available trade short acting class commonly treatment panic disorder anxiety disorders anxiety disorder social anxiety disorder sad 12th prescribed medicine usa like specific sites possesses hypnotic skeletal muscle properties available oral administration compressed tablet extended release capsule peak benefits achieved anxiety disorder week tolerance effects controversial authoritative sources reporting development tolerance reporting development tolerance tolerance develop hypnotic effects couple days withdrawal symptoms rebound symptoms occur treatment abruptly following weeks longer steady gradual dose reduction released approved use panic disorder years original marketing blockbuster drug presently prescribed potential taking medical reasons controversial expert reviews stating risk low similar drugs stating substantial risk dependence patients non medical users properties high affinity binding high having short elimination half life rapid onset action increase potential compared large number relatively individuals increase dose initiative engage drug seeking behavior classified schedule controlled substance drug enforcement administration medical uses treat anxiety disorders panic disorders label advises physician periodically drug indicated treatment anxiety disorder treatment anxiety conditions depression prescribed instances sleep panic disorder effective relief moderate severe anxiety panic attacks line treatment development selective longer recommended australia treatment panic disorder concerns tolerance dependence abuse evidence supporting effectiveness treating panic disorder limited weeks people panic disorder treated open basis months apparent loss benefit united_states approved treatment panic disorder recommended world federation societies biological treatment resistant cases panic disorder history tolerance dependence anxiety disorders anxiety associated depression responsive demonstrations effectiveness systematic clinical study limited months duration anxiety disorder research properties poor quality assessed short term effects depression study long term high users developed depression approved management anxiety disorders condition corresponding closely statistical manual diagnosis anxiety disorder short term relief symptoms anxiety recommended short term treatment weeks severe acute anxiety combination induced pregnancy cross enter breast milk use pregnancy potential risks use pregnancy believed associated women pregnant planning pregnant avoid starting use cause drug dependence withdrawal symptoms post period respiratory problems long term users abrupt concerns high risk causing extreme withdrawal symptoms severe rebound effect underlying mental health disorder spontaneous result abrupt withdrawal including including known human milk chronic administration nursing mothers reported cause lose weight require special precaution children drug dependent individuals particular care taken pregnant elderly patients patients substance abuse history particularly alcohol dependence patients psychiatric disorders use avoided carefully monitored medical professionals individuals following conditions acute narrow angle severe liver deficiencies severe sleep pre existing respiratory depression marked respiratory weakness including unstable acute chronic drugs class borderline personality disorder induce like central nervous system including alcohol larger normal cause significant deterioration combined increased feelings especially drug effects people driving conducting activities require exercise caution know affects elderly individuals cautious use possibility increased effects especially loss coordination adverse effects reactions unlikely occur common effect treatment initiated possible effects include rare rare dry mouth speech rare retention skin respiratory depression amnesia concentration problems fatigue impaired coordination reactions unusual following reactions shown occur aggression rage hostility food drug interactions primarily combining delay clearance result excessive accumulation result adverse effect profile reported increased average respectively administration day combined oral pills reduce clearance lead increased levels accumulation alcohol important common interactions alcohol taken combination effect cause severe changes alcohol taken worse interaction combination result development semi state conversely lower levels reduce effect mild severe depending drug taken drugs taken cause excess central nervous system depression include following symptoms low blood pressure standing quickly shallow breathing impaired motor functions impaired balance muscle weakness impaired absent coma death possible combined substances dependence withdrawal like specific sites gamma acid bound sites referred effect long term use causes changes making sensitive powerful effects withdrawal rebound symptoms commonly occur gradual reduction minimize withdrawal effects withdrawal effects evidence true dependence withdrawal symptoms anxiety simply indicate drug having expected anti anxiety effect absence drug returned levels symptoms severe frequent patient experiencing rebound effect removal drug occur patient actually drug dependent cause development physical dependence tolerance withdrawal symptoms rapid dose reduction cessation therapy long term treatment higher chance withdrawal reactions drug administered higher recommended patient stops taking medication altogether slowly allowing body adjust lower colleagues reported dose characteristic long term users majority long term users change initial pattern regular use control required common symptoms include weakness patients taking larger day increased potential dependence medication cause withdrawal symptoms abrupt withdrawal rapid tapering cases known cause medication cause reaction called rebound anxiety similar produced antagonists reported medical literature abrupt study patients taken long acting extended periods stopped abruptly patients taking drug months demonstrated withdrawal symptoms taking months short acting taken weeks patients experienced significant rebound anxiety degree older self tapering found produce fewer withdrawal reactions factors determine risk psychological dependence physical dependence severity withdrawal symptoms experienced dose reduction include length use frequency personality characteristics individual previous use cross dependent cross tolerant drugs alcohol hypnotic drugs current use cross dependent drugs use short acting high method detection body blood confirm diagnosis poisoning hospitalized patients provide evidence impaired driving arrest assist death investigation blood concentrations usually range persons receiving drug arrested impaired driving victims acute commercial class drugs cross react confirmation usually performed techniques classed high ring attached structure produce variety adverse effects binding site function prolific brain chemical system effects nervous system possible different combinations different properties different locations brain importantly different activities regard particular causes marked suppression axis properties similar include muscle hypnotic administration demonstrated significant increase concentrations absorption following oral administration readily absorbed peak concentrations occur hours following administration levels dose given dose range peak levels observed specific mean elimination half life found hours range hours healthy adults distribution bound percent human protein accounts majority binding elimination extensively humans primarily major derived found humans half lives similar concentrations relative unchanged concentration reported relative binding experiments animals models induced seizure respectively low concentrations lesser suggest unlikely contribute effects essentially inactive primarily forms regular release available strength extended release available strength oral solutions available oral solutions active ingredient inactive ingredients corn dioxide addition tablet contains yellow tablet contains yellow yellow society culture patent covered patent filed october granted october expired september recreational use risk dependence patients non medical users properties high affinity binding high short acting having rapid onset action increase abuse potential physical dependence withdrawal syndrome adds addictive nature small individuals usually history alcohol substance use disorders despite prescribed users use medication long term use generally need dose based findings treatment episode data set annual compilation patient characteristics substance abuse treatment facilities united_states primary including limited type drug use increased suggesting rise new_york_times reported centers disease control prevention year reported percent increase emergency room visits nationwide related use commonly prescribed united_states large scale nationwide government study conducted found frequently widespread availability accounting drug related visits hospital emergency urgent care facilities men women equally likely use report found common recreational use followed number emergency room visits increased significant increases detected worthwhile consider number legitimate uses increasing time dawn estimates adjusted increases account dawn estimates account increases population use particularly high risk dependence people history alcoholism drug abuse dependence people borderline personality disorder recreational drugs uses include aids relieve panic distress bad trip reactions psychedelic drugs drug induced stages use cocaine allowing sleep conjunction drugs heroin attempt enhance psychological effect drugs conjunction users citing effect achieved consuming combination drug use powerful drugs poses highest level health concerns significant increase likelihood experiencing result fatal respiratory depression study claimed higher potential relative data suggests resemble respect injection reported causing dangerous damage blood vessels closure blood vessels decay muscle tissue practically water crushed water fully dissolve reports low weight dose case found distributed paper manner similar popular culture slang terms vary place place common terms shortened versions trade bars references drug classes remark shape color commonly straight tablet oval shaped bars bars poles blues blue availability available english speaking countries following brand names december anticipation schedule australia australia announced brand australia longer commercially viable legal status varied legal status depending jurisdiction united_states drug assigned schedule controlled substances act drug enforcement administration drug classification system class drugs schedule note available obtained private ireland schedule medicine sweden drug list schedule drugs act netherlands list substance law available australia originally schedule medication february schedule medication rigorous requirements internationally included united_nations convention substances schedule


