anne anne queen england second wife king henry_viii right henry marriage anne subsequent execution key figure political religious start english reformation anne daughter thomas 1st earl wiltshire wife lady elizabeth howard educated netherlands france largely maid honour france returned england early marry irish cousin james butler 9th earl marriage plans broken cardinal instead secured post court maid honour henry_viii wife catherine early anne secretly henry son 5th earl northumberland broken cardinal january anne sent home castle february march henry_viii began pursuit anne resisted attempts seduce refusing mistress sister mary soon absorbing object henry desires marriage queen catherine free marry anne clear pope vii marriage breaking power catholic_church england began henry granted anne henry anne married january secret marriage november newly appointed archbishop_of_canterbury thomas declared henry catherine marriage void days later declared henry anne marriage valid shortly pope decreed sentences henry result marriage break church_of_england rome took place church_of_england brought king control anne crowned queen england june september gave birth future queen elizabeth henry disappointed daughter son hoped son follow professed love elizabeth anne subsequently march henry jane henry anne investigated high treason april arrested sent tower london tried jury peers included henry uncle thomas howard found guilty beheaded days later modern historians view charges included adultery plotting kill king anne accused mention charge following coronation daughter elizabeth queen anne martyr heroine english reformation particularly works john centuries inspired mentioned numerous artistic cultural works result retained hold popular imagination anne called influential important queen consort england provided occasion henry_viii marriage catherine declare independence rome early years anne daughter thomas later earl wiltshire earl wife lady elizabeth howard daughter thomas howard 2nd duke norfolk thomas respected diplomat gift languages favourite king henry vii sent diplomatic missions abroad anne siblings grew castle kent siblings born norfolk home lack parish records period impossible establish anne date birth contemporary evidence contradictory dates having forward historians italian writing suggested born sir thomas son law william indicated later date birth likely anne uncertain siblings born clear sister mary older anne mary children clearly believed mother elder sister historians agree mary born mary grandson claimed title basis elder daughter elizabeth accepted brother george born academic debate anne birth date focuses key dates british historian legal expert advocates date american scholar written biography anne prefers key piece surviving written evidence letter anne wrote wrote french father living england anne completing education netherlands belgium argues style letter mature prove anne thirteen time composition argues numerous grammar errors letter written child view minimum age girl maid honour anne regent margaret austria supported claims chronicler late 16th century wrote anne returned france findings contested books articles evidence support date independent contemporary sources date author russell wrote summary evidence relates jane wrote memoirs shortly death lady waiting queen mary wrote anne convicted condemned years age william wrote history reign queen elizabeth granted access private papers lord state archives history chapter dealing elizabeth early life records margin anne born anne great great great grandparents included lord mayor london duke earl aristocratic ladies knight wool merchant lord mayor family originally came norfolk miles kilometres north time anne birth family considered respected english aristocracy relatives numbered families land ancestors included king edward england according certainly noble birth jane catherine howard catherine henry_viii english wives spelling variable common time written bull heads formed family arms court margaret austria netherlands anne listed signed letter father anna referred anna form portraits anne early education typical women class anne invited join margaret austria academic education limited family grammar history reading spelling writing developed domestic skills dancing good manners household management music singing anne learned play games cards chess taught horseback riding hunting netherlands france anne father continued diplomatic career henry_viii europe thomas charm won including margaret austria daughter holy roman emperor period margaret ruled netherlands nephew charles behalf impressed offered daughter anne place household girl years old honour anne younger referred sic anne good impression netherlands manners margaret reported spoken pleasant young age told sir thomas daughter pleasant considering youthful age sending anne stayed margaret spring father arranged attend henry_viii sister mary marry louis france october france anne maid honour queen mary mary year old queen stayed nearly seven years queen household completed study french developed interests art fashion illuminated manuscripts literature music poetry religious philosophy acquired knowledge french culture dance literature music poetry came gain experience game love knowledge anne experiences french court latest edition biography likely acquaintance king francis sister patron author right works include elements christian reform protected status french king beloved sister circle encouraged anne interest reform poetry literature anne education france proved later years inspiring new trends ladies england instrumental pressing king culture shattering latest version biography anne conviction strong spiritual inner life william author contemporary poem catherine complimented anne passing excellent skill dancer wrote fresh young trip anne average height slender build long straight thick black dark brown hair dark brown eyes considerably strong nose definite wide mouth slim lips olive considered brilliant charming driven elegant graceful keen wit lively passionate personality anne depicted sweet cheerful youth enjoyed cards games drinking wine eating french cuisine flirting gambling hearing good joke fond hunting occasional game anne sharp tongue terrible temper anne exerted powerful charm met opinions differed venetian saw anne henry_viii met francis october described women world stature long neck wide mouth raised eyes black beautiful simon wrote martin september anne young good looking dark called beautiful elegant figure venetian paris reported said beautiful influential description anne reliable written catholic nicholas half century anne death anne tall stature black hair oval face troubled said projecting tooth upper lip right hand fingers large chin hide wore high dress covering throat handsome look pretty mouth held anne responsible henry_viii rejection catholic_church writing years death keen description contributed biographer calls monster legend anne details fictitious formed basis references anne appearance modern textbooks anne experience france devout christian new tradition renaissance anne knew little latin trained french court influenced evangelical variety french led champion vernacular bible later hold position influence christianity conservative tendencies seen devotion virgin mary anne european education ended father summoned england sailed january court henry_viii anne recalled marry irish cousin james butler young man years older living english court attempt settle dispute title estates 7th earl died leaving daughters margaret anne ireland great great grandson 3rd earl sir piers butler contested claimed possession castle ancestral seat sir thomas son eldest daughter felt title belonged protested brother law duke norfolk spoke king henry matter henry fearful dispute spark civil war ireland sought resolve matter arranging alliance piers son james anne bring inheritance end dispute plan ended failure sir thomas hoped marriage daughter titles reason marriage negotiations came complete halt james butler later married lady joan daughter james 10th earl amy brien mary anne older sister earlier recalled france late ostensibly affairs french king married william carey minor noble february henry_viii attendance soon mary english king mistress historians dispute king henry_viii mary children born marriage henry_viii king court questions henry carey bernard king reformation anne new life england tragic queen argue henry_viii father henry acknowledge child son henry illegitimate son elizabeth lady anne début green castle honour imperial ambassadors march playing took elaborate dance accompanying henry younger sister mary ladies court sister wore white gold thread quickly established stylish accomplished women court soon number young men competing american historian writes anne perfect woman carriage graceful french clothes pleasing stylish danced ease pleasant singing voice played musical instruments spoke french remarkable intelligent quick young drew people conversation entertained short energy center attention social gathering henry_viii biographer adds anne attention received time anne courted henry son earl northumberland entered secret young man thomas gentleman usher george maintained lovers believed relationship romance broken father refused support engagement cardinal refused match reasons according anne sent court family countryside estates known long return court entered service catherine married lady mary prior marriage king henry_viii anne befriended sir thomas greatest poets tudor reign married elizabeth told accounts wife choosing charged wife adultery separated coincidentally historians believe year interest anne intensified anne king henry mistress accompanied royal couple france year later anne king secretly married served anne coronation june king henry anne began pursuit anne resisted king attempts seduce refusing mistress leaving court castle year proposed marriage accepted assumed obtained matter months evidence suggest engaged sexual relationship shortly marriage henry love letters anne suggest love affair remained seven year courtship henry probable idea divorce commonly assumed suggested henry earlier motivated desire heir secure tudor claim crown henry father henry vii ascended throne england civil warfare rival claims crown henry wanted avoid similar uncertainty succession catherine living sons catherine children mary died infancy catherine come england bride henry brother arthur died soon marriage spain england wanted alliance granted pope grounds catherine virgin marriage catherine henry took place eventually dubious validity