john british_army officer colonel john born june officer british_army served world war palestine emergency director joining british_army shortly second world war initially served somerset light infantry india subsequently volunteered parachute regiment saw action italian campaign late returning united_kingdom 4th parachute brigade 1st airborne division took battle wounded taken prisoner german troops war remained army saw action mandatory palestine emergency mentioned dispatches went hold series command posts parachute regiment home overseas officer order british_empire early incumbent post director expand special air service role subsequently held number military advisor positions notably washington vietnam resigning military helicopters filming movie bridge far early life john born june somerset son lieutenant colonel richard henry wife educated wellington college cadet royal military college second world war north_africa italy july commissioned somerset light infantry second lieutenant sent india months later 1st battalion travelling scotland sailed britain day britain declared war germany promoted acting temporary captain september substantive lieutenant january time india spent exercises little chance action desperate leave successfully volunteered new british parachute battalion chance came august october joined parachute battalion intelligence officer rudimentary india training jumps vickers qualified jump wings day japan attacked pearl harbor months later nearly killed training jump spent days coma october battalion sent north_africa designated parachute battalion central unit new 4th parachute brigade formed december briefly adjutant battalion quickly moved post 4th brigade intelligence officer brigade moved egypt palestine february tunisia june joined 1st airborne division recalled introduction famous particularly unpopular battalion previously worn bush hats 4th brigade invasion sicily september division sailed taranto italy operation successfully capturing port battalion brigade vanguard division advanced northwards coming weeks slowly pursuing 1st german parachute division action found italian disperse germans gathering counter attack battalion positions firing open sights building centre promoted acting major october took charge battalion company month division withdrawn sailed january war substantive captain temporary major 1st airborne division deployment september operation market garden allies planned use airborne forces secure key bridges number rivers canals netherlands opening route line heart germany 1st airborne division tasked securing bridges lower rhine 4th parachute brigade detailed occupy northern approaches city event counterattack german forces brigade scheduled arrive second day operation september drop zones protected elements 1st brigade event ground mist england meant second lift delayed hours spared transport aircraft meeting luftwaffe fighters drop zone aircraft encountered considerable anti aircraft fire approached drop zone later recalled aircraft near ground faces german gun crews observed numerous bursts watched escorting typhoon fighters attacking batteries approached aircraft hit tail pilot continued drop zone despite bad men able jump came small arms fire directed aircraft doors left aircraft heavy fire heath lost radio jumped equipment hit round moment jumped ground captain expected men hours earlier explained shocked rapidly deteriorating situation ground 11th parachute battalion 10th parachute battalion defending wounded drop zone battalion free moved railway met borne elements german fighter approaching encountered german troops stopped night morning fresh orders issued lead 4th brigade left flank 1st parachute brigade company ordered provide supporting fire flanks company advance successfully returning battalion following advance lieutenant colonel sir richard des ordered company company positions continue advance high ground believing opposition fact company nearly destroyed passed numerous bodies way forward company advanced held believes twin gun led small group attack spotted german sniper moved forward companion killed instantly machine gun fire pistol sniper shot groin tried hit started crawl away forcing lay moment men foot inches tall soldier carried company faced heavy concentration enemy armour attack stalled called battalion taken heavy casualties reduced size essentially single company regimental aid post found doctors rate chances particularly highly battalion war diary recorded company commander fatally wounded taken field ambulance post hotel main dressing station operated hotel room major guy jones table perform surgery day later moved house opposite number casualties increased aid stations lines perimeter came constant fire wounded twice mortar round shell fragment lodged left foot later hit caused splinter injuries face shoulder occasion battle aid post germans occupied building british sniper shot german prompting german sergeant lecture british shooting red_cross house house caught fire taken outside driven collection point german took spent weeks german hospital british patients firing red_cross operating theatre overall impressed kindness german staff guards narrowly avoided having foot nurse removed splinter embedded pair sufficiently recovered wounds taken vii remained camp liberated end april post war service remained army war ended joined 3rd parachute brigade sent palestine september month later joined 9th battalion dealing jewish terrorist threat july wounded time members parachute regiment allowed recruit officers longer years posted march seven years regiment spent years staff posts initially greece 43rd division later sent 1st infantry division egypt libya july promoted substantive major months later posted malaya company commander 1st battalion somerset light infantry spent year country emergency mentioned despatches returning malaya spent time raf staff college training major somerset light infantry territorial army battalion volunteered rejoin parachute regiment sent canadian joint air training centre canada exchange parachute regiment allowed officers swiftly applied posted jordan cyprus 2nd battalion experience likened family promoted lieutenant colonel posted command depot parachute regiment airborne forces time established parachute regiment battle camp later evolved infantry battle school came chief instructor small arms school new year honours appointed officer order british_empire command depot late took new post colonel later evolved director director special forces resulting promotion colonel early incumbent post credited develop new roles post colonial war period wrote paper counter terrorism intelligence gathering roles service predictions realised brief washington fort liaison officer posted british embassy defence advisor able witness vietnam war hand returning britain joining joint warfare establishment old near salisbury wiltshire civilian service resigned commission military advisor helicopters post held retirement found work frustrated army lack interest helicopter production movie bridge far began given months leave act chief military advisor appointment john frost thought ideal responsible training private army group men went boot camp order portray frost men bridge provide backbone extra cast confessed deeply concerned actors quality able turn men looked acted little fellow military included frost roy james brian greatly influence film script able ensure parts kept historically accurate way receiving advice edward fox referred driver scene movie brief cameo appearance film final scenes veterans returned frequently visiting presented damaged silver cigarette case bearing surname cleaned home discovered present father colonel 1st airborne officer killed battle led talks students army staff college battlefield tours role reprised defence academy restarted tours wrote book subject tour recognised authority battle


robert robert december july french slave trader operated indian_ocean capturing prizes large fortune ship owner commerce time started career sailor officer slave ships having risen captain spite prohibition slave trading national convention engaged business captain captained engaged commerce raiding despite lacking letter preyed british shipping capturing east returning france prizes confiscated returned france obtained prize money government returning indian_ocean captained raiding british american portuguese captured east kent october returning france awarded legion honour settled ship owner briefly returned indian_ocean custom built returning france armed led successful campaigns british indian_ocean disastrous ones english channel achieved fame costly victory hms september exploded french attempts boarding causing casualties restoration organised fishing expeditions amassed considerable fortune died buried graveyard saint career youth robert born december saint family ship owners father charles grandson robert captained reign mother robert distant relative parents sent college priest fled age thirteen enlist saint march enlisted volunteer ton captain slave ship bound india sailed ferried troops bound isle france journey seeking purchase slaves horn africa wrecked channel drowning black slaves chartered san october return port louis divert sumatra weather returned port louis late french ship french colony promoted officer enlisted slave ship bound captain captain brought lieutenant new ship expeditions madagascar enlisted french royal_navy gun lieutenant bound france arrived january discovered political changes france undergone wake french revolution months enlisted lieutenant slave ship captain departed august sailing isle france informed arrival outbreak french revolutionary wars rising rank captain took command brig gun slave ship departed isle france june journey africa madagascar engaged slave trading prohibited national convention assembly return isle france agents committee public safety inspected evidence slave trading left handed sold slaves british naval forces arrived blockade isle france served auxiliary ensign gun frigate participated action october cruise capture spring took command ton schooner renamed man crew pounder guns armed governor refused provide ordered purchase food isle france departed september navigation defend prizes day port saint cruising anne island large british ships chased able evade sailing reefs night decided sail archipelago load rice cargo december transit cruising delta captured prized ship loaded lumber detached prize crew lieutenant sending isle france january met pilot ship leading delta attacked captured finding carrying rice prize crews transferred command remaining crew members guns according louis renamed sent lieutenant prizes isle france night january captured gun diana loaded bags rice day met gun armed pounders man crew having decided attack recognising late overwhelming superiority opponent feeling threatened unable flee decided board men men approached british flag french colours moment launching violent assault ensuing minute battle suffered wounded killed including captain captain officer picket prisoners transferred diana released ransom returned france prizes arrived march captured hms victorious journey armed merchant prize court seized prizes sold benefit state capture declared legal returned france claim prize money september government finally granted received cruise early months paris took command gun brig armed pounders pounders manned strong complement departed february time proper journey isle france chased british slave ship escaped shots cut foremast tops captured british brig south cape good hope surrendered warning shot sent prize crew captain arrived december early sailed city sumatra found gun anchored harbour process loading pepper dropped anchor close opened fire sent older brother head man board party boats board largest ships boarded opposite assaulted sides surrendered minute battle ship cut anchor attempted flee overhauled boats