malaysian pronunciation chinese pinyin known capital state malaysia capital west_coast division city located northwest coast borneo facing south china sea national park lies west mount gave city located east population including adjacent districts metro area estimated population 15th century area influence empire 19th century british north borneo company set settlement near island destroyed fire freedom fighter named mat july place located opposite island identified suitable place settlements development area started soon place named renamed vice chairman major trading port area connected north borneo railway suffered world war japanese occupation caused local uprisings eventually defeated japanese war unable finance high cost place ceded british crown colony british crown declared new capital north borneo started rebuild town formation malaysia north borneo renamed granted city status known malaysia internationally major tourist destination popular gateway travellers visiting borneo park located kilometres city tourist attractions city major industrial commercial centres east malaysia factors combine fastest growing cities malaysia etymology named mount situated kilometres east northeast city derived meaning revered place dead means ancestors grandfather mountain language source claiming term originated meaning exist meaning spirit dead word fort town city formally malaysian towns cities example informally refer towns cities direct translation english city city law wrote book north borneo lingering eye state museum dutch map borneo dated settlement stand clearly labelled connection seaside tree breathing roots bears original names number theories origins original popular mentioned simply word meaning fire claims actually named nearby river called chinese city known pronunciation simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin suggested historical roughly means tree language locals refer village southern city filled trees literally means transit eye loosely translated pleasing eye given fishermen island referring strip land today downtown today names names streets buildings city examples centre street history 15th century area influence empire late 1800s british north borneo company began establish colonies north borneo founded small settlement area known bay inhabited people settlement island settlement burned destroyed indigenous freedom fighter mat destruction decided relocate settlement easily defended mainland bay bay location found unsuitable july henry walker land commissioner identified acres site opposite island replacement fishing village named original names chosen proximity north borneo railway natural port provided good anchorage feet deep end construction started pier government buildings new administrative centre renamed sir charles vice chairman eventually major trading post north borneo dealing rubber honey wax north borneo railway transport goods harbour uprisings times uncommon worked quell long standing threat piracy region suffered large destruction razed british retreated japanese suffered destruction allies bombed japanese takeover borneo renamed rebellions japanese military administration took place major rebellion occurred october group called consisting local inhabitants japanese forces rebellion leader albert arrested executed later stages war remained town destroyed allied bombings day night months borneo campaign leaving buildings standing war north borneo ended official surrender japanese 37th army lieutenant general september war edge bankruptcy british north borneo company returned administer unable finance huge costs reconstruction gave control north borneo british crown july new colonial government elected rebuild capital north borneo instead destroyed war crown colony administration designed plan later known colonial office reconstruction development plan north borneo rebuild north borneo plan provided rebuilding infrastructure north borneo crown colony north borneo singapore federation malaya formed federation malaysia known remained capital december state legislative assembly chief minister passed bill renaming city upgraded city status february capital city capital city plays important role political economic welfare population entire state seat state government agencies based malaysian federal government agencies departments located state legislative assembly located nearby bay members parliament mps representing parliamentary city city representatives state legislature state assembly districts local authority city definition city administered city hall current mayor took february turn second mayor city taking city obtained city status february prior administered municipal council town hall city defined borders district municipality area square kilometres smallest populous district encompasses south north urban city extends district south city border includes towns combined area district built areas known greater district area square kilometres administered district council end scale refer especially local inhabitants city centre central business district near sea facing island end scale refer metropolitan area includes urban greater surrounding towns south north zone influence geography located west_coast city lies narrow range east south china sea west islands coast city largest island site british settlement approximately people live smaller islands mainly named island island island island island north island located north national park opposite bay flat land premium city centre strict limit height buildings airport away city directly flight path central business district today built land reclaimed sea original local plant life largely disappeared hills city steep building clothed tropical signal hill confines shore area bay remnants extensive forest nearly lost state government stepped declared acres forest protected area forest known city bird sanctuary sanctuary given additional protection state cultural heritage site islands opposite city surrounding waters preserved national park park named honour prime minister malaysia park popular recreational spot tourists local people city centre consisting businesses government includes port area signal hill air asia city street old town harbour outlying residential suburbs include ridge city growing steadily urban extends towns south district border generally isolated rest country located kilometres malaysia kilometres neighbouring state climate area features typical climate constant temperature considerable rain high humidity prevailing climate northeast monsoon southwest monsoon northeast monsoon occurs november march southwest monsoon occurs september successive inter april september october period average temperature ranges april hottest months january average annual rainfall millimetres varies markedly year february march typically months rainfall peaks inter monsoon period october wind speed ranges northeast monsoon significantly lower southwest monsoon official popular describe people simple way describe people city means person people terms limited extent people called ethnicity religion malaysian census report estimated population city population today mixture different races non malaysian citizens form city population people followed chinese indian chinese reside mainly area speaking population smaller communities speaking chinese scattered areas city speakers particular emigrated neighbouring malaysian state district populated mainly mainly reside muslims mainly practice christianity whilst chinese mainly christians numerous roman catholic lutheran anglican evangelical methodist churches city small number found filipino population city wave migrants arrived late 15th century spanish later wave arrived early 1970s driven away philippines political economic earlier migrants malaysian citizens living city proper documentation illegal immigrants filipino migrants coming southern parts philippines city home immigrants indonesia small population indians scattered city recently number living city temporarily permanently increased come china south_korea japan australia taiwan europe marriages uncommon chinese particularly common mixed race offspring chinese referred sino simply languages people mainly speak distinct residents chinese descent chinese widely spoken chinese commonly spoken varieties simplified chinese traditional chinese additionally chinese speak widely varying levels residents able speak english especially younger generation find difficult speak limited vocabulary general lack usage english language number speakers thought dropped significantly especially larger towns cities like effort taken revive usage language considered endangered language culture ethnic economy capital city main industrial commercial centre economy dominated primary sector industry historically secondary sector dominated economy rapid economic development sector economy slowly diminishing recently based industry apparent especially regards boom tourism industry state level national level international commercial banks insurance companies headquarters branches overseas chinese population contributes development immigration late 19th century original role involved slavery work today chinese work number industrial manufacturing companies plants especially industrial districts ongoing construction acre km2 industrial park intended boost city industrial commercial activity making major growth centre east malaysia indonesia malaysia philippines east growth area region hosts numerous national regional international conferences trade year including international expo asia pacific conference united_nations conference trade development australian engineering congress events normally held harbour resort transportation land internal roads linking different parts city generally state roads constructed maintained state public works department major internal roads dual major roads bypass road serves ring road city connecting districts suburbs surrounding city currently freeways city city linked highways towns mainly federal roads maintained national public works department highway routes include pan borneo highway pan borneo highway pan borneo highway public transportation regular bus services operate city aside buses alternative mode public transport main bus city centre terminal road provide bus services different parts city outskirts terminal near provides services destinations south city etc bus terminal north bus terminal district services buses heading destinations north north east city etc available city railway system known north borneo railway established british north borneo company built main purpose transporting interior division port british occupation railway line connects towns railway system operating east malaysia today railway known state railway provides daily services travellers cargo transportation separate company operates leisure tour called north borneo railway mainly tourists train station terminal located air international airport code main hub malaysia secondary hub terminal second busiest airport malaysia international airport main east malaysia addition domestic flights malaysia serviced international flights cities southeast northeast asia perth australia city secondary hub new airline called sea ports port bay container port port mainly handles loose bulk cargo operates naval base royal malaysian navy oil depot addition handling cargo port handled million tonnes freight cargo highest state port port handles highest number containers state foot equivalent units containers handled bay port annual capacity container terminal completed ports managed operated ports ferry service operates passenger ferry terminal located point providing ferry services nearby islands regular scheduled ferry services utilities courts law legal enforcement current court complex located road contains high_court sessions court magistrate court court law located area police contingent headquarters located district headquarters city district police headquarters located district headquarters operate police stations police stations found police found city traffic police headquarters located near street marine police headquarters located near city ferry terminal road central