catherine inability provide heir seen sign god displeasure feelings anne mistress probably contributed henry decision pope right bible meant living sin catherine years catherine contested refused marriage arthur meant daughter mary new pope vii admit previous pope mistake marriage henry quest known king great matter anne saw opportunity henry convenient moral determined yield acknowledged queen began place policy state bed scholars historians hold opinions deep anne commitment reformation personally ambitious henry defiance papal power evidence related biographer george lady waiting anne anne brought henry attention pamphlet obedience christian man simon fish called cried monarchs evil catholic_church sympathetic seeking reformation church actively protected scholars working english translations scriptures according maria anne tried educate waiting women believed cousin mary having idle written prayer book believed anne outrage philosophical defiance brought france recent edition biography admits anne personal spiritual awakening youth spurred catalyst henry reformation process took number years sickness broke great severity london mortality rate great court dispersed henry left london frequently changing residence anne retreated residence castle contracted illness brother law william carey died henry sent physician castle care anne shortly recovered soon absorbing object henry desires secure catherine henry set hopes direct appeal holy acting independently cardinal communicated plans related anne william knight king secretary sent pope vii sue marriage catherine grounds bull pope permitting marry brother widow catherine obtained false henry petitioned event free contract new marriage woman degree affinity affinity contracted unlawful connection clearly referred anne pope time prisoner charles holy roman emperor result sack rome knight difficulty obtaining access end return insisted technically insufficient henry choice great matter hands secure decision henry favour going far ecclesiastical court england special pope decide matter pope empowered deputy decision pope hostage charles charles loyal nephew henry queen catherine pope forbade henry contract new marriage decision reached rome england convinced lay pope england anne enemies ensured dismissal public office george chamberlain records servants waited king anne dinner heard brought realm cost englishman head henry replied perceive cardinal friend henry finally agreed arrest grounds death illness executed treason year later fully years henry marriage anne queen catherine banished court rooms given anne public support remained queen catherine evening autumn anne dining manor house river_thames seized crowd angry women anne managed escape boat archbishop_of_canterbury william died family chaplain thomas appointed papal approval thomas brought parliament number acts including submission clergy recognised royal supremacy church break rome following acts thomas resigned chancellor leaving henry chief minister role marriage marriage anne able grant petitions receive diplomats patronage enormous influence future husband cause foreign diplomats ambassador milan wrote essential approval wanted influence english government view earlier french ambassador period anne played important role england international position alliance france established excellent french ambassador anne henry attended meeting french king winter henry hoped enlist support francis france intended marriage september henry granted appropriate future queen rich important woman existed king brother law king illegitimate son descendants royalty ranked lands title earl held henry great uncle henry performed anne family relationship father created earl wiltshire henry came arrangement anne irish cousin created earl magnificent banquet celebrate father elevation anne took precedence suffolk norfolk seated place honour king usually occupied queen thanks anne intervention widowed sister mary received annual pension mary son henry carey educated prestigious monastery conference political triumph french government gave implicit support henry francis held private conference anne french king maintained alliances pope explicitly soon returning dover henry anne married secret ceremony november soon pregnant wedding considered unlawful time second wedding service private accordance royal book took place london january events began quick pace pope position archbishop_of_canterbury recently vacated death sat judgment special court convened rule validity king marriage catherine declared marriage henry catherine void days later declared marriage henry anne good valid queen england catherine formally stripped title queen anne consequently crowned queen consort june magnificent ceremony westminster abbey banquet queen consort england crowned separately husband unlike queen consort anne crowned edward crown previously crown monarch historian alice hunt suggests anne pregnancy visible carrying heir presumed male previous day anne taken elaborate procession streets london seated litter white cloth gold rested clothed ground white barons ports held canopy cloth gold head accordance tradition wore white head gold beneath long dark hair hung freely public response appearance lukewarm house_of_commons forbidden appeals rome penalties introduced papal england pope took step announcing provisional sentence king condemned marriage anne march declared marriage catherine legal ordered henry return henry required subjects swear oath attached succession act effectively rejected papal authority legal matters recognised anne queen refused sir thomas resigned lord chancellor john fisher bishop rochester placed tower london late parliament declared henry supreme head earth church_of_england church england henry control rome realm official acts protecting protestant anne wrote letter thomas seeking aid ensuring english merchant richard reinstated member merchant antwerp longer persecuted simply helped setting forth new testament english coronation anne protected promoted wishing study scriptures william decisive role influencing protestant reformer matthew parker attend court chaplain prior death entrusted daughter parker care struggle son coronation anne settled quiet routine king favourite residence palace prepare birth baby child born slightly prematurely september afternoon anne gave birth girl christened elizabeth probably honour anne mother elizabeth howard henry mother elizabeth york birth girl heavy blow parents expected boy royal physicians predicted son french king asked stand godfather prepared letters announcing birth prince hastily added read princes traditional tournament birth heir cancelled infant princess given splendid anne feared catherine daughter mary stripped title princess labelled posed threat elizabeth position henry wife fears separating mary servants sending house princess elizabeth living staff servants country air thought better baby health anne frequently visited daughter residences new queen larger staff servants catherine servants tend personal needs priests stable boys honour served accompanied social events employed priests acted religious advisers matthew parker chief architects anglican thought reign anne daughter elizabeth strife king king new queen enjoyed reasonably happy accord periods calm affection anne sharp intelligence political forward manners desirable mistress time unacceptable wife reported spoken uncle words shouldn dog early christmas henry discussing possibility having return catherine came issue royal couple reconciled spent summer progress october pregnant anne presided magnificent court spent lavish amounts money head dresses feather fans riding equipment furniture maintaining display required status numerous palaces renovated suit henry extravagant tastes motto happy chosen white falcon personal device anne blamed husband government referred subjects king naughty prostitute public opinion turned following failure produce son sank lower executions enemies sir thomas bishop john fisher downfall execution january news catherine death reached king anne following day henry anne wore yellow symbol joy celebration england head toe celebrated catherine death festivities spain home country catherine yellow colour mourning addition black reason wearing yellow henry anne symbol mourning mary mother dead anne attempted peace mary rebuffed anne rumours circulating catherine poisoned anne henry began discovery heart modern medical experts agreement result poisoning cancer heart understood time queen pregnant aware dangers failed birth son catherine dead henry free marry time henry began paying court jane gave miniature portrait inside jane presence anne began opening shutting anne responded force fingers later month king tournament knocked unconscious hours worrying incident anne believed led days later possible cause incident entering room anne saw jane sitting lap henry flying rage henry saying peace sweetheart cause day catherine buried abbey anne baby according imperial ambassador borne half months male child commented opinion loss beginning end royal marriage given henry desperate desire son sequence anne attracted interest author mike speculated anne children elizabeth birth male child sources birth elizabeth september possible summer male child months gestation january anne recovered henry declared marriage means french term indicating deception spells new mistress jane quickly moved royal quarters followed anne brother george refused prestigious court honour order given instead sir nicholas charges adultery treason anne biographer believes fall execution primarily engineered ally thomas conversations indicate plot remove anne evidence seen spanish chronicle letters written charles anne argued church revenues foreign policy advocated revenues distributed charitable educational institutions favoured french alliance insisted filling king depleted taking cut preferred imperial alliance reasons suggests anne major threat thomas biographer john hand contends power struggle existed anne trace found conspiracy anne involved royal marital drama henry ordered case manufacture accusations adultery officials bolster henry case anne historian questions wished manipulate king matter bold attempt given limited evidence office life henry issued crucial instructions officials including carried result historians agree legal modern lawyers concluded rules time bent order assure anne conviction need rules guaranteed desired result law time like armies engine state mechanism justice end april flemish musician anne service named mark arrested initially denied queen lover later confessed