induced induced memory phenomenon remembering causes information memory phenomenon demonstrated concept previously discussed context demonstrated phase experiment consisting study practice studied material final test studied material experiments multiple kinds final tests including recall category cues recall category word stems recognition tests effect produced different kinds materials produced group settings reduced special populations individuals attention deficit disorder occurs consequence conscious remembering explicit actual thought occur level awareness continue debate occurs relates larger picture memory general particular researchers divided idea caused process actively information interference information memory associated looked similar forms physical tied memory strategies disrupting strategies affecting phenomenon prior related research term induced described earlier review robert terms suppressing memories active relevant given situation described study found participants slower recognizing words shown related word immediately researchers participants actually trying suppress related words recognition irrelevant information completing recognition task similar memory phenomena comparable set lowered memory performance given previously studied information example set people asked recall states remembered states asked shown names states having portion recalled information recall performance worsened related changes context automatic awareness output interference related phenomenon generation words category fruits words category harder remember cause participants repeat remembered words practice shown practice experiments exact instructions procedures varying slightly experiment experiment original version experiment present complete testing procedure computer software microsoft prime experiments typically consist study practice test phases study phase study phase participants asked study word pairs consist category word belongs category example fruit orange typically multiple word pairs number categories items divided equally categories participants study word pairs following metal iron tree birch metal silver tree practice phase items tested fill blank test given item participant shown category letters studied word category metal participants instructed fill blank appropriate studied word category participants typically practice remembering items multiple times practice phase splits items different types interest final test denoted following practiced items items studied words participants attempt remember practice related items items studied words practiced related category words practiced unrelated items items studied words categories practiced categories typically unrelated practiced categories items serve compare related items test phase practice participants given final test asked remember studied items goal test phase assess prior practice affects related words remembered compared unrelated words ultimately measured difference proportion items recalled types category test studied category shown time participants asked remember studied items category set time given category exact time varies studies instance anderson researchers gave participants seconds category cue given words category meant participants seconds average remember item studies longer category plus stem tests add word stem category cue typically category participants given specific number letters corresponding unique studied word category cues specific particular word participants given relatively time respond cue compared category tests response times cue vary study study experiments interval seconds studies reported response times seconds typically category plus stem tests include initial letter word included multiple letters recognition tests require participants produce word memory instead participants literally shown word asked report word appeared study phase recognition tests typically studied words number non studied words researchers measure participants correctly recognize studied items incorrectly recognize difference proportions measuring ability studied non studied items represent reaction time represent slower reaction times thought represent difficulty recognizing studied item general findings studies generally yielded results average related words remembered unrelated words studies generally words basic easily recognized categories effects shown wide variety non dominant meaning word cause dominant meaning words based properties words categorized having initial letters shown basis shared property spatial information categorized basis location shown given practice items given location information remembering set studied statements produce statements shared relations subject sentence differs details mock crime scene remembering information type item previously viewed mock crime scene produces similar items crime scene personality traits remembering personality traits given person caused traits person modifications practice phase typical includes practice previously studied words studies shown participants asked retrieve instance occurred participants generated new items previously studied categories called extra list practice generation method called impossible practice observed participants asked generate word category actually exist observed final test cases successful possible having studied number fruits participant asked generate word given cue resembling fruit studies examined effect participants instead asked perform practice given additional study trials making material instead remembering prior information cases participants failed effects studies special populations effect related accessibility information researchers studied populations certain disorders related memory study students diagnosed degree observed compared control group depended kind final test category test differences compared control group category plus stem test participants average showed controls patients depression compared controls category plus stem test patients comparable effects control groups category test reduced recognition test socially shared effects studying remembering information groups examined groups individuals experience event jointly remember event conditions created induced occur selective remembering conversation speakers listeners conversation forget related mentioned memories larger degree unrelated mentioned memories effect called socially shared occur memories memories circumstances learned events example phenomenon americans influence memories september 11th attacks communicating memories specifically remembering details event causes related critical information event importantly simply listening somebody remembering september memories results induced memories theoretical accounts interference instances accounted interference heightened accessibility associated information memory researchers described interference explain number ways instance theory blocking suggests practiced words easily remembered test occupy response channel memory effectively prevent related words memory remembered unrelated words affected blocking effect practiced words block items different categories theories resource response similar blocking theories describe processes finite set resources distributed adequately related items test models interference proposed precisely define idea item strength memory separating strength item memory information linked models explain certain strengthening methods predict generally speaking theory assumes existence set processes allows suppression memories central account access related items actively suppressed process practice instance participants perform practice category cue activate associated items degree related inappropriate associates related words accessible serves source competition appropriate response resolve competition process suppress accessibility items subsequently suppression appropriate item prevents inappropriate items items unrelated categories unrelated items competitive practice require final test consequences suppression persist previously competitive items difficult remember reduction accessibility consistent definition proposed robert active direct form suppression serves reduce access responses purpose memory reference likened processes associated motor control responsible baseball players stopping swing ball similarly dominant response memory inappropriate processes recruited temporarily suppress response appropriate retrieved accounts individual strategies considered way occur practice inconsistent way participants remember items studied categories practice participants memory strategy affect ability remember particular items final test participants preparing remember items practice based strategy certain presentation orders disrupt strategy instance participants practice items order presented study lower compared presentation random practice results participants explicitly instructed remember order items presented study


lawrence stages moral development lawrence stages moral development constitute adaptation psychological theory originally conceived swiss psychologist jean began work topic psychology graduate student university_of_chicago expanded developed theory life theory holds moral reasoning basis ethical behavior identifiable developmental stages adequate responding moral predecessor followed development moral judgment far ages studied earlier claimed logic morality develop stages expanding work determined process moral development principally concerned justice continued individual lifetime notion spawned dialogue philosophical implications research stages moral development grouped levels pre conventional morality conventional morality post conventional morality studies relied stories dilemma interested individuals justify actions placed similar moral analyzed form moral reasoning displayed conclusion classified belonging distinct stages critiques theory perspectives arguments include emphasizes justice exclusion moral values caring overlap stages properly regarded separate domains reasons moral choices post hoc decision makers studying essentially intuitive decisions entirely new field psychology created direct result theory according study eminent 20th century 16th frequently cited psychologist introductory psychology textbooks century 30th eminent overall scale people justify behaviors stages method ranking moral behavior scores scale behave general hypothesis moral behaviour responsible consistent predictable people higher levels stages stages generally grouped levels stages pre conventional conventional post conventional following requirements stage model described theory development extremely rare stages lose use higher stage abilities stages provides new necessary perspective comprehensive differentiated predecessors integrated level pre conventional obedience punishment orientation avoid punishment self interest orientation paying benefit level conventional accord social norms good boy girl attitude authority social order maintaining orientation law order morality level post conventional social contract orientation universal ethical principles conscience understanding gained stage retained later stages regarded later stages simplistic lacking sufficient attention detail pre conventional pre conventional level moral reasoning especially common children adults exhibit level reasoning level judge morality action direct consequences pre conventional level consists second stages moral development solely concerned self manner child pre conventional morality adopted society conventions right wrong instead focuses largely external consequences certain actions bring stage obedience punishment driven individuals focus direct consequences actions example action perceived morally wrong punished time got worse punishment act bad act perceived rise innocent victims guilty proportion suffering lacking recognition points view different superior power prestige example obedience punishment driven morality child refusing wrong consequences result punishment example child classmate tries dare child skip school child apply