captured resistance crew ashore returned france prizes june august departed isle france cruise sailed carrying despatches governor cruised java water arrived september october captured danish sent away lieutenant november portuguese conception carrying british ship laden salt cargo november gun cargo worth sailed purchase food free prisoners sail december route met fellow french jean soon met british frigate gun frigate hms gave chase managed throwing guns overboard january captured large rice laden british james january detected american ships forming line battle lacked guns sacrificed escape men detached prizes engaged rear ship boarded simultaneously firing broadside ship mercury attempted rescue mate led man boarding party seize mercury escaped chase having destroyed collision took prize crew sailed port louis continued patrol capturing ships catherine anna maria louis notre dame sailing isle france prizes arrived early february cruise capture kent took command fast gun brig man complement competition degenerated duel governor intervene prevent stating confrontation english victory sailor painter louis future biographer enlisted time late april cruised captured american ship left avoid frigate essex known cruise waters sailed escaped british ship line frigate sailed cruise bay september captured prize calcutta stored guns hold improve stability prize sent mauritius day man prize crew steered captured smaller ships october sand heads near calcutta met gun east kent tons captain robert kent rescued crew ship queen destroyed fire exceptionally large complement men including passengers soldiers sailors managed board larger opponent hour half battle decks ship seize control kent british fourteen killed including captain wounded french suffered killed wounded granted hour free kent restored order female passengers strictly protected placed apartments prisoners general frederick john wife officer sent kent man prize crew passengers released stopped days later kent arrived des port louis november capture kent sensation british admiralty promised reward capture return france armed man crew loaded colonial goods return france journey managed capture number ships notably portuguese eighteen pounder man crew released ransom exchanging return ran british blockade chased frigate managed evade throwing overboard guns boats anchors chains components masts eventually arrived april france navy minister attempted navy auxiliary officer declined states offered rank captain command frigates declined fear losing freedom action awarded sabre honour awarded legion honour founding order saint married marie fiancée years course marriage children started arm saint partnership father law louis notably caroline captured ships indian_ocean took prizes joseph cruise year retirement early ordered gun built specifications march departed saint man crew cruise march route captured british slave ship sixteen pounders recently departed liverpool let ransom throwing guns overboard gunpowder destroying sails arrived france june defeating british blockade capturing ships journey subsequent campaign captured british ships partly british ships tended strike colours soon realised opponent arrival isle france unnoticed authorities population reacted enthusiasm british insurance companies calcutta doubled reward capture amounted lake september departed cruise september captured british gun carrying bags rice gun carrying 27th gun admiral bags rice october gun bags rice 19th wood laden success burnt 30th gun fortune carried cargo sunk november indian december british gun sir william 30th portuguese january arab lab dim sent prize crews isle france returned january british captive officer challenged words french fight money fight honour replied fights lacks gave command officer joseph short cruise returned gun prize portuguese east india company santo captured hour fight july order general governor isle france renamed command given lieutenant lieutenant second officer altercation renounce ship eventually purchased renamed charles returning vessel saint arrived february late life went business ship owner years armed number british captured sent channel exception january colonel national_guard saint days served chief legion maintained order resigned battle merchant establishing business newfoundland died july buried saint graveyard military honours tomb features globe showing indian_ocean anchor legacy ships french_navy named honour steam sloop armoured cruiser submarine cruiser time launch largest submarine world joined free french naval forces second world war disappeared mysteriously saint large fleet escort destroyer heavily damaged collision soviet ship present day stealth frigate stealth combat ships number legends grown time stated baron empire legend states thrown overboard gold seized kent fact kent carry gold tale challenged prussian officers duel defeated let tell country soldier napoleon fights story


general greek died leading east roman byzantine general reigns byzantine emperors reigned comes effective capable military leader contemporary sources markedly biased favour distinguished campaigns slavic allies balkans absent capital time overthrow murder senior aides able survive unharmed new regime remaining high office marrying new emperor daughter negotiated assisted overthrow entrusted command failure campaign dismissed died shortly biography appears historical sources appointed late early command east replacing reached east spring assumed new command april immediately ran trouble soldiers manner refusing unpopular decree emperor reduced army pay quarter announced soldiers easter day april failed restore order attacked forced flee soldiers elected leader attempts calm soldiers employing local bishops decree failed restored command returned constantinople despite summer entrusted post tasked campaigning head improvised force deputy cavalry sent hold passes mountains days forced numerical superiority withdraw sacked city attempted siege broken marched south reaching cutting forces constantinople retreated besieged 7th century historian reports days devised force withdraw allowed guards captured bearing fake letter coming informed attack homeland persuaded letter true prepared return home arranged truce exchange renewed payment annual tribute 12th century history michael syrian gives pounds gold considerably reduced sum compared agreed departed country disbanded army returned constantinople disappears years fell recovered position letter pope gregory great returning emperor favour pope letter time given empire supreme honorary rank spring appointed command commander cavalry leading infantry senior held overall command generals marched danube campaigned success slavic tribes preparing cross river leaders crossing river slavic hosts annihilated surprise night attacks time reportedly men distribution booty captured especially considerable portion allocated imperial family soldiers eventually booty sent capital escort sent orders army winter north river caused great resentment unrest soldiers chose emperor order crossed army winter southern bank autumn replaced brother peter assume command arranged truce returned captives number fact criticized late peter heavily defeated appointed command post proceeded hold continuously years marched danube crossing river marching northern bank despite protests learned captured sailed army city failed face face negotiations sent recapture having razed city walls abandoned approach byzantine force launched raid dispatched men shadow managed ambush detachment carrying booty recovered sent events turned west campaign leaving byzantine territories quiet period year half summer army remained watch danube border resumed operations large invasion autumn appear caught probably operating army eastern guard advanced quickly managed bottle men port approach raised army forced abandon siege easter day march remained strangely inactive inexperienced army routed battle advanced south forcing garrison wall prevent attack constantinople army plague treaty quickly concluded retreated danube exchange increased annual tribute byzantines time forces summer armies headed west danube fell ill assumed sole command campaign army crossed river fought successive battles days battles won byzantines according account killed total including sons pursued fleeing invaded homeland fourth battle fought near river won byzantines day dispatched reconnaissance force river attacked settlements surprise according killed taken captive nineteen days later great battle fought ended decisive byzantine victory especially slavic allies suffered greatly took captive sent south slaves realized extent army victory ordered release gesture goodwill campaign remarkable act aggressive defence words michael main modern expert reign parallel sixth century danube frontier essentially decided war byzantium success secured balkans intended consolidate roman control bringing armenian settlers given land exchange military service end sent armenia recruit men families mission interrupted large scale military revolt brought downfall ordered troops danube frontier winter north river provoked widespread discontent peter replaced refused bow order outright mutiny broke army chose officer new leader marched constantinople credible military forces flee captured family executed emperor absence constantinople time takeover retained large measure support senior generals retained new regime peter executed banished monastery possible explanation comes later historian paul records possibly based early 7th century sources served rate soon counted main supporters new regime winter comes commander imperial bodyguard married daughter effective heir apparent ruler games celebrated honor event reacted violently saw portraits carried alongside citizens moment report turned rule lacked legitimacy quickly came resented populace byzantine_empire prestige eroded persian declared war byzantine forces began suffer defeats according later tradition sent letter africa elder urging revolt probably later invention true indicate level dissent constantinople truth matter africa rose revolt son younger dispatched constantinople head fleet unopposed forces landed suburb october marched capital pro riots broken pretended ill withdrew mansion quarter assembled main source armed support recorded john women family retribution fall emperor byzantium patriarch claims short history crown offered refused commander order senior influential officials ties past regimes represented potential threat facing critical situation east overrun territory raiding appointed command army autumn persian general captured blockaded besieged decided visit army camp winter refused meet pretext illness alienated general army managed break escape summer recalled constantinople ostensibly godfather byzantine emperor son constantine capital removed post comes went cousin command went surviving general brought retirement brought byzantine senate accused treason end monk december confined monastery died assessment comes able versatile military leader instances operations resemble influential byzantine military manual ascribed emperor despite reputation strict stance led mutiny later campaigns showed ability dealing soldiers discontent employed instance siege managed persuade supply byzantine army fact close starvation grain scholar walter comments policy defending danube frontier consisted keeping peace sly negotiations allowing focus efforts raiding imperial territory main byzantine source period displays marked bias favour especially account balkan campaigns generals appear incompetent achievements regularly successes defeats fact period relied semi official campaign log compiled years emperor pre eminent rivals executed exile