tortured promised freedom henry arrested day tortured prior arrest treated king offered horse use day festivities likely festivities king notified confession shortly alleged conspirators arrested orders denied guilt swore queen anne innocent damaging pieces evidence conversation anne end april accused coming chambers pay court lady waiting sir francis arrested days later charge william groom king chamber sir thomas poet friend allegedly marriage king imprisoned charge later released likely family friendship sir richard page accused having sexual relationship queen acquitted charges investigation anne final accused queen anne brother george arrested charges treason accused incidents november following month anne arrested taken tower london barge likely anne entered court gate tower gate according historian author life death anne tower collapsed demanding know location father charges reputed letter king henry dated wrote sir grace displeasure imprisonment things strange unto write excuse altogether ignorant send unto willing confess truth obtain favour know ancient professed enemy sooner received message conceived meaning truth safety shall willingness duty perform demand let grace imagine poor wife brought acknowledge fault thought thereof preceded speak truth prince wife loyal duty true affection found anne place willingly god grace pleasure pleased time far forget received looked alteration find ground foundation grace fancy alteration knew fit sufficient draw fancy object chosen low estate queen companion far desert desire found worthy honour good grace let light fancy bad council enemies withdraw favour let stain stain heart good grace cast foul wife infant princess daughter try good king let trial let sworn enemies sit judges let receive open trial truth shall fear open flame shall innocence cleared suspicion conscience satisfied world stopped guilt openly declared whatsoever god determine grace freed open offense proved grace liberty god man execute worthy punishment unlawful wife follow affection settled party sake good pointed unto grace ignorant suspicion determined death infamous bring enjoying desired happiness desire god pardon great sin likewise enemies instruments thereof strict account cruel usage general judgment seat shortly appear judgment doubt whatsoever world think innocence shall openly known sufficiently cleared request shall bear burden grace displeasure touch innocent souls poor gentlemen understand likewise imprisonment sake found favour sight anne pleasing ears let obtain request leave trouble grace earnest prayers trinity grace good keeping direct actions prison tower sixth loyal faithful wife anne accused men tried westminster publicly maintained innocence tortured supported crown pleading guilty days later anne george tried separately tower london jury peers accused adultery high treason treason act edward iii adultery queen form treason implications succession throne penalty hanging drawing man burning alive woman accusations especially adultery designed moral character form treason alleged plotting king death lovers later marry henry henry 6th earl northumberland sat jury unanimously found anne guilty verdict announced collapsed carried courtroom died months later leaving heirs succeeded nephew according legal review little evidence apart possible torture rules time way bent order assure anne conviction declared anne marriage henry void final hours evidence accused found guilty condemned death george accused men executed william kingston constable tower reported anne happy ready life henry anne sentence burning queen beheaded common axe brought expert saint france perform execution morning kingston wrote morning sent time received good lord intent hear speak touching clear writing sent coming said kingston hear shall die noon sorry thought dead time past pain told pain little said heard good little neck hands laughing seen men women executed great sorrow knowledge lady joy death sir continually clock midnight impending death caused great sorrow time imprisonment poem death rock asleep generally believed authored anne reveals hoped death end suffering shortly dawn called kingston hear mass swore presence eternal salvation soul holy king repeated oath immediately receiving morning friday anne executed tower site execution memorial according historian erected north white tower barracks wore red loose dark grey gown trimmed fur mantle accompanied female anne final walk queen house showed spirit looked gay going die anne climbed short speech crowd good christian people come die according law law judged die speak come accuse man speak accused condemned die pray god save king send long reign prince good gentle sovereign lord person cause require judge best leave world desire pray lord mercy god soul version speech found monuments identical version line poem written french weeks anne death provides moving account words effect crowd addressed people voice somewhat overcome weakness gathered strength went forgive asked prayers said relate prayed judge world compassion condemned pray king found great kindness fear god love subjects spectators refrain tears secretary french ambassador london eyewitness trial execution poem anne letter containing criminal charges laid queen anne england provides detailed account anne early life circumstances relating arrest trial execution accounts similar thought anne avoided criticising henry save elizabeth family consequences extreme pressure anne confess guilt subtly implied innocence appeal cause death burial mantle removed anne lifted hair brief farewell ladies request prayers ladies tied eyes upright french style executions final prayer consisted repeating continually receive soul lord god pity soul execution consisted single stroke witnessed thomas charles 1st duke suffolk king illegitimate son henry lord mayor london representatives craft king council present palace reported broken tears telling alexander queen england earth today queen heaven charges brought anne expressed henry belief felt vulnerable queen night execution declared henry marriage anne void like catherine attempt save anne life sources record prepared death hearing private confession sins stated innocence god day death scottish friend found london gardens saying sure anne gone heaven buried unmarked grave chapel peter skeleton identified renovations chapel reign queen_victoria anne resting place marked marble floor recognition legacy nicholas catholic born committed elizabeth establishing catholicism england rise growth anglican published write anne fingers right hand physical generally interpreted sign evil unlikely anne gained henry romantic attention discovered frame described delicate approximately finely formed tapering fingers anne described contemporaries intelligent gifted musical arts scholarly pursuits strong proud henry biographer apparent contradictions anne persona appears inconsistent religious aggressive calculating emotional light touch strong grip politician merely strain evidence inner life short new material shall know come centuries impression person strangely appealing early 21st century woman right taken terms man world woman education style presence sex moderate good looks taking court king storm end thomas assessment comes nearest intelligence spirit courage contemporary portraits anne survive bust cast commemorative believed struck celebrate second pregnancy following coronation daughter queen anne martyr heroine english reformation particularly works john argued anne saved england roman catholicism god provided proof innocence virtue making sure daughter elizabeth ascended throne example anne direct influence reformed church alexander described queen elizabeth evangelical bishops holy mother appointed scholars favoured doctrine centuries anne inspired mentioned numerous artistic cultural works result remained popular memory called influential important queen consort england legends legends fantastic stories anne survived centuries secretly buried church norfolk black slab near tombs ancestors body said rested essex church journey norfolk heart request buried church suffolk uncle sir philip parker 18th century sicily peasants village believed anne having henry_viii condemned burn inside mount legend told benefit foreign travellers number people claimed seen anne ghost castle hall church tower london hall famous account reputed sighting described paranormal researcher major general 60th rifles regiment tower london looking window quarters noticed guard courtyard anne imprisoned strangely appeared challenge general looked like whitish female figure sliding soldier guard charged form bayonet general testimony court martial saved guard lengthy prison sentence having duty canon vicar reported having conversations anne issue ancestry


count roman generally known polish pronunciation polish nobleman member influential magnate family owner near politician writer office holder marshal permanent council grand clerk lithuania court marshal lithuania grand marshal lithuania april educational activist member commission national education president society elementary textbooks opponent king august major figure polish politics era great leader patriotic party reform movement eventually backed king reform projects advocate pro prussian orientation helped conclude alliance prussia authored constitution life youth born february influential magnate family son brother jan alumnus warsaw student years studied theology law rome attended parents intended join ranks clergy refused follow path traveling italy germany returned poland december married marriage brought close political faction early major impression contemporaries leader invited king thursday political career member poland commission national education world ministry education presided society elementary textbooks founded presided renovation library involved development numerous projects history curriculum reviewed endorsed hugo work academy involvement educational projects earned nickname holder degree teacher involvement educational reforms era great increasingly involved wider reform program received office great clerk writer lithuania relatively low ranked position seen family participated partition sat commissions seeing opposition king refused seat permanent council offered march king tried order saint july year failed bring instead decade half chief political critics opponents went moscow argue unsuccessfully limiting power king russian ambassador von later year election disputed king managed block election growing rift king allowed political maneuvering permanent council marshal year knight order white