inn marketed laboratories clinical use volatile introduction joseph late 1970s synthesized late 1940s william miller team following involvement manhattan_project extremely potent highly agent characterized slow induction onset action emergence offset dissipation times non relatively mild effects heart rhythm disturbances significant respiratory powerful pain relieving properties utilized self administration devices manner patient controlled pumps today produces acid combined effects compounds responsible major organs human body determined damaging dose dependent response damaging liver drug abandoned general late 1970s manufacturer discontinued distribution united_states canada september food drug administration determined withdrawn market safety concerns australia emergency initial management pain acute trauma brief painful procedures changing wound transport injured people medical use extensively 1970s australia emergency short term use australian new_zealand defence forces australian ambulance services drug currently available manufacturer medical developments international melbourne victoria australia self administered children adults hand held device known green whistle non alternative easier use listed benefits scheme initial management pain acute trauma brief painful procedures changing wound patient transport portable single use device single brown glass provided doctor kits allows conscious stable patients including children age years self administer drug supervision device referred green whistle appearance dose lasts approximately minutes pain relief begins continues minutes stopping maximum recommended dose day week risk cumulative dose related consecutive days despite potential significant adverse effects reported literature lower producing risk organ especially patients pre existing kidney disease diabetes recommended administered conjunction potentially inducing drugs chemical physical properties molecular formula condensed structural formula international union pure applied chemistry form clear liquid strong fixed rubber minimum concentration mac extremely potent agent powerful agent concentrations low high boiling point atmosphere low pressure ambient temperature atmospheric pressure difficult conventional carbon bond component compounds strongest chemical bond organic chemistry furthermore bond stronger added carbon given stable organic compounds high oil gas partition gives slow induction emergence characteristics undesirable routine application clinical setting initial studies performed revealed healthy individuals induction general oxygen difficult impossible available time found necessary administer agent ensure smooth rapid induction found induction necessary administer minutes sufficient accumulate ensure adequate level despite high flow minute oxygen delivering maximum possible concentration similar induction slow somewhat unpredictable emergence characteristics initial clinical studies average time emergence minutes administration average duration minutes longest time emergence minutes minutes administration effects effects system resemble dogs causes moderate decrease blood pressure minimal changes heart rate significant effect blood sugar bleeding increased arterial partial pressure carbon dioxide induce decreases blood pressure increases blood humans produces decrease blood pressure cardiac output stroke volume total peripheral resistance depressed effect circulation heart cardiac respiratory effects unlike significant respiratory dogs causes dose dependent decrease respiratory rate marked decrease respiratory minute volume relatively mild decrease tidal volume humans causes dose dependent decrease tidal volume minute volume respiratory rate relatively constant net effect changes profound respiratory depression evidenced retention decrease arterial referred respiratory subjects allowed breathe spontaneously length time effects series consecutive patients observed patients administration findings compared favorably reported study patients observed cases administration effects high blood undesirable property makes useful certain situations compartment body long time providing period substantial data indicate effective agent supervised self administration children adults briefly lead deep patient controlled painful procedures children hospital emergency departments administration produces significantly better slightly robert laboratories developed allowed self administration air consisted cylinder inches long inch diameter inch long device contained rolled felt held simplicity characteristics easy patients self administer drug rapidly achieve level conscious maintained adjusted necessary period time lasting minutes hours supply typically hours time user partly sense pain device necessary found safe effective simple administer patients patients bone joint dressing changes burn patients labor allows labor progress normally apparent adverse effect scores vital signs remain normal patients injured patients widely utilized early 1970s manner patient controlled pumps today withdrawn use continues australia new_zealand form trials emergency medicine going report appeared colleagues reported cases acute found calcium crystals autopsy colleagues reported series patients developed unusual type operations general particular type characterized resistant high output failure production large volumes poorly concentrated negative fluid balance pronounced weight loss elevation blood nitrogen patients relatively fixed specific gravity similar furthermore high output persisted challenge test fluid cases resolved weeks evidence persisted year cases years case reports severe fatal related use began appear reports prompted subject agent intense systematic scrutiny study published cousins demonstrated compared produces dose dependent function authors showed occurred following minimum concentration mac hours mac hours overt present patients greater mac hours landmark study provided model assessment volatile decades begins immediately onset exposure kidney liver observed produced significant products process include acid acid dose dependent resulting effect predictable serves model related newer drugs compared entirely clear toxic simply measure toxic concurrent formation unique compared volatile combination toxic explain formation associated formation volatile furthermore concurrent use reported result fatal based findings studies early 1970s current consensus use restricted healthy individuals situations offers specific advantages mac hours partly warnings development newer volatile clinical use general humans largely abandoned mid-1970s national institute safety health maintains recommended exposure limit waste gas minutes history currently volatile agents compounds aside synthesis thomas charles discovery roy field chemistry attracted great deal attention extreme produced use chemical reactions development chemistry spin manhattan_project produced industrial scale time need arose need separate present natural concentration capable sustaining nuclear chain reaction nuclear thermal members committee especially francis simon nicholas proposed use separation according graham law rate proportional molecular mass extensive search determined suitable compound process needed production significant obstacles overcome handling plant built necessary develop non chemical compounds surfaces come contact gas highly substance william miller professor organic chemistry university opted develop materials expertise chemistry miller team developed novel non application charles synthesized agent introduced clinical practice miller team continued develop chemistry end world war synthesized


marketed line medication treatment type diabetes particularly true people overweight treatment syndrome limited evidence suggests prevent disease cancer complications diabetes associated weight gain taken mouth generally tolerated common effects include abdominal pain low risk developing low blood sugar high blood acid levels concern prescribed liver disease kidney problems clear harm pregnancy generally preferred diabetes class works decreasing production liver increasing sensitivity body tissues discovered study humans began 1950s french physician jean introduced medication france united_states world health organization list essential important needed basic healthcare system believed widely medication diabetes taken mouth available generic medication wholesale price developed world usd month united_states costs usd month medical uses primarily type diabetes increasingly syndrome type diabetes american diabetes association recommends line agent treat type diabetes prospective diabetes study large clinical trial performed 90s provided evidence reduced rate adverse outcomes overweight patients type diabetes relative agents accumulated evidence recent trials reduced confidence disease prevention treatment guidelines major professional associations including european association study diabetes european society american diabetes association describe evidence benefits according american college physicians low quality evidence indicates associated lower mortality associated fewer events combination therapy evidence comparisons described unclear review found tentative evidence people treated fewer non fatal events treated higher risk severe low blood sugar events data available determine relative risk death death heart disease little effect body weight compared type diabetes causes weight loss compared associated weight gain limited evidence associated weight loss absence diabetes lower risk occurred intense exercise deficit agents lower blood reduces levels treatment people risk type diabetes decrease chances developing disease intensive physical exercise work significantly better purpose large study known diabetes prevention program participants divided groups given lifestyle intervention followed average years intensive program lifestyle modifications included lesson training exercise followed monthly sessions goals decrease body weight engage physical activity minutes week diabetes lower lifestyle group lower individuals given younger people higher body mass index lifestyle modification effective older individuals lower body mass index better preventing diabetes years diabetes lower group participants given diet exercise lower given unclear slowed progression diabetes true effect decrease diabetes treated population simply lowering action treatment effect syndrome therapy proposed treatment syndrome condition frequently associated resistance late 1980s use reported small study conducted university venezuela united_kingdom national institute health clinical excellence recommended women body mass index given failed produce results clinical studies completed returned negative results better combination better reflecting subsequent reviews noted large controlled trials general shown promise suggested early small studies international clinical practice guidelines recommend line treatment recommend women guidelines suggest medication option emphasize lifestyle modification independently drug treatment opinion systematic review head head comparative trials found equally effective positive studies women responding population negative studies drug naive previous treatment second line drug treatment fails review recommended line treatment option positive effects resistance associated collaboration review found improves pregnancy rates particularly combined associated increase number live diabetes studies controlled trials found effective safe management diabetes nonetheless concerns raised studies published far evidence long term safety mother child lacking safe pregnancy women diabetes treated weight gain pregnancy treated babies born women treated found develop fat making prone resistance later life people condition increase risk including kidney disorders defined levels lung disease liver disease according information heart failure particular unstable acute heart failure increases risk systematic review controlled trials suggested drug associated harm people heart failure reduce mortality comparison agents recommended temporarily discontinued study involving contrast agents contrast enhanced scan contrast temporarily kidney function indirectly leading causing retention body resumed days assuming kidney function normal adverse effects common adverse effect including increased commonly associated effects drugs potential effect use rare vast majority cases related conditions impaired liver kidney function reported decrease blood levels people clinical significance unknown clinical trial subjects given immediate release opposed reported versus reported versus upset cause severe discomfort common administered dose increased discomfort avoided beginning low dose grams day increasing dose