arabic usually known simply ruler encompassing reign troubled marked conflicts brothers branches influence baghdad attacks byzantine_empire john relations iraq initially hostile later concluded alliance occupied fled controlled parts syria tried secure governorship damascus involved local rivalries resulted defeat battle execution august life origin background eldest son better known established masters practically independent encompassing centred engaged repeated attempts gain control baghdad end forced defeat powerful recognize pay tribute time younger brother ali better known managed establish control northern syria capitals clashes byzantine_empire quickly overshadowed brother decade rule death february marked heavy military defeats hands byzantines occupied domains internal turmoil context mentioned father embroiled conflict army occupied forced flee hill country northern led resistance unable maintain evacuated reached new agreement consequently increasingly eclipsed sons deposed outright exiled dying captivity shortly reign lion succeeded father head branch family immediately authority contested younger half brother entrusted governance shortly deposition intended heir son protest father deposition refused recognize aid new iraq prevailed fled baghdad addition conditions near anarchy prevailing syria time death expand territory expense cousin death seized extended control domain uniting entire rule deprived capital lacking power offer resistance accepted losses cousin ruler richest rulers region ibn descriptions wealth derived estates ibn tasked family mountain strongholds dissolution writes immense cash reserves stored relations initially good unlike father direct claim baghdad preoccupied affairs iraq focus attention prince offered refuge members clan including brothers intervened family restored thanks pressure chased away exiled prince urged war occupied army threatened baghdad conflict ended negotiated settlement included provisions award instrument dynasty restoration domains period faced attacks byzantines emperor john penetrated deep forcing pay tribute devastating raids partly defeat capture domestic schools amid raided retaliation supported struggles safeguard power marched baghdad rebellion turkish military commander intervention decided conflict result assistance secured revision earlier treaty freed payment tribute following death agreed support bid byzantine throne rebel general concluded treaty ruler supplied light cavalry exchange unspecified marriage agreement found driven baghdad ambitious turned aid agreed support exchange handing promptly executed secured position family brought attention defeated battle near captured executed orders advanced unlike earlier expeditions failed chiefly unable sustain far better organized brought experienced administrators familiar area took forced flee mountains armenia laid siege visited byzantine territory trying secure assistance vain hard pressed loyalist general fall fled tried vain negotiate exile death troops completing conquest unable seek aid cousin acknowledged orders arrest remaining followers crossed syrian desert controlled south syria embroiled complex power struggles government local gain recognition governor damascus rebel general held city repulsed attack members family starting desert moved south region lake ambitions contacts came threaten position ibn ibn chief ruler hoping arab tribes area strengthen authority general promised openly allied rivals attacked august troops came aid ensuing battle august taken captive executed remained control brothers submitted installed governors oppose power taken control fight brothers relied defeat turned deposed killed establishing dynasty rulers


august december chief aide adjutant german dictator adolf_hitler dictator suicide april born munich bavaria served field world war injured feet hard times followed great depression joined nazi party losing job membership hitler hired personal aide position held years took care hitler personal belongings papers travel journeys making notable figure hitler inner circle imprisoned hitler involvement coup état attempt november munich time closely befriended hitler later july present military briefing bomb exploded killing people injuring hitler escaped minor injuries ordered leave late april destroy hitler personal belongings papers arrested americans shortly war actively involved nazi activities died december munich early life born august munich largely catholic city southern bavaria june ferdinand austria wife assassinated group serbian rebels triggered outbreak world war europe january drafted serve field german_army according hitler private feet injured war making semi handicapped end war found work contract worker munich central supply office association hitler defeat world war germany bankruptcy social injustice poverty crime mass unemployment depressing years germany saw creation number political paramilitary associations representing far left far right amidst crisis decided join national socialist german workers party later commonly known nazi party member political program party essentially rejection terms treaty versailles anti driven adolf_hitler world view getting involved nazi party lost job munich central supply office hearing news hitler hired personal aide camp looked confidential papers carried money hitler use provided secretary security duties friendship developed evident hitler later appearing witness second wedding states considered important significant person nazi cause luftwaffe chief gave humorous nicknames hitler inner circle dubbed travel marshal typically took care hitler traveling arrangements accompanied hitler disliked change personnel liked familiar faces remained hitler staff years later hitler chief aide adjutant october munich nazis felt strong try seize power munich decided march city inspired successful march rome known beer hall hitler paramilitary troops failed control munich nazis arrested imprisoned hitler prison reformation nazi party founding member documented member july plot later world war germany suffering major defeat fronts colonel von fellow conspirators decided eliminate hitler nazi leadership establish new pro western government save germany total destruction opportunity july military briefing hitler east prussian headquarters known wolf managed security plant bomb conference table bomb exploded fatally wounding officers died soon hitler survived minor injuries shielded bomb blast conference table leg aftermath event hitler badge struck honor injured killed explosion july wound badge present conference later said building time explosion falsely tried claim injured qualify badge january hitler staff relocated berlin finally admitting lost ordered personal staff leave berlin late april instructed burn hitler personal belongings papers garden flew munich hitler private apartment final act aide adjutant destroy hitler personal train later life death war possessing false identification papers introducing arrested american troops remained custody february ultimately classified investigators fellow traveler accused associated war crimes final rank promoted died december hometown munich described memoirs extremely kind curious notes historical purposes worth saying online unseen photographs reveal private life adolf_hitler daily_telegraph retrieved march


edward lieutenant general edward born november american retired military officer highest ranking filipino american officer served united_states military promoted general officer born philippines moved family united_states graduated high school commissioned officer army san state university served infantry units united_states korea germany later liaison officer operations desert shield desert storm deployed operation joint endeavor retired march retiring army worked defense technology company sat boards directors early personal life born november sur natives came united_states early 1950s father fred soldier united_states_army assigned fort georgia left philippines mother father corporal 57th infantry philippine scouts world war surrender american forces japanese elder prisoner war subjected death march elder later served korean war prisoner war korean war young edward rest family moved guam philippines father later retired army major 1960s family moved california later graduated high school father service inspired edward join military graduated san state university later earned master public administration university missouri married born united_states natives couple children keith military career commissioned infantry officer army reserve officers training corps assignment school fort north_carolina followed command anti tank platoon infantry sent korea commanded combat support company 1st battalion infantry 2nd infantry division transferred command company battalion 47th infantry brigade 9th infantry division fort lewis washington attending united_states_army infantry school fort served united_states_army recruiting command albany new_york commanding company 1st battalion 39th infantry regiment 8th infantry division germany following service europe attended united_states_army command general staff college fort university missouri kansas_city serving office deputy chief staff operations plans office deputy chief staff personnel pentagon service pentagon commanded 2nd battalion 41st infantry 2nd armored division fort hood texas attending united_states_army war college returning pentagon operations desert shield desert storm served chief liaison team 1st marine expeditionary force conflict ended contributed secretary defense gulf war report chief army section serving office chief staff received assignment fort colorado commander 1st brigade 4th infantry division following command returned germany serve 1st infantry divisions included deployments bosnia operation joint endeavor returning united_states undertook positions virginia pentagon including service director officer personnel management total army personnel command commanded 7th infantry division fort served director homeland security united_states joint forces command october august laid foundations northern command final assignment command corps fort lewis beginning august leadership fort lewis force provider operation iraqi freedom including deployment 2nd infantry division june commander fort lewis ordered court martial ryan anderson convicted providing aid sentenced september life prison possibility parole removed death penalty possible sentencing option september met philippine president met state visit invited general chief staff armed forces philippines november turned command corps fort lewis lieutenant general james finally retired active duty march post military career retirement worked director training exercises homeland security joint forces support sat numerous boards directors including home cares goodwill industries colorado springs additionally current president board directors mountain post historical center fort vice chairman colorado springs chamber commerce military affairs committee awards decorations received following awards decorations