prison located temporary lock ups prison cells found police stations city healthcare public hospitals health clinic child mother health village mobile clinic queen elizabeth general hospital located road named queen elizabeth_ii largest public hospital state beds built important healthcare centre city general hospitals hospital dan women children hospital serves hospital children women hospital mental hospital opened provides psychiatric services entire state medical centre largest private hospital beds addition large private health facilities beds specialist centre beds medical centre beds education government state schools city established prestigious boarding schools formally known located secondary schools francis convent saints saint michael high school number independent private schools city secondary school middle school secondary school classes usually begin end boarding schools classes begins early end children aged attend primary education consists years learning aged pursue studies lower secondary education years completing lower secondary examination students enter upper secondary education streamed science stream arts stream based examination results students choose study boarding schools placed science stream currently boarding schools international schools teaching british curriculum international school teaches levels taken age pre university international school sister school established highly successful international school international school federation british international schools south east asia english medium schools located international school japanese school japanese schools malaysia indonesian school schools children japanese indonesian working living city malaysia founded largest university main campus located acre km2 piece land hill facing south china sea bay kilometres north city centre branch campuses considered beautiful universities malaysia oldest university founded university certified city hall litter free university number private colleges operating city international college college commercial college college established public college located area affluent residents send children overseas pursue secondary education libraries state library headquarters located road largest library state public libraries include city regional library branch library village library libraries operated state library department libraries private libraries found schools colleges universities culture leisure attractions recreation spots cultural number cultural venues state museum situated near queen elizabeth hospital main museum vicinity museum science technology centre art gallery gardens art gallery city centre hosts national regional art exhibitions building home cultural association hosts annual harvest festival beauty contest held concurrently cultural village features cultural shows related culture named legendary warrior historical town field site declaration independence formation malaysia took place declaration announced chief minister september known malaysia day today site hosts annual city day celebration february day celebration august number celebrations functions clock tower near built mary memory son francis george navigation aid ships pre world war buildings survive war war memorial located near reminder died went japanese forces world war situated place killed japanese army double monument located memorial remember chief minister state ministers died plane crash known double tragedy june leisure conservation areas leisure spots areas waterfront waterfront entertainment spot city centre features restaurants nightclub royal turf club hosts weekly horse racing events closed moved race course expansion international airport north borneo railway begins journey station offers scenic tour countryside west_coast division interior division railway journey ends town harbour golf country club near city centre built reclaimed land features golf country club marina hotels located kilometres city centre beaches west_coast derived trees locally called trees grow shoreline beach kilometres length complemented number food drink stalls restaurants night entertainment clubs vicinity lies golf club prince philip botanical park yacht club beach resort beach famous sunset located bay area city bird sanctuary area acres remaining patches forest existed extensively coastal region september state government assist foster better understanding awareness value wetlands botanical park wildlife park kilometres south city zoo set acre km2 piece land arguably largest zoo malaysia green connection outside centre showcases fish coral biodiversity exhibits aquatic ecosystems green connection wildlife icons borneo like sharks rays coral fish snakes park located popular hiking spot locals surrounded forests features man lake food stalls restaurants park state park consisting islands popular spot park minutes boat ride away city ferry terminal river falls near popular places leisure bathing outside city range park occupying stretch range mountain chain city southeast roughly popular spot jungle camping gateway popular conservation areas malaysia park park hour drive away city mount 10th highest peak south east asia highest malaysia located forest reserve near kilometres away range national park boundary smaller species found highland resort nearby spot famous scenery cool climate farm kilometres north city enclosure making largest kind sights tower foundation building minute drive city centre storey glass building supported high steel rods buildings world built method buildings sites city villages found areas island houses built shallow coastal waters homes inhabitants state mosque main mosque city city mosque bay significant landmark city signal hill observatory near offers scenic view city centre islands sea shopping features number shopping include mall times square waterfront mall centre point square plaza asia city city mall plaza mall largest situated area computer shops capita weekly street sunday market features gathering local selling wide range items traditional ethnic cultural pets flowers market known filipino market features vendors selling traditional entertainment cinemas golden screen cinemas commonly known cinemas located mall times square centre point mall mall cinemas located shopping mall located cinemas hold cinema halls harbour marina bowling pool tables new cinema known cinemas capacity located newly mall times square known live market live restaurants restaurant located complex city sports sports complex provides sporting recreational facilities public use football soccer stadium tennis courts gymnasium olympic size swimming pool driving range hockey fields new youth challenge park consisting international standard park indoor climbing centre largest sports complex state hosted numerous national international sporting events stadium home stadium known sports complex sized football stadium golf courses golf country club golf club harbour golf country club golf country club hosted number national sporting events games international tournaments world championships super series masters finals tournament starting point annual international borneo challenge circuits world cup series december year music home asia favourite jazz festivals jazz festival annual event international performers venezuela award winning korean jazz diva sun hong_kong unit malaysia double mood previously performed festival street press magazine free monthly magazine promotes local music magazine launched march supported local government referred minister culture environment tourism publication introduce promote new local musicians serving latest information local entertainment scene radio stations national radio stations office city include era tea international relations countries set including australia china denmark france finland indonesia japan romania slovakia sweden united_kingdom sister cities currently sister cities state government danced danish operation environment development integrated coastal zone management


hindi known state northern india referred literally land gods hindu temples pilgrimage centres found state known natural beauty november 27th state republic india created adjoining northwestern districts borders autonomous region people republic china north zone far western region east indian states south west north west south western corner state divided divisions total districts interim capital largest city region high_court state archaeological evidence support existence humans region prehistoric times region formed kingdoms age ancient india major 2nd century bce practised early form early presence buddhism region medieval period region consolidated kingdom kingdom modern ceded british treaty hill kingdoms traditional rivals proximity different neighbouring ethnic groups nature geography economy culture language traditions created strong bonds regions strengthened movement 1990s natives state generally called specifically depending place origin according census india population making 19th populous state india large portion population consists population follow islam second largest majority religion state followed minority micro minority christianity buddhism hilly sub main regional languages hindi widely spoken language state india sanskrit official languages etymology derived sanskrit words meaning north meaning land altogether simply meaning northern land finds mention early hindu scriptures combined region present day present day ancient term central stretch indian region given party led central government state government started new round state reorganisation chosen allegedly change generated enormous controversy activists separate state saw political act remained popular region official usage august india union cabinet demands state assembly leading members movement state legislation effect passed legislative assembly october union cabinet brought bill winter session parliament bill passed parliament signed law president december january state known history ancient rock paintings rock shelters stone tools hundreds thousands years old provide evidence mountains region inhabited prehistoric times archaeological remains existence early bce practices area british ruled turns region originally settled people people austro physical type later joined tribe arrived northwest period bce time present day served habitat believed sage scripted hindu epic state major 2nd century bce practised early form traded salt western evident western buddhism region folk practices hindu persisted restored nominal hindu rule arrival migrants plains 4th 14th centuries dynasty dominated lands varying extent modern day valley historically significant temples believed built later peoples group known thought settled northern highlands pockets region believed ancestors modern day people medieval period region consolidated kingdom west kingdom east period learning new forms painting school art developed modern day likewise unified rule arrived plains seat kingdom kingdom established smaller region larger portion eastern ceded british treaty india attained independence british kingdom merged state composed divisions commonly refer region political groups including revolutionary party began separate banner hill kingdoms traditional rivals nature geography economy culture language traditions created strong bonds regions bonds formed basis new political identity gained significant momentum demand separate achieved unanimous acceptance local populace national political parties notable incident period firing case night october led public september legislative assembly legislative council passed reorganisation bill began process creating new state years later parliament india passed reorganisation act november 27th state republic india known mass 1990s led formation environmental movement social movements primarily movement forest conservation movement went rallying point future environmental protests movements world created precedent non violent protest stirred existing civil society india began address issues tribal people quarter century later india today mentioned people forest movement people shaped india features mass participation female villagers female male