gradually long term use associated increased levels higher prolonged use associated increased researchers recommend screening prevention strategies potential adverse effect use associated measured person years different background general population systematic review concluded data exists definitively link fatal cases withdrawn market increased risk rate patient years safer risk developing increased medication long prescribed known high risk groups liver diminished administration substrate process healthy individuals slight excess simply cleared mechanisms including function significant elevation blood levels occurs impaired kidney function present clearance reduced leading increased levels possibly causing buildup acid decreases liver condition use common causes increased acid production include alcoholism stores heart failure respiratory disease inadequate tissues common cause impaired acid kidney disease suggested increase production large potentially contribute risk factors clinical significance unknown risk associated commonly attributed decreased increased production review intentional accidental reported poison control centers year period found adverse events rare elderly appeared greater risk similar study cases reported texas poison control centers found likely involve medical outcomes adults survival following intentional reported medical literature fatalities following rare occur healthy children unlikely cause significant toxic effects common symptoms following appear include abdominal pain rarely major potentially life threatening accumulation treatment generally supportive specific known initially treated high recommended increase respond administration require management standard continuous treatments recommended severe addition low molecular weight lack protein binding techniques benefit removing blood preventing blood monitor therapy confirm diagnosis poisoning assist death investigation blood concentrations usually range persons receiving drug victims acute fatalities techniques commonly employed interactions antagonist causes increase concentration reducing clearance cleared body tubular particularly positively charged form compete transport mechanism small double blind study found increase concentrations similar mechanism theoretically produce effect mechanism action decreases primarily suppressing production liver average person type diabetes times normal rate treatment reduces molecular mechanism understood mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activation activated protein induced elevation camp reduced activation protein mitochondrial effect gut proposed potential mechanisms activation plays important role signaling body energy balance required effect production liver cells activation required increase expression small partner turn expression genes frequently research recent studies mouse models genes upstream knocked raised doubts role effect abolished loss function mechanism increase activity remains uncertain increases concentration opposed change total total increased cellular proposed explain induced increase camp activation action reducing levels profound shift community profile mice contribute mode action possibly effect like addition suppressing production increases sensitivity peripheral inducing factor decreases induced suppression acid decreases absorption tract increased peripheral use improved binding increase binding treatment demonstrated patients probably plays role increased administration increases activity skeletal muscle known cause deployment membrane resulting independent actions appear occur independent mechanisms actions heart muscle occur independent changes activity dependent mechanisms chemistry usual synthesis originally described reproduced multiple later patents publications involves pot reaction heat according procedure described patent manufacturing encyclopedia amounts dissolved cooling concentrated solution hydrogen slowly added mixture begins cooling yield oral conditions absorbed slowly peak concentrations reached hours taking immediate release hours extended release protein binding reflected high apparent volume distribution single dose steady state usually reached days acid constant values exists largely species values values stronger base basic drugs blood furthermore species slight shown low value log distribution form water chemical parameters indicate low consequently rapid passive cell membranes unlikely lesser larger chain derivatives presently investigated aim producing better oral absorption cleared body tubular unchanged blood hours single oral dose average elimination half life hours distributed appears accumulate red blood cells longer elimination half life hours reported ranging hours single dose study people history class drugs includes withdrawn agents originates french goat plant folk medicine centuries described scientific literature james bell product synthesis discovered sugar lowering action rabbits noting potent studied result completely forgotten took soon overshadowed interest picked end 1940s unlike similar compounds found decrease blood pressure heart rate animals year prominent philippine physician named treat noted drug lowered blood sugar minimum limit toxic believed actions series articles polish unable confirm effects including lowered blood sugar observe effects humans training french jean studied properties isolated related structure seen brief use developed later working paris prompted report blood sugar lowering activity try humans treatment diabetes coined drug published results available british national sold small subsidiary called broad interest withdrawal 1970s approved canada receive approval food drug administration type diabetes produced license bristol branded marketed united_states beginning march generic available countries believed widely prescribed drug world ban inn sold trade names including liquid sold india equivalent tablet form immediate release available available generic drugs slow release extended release introduced available strengths mainly counteract common effects increase compliance reducing burden difference effectiveness exists preparations combination drugs type diabetes prescribed combination drugs available fixed dose combinations purpose reducing burden making administration simpler convenient combination released sold popular combination current stock seized removed market showed factory produced violating good manufacturing practices drug pair continued prescribed separately available end year generic received tentative approval expected reach market early following analysis linked drug use increased risk heart attack concerns raised safety containing september european agency recommended drug suspended european market benefits longer risks withdrawn market india new_zealand south_africa november november allow sold people required informed risks associated use drug purchased mail order specified november lifted earlier restrictions reviewing results record clinical trial year open label control trial failed elevated risk heart attack death associated drug combination remains available europe reduce blood levels combined include combination combination europe canada combined sold trade act increasing release beta cells available combined generic available popular similar combination sold combination met research studied non alcoholic liver disease premature uses experimental tentative evidence supports anti cancer effect study potential effect slowing aging worm cricket effect healthy humans unknown


sold trade names medication cancer derived chemical species note context mean treat closely related natural product like works dna adverse effect life threatening heart damage commonly treatment wide range including blood like types solid soft tissue combination component common adverse effects include hair loss seen treated drug compromised ability body bone produce new blood cells seen roughly people treated drug oral skin reactions including hand foot syndrome swelling vein drug delivered common reactions include reactions including radiation recall heart damage liver people experience red days treatment world health organization list essential important medication needed basic health system drug administered salt containers covered aluminum bag brown wax paper prevent light affecting available forms form form forms given injection medical use commonly treat breast stomach lung soft tissue multiple commonly containing primarily treatment cancer disease progressed platinum based treatment aids related coated form sold developed treat aids related cancer causes grow skin lining mouth nose throat organs coating results concentration skin results effect called commonly known hand foot syndrome following administration form small amounts drug leak hands feet result skin uncomfortable painful clinical testing weeks half people developed hand foot syndrome rate effect limits dose given compared plain treatment limiting potential desirable form approved treatment cancer multiple non called approved europe canada treatment breast cancer combination approved use united_states unlike coating result rate hand foot syndrome effect allow treatment improving safety loss like limits theory limiting safely concurrent combination drugs black box warning concurrent combination combination concurrent combination clinical studies found superior response combination resulted unacceptable including risk cardiac failure heart failure published phase study results shown safely concurrently cardiac risk measured reduction function achieving superior response finding basis ongoing phase iii trial approval adverse effects dangerous effect leading heart failure rate dependent cumulative dose dose dose dose exceeds ways believed cause including stress genes proteins drug common potentially fatal acute life threatening infection additionally patients develop characterized skin hand feet swelling pain effects red color earned nickname red devil red death cause containing exception drugs including cause groups drugs cause problem include heavy metals iron version immediate precursor found natural product produced number different wild type strains contrast known non wild type species subspecies initially found capable producing widely strain created strain producing quantities subsequently group showed special environmental conditions introduction genetic modifications strains produce group genes required production fully characterized group discovered isolated characterized gene converts produced found multiple steps including steps leading significant clear producing strains necessary genes produce important group went develop methods improve yield process commercial production introducing introducing useful products example like triple expressed able double yield academic interest time cost million current production efficient production techniques brought price million produced semi process involves multiple steps yield poor produced ideal bacteria complete synthesis effectively mechanism action dna progression dna complex broken dna chain preventing dna double stopping process increase type free radical production contributing portion base pairs dna sugar sits minor groove flanking base pairs immediately adjacent site evidenced crystal structures induce active result dna damage response exposed cells history 1950s italian research company research laboratories began organized effort find compounds soil based soil sample isolated area surrounding del 13th century castle new strain produced red pigment isolated effective mice group french researchers discovered compound time teams named compound combining pre roman tribe occupied area italy compound isolated french word describing color clinical trials began 1960s drug successful treating acute recognized produce fatal cardiac researchers soon discovered changes biological activity minor changes structure compound strain new strain produced different red colored named new compound adriatic_sea later changed conform established naming convention showed better activity mouse especially solid showed higher index remained thought prototype compounds subsequent research led known evaluated screening program national cancer institute granted orphan drug designation society culture names known sold number different brand names including shortage february available limited supply available limited supply production problems party manufacturer johnson johnson subsidiary products receiving supply contract manufacturer ben venue laboratories located ohio unit germany problems began ben venue temporarily shut manufacturing facility quality control issues february address shortage food drug administration allowed temporary contains active ingredient sun global sun subsidiary india sun industries ltd agency said intends continue allowing sun generic meet demand approved generic version sun february available research combination therapy experiments shown promise treating positive mice recent animal research created able eliminate infection mice current treatment therapy art leaves pockets hiv host potentially provide treatment art expressing cells activity evidence activity similar compounds compound similar structure found unique parasite company later identified set compounds parasite growth