eagle joined advanced head lodge facto head anti royal opposition succeeding previous leader death year saw sudden death wife trip italy france influence resulted appointment office court marshal lithuania continued oppose royal projects lost face involvement affair king falsely accused poisoning attempt disappointed russia lack support reforms poland shifted favoring alliance kingdom prussia instead resulted split anti royalist opposition seen leader opposition patriotic party great begun initial political issues closer relation prussia eventually grew polish prussian alliance major reform government closely involved begun accelerating supportive republican form government political reality royal faction victory elections resulted acceptance constitutional monarchy approach king begun drifting closer working draft document eventually constitution alongside seen major authors document supported quasi coup état constitution passed resign position commission national education appointment minister police newly created government guard laws march held position minister war war defence constitution went unsuccessful diplomatic mission berlin request assistance prussian government july sudden depression resign ministerial positions vocal opponent confederation likely author anonymous anti specifically requested russian government involved negotiations refused join confederation accession final years following victory confederation 3rd constitution emigrated polish lithuanian commonwealth settling leipzig proposed plan french polish alliance met support france authored work hugo adoption fall polish constitution participated preparations uprising early april left leipzig arrived involved unsuccessful diplomatic foreign powers vain attempt gain support insurgents uprising served member supreme national council chief diplomatic department suppression uprising instead took surrender negotiations gained respect quarters eventually december imprisoned russian authorities lost wealth following uprising estates confiscated near end life troubled inability pay debts released following death catherine great retired southern poland devoted historical studies publishing books translations commentaries wrote poems published historians debate potential authorship anonymous works primarily political distanced activists discussing new insurrection nonetheless arrested imprisoned austrian authorities years joined warsaw scientific society returned politics shortly liberated napoleon attached warsaw negotiations napoleon dresden contracted severe died august buried direct descendants daughters died infancy reduced estates inherited nephew remembrance private life said weakness gambling reputation honest reformer puts good country figures jan painting constitution


john brittany earl richmond john brittany called french jean january 4th earl richmond english nobleman member house brittany house entered royal service england uncle edward served edward october received father title earl richmond named guardian scotland midst england conflicts scotland lord rebellion edward john brittany served england soldier diplomat politically inactive comparison time capable diplomat valued edward edward negotiating skills john married death title estates fell nephew john iii duke brittany generally loyal cousin edward times rebellion eventually supported coup isabella edward favour son edward iii england john retired estates france died native brittany known issue early life john second surviving son john duke brittany wife sons daughters survived adulthood daughter henry iii england john nephew henry son heir edward father held title earl richmond little involved english political affairs john raised english court edward son henry died participated tournaments youth distinguished early roles soldier service edward french king confiscated king edward john travelled france failed easter flee town january shared defeat siege henry earl lincoln defeat returned england despite poor results france remained highly regarded uncle king edward treated son return england john involved scottish wars probably battle certainly siege nobles joined edward siege including john brittany commemorated roll named noble described banner roll banner description john brittany immediately follows uncle king edward father duke brittany died succeeded duke john elder brother arthur following year edward invested john father title earl richmond addition edward appointed guardian scotland position confirmed accession edward service edward english court viewed john brittany trusted diplomat skilled french connections useful asset kingdom oldest relationship edward nobility deteriorated richmond remained loyal king went embassy pope behalf edward favourite piers john allegedly close personal friend share antagonistic attitudes held certain lord relationship edward deteriorated point committee took control government king royal order carry arms parliament military attire presented demand king appointment commission reform heart deteriorating situation peers opinion edward relationship piers outrageous behavior march king agreed appointment charge reform royal household john brittany appointed committee referred lords considered loyal edward time older remaining john travelled france diplomatic negotiations returning england exiled later irregular return killed june thomas lancaster nobles fell john gilbert earl gloucester reconcile parties event followed edward state visit france generally remained trusted subject witnessed treaty restored edward power war scotland accompanied edward france year carried peace negotiations scots thomas lancaster rebelled defeated battle richmond present trial lancaster sentenced death english invaded scotland army robert bruce burned country bruce brought army england crossed west making way south easterly direction yorkshire brought troops recruited isles speed attack soon exposed edward danger land return scotland king taken residence abbey queen isabella peace interrupted scots sudden unexpected approach mid october stood royal prize large english force command john brittany john taken position abbey john strong position high ground bruce tactics brought victory earlier battle pass douglas charged party scaled cliffs english flank charged downhill john brittany rearguard resistance battle old turned rout john taken prisoner given tongue robert bruce john remained captivity released ransom marks release continued diplomatic activities scotland france final years march john brittany final return france time clear opponent edward lands england confiscated crown france john aligned queen isabella edward wife sent diplomatic mission france husband orders return england later edward forced son edward iii ascended english throne john brittany english lands restored spent years french estates remained largely cut english political affairs died january buried church john brittany married far known issue succeeded earl richmond nephew john arthur son ancestry


princess kingdom later known kingdom daughter wife time birth occurred peninsula largely domination muslim dynasty northern kingdoms remained christian rule roman traditions member dynasty named great grandfather founded kingdom information life biographical details come main sources accounts muslim historians refer arabic meaning pearl primarily known marrying dynasty unions christian slave muslim rulers common case examples christian princess marrying muslim royalty marriage created family ties christian muslim ruling families peninsula initially leading close collaboration christian house muslim political effects resulting marriages continued felt long death occurred unknown date marriage father heir throne captured town expedition led muhammad muslim small kingdom expedition resulted devastation christian kingdom territory seizure castles muslim forces nicknamed muslims eyed taken detained decades captivity accompanied followed father muhammad son known came captured father sent join father court later date presumably teenager bore son named muhammad wife known according sources converted islam addition muhammad bore daughters younger son muhammad named heir throne muhammad assassinated younger half brother january disagreement historians acted father beheaded orders father result muhammad son born weeks prior father assassination succeeded grandfather known west iii later elevated position paternal grandmother iii inherited mother probably european facial features blue eyes light reddish hair attempted alter notably hair coloring order look typically arab marriage decades abandoned muslim family returned father shortly succeed shortly return married cousin son daughters probably born son known died young daughters queens consort marrying dynasty came power displacing father throne married uniting royal houses sister brother successor later killed france son alternative chronology sole source christian marriage places union cousin marriage widow based french historian developed chronology life placed birth date believed accompany father returned died converted islam chose remain chronology problematic implies children born shortly father capture making daughter time son birth known occurred nearly time visit historians addressing question concluded error regard order marriages legacy historical importance stems fact provided important link muslim christian kings royal family tree following family tree shows relationship immediate relatives solid lines indicate descent horizontal lines indicate marriage names directly related big capital letters dynasty born married dynasty married dynasty christian daughters married