george_washington french indian war george_washington february december commanded continental_army american revolutionary war president united_states serving central role founding united_states washington called father country devotion civic virtue figure early american politicians washington military experience began french indian war commission major militia british province virginia washington sent ambassador british crown french officials indians far north present day pennsylvania following year led expedition area assist construction fort present day pittsburgh pennsylvania reaching point men accompanied indian allies ambushed french scouting party leader killed exact circumstances death disputed peacetime act aggression seen military steps leading global seven years war french responded attacking fortifications washington erected following ambush forcing surrender released parole washington troops returned virginia participated volunteer aide ill fated expedition general edward distinguished retreat following climactic battle served colonel commander virginia regiment directing provincial defenses french indian raids building regiment best trained provincial militias time led regiment expedition general john forbes successfully drove french fort companies involved friendly fire incident unable commission british_army washington resigned provincial militia married took life virginia plantation owner washington gained valuable military skills war acquiring tactical strategic logistical military experience acquired important political skills dealings british military establishment provincial government military exploits included notable failures military reputation colonies natural selection commander chief continental_army following outbreak american revolutionary war successes military political spheres conflict led election president united_states_of_america background born virginia family near washington locally age early death father eliminated possibility schooling england mother rejected attempts place royal_navy thanks connection marriage half brother lawrence wealthy family washington appointed surveyor county years old washington brother purchased interest ohio company land acquisition settlement company objective settlement virginia frontier areas including ohio country territory north west ohio river investors included virginia royal governor robert appointed washington major provincial militia february ohio country occupied variety indian tribes nominally confederacy based northwestern new_york area subject conflicting claims british french colonies british provinces virginia pennsylvania claimed area traders pennsylvania trading indians early representatives ohio company reached agreement local indian leaders allowing construction fort small settlement confluence rivers present day pittsburgh pennsylvania establishment settlements south ohio river french alarmed developments began construction series fortifications ohio river near present day pennsylvania intending extend line forts deny british traders settlers access territory news reached virginia governor sought advice british government london received orders send messenger french british claims demanding stop construction forts quit territory governor chose major washington years old trek ohio country assess french military situation deliver british demands good choice despite youth familiar frontier survey work good health government ohio company leaders trusted washington frontier warfare experience washington departed end october picked jacob van family friend spoke french heading virginia highlands joined christopher ohio company agent familiar territory assist expedition logistics expedition arrived site proposed fort washington noted site chosen having entire command expedition proceeded large indian settlement short way ohio river indians half king men agreed accompany british expedition meet french washington learned ohio tribes unhappy british plans settling area french plans leaving november arrived fort december commander captain thomas directed washington superior officer stationed fort north dining washington learned french intentions possession ohio washington party reached fort december middle raging french commander captain saint received response demands pointed letter properly addressed superior new france governor letter drafted response clear point summons send retire think obliged obey washington took careful notes military arrangements forts departing december somewhat concerned fact men remained discussions french wrote saw brain practiced win half king interest returned month difficult travel washington account expedition widely distributed emphasize french threat printed sides atlantic giving washington international reputation fort necessity washington returning expedition sent men ohio company commissioned provincial militia william trent begin construction company fort february blessing trent men began construction fort confluence rivers successor led force men indians rumors reaching trent men size april arrived day trent force men led ensign edward ward trent absence agreed leave site objections french began construction fort washington return commissioned lieutenant colonel newly created virginia regiment ordered raise force assist completion trent fort orders act defensive case attempts works settlements persons whatsoever offenders case resistance prisoners kill destroy historian fred anderson describes instructions issued knowledge direction british government invitation start war washington ordered gather supplies paid volunteers way time left frontier april recruited fewer men moving quickly artillery force marched north west picking additional militia companies way april outside winchester virginia washington received word large french force descending reaching creek met trent company addition confirming arrival french brought supportive message support washington decided advance turning road building went slowly end washington company reached place known great meadows county pennsylvania miles south began construction small fort awaited news instructions command fort sent joseph washington entered french territory summons order washington troops summons similar nature washington delivered washington told christopher french party numbering area response washington sent men find evening washington received message informing found camp meet despite fact sent group pursuit french washington went detachment men meet leader warriors boys discussing matter leaders agreed attack washington ambushed party surrounding french camp asleep preparing breakfast warning washington gave order fire escaped volley weapons swiftly overwhelmed french including killed wounded escaped warn french commander fort rest taken prisoner exact circumstances death disputed claimed wounded french cold blood british musket fire having surrendered washington claimed account killed details accounts claimed reading summons british left battlefield return camp great meadows bury french dead washington finished building fort necessity great meadows anticipating french counterattack fort completed june wooden feet high feet diameter surrounded ditch poorly sited surrounded higher hills woods providing cover enemy tried point defects washington dismissed concerns convinced fort withstand attack indians month force grew men virginia independent company british regulars marched south_carolina continued build road arriving brought governor success word washington promoted colonel owing death colonel fall horse road building went washington pressed indian support half king lost confidence british cause followers soon abandoned british camp complete loss indian support prompted washington withdraw work crews fort necessity long afterward force french indians surrounded fort washington soon compelled surrender surrender document washington signed prevented men returning ohio country year included admission assassinated document written french washington read poorly translated french claimed party diplomatic military mission affair international incident military followed global seven years war particularly critical washington actions quarters new_yorker wrote washington acted ambitious acquiring honor london commentators dismissed failure citing lack colonial military experience governor publicly supportive washington criticized privately noting virginia regiment problems originated want proper command assigned command follow expedition actually reached ohio country north_carolina militia colonel james step calculated clip young colonel wings reorganized virginia regiment separate companies ranks captain washington resigned accept defeat british military major general edward arrived north_america force british_army regulars head major effort french ohio country washington wanted serve expedition refused provincial officer junior officers regular army establishment washington said bubble fury british regular officers expressed disdain provincial officers soldiers realization british officers senior regardless rank negotiations governor washington offered unpaid volunteer position aides washington accepted writing principal aide captain robert wish attain small degree knowledge military art position provide good opportunity forming acquaintance find worth pushing fortune military way regulars arrived alexandria washington spent time observing infantry drills internal workings army copied orders absorb style written expedition finally marched april extremely slow progress road washington cut owing heavy artillery long baggage train entourage arrived fort cumberland progress slowed army way river washington fell ill route rejoined column july nearing day lieutenant colonel thomas light infantry crossed miles fort french indian force sent locate sides surprised french indians quickly organized vicious onslaught british men work crews guarding turned fled panic right arriving column regulars included entourage discipline british regulars broke panicked retreat began french indians firing cover surrounding woods lost horses eventually went mortal wound washington aides emerge relatively unscathed despite significantly involved fighting horses shot bullets pierced coat sustained injuries showed fire loaded wagon makeshift litter ordered washington ride remainder army working way great meadows battered remnants force eventually returned fort cumberland washington wrote letters harshly critical event governor reported british officers fought dogs soldiers said acquitted behaved like men died like soldiers reports reputation virginia regiment washington lauded hero work organizing retreat forced acknowledge washington virginia house reorganized colony defenses washington colonel strong regiment command rank defense governor designated fort cumberland regimental headquarters located maryland washington learned commanded captain john led company maryland militia held royal commission brief visit fort cumberland september washington left chose base winchester instead embarked recruiting expeditions fill regiment traveling complained serving refused let draw supplies fort cumberland despite location paid virginia came agree washington wrote massachusetts governor william acting commander chief death requesting royal commissions washington virginia officers respond timely manner authorized washington travel boston renew request person washington spent time visiting major towns way mission ultimately partially successful receiving washington issued decree virginia officers british officers lower rank year command virginia regiment washington shaped unit best provincial military units colonies enforced military discipline hanging convicted offenses like particular problem recruits foreigners virginia lower classes little stake conflict developed detailed guidelines frontier warfare personally responsible organizing supply equipment regiment designed regimental uniforms reader military sorts commentaries recent british training despite work virginia frontier ravaged raiding parties lost men eighteen months washington relationship deteriorated difficulties ongoing complaints pay inadequate compared british regimental standards washington renewed attempts relations army hopes getting commission wrote letters new commander chief earl named virginia frontier forts command year recalled failed expedition fortress later year washington suffered bout winter suggested virginia replaced properly duty colonel regiment forbes expedition failures british military policy led change government london william coming firmly control britain global war effort decided focus large number resources war north_america major expeditions planned command brigadier general john forbes assigned french ohio country major goal capture fort forbes lead army regulars augmented raised pennsylvania southward diplomacy military politics virginia voted raise second regiment men addition washington participate forbes expedition washington overall command forbes