useful treatment number includes middle ear bone joint pelvic disease throat pneumonia useful cases resistant addition malaria available mouth cream applied skin common effects include pain site injection increases risk recommended instead reason appears generally safe pregnancy class works blocking bacteria making protein world health organization list essential important medication needed basic health system available generic medication expensive wholesale cost developing world usd united_states costs usd dose medical uses primarily treat caused susceptible bacteria including dental respiratory tract skin soft tissue people treat caused susceptible bacteria treat bone joint particularly caused application treat mild moderate use conjunction effective treatment use product combination effective drug adverse effects frequent susceptible bacteria effective involving following types organisms positive including members genera negative rod shaped bacteria including resistance increasing negative bacteria resistant notable exception line drug choice following represents data medically significant test testing positive culture sensitivity common perform test determine resistant bacteria present test necessary bacteria express known tests indicate bacteria susceptible displays resistance perform test plate bacteria question drug placed apart plate area disk shaped test result positive possibility resistant therapy failure area disk circular test result negative malaria given effective tolerated treating malaria combination particularly useful children treatment choice pregnant women infected areas resistance common appears effective slow action patient derived amazon reported resistant evidenced drug testing useful skin soft tissue caused resistant strains susceptible united_states spreading west_coast eastwards increasingly resistant cases suspected toxic shock syndrome combination agent rationale approach presumed causes death bacteria breakdown cell wall powerful synthesis studies shown reduces production induce changes surface structure bacteria sensitive immune system attack proven decrease risk premature women diagnosed early pregnancy risk women combination standard treatment severe treat combination effective treating mild moderate pneumonia adverse effects common adverse drug reactions associated therapy found people include abdominal pain high oral cause metallic taste common adverse drug reactions associated found people include burning skin solution foam solution additional effects include contact common effects found people applications include fungal infection potentially lethal condition commonly associated occurs inherently resistant results production causes range adverse effects toxic rarely patients therapy associated blood raised liver levels cardiac arrest interactions effects blocking drugs similarity mechanism action means given simultaneously causes possible cross resistance chemistry derivative natural produced obtained group synthesis announced fifth conference agents market mechanism action primarily effect protein synthesis similar way binding 50s large structures complexes including solved ray team max working groups structural molecular biology published journal nature society culture cost available generic medication expensive wholesale cost developing world usd united_states costs usd dose wholesale price system covers cost citizens canada mexico similar cost average price cents available forms preparations oral administration include containing oral containing oral suspension favored administration children extremely foul taste odor formulated cream treatment available administration form foam delivery system containing solution containing primarily treatment combination treatments containing marketed single product sold form trade names united_states combination sold india containing combination manufactured olive health care sold egypt cream containing produced sold indicated available generic drug oral use exception available generic usa marketed generic trade names including bangladesh combination products include combination use uses similar human indications include treatment skin preferred drug dogs cats rarely causes symptoms cats young cats


contracted strong central nervous system mainly recreational drug commonly treatment attention deficit disorder discovered exists properly refers specific chemical free base equal mixture pure forms rarely prescribed concerns involving human potential recreational use concerns availability safer substitute drugs comparable treatment stronger addictive sold owing potential recreational use highest prevalence illegal use occurs parts asia oceania united_states classified schedule controlled substances available counter drug use nasal united_states internationally production distribution sale possession restricted banned countries placement schedule united_nations convention substances treaty potent drug produced relative ease synthesis limited availability chemical low elevate mood increase concentration energy individuals reduce appetite promote initial weight loss higher induce breakdown skeletal muscle bleeding brain chronic high dose use unpredictable rapid mood swings prominent violent behavior ability increase energy reported lift mood increase sexual desire extent users able engage sexual activity continuously days known high addiction liability use dependence liability withdrawal symptoms occur use heavy recreational use lead post acute withdrawal syndrome persist months typical withdrawal period unlike humans damaging damage includes adverse changes brain structure function reductions grey matter volume brain regions adverse changes markers integrity belongs substituted substituted chemical classes related compounds share common chemical formula uses medical united_states trade approved treating adults children indicates limited weighed inherent risks associated use prescribed label united_states form available counter nasal products associated high potential drug regulated controlled substances act listed schedule united_states united_states required include boxed warning potential recreational addiction liability recreational effects potent qualities according national geographic documentary entire known party play based use members san_francisco sub culture consists entirely gay male users typically meet internet dating sites sex strong effects effect repeated use sexual encounters occur continuously days end crash following use manner severe marked excessive daytime use noted men having sex men new_york_city individuals history substance use disorder heart disease severe anxiety individuals currently experiencing severe states individuals experienced reactions past currently taking advises individuals disorder depression elevated blood pressure liver kidney problems phenomenon problems syndrome monitor symptoms taking potential growth advises monitoring height weight growing children treatment effects physical physical effects include loss appetite pupils skin excessive increased movement dry mouth teeth grinding leading mouth irregular usually accelerated slowed rapid breathing high blood pressure low blood pressure high body temperature blurred vision dry skin pale appearance present mother pass breast milk born mothers found significantly smaller age adjusted head birth weight measurements exposure associated withdrawal symptoms fast breathing withdrawal syndrome relatively mild requires medical intervention approximately cases mouth users lose teeth quickly regardless route administration condition informally known mouth condition generally severe users drug swallow smoke according american dental association mouth probably caused combination drug induced psychological changes resulting dry mouth extended periods poor oral frequent consumption high teeth grinding dry mouth common effect known contribute severe tooth decay researchers suggest associated tooth decay users choices suggest effect exaggerated stylized create stereotype current users deter new ones sexually transmitted infection use found related higher frequencies unprotected sexual intercourse hiv positive unknown casual partners association pronounced hiv positive participants findings suggest use engagement unprotected anal intercourse occurring risk behaviors behaviors potentially risk hiv transmission gay bisexual men use allows users sexes engage prolonged sexual activity cause men cause mouth increasing risk sexually transmitted infection sexual transmission hiv transmitted users share common needle level needle sharing users similar drug injection users psychological psychological effects include changes concentration decreased sense fatigue self confidence repetitive obsessive behaviors use high association anxiety depression suicide violent behaviors response unlike directly lab animals humans associated increased risk disease effect partially arises excessive production oxygen species addition review evidence humans indicated high dose use demonstrated high core temperature increase effects result induced chronic use lead post acute withdrawal months typical withdrawal period magnetic resonance imaging studies human users found evidence adverse changes brain structure function particular appears cause white matter marked reduced gray matter recreational users evidence suggests adverse changes level integrity synthesis occur recreational users reduction levels elevated levels shown activate human generate camp result activation localized appears function mechanism membrane bound levels function cells result wide range symptoms moderate induce symptoms abnormal heart rhythm confusion difficult painful high low blood pressure high body temperature active responsive muscle severe rapid breathing inability pass extremely large produce symptoms storm substantially reduced output shock bleeding brain collapse dangerously high body temperature kidney failure rapid muscle breakdown syndrome form likely result mild brain damage death poisoning typically preceded coma abuse result present variety symptoms paranoia collaboration review treatment abuse induced states users fail recover completely review asserts based trial effectively resolve symptoms acute develop occasionally treatment effect emergency treatment states acute largely managed treating symptoms treatments initially include administration activated evidence cases determine forced acid increase recommended increase risk cause presents risk severe typically treated blood pressure