peter sir peter 1st april english landowner developer member parliament founded town lancashire england born peter changed royal incorporating ancestors later created older brother inherited estates west lancashire inspired transport developments early 19th century decided bring railway lancashire coast develop holiday resort port hired architect burton design new town named construction began instrumental formation preston railway company financial support railway line built preston opened married twice children died infancy new town flourished expense building left close bankruptcy forced sell estates including hall family home left lancashire died london succeeded son louis early life family peter born hall near lancaster second son robert maria née older brother edward younger brother charles younger sister anna descended paternal grandmother family owned large estate west lancashire years robert inherited estate death elder brother bold family relocated manor house hall coast robert death estate passed peter elder brother edward having time family land extended north north near south encompassed educated younger brother charles trinity college oxford charles young man planned enter church graduation peter active social life oxford london southern resorts including sea new development sussex admired work architect james burton close friends burton son architect men involved formation london club burton designed club building mall received bachelor_of_arts degree master arts degree year married daughter sir 2nd commonly known middle father gave couple house dover spent time estate couple close charles new wife anna sister anna husband thomas charles ordained patron church peter presented brother enjoyed looking estate steward agent struggled finances landlord enthusiastic member lancashire agricultural society concerned fate local farm workers losing jobs increased gradually interested lives conditions working classes child anna maria known maria distinguish close relatives named anna born children named bold died infancy changed royal licence incorporating better known family ancestors contracted tuberculosis died early shortly death contracted scarlet fever followed infection severe necessitated removal eyes end year estate severely flooded suffered damage costing repair subsequently spent little time belgium married marie daughter spanish nobleman maria daughter contracted tuberculosis died regent park aged interred glass coffin family vault time maria death gave birth son peter louis death aunt anna maria succeeded hall preston politics appointed high sheriff lancashire invited stand party candidate constituency preston similar views statesman robert readily agreed stand opposed slavery capital punishment favour reforming corn laws general election elected friend henry stanley member parliament preston parliament following reform act maiden speech parliament queen_victoria came throne june following year coronation honours list created remained preston general election end parliamentary career recorded liberal translated victor hugo pamphlet day condemned man foreword entitled observations capital punishment clear abolitionist stance issue development student coastal towns aware lack resorts lancashire concerned working classes lancashire afford travel south holidays wealthy people like number railways great_britain steadily increased half 19th century impressed arrival steam locomotive lancashire high sheriff lancashire attended opening liverpool manchester railway december event filled great excitement idea bringing railway coast enabling lancashire mill workers day trips seaside discussed idea brother charles soon realised day need certain facilities available decided new town need built initially planned site town railway terminus near village close coast liking eventually decided point small peninsula north hall mouth river rabbit warren bleak area views bay lake district influenced early planning stages friends including mill owners samuel benjamin pointed mill workers wish day trips seaside year round wondered people new town occupied winter months encouraged build new port charges liverpool rise reasonable alternatives manchester mill owners agreed good use port coast soon found thinking extending railway building new port competition residents village miles south mouth river planning formation preston port company acted quickly applied official railway committee port built river committee agreed hear applications charles met frederick land agent newly arrived native essex introduced brother steward agent dressed charming good impression employed immediately meeting railway committee forward argument despite opposition contingent committee decided point best place railway terminus built railway port company formed early 19th century thought steam locomotives unable negotiate hilly terrain lake district hills like fell prevent railway reaching scotland terminus importance hoped providing sea link passengers london travel scotland initially considered naming new town new liverpool changing decided new career parliament prepare readily handed financial management project manager frederick death immersed development plans town owned popular sea bathing resort organised construction concerned delays railway port company decided building hired old friend burton successful architect discussed buildings required wanted church docks housing gas office school hotel burton agreed hotel important passengers spend night travelling scotland passengers arriving railway station london decided hotel north hotel burton plans ready frustrated lack activity railway port company organised formation preston railway company raise funds required bring railway estimated cost company obtained royal start construction guarantee following year burton oversaw marking street railway lines laid clear construction costs town control matters worse railway engineer informed cost railway expected exceed company sold far fewer shares hoped frederick collecting rates tenants repeatedly asked money pay mounting bills forceful character employer kept claiming money turned brother charles asked charles said money spent workers wages produced needed paid managed involve number enterprises town financial advantage railway taking longer expected mounting debts grew increasingly depressed began withdraw society construction railway finally completed july preston railway opened following year peter church finished appointed vicar vincent norfolk north fourth hotel open town steamer services opened isle man belfast initially flourished run money compelled lost invested preston railway company owing lack accounts claimed owed money refused explain book keeping face enormous debts sold estates hall hall charles bought estate wife living brother auctioned personal possessions hall left lancashire vincent set northern church_of_england school boys close bankruptcy leased buildings hall school years option buy school called school continued grow principal investor albeit slowly port soon faced competition preston queen_victoria prince albert travelled way london scotland year saw decline town importance route scotland powerful locomotives able travel hilly terrain railway extended fell way scotland longer needed sea link later life death moved london son louis rarely visited lancashire retired politics family spent time living home country spain expressed intention return politics prevented failing health died home london april following lengthy illness buried green cemetery son peter louis succeeded extinct death left land lancashire bought estate company


richard 1st earl richard 1st earl spelled march known lord member english parliament colonial governor born ireland early supporter william mary siding glorious revolution given commissions governor provinces new_york massachusetts bay new_hampshire held death arrive new world spent tenure governor new_york spent little year massachusetts weeks new_hampshire time new_york marked divisive politics resulting rebellion difficult ultimately unsuccessful negotiations engaging peace talks new france frontier issues forefront time massachusetts new_hampshire lumber security threat dominated tenure major financial sponsor william later deemed descended piracy engineered arrest boston returned england tried convicted hanged early life career richard born ireland second son survive infancy richard son sir charles 1st mary daughter sir george george father created baron day uncle created earl succeeded father baron death july little recorded early years known killed man duel affections young lady marry married catherine daughter bridges eventual heir court sons following accession pro catholic james english throne protestant moved continent served captain horse dutch army family record service charles_ii absence court eventually drew king attention summoned court join william orange glorious revolution brought william mary throne rewarded loyalty appointment treasurer queen post held drew unfavourable attention irish parliament body influence james seized lands result william november created earl granted acres irish lands land grant highly controversial parliament eventually rescinded william rewarded governorship county member parliament involved attempts jacob son clear father leading force new_york rebellion dominion new_england established king james arrival henry governor new_york arrested tried executed treason properties seized son jacob traveled england argue case restoration family properties sat parliamentary committee examined evidence spoke parliament support case strongly stated view son law jacob murdered actions letter massachusetts colonial agent increase young efforts successful parliament voted reverse ordered family properties restored colonial governor death sir william vacated governorship province massachusetts bay colonial agents lobbied select wait joseph native sons replace king wanting better represent crown authority selected william wanted exert authority new_england given new_hampshire new_york major concern instructed address ongoing problems piracy including open commerce pirates went new_york_city rhode_island commissions finalized june worked new_york colonial agent robert proposed outfitted combat piracy recommended william captain scheme received king william issued letter purpose special commission dealing pirates raised including money funds lords admiralty outfit ship new_york sailed new_york late accompanied wife cousin john appointed lieutenant governor new_york voyage exceptionally stormy ship blown south eventually putting barbados continuing new_york arrived new_york_city april stylish dress good looks positive relationship king new like quickly ran difficulties began making enemies attempts enforce navigation acts turned merchants traders attempts poorly executed colonial officials interests lay merchants crown raised anger opponents implementing parliamentary act helped pass saw restoration properties opposition council ended council opposed approved remains son law jacob buried hanged sanctioned proper burial provide honour guard soldiers service support proved costly terms new_york politics indian diplomacy benjamin predecessor office taken advantage long period appointment arrival questionable land grants including extended properties normally allocated governor use territories claimed provincial assembly passed law irregular grants angered number large landowners land grants territory influential pastor dutch reformed church albany specific subject complaints law passed appealed board trade bill