obedience punishment driven morality refusing skip school punished stage self interest driven expresses position right behavior defined individual believes best interest understood narrow way consider reputation relationships groups people stage reasoning shows limited interest needs point individual interests result concern based loyalty respect scratch scratch mentality lack societal perspective pre conventional level different social contract stage actions stage purpose serving individual needs interests stage theorist world perspective seen morally relative example self interest driven child asked parents child asks parents offer child incentive giving child pay child motivated self interest conventional conventional level moral reasoning typical adults reason conventional way judge morality actions comparing society views expectations conventional level consists fourth stages moral development conventional morality characterized acceptance society conventions concerning right wrong level individual rules follows society norms consequences obedience adherence rules conventions somewhat rigid rule seldom questioned stage good intentions determined social consensus self enters society social standards individuals receptive approval disapproval reflects society views try good boy good girl live expectations having learned regarded good benefits self stage reasoning judge morality action evaluating consequences terms person relationships begin include things like respect gratitude golden rule want liked thought apparently naughty makes people like rules social role fully understood intentions actors play significant role reasoning stage feel thinks mean stage authority social order obedience driven important obey laws social conventions importance maintaining functioning society moral reasoning stage need individual approval exhibited stage central ideal ideals right wrong person law obligation duty uphold laws rules violate law morally wrong significant factor stage separates bad domains good ones active members society remain stage morality predominantly dictated outside force post conventional post conventional level known level marked growing realization individuals separate entities society individual perspective precedence society view individuals rules inconsistent principles post conventional live ethical principles principles typically include basic human rights life liberty justice people exhibit post conventional morality view rules useful mechanisms rules maintain general social order protect human rights rules absolute question post conventional individuals elevate moral evaluation situation social conventions behavior especially stage confused pre conventional level speculated people reach level abstract moral reasoning stage social contract driven world viewed holding different opinions rights values perspectives mutually respected unique person community laws regarded social contracts rigid promote general welfare changed necessary meet greatest good greatest number people achieved majority decision inevitable compromise democratic government ostensibly based stage reasoning stage universal ethical principles driven moral reasoning based abstract reasoning universal ethical principles laws valid grounded justice commitment justice carries obligation laws legal rights unnecessary social contracts essential moral action decisions reached way absolute way philosophy involves individual imagining shoes believed person true resulting consensus action taken way action means end individual acts right avoids punishment best interest expected legal previously agreed insisted stage exists found difficult identify individuals consistently operated level stages studies individuals life observed apparently undergone moral stage resolved allowing moral extending theory chose existence sub stages emerging stage fully integrated personality particular noted stage transition stage stage shared characteristics stage individual arbitrary nature law order reasoning frequently turned defined society viewing society stage mistaken moral stage individual views interests society conflict relatively morally wrong noted observed students entering college suggested seventh stage morality morality cosmic orientation linked religion moral reasoning difficulties obtaining evidence sixth stage led emphasize speculative nature seventh stage theoretical assumptions philosophy stages moral development based assumption humans inherently capable reason possess desire understand world stages model relate moral adopted individuals translate directly praise blame individual actions character arguing theory measures moral reasoning particular moral conclusions insists form structure moral arguments independent content arguments position calls theory centers notion justice essential characteristic moral reasoning justice relies heavily notion sound reasoning based principles despite justice centered theory morality considered compatible plausible theory understands values critical component right right universally valid societies position known moral morals natural features world moral evaluated logical terms truth according progressing higher stage moral reasoning skip stages example individual jump concerned peer stage proponent social contracts stage encountering moral dilemma finding current level moral reasoning unsatisfactory individual look level realizing limitations current stage thinking driving force moral development progressive stage adequate process considered initiated conscious construction individual meaningful sense component individual innate result past formal elements progress stages happens result individual increasing psychologically balancing conflicting social value claims process resolving conflicting claims reach called justice operation identifies justice operations equality involves regard persons means regard role personal merit adequate result operations moral act particular situation evaluated terms act satisfactory particular persons switch roles situation known colloquially moral musical chairs knowledge learning contribute moral development specifically important individual view persons social perspective level complex mature advancing stage view persons understood individual grasp psychology persons pictured spectrum stage having view persons stage entirely socio centric similarly social perspective level involves understanding social universe differing view persons involves appreciation social norms examples applied moral established moral judgement interview original roughly minute tape recorded semi structured interview interviewer uses moral determine stage moral reasoning person uses fictional short stories describe situations person moral decision participant asked series open ended questions like think right course action certain actions right wrong form structure replies scored content set multiple moral overall score derived dilemma original research dilemma steals drug europe criticisms criticism theory emphasizes justice exclusion values adequately address arguments value moral aspects actions carol argued theory overly theory initially developed based research male participants argued adequately describe concerns women stated women tend stuck level focusing details maintain relationships promote welfare family friends men likely abstract principles concern involved consistent observation theory moral development focus value justice developed alternative theory moral reasoning based ethics caring critics argued research ill founded evidence exists support conclusion stages culturally neutral demonstrated application number different cultures progress stages order individuals different cultures different rates responded saying different cultures different beliefs stages correspond underlying modes reasoning beliefs criticism theory people frequently demonstrate significant moral occurs moral involving drinking driving business situations participants shown reason stage typically self interest driven reasoning stage authority social order obedience driven reasoning stage theory generally considered incompatible inconsistencies moral reasoning argued theory modified focus view process moral reasoning involves integrating varying perspectives moral dilemma simply applying rules view allow moral reasoning individuals hampered inability consider different perspectives attempted modify theory account multitude conflicting findings eventually concluded theory equipped consideration individuals moral decisions everyday lives questioned assumption moral action primarily result formal reasoning social example argue individuals moral weighing concerns law human rights abstract ethical values arguments analyzed considered post hoc intuitive decisions moral reasoning relevant moral action theory suggests continued relevance body work stages moral development utilized working field example defining issues test created james rest originally pencil paper alternative moral judgement interview heavily influenced stage model efforts improve validity criteria test scale rate moral similar large body theory idea post conventional thinking revised test continues areas moral testing required politics medicine

Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development


dutch pronunciation july july dutch jewish teacher child psychologist extensively researched phenomenon hidden children world war wrote books subject 1990s interest topic grew experiences world war forced hiding nazis subsequently arrested deported transport leaving transit camp september train anne frank family known amsterdam liberated 1980s earned doctorate developmental psychology began interviewing writing phenomenon hidden children points view children biological parents non jewish foster parents non jewish foster siblings interviewed television documentaries anne frank family went hiding sent early life born amsterdam diamond cutter socialist younger sister born attended jewish befriended anne frank sister grade different class july received order local government office father went central room jewish found sympathetic german stamped order released returned high school september class kept year point students left end year time oral examinations administered weeks later student class day oral examinations non jewish boyfriend warned germans looking asked school board administer examinations received high school diploma day germans arrived took assembly point amsterdam jews managed enter building registered days later group younger teens hid home christian friends parents worked dutch underground afraid arrested spent year hiding different places including amsterdam old age home job maid widow son returned people worked underground arrested sent deported train leaving september train frank family discovered hiding august saw anne mother regularly separate group women stayed encouraging helping october group selected transfer labor camp upper filming bbc documentary anne frank remembered recalled anne mother planned join transport anne prohibited joining developed mother sister opted stay went interviewed frank women television documentary seven months anne frank dutch filmmaker liberated soviets small group friends began walking netherlands foot arriving weeks later discovered parents sister deported camp perished post war research war married raised relatively large family amsterdam testified unable talk war experiences family began studying psychology time lecturer psychology university amsterdam earned doctorate late 1980s 1980s began holding group therapy sessions hidden children addressing grief anger aggression mourning hidden child conference held amsterdam interviewed hidden children completed began research emotional psychological trauma hidden children widening scope include points view children biological parents non jewish foster parents non jewish foster siblings 1990s published books dutch based research borrowed children focused foster parents hid children hidden war closed past examined written responses hidden children shattered existence interviewed parents sent children hiding sharing parents focused foster siblings hidden children decorated queen netherlands officer order orange nassau son died july days birthday