activists played pivotal roles movement main activist started movement participants popular poet geography total area km2 mountainous covered forest northern state covered high peaks glaciers half nineteenth century expanding development indian roads railways physical infrastructure giving rise concerns logging particularly important rivers originate region form holy pilgrimage state hosts tiger jim national park oldest national park indian valley flowers world heritage site located upper near region known variety rarity flowers plants raised sir joseph director royal gardens visited region consequence lord issued indian forest charter reversing previous policy following indian forest act indian forestry solid scientific basis direct consequence founding imperial forest school renamed imperial forest research institute known forest research institute india model forest circles training demonstration scientific measurements lasting positive influence forests ecology region ecosystem provides habitat animals including snow tigers plants rare herbs india largest rivers originate glaciers fed lakes glacial streams lies southern slope range climate vegetation vary greatly elevation glaciers highest elevations subtropical forests lower elevations highest elevations covered ice bare rock metres western alpine meadows temperate western forests grow tree line metres elevation transition temperate western forests lie belt metres elevation metres elevation lie subtropical pine forests upper plains moist deciduous forests drier cover border belt locally known lowland forests cleared agriculture pockets remain june days extremely heavy rain caused devastating floods region resulting people missing presumed dead flooding referred indian media demographics native people generally called specifically depending place origin region according census india population comprising males females population living rural areas state 20th populous state country having population land population density state people square kilometre having growth rate gender ratio females males crude birth rate state total fertility rate state infant mortality rate maternal mortality rate crude death rate population spread regions large portion population clans rulers descendants including members native communities number immigrants according study centre study developing societies highest percentage state india approximately population approximately fifth population belongs scheduled official term lower traditional hindu system scheduled tribes official term natives outside indian social system live near border constitute percent population residents muslims christians remaining population muslims largest minority central spoken regions respectively languages spoken tribal communities west north respectively urban population hindi official language state indian state official language status sanskrit government politics following constitution india state like indian states parliamentary system representative democracy government governor constitutional formal head government appointed year term president india advice union government present governor state paul chief minister holds real executive powers head party coalition garnering majority state elections current chief minister legislative assembly consists elected members special office speaker deputy speaker elected members assembly meetings presided speaker deputy speaker speaker absence council ministers appointed governor advice chief minister reports legislative assembly house members legislative assembly auxiliary authorities govern local level known rural areas municipalities urban areas municipal corporation metro areas state local government offices year term state contributes seats seats indian parliament judiciary consists high_court located system lower courts present chief justice justice joseph politics dominated indian national congress party formation state parties ruled state turns following hung mandate legislative assembly election indian national congress having maximum number seats formed coalition government headed collapsed march following political turmoil inc rebelled party supported opposition party causing government lose majority assembly april high_court president rule questioning legality maintained status quo prior march rebel inc voted government assembly state money appropriation bill seen big blow central government expected matter supreme_court india challenge verdict high_court april supreme_court india stayed order high_court till april reviving president rule later developments matter supreme_court ordered floor test held rebels barred voting opening sealed result floor test supervision supreme_court government revived following victory floor test held legislative assembly sub divisions districts grouped divisions new districts named declared chief minister august officially formed districts divisions follows district governed district commissioner district magistrate districts divided sub divisions governed sub divisional sub divisions comprise blocks containing village councils town municipalities according census populous districts having population million culture diverse created rich literary tradition languages including hindi traditional tales originated form lyrical ballads singers considered classics hindi literature major literary figures region prominent philosopher environmental activist country music singer bobby cash dances region connected life human existence exhibit human emotions dance form males resembles movements folk dance famous dance practised religious festivals known dances include music integral culture popular types folk songs include folk songs played instruments including popular folk song international fame legendary status state serves unofficial state song music medium gods invoked form spirit worship singer sings ballad gods allusions great like describe adventures exploits god invoked popular folk singers region prominent local crafts wood carving appears frequently decorated temples carved designs floral patterns deities motifs doors windows ceilings walls village houses beautifully worked paintings murals homes temples painting form painting flourished region 17th 19th century ram started branch school painting state famous cradle paintings art nature art known nature crafts include gold jewellery mainly produced northern primary food vegetables wheat staple non vegetarian food served distinctive characteristic cuisine use tomatoes milk milk based products coarse grain high content common harsh terrain crop associated locally called particularly interior regions generally oil purpose cooking food simple recipes interesting use seeds popular like sweet popular dishes include chains regional variation called popular major hindu takes place places india organised recently hosted january april hundreds foreigners joined indian pilgrims festival considered largest religious gathering world forms including start festivals musical affairs month major festivals addition like festival place economy state second fastest growing state india gross state domestic product constant prices doubled real grew period contribution service sector capita income higher national average according reserve bank india total foreign direct investment state april october amounted million like india agriculture significant sectors economy rice wheat coarse oil seeds widely grown crops fruits like widely grown important large food processing industry agricultural export zones set state herbs medicinal plants rice wheat production thousand tonnes rice production thousand tonnes main cash crop state production thousand tonnes state consists hills yield high plains remaining hills key industries include tourism prospective development automobile industries service sector mainly includes tourism information technology higher education banking state successfully developed integrated industrial estates city information technology park growth centre industrial sectors public private partnership mode developed state flora fauna great diversity flora fauna recorded forest area km2 constitutes total area state home rare species plants animals protected reserves national parks include jim national park oldest national park india district valley flowers national park national park district world heritage site number plant species valley internationally threatened including recorded national park district national park sanctuary national park district protected areas state found areas abundant hills venture lowland smaller include jungle cat fishing cat leopard cat mammals include kinds deer black bears indian gray yellow goat indian summer elephants seen marsh reptiles found region local saved extinction captive breeding programs subsequently released river freshwater turtles like indian turtle river turtle turtle found rivers butterflies birds region include red helen great common tiger pale avatar avatar jungle great red orange green chestnut winged rare migratory bird seen jim national park oaks conifers hills silk cotton tree foot tree trees region sweet sticky flowers favoured bears region flora decade long study concluded valley flowers endowed species higher plants flowering plants park species medicinal plants including summer season large portion forests caught fires ashes infamous forest fires incident resulted damage forest resources worth death people hundreds wild animals died fires transport roads national highways state highways state road transport corporation reorganised transport corporation major constituent transport system state corporation began work october provides services interstate routes approximately buses transport corporation routes non routes private transport operators operating approximately buses non routes interstate routes neighbouring state travelling locally state like country auto cycle addition remote towns villages hills connected important road junctions bus routes vast network crowded share air transport network state gradually improving grant airport busiest airport state daily flights delhi airport airport located region daily air service delhi return government planning develop airport airport district airport district plans launch service grant airports important tourist destinations like terrain consists hills railway services limited state largely confined plains total length railway tracks rail mode transport popular important railway station division kilometres away terminus broad gauge line north east railways connects delhi notable railway stations railway station northern railways station situated delhi railway lines main northern railways junction railway station connected metre gauge broad gauge lines comes northern railway region indian railways main trunk route connected major indian cities linked delhi daily trains tourism tourist spots location ancient temples forest reserves national parks hill stations mountain peaks draw large number tourists nationally protected monuments state oak grove school state tentative list world heritage sites holy rivers originate long called land gods state hindu thousand years pilgrims visiting region hopes salvation sin sources dedicated respectively fall upper reaches state dedicated dedicated form spiritual pilgrimage circuits meaning gateway god prime hindu destination hosts years millions pilgrims parts india world near known centre india state abundance temples dedicated local deities references found hindu scriptures legends place pilgrimage near pilgrimage site muslims prime pilgrimage centre buddhism felt reconstruction monastery described world highest town famous hill stations india popular hill stations state national parks wildlife cover percent total area state located different altitudes varying metres oldest national park indian sub continent jim national park major tourist attraction park famous varied wildlife project tiger run government india national park famous elephants addition state boasts valley flowers national park national park district world heritage site falls near height metres set backdrop snow clad mountains state destination hiking rock climbing india recent development adventure tourism region proximity ranges place hills mountains suitable climbing skiing camping rock climbing popular site famous mysterious skeletons found lake featured national geographic channel documentary trek passes beautiful meadows education september primary schools students working teachers census literacy rate state literacy males literacy females language instruction schools english hindi mainly government run private government help private aided schools state main school state defined department education government home number universities degree colleges sports high mountains rivers attract tourists adventure interested sports rock climbing skiing ice skating sailing hiking favorite destination adventure sports sky diving jumping recently golf popular favorite destination cricket association governing body cricket activities cricket team football association governing body association football football team represents trophy leagues sports list cricket academy stadium stadium commonly known flats sports stadium sports stadium stadium stadium mini stadium construction mini stadium construction international sports complex construction international cricket stadium construction sports stadium stadium


