harry neck early cretaceous england species later transferred genus early cretaceous species named coined marsh assortment limb remains find single reviewed species species proposed outside 1920s assigned regarded dubious species outside recent reviews finally period thought type species recognized distinct steel occurrence type specimen considered synonym recovered basin member morrison formation albany county wyoming specimen collected reed gray sandstone brown green deposited stage period approximately million years ago specimen housed collection yale museum new haven connecticut fauna habitat morrison formation interpreted environment distinct wet dry seasons flat vegetation varied river lining forests conifers tree rare trees rich fossil hunting ground holding fossils green algae fungi families conifers fossils discovered include ray fishes frogs turtles terrestrial aquatic like species like numerous dinosaur species early mammals known morrison regarded small terrestrial feeding small prey items like insects mammals thought fast animal certainly faster similar shorter present zones morrison formation