depression inventory depression inventory created aaron question multiple choice self report inventory widely tests measuring severity depression development marked shift mental health professionals viewed depression perspective instead rooted patient thoughts current version designed individuals aged composed items relating symptoms depression guilt feelings punished physical symptoms fatigue weight loss lack interest sex versions original published later revised published widely assessment tool health care professionals researchers variety settings model development children depression inventory published clinical psychologist maria development history historically depression described terms inverted hostility self contrast developed novel way time patients descriptions symptoms structure scale reflect intensity severity given drew attention importance negative described sustained inaccurate negative thoughts self view case caused depression generated depression developed negative world future self play major role depression example action taken brown case student obtaining poor exam results student negative thoughts world come believe enjoy class student negative thoughts future thinks pass class student negative thoughts self feel deserve college development reflects structure items lost interest people reflect world feel discouraged future reflect future blame bad happens reflect self view depression sustained negative particular application therapy aims challenge techniques restructuring original published consisted questions subject feeling week question set possible responses ranging intensity example feel sad feel sad sad time snap sad unhappy stand test scored value assigned answer total score compared key determine depression severity standard cut scores follows indicates minimal depression indicates mild depression indicates moderate depression indicates severe depression higher total scores indicate severe symptoms items statement marked score instance responses mood heading score blue sad time snap sad unhappy painful revision original instrument developed 1970s improve ease use statements described removed respondents instructed endorse feeling preceding weeks internal consistency good alpha meaning items inventory highly version retained flaws addressed iii criteria depression criticisms addressed revision developed response american psychiatric association publication statistical manual mental disorders fourth edition changed criteria major disorder items involving changes body image difficulty working replaced sleep loss appetite loss items revised assess increases decreases sleep appetite items items dealing feelings punished thoughts suicide interest sex remained finally participants asked rate feeling past weeks opposed past week original like contains questions answer scored scale value higher total scores indicate severe symptoms standardized differ original minimal depression mild depression moderate depression severe depression measure instrument closely agrees similar instrument information clinical interview trained respect positively hamilton depression rating scale pearson showing good agreement test shown high week test reliability pearson suggesting overly sensitive daily variations mood test high internal consistency factor approach depression depression thought having components component mood physical component loss appetite reflects separated purpose help determine primary cause patient depression contains items past failures guilty feelings punishment feelings self dislike self thoughts wishes consists thirteen items sadness loss pleasure crying loss interest loss energy change sleep patterns change appetite concentration difficulties fatigue loss interest sex moderately suggesting physical psychological aspects depression related totally distinct impact development important event psychology represented shift health care professionals view depression perspective guided patient thoughts established principle instead attempting develop tool based possibly invalid theory self report analysed techniques factor analysis suggest theoretical originally developed provide assessment intensity depression designed reflect depth depression monitor changes time provide objective measure judging improvement effectiveness treatment methods instrument remains widely research studies translated multiple european languages arabic chinese japanese persian limitations suffers problems self report scores easily exaggerated person completing like way instrument administered effect final score patient asked fill form people clinical environment instance social expectations shown different response compared administration postal survey participants physical illness reliance physical symptoms fatigue artificially scores symptoms illness depression effort deal concern colleagues developed depression inventory primary care short screening scale consisting seven items considered independent physical function unlike standard produces outcome depressed depressed patients score designed screening device tool health care providers reach quick diagnosis fee paid copy violation copyright evidence valid reliable depression scales public domain scales patient health item studied useful tool


victorian mansion gained fame haunted house england described harry price built house rector parish family badly damaged fire demolished large gothic style village alleged haunted built reports multiplied suddenly daily_mirror published account visit paranormal researcher harry price wrote books supporting claims paranormal activity acceptance price reports prompted formal study society research rejected sightings imagined fabricated cast doubt price credibility claims generally ghost historians report recent biography price public interest stories new books television documentaries continue satisfy public fascination short programme commissioned bbc alleged scheduled broadcast september cancelled owing concerns possible legal action widow rector live house history constructed near church reverend henry bull moved year named rector parish house replaced earlier site destroyed fire eventually enlarged addition wing house bull family fourteen children nearby church nave date 12th century serves scattered rural community parish substantial remains hall seat family ghost hunters quote legend monastery supposedly built area according monk monastery conducted relationship nun nearby convent affair discovered monk executed nun alive convent walls confirmed legend historical basis fabricated rector children gothic style red brick story nun come rider novel daughter walter scott epic poem paranormal events reportedly occurred locals later remembered having heard unexplained footsteps house time july daughters rector henry bull saw thought ghost nun twilight yards house tried talk disappeared got closer local later said family convinced seen occasions people claimed witnessed variety incidents phantom coach driven horsemen decades bull died son reverend henry harry bull took living june harry bull died vacant following year october reverend guy smith wife moved house soon moving smith wife cleaning came brown paper package containing skull young woman shortly family reported variety incidents including sounds servant bells ringing despite disconnected lights appearing windows unexplained footsteps addition smith wife believed saw horse drawn carriage night contacted daily_mirror asking touch society research june newspaper sent reporter promptly wrote series articles detailing mysteries paper arranged harry price paranormal researcher visit house arrived june immediately phenomena new kind appeared throwing stones objects spirit messages tapped frame mirror soon price left ceased smith wife later maintained suspected price expert phenomena left july parish difficulty finding replacement following year reverend cousin wife née emily moved adopted daughter adelaide october wrote account strange incidents occurred time moved october sent harry price included bell ringing windows shattering throwing stones bottles wall writing locking daughter room key reported husband range phenomena included thrown bed occasion adelaide attacked horrible tried twice conduct efforts fruitless middle struck shoulder fist size stone publicity daily_mirror incidents attracted attention psychic researchers investigation unanimous caused consciously later said felt incidents caused husband concert psychic researchers events appeared genuine paranormal phenomena later admitted having sexual relationship frank paranormal explanations cover left october result ill health price investigation remained vacant time departure price took year long rental agreement queen anne bounty owners property advertisement times subsequent personal interviews price recruited corps official observers students spent periods mainly weekends instructions report phenomena occurred march helen daughter price conducted south london price reported contact spirits young nun identified marie according story marie french nun left religious order travelled england marry member family owners 17th century manor house hall said murdered earlier building site body buried cellar thrown disused wall writings alleged pleas help read help second spirit contacted identified claimed set fire clock night march said time bones murdered person revealed fire february new owner captain boxes accidentally knocked oil lamp hallway fire quickly spread house severely damaged investigating cause blaze insurance company concluded fire started deliberately miss williams nearby lodge said saw figure nun upstairs window according harry price demanded fee guinea story august price conducted brief dig ruined house discovered bones thought young woman bones given christian burial churchyard parish refused allow ceremony place account local opinion bones found pig society research investigation price death hall members society research price loyal associates investigated claims findings published book haunting concluded price produced phenomena report study known stated phenomena faked natural causes rats strange attributed odd shape house conclusion hall wrote analysed evidence haunting activity period appears diminish force finally away wrote wife lived actively engaged creating haunted phenomena price faked phenomena later life admitted seen alleged noises caused wind friends invited house cases playing practical jokes husband legends invented children harry bull lived house claimed seen surprised living described england haunted house robert hastings researchers defend price price literary paul peter defended price accusations fraud similar approach banks michael report wrote price defenders unable criticisms convincingly