district district chinese pinyin south city urban district area square kilometres acres approximately inhabitants located coastal terrain temperate monsoon climate common features include moderate temperatures moist air abundant rainfall distinct seasons notable early 20th century german architecture unusual chinese cities mid-19th century european powers forcibly opened china foreign trade germany acquired bay concession china substantially developed fishing village spelled simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin area built germans falls known today district center political business finance activities home investment increasing number fortune companies facilitate urban planning divided number areas including port logistics area tourism area software area high end retail area financial area home international sailing centre simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin world class sailing marina constructed summer olympics hosted olympic paralympic sailing competitions hosted leg round world yacht race year history china defeat war country forcibly opened foreign trade number treaties collectively referred unequal treaties following treaty british established treaty ports following china concession british_empire foreign powers including france united_states portugal germany japan russia won concessions foreigners centered foreign sections cities enjoyed legal stipulated unequal treaties foreign clubs churches established major treaty ports port areas directly leased foreign powers concessions china effectively removing control local governments german presence early 1890s german empire considering occupying bay english german building naval base east asia order expand interior government decided commonly spelled 20th century naval attack began improve existing fortifications town german naval officials observed reported chinese activity formal survey bay november german_navy seized bay pretext ensuring paid murder german catholic missionaries province spring german government signed treaty allowed germans lease area square kilometres acres years construct railway capital province exploit railroad bay concession known existed area square kilometres acres located imperial province alternatively southern coast peninsula northern china administrative center according university called market street old main street chinese village buildings lining homes fishermen farmers having sold property homes fields villages east gaining control area germans outfitted impoverished fishing village wide streets solid housing areas government buildings electrification sewer system safe drinking water supply buildings built european style area highest density schools capita student enrollment china primary secondary schools funded imperial german treasury protestant roman catholic missions area later district world war territory conquered joint anglo japanese task force siege victorious allies world war awarded continuation lease empire japan objections republic china territory reverted chinese control world war subsequent civil war japanese january start second sino japanese war august japan surrendered allied forces officially ending world war forces entered city september restoring government republic china chinese civil war served briefly port united_states_navy june communist led red army entered city province chinese government control soon communists assumed control combination nationalism socialist ideology led western presence china including western culture products western capitalist representative world reached peak ideological korean war final western economic cultural presence took form expulsion foreigners destruction foreign property example district michael cathedral badly damaged cultural revolution lasted time michael cathedral red guards crosses topping twin removed red guards falling deaths removal chinese government subsequently cultural revolution major document presented september fourth eleventh national party congress central committee gave preliminary assessment entire year period communist rule party vice chairman declared cultural revolution severe setback socialist cause chinese government condemnation cultural revolution culminated resolution certain questions history party founding people republic china adopted sixth session eleventh central committee communist_party china stated great great revolutionary theorist true gross mistakes cultural revolution judge activities contributions chinese revolution far mistakes merits primary errors secondary inauguration china open door policy foreign trade investment developed quickly modern port city cities specifically designated state plan granted provincial level authority economic administration elevated china sub provincial cities terrain climate demographics area inhabitants located coastal hilly terrain temperate monsoon climate common features include moderate temperatures moist air abundant rainfall distinct seasons spring temperatures tend rise slowly month later inland summers warm rainy winters dip freezing hottest month july average temperature month december average temperature average rainfall centimetres year economy situated downtown area centre political business finance activities home investment increasing number fortune companies facilitate urban planning divided number areas including port logistics area tourism area software area high end retail area financial area foreign investment foreign direct investment reached million increase end foreign companies facilities invested usd million counted world companies according report global consulting firm ranked according size investment industry sectors foreign investment real estate professional services accounting legal services logistics restaurant tourism half invested real estate culture economic reform paved way rapid development cultural district maintain coastal culture face major urban development holding ocean themed festivals marine day sea love olympics provided unprecedented level cultural exchange city major outdoor cultural facilities include 4th square pictured left music square square square parks square station square theaters include red star cinema chinese cinema theater conference exhibition facilities include people hall stadium municipal conference center tourism quarters tourist resorts located scenic coast beaches attractions pier little isle temple folk museum great passes area surviving german japanese architecture park named famous modern chinese writer critic lived taught 1930s park named style sun famous modern chinese politician little fish hill botanical garden twin neo michael cathedral completed german missionaries villa stone mansion neighborhood built russian governor hall office building german governors municipal government guest house classic german castle signal hill astronomical observatory hill peninsula hill naval museum protestant church bathing beaches known beaches complete facilities sport international sailing centre simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin sailing marina located site shipyard bay constructed summer olympics hosted olympic paralympic sailing competitions wind conditions vary greatly light winds greater knots olympic competitions fog occasional factor sailing centre open public hosted leg round world yacht race international sailing centre hosted international quarter sailing centre hosted sailors teams ocean race health welfare education district beds healthcare personnel hospitals health centers march district red_cross society listed county level red_cross organizations people republic china training base teacher development founded district kind nation


pronunciation populous city pakistan second largest eastern province historically planned cities british india long developed cosmopolitan metropolis city district status local government ordinance total area district km2 area controlled development authority km2 grown major industrial distribution centre central location region connecting roads rails air transportation referred manchester pakistan contributes pakistan annual average annual billion usd comes agriculture surrounding countryside lower river produces cotton wheat vegetables fruits city industrial centre major railway repair yards engineering works mills process sugar flour oil seed major producer cotton silk industrial chemicals clothing pulp paper printing agricultural equipment clarified butter chamber commerce industry monitors industrial activity city reports findings federation pakistan chamber commerce industry provincial government city major dry port international airport home university agriculture government college university agricultural research institute divisional public school national textile university city cricket team wolves based stadium sports teams compete internationally including hockey sporting events history district actually began district prior district british city named honour lieutenant governor sir james services lower valley surname joined old sanskrit language means city late 1970s government pakistan changed city meaning city honour king saudi_arabia financial contributions pakistan early settlements according university city traces origins 18th century land inhabited number forest dwelling tribes believed early settlements belonged ancient districts included area hill colonial rule century economic administrative collapse provinces empire led dissolution internal unrest resulted multiple battles independence deterioration region led formal established government india act direct control british young british colonial officer proposed construction new strategic town area proposal supported sir james city developed historically planned cities british india young designed city centre replicate design union jack roads extending large clock tower design symbolic cross saint andrew cross saint patrick saint george cross roads developed separate markets leading different regions newly constructed town growing agricultural surplus added british rail network construction rail link completed comprising administrative control district new district formed include sub later university agriculture originally agricultural college research institute established town committee upgraded municipal committee grew established agricultural tool grain centre 1930s brought industrial growth market expansion textile industry food processing grain crushing chemicals independence august following decades nationalist struggles india pakistan achieved independence british agreed partition colonial india sovereign states pakistan muslim majority india hindu majority muslims remained india governing authorities believed pakistan led mass migration estimated million people largest mass migration human history india province divided east pakistan west india province divided west pakistan india respective divisions british indian army indian civil service administrative services central treasury