apparently aware washington reputation writing good knowing officer country washington army commanders hoped notice sponsorship asked general john favorable terms general forbes forbes ordered virginia troops gather winchester army began cutting new road pennsylvania fort based advice washington forbes spent spring summer negotiating ohio indians support preliminary agreement reached august indians led chief agreed abandon alliance french washington troops given task improving road fort frederick fort cumberland join main army fort late summer point forbes faced choice routes cut new road directly western pennsylvania south pick route washington extensively lobbied forbes british officers use route virginia interests forbes took dim view activity personal provincial financial motivation response letter washington blamed colonel henry advocacy pennsylvania route forbes angrily wrote scheme new road washington writing heavy handed advocacy shame officer concerned forbes ultimately chose pennsylvania route pragmatic military reasons army expected occupy hold fort require reliable supply route pennsylvania route superior purpose expedition pushed west forbes learned ridge cross prove particularly difficult granted washington advocates virginia route correct assessment chosen route problems advance fort early september troops henry command began construction fort near present day township eventually came known fort handling forward activities expedition forbes sick september authorized major james grant lead reconnaissance force investigate strength fort defenses grant took opportunity launch assault fort decisively beaten taken prisoner strong detachment washington involved men regiment acquitted died battle prisoners french fort supply line cut british victory august battle fort unsuccessful attack fort hopes stopping expedition acquiring supplies november response rumors french sent raiding force forbes sent detachment virginia regiment investigate reports french raiding expedition sounds gunfire reached british camp forbes sent second detachment primary sources unclear detachment washington led led lieutenant colonel george light early evening musket smoke detachments enemy friendly fire incident resulted casualties washington claimed knocking sword presented pieces captain thomas officer leave account held washington responsible incident noting opinion shared officers incident appeared leave emotional washington speak write years beneficial result incident prisoners taken forbes learned fort abandoned prompted forbes accelerate expedition advance soon position strength miles fort november heard large explosion direction fort commander marie blown forbes assigned washington command brigades advanced find smoking remains french fort day general forbes weak illness briefly visited site completed return trip philadelphia litter died march washington home virginia end december expedition military activity war end service return washington surprise resignation virginia militia officers praise including critical captain thomas washington lauded duties sincerity certain soul mutual regard officers biographer james characterizes highest tribute statements washington heightened natural desire place implicit confidence lessons learned washington gained commission british_army years young man gained valuable military political leadership skills received significant public exposure colonies abroad closely observed british military tactics gaining keen insight strengths weaknesses proved revolution demonstrated courage difficult situations including disasters developed command presence given size strength stamina bravery battle appeared soldiers natural leader followed question washington gained connections popularity serve later revolution involvement war given circumstances able craft idea leader looked like washington learned organize train drill discipline companies regiments observations readings conversations professional officers learned basics battlefield tactics good understanding problems organization logistics historian ron opinion dealing government officials conflict led advocate advantages strong national government vigorous executive agency results historians tend washington position government later american revolutionary war service dealings gave diplomatic skills necessary negotiate officials local provincial levels developed negative idea value militia unreliable short term compared regulars hand experience limited command men came remote frontier conditions far removed urban situations faced revolution boston new_york philadelphia later life january washington married martha wealthy virginia widow won election virginia house summer years lived life virginia plantation owner politician tensions rose british parliament colonies gradually adopted positions opposition parliament policies american revolutionary war broke april washington arrived second continental congress military uniform chosen commander chief continental_army leading american forces victory chaired constitutional convention drafted united_states_constitution elected president united_states serving terms briefly saw additional military service threatened war france died december widely recognized father country

George Washington in the French and Indian War


clinton clinton born august united_states_army soldier received medal honor actions battle war afghanistan born family strong military background joined army posted times germany south_korea colorado trained tank seen deployments including iraq twice afghanistan october assigned 3rd squadron 61st cavalry regiment 4th brigade combat team 4th infantry division deployed combat outpost eastern afghanistan force insurgents attacked base credited rallying comrades leading counterattack directing close air support providing fire help wounded aid station despite wounded continued fight hour battle left army spend time family later took job oil industry north february received medal honor president barack_obama biography born august lake city california family strong military background grandfather smith world war veteran fought battle normandy father vietnam war veteran later church leader church jesus christ day saints fourth siblings including brothers joined military member church attended seminary years high school ultimately decided missionary church family hoped grew lake city developed avid love hockey married february met junior high school began dating years later couple children gwen friends describe having sense humor intense short military career enlisted united_states_army september underwent basic combat training later advanced individual training fort kentucky trained armor tank assigned tank gunner company 1st battalion armor regiment brigade 1st infantry division posted rose barracks germany posting deployed force assignment gunner assistant tank commander company 2nd battalion armor regiment 2nd infantry division camp south_korea mentor killed iraq volunteered tour supporting operation iraqi freedom parts unit received orders assigned section leader troop squadron 61st cavalry regiment 4th brigade combat team 4th infantry division fort colorado completed long range reconnaissance course advanced leader course air assault training trained cavalry scout saw second deployment iraq unit unit deployed afghanistan operation enduring freedom unit assigned combat outpost district province eastern afghanistan replaced outgoing airborne brigade combat team remote outpost mountains area country located valley surrounded steep mountains course deployment came attack regularly commanders opted close outpost october considering deployment given nickname comrades noted sense humor calm temperament difficult deployment medal honor action october according report published army historian richard fighters launched coordinated attack outpost sides capturing ammunition depot fighters participated attack armed rifle rocket propelled grenades mortars machine guns small arms badly international security assistance force presence army national army army soldiers soldiers abandoned positions later known battle hours fight troops remained intense mortar small arms fire fighters breached compound set fire moved heavy fire area seek reinforcements nearby barracks helping force fight despite targeted sniper led reclaim depot organizing man team counterattack fire fighters machine gun teams engaging second took cover generator struck rocket propelled grenade wounded neck shoulder arms despite wounded directed air support killed estimated took positions provided fire allow wounded american soldiers reach aid station recovered american casualties fire efforts allowed troop fight force superior numbers fight lasted hours american soldiers killed making engagement forces war soldiers decorated silver star medals fight days later forces withdrew post received award president barack_obama award ceremony white_house february fourth living medal honor recipient wars afghanistan iraq following eleventh overall campaigns post military life able contact wife days battle later noted greatly upset hearing story actions interview later soldiers live said felt selfish fair having volunteered deployments away wife children following afghanistan deployment went army career alumni program preparation separate army april left military order spend time family following military service moved north sister lived look job oil industry moved north purchased year old flood damaged home restoring took job industries oil field construction firm initially excavation truck went driver training program later began managing crews trucks currently works field safety specialist industries exploits later written journalist jake book outpost press conference january shortly notified receive medal played actions conflict noting veterans received injuries battle noted suffer post traumatic stress disorder lasting psychological injuries deployment knew deployment february received medal honor ceremony held white_house receiving award speaking press wearing stated felt conflicted receiving medal loss died serving days following award recognized number events inducted pentagon hall heroes february traveled new_york_city february visit cast spider man turn dark broadway hosted recognized governor north jack event north state capitol february march spoke military ball program university north keeps medal honor carried shown handled publications red platoon true story american isbn awards decorations military career received number decorations authorized wear service stripes overseas service bars wartime service combat service identification badge 4th infantry division distinctive unit insignia 61st cavalry regiment military decorations include following awards medal honor citation staff sergeant clinton distinguished acts gallantry risk life duty serving section leader troop squadron 61st cavalry regiment 4th brigade combat team 4th infantry division combat operations armed enemy combat outpost district province afghanistan october morning staff sergeant comrades awakened attack estimated enemy fighters occupying high ground sides complex employing concentrated fire rifles rocket propelled grenades anti aircraft machine guns mortars small arms fire staff sergeant moved uncovered intense enemy fire conduct reconnaissance battlefield seek reinforcements barracks returning action support assistant gunner staff sergeant took enemy machine gun team engaging second generator cover struck rocket propelled grenade inflicting wounds injuries staff sergeant continued fight arrival soldier aid assistant gunner rushed exposed avenue assemble additional soldiers staff sergeant mobilized man team returned fight equipped sniper rifle complete disregard safety staff sergeant continually exposed heavy enemy fire moved battlefield engaging destroying multiple enemy targets including fighters breached combat outpost perimeter successful plan secure reinforce key points battlefield staff sergeant maintained radio communication tactical operations center enemy forces attacked greater barrage rocket propelled grenades rifle rounds staff sergeant identified point attack directed air support destroy enemy fighters receiving reports seriously injured soldiers distant battle position staff sergeant team provided covering fire allow injured soldiers safely reach aid station orders proceed objective team pushed forward meters overwhelming enemy fire recover prevent enemy fighters taking bodies fallen comrades staff sergeant heroic actions day long battle critical suppressing enemy far greater numbers extraordinary efforts gave troop opportunity prepare counterattack allowed troop account personnel secure combat outpost staff sergeant discipline extraordinary heroism duty reflect great credit troop squadron 61st cavalry regiment 4th brigade combat team 4th infantry division united_states_army