team effectiveness team effectiveness referred group effectiveness capacity team accomplish goals objectives administered authorized personnel organization team collection individuals tasks share responsibility outcomes view unit embedded institutional organizational system operates established boundaries system teams groups established synonymous relationship confines processes research relating effectiveness group maintaining independence separate units groups members independent role skill knowledge purpose versus teams members role skill knowledge purpose overview evaluation effective team achieved aid variety components derived research theories help creating description nature team effectiveness according team effectiveness defined terms criteria output final produced team meet exceed standards set key constituents organization social processes internal social processes operating team enhance maintain group ability work future learning experience working team environment act satisfy personal needs team members order criteria assessed appropriately evaluation team effectiveness conducted involves measure teams final task performance criteria assess process major process examined group conflict team team group conflict integral process team undergoes effectiveness unit formed previous research differentiated components group conflict relationship conflict team members annoyance animosity task conflict occurs members convey ideas opinions specific aspects related task accomplishment team viewed general indicator group interaction process furthermore linked greater coordination team tasks improved satisfaction productivity group interactions team refers team members perceptions task specific team construct thought create sense confidence team enables group faced according conditions research shown effectiveness team real team stability group membership time compelling direction clear purpose relies end goals enabling structure groups dynamic producing good bad social support group system collaborate properly coaching opportunities coach help work teams work teams referred production service teams continuing work units responsible producing goods providing services organization membership typically stable usually time defined teams traditionally directed supervisor work manner executed work teams effectively manufacturing sectors mining service based sectors accounting utilize teams self managed self managed work teams referred autonomous work groups allow members greater contribution work constitute significant competitive advantage organization work teams determine accomplish objectives mandated achieve decide route complete current assignment self managed work teams granted responsibility planning scheduling organizing directing controlling evaluating work process select members evaluate members performance self managed work teams favored effectiveness traditionally managed teams ability enhance productivity costs customer service quality safety parallel teams parallel teams referred advice involvement teams pull people different work units jobs perform functions regular organization equipped perform teams given limited authority recommendations individuals higher organizational hierarchy parallel teams solving problems activities need revision improvement examples parallel teams quality circles task forces quality improvement teams employee involvement groups effectiveness parallel teams proven continuation usage expansion organizations ability improve quality increase employee involvement project teams project teams referred development teams produce new products services organization institution time limited basis new product service belong establishment completed task teams vary improving current project concept plan creating entirely new projects limitations projects teams rely members disciplines functions allows complete task effectively project completed team individually moved special functions moves projects tasks unit accomplish develop common example project teams cross functional teams project team effectiveness associated speed able create develop new products services reduces time spent individual projects management teams management teams referred action negotiation teams responsible coordination direction division institution organization assigned projects functional operational strategic tasks initiatives management teams responsible total performance division oversee regards day day operations delegation tasks supervision employees authority teams based members position company institution organizational chart management teams constructed managers different divisions vice president marketing assistant director operations example management teams executive management teams consists members organization hierarchy chief executive officer board directors board trustees etc establish strategic initiatives company undertake long term period years management teams effective expertise aid companies adjusting current landscape global economy helps compete rivals respective markets produce unique initiatives sets apart rivals employees responsible success organization institution


political abuse soviet_union systematic political abuse soviet_union based interpretation political opposition dissent psychiatric problem called mechanisms dissent leadership general secretary disable remove society political opponents openly expressed beliefs contradicted official term philosophical instance widely applied mental disorders diagnosed people disagreed country communist leaders referring writings founding fathers friedrich target criticism article era criminal code anti soviet considerable degree preserved new criminal code article anti soviet propaganda weaker law article known false soviet political social system added criminal code laws frequently applied conjunction system diagnosis mental illness developed established framework non standard beliefs easily defined criminal offence basis subsequently psychiatric diagnosis applying diagnosis anti soviet political behavior individuals outspoken opposition authorities demonstrating reform writing critical books defined simultaneously criminal acts violation articles symptoms mental illness susceptible ready diagnosis sluggish boundaries category symptoms poor social adaptation conflict authorities sufficient formal diagnosis sluggish psychiatric certain individuals prompted attempts distribute possess prohibited documents books participate civil rights protests demonstrations involved forbidden religious activities religious beliefs prisoners including educated adherents religious faith considered form mental illness required treatment routinely sent avoid embarrassing trials discredit product ill minds highly classified government documents available dissolution soviet_union confirm authorities consciously tool suppress dissent according commentary post soviet russian federation law psychiatric care individuals forced undergo treatment soviet psychiatric medical institutions entitled rehabilitation accordance established procedure claim compensation russian federation acknowledged political purposes took responsibility victims political political abuse russia continued fall soviet_union human rights activists face threat psychiatric diagnosis legitimate civic political activities background definitions political abuse psychiatric diagnosis detention treatment purposes fundamental human rights certain groups individuals society citizens psychiatric facilities based political mental health based criteria authors including use terms soviet political refer phenomenon book medicine alexander defined term medicine identified tool struggle punished legal means subject psychiatric specialty emergency arising applied sciences countries members profession feel compelled serve power psychiatric confinement people uniformly considered particularly form repression soviet key weapons illegal legal repression wrote joint manual soviet use means based deliberate interpretation dissent psychiatric problem inherent capacity abuse possesses inherent capacity abuse greater areas medicine diagnosis mental disease state license persons insist therapy interest broader interests society addition receiving psychiatric diagnosis regarded oppressive state bypass standard legal procedures establishing guilt innocence allow political ordinary political trials period abuse political purposes reported systematic soviet_union episodic eastern european countries romania hungary czechoslovakia yugoslavia practice political mental hospitals eastern_europe ussr damaged credibility psychiatric practice states entailed strong condemnation international community involved human rights abuses states world definitions mental disease expanded include political scholars long argued governmental medical institutions times classified threats authority periods political disturbance instability form mental disease countries political prisoners confined abused mental institutions soviet_union confined called psychiatric russian ironic mental hospital psychiatric prison hospital city transferred control secret police precursor orders head international human rights defenders walter long recorded methods soviet hospitals diagnosed political western scholars examined aspect soviet thoroughly involvement social control political early soviet secret service took interest area medicine overall responsibility soviet secret police pre war general state prosecutor deputy minister foreign affairs order use tool repression russian psychiatrist believed class society especially severe class struggle incapable system political abuse developed end joseph regime simply inheritance era according alexander chief administration labor camps effective instrument political repression compelling requirement develop alternative expensive psychiatric substitute abuse natural product later soviet era mid-1970s 1990s structure ussr mental health service double standard society represented distinct systems existed peacefully despite periodic conflicts system directly served authorities power headed moscow institute forensic named honour system elite oriented headed institute named memory hundreds hospitals provinces combined elements systems mentally ill sent psychiatric hospital confined dying day mental health uncertain constantly employers party soviet institutions sent labour camp shot allusions socialist legality started decided prosecute people soon apparent putting people gave anti soviet speeches trial matters worse regime individuals longer tried court instead given psychiatric examination declared insane joint session october 1950s soviet_union turned medical arm state precursor later abuses soviet_union joint session ussr academy medical sciences board union psychiatric association took place october event dedicated supposedly great russian alleged ussr leading time guilty practicing anti anti science damaging soviet joint session eminent motivated fear publicly admit scientific positions erroneous promise conform doctrines public obedience proved insufficient closing speech lead author session policy report stated accused disarmed continue remain old anti positions causing grave damage soviet psychiatric research practice vice president ussr academy medical sciences accused dirty source american pseudo science articulated accusations joint session distinguished ambition fear positions surprisingly promoted appointed leadership posts shortly session joint session negative impact leading soviet academic stern labeled anti anti subsequently dismissed positions addition losing laboratories scientists subjected torture prison moscow ukrainian georgian armenian schools damaged period loss personnel joint session ravaged productive research years come pseudo science took control following previous joint session ussr academy sciences ussr academy medical sciences june july october joint session academy medical sciences board union society given leading role decision monopoly school crucial factors rise political soviet doctors incentive devised theory increasingly applied category political sluggish free thinking healthy people spiritual murder variation gas chamber cruel torture people killed prolonged like gas chambers crimes forgotten involved condemned time life death alexander psychiatric diagnosis sluggish political ussr political purposes diagnosis sluggish prominently cases sluggish new categories created facilitate root self deception doctors acted tool oppression political system according global initiative chief executive robert van political abuse ussr arose conception people opposed soviet regime mentally sick logical rationale oppose system considered best world diagnosis sluggish longstanding concept developed moscow school particularly chief furnished framework explaining behavior weight scholarly opinion holds played primary role development concept following communist_party soviet secret service aware political uses soviet sluggish appeared logical explanation apply behavior critics regime opposition willing happiness family career conviction ideal apparently prevailing social political prominent theorist soviet director institute ussr academy medical sciences developed novel classification mental disorders original set criteria carefully crafted description