drops gradually following sufficient providing environment useful treating beta properties penetration useful treating mixed beta especially useful treatment induced phenomenon unopposed alpha reported use beta treatment addiction current models addiction chronic drug use involve alterations gene expression certain parts brain particularly nucleus important factors produce alterations camp response element binding protein nuclear factor plays crucial role development drug type medium nucleus necessary sufficient adaptations arise addiction sufficiently addictive state increasingly severe increases expression implicated alcohol cocaine substituted factor directly oppose induction nucleus oppose increases expression sufficiently nucleus viral completely block alterations seen chronic drug abuse alterations plays important role regulating responses natural rewards food sex exercise natural rewards addictive drugs induce expression cause brain produce chronic acquisition rewards result similar state addiction significant factor involved addiction induced sex sexual behaviors result excessive sexual activity use sex drug induced sexual behaviors associated syndrome occurs patients taking drugs treatment management therapy currently effective clinical treatment general effective addiction addiction largely increased activation localized nucleus blocking calcium channel dependence withdrawal tolerance expected develop regular use tolerance develops rapidly dependent users withdrawal symptoms positively level drug tolerance depression withdrawal lasts longer severe cocaine withdrawal according current review drug dependence withdrawal recreational users chronic heavy users abruptly use report time limited withdrawal syndrome occurs hours dose withdrawal symptoms chronic high dose users frequent occurring cases persist weeks marked crash phase occurring week withdrawal symptoms include anxiety drug mood fatigue increased appetite increased movement decreased movement lack motivation vivid dreams interactions liver elimination half life increase concurrent use dangerous decrease effects increase effects counteract effects effects system respectively content affects absorption specifically acidic substances reduce absorption increase substances opposite effect absorption pump reduce acid known interact identified potent trace associated protein coupled brain systems activation increases camp production completely transport direction net protein protein signaling ultimately resulting reverse function known increase calcium effect associated dependent protein signaling turn producing shown reduce firing rate direct activation protein coupled potassium channels activation appears negatively membrane expression function type addition membrane resulting outflow fluid known present high affinity greater affinity known liver stronger approximately times stronger peripheral effects longer half life longer perceived effects high induce similar shorter effect following oral administration absorbed peak concentrations achieved approximately hours post absorbed following following administration high readily blood brain barrier faster resistant degradation peaks hours rate heavily influenced taken dose following half life variable range hours containing known humans primary minor include acid acid active main pathways involve beta known pathways include detection biological measured blood drug test sports employment poisoning techniques employed help distinguish source drug determine obtained legally separation needed assess possible contribution active ingredients nasal positive test result mask presence drugs physical chemical properties compound room temperature free base clear liquid odor characteristic leaves contrast salt bitter taste melting point room temperature occurs white crystals white powder salt freely water degradation exposure time concentration destruction soils shown persistent largely degraded days study exposure light synthesis prepared starting methods reaction equivalent reacted produce plus carbon dioxide products reaction formed intermediate reduced second equivalent intermediate acidic conditions yield final product alternatively reacted reducing conditions yield history society culture discovered synthesized germany romanian chemist named shortly synthesized japanese chemist decades later synthesized reduction red world war sold tablet form brand produced berlin based company extensively branches german armed forces luftwaffe pilots particular performance enhancing effects induce extended colloquially known german troops pills patented 1950s indicated treatment brands products psychological effects popular diet america 1950s 1960s eventually addictive properties drug known governments began strictly regulate production distribution example early 1970s united_states schedule controlled substance controlled substances act currently sold trade danish company january trademark sold italian company present legal status production distribution sale possession restricted illegal jurisdictions placed schedule united_nations convention substances treaty reference notes


marketed trade names medication procedural trouble sleeping severe works making people decreasing anxiety causing loss ability create new memories useful treatment given mouth injection muscle sprayed nose cheek given begins working typically minutes injected muscle minutes begin working effects hours effects include decrease efforts breathe low blood pressure tolerance effects withdrawal syndrome occur following long term use effects increased activity occur especially children older people evidence risk pregnancy evidence harm single dose class works came use model list essential important needed basic health system available generic medication expensive wholesale cost developing world usd countries controlled substance medical uses acute management long term use management recommended significant risk tolerance renders ineffective significant effect benefit children administered home school emergency control acute including status effective status improved following treatments advantages water having rapid onset action causing vehicle occurs include high degree breakthrough short half life people treated treatment failure people status tolerance develops rapidly effect dose need increased times maintain effects prolonged use tolerance occur elimination half life increase days evidence easier administer effective administered emergency control procedural indicated procedural combination induction general people critical care units superior memory procedures quicker recovery time better memory effect popular intensive care unit short elimination half life combined water continuous long term preferred long duration action advantages shorter time earlier intensive care units additional caution required longer hours risks possibility development withdrawal syndrome complications avoided increased risk depression complications receiving mechanical ventilation preferred owing better safety profile indication problems sleeping oral indicated short term treatment moderately severe people reacted adequately persistent trouble falling asleep extremely short duration people trouble staying asleep night long acting purposes cause deterioration sleep quality combination drug indicated acute management associated aggressive control behaviour end life care final stages end life care routinely low injection help anxiety hours days life higher weeks life considered line agent continuous deep therapy necessary alleviate suffering responsive treatments need rare require special precaution elderly pregnancy children drug dependent individuals psychiatric disorders additional caution required critically ill patients accumulation active occur kidney liver slow elimination leading prolonged enhanced effects include acute narrow angle shock head injury relative effects effects elderly listed people experiencing amnesia effect generally unaware memory impaired previously known effect long term use associated long lasting memory partial recovery months stopping unclear recovery occurs longer periods cause depression excitement occasionally occurs including children elderly individuals history alcohol abuse individuals history aggressive behavior anger increased risk effects reactions particularly associated administration nighttime administration effects impaired functions persist day ability users drive safely increase risk falls hip respiratory depression reduction systematic resistance increase heart rate occur given quickly occur syndrome result high characterised delayed hours days lead increase length support needed susceptible individuals known cause reaction documented occurs individual experience anxiety movements aggressive violent behavior crying similar effects related altered state consciousness produced drug behavior recalled patient amnesia producing properties drug extreme situations administered reverse effects purpose known cause respiratory depression healthy humans cause respiratory depression central nervous system effect administered combination likely respiratory depression arrest low administered normal use acting drugs mainly increase possibility respiratory depression respiratory arrest death potential drug interactions involving observed users subsequently required receive antagonist efforts directed monitoring drug interactions preventing injuries administration expected substantial impact safe use drug pregnancy taken pregnancy cause risk including withdrawal syndrome possible symptoms including spells impaired responses cold stress symptoms withdrawal syndrome reported persist hours months birth withdrawal symptoms include upset mothers recommended elderly additional caution required elderly sensitive effects slowly prone adverse effects including amnesia especially amnesia effects confusion falls tolerance dependence withdrawal dependence occurs individuals treated longer weeks typically results tolerance withdrawal syndrome dose reduced rapidly induce tolerance withdrawal syndrome matter days risk factors dependence include dependent personality use short acting high long term use withdrawal symptoms range anxiety withdrawal symptoms resemble persons underlying condition gradual reduction regular use withdrawal rebound effects tolerance resultant withdrawal syndrome regulation alterations gene expression results long term changes function system chronic users medication given experience reduced effects tolerance prolonged results development tolerance given days withdrawal syndrome occur order prevent withdrawal syndrome prolonged needs gradually withdrawn necessary continued tapering dose oral long acting signs tolerance occur intensive care unit addition recommended withdrawal symptoms include abnormal considered medical emergency generally requires immediate attention medical personnel healthy individuals rarely life threatening proper medical support increases combined alcohol risk death increased elderly disease treatment supportive activated hour effective reversing effects cases trigger mixed dependent individuals symptoms include detection body concentrations major blood order monitor safety receiving drug confirm diagnosis poisoning hospitalized patients assist forensic investigation case fatal patients exhibit elimination half life parent drug active accumulation substances appearance adverse effects interactions leading prolonged action john enhance leading reduced action drugs alcohol enhance effects completely administration results reduced elimination rate john decreases blood levels juice reduces results higher concentrations short acting adults elimination half life hours elderly young children elimination half life longer active age related liver status affect factors active active minor contributes percent biological activity poorly absorbed percent drug reaching adverse effects