fred politician fred august august new_zealand farmer historian politician soldier served second world wars born farmer outbreak world war joined new_zealand expeditionary force served gallipoli campaign received distinguished service order evacuated gallipoli sickness repatriated new_zealand saw war instructor training camps wrote history new_zealand military efforts gallipoli campaign published returned farm soon involved politics joining reform party elected member parliament electorate serving terms appointed legislative council second world war overseas commissioner national patriotic fund board appointed officer order british_empire services role years later appointed companion order michael george died age early life born august children george wife leaving school worked regional newspaper daily times witness married taylor following year took farming near interested military member engineers unit volunteer force later organised territorial force world war following outbreak world war volunteered new_zealand expeditionary force raised service overseas undertook send dispatches previous employer witness work proved short lived censor military duties posted lieutenant new_zealand engineers sailed main body middle_east october promoted captain participated gallipoli campaign early restored order personnel infantry battalion following failed attack turkish positions awarded distinguished service order citation reading gallantry devotion duty connection operations dardanelles mediterranean expeditionary force night operations neighbourhood gallantry resource rallying men leading forward critical moments later campaign served adjutant new_zealand engineers twice mentioned dispatches evacuated england repatriated new_zealand service ceased returned pre war rank major took appointment chief engineer instructor training camps shortly end war wrote brief account new_zealand contributions gallipoli campaign authorities invited prepare substantial work resulted new gallipoli volume series official history new_zealand effort great war published years later republished revised edition worked production volumes series published time interwar period war returned property converted dairy farming remained member years major mounted rifles regiment promoted lieutenant colonel commander prolonged service eventually received colonial auxiliary forces officers decoration awarded king george silver jubilee medal involved industry began participate governance sector set operative dairy company later joined new_zealand farmer union president branch work sector soon involved local politics joined reform party stood election house_of_representatives defeated incumbent electorate john liberal party ease new members house representatives election challenged joseph independent candidate describing liberal labour vote margin represented valid votes election defeated peter stood independent links united party prime minister george forbes appointments legislative council exception james membership years great depression membership reduced lowest members retire new members appointed forbes including appointments effective june age second youngest intake vincent ward younger twice served abolition upper house national party formed merger reform united party publicity major considerations party provisional council established sub committee consisting henry frederick committee reported february recommending establishment dominion publicity committee trustee company purpose publishing party newsletter party publications ltd created editor national news initially financial members receive monthly newsletter aimed counterpart labour standard national news performed important function party formative years venture expensive following election changed quarterly schedule discontinued september outbreak war seven member dominion publicity committee member engaged advertising companies jointly prepare election companies john charles remained joint agents national party second world war second world war began lieutenant colonel appointed overseas commissioner national patriotic fund board based egypt worked provide soldiers second new_zealand expeditionary force special supplies treats services capacity recognised appointment officer order british_empire finished war colonel working europe new_zealand personnel recently released prisoner war camps germany travelled japan inspect infrastructure set force new_zealand contribution british commonwealth occupation force following retired military king birthday honours appointed companion order michael george later life retirement wrote papers history including egyptian pottery cairo second world war collected historical behalf museum granted right retain title honourable having served years member legislative council later years health poor died age survived wife daughter


september march buenos_aires military officer statesman instrumental revolution step argentina independence spain appointed president commanding officer regiment created ill fated british invasions increased city system allowed peoples prominent figure local politics intervention decisive mutiny allow stay power supported establishment government created spain contemporary war desired important role mutiny promoted advised rushed actions regiment crucial action denied help good strategic moment opportunity came revolution successfully ousted appointed president took government local politics soon divided secretary wanted gradual changes promoted radical ones encouraged expansion deputies provinces left minority resigned later rebellion behalf forced remaining supporters resign left presidency defeat upper peru campaign headed lead army north absence exploited political opponents established issued arrest warrant stayed exile charges dropped biography early life born located town near imperial city city spanish peru time annexed years later father native buenos_aires ancestry reached mother native villa imperial left buenos_aires married wealthy family sons family moved buenos_aires attended real san school elite attend required allowed know reading writing years old legitimate son certified met requirements studied philosophy latin grammar graduate overwhelming duties management family ranch unlike rich youths time attend university married maria cousin rich likely arranged marriage sons diego died began political career working buenos_aires assuming administrative roles city capital rio political appointment fourth following year appointed mayor vote year married second wife del appointed position grain manager local governmental body dealt provision wheat city considered supported proposals commerce buenos_aires promoted agriculture education definitive evidence regiment buenos_aires faced british invasions british forces led william invaded city civilian organized army liberate buenos_aires civilians joined despite lack military instruction role battle minor successfully liberated buenos_aires organized resistance likely british counter attack male population city aged drafted army divided battalions origin largest regiment volunteer born buenos_aires regiment composed infantry battalions commanded domingo later pass command juan battalion elect leaders including commander regiment elected british returned marched informed del sacramento capture city british planned use invasion buenos_aires difficulty british operations ordered withdrawal military hardware considered point mobilized troops equipment buenos_aires city renewed attack buenos_aires took place shortly invading army soldiers cannons significantly men cannons british invasion attempt initial victory invading army entered buenos_aires july british_army encountered extremely hostile population prepared resist degree women children slaves voluntarily participated defense headquarters regiment located real san juan stopped column pack henry composed british infantry cannon pack united remaining forces resisted inside santo domingo convent took nearby house fired rooftop groups finally defeated local soldiers finally british general john surrendered ending attack withdraw british forces victory british invasions brought forth great changes politics buenos_aires management conflict increased influence removed appointed replacement unprecedented action local limited chances social promotion system got chance increased influence militias head biggest militia highly influential man politics buenos_aires resented weak support spanish monarchy war effort compared strong received cities americas result loyal new french ancestry considering subject internal disputes house mutiny outbreak war spain capture spanish king ferdinand vii generated political crisis spanish colonies americas project maintain monarchy short lived sought crown regent project supported like juan supported disputed abandoned soon people sought projects francisco established government similar ones established spain ally buenos_aires sought similar thing mutiny took place january accused trying appoint loyal members gathered small demonstration request resignation rebels backed militias occupied plaza resign prevent conflicts aware conspiracy considered plot secure political power peoples marched regiment swiftly plaza thwarted mutiny violence operation forced rebels sheer force numbers stayed office heads mutiny sentenced prison militias took dissolved militias remaining join mutiny obtained military command political power increased months later appointed new patriots proposed self coup power resist new accept transition performed problems supported plans seize power warned taking rushed measures considering ideal time napoleonic forces achieved decisive advantage spanish conflict forced revolutionaries stay quiet denying help regiment usual quote peasants gentlemen time let eat suspected sympathy reluctance action maintained strategy political influenced previous career revolution chance expected came british ships came news war previous january invaded ceased working members took refuge undefeated spanish provinces complete spanish defeat imminent tried conceal information seizing newspapers leaked possession revolutionaries colonel called informed news requesting military support agreed good context proceed gave famous answer gentlemen time waste single hour called requested military support case popular rebellion refused support argued resign appointed exist anymore result gave request juan celebrate open extraordinary meeting noteworthy peoples city discuss situation day armed mob led domingo french occupied plaza demand making open actually allow addressed crowd assured regiment supported claims open held people discussed stay power case removed office type government established stayed silent awaiting turn speak important speakers bishop juan juan juan speak suggested political control delegated formation governing manner form deemed appropriate speech pointed phrase doubt people authority command statement line sovereignty people political concept formulated stating absence rightful governor