sluggish established symptoms non essential diagnosis symptoms anxiety central symptoms referred negative axis included poor social adaptation conflict authorities sufficient formal diagnosis sluggish symptoms according patients sluggish present quasi manifest minimal relevant personality changes remain unnoticed eye patients non mental disorders persons mentally sick easily labelled diagnosis sluggish paranoia sluggish diagnosis frequently psychiatric theories colleagues prevalent previously considered illness presented comparatively slight symptoms progress consequence diagnosed moscow cities countries world health organization pilot study reported city highest prevalence world moscow particular scope widened sluggish according colleagues patients diagnosis capable functioning normally social sense symptoms like assume paranoid character patients paranoid symptoms retained insight condition significance manifest ideas reforming society sluggish symptoms reform struggle truth reported diagnosed reformation case patient develops new principle human knowledge drafts academy human happiness projects benefit mankind 1960s 1970s theories contained ideas reforming society struggling truth religious convictions referred paranoid disorders practically foreign classifications soviet proceeding ideological referred critique political system proposals reform system construct approaches conception sluggish states soviet_union eastern european countries covert orders thousands social political soviet incarcerated mental hospitals labelled sluggish disease fabricated moscow school american psychiatrist stone stated western criticism soviet aimed personally essentially responsible soviet concept sluggish type manifestation including symptoms readily apply scheme long attacked west psychiatric abuse ussr leading critics implied designed soviet model diagnosis political dissent mental disease charged developing system diagnosis bent political purposes diagnosed involved series famous cases dozens cases personally signed commission decision legal insanity mentally healthy including beginning trend mass abuse campaign declare political opponents mentally sick commit mental hospitals began late 1950s early 1960s commented emergence political abuse impossible people socialist society anti socialist consciousness justified world legacy past self evidently product mental disease speech published daily newspaper said crime generally recognized standards behavior frequently caused mental disorder diseases nervous disorders certain people communist society evidently yes offences characteristic people abnormal minds start calling opposition communism basis clearly mental state normal available evidence supports conclusion system political abuse carefully designed rid ussr undesirable elements according available documents message general fifth ukrainian robert van political abuse systematic method repression developed selected group associates charge wide ranging deployment psychiatric repression moment appointed head chairman july proposal establish fifth ideological deal internal political opposition soviet regime set end july took charge files soviet including alexander chairman issued order tasks state security agencies ideological sabotage adversary calling struggle masters aim destruction dissent forms insisted struggle human rights wide ranging plot undermine soviet state foundation similar ideas found book speeches writings published general secretary analyzing main trend present day criticism soviet human rights policies bound draw conclusion criticism concern freedom democracy human rights directed fact socialist essence soviet society implementation legal framework april submitted elaborate plan central committee communist_party soviet_union set network mental hospitals defend soviet government socialist order persuade fellow members risk posed mentally ill circulated report region secret resolution ussr council ministers adopted proposal use struggle adopted implemented ussr psychiatric hospitals psychiatric beds increased psychiatric hospitals psychiatric beds psychiatric hospitals psychiatric beds soviet_union soviet authorities built psychiatric hospitals rapid pace increased quantity beds patients nervous mental illnesses number beds psychiatric patients increased expansion number psychiatric beds expected continue years period dominant trend soviet ran counter vigorous attempts western countries treat possible patients patients soviet government decree issued measures preventing dangerous behavior acts mentally ill persons decree confirmed practice having hauled detention soviet told examine assured individuals help police coming hospital doubled arresting officers doctors fabricated diagnosis requiring detention court decision required individual indefinite confinement psychiatric institution end 1950s confinement psychiatric institution commonly method leaders political opposition 1960s 1970s trials treatment special psychiatric hospitals control oversight came open world learned wave psychiatric terror denied charge institute bulk psychiatric repression spans period late 1960s early 1980s general secretary november february demonstrated little patience domestic continued era policy mental hospitals examination political usually charged articles propaganda soviet state false soviet state social system criminal code forensic asked examine offenders mental state considered abnormal investigating officers case examined central research institute forensic moscow persons prosecuted court committing political crimes subjected forensic psychiatric expert evaluation certified accused convicted sent treatment special psychiatric hospitals controlled ministry internal affairs russian soviet socialist republic accused right appeal right given relatives interested persons allowed nominate evaluation considered fully independent equally credible law according poet atmosphere institute moscow altered overnight took head fourth department known political department previously psychiatric departments regarded refuge dispatched policy altered reports hospitalized non medical grounds date early 1960s long appointed director institute personally involved numerous known cases notorious political purposes prisoners words characterized better criminal doctors performed experiments prisoners nazi concentration camps documented practice use psychiatric hospitals temporary prisons weeks november october revolution day day celebrations socially dangerous persons protest public manifest behavior struggle abuse 1960s vigorous movement grew protesting abuse ussr political abuse soviet_union denounced course world psychiatric association mexico_city hawaii vienna athens campaign terminate political abuse ussr key episode cold war inflicting damage prestige medicine soviet_union classification victims analysis cases covering period peter developed classification victims soviet psychiatric abuse classified advocates human rights nationalists religious believers citizens authorities advocates human rights according half means nationalists tenth population dealt constituted fifth means people detained religious activity cent patients citizens authorities complaints bureaucratic abuses accounted cent subject psychiatric abuse incomplete figures peter provided documented data cases book soviet psychiatric abuse according book russian psychiatrist harm inflicted soviet image domestic medicine course great bears comparison crimes nazi doctors cooled zeal soviet inflicted suffering people million citizens soviet_union writes adds persons nationalists religious political escaping freedom corrupted masses heads nonsense carried away immature people ideas called progressive result wars blood hatred true scale repression basis available data materials accumulated archives international association political use conclude thousands hospitalized political reasons investigative commission moscow explored records prison psychiatric hospitals russia discovered thousand cases political abuse hospitals said surprised facts obtained official classified secret documents central committee according calculations based found documents people confined political crimes psychiatric prison hospitals control referring archives central committee records special hospitals hospitals human rights activists gained access concluded measure people purely political reasons small total picture said data total number people held sixteen prison hospitals open psychiatric hospitals remains unknown parts archives prison psychiatric hospitals hospitals general classified inaccessible figure thousand political prisoners psychiatric hospitals run soviet ministry internal affairs forward book mad republished indication extent political abuse ussr provided calculation percentage mentally ill accused called anti soviet activities proved times higher criminal offenders attention paid political prisoners soviet times greater attention ordinary criminal offenders derives following comparison forensic psychiatric examinations carried institute targeted accused anti soviet activities convicted institutions total number times greater according struggle dissent operated layers registered court sentences know secret services kept surveillance held liable arrested sent psychiatric hospitals sacked jobs restricted kinds ways exercise rights objective assessment total number persons possible fundamental analysis archival documents difficulty required data diverse found single archive scattered state archive russian federation archive russian federation state statistical committee archives ministry internal affairs russia russia general prosecutor office russian military historical archive documents held archives constituent entities russian federation urban regional archives archives soviet independent countries commonwealth independent states baltic states data according russian psychiatrist scale psychiatric abuses past use psychiatric doctrines state thoroughly concealed archives soviet internal affairs health ussr health ministry institute forensic hold evidence expansion regulations governing expansion remain totally closed researchers says dan shares opinion abuses soviet dramatically 1960s 1980s remain researched contents main archives classified inaccessible hundreds files people underwent forensic psychiatric examinations institute time shelves highly classified archive basement saw marked numbers names biographical data contain inaccessible researchers mayor saint_petersburg wrote scale application methods ussr testified figures facts commission party leadership headed reached decision build psychiatric hospitals special psychiatric institutions addition existence construction completed built parts soviet_union course changes country underwent prison hospitals transferred jurisdiction ministry health closed covering tracks mass rehabilitation patients mentally disabled year patients removed psychiatric registry people diagnosis mental illness released million people ussr registered psychiatric patients equivalent population countries ukraine study origins political abuse conducted years basis state archives total people examined citizens ukraine convicted political crimes hospitalized territory ukraine turned need psychiatric treatment presidential decree measures prevent future abuse drafted commission rehabilitation victims political repression purpose selected suitable archival documents request head research publications commission drew report archival data presented materials received visits conducted jointly commission independent psychiatric association russia strict regime psychiatric hospitals special hospitals control materials discussion commission rehabilitation victims political repression ready work came documents failed reach head commission alexander report political abuse prepared request commission aid lay independent psychiatric journal publish moscow research center human rights headed independent psychiatric association russia president asked publish materials archival documents showed interest publishing documents dictated present