effects activate directly effect frequency channel opening resulting properties explained actions results following properties produced hypnotic amnesia muscle anti history currently medically inc united_states owing water found likely cause similar drugs properties studied late 1970s 1990s emerge effective treatment status commonly medicine acute medicine popular shorter lasting potent causes pain injection site increasingly popular medicine water society culture cost available generic medication expensive wholesale usd availability available united_states solution outside united_states available tablet form oral administration brand marketed white oval boxes strips blue oval boxes strips dose tablet available concentration manufacturer laboratories makes available water available maker laboratories product oral solution clear red red cherry flavor solution available liquid form administered legal status netherlands list drug law schedule drug convention substances united_kingdom class controlled drug united_states number schedule list controlled substances act non agent low potential abuse marketing authorization european agency granted marketing application form sold trade approved treatment prolonged acute people months years age application use marketing use executions drug introduced use executions lethal injection certain jurisdictions united_states combination drugs introduced replace manufacturer drug use drug cocktail potassium florida oklahoma prisons drug protocol ohio arizona ohio execute dennis january acts render condemned prisoner unconscious time potassium administered stopping prisoner breathing heart respectively florida execute william october usage executions controversial condemned apparently regained consciousness started speaking midway execution state oklahoma attempted execute drug lethal injection cocktail prison officials reportedly discussed taking hospital pronounced dead heart attack minutes execution began observing doctor stated vein clear drug drugs caused death quantities potassium released execution cancelled gross oklahoma inmates argued achieve level required surgery meaning severe pain suffering likely argued cruel unusual punishment contrary eighth amendment united_states_constitution june supreme_court ruled failed prove cruel unusual compared known alternatives


known acid medication treat pain fever long term low help prevent heart attacks strokes blood formation people high risk developing blood low given immediately heart attack prevent reduce risk heart attack death heart tissue effective preventing certain types cancer particularly cancer main effects stomach bleeding ringing ears especially higher daily help prevent related stroke increase risk bleeding stroke stroke children recommended flu like symptoms viral illnesses risk syndrome group called anti drugs differs mechanism action similar effects anti cox manner unlike affects variant variant effect stopping binding properties willow tree bark known years acid active ingredient isolated bark willow tree edward stone college university_of_oxford chemist credited synthesis initiative direction arthur controversial widely world estimated tonnes consumed year countries registered trademark owned generic term acid model list essential important needed basic health system cost typical month medication united_states medical use treatment number conditions including fever pain fever diseases disease lower shown reduce risk death heart attack risk stroke circumstances evidence effective preventing cancer mechanisms effect unclear pain effective acute pain generally considered inferior pain likely cause bleeding generally ineffective pains caused muscle acute skin combinations provide slightly greater pain relief relieve pain faster makes useful treatment effective treating types pain combined effectively treats certain types questionable secondary meaning caused disorder trauma promptly treated medical provider primary international classification disorders distinguishes tension common cluster counter widely recognized effective treatment tension especially component considered line therapy treatment comparable lower effective stopping beginning fever like ability control pain ability control fever action system cox use adults established medical societies regulatory agencies including american academy family physicians american academy food drug administration strongly advise treatment fever children risk syndrome rare fatal illness associated use children episodes viral infection risk syndrome children required labeling containing advising use children teenagers anti agent acute long term treatment diseases heart attacks strokes important treatment heart attack trial found likely having segment elevation saves life reducing day death rate difference major bleeding small increase minor bleeding amounting roughly people given high risk people heart attack stroke taking daily years prevented having problem heart attack stroke death caused non fatal bleeding problems occur people lower risk studies found overall benefit general population healthy people possible small benefits especially high risk despite having heart attack stroke past study found heart attack stroke taking daily year prevents having non fatal heart attack stroke caused non fatal bleeding event people looked relatively higher risk people heart attack stroke appears offer little benefit lower risk heart attack stroke instance history events pre existing disease studies recommend case case basis suggested risks events bleeding potential benefit recommended primary prevention entirely suggested component prevention disease use prevention phenomenon resistance people resistant reduced authors suggested testing identify people resistant surgery placement agency healthcare research quality recommends taken indefinitely frequently combined prevent blood called dual therapy united_states european_union guidelines disagree somewhat long indications combined therapy continued surgery guidelines recommend months guidelines recommend months drug placement agree continued indefinitely complete cancer prevention thought reduce overall risk getting cancer dying cancer effect particularly beneficial cancer slightly reduce risk cancer breast cancer cancer conclude benefits greater risks bleeding average risk unclear benefits greater risk given uncertainty united_states services task force guidelines topic recommended use prevention people average risk uses line treatment fever joint pain symptoms acute fever therapy lasts weeks rarely indicated longer periods fever pain subsided longer necessary decrease heart complications heart disease shown effective toxic limited clinical experience recommended second line treatment fever disease remains indications use children spite lack high quality evidence effectiveness low dose moderate benefits prevention pre resistance people strong effect effect known resistance study suggested women likely resistant men different aggregate study patients found resistant study italian patients found apparent resistant subjects truly resistant study healthy volunteers found subjects truly resistant reflecting delayed reduced drug absorption adult produced sizes vary slightly country country example britain grains united_states smaller based standards grain commonly called baby baby strength originally longer intended administered children medical significance occurs slight difference general adults taken times day fever near daily dose historically treatment fever prevention documented suspected disease lower taken daily recommendations use primary prevention heart disease encourage men aged women aged use potential benefit reduction men stroke women potential harm increase study said regular low dose female users lower risk death disease lower risk death cause low dose use associated trend lower risk events lower day safety patients requiring long term prevention children disease taken based body weight initially times day weeks lower dose daily weeks adverse effects taken people drug caution exercised precipitated owing effect stomach lining manufacturers recommend people mild diabetes seek medical advice conditions present risk stomach bleeding increased taken alcohol patients bleeding tendencies known cause people genetic disease particularly large depending severity disease use fever recommended owing increased bleeding tendency people kidney disease ability acid conditions given children control cold symptoms linked syndrome use shown increase risk bleeding coated advertised gentle stomach study coating reduce risk combining shown increase risk combination increases risk upper bleeding blockade apparently results defense taking concurrently increases erosion caution exercised combining natural properties extracts pine bark fish oil addition coating main method companies try problem bleeding agents intended work preventing concentrating walls stomach benefits disputed agent example uses preparations use calcium taking recently investigated method protecting stomach lining taking equal decrease stomach damage occurs compared taking central effects large cause temporary ringing ears based experiments rats action acid cascade syndrome syndrome rare severe illness characterized acute liver occur children given fever illnesses cases syndrome patients reported centers disease control prevention reported ill weeks preceding onset syndrome commonly respiratory infection children test results reported association syndrome reported safety measures prevent including surgeon general warning changes labeling containing drugs implemented taken children declined considerably united_states number reported cases syndrome similar decline found united_kingdom warnings use issued food drug administration recommends containing products given age fever british healthcare products regulatory agency recommends children years age advice doctor skin small number people taking result symptoms resembling reaction including swelling reaction caused true inability small amounts resulting delay healing skin wounds help heal leg healed following usual treatment adverse effects induce swelling skin tissues people study appeared hours patients taken cause patients taken combination induced drug appeared causes increased risk cerebral having appearance smaller dark holes patches cerebral important occur prior stroke disease disease study group mean day estimated average absolute risk increase events persons comparison estimated absolute risk reduction events persons reduction events persons stroke cases occurred use results higher mortality dose day resulting relative risk death months confidence interval cause high blood levels potassium inducing state synthesis agents typically cause setting normal function state cause prolonged bleeding operations days study surgical patients required control bleeding bleeding bleeding site bleeding associated use combination bleeding patients july warnings increased heart attack stroke risk associated anti drugs affected new warnings acute chronic acute poisoning single large dose taken chronic poisoning higher normal taken period time acute mortality rate chronic commonly lethal mortality rate chronic especially severe children managed number potential treatments including activated normal diagnosis poisoning usually involves measurement active automated methods levels general range usual patients taking high following acute produced result exposure interactions known interact drugs example known enhance effect alcohol increases bleeding associated types drugs known displace number drugs protein binding sites blood including drugs acid interfering beta important reduce concentration effect stroke prevention activity reduced taking known compete tubular absorption chemical properties rapidly solutions metals stable dry air gradually contact moisture solution proceeds rapidly clear solutions