sovereignty returned peoples power aligned position common position eventually passed votes appointed headed stay power new office appointed oath office received strong popular unrest perceived going contrary result open night resigned convincing rejected resignation ordered military control crowd enforce resolution previous day commanders pointed soldiers mutiny demonstration overran sections resignation finally accepted members new result document hundreds signatures drafted people plaza president rejected fearing suspected promoting revolution personal interest finally accepted request established cities invited send deputies constituent assembly discuss type government invited send deputies join contradictory consequences place months later precise authorship aforementioned document unclear origin composition said memoirs people precise protested appointed president negotiations members reported appointed consent regiments military members military regiment appointed rivalry known common accepted theory considers balance presidency result high influence militias general particular local politics time spent time fort buenos_aires managing government likely left business aware resisted factions loyal old authorities resisted locally royal nearby recognize organized counter revolution early period worked united royalist threats secretary war drafted regulations deal decree ordered punishment attempting generate disputes people royal swore loyalty regency council defiance summoned exiled spain pretext threat lives appointed new members loyal revolution organized campaign upper peru campaign resisted second headed francisco attack counter revolution marching upper peru initial orders capture counter revolutionary leaders send buenos_aires judged counter revolution stronger called proposed enemy leaders shot soon captured instead brought trial new orders carried juan supported measures time passed distanced initial distrust result desire honours privileges actual power struggle initial difficulties solved promoted policy insisted taking radical measures instance discovered october members secretly swore loyalty regency council proposed executing replied government promote rejected use regiment carry executions prevailed plotting members exiled instead executed overall supported star regiment members activists revolution supported merchants old regime saw lesser evil regiment largest counter power sought modify military balance power reforming promotion rules point sons officials automatically granted status cadet promoted arranged promotions earned military merits instead short run measure worked members military got promoted precisely rules thought victory battle strengthened perspective defeated enemies considered animosity rooted aforementioned mutiny took victory celebrated barracks officer drunk king americas drafted honours suppression decree knew suppressed ceremonies privileges president inherited office signed complaint regiment resented considered response trivial issue arrival deputies called months ago generated disputes role supported invitation wrote newspaper deputies create constituent assembly aligned style led requested join told second invitation thought change left minority group unable advance radical measures deputies met december decide close argued buenos_aires right appoint national authorities expect obedience provinces deputies voted incorporation founding members declared incorporation fully legal supported public convenience juan voted incorporation deputies left minority resigned appointed diplomatic mission europe died high seas unclear circumstances historians consider plotted murder captain health new members renamed continued president clear control longer supporters plotted meeting café accused regiment domingo french attempted mutiny discovered defeated unknown involved attempted mutiny dispute finally settled revolution shoreline supporters led shoreline spanish poor people living outskirts buenos_aires plaza regiment demanded resignation appointing juan replacements requested government change political style voting revolution support denied having involvement condemned autobiography began lose political power point decree changed military promotions began bear fruit anymore army professional based militias new military authorities opposed political crisis increased unfavourable military outcomes war defeated campaign upper peru campaign capture increasingly difficult intervention portuguese troops supporting members internal work difficult measures discussed members swift reactions needed war left buenos_aires point headed upper peru command army north thought greater help military leader facing political struggles buenos_aires fall persecution warned fellow members military leaders left buenos_aires government prone fall political crisis left convinced able army north warnings justified shortly departure turned legislative power executive managed arrangement lasted short time abolished regiment mutiny failed received news days arriving informed deposed president hand command army north juan trying avoid returning buenos_aires requested relocated allowed stay later city rejoining wife children press buenos_aires harsh asked governor capture send near buenos_aires order carried deposed revolution october replaced second appointment supreme director fostered hostilities people banished trial residence revenge defended juan accused organizing revolution sentence ruled exiled avoided crossing son seeking political asylum chile juan requested chilean supreme director francisco denied stay chile long huge royalist attack chile end disaster royalist chile cross seek refuge chilean san ruling time allowed settle san_juan settled san_juan new son maintained simple life growing awaited final decision supreme director political crisis time spanish king ferdinand vii returned throne demanded colonies return organization upper peru threat opposed buenos_aires high result new supreme director decide final fate years ordered immediately buenos_aires close case arrived city time sympathetic situation forced resign days later able rule case buenos_aires interim government restored military rank honours rule abolished thomas following supreme director moved countryside live brother kept requesting government restoration rank finally supreme director juan appointed commission discuss case time congress argentine declaration independence couple years commission restored military rank brigadier ordered payment wages receive time demoted second commission ratified ruling payment compensate losses considered token restored prestige appointed help protection frontier natives angered buenos_aires brazilian invasion oriental francisco santa joined forces city fled fearing buenos_aires defeated won battle city destroyed returned retired lived family countryside offered services beginning war brazil despite years old declined offer wrote memoirs died march taken cemetery sons state funeral time juan coup governor executed starting period civil war defeated juan appointed governor restored peace state funeral january legacy president government body created revolution considered ruler argentina spanish presidential system president argentina office created decade official residence president argentina holds bust hall regiment active unit argentine army currently air assault infantry buenos_aires welcoming party visiting foreign dignitaries argentina escort honor guard battalion city government buenos_aires september regiment headquarters building declared national historical monument argentine government occasion country year historiography closely related conflict perspectives complement liberal historians praised leader revolution great historical man treated weak man overwhelmed counter revolutionary perspective acknowledge head regiment popular influential man city revolution reported staunch ruthless subsequently authors accusations depicting british agent man mere theoretical european ideas strong relation south american context depicted instead popular predecessor san juan perspective acknowledge wealthy citizens aligned wealthy aristocratic revolution requests social nature save removal forces descendants prominent descendants mentioned son twice governor province buenos_aires grandson chilean military officer charge occupation great grandson politician diplomat nobel prize peace descendant brother fathered lady mother president


alexander peter august january german aristocratic descent luftwaffe night fighter flying ace world war flying ace fighter ace military aviator credited shooting enemy aircraft aerial combat time death highest scoring night fighter pilot luftwaffe highest end world war aerial victories credit born august copenhagen denmark joined cavalry german spring accepted flight training transferred emerging luftwaffe initially served observer later pilot units fought battle france battle britain operation german invasion soviet_union transferred night fighter force claimed aerial victory night october accumulated aerial victories awarded knight cross iron cross october received knight cross iron cross oak leaves august aerial victories tasked leadership january killed action night january shot enemy aircraft posthumously awarded knight cross iron cross oak leaves swords personal life born august copenhagen denmark member aristocratic family second sons alexander prince diplomat german embassy copenhagen wife von brother older alexander younger descendant german officer russian field marshal prince peter prince prominent commander imperial russian army german campaign battle leipzig attended numerous schools locations included private tutor lake geneva boarding school upper bavaria brief stay switzerland private school received higher education facility december joined hitler youth april january group leader easter fall led group military sports activities head instruction unit june led work unit received pre military sports training different camps unit regional leaders school military career april decided military career joined regiment 17th cavalry regiment transferred luftwaffe summer october accepted flight training school received officer commission promoted second lieutenant june served air bases flew winter served combat observer navigator 54th bomber wing based bomber arm outbreak world war september experienced combat action western battle france later battle britain initially served observer piloted flew high altitude missions royal_air_force raf airfield hill winter returned pilot school took luftwaffe advanced pilot certificate known confirming proficiency blind flying pre night duty returned combat unit march preparation operation german invasion soviet_union unit moved east prussia support army group north flew missions targeting heavily occupied enemy airfields august transferred night fighter force time flown combat missions awarded classes iron cross honor luftwaffe der luftwaffe flying luftwaffe bomber crews gold gold night fighter left january volunteered night fighter force appointed squadron leader 9th squadron 2nd night fighter wing november claimed nocturnal victory bristol kilometers west night serving group shot aircraft nights july victories september victories received knight cross iron cross des october aerial victories award presented general inspected personnel captain moved eastern february appointed group commander 4th squadron 5th night fighter wing december joined crew radio wireless operator time months operation experience board serving 2nd squadron 3rd night fighter wing stationed studied high frequency technology company berlin world war prior rejected previous radio operators missions march april ordered relocate france defense german boat bases stationed order issued convert night fighter flew short flight night june aircraft technical problems considered took usual shot lancaster bombers victories flew preferring group relocated eastern redesignated 