received royal denied anti positions importance dealing resulting loss experienced affected internal politics supporters interaction english lost influence english counterparts sidelined came particularly delicate time working strengthen chain neglected treaty ended war french english french continued war primarily allies great lakes region inflicted significant casualties sought assistance english combat threatening peace french receive help french governor general louis claimed dominance refused acknowledge right behalf summoned montreal negotiations alerted successfully going sending montreal troops albany lieutenant governor english unsuccessful french course action french allied incursions deep territory negotiations overlooked social elements customs demanded result parties ended differing views successful councils believed went fairly clear unhappy discussion gone promised construction fort convinced legislature appropriate construction accepting gift showed english engineers suitable locations fort attempts prevent dealing french french military successes brought peace council resulted great peace montreal massachusetts new_hampshire sailed boston spent months new_england spending weeks time new_hampshire rest massachusetts massachusetts treated attempts implement crown policies ran trouble new_york refused salary colonial legislature gift received typically given governors province legislature repeated attempts limit appeals london judicial decisions handed provincial courts required laws passed legislature board trade approval laws repeatedly struck provisions attempted limit royal sided politically lieutenant governor william ally joseph massachusetts native presided trial jacob instead took council populist leader long arrival boston engineered arrest william rumors reached colonies descended piracy came viewed high profile investors ship liability november admiralty issued orders colonial governors informed agent june area sent message promising responded come sending treasures present lady refused arrival boston july demanded written account travels time agreed deliver morning july issued warrant arrest executed route midday day attempted negotiate freedom secret locations treasure captured prize ship chips portion treasure recovered buy freedom shipped london april tried convicted hanged contrast relative secrecy conducted communications dealings potentially questionable merchant pirate business despite offered illicit activities matters frontier security lumber trade dominated brief administration new_england new_england recognized important source ship masts royal_navy board trade admiralty sought reserve suitable trees crown benefit provinces encountered opposition entrenched land timber interests resented intrusion lands interfered taking lumber lands granted reserved crown new_hampshire timber dispute ongoing disputes local landowners samuel allen london merchant acquired territorial claims heirs john mason province founder pursuing landowners allen commissioned governor province came colony direct interest affairs brief visit new_hampshire july august allen attempted buy allen offered daughter large marriage match earl son refused offer relations frontier situation encountered time massachusetts new_hampshire somewhat tense northern new_england like new_york involved treaty ended king william war aftermath war settlers maine new_hampshire extremely felt threatened english lands settlers feared return significant french inspired raiding settlements issued distribute denying plans lands unable ease underlying tensions reason naive assumption concerns rooted french catholic conspiracy english attempted separate jesuit missionaries upset ongoing trade negotiations new_england concerns activities intriguing war colonial legislature passed law banning roman catholics territory claimed province included territory claimed governor sir william engaged fruitless attempts convince eastern migrate west come influence unsuccessful history conflict despite difficulties managed achieve peace january relations complicated sovereignty viewed sovereign english believed subjects french prisoner exchange involving english held indians held english frustrated believed sufficient negotiate counterpart quebec obtain release english prisoners return new_york death returned new_york resumed actions piracy illegal shipping following conference albany early characterized greatest fatigue underwent returned new_york_city succumbed severe case march buried chapel fort william fort dismantled remains moved yard paul chapel lieutenant governor acted new_york governor arrival lord brief tenure reached peace agreement agreement negotiated later signed agreement putting westernmost territorial claims spanning present day pennsylvania chicago northern michigan english crown protection family titles legacy eldest son lord succeeded death second son richard succeeded turn 3rd earl elder brother death 3rd earl death surviving male heirs extinct cousin sir charles later created earl died male issue titles extinguished rule new_york remembered political opponent noting provincial debt rose substantially tenure wrote memory good men robert reported debt greater debt seen personal affairs difficult tie creditors tried unsuccessfully prevent wife departure province order settlement personal debts financial issues unique respect later governors including arrested charges personal behest political opponents new_york debt problems resolved hunter administration


william sheriff william william william died medieval anglo norman nobleman sheriff son norfolk william inherited death elder brothers founder abbey monasteries england acquired honour sheriff norfolk suffolk death left unmarried daughters heirs early life son robert younger brother john daughter robert lord norfolk originally held walter robert father assessed knight fees roger eldest brother william died childless father lifetime son john inherited family lands died children william inherited lands john william sister called margaret wife father married second time son named simon marriage william took surname mother family half brother simon related family marriage children robert peter known children marriage second unclear distinguished william controlled town oxford castle town castle time period career founded abbey brother john death confirmed foundation monastery house suffolk founding monastery gave lands gifts essex castle acre john abbey acquired suffolk lands recorded book held king granted assessed knight fee feudal service acquired lands norfolk essex added family lands norfolk suffolk recipient half norfolk possibly compensation loss manor likely lost noble family settlement resulting treaty settled civil war england william father robert elder brother john held offices sheriff norfolk late recorded holding office documents dated dated documents record holding office sheriff suffolk concurrent times held offices death legacy died having daughters wife ancestry unknown possible william married time charter dated names william wife clear charter referring william sheriff william william daughters margaret unmarried time father death margaret married twice hugh second robert married jordan married richard margaret inherited majority father estates death outstanding debts king jewish daughter margaret father debts royal grant


earl eleventh century career coincided era kingdom isles according saga tradition brother law earl having married sister traditionally regarded powerful appears extended authority isles late tenth century apparently acted tributary earl region probably origin seated islands inner possible identical mac slain battle possibility father certain killed earl evidence suggest earl died extended authority isles late early eleventh century instance thirteenth century saga source specifically refers states followers extracted taxes northern controlled taxes norwegian saga states uncertain saga declares men defeated king isles died plundered isles noted additional assaults conducted thirteenth century saga reports raids isles saga thirteenth century source notes taxation kingdom contemporary expansion evidence land assessment system western coast scotland authority stretched isles decades tenth century intrusion account numbers silver dating time irish annals reveal period strife isles literally recorded active region impossible merely meaning pirates refer forces likely instead identical attested attacking england fact active region opponents indicate recently deceased king dublin died aligned like fallen target alliance turn reveal claims continuous conquests isles saga tradition account events case slain political kingdom isles shaken diminished extent authority unknown uncertainty successor likewise uncertain king death extended far south possible effects according saga seated island appears refer saga states married sister marital alliance appears southward extension influence family clearly adverse marrying native mother daughter irish king whilst wife daughter scottish king fact sources appear indicate operated tributary earl brother law certainly saga states left agents collect tax whilst saga reveals later period time son successor earl died tasked member wife family died impose authority isles end decade eleventh century principal ruler ireland brian mac high king ireland died brian daughter married mac king dublin died whilst mother died wife brian allied brian enemies revolted brian brian proceeded lay siege dublin viking town participated revolt supremacy retained possession settlement brian retired christmas according saga spent convinced ally brian condition gain marriage april opposing forces met clashed remarkably bloody battle brian forces ultimately won day slain brian lost life appears chapter saga presents series supernatural events connected conflict instance said witnessed like singing songs slain whilst similar event said occurred islands priests iceland stated encountered paranormal phenomena whilst said encountered disappearing face earth saga asserts song outcome battle fall brian reason suspect supernatural arguably somewhat detached saga general narrative actually separate material narrative examples paranormal phenomena intervening human affairs example episode concerning dream directly parallel earlier episode man depicted dreaming burning saga account aftermath constructed dramatic effect passage evidence point history fact possible identical mac died man slain battle annals records fall styles heir designate foreigners revealing prominent man known elder brother named man reigned king dublin death son king apparent tender age time father death account accession furthermore title accorded appears indicate regarded uncle royal heir identical pre eminent status norse world help explain marital alliance father bore meaning iron knee identical meaning old norse meaning servant saint names beginning initial element appear record half tenth century names shortened scandinavian settlers britain ireland fact phenomenon account accorded suggests partly descent irish names attributed wife numerous versions saga best version source gives appears old norse form relatively rare evidence concerning relations mac high king ireland utterly defeated forces battle casualties remarkable conflict man identified annals mac annals possible entries refer man named turn son man named father son bore title royal deputy foreigners correct father identical identification fact saga tradition depicts active time battle considerable span time death conflict evidence paternal relationship unlikely case sources appear confused refers personal title possibility confusion indicate sources refer personal epithet