formed consist entirely like flour mills factories pay attention powder gets air inside building powder air mixture explosive national institute safety health set recommended exposure limit united_states time weighted average set legal exposure limit vacated decision physical properties derivative acid white weakly acidic substance melting point boiling point acid constant synthesis synthesis classified reaction acid treated acid derivative causing chemical reaction turns acid group group process yields acid considered reaction small amounts acid occasionally acid catalyst method commonly employed undergraduate teaching reaction mechanism containing high concentrations smell like moist conditions yielding ability substance form crystal structure important development ingredients drugs receiving regulatory approval single crystal form long time crystal structure known second form suspected 1960s elusive second discovered fine structural details given bond new crystal type found attempted hot form stable form ambient temperature form molecules form groups acidic hydrogen bonds newly claimed form forms hydrogen bonds neighboring molecules instead respect hydrogen bonds formed acid groups form identical structures mechanism action discovery mechanism british john robert employed royal college london showed suppressed production discovery awarded nobel prize physiology medicine jointly knight bachelor suppression ability suppress production cox officially known required synthesis acts agent group attached active site makes different low dose use blocks formation producing effect lifetime affected days property makes useful reducing heart attacks day able large proportion maximum release provoked synthesis little affected higher required attain local produced body diverse effects including transmission pain information brain responsible form blood heart attacks caused primarily blood low seen effective medical intervention acute different types occur activity normally produces modified produces anti newer drugs developed intent reduce effects new withdrawn decade evidence emerged increase risk heart attack stroke cells lining body proposed express production specifically respect levels unaffected protective effect removed increasing risk associated heart attacks problems dna unable new important difference furthermore ability form pro products converts activity forming like treated variety products specialized triggered triggered triggered possess potent anti activity proposed triggered transition activity formation specialized contributes anti effects additional mechanisms shown additional modes action inner membrane space carrier mitochondrial matrix release short transports high given actually cause fever owing heat released electron transport chain opposed action seen lower addition formation body shown mice independent mechanism reducing reduced important step immune response infection evidence insufficient helps fight infection recent data suggest acid derivatives signaling factor complex plays central role biological processes including readily broken body acid anti effects acid found activate activated protein suggested possible explanation effects acid portion targets cellular proteins established phenomenon regulation protein function post level able targets addition cox reactions explain hitherto unexplained effects acid weak acid little stomach oral administration acid quickly absorbed cell membrane acidic conditions stomach increased larger surface area small causes absorbed slowly owing formation absorbed slowly concentrations continue rise hours blood bound protein rest remains active state protein binding concentration dependent binding sites leads free increased volume distribution increases volume distribution tissue penetration acid liver forms acid acid form different group intact referred pathways limited capacity small amounts acid acid large switch order zero order pathways saturated increasingly important mainly acid free acid acid acid small adult pathways proceed order elimination half life hours higher half life longer hours pathways concerned formation acid saturated acid increasingly important pathways saturated extremely sensitive changes fold increase clearance occurs increased use exploits particular aspect elimination history plant extracts including willow bark acid active constituent known help alleviate pains antiquity father modern medicine circa left historical records describing use powder bark leaves willow tree help symptoms edward stone oxford isolated active ingredient discovery acid french chemist charles prepare acid course work synthesis properties acid mixed salt acid vigorous reaction ensued resulting melt soon solidified structural theory existed time called compound obtained preparation reactions conducted paper pursue years later austrian chemist hugo von obtained pure acid called acid reaction acid repeated von acid concluded reactions gave compound acid assign correct structure group connected oxygen working produced altered version derived species caused digestive upset pure acid identity lead chemist project matter controversy states work jewish chemist arthur later claimed lead investigator records contribution anti semitic nazi regime new drug formally acid named original botanical derived old german acid derived latin selling world popularity grew half 20th century spurred supposed effectiveness wake spanish flu recent research suggests high death toll flu partly controversial universally accepted theory gained support recent repetition flu outbreak virus low fatality rate led fierce competition brands products especially american patent held expired popularity declined market releases 1960s 1970s john discovered basic mechanism effects clinical trials studies 1960s 1980s established agent reduces risk diseases sales revived considerably decades 20th century remain strong 21st century widespread use treatment heart attacks strokes studies effect cardiac function stroke prevention carried professor peter emeritus professor medicine oxford_university early 1970s research team oxford led way formed foundation research use prevention medical conditions trademark allowing use years manufacturing despite patent nature use failure use product began selling direct lost trademark affirmed court appeal today generic word australia france india ireland new_zealand pakistan jamaica colombia philippines south_africa united_kingdom united_states capital remains registered trademark germany canada mexico countries trademark owned acid markets different packaging physical aspects british approved ban united_states adopted status united_states british use pain relief medicine primarily dogs horses newer fewer effects generally instead dogs horses susceptible effects associated convenient treatment older dogs shown promise cases horses longer commonly cases treatment animals direct supervision particular cats lack aid making potentially toxic clinical signs occurred cats given hours weeks dose recommended cats relief pain fever hours


combination drug containing central nervous system class treatment attention deficit disorder athletic performance salt content active ingredients left handed right handed generally tolerated effective treating symptoms causes emotional effects change desire sex increased improved control physical effects decreased reaction time fatigue resistance increased muscle strength contrast larger control cause rapid muscle breakdown induce paranoia effects vary widely individuals commonly include dry mouth loss appetite risk developing addiction insignificant prescribed fairly low daily treating routine use larger daily poses significant risk addiction pronounced reinforcing effects present higher recreational generally larger prescribed carry far greater risk adverse effects compose alleviate symptoms increasing activity brain results interactions trace associated potent slightly stronger peripheral effects longer elimination half life remains body longer component reported improve treatment response individuals relative active ingredient shares chemical properties human trace particularly uses medical treat attention deficit disorder sleep disorder long term exposure sufficiently high animal species known produce abnormal system development nerve damage humans appear improve brain development nerve growth reviews magnetic resonance imaging studies suggest long term treatment decreases brain structure function found subjects improves function parts brain right nucleus basal reviews clinical research established safety effectiveness long term use controlled trials spanning years demonstrated treatment effectiveness safety review highlighted month controlled trial children found average increase points continued increases attention continued decreases behaviors current models suggest associated functional brain systems functional involve impaired projection like effective treating increase activity systems approximately use improvements symptoms children use generally better relationships peers family members perform better school longer attention spans collaboration reviews treatment children adults stated drugs improve short term symptoms higher rates non adverse effects collaboration review treatment children disorders syndrome indicated general worse high individuals available immediate release extended release extended release capsule generally morning extended release available brand designed provide effect concentrations identical taking hours apart enhancing performance systematic review analysis high quality clinical trials found low produces modest improvements including working memory episodic memory control aspects attention normal healthy adults enhancing effects known occur indirect activation systematic review noted low improve memory consolidation turn leading improved recall information enhance network efficiency effect improvements working memory individuals improve task motivation perform task increase turn promoting goal directed behavior improve performance difficult boring tasks students study test taking aid based studies self reported illicit use college students use diverted primarily performance recreational drugs high range interfere working memory aspects control athletes psychological athletic performance enhancing effects increased endurance non medical use prohibited sporting events regulated collegiate national international anti agencies healthy people oral shown increase muscle strength acceleration athletic performance conditions endurance delays onset fatigue improving reaction time improves endurance reaction time primarily central nervous system drugs increase power output fixed levels perceived safety switch allows core temperature limit increase order access reserve capacity normally limits adverse effects athletic performance higher induce effects severely performance rapid muscle breakdown elevated body temperature banned national_football_league nfl major_league_baseball mlb national_basketball_association nba national collegiate athletics association ncaa leagues nfl rigorous process required obtain exemption rule athlete medically prescribed drug physician recreational considered high potential recreational drug crushed dissolved water injected injection dangerous block small blood vessels according international programme chemical safety united_states food drug administration people history drug abuse heart disease severe severe anxiety people currently experiencing increased eye pressure excessive production moderate severe people experienced reactions past taking advised safe concurrent use documented agencies state disorder depression liver kidney problems phenomenon problems syndrome monitor symptoms taking evidence human studies indicates use cause developmental human abuse pose risks shown pass breast milk advise mothers avoid potential growth advises