railways riots local fighting followed withdrawal british resulting estimated million civilians deaths particularly western region located region province west pakistan populated number migrated india muslim refugees india settled district pakistani authorities changed city honour close relationship king saudi_arabia pakistan city realised increase foreign investment began working abroad ties improved new dominion led monetary funds returning city aided development region city upgraded division districts government public services civic administration city district status local government ordinance governed city district seven departments agriculture community development education finance planning health municipal services works services district coordination officer head city district government responsible supervising administrative units seven departments executive district officer charged overseeing activities respective departments aim city district government politics improving governance basically involved administrative authority establishment different departments respective department heads working platform stated vision mission city district government establish efficient effective city district government committed women men children basic human rights responsive people needs committed poverty reduction capable meeting challenges 21st century actions driven concerns local people municipal administration reorganised city district composed municipal functions include preparation spatial land use plans management development plans exercise control land use land sub division land development public private sectors enforcement municipal laws rules laws provision management water drainage waste allied municipal services union councils role collect maintain statistical information socio economic surveys consolidate ward neighbourhood development needs union wide development proposals council identifies deficiencies delivery services makes recommendations improvement development authority development authority established october development cities act regulate supervise implement development activities jurisdiction area acts policy making body development city charge arranging supervising major developments city responsible administration building regulations management parks gardens water management works water agency control maintain water supply drainage works improve conditions healthcare healthcare services provided citizens public private sector hospitals government run hospitals allied hospital district hospital institute child care cancer hospital institute general hospitals number private hospitals laboratories city notably hospital lab national hospital lab khan lab law enforcement law enforcement carried city police city police command city police officer appointment provincial government office located district courts police formations include district police elite police traffic police highway patrolling investigation branch special branch water supply water agency subsidiary development authority established april development cities act estimates indicate provides city services water services existing production capacity million imperial gallons day million litres day drawn wells located old beds river wells water pumped terminal reservoir located road water normally supplied total hours day majority city japan international cooperation agency provided financial hardware equipment help improve water conditions city geography location lies rolling flat plains northeast metres sea level city proper comprises approximately square kilometres district encompasses square kilometres river flows kilometres river kilometres southeast lower canal provides water cultivated lands making main source irrigation bound north east south west geology district plains foothills central core indian deposits typically thousand feet thick believed formed late pleistocene feature river later identified old young river plains old consist deposits rivers soil consists young fine sand makes weak structure common feet course rivers winding subject frequent rainy season currents strong leads high floods certain areas number days canals encouraged water levels district belt river remained narrow river bed include river channels shifted sand bars low sandy leading river erosion situated centre lower area located rivers mild slope northeast southwest average fall metres kilometre feet mile city situated elevation metres topography marked valleys local depression high ground climate weather city monitored pakistan meteorological department pakistan meteorological department regularly provides forecasts public warnings rainfall information farmers assistance national centre classified hot desert climate climate classification system average annual rainfall approximately millimetres highly seasonal usually highest july august monsoon season record breaking rainfall millimetres recorded september pakistan meteorological department observations meteorological observatory university agriculture indicate overall rainfall levels city increased millimetres course thirty years demographics established planned towns british india covering area square kilometres initially designed accommodate people city population increased increase increase attributed settlement muslim refugees east india population rose increase set record demographic history pakistan registering overall population increase industrial revolution 1960s contributed population growth population census ranked 3rd largest city pakistan population census population development authority estimated number demographic profile shows population count million religion ethnic groups province second largest city prevalent population sizes vary district distinguishing factors include young age structure high age ratio higher percentage males higher proportion married population languages islam common heritage region muslim majority according pakistan census report population data sheet islamic influences evident fundamental values inhabitants including cultural traditions marriage education diet ceremonies policies reflect stark differences rural villages compared urban areas people live tight joint families nuclear family system emerging changing socio economic conditions ancient pakistani culture marriage practices region certain restrictions related ethnicity influences modern societies effected change particularly area system unions remain acceptable marriage practice following ancient culture marriages arranged parents instances husband buy wife parents marriage ceremonies formal include rituals universal nature hold importance studies conducted outlying rural village district acknowledged existence gender bias discrimination females stating gender discrimination new phenomenon exists modern world noted situations worse villages girl born celebrates birth boy born means great joy celebration social change region slow process indications change occurred villages exposed forms media modernized urban communities noted conscious persistent effort educate rural urban societies gender bias equality early march known white ribbon campaign took place press club appealed government adopt new laws protect women family workplace prevalent minorities particularly hindu christian feel sense vulnerability religious beliefs labourers comprise countless christian villages descendants people converted christianity british considered low virtue birth small population wealthy educated christians settled result increasing religious pakistani society laws left pakistan settle countries religious tolerance canada australia languages dominant language spoken population south southwest regions common language national language ethnic groups economy contributes pakistan annual referred manchester pakistan average annual billion usd comes agriculture surrounding countryside lower river produces agricultural cotton rice wheat fruit vegetables city carved niche industrial centre highways railways railway repair yards processing mills engineering works producer industrial goods textile manufacturing including cotton silk super industrial chemicals clothing pulp paper printing agricultural equipment clarified butter chamber commerce industry monitors industrial activity city reports findings federation pakistan chamber commerce industry provincial government city major dry port international airport recognised centre textile industry pakistan contributing half total textile shipments end june textile mills employed nation workforce generated billion textile products exported europe economy driven primarily agriculture textile industry leather products light engineering goods play important role industrial units spread effort boost trade romania turkey honorary enable trade links city clock tower markets remain major trading zone city special known selling certain goods follows named court known mobile phone market rail gold cloth market supplies electrical electronic goods supplies fish meat vegetables fruits supplies interior known contains dry fruit wholesale soap oil shops known medicinal stores cloth blankets cloth feed wholesale shops montgomery known known raw cloth trading received substantial funding government city district government improve infrastructure roads rural areas effort deal energy crisis working private companies develop energy resources solar energy construction dams district german based energy company disclosed plans establish solar panel manufacturing facility second kind asia intentions investing upwards million billion development transportation connected rail road air public transportation includes auto buses railways international airport located outskirts city operates flights middle_east road majority roads control national highway authority pakistan linking cities country national highways passing connected parts country national highways grand trunk road known road original highway links parts pakistan neighbouring countries road main highway ran district completion motorway pakistan access controlled motorway connecting motorway pakistan interchange motorway connecting motorway pakistan access controlled motorway connecting complete join run southern city district government worked national highway authority connect construction scheduled completion new motorway help reduce congestion boost trade reduce travel times transportation costs major textile hub major trade centre section inaugurated march links buses urban transport system service main bus operator city launched operates number large buses smaller toyota connecting majority city public private run bus operator brothers metro consortium government private firm operates fleet air buses rails railway station central railway station city railway line forms railway line rail services operated pakistan railways owned operated ministry railways cargo express services operated pakistan railways runs seven comprise goods train handled respectively private contractors station station special cargo facility operated ministry railways pakistan handling goods city regions country express parcel service runs air traffic international airport approximately kilometres city centre major airport domestic international travel airport includes cargo facility january passenger flights run national flag carrier pakistan international number middle eastern carriers seasonal operations operated air international carrier launch operations city followed air gulf air significant upgrades renovations airport initiated pakistan civil aviation authority including updates aviation technology construction additional areas services travellers expansion air traffic capabilities accommodate wide body aircraft boeing culture populated metropolis pakistan trade gained popularity colonial heritage sites government established arts council division arts council overseen information culture youth affairs department arts council building designed architect ali completed auditorium named late ali khan pakistani musician singer festivals people celebrate variety cultural religious festivals region arts craft music local events religious celebrations city celebrates independence day august