old english saint died queen king kent saint christian church sisters possibly marriage produced sons ruled daughters husband death remained kent bring children acted regent young son came age founded daughter nun moved double monastery sister succeeded died according organised movement translation remains marble sixteen years common grave opening grave discovered body preserved legend described ecclesiastical history english people celebrates virtues speaks highly referring marriage succession translation sister relics date death known surviving versions compiled describe early life marriage retirement secular life final years nun family daughter anna king east son ruled east angles early slain son battle sister abbey sister married firstly south secondly died sister married kent mother kings saints buried sisters daughter marriage connected royal family marriage king kent great uncle sisters daughters king sons kings kent daughter nun eventually mentioned anglo saxon chronicle son succeeded kingdom devil worship kingdom english kings establish easter festival passage chronicle single reference man east daughter called holy remarkable person mother daughter anna king east second daughter married death nun later according barbara marriage seminal importance establishment monastic life women anglo saxon period example queen retreating desirable royal died july outbreak plague occurred year husband death remained kent bring children played important political religious influence kingdom acted regent son ruling kent young son came age founder kent abbey women nun founded abbey according 12th century chronicle history written english source related received veil archbishop_of_canterbury church isle daughter nun said sought refuge nun living secular role found hard tolerate having reluctantly submitted marriage timely hasty withdrawal religious life according susan family tree ancestors religious life shortly moved double monastery precursor cathedral sister historian barbara mentions possibility namesake person notes accounts religious life suggestion according retirement example anglo saxon custom represented law married woman remained responsibility paternal family spend rest days nun described precious lady warrior succeeded died probably plague previous political experience east kent useful preparing role double monastery vivid demonstration value cult royal saints anglo saxon england decided translate remains sister dead sixteen years common grave new church professor patrick williams identified chief translation body cult describes events detail grave opened body discovered coffin clothes proved possess powers white marble taken roman ruins found right fit architectural historian john questions feature studies lives saints observes discovery suitable coffin commonplace supervised preparation sister body washed wrapped new robes apparently oversaw translation sister remains supervision bishop knowledge procedures gained family links abbey basis ceremony fourth book ecclesiastical history english people completed monk celebrates monastery focuses translation relics mention succession established power passed turn subsequently transferring daughter granddaughter praises virtues princess married twice preserved receives little praise borne children nun mentions marriage succession translation sister relics death date death known died good late age according related richard bishop translated remains women place feast day july mentioned written account kent earliest christian kings relatives known royal legend old english kings queens unified royal connections notes legend christian alternative pagan rulers 11th century england described earlier period sustained christian royal dynasty kent queen saint held high regard legend role queen founder highlighted edition catholic encyclopedia lists separate accounts saint deeds called lives life printed john nova copied cotton manuscript british museum latin collection damaged fire useless surviving versions compiled year relics translated copies earlier manuscript lost describes early life marriage withdrawal final years nun section relating life similar fragment dating 9th 11th centuries currently kept palace suggested derived manuscript parts originated earlier version life


john john bulgarian greek serbian ruler circa initially serbian vassal largely independent lord descended high ranking bulgarian nobility john brother alexander bulgaria bulgaria wife stephen serbia search better opportunities emigrated serbia sister married granted title stephen placed charge territories modern south albania john established commercial ties venice citizen death took unsuccessful ensuing conflict serbian throne venetian assistance john maintained essentially independent status probably died plague succeeded alexander likely son unknown wife john second marriage queen consort anna origin serbian birth date john unknown origin clearly documented sources sides descended highest ranks 14th century bulgarian nobility born daughter john mother descendant dynasty grand granddaughter siblings alexander ascend bulgarian throne married serbian ruler stephen john commonly referred sources relations byzantine family scarce rights mother descent related marriage anna uncertain exactly john emigrated serbia instead assuming high ranking position bulgaria ancestry family ties suggest bulgarian historian opinion john seeking political refuge serbia instead likely moved country belief serbia territorial expansion political influence period secure better career opportunities presumably john accompanied sister moved serbia marry stephen john mentioned documented presence lands dates likely bestowed title early stephen proclaimed emperor american scholar john fine believes happened immediately stephen coronation stephen half brother oliver john people bear title stephen john installed ruler late wake serbian conquest south albania byzantine_empire concluded later august adriatic port modern john included nearby inland castle northeast extent domain uncertain estimates area john ruled range central albania cities mentioned rest remaining government local nobility owed allegiance john stephen directly south john bordered lands ruler relations venice independence john plundered venetian commercial ship coast controlled accordance medieval principle act necessitated involvement stephen order settle dispute venice john evidenced official document april despite conflict john active partner venice modern maritime commerce receipts april document john role cattle sugar pepper trade reveal received significant income customs customs profitable port visited merchant ships documents written slavic john signed greek time john ties rulers egypt addressed king serbia bulgaria correspondence john family granted venetian citizenship hints domain protection venice premature death stephen serbian empire civil war conflict john took wife son law legitimate successor stephen stephen son nephew attempt taking throne ill fated stephen captured john managed preserve remaining lands independent stephen threat gaining ground forced john request dispatch venetian warship administrator venice control domain republic obliged bulgarian historian john intended trade partners outside inner balkans bases theory new reading latin language coin inscriptions instead previously thought new reading identify coins john proposed yugoslav rejects initial coins oliver commercial document january john continuing trade relations venice reference activity contemporary sources date death recorded likely john perished plague epidemic hit today family john marriage probably dates arrival serbia identity wife unknown ruler alexander son born circa adult place john potential marriage years alexander estimated birth john married anna granddaughter byzantine emperor michael viii widow john marriage consolidated john position region alexander likely child john certain wife succeeded alexander ruler early