monitoring height weight children prescribed effects effects varied substance consumed primary factor determining likelihood severity effects currently approved long term use recreational use generally involves far larger significantly dangerous involving greater risk effects physical normal physical effects vary widely age person person effects include response phenomenon reduced blood flow increased heart rate sexual effects males include frequent prolonged abdominal effects include abdominal pain appetite loss weight loss potential effects include blurred vision dry mouth excessive grinding teeth drug induced nasal congestion reduced seizure threshold type movement disorder dangerous physical effects rare typical respiratory centers producing faster deeper normal person effect usually noticeable compromised evident muscle controls result difficulty effect useful treating bed loss control effects tract unpredictable activity high reduce rate content moves digestive system increase smooth muscle tract relaxed slight effect enhance pain relieving effects commissioned studies indicate children young adults adults association adverse events sudden death heart attack stroke medical use psychological common psychological effects include increased concentration decreased sense fatigue mood swings mood followed mildly depressed mood increased initiative self confidence common effects include anxiety change repetitive obsessive behaviors effects depend user personality current mental state paranoia occur heavy users rare occur long term therapy according systematic evidence produce aggressive behavior hostility shown produce place preference humans taking meaning individuals acquire preference spending time places previously lead different symptoms rarely fatal appropriate care severity symptoms increases decreases drug tolerance tolerant individuals known grams day roughly times maximum daily dose symptoms moderate extremely large listed fatal poisoning usually involves coma compounds implicated use disorder resulted estimated deaths worldwide deaths confidence connects ventral area nucleus plays central role addiction individuals frequently recreational use high risk developing addiction repeated gradually increase level molecular switch master control protein addiction nucleus sufficiently begins increase severity addictive behavior drug seeking increases expression currently effective drugs treating addiction regularly engaging sustained exercise appears reduce risk developing addiction sustained exercise regular basis appears effective treatment addiction exercise therapy improves clinical treatment outcomes combination therapy therapy currently best clinical treatment available addiction addiction risk heavy recreational use unlikely arise typical long term medical use drug tolerance develops rapidly abuse recreational periods extended use require increasingly larger drug order achieve effect mechanisms current models addiction chronic drug use involve alterations gene expression certain parts brain particularly nucleus important factors produce alterations camp response element binding protein nuclear factor plays crucial role development drug type medium nucleus necessary sufficient adaptations arise addiction sufficiently addictive state increasingly severe increases expression implicated alcohol cocaine substituted factor directly oppose induction nucleus oppose increases expression sufficiently nucleus viral completely block alterations seen chronic drug abuse alterations plays important role regulating responses natural rewards food sex exercise natural rewards addictive drugs induce expression cause brain produce chronic acquisition rewards result similar state addiction consequently significant factor involved addiction induced sex sexual behaviors result excessive sexual activity use sex associated syndrome occurs patients taking drugs effects gene regulation route dependent research gene regulation addiction based animal studies administration high studies equivalent weight adjusted human oral administration changes occur relatively minor suggests medical use significantly affect gene regulation treatments effective addiction reviews indicated selective significant potential treatment february compounds known function selective experimental drugs addiction largely increased activation localized nucleus blocking calcium channel review suggested based animal testing addiction inducing use significantly reduces level brain supplemental treatment shown reduce self administration given oneself humans effective addiction treatments therapy currently effective clinical treatment additionally research effects physical exercise suggests daily exercise especially endurance exercise marathon running prevents development drug addiction effective therapy supplemental treatment addiction exercise leads better treatment outcomes treatment particularly particular exercise decreases self administration reduces drug seeking increased density opposite use decreased density review noted exercise prevent development drug addiction altering parts reward system dependence withdrawal according collaboration review withdrawal individuals use chronic heavy users abruptly use report time limited withdrawal syndrome occurs hours dose review noted withdrawal symptoms chronic high dose users frequent occurring cases persist weeks marked crash phase occurring week withdrawal symptoms include anxiety drug depressed mood fatigue increased appetite increased movement decreased movement lack motivation dreams review indicated withdrawal symptoms associated degree dependence suggesting use result far symptoms manufacturer information indicate presence withdrawal symptoms following use extended period sufficiently high cause damage characterized reduced function evidence directly humans large cause indirect result increased stress oxygen species severe result involve variety symptoms paranoia collaboration review treatment states users fail recover completely according review trial shows effectively resolve symptoms acute rarely arises use interactions taken result crisis taken weeks use type drug directly particularly elimination increase decrease drug effects vice versa affects absorption elimination half life diet increases rate absorption decreases rate acidic decrease absorption increase rates pump modify administration requires monitoring changes clinical effect mechanism action active ingredient works primarily increasing activity brain release synthesis certain cocaine regulated cart active ingredients biological targets binding differ somewhat potent compounds trace associated interact potent consequently produces slightly greater peripheral effects provides quicker onset longer lasting effects reported certain children better clinical response absence normally etc fluid essentially chemical storage units inside enters direction transport releasing stored inside fluid causes cell membrane bound stop transporting molecules altogether transport reverse words reversed membrane push fluid summary interacting releases effect fluid subsequently exit membrane bound reversed effect oral varies absorbed gut typically weak base consequently basic drug free base form absorbed rich cell membranes gut conversely acidic means drug predominantly water salt form absorbed approximately circulating bound proteins half life differ vary normal half lives hours hours respectively acidic diet reduce half lives hours diet increase range hours immediate release extended release variants reach peak concentrations hours hours post dose respectively eliminated drug unchanged normal basic free base form abnormal recovery range low high depending basic acidic respectively usually eliminated days oral dose apparent half life duration effect increase repeated use accumulation drug containing known humans variety products including acid acid active main pathways involve beta known pathways humans include following related compounds similar structure function trace naturally occurring molecules produced human body brain group closely related compounds parent compound identical molecular formula humans produced directly acid converts turn like regulate unlike substances broken shorter half life history society culture later merged introduced current brand instant release tablet agreed sell rights instant release medication acquired acquisition including division generic version introduced market later reached settlement agreement permitting offer generic form drug beginning april commercial mixture specifically composed equal parts mass drug mixture slightly stronger effects higher proportion produced immediate release extended release december different companies produced generic point industries currently manufacture generic company held original patent brand comparison including singular mixed table compares based approved forms past company drug branded continued sell new brand new later sold acquired resulting warning submitted gained approval treatment attention deficit disorder february legal status canada schedule controlled drugs substances act obtained japan use production import medicine containing prohibited south_korea prohibited thailand classified type united_kingdom regarded class drugs maximum penalty unauthorized possession years prison unlimited fine maximum penalty illegal supply years prison unlimited fine united_states schedule drug classified internationally united_nations schedule convention substances reference notes


based graphics painting software program developed apple computer released original personal computer january sold separately word counterpart notable generate graphics applications mouse picture language pictures cut documents pictures cut resource fork application allowing application original developed bill member apple original development team early development versions called retaining roots later developed software subsidiary apple formed version version released discontinued diminishing sales development written bill member apple original development team original consisted lines computer code augmented lines assembly language user interface designed susan member team beta tested release uses memory avoid dragging shapes images screen contained existing document contained previous state second basis software feature april software changed original programmed single document interface palette positions sizes document window different software time allowed users windows original incorporate function instead function special mode called showed white border editing mode set standard future editors included menu included tool menu named aids menu versions renamed public awareness aids epidemic grew summer release version history advertised page december following earlier announcement released january applications special post election edition newsweek november apple spent million buy advertising pages issue newsweek advertisement included pages dedicated explaining worked launch new_york_times reviewer noted numerous graphic possibilities personal computer went better kind offered personal computers factor released january added improvements software including capability open use documents simultaneously original operated single document application non window eliminated limitation introducing fully functioning document window sized features introduced tool tool actions stationary documents developed david developer sold upgrade available existing users discontinued technical support original stopped selling early diminishing sales unofficial update called beta mainly people wished able use program source code written combination assembly available computer history museum source code library draw graphics support steve jobs inspired companies release similar products platforms year half dozen clones existed apple included draw apple mouse systems paint color paint version history