year raising pakistan flag clock tower commissioner office compound decorated celebration government private buildings brightly lit similar flag raising ceremonies typically held district arrival spring brings annual festival parks authority city district government organise flower exhibition gardens university agriculture similar event main campus known festival involves flying annual tradition city despite ban provincial government introduced canal involves days festivities including main canal city decorated national lights ending musical concert conclude festival muslim majority city religious include festivals celebrated national holidays celebration prophet muhammad birthday observed city referred number attract number annual number christian churches city easter christmas services place year attire traditional attire clothing men wear white women conservative women wear cover face combinations pakistani western attire worn women worn jeans trousers half sleeve shirts pants men adopted modern western styles casual formal business dress dress pants trousers shirts jeans institute textile fashion design government college university teaches fashion design fine arts program conservative establishments universities follow strict dress codes national textile university notice issued april university professor muhammad intent notice promote positive image maintain good moral religious cultural values faculty staff students dress code certain styles western attire including shorts shirts men women prohibited wearing jeans half shirts women women prohibited wearing heavy expensive jewellery cuisine cuisine cuisine influences realms colonial key ingredients include rice served vegetable non vegetable consisting tomatoes usually accompanied variety south asian consist variety bread served chicken chicken lamb served mint street foods key element cuisine deep fried filled vegetables meat topped types square dedicated old city street foods include deep fried fried round filled vegetables topped vegetable chicken rice typical breakfast comprising deep fried served sweet orange coloured accompanied sweet based drink called winter common breakfast bread served specialty drinks vary depending climate winter variety hot drinks available drink commonly fat milk seeds tea pink coloured tea containing summer drinks sugar cane lemon water orange black pepper common american style fast food franchises cater local community mcdonald fried chicken pizza literacy according report united_nations educational scientific cultural organisation literacy rate pakistan ranked lowest literacy rates world districts included experiencing low literacy rates primarily lack resources family pressure progressed higher literacy rate improvement realised primary school level district ranked placed district 9th literacy districts city held literary festival brought number writers city encourage community follow arts literary groups established union column writers union journalists bring printed media personalities purpose providing training writers city recreation parks open spaces home number parks maintained parks authority oldest park city garden city central park commonly known company monument sir charles james situated parks include canal park family park located west bank branch canal wildlife park botanical natural reserve located renovated city district government grounds near ground renovated park pakistan air_force sabre display sports cricket popular sport regional international cricket matches held stadium named pakistani poet sir muhammad stadium home local team wolves stadium hosted cricket world cup cricket world cup hockey stadium located susan road constructed accommodate spectators april stadium inaugurated governor largest hockey stadium country stadium hosted field hockey matches national international competition beginning reported condition completed life span years ago commissioner advised efforts way maintain stadium october government college university established sports promote university national level sports male female players infrastructure facilities available university players track hockey tennis basketball table tennis cricket pitch education population literacy rate approximately split males females figures higher national average country research educational institutions public private university agriculture government college university national textile university nuclear institute agriculture biology university university engineering technology university agriculture ranked 1st agriculture 4th overall universities pakistan according higher education commission pakistan ranked world universities agriculture forestry education system education system monitored district education officer city district government city government reports findings ministry federal education professional training minister education funding provided government pakistan city district government fees collected schools levels education system city primary elementary high higher secondary level primary level education compulsory number schools assistance children special needs public libraries museums libraries open public library municipal corporation public library funded regulated government pakistan service sector library located university road opposite district courts library housed built colonial building originally named coronation library rule british_empire building came control heritage foundation archives libraries department museum located adjacent library university road heritage museum art gallery open public museum primarily focused regional history collection artwork artefacts photographs municipal library located park road opposite historical grounds library large collection books photo gallery conference centre library underwent renovation costing million forest library forestry research institute specialist libraries opened research library based wildlife research center media television radio pakistan electronic media regulatory authority responsible regulation monitoring electronic media entertainment country pakistan television corporation state owned regulated television broadcasting network government began licensing private broadcasters government pakistan installed radio city september radio pakistan broadcasts government regulated stations radio pakistan radio pakistan radio pakistan channel operational went live channel went live stations standard power telecommunications pakistan authority government owned organisation responsible establishment operation maintenance telecommunications city organisation monitors prevents illegal exchanges city pakistan company limited main provider fixed line mobile services regional headquarters located central house sector ministry information technology range companies offer mobile services city film theatre government pakistan lifted year ban bollywood films allowed indian films played cinemas cinema industry seen introduction new cinemas hotel government college university encourages students university agriculture hold workshops explore themes peace tolerance engaging entertaining way communicate complex issues different audiences


listen city municipality state eastern india district headquarters district situated bay kilometres south state capital known 12th century temple located city original pilgrimage sites known names ancient times locally known lord temple known temple invaded times hindu muslim rulers 4th century till early 19th century objective looting treasures temple including temple british till india attained independence august states exist india today heirs dynasty perform ritual duties temple temple town hindu religious monasteries economy town dependent religious importance temple extent nearly percent festivals including major ones held year temple complex contribute economy related festivals important attended millions people year sand art art important crafts city chosen heritage cities heritage city development scheme government india geography climate geography located east_coast india bay centre district bay southeast west north east kilometres coastal stretch sandy beaches extends lake south city administrative jurisdiction municipality extends area square kilometres spread includes shore line kilometres coastal delta river shores bay ancient days near known land drained tributary river branch river branch underwent course creating altering estuary formed sand hills sand hills cut streams sand hills river flowing south moved away lake shift resulted creation known eastern northern parts respectively length miles east west direction width miles north south direction estuary river shallow depth feet process continues according 15th century writer bed unnamed stream flowed base blue mountain filled 16th century chronicle attributes filling bed river flowed present grand road reign king eastern dynasty climate according climate classification system climate classified tropical climate city moderate tropical climate humidity fairly high year temperature summer touches maximum winter average annual rainfall millimetres average annual temperature weather data given following table history names history holy land lord known popular vernacular ancient names hindu scriptures particular mentioned place called meaning place creator deity world supreme altar near coast prayers offered hymns time got changed shortened came known like close place mentioned deity popular usage known geographical features location layout town form shell blue mountain terminology large sand temple built vogue sanskrit word means town city greek ancient identified general alexander archaeological survey india later spelled chinese traveller present temple built eastern king 11th 12th centuries called early british rulers called ruler ain subsequent muslim historical records known sanskrit drama authored playwright 8th century referred 12th century came known shortened form named deity short form shrine india krishna known ancient period according chronicle priests temple spirited away idols escape wrath king temple historical records finds mention stating temple built king historian book social history india quotes william joseph author book hindu mythology stating buddhism established practice later persecuted order religious practice town deity said relics placed inside idol claimed bones lord krishna king reign buddhist center tribe known outside converted buddhism built temple idol says deposited relics temple construction temple started completed 12th century eastern king iii dedicated kingdom lord known resolved descendants rule divine order sons states exist india today heirs dynasty perform ritual duties temple king formally sweeps road start medieval early modern periods history lines temple invaded times history treasures temple religious reasons invasion occurred 8th century king iii took place followers recognise worship onward invasions city temple muslims descent known foreigners invasions idols taken safe places priests temple destruction temple prevented timely resistance surrender kings region treasures temple repeatedly looted table lists invasions status images temple following invasion site cardinal institutions established visited important divine centre monastery hindu headed local belief lord takes dinner bath spends night 16th century established movements india known hare krishna movement spent years said merged deity 17th century sailors sailing east_coast india temple served landmark located plaza centre city called white sun temple kilometres away east known black iconic representation images temple believed forms derived worship tribal groups belonging northern images replaced regular intervals wood replacement special event carried special group city founded tamil saint 12th century located eastern corner temple reported built 16th century reign kings news february large silver unearthed closed chamber british conquered recognising importance temple life people state initially appointed official look temple affairs later declared temple district modern history resident established spiritual training center named died march body buried garden city site summer residence british built era