day needs far feared abused non medical purposes report commission rehabilitation victims political repression included following phrases political abuse commission considered complex socially relevant issue use political purposes collected documents materials allow procedure admission psychiatric hospitals compulsory persons behavior viewed authorities suspicious political point view according incomplete data hundreds thousands people illegally placed psychiatric institutions country years soviet power rehabilitation people limited best removal registry psychiatric patients usually remains today gaps legislation million people removed psychiatric registry request western conditions admission soviet world psychiatric association provided different figures different publications million half million half million people removed psychiatric registry provided figure million people removed psychiatric registry theoretical analysis psychiatric bulletin royal college published article blessing curse russian psychiatrist contains analysis abuse arguments existence system political abuse ussr easily demonstrated wrote state regime ussr laws times served purpose self regulation life society major manipulate behavior subjects soviet citizen constantly straight considered state property regarded aim means achieve rulers objectives perspective state mentally sick person regarded burden society state material means producing potentially capable inflicting harm soviet state considered reasonable pass special legislative acts protecting material legal patients life instructions legal medical departments stipulated certain rules handling mentally sick imposing different sanctions person mental disorder automatically rights depended entirely practically anybody undergo psychiatric examination grounds issued diagnosis turned person rights lack legal rights guarantees system country according american psychiatrist russia specific legislation field mental health instructions articles laws criminal administrative law orders ussr ministry health soviet_union psychiatric patient hospitalized request relatives instructions district psychiatrist case patient consent dissent duration treatment psychiatric hospital depended entirely psychiatrist abuse possible suppress opposed political regime created vicious practice ignoring rights mentally ill according president independent psychiatric association russia arises basis interference main factors science achievements world party orientation soviet forensic lack legal basis total mental health service interaction system principally presence code article state system inevitably results sending certain percentage citizens forensic psychiatric examination state uses purposes ease according larry root cause problem state definition danger radically extended soviet criminal system cover political customary physical types danger note objective reliable criteria determine person behavior dangerous approaches definition greatly differ richard professor law medicine university virginia school law mentioned deformed nature soviet psychiatric profession explanations easily bent objectives state pointed importance civil society particular independent professional organizations separate apart state substantial lessons period according norman president world psychiatric association political abuse soviet_union facilitated fact national classification included categories employed label forcibly incarcerated kept psychiatric hospitals treatment vice chair task force similar opinion political abuse ussr sustained existence classification developed soviet_union organize psychiatric treatment care classification categories given political led harmful medication according moscow psychiatrist alexander called approach moscow psychiatric school established ability diagnosis science system opinions people thousands falling victims opinions millions lives crippled virtue concept sluggish introduced time called state criminal academic psychiatrist professor notes concept school allowed consider example character traits early delayed development stages inevitable process personality traits inherent individual dynamics depend external factors applied number personality disorders entailed extremely sluggish like like despite number controversial premises line traditions soviet science hypothesis immediately acquired status later overcome disciplines firmly stuck concept proved psychologically comfortable relieving doubt making diagnosis carried great danger norm evaluated doctor regarded early phase ensuing consequences resulted broad opportunity voluntary abuses civil scientific courage reconsider concept clearly reached according american psychiatrist walter resulted characteristics soviet standard psychiatric logic theory practice according abuse suppress dissent based condition state psychiatric state expansion spheres initially psychiatric social institution formed functioning state incapable forced serve differently directed principles care treatment mentally ill citizens hand psychiatric repression people showing political ideological dissent hand conditions state independent minded appeared appear people change situation thousands brought incorrect concepts fear state believe free thinking citizen madness following premises participation doctors abuses state psychiatric tightly sealed foreign influences lack legal conscience citizens including doctors disregard fundamental human rights law enforcement agencies nature absence legislative acts regulate providing psychiatric care country ussr example adopted act absolute state regimes naturally gives rise dominance archaic ethical concept medical practice professional consciousness doctor based absolute right decisions patient consent disregard principle informed consent treatment withdrawal fact psychiatric hospitals bad conditions refer primarily poverty health care inevitably lead personnel including doctors says course different approach issue expressed according michael book madness civilization documented history institutional political tool researched expanded use public hospitals 17th century france came conclusion answer economic crisis reduction wages unemployment coin 18th century psychiatric hospitals economic moral demand british psychiatrist david cooper asked question asked press conference given ussr police apparatus charge anybody perfect use answered question distortion use fundamental project discussion confinement prison states cooperation soviet_union abuse medicine evident case inheritance intensification structure ceased function believed abuse ussr 1960s logical extension invasion legal system discussion jean robert says 1900s started speaking surprisingly modern language crime criminal abnormal disturbed behavior society upset led conclusions judicial apparatus longer useful judges men law understand complex alien legal issues purely psychological matters better criminal commissions physicians substituted judicial apparatus vein concrete projects proposed second certainly treat individual dangerous sick time protect society comes idea mental isolation mixed function 1900s projects given rise lively responses european judicial political bodies found wide field applications soviet_union common means exceptional cases according american psychiatrist playing controlling behavior years originals homeless little harm society lived confined psychiatric hospitals deprived legal rights critics consider practice political use regard promoting point difficult average soviet psychiatrist understand poor adjustment soviet society view surprising reigned soviet consciousness public non behavior penetrated soviet culture threshold custom similarly low example low threshold point psychiatrist valentine argues speak necessity adapting oneself society estimate level man social functioning ability adequately test reality forth words speeches hit point blank revolutionaries poorly functioning society hardly adapting initially increasing requirements turn inability adapt society view company breaks step know help company regard cases personal proof public ill cases easier present personal ill public bite society hand feed given right place society unlike destroy hardly formed defense attitude public personal extract teeth stating bite feeding hand society tiny group feel bad place claim need treat society seek improve society preserving improving mental health members reading book institute concluded allegations sounded lips inmates pretended according response robert van article argues institute bad place misses main point living conditions institute bad passed psychiatric examination certain sense holiday comparison living conditions aware institute gates hell people sent specialized psychiatric hospitals life transformed horror daily forced administration drugs forms punishment went crazy endure happening died treatment example books memoirs written life psychiatric time reading soviet psychiatric terror brutality targeting mentally ill vulnerable group society nazi programs punishment placement mental hospital effective imprisonment concentration camps breaking persons psychologically physically recent history ussr given wide publicity society possible soviet practice political abuse issue remains highly relevant according expert center supporter colleagues developed concept sluggish 1960s arrested criminal code article anti soviet propaganda false soviet state social system years main group targeted period political purposes began searched mechanisms mental illness gave grounds recognize accused person mentally incompetent appearance defence court send compulsory treatment special psychiatric hospital ministry internal affairs trouble guilt soviet psychiatric science theoretical result strict demand severely exclusively scientific concept showed particular fact soviet regime considered penetrating inner life ill person flawed connection admit possibility individual behave different way mental illness ground moral sets consistently conscience entailed consequence person different opposes political system needs search mechanisms dissent cases confirmed diagnosis mean mental disorders cause dissent needed administer compulsory treatment special psychiatric hospitals essential fact mentally ill oppose means mechanisms persons despite having diagnosis retained moral civic landmarks ill person conscience silent says according psychiatrist regard nature sort opponents authorities authorities seemingly possible account opinion person received diagnosis issue remain relevant government policy repression psychiatric retained spot ukrainian psychiatrist notes use allowed avoiding judicial procedure accused declare speak publicly violation civil rights making psychiatric diagnosis insecure based mental illness criteria involved arguments lack clear criteria clearly defined standards contributes applying vigorous gifted citizens disagree authorities time believe dangerous mental illness german says uncertainty diagnosis prone medical influence political influence case soviet psychiatric diagnosis especially sluggish order away society special psychiatric hospitals according russian psychologist soviet_union based assumption public seek truth justice snow state important vulnerability factor abuse nature observations psychiatric diagnosis currently depends concerns political abuse tactic controlling dissent regularly voiced american psychiatrist thomas mentioned authors correctly emphasized value laden nature psychiatric character psychiatric classifications failed accept role psychiatric power drama critics art historians scholars create classifications lacking state power persons classifications lead deprived property liberty life instance plastic surgeon classification beauty plastic surgeon treat patient patient consent political abuse plastic surgery bedrock political medicine medical treatment transforms therapy physicians person condition illness declaring intervention impose victim treatment legislators judges illnesses treatments way physician advocated killing certain disabled ill persons form treatment society