1st squadron 100th night fighter wing august stationed east prussia shot seven aircraft mission minutes victories area north east july claimed victories august victories night august victories appointed august recipient knight cross iron cross oak leaves des mit aerial victories august award presented east prussia september achievements received letter commanding general division 4th fighter division lieutenant general friedrich december ordered command 2nd 2nd night fighter wing appointed wing commander january reached aerial victories claimed shooting engined bombers night victories late wireless operator went study leave replaced warrant officer friedrich flew october january night january claimed enemy aircraft shot berlin area victories collided burning lancaster went dive came close went control regained control aircraft radio operator mission friedrich established contact airfield aircraft began wheels flaps went crew decided belly land aircraft discovered meters wing cut lancaster propeller death day january wireless operator board mechanic kurt took combination ground controlled airborne radar night fighter intercept mission flying factory number normally assigned technical officer contact established shot observed explode second lancaster shot observers reported lancaster exploded approximately followed shortly number hit ground fifth final attack engined bomber burning came attack presumably british fighter escorts attack left wing caught fire ordered crew jump safety damaged aircraft day body found near wreckage forest area belonging municipality parachute discovered hit head vertical aircraft trying escape death certificate listed closed fracture skull facial bone cause death posthumously awarded 44th knight cross iron cross oak leaves swords des mit und january flown combat missions bomber pilot observer time death leading night fighter pilot aerial victories claimed eastern western january death announced information bulletin issued headquarters buried january cemetery air base remains interred resting german war cemetery netherlands question shot unanswered friedrich remained convinced shot long range night fighter pilot claimed aerial victory night closer analysis reveals equipped aircraft squadron raf squadron raf participated attacks enemy contact squadron piloted pilot officer flying officer radar operator reported radar contact south minutes pursuit encountered position lights attacked believed damaged cockpit claim victory encounter exactly matches time area killed personality night fighter pilot commented arrival unit thought took leave outside got conversation prince crew things told recently radio operator stand attention plane confined quarters days radio operator lost screen radar contact enemy mission recalled rank ensure best initial contact incoming bombers wait ground best contact established fighter engaged enemy arrived prince announce radio clear felt officer material described type leader unit teacher educator instructor outstanding personality magnificent fighter great operational pilot astonishing sixth sense permitted feel aircraft like personal radar system excellent air air shot mother princess commented disillusioned disappointed contemplated thought shooting hitler sense honor duty went fighting carried ambition overtake major lent score enemy aircraft shot memoirs von reported planned kill hitler ceremony received knight cross iron cross said married children receive personally near awards wound badge black flying luftwaffe bomber pilots gold flying luftwaffe night fighter pilots gold der luftwaffe september combined pilots observation badge iron cross 2nd class june 1st class june german cross gold august knight cross iron cross oak leaves swords knight cross october oak leaves august 44th swords january posthumously major mentioned reference


peter raaf officer peter george bruce february august australian fighter ace world war credited aerial victories born new_south_wales joined royal_australian_air_force raaf january pilot training posted squadron departed action middle_east july flying hurricane fighters north african syria lebanon campaigns credited victories awarded distinguished flying cross posted south west pacific march joined squadron port new_guinea operating ensuing battle port claimed japanese aircraft took command squadron leading battle bay later year killed mission august allied airfield new_guinea subsequently named early career son peter born february new_south_wales leaving school intermediate certificate employed family owned property enlisted 24th light horse regiment militia unit joined royal_australian_air_force raaf air cadet january underwent instruction flying training school point cook victoria graduating october commissioned pilot officer assigned army cooperation squadron operated demons raaf station richmond new_south_wales promoted flying officer april posted middle_east unit july egypt following month combat service middle_east north african campaign late undertook close air support fighter missions credited probably destroying battle december damaging january sortie squadron flew converting hurricanes april claimed heavy fighters single sortie flying hurricane christened commanding officer praised quick kill converting squadron took syria lebanon campaign ace flying new fighter june destroyed french martin bomber southern syria shot type weeks later followed claiming fighters escort duty july promoted flight lieutenant month tally victories middle_east standing awarded distinguished flying cross operational sorties hours flown numerous enemy aircraft destroyed air ground magnificent fighting spirit great skill decoration london gazette october eventually presented father death returned australia november serve south west pacific south west pacific posted squadron raaf station queensland december served staff service flying training school january february march joined squadron new_guinea flight commander squadron leader old john jackson veteran ace squadron middle_east operating squadron quickly engaged defence port crucial early battles new_guinea campaign seeing combat area shot brought flight land time seven mile march nervous australian anti aircraft gunners opened fire damaged planes landed day took surprise raid airfield led jackson attacked destroyed dozen japanese planes ground led provided protective cover shot intercepted australian formation claimed victories battle port pair april according account brought score april commander squadron attached combat experience killed action resulting posted australia unit formally appointed commanding officer squadron based queensland promoted acting squadron leader june returned new_guinea squadron july arriving bay company equipped squadron battle bay unit engaged air defence japanese raiders offensive strikes shipping targets support australian ground forces august weather forced pilot crash land island later picked allied patrol nos squadrons attacked main japanese invasion convoy steamed bay august days later patrolling japanese tanks member squadron flight lieutenant ron diving enemy target seen flip feet crash jungle cause incident fully established ground fire considered likely explanation mud control surfaces causing high speed stall initially posted missing confirmed dead september troops 12th battalion found wreckage plane body inside according official history australian_army world war soldiers admired appreciated work squadrons courage skill airmen squadron leader took command september japanese withdrawn troops bay area generals sydney described efforts nos squadrons decisive factor invading forces credited total aerial victories war plus probable damaged initially buried bay subsequently interred war cemetery port appears panel commemorative area australian war memorial canberra roll honour bay renamed field honour marked westward advance japanese area


edward captain edward december november senior officer british_royal_navy served years american war independence french revolutionary war napoleonic wars service saw action major naval engagements including lieutenant glorious june captain hms royal sovereign battle highly praised actions battles regarded service described admiral man talent sea officer stupid man gained reputation difficult officer serve rapidly alienated fellow officers sailors served ultimately character trait resulted removal service overlooking promotion court inappropriate behaviour junior officers rest life spent requesting admiralty aggressive manner service rewards felt early career born northumberland john local physician wife catherine roberts second couple seven children educated brothers head school newcastle family moved edward seven elder brother john later senior professor natural philosophy andrew university edward went sea young age joining sailing newcastle serving aboard merchant ships years joined royal_navy american revolutionary war initially serving hms moved hms hms monarch shortly lieutenant serving lord howe monarch heavily engaged west indian campaign stages war saw action battle martinique battle battle battle following end war start returned britain reserve officer half pay lieutenant commander married newcastle daughters returned naval service aboard hms bombay castle years moved hms hms vengeance channel_fleet lieutenant hms position french revolutionary war broke year later channel_fleet old commander lord howe ship captained atlantic campaign howe pursued french fleet deep atlantic bringing battle glorious june closely engaged opening stages battle later heavily criticised gained acclaim battle aftermath organising boats boats nearby ships rescue party saved hundreds french sailors sinking recognition operation promoted commander july given command hms mediterranean_fleet moved sloop hms commanded west_indies returning britain aboard hms post captain commanded years operating channel_fleet capturing small french prizes returned reserve ashore peace retirement lasted recalled service flag captain hms dreadnought second rate ship line flew flag vice admiral poor relationship commenting letter brother man talent sea officer little assistance moved hms royal sovereign october second command fleet lord nelson blockading franco spanish fleet brought nelson aware personal conflict men invited dinner partially successful effort reconcile battle october royal sovereign ship division breach enemy lines appear reconciled differences handling ship called captain nelson nelson hms victory minutes royal sovereign engaging enemy noted action refusing remove dress uniform large hat impractical naval engagement marked target enemy royal sovereign main opponent large spanish rate santa engaged minutes start action support time royal sovereign point engaged different enemy ships suffered heavy damage casualties engagement finally gun santa duel lasting hours ships left end engagement royal sovereign taken tow hms transferred flag royal sovereign suffered nearly casualties santa end battle santa later abandoned captors ultimately fell spanish hands royal sovereign reached safety gibraltar soon battle aftermath action left royal sovereign command hms captain john killed french sniper targeted dress uniform worn battle escorted victory carrying nelson body britain carried coffin nelson funeral london presented gold medal sword honour recognition services action continued command retirement remained command english channel north_sea court unacceptable conduct ship junior officers chaplain remained service employed sea summed situation letter sister stating think stupid man hope gone ship believe chance ship career continued request sea service honours admiralty increasingly demands orders number senior naval officers given companion order bath step retired suffolk continued request appointments finally captains naval hospital died buried mary church village grave memorial plaque today awarded honours promoted admiral having lost court martial