governors people lord lord krishna synonymous city believe lord looks welfare state partial collapse temple temple june people considered bad replacement fallen stone size weight tonnes tons early morning hours temple gates opened february chosen heritage cities heritage city development scheme indian government chosen heritage cities focus development implemented months end march non permitted enter allowed view temple proceedings roof library located temple small donation demographics according census india urban governed municipal corporation state population rose comprising males females children years age sex ratio average literacy rate city percent percent males percent females economy economy dependent tourism extent percent temple focal point city provides employment people town agricultural production rice vegetables forth region meet large requirements temple settlements town exclusively cater religious requirements temple temple administration employs men perform rituals temple provides economic people according taylor author food travel writing food culture india temple kitchen serving food people according director power ltd kitchen known largest biggest kitchen world city management governance municipality development authority public health engineering organisation water supply board principal organisations responsibility providing civic amenities water supply waste management street lighting infrastructure roads major activity puts maximum pressure organisations annual event held july according municipality million people attend event development activities infrastructure amenities pilgrims apart security gets priority attention civic administration responsibility municipality municipality came existence improvement trust converted municipality india independence municipal act administration city municipality body represented elected representatives representing municipal limits landmarks temple temple major hindu temples built style architecture temple tower rises height metres flag fixed wheel temple built elevated platform square feet area feet adjacent area temple rises height feet road level temple complex covers area acres entry gates cardinal directions temple gate located central walls gates eastern gate called lions gate southern gate known horse gate western gate called tigers gate gate northern gate called elephant gate gates symbolize fundamental principles right conduct knowledge prosperity gates crowned pyramid shaped structures stone pillar called solar pillar metres height faces stone elegant statue sun prayer mode mounted pillar shifted sun temple gates decorated guardian statues form lion horse mounted men tigers elephants order gates pillar wood placing lamps offering lion gate main gate temple guarded guardian deities main gate ascended steps known revered believed possess spiritual animation children roll steps bring spiritual happiness entering temple left large kitchen food prepared conditions huge quantities kitchen called biggest hotel world according legend king directed lord dream build temple directed according historical records temple started time 12th century king eastern dynasty completed descendant 12th century wooden images temple control hindu rulers occupied brought control general following defeat king general emperor temple empire till subsequently control till british entrusted management images temple lord krishna older brother younger sister images wood unfinished form stumps wood form images brothers human arms arms heads large painted non carved faces marked distinctive large circular eyes consider essential sacred bathing spots complete pilgrimage sacred water bodies tank tank tank bay called sanskrit means great ocean considered sacred bathing spots area tanks perennial sources supply rainfall ground water temple temple known garden house stands centre beautiful garden bounded compound walls sides lies distance kilometres northeast temple temples located ends grand avenue according legend wife king originally built temple temple built light grey sandstone typical temple architecture style complex comprises components tower structure containing assembly hall festival hall hall offerings kitchen connected small passage temple set garden known god summer garden retreat garden house entire complex including garden surrounded wall measures feet height feet day images temple remains rest year tourists visit temple paying entry fee foreigners generally prohibited entry main temple allowed inside temple period temple temple administration governing body main temple small band maintain temple given ground burning located shores sea thousands dead bodies brought places cremated belief disappeared years beach beach known beach mouth river kilometres away town fringed trees golden yellow sand sunrise sunset pleasant scenic attractions waves break beach long wide district museum district museum located station road exhibits display different types worn lord local sculptures traditional cloth based painting ancient palm leaf manuscripts local craft work library library located complex opposite lion gate main entrance gate historical centre located library houses ancient palm leaf manuscripts cult history city festivals witnesses festivals year major important car festival held june july attended million people temple normally temple month rainy season usually june july brought main street taken distance kilometres temple huge allowing public holy view festival known meaning journey starts year according hindu calendar day second day bright fortnight june july historically ruling dynasty instituted completion temple festival hindu festivals reported western world early account reported people idols king queen people drew church song music huge wooden structures provided large wheels built year pulled lord feet high square feet takes months construction mounted wheels feet diameter carving face wooden horses drawn faces wooden carvings known roof covered yellow golden coloured cloth feet height fitted wheels carved carvings include images companions order feet height supported wheels roof covered black red colour cloth known carved images carved artists painters cars paint flower designs wheels wood carved horses inverted wall throne pulled origin english word termed sweeping water significant ritual associated ritual king wears outfit sweeps deities king road gold handled water powder custom king considered person kingdom renders service ritual signifies distinction powerful sovereign festival held year day marks commencement construction marks celebration hindu new year year day hindu calendar month june images temple decorated occasion water bath taken meaning golden located near northern gate temple water drawn year sole purpose religious bath deities bath images dressed fashion elephant god later night original images taken procession main temple kept place known performed images deities taken grand procession days cruised boats tank derivative sanskrit word literally means vacation year holy images taken secret altar named known term meaning platform remain fortnight krishna allowed view images instead nearby lord handed form depiction glimpse lord day called local belief gods suffer fever taking elaborate ritual bath treated special servants days perform special rites known rite painting eyes period cooked food offered deities grand events associated lord takes place lunar month followed called extra month place interval years literally meaning new body new body festival witnessed millions people budget event generally exceeds event involves installation new images temple burial old ones temple premises ceremony held july idols installed temple replaced specially carved new images wood million people reported attended festival language means dressing gold known event images temple adorned gold jewelry event observed times year commonly observed january known july october november december event observed placed observed inside temple gem altar occasion gold plates decorated hands feet adorned disc gold right hand silver left hand decorated gold left hand golden right hand celebrated hindu calendar month june july 13th day marks end large wooden images gods taken carried ritual known considered world biggest open air theatre annual event lasting days traditional cultural theatre festival folk drama begins ram ends sanskrit meaning festival includes plays depicting scenes residents entrusted task performing drama street corners daily tradition started present years ago daily includes prayer fire offering sea disciples year comes offer prayers sea transport earlier roads exist people walk travel animal drawn vehicles carriages beaten tracks reach travel craft calcutta foot carriages rule popular road built east india company laid rail track calcutta operational connected rail road air services broad gauge railway line south eastern railways connects calcutta important railway junction route rail distance kilometres calcutta kilometres road network includes links city state capital situated kilometres away connects city marine drive connects nearest airport international airport railway station booking stations indian railways arts crafts sand art sand art special art form created beaches art form attributed das poet lived 14th century sculptures gods famous people created sand amateur artists temporary nature washed away waves art form gained international fame recent years famed sand artists established golden sand art institute open air shores bay provide training students interested art form art art based craft unlike pioneered widely decoration deities sale family members employed prepare articles deities temple festivals religious ceremonies works brightly coloured patterned fabric form carry bags flags dummy horses cows household marketed cloth dark colours red black yellow green blue blue culture cultural activities including annual religious festivals beach festival held november year held december january year cultural programmes include unique sand art display local traditional food festival addition cultural programmes held hours second saturday month district collector conference hall near sea beach police station dance music folk dances event dance cultural heritage dance form originated dances performed attached temple performed dances temple deities practice discontinued dance form modern classical widely popular artists teachers famous dancers education educational institutions institute technology management law college established extension unit regional research institute central council research new delhi established march sanskrit university established july college hospital treatment training based school medicine industrial training institute premier technical institution provide education skilled committed talented technicians established government india people das social worker das social activist dancer das dancer writer activist architect sculptor global fellow university_of_oxford united_kingdom sand artist singer