called known essex leicester november december english mother robert 2nd earl essex lady rich marriage elizabeth favourite robert earl leicester incurred queen displeasure anne close princess elizabeth childhood introduced early court life married walter earl essex husband went ireland possibly involved robert earl leicester plenty talk essex died ireland years later married robert private queen told marriage banished forever court effectively social life couple child robert lord died age great grief parents ending prospects house union leicester happy marriage younger sir christopher unexpectedly married months earl death continued style lady leicester richly left leicester discharge overwhelming debts diminished wealth successfully defended widow rights court possessions good threatened earl illegitimate son robert claimed father legitimate heir declaring marriage close large family circle helpless political eclipse eldest son second earl essex lost husband lived chiefly countryside reasonably good health end died age christmas day family upbringing born november father sir francis member parliament acted master horse prince edward mother catherine carey daughter mary sister anne catherine elizabeth cousin cousin removed parents children sir francis wife went frankfurt germany escape religious persecution queen mary taking children unknown passed years household princess elizabeth family close relationship returned england january months elizabeth succession francis appointed vice chamberlain royal household lady senior lady daughter maid chamber marriage love affair late married walter couple lived family seat eldest children daughters born respectively returned court occasion summer spanish ambassador diego described best looking ladies court favourite queen pregnant son robert earl leicester queen favourite queen found succumbed fit jealousy went november gave birth robert later 2nd earl essex sons followed walter born francis died soon birth unknown date walter raised essex successfully suggested queen project plant autumn went ireland return years time possibly engaged love affair earl leicester whereabouts following years largely unknown leicester sent present seat castle hunting visits present july entertained queen magnificent days festival castle elizabeth court including earl leicester progressed welcomed essex walter returned england december spanish agent london reported thing publicly talked streets harm writing openly great earl leicester earl essex consequence said fact essex ireland wife children leicester great expected consequence rumours elaborated years later leicester commonwealth catholic underground libel protestant earl leicester detailing alleged essex having daughter leicester kills second child abortion prevent homecoming husband discovering affair evidence children existed earl essex returned ireland july dublin died september epidemic women words rumours poison administered leicester immediately sprung continued notwithstanding official investigation concluded essex died natural causes body carried widow attended funeral lands left husband little live comprise children seek accommodation partly lived father house friends leicester commonwealth claimed leicester country house house ways pleaded authorities reach compromise late earl threatened advice claim rights amounted estate seven months satisfactory settlement reached declaring content respect children equally unsuccessfully tried queen forgive essex debts crown inheritance son young earl essex marriage leicester court married robert earl leicester september seven clock morning people present earl country house essex bride father brother francis richard brother earl friends earl lord north chaplain later remarked bride wore loose gown informal morning dress triggered modern speculation pregnant ceremony happened pressure father marriage planning leicester wedding guests year pregnant indication marriage date coincided end customary years mourning widow leicester years hope marrying elizabeth sake hitherto marriage confessed lord north feared elizabeth reaction insisted marriage kept secret remain long french ambassador reporting months later queen told marriage year banished permanently court cousin accept marriage lady leicester movements london resented queen let summer visits husband wife continued style essex years new marriage lived relatives family home february expecting birth child birth leicester heir robert lord june moved leicester house strand advanced pregnancy reported september french ambassador outcome unknown year officially resident leicester house elizabeth furious earl marriage opened weeks later guest leicester mansion especially invited wife influence introduces wishes particular mark attention robert close family early brothers service marriage enhanced relations siblings concerned generous stepfather domestic life partly documented earl accounts financed personal expenses servants revenue essex remaining largely excluded society life year old lord died suddenly july death shattered hopes house leicester stayed away court duties weeks comfort wife loss little son god taken thanked lord unsuccessfully pleading queen behalf poor wife truly lord reason hardly dealt leicester led english expedition assist rebellious united provinces spain incurred elizabeth wrath accepted title governor general january especially fury tale leicester planning follow husband netherlands train ladies rich coaches litters majesty court ladies far pass majesty court thomas informed leicester events stressed information false time earl giving wife authority handle certain land issues absence implying plans meet holland william leicester sent explain queen described visit crisis found greatly troubled news received court somewhat understood proceeded majesty earl returned england december sent netherlands following june grief wife young earl essex remarked letter leicester eventually resigned post december died unexpectedly possibly malaria september park way earl funeral october attended widow numerous members family circle essex left wealthy widow leicester appointed income husbands amounted annually came plate worth suffer greatly paying leicester debts overwhelming advised decline responsibility dealing husband financial legacy march april married sir christopher relatively poor catholic soldier years junior earl leicester gentleman horse trusted friend marriage great surprise earl essex complained unhappy choice face reached france lady leicester continued styled explained choice widow like marriage leicester union proved genuinely happy years later claimed satirical poem poisoned earl leicester deathbed murder hands found supposed lover sir christopher sold leicester house son known essex house moved near main residence rest life banished court saw point returning london reconciled elizabeth december heard friends majesty prepared terms prepared winter journey son thought purpose country life persons commented travelled london staying essex house january till march seeking reconciliation elizabeth short meeting granted kissed queen queen kissed changed second son walter died france military duty subsequent years anxious elder son safety addressed sweet robin longing letters helpless depression returning command ireland licence essex imprisoned mother came london queen tried send elizabeth present form gown elizabeth accepted refused efforts sight son matters worse taken mother friends house looks york garden uses walk window essex revolt trial execution february remained lost son best friend called husband sir christopher executed march weeks execution friend years litigation old age executions essex led legal dispute leicester remaining property context claimed process paying leicester debts landed wealth death elizabeth meant form rehabilitation new monarch james restored grandson earl essex father title estate quickly cancelled rest debts crown debts earl leicester triggered litigation intended illegitimate son early relationship douglas sheffield adolescent robert inherit death brother 3rd earl lay castle vicinity time assigned younger inheritance leicester death february lengthy legal proceedings ensued particular parts lady leicester belonged estate initiated moves prove legitimate son parents heir leicester successful claim implied union leicester rights consequently february filed complaint star chamber accusing backed sir robert considered legitimate heir leicester star chamber proceedings servants friends earl leicester testified regarded illegitimate son unable cite clear evidence king chief minister robert cecil thought existing property settlement outcome favour lady leicester evidence resumption case life cared siblings children grandchildren respective deaths daughters closest companions young earl essex called robert shared life old walking mile day nearly died chair morning december aged widely symbol gone age wished buried dear lord husband earl leicester desire request respected came rest chapel collegiate church mary opposite tomb son young lord ancestry


norway old norse april king norway jointly brother included official norwegian lists modern times counted son king appointed nominal leader expedition irish sea child appears assisted welsh ruler earl struggles english primary objective assert control later accompanied father campaign denmark appointed regent king fatal invasion england briefly ruled norway younger brother returned england ruled following brother return norway years reign ill died later history child king briefly died young issue early life background born sons king consort known poems written appears briefly norse author describes passing handsome man mentioned appears contemporary british sources year leader norwegian expedition irish sea expedition west headed expedition irish sea sought extend norwegian authority region siding faction opposed norse king mac expedition appears supported branch norse dynasty opposed irish king mac commanded fleet addition norway recruited men dublin forces later active wales england english chronicler john worcester associates norwegian fleet welsh ruler returning exiled earl power irish annals goes claiming goal seize power england supported welsh english sources includes anglo saxon chronicle campaign father plans invasion england control kingdom isles provided troops historian kelly proposed wanted test situation england possible invasion find war denmark england time expedition significant landfall england english king edward probably signalled renewed norwegian ambitions considered edward rightful heir time rise power earl sons particular started representing threat claim hand historian alex suggested expedition originally intended search followed expedition irish sea mere luck presented opportunity raiding earl exact year earl died recorded stated saga later days death provoked expedition expedition occasion paul successors submitted proposed played war scotland supporting mac death accompanied father campaign denmark way denmark fleet clashed fleet danish king major naval battle resulted norwegian victory concluding peace set campaign conquering england departing appointed regent king norway absence younger son accompany expedition initial success battle defeated killed battle bridge survived returned norway remaining troops early proclaimed king ruler brother intended rule kingdom jointly division practice ruled south eastern norway controlled middle parts norway western norway northern norway despite division signs hostility brothers relationship appears peaceful having reigned years ill died trondheim april died modern scholars proposed instead died poisoning fungus writes briefly saga king people later history partly short tenure brother subsequently long reign contributed reign combined fact later norwegian royal descended claimed descent king known today norway norwegian king known use numbers originally number contemporary latin letters leaving numbering system seen changes modern times today included family son probably born year died went claim considered kingdom father uncle died shared kingdom cousin son similar reign father reign ended abruptly short time died young ancestry