patient long nazis came power argued spectacle western loudly condemning soviet colleagues abuse professional standards largely exercise psychiatric abuse people usually associated practices ussr connected psychiatric political power built social role psychiatrist democratic societies alike legally fit subjects mental contents dissent changed american_civil_war dissent constituted negro wanting escape slavery soviet russia dissent constituted wanting reform escape classification slave owners slave traders certain individuals scientific sense whites rarely classified blacks prevent abuse racial classification abuse fact use collaboration government leads calls state system disapproved actions thoughts emotions cured suicide unconventional religious beliefs racial anxiety sexual gambling smoking illegal drug use considered symptoms illnesses need cured michael walter suppose psychiatric power practically societies expands grounds public safety view leaders ussr best maintained repression according gwen british forensic hospital question meant word abnormal evidently possible abnormal identified socially inappropriate case social political dissent turned medical terminology individual personal problem social matter according russian psychiatrist medical specialty doctor given right violence benefit patient application violence based mental health law possible transparent monitored representatives interests persons need examination treatment hospitalized psychiatric hospital urgent indications patient accompanied relatives witnesses persons authorized control actions doctors law enforcement agencies maid administrative governmental agencies deprived medical function police come aid citizens responsible security later appropriate legal measures social protection taken psychiatrist respond law enforcement judicial authorities solving issues etc russia goes psychiatrist functions involved state machine hides actually manipulating doctor police reluctant investigate offences committed mentally ill receiving information disease bodies inquiry stop investigation bring level investigative actions course justice serves source persons mental disorders negative attitude supported state machine accompanied aggression doctors increases periods social unrest known struggle political abuse soviet_union explained usable end date result cases kept psychiatric prison hospitals years pump drugs forget said added saw people basically asleep years president ronald_reagan attributed view brutal treatment soviet bureaucratic problems opinion moscow group mental illness prominent figure came political declaration action significant factor assessment 1980s practice forced confinement political psychiatric facilities ussr eastern_europe destroyed credibility psychiatric practice countries psychiatric profession world world lost professional basis entirely abuse ussr called program nazi_germany little doubt capacity enforce social norms political interests immense vulnerable notions questioned sustainable pattern mental life boundaries mental norm lost director moscow research institute says adding seek new reference points clinical assessments new reference points justify old states today position russian patient medical psychologist psychiatrist defensive nature prevents attempt understand patient help assess condition position related constant fear fear caused abuse constant violence post society psychiatric violence psychiatric arrogance violence related primary emphasis biological causes disease ignoring psychological factors notices modern russian structure providing mental health care aimed protecting patient right place life right revealing symptoms patient psychiatrist psychiatric labels feared taken confidence secrets soul asked provide psychiatric labels spread widely thing media disliked person psychiatric assessments phenomena public life word entered everyday vocabulary persons usual standards thought behavior declared mentally ill approving public surprisingly people real mental disorders fear publicity like plague psychologist point politicians press attach psychological psychiatric medical labels adds acquired new status life previously possessed religion going god god behave reasonably adequately behave way alexander professor moscow state university adviser state speaker presented opponents policy mentally ill saying longer opponents policy mentally ill sent health examination moscow regional psychiatric newspaper psychiatrist violation medical privacy ethics publicized diagnosis personality disorder gave russian anchor member political opposition stated harmful society robert van noted fall berlin wall apparent political abuse ussr tip sign basically wrong realistic image soviet showed soviet regime began grip society later lost control developments end entirely demonstrated actual situation individuals affected millions individuals treated outdated oriented hospital based mental health service living conditions bad terrible violations human rights rampant according data census published mortality ill exceeded general population times age years times age years times age years larger values women according robert van years especially ussr years rule positions soviet psychiatric leaders jeopardy firmly conclude succeeded riding storm retaining powerful positions succeeded avoiding modern concepts delivering mental health care fundamental change structure psychiatric services russia russia impact mental health reform efforts places policies brought control post communist period industry mainly obstacle reform aiming explore vast market ussr situation professionals services totally dependent financial turned major attention availability social rehabilitation services stimulated corruption mental health sector turn century psychiatric reform implemented franco italy known publicly declared implemented russia view expenditures clear money needed reform got way reform army russia decades countries european_union mental health reform implemented implemented russian society says aware need mental health reform live atmosphere animosity violence experts believe problems spread society robert van russians want mental disorders locked outside city want community despite russian mental health law russia remains generally fashioned trends institutional care characteristic soviet period soviet_union increase bed numbers psychiatric services treat russian federation highest levels psychiatric beds capita europe population beds russia beds population actions taken arrange new facilities services persons respond treatment sent long term social care institutions remain indefinitely managed social protection russia number amounted provided places approximately people russian accommodated people according consolidated data department social protection moscow ministry labour social protection russian federation supposed number beds increasing rate number beds decreasing psychiatric hospitals independent psychiatric association russia provides different figure places institutions social protection population says russia high europe list number places institutions states regions catastrophic shortage places words point need increase number places fact independent psychiatric association russia forcing relocating mentally ill homes psychiatric hospitals press conference said surplus ukraine hospitals treatment mentally ill communist regime ukraine epidemic ukraine large psychiatric hospitals including hospital beds children unit great_britain ukraine public opinion contribute protection citizens possible political abuse demonstrations rallies support mental health law public campaign developing law provision psychiatric care country campaign initiated conducted relatives psychiatric patients wrote newspapers busy places behaved way ministerial offices corridors saw window group people standing window cabinet ministers ukraine red flags portraits slogan written white cardboard ukraine activists movement far nostalgia past participated actions changes mental health system general remembered protest actions activated ukrainian psychiatric system actually consists units hospital treatment acute psychiatric conditions helpless chronic patients unable live hospital desert percent patients ukrainian psychiatric hospital called social patients stay psychiatric hospital medical indications similar pattern significant lifelong customers lived long society despite mental illnesses lived comfortably safely special nursing homes halfway houses ukraine like soviet times mental hospitals frequently created monasteries barracks concentration camps human rights activist psychiatrist says saw living russian mental hospital years staying dying day having home touched hospitals persons die inside persons died fire outside moscow living conditions insufficient horrible patients big room bars windows tables toilets number designed primary care mentally stopped increasing reduced stigma linked mental disease level russian public perceive mentally sick harmful useless dangerous social stigma maintained general public soviet mentality endured present day instance spite removal homosexuality nomenclature mental disorders surveyed region view illness quarters view immoral behavior sustain ban gay use schemes lay openly lesbian gay persons schools child care centers public institutions chief psychiatrist russia interview says cases homosexuality mental disorder remark world health organization removed homosexuality list mental disorders stating true trend consider homosexuality mental disorder supported independent psychiatric association russia president expressed joint surprise proposal executive committee american psychiatric association exclude homosexuality mental disorder referred proposal actions stated ideological social liberal reasoning proposal substituted scientific changed mind homosexuality joint paper criticized referred trend consider homosexuality mental disorder soviet mentality organized conference concerned theme political abuse attended representatives different soviet russia central asian report situation lithuanian psychiatric association discussion held resolution passed talked russia wind direction gradually changing systematic political abuse denied degraded issue scientific disagreement particularly noteworthy director institute proponent close friend key architects political early 1990s spoke required words political abuse unprecedented dimensions soviet_union intimidation suppression human rights movement carried primarily institution words widely broadcast abroad published newspaper country book alliance law mercy wrote psychiatric abuses certainly western countries book makes charge professor intellectuals wrong cooperate police department preventing revolution current generation wrong oppose regime asserted practice exaggerated wrong institute official institute declared patient going run president russian federation undoubtedly speaking center practically changed shame institute role communists people want apologize actions past attorney karen agrees organ medicine organ power according human rights activist psychiatrist system soviet destroyed institute standing people worked soviet system working says situation like defeat germany officially collapsed governors acres judges people remained fascist regime article stone member team examined found mentally healthy disregarded findings world psychiatric association later soviet forward academically theory political abuse tool pacific ussr asserted time western countries reconsider supposedly documented accounts political abuse ussr hope discovering soviet sympathy condemnation stone words believes condemned critics according stone points soviet condemned political abuse revolution greatest good greatest number greatest piece social justice greatest twentieth century western view ethical compass soviet begins act service greatest according psychiatrist disastrous factor domestic committed crime humanity allowed stay positions leave world natural way retained positions influence turned domestic politically motivated motivated sphere interests public