records british india town special grade municipality district southeast indian state tamil located headquarters district town bounded rivers river north river south according census population strong hindu majority muslim christian populations known temple town prevalence number temples noted festival attracts people globe dates period ruled early medieval later empire rose prominent city 7th 9th centuries served capital medieval town reached prosperity british prominent centre european education hindu culture acquired cultural cambridge south india officially constituted municipality today comprises making second largest municipality district etymology roughly translated english pot corner believed allusion mythical pot hindu god contained seed living beings earth believed displaced dissolution universe ultimately came rest spot town stands event commemorated festival held years known time ancient times records british india known tamil identified age settlement history region inhabited early age 3rd century 3rd century present day believed site ancient town early king held court scholars identify site prison king imprisoned early king identified town served capital early 7th century town served capital according plates site battle king king king confederacy came rule medieval ruled 9th century 12th century town capital empire 9th century following decline kingdom conquered following demise kingdom 14th century conquered empire emperor visited town believed famous tank festival ruled fell foreign considerable impact demographics culture region empire fell mass influx poets musicians cultural artists kingdom according chronicles hindu monastic institution temporarily transferred following invasion ali sultan invaded east_coast south india bore invasion produce fell sharply economy collapsed recover till beginning 19th century eventually ceded british east india company ruler reached prosperity late 19th early 20th century emerged important center hindu religion european education madras presidency opening suez_canal fostered trade contacts united_kingdom railway lines completed linking ports madras district court established functioned continued grow india independence fell nearby town terms population administrative importance population growth rate began fall sharply decline attributed limited land area lack industrial potential festival major people killed injured july devastating fire accident krishna school killed children geography located situated south east north east lies region called old delta comprises north western district naturally waters tributaries centuries contrast new delta comprising southern brought irrigation construction grand canal canal average elevation metres town bounded rivers river north river south delta usually hot climate surrounding towns generally healthy moderate cooler capital tamil maximum temperature summer minimum temperature receives annual rainfall year region covered mainly black soil rice cultivation crops grown include town surrounded extensive fields methods irrigation considerably improved following opening dam fauna delta limited cattle goats town situated western flank ridge runs river basin separating depression depression ridge projects eastwards penetrating depression forms hard layer cretaceous rock underneath soil temples known temples monasteries hindu temples municipal limits apart thousand temples town giving town temple town city temples temple considered oldest sect god shrine town believed constructed 7th century temple separate shrine sun god believed place temple temple temple temples town revered tamil canonical work 7th 8th century temples dedicated god temple largest sect god shrine present present structure temple having storey high tower constructed kings 15th century temples revered saint poets temple scenes hindu epic depicted walls constructed minister successive rulers added commercial corridor temple older temple modern times called commercial street town pilgrims parts india holy dip years festival tank estimated million pilgrims participated festival event constructed sixteen stone steps tank number moved reign remained 1960s nearby towns branch temple temple temple located vicinity temple built 12th century world heritage site temple temple referred great living temples demographics according census population sex ratio females males national average total age males females average literacy city compared national average total workers comprising main agricultural labourers house hold industries workers marginal workers marginal marginal agricultural labourers marginal workers household industries marginal workers strong hindu majority muslim christian populations numerically dominant tamil speaking groups numerous affluent parts tamil large populations muslims dominant significant minority muslims majority muslims involved commerce maritime trade large population protestant christians largely efforts german missionary christian friedrich catholics mainly affiliated roman catholic diocese separated population predominantly tamil speaking commonly central tamil dialect significant minorities speaking telugu mother tongue residential areas town total area commercial enterprises industrial units respectively non urban portion town constitutes total area total population religious census muslims christians following religions following religion indicate religious preference municipal administration politics municipality officially constituted year initially municipality exercised jurisdiction area km2 affairs administered town level committee municipal committee later constituted special grade municipality currently exercises authority area km2 town total area km2 comprises second biggest municipality district functions municipality departments general engineering revenue public health town planning computer wing departments control municipal commissioner supreme executive head legislative powers body members legislative body headed elected assisted deputy legislative assembly constituency member tamil legislative assembly years despite hub militant communism 1950s voted indian national congress state elections held won elections seat alternatively held india anna indian national congress barring years seat held constituency till constituency disbanded assembly segments constituency included constituency remained law order maintained sub division tamil police headed deputy superintendent police police stations town women police station special units like prohibition enforcement district crime social justice human rights district crime records special branch operate district level police division headed superintendent police economy important products include brass bronze copper vessels silk cotton sugar pottery considered chief commercial centre region population engaged economic activity rice production important activity industrial units rice flour mills leading producer leaves nuts leaves produced ranked best world terms quality agencies leading manufacturer factory main administrative offices company based famous metal works tamil development corporation established nearby town order train bronze important silk weaving centre families employed directly indirectly silk weaving silk regarded finest largely manufacture silk important salt manufacturing area british rule town degree coffee blend coffee prepared pure milk recent times emerged important manufacturer apart tourism major source income town hindu temples colonial era buildings recognised tourism potential 12th century temple town near world heritage site frequented art collectors interested cloth banks axis bank bank state bank india bank bank indian bank indian overseas bank bank india union bank india corporation bank bank bank ing bank bank national bank syndicate bank bank branches city union bank founded bank limited headquartered town transport utility services connected road rail rest india nearest international airport nearest located away town roads municipal roads making state highways running municipal roads paved regular government private bus services state road transport corporation operates daily services march roadways corporation established government tamil headquarters order improve transportation facilities districts central tamil organisation acquired fleets buses earlier owned private operators service limited july organization renamed tamil state transport corporation presently forms division tamil state transport corporation corporation runs unit tyre unit connected rail important towns cities south india express connects regular express trains connect major cities state like passenger trains connect traditional modes transportation recorded late 1950s rich farmers travelled exception rare long journeys undertook buses motor vehicles efficient local bus transportation system bus stand located south east situated opposite anna bus stand long distance buses stationed occasional ferries transport people goods till beginning 20th century students government arts college cross ferries order attend college construction bridge practice transporting men goods greatly diminished electricity supply regulated distributed circle tamil electricity board water supply provided municipality river river distribution managed head works located supplying gal water town solid waste collected town everyday domestic commercial collected dumped yards outside town segregated produce organic municipality partial underground drainage municipality implementing underground drainage uncovered areas major system disposal tanks public drains carry sewage town let raw sea low lying area comes river delta area limited india state owned internet services provider apart provides internet service government hospitals private hospitals numerous medical shops catering healthcare need town education established teaches sanskrit scriptures specialised fields rig emerged important centre education late 19th century known cambridge south india government arts college established oldest educational institutions madras presidency began provincial school october upgraded government college affiliated madras university early college william archer porter cambridge instrumental elevation government college credited framing college acclaimed educational policy fledged college high school courses ceased taught notable faculty members included indian mathematician studied dropped indian politician administrator notable alumni government arts college women started total strength pupils february college offers undergraduate courses post graduate course affiliated university colleges include colleges arts sciences college arts sciences government college fine arts engineering college arts science technology research academy satellite campus based disciplines engineering arts sciences taught native high school founded town higher secondary school students oldest schools madras presidency present total government private schools


alternatively indonesian swamp hamlet tourist attraction central java located green belt lake opened august owned operated groups farmers fishermen funded credit union intended improve welfare local farmers fishermen promoting understanding lake ecology facilities include floating restaurant crafts centre fishing area docks holidays site visited thousand people challenged lack permission build green belt possible ecological impact location facilities located kilometer south ring road central java road travel opened complex hamlet complex situated middle rice borders lake site visitors view mount mount south seat restaurant small lake serves indonesian dishes locally produced ingredients including dishes included customers sit main hall floating floated plastic drums reach main hall customers use covered boats guided rope center complex open stage craft center special events included weddings contests training sessions variety activities facilities available including flying fox jet fishing boats leave dock travel canal lake history concept emerged group farmers fishermen area received billion grant credit union decided establish tourist attraction sell later extended include arts crafts raising awareness protecting ecosystem preparation visit campaign began planning complex include tourism water activities trained locals wait staff security guards groups farmers fishermen total individuals banded association august group tasked managing new tourist site opened despite construction incomplete shortly august site quickly popular receiving average visitors day holidays common location events held local government late august cost entry person additional parking fee car activities extra day holiday attraction received visitors controversy developed late water resource management agency declared site illegally located green belt lake university stated area clear buildings water flow ecosystem disturbed found permits establishment obtained regent supportive stating complex improved welfare farmers fishermen stopped feuds use rice area early incentive close buildings regency police posted site manager stated tried gain permission buildings provincial regional governments stated unable issue police banner later disappeared reports site management taken management stated fallen hard wind head regency council stated confirmed management applied permission called government process request