reduced making business drugs taking possession homes ill soviet times heads departments directors psychiatric research head doctors psychiatric hospitals remained far representative scheme career simple years run resident joined party junior colleagues usually non partisan ones collected processed material review literature particularly research institute written patients knew foreign languages party comrades natural habitat stimulate learning foreign language robert van says russian headed heading soviet times russian psychiatric system changed reality sort soviet late 1980s russian access specialized literature published countries understand world staff training changed literature inaccessible teach new generations specialists know world know happening russia silent afraid powerful core old concentrated moscow clear struggle inside fortress difficult waste time energy resources global initiative avoiding moscow completely years instead global initiative took active projects reforming mental health service ukraine donated printing plant ukrainian public organized publishing house helped print huge medical legal literature distributed free ukrainian tax police accused publishing house manufacturing dollars significant humanitarian aid global initiative gathered netherlands ukrainian psychiatric hospitals stolen current leaders russian especially related establishment soviet period read general_assembly soviet systematically abused political purposes leaders pupil member russian academy medical sciences director mental health research center chief psychiatrist ministry health russian federation asked ill healthy examined disagreements authority answered people suffered sluggish psychiatric registry according rumored took pity gave diagnosis required placing special hospital save prison true honestly medical duty ideas voiced interview pupil member russian academy medical sciences says attributed recognized healthy ill happen pure completely ruled diagnosis healthy person leading staff members center strongly degraded human rights movement soviet era possible way tried convince political institution mentally ill opinion clear deeply affected people said talk human rights activists people talked general saw kept observation noted thinking eventually allowed abroad know talked completely crazy character allowed abroad human rights activists people mental unable standards society west encourages inability year offered restore soviet mental health law said political persecution human rights activists claim words mentally healthy russian psychiatrist denied accusations personally engaged soviet abuses stated publicly conception existence soviet era fantasy people defending previously anti soviet ends anti russian ends says attempts use political purposes mass psychiatric terror calls allegations terror weapon activists cold war alexander writes conscription relatively indifferent public illegal use soviet times notice public allowing ignore opinion response article instituted suit russian civil code article protecting honor dignity business reputation according official representatives involved political abuse acknowledged actions absence absence analysis errors cast shadow ussr especially russia russian american historian writes fall communist regime matter lean backwards mouth day stating sentences cases isolated related personal activities matter doctors try hundreds thousands real facts stated passed law state expert activity introduction profession forensic expert psychiatrist actually destroyed adversary based examinations center turned complete forensic examination soviet rule court include psychiatrist commission experts court chooses expert institution expert right participate commissions included head expert institution receive certificate qualification expert having worked state expert institution years director center time head forensic department country located center monopoly according center long position main expert institution country ambition proximity power allow center touch telephone judges explain judges learned turned considerable drop level expert reports positions drop inevitable context center efforts eliminate adversary character expert reports parties role specialist reviewer critic presented expert report state affairs believes continuous patients rights independent experts excluded processes speak court state experts wrote president russian federation open letter asked submit state draft law prepared independent psychiatric association russia address sharp drop level forensic psychiatric examinations attributed lack competition sector increasing open letter says level expert reports dropped extent matter absence entire sections report findings gross contradiction findings descriptive section report matter concrete statements contrary generally accepted scientific terms doubts experts arise according letter courts violation procedural rules analyze expert report consistency parts check experts findings accuracy june working group chaired director center sent supreme_court russian federation joint application declare appealing forensic expert reports state expert institutions illegal prohibit courts receiving lawsuits filed appeal reports reason forward proposal appeals expert reports allegedly filed regard scope case appeal expert report sentence words according professional errors presented virtue fact sentence administrative resources power says draft application supreme_court russian federation considered paper current legal issues relevant forensic psychiatric expert evaluation focusing appealing expert report regard scope evaluated case talking appealing reports authors paper according lawyer mistakenly identify reports actions experts expert institution justify parallel examination evaluation actions experts regard scope evaluated case conclusion authors appears clearly erroneous abuse experts rights legitimate interests citizens including trial participants course subject separate appeal according warning congress author problem paranoia continuous sluggish contributed sluggish began play role played recently influence began widely use inadequate cases inappropriate consulting situation opened huge new market firms unlimited capabilities flow mentally ill bases diagnosis continuous sluggish particular appearance lifestyle stresses forefront picture negative changes given contrast retaining mental activity high capacity work appearance entire lifestyle according commentary independent psychiatric association russia text school sufficient patients psychiatric facilities treatment mentioned mental disorder national manual edited alexander year paper reported diagnosed percent patients reform russian alexander notes treated hospital acquaintances learn forever people german occupied reforming country suffering syndrome addition wrote capital city complaints written reviewing authority lawyer according doctor legal sciences regional differences forensic psychiatric expert reports striking example regions russia percent pronounced regions percent pronounced regions percent declared regions percent declared april state considered draft law established state medical commission psychiatrist president prime minister high federal political officials fulfill responsibilities positions ukrainian psychiatrist stated today question raised use settle political accounts establish psychiatric control people competing power country obviously find supporters feasibility filter said worthwhile substitute experts medical reports elections suggestion prevent dismiss officials positions supported alexander author book medicine page monograph covering political abuses soviet_union suggested people seek high positions run legislature bring psychiatric reference psychiatric registry subjected psychiatric examination event inappropriate behavior concerned problem authorities ruled russian mental health law applied senior officials judiciary ground parliamentary judicial immunity psychiatrist rule deprived diploma sentenced imprisonment russian tried promote idea marked power referred symptoms statistics percent current leaders states suffering forms mental documents memoirs evidence political purposes soviet_union documented number articles books national psychiatric associations examined acted documentation widely known sources including published written memoirs victims psychiatric convey moral physical experienced victims special psychiatric hospitals ussr documentation august completed noon book case august demonstration red square began circulating translated english published title red square noon parts book describe special psychiatric hospitals psychiatric examinations book includes special psychiatric hospitals article written twin brothers roy published london joint account psychiatric hospital soviet practice political mentally ill london english question madness repression soviet_union russian mad editions report memoirs russian issued new_york based publishing house saw article years mental hospitals emigrated france previous year years special psychiatric hospital published book institute notes institute documenting personal experiences months examination institute moscow book translated published english book published russia professional associations human rights groups documents reports published information bulletin working commission abuse political purposes circulated periodical chronicle current events sources documents moscow group books alexander medicine mad judgment moscow added soviet fantasy executed madness united_states government printing office published documents political abuse soviet_union international association political use published volumes documents political abuse ussr today preserved columbia_university libraries archival collection entitled human rights watch records watch series vii chris files ussr international association political use box english version box russian version british medical association published certain documents subject medicine betrayed participation doctors human rights abuses memoirs book wind returns describing movement struggle freedom practices dealing dozen years spent soviet labor camps prisons psychiatric hospitals published later translated english title build castle life published book history described committed psychiatric hospitals year book translated english title history carnival autobiography book reflections published published memoirs underground meet rats included story psychiatric examinations book translated english title memoirs soviet philosopher published article police relation medical ethics book translated russian german title moscow came told psychiatric detention author political reasons book original title published russian book originally written published memoirs translated english title inclined escape robert van published book man struggling human dignity telling psychiatrist resisted political abuse soviet_union published publication described confinement soviet psychiatric hospitals published collection writings despair experience prison psychiatric hospital described published book moscow trial containing account developing based documents submitted considered central committee communist_party soviet_union book translated english title moscow trial soviet agents western fellow travelers published book foreword covers soviet army tells underwent psychiatric departments northern fleet hospital military medical academy forensic psychiatrist published book syndrome closed space describing book destiny struggle published worked lead design engineer committed psychiatric hospital alexander published book escape paradise described companions caught illegally crossed border finland soviet_union escape country result confined soviet psychiatric hospitals prisons book described methods brutal treatment prisoners institutions soviet believer wife published book subjected intense persecution saw book yellow wall alexander soviet psychiatric hospitals book describes wider circle inhabitants literature issue usually

Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union