music italy music italy ranges broad spectrum opera instrumental classical music body popular music drawn native imported sources music traditionally cultural markers italian national ethnic identity holds important position society politics italian innovation musical scales harmony theatre enabled development opera late 16th century modern european classical music symphony instrumental vocal classical music iconic italian identity spanning experimental art music international symphonic music opera opera integral italian musical culture major segment popular music song singer songwriter traditions popular domestic styles form important italian music industry alongside imported genres like jazz rock hip hop italian folk music important country musical heritage spans diverse array regional styles instruments dances characteristics italian music held high esteem history pieces italian music considered high art elements italian culture italian music generally eclectic unique nations music movement attempted italian music pure free foreign influence briefly fascist regime 1920s result italian music kept elements peoples dominated influenced country including french german spanish country historical contributions music important national pride relatively recent history italy includes development opera tradition spread world prior development italian identity unified italian state italian peninsula contributed important innovations music including development musical chant social identity italy strong sense national identity distinctive culture sense appreciation beauty strongly evidenced music cultural political social issues expressed music italy allegiance music woven social identity italians single style considered characteristic national style folk localized unique small region city italy classical legacy important point country identity particularly opera traditional pieces remain popular music integral component national identity musical output italy remains characterized great diversity creative independence rich variety types expression growing accelerated 20th 21st century italian society gradually moved agricultural base urban industrial center change weakened traditional culture parts society similar process occurred european countries unlike italy major initiative preserve traditional immigration north_africa asia european countries led italian music traditional music came exist small pockets especially dedicated campaigns retain local musical identities politics music politics centuries italy works art italian renaissance commissioned royalty roman_catholic_church music likewise composed basis commissions incidental court music music birth royal heir royal marches occasions composers ran certain risks best known cases composer composed republican hymn short lived republic republic fell tried treason revolutionaries executed restored monarchy exiled music played role unification peninsula period leaders attempted use music forge cultural identity example chorus opera opera ancient chorus contains phrase ostensibly struggle reference destiny united italy entire chorus unofficial anthem drive unify italy 19th century synonym italian unity read acronym victor king italy monarch eventually victor king united italy rallying cry patriots appeared graffiti milan cities austro hungarian territory problems censorship unification italy opera originally entitled iii presented san opera naples capital kingdom late 1850s objected realistic plot assassination iii king sweden plot changed rejected later fascist era 1920s government censorship interference music occurred systematic basis prominent examples include notorious anti modernist manifesto banning opera del performance music media criticized music perceived politically radical italian general print media tended treat traditionally favored composers composers musicians favored encyclopedia entries era mere lists career compositions teaching positions held conductor opponent gets neutral distant treatment mention anti regime stance best known episode music politics involves forced musical milan refused begin performance fascist song insult regime attacked beaten street outside opera performance fascist era political pressure development classical music censorship systematic nazi_germany series racial laws passed denying jewish composers musicians membership professional artistic associations massive flight italian jews italy period compared situation germany composer mario italian jew emigrated non jewish foes regime emigrated recently later 20th century especially 1970s music italian politics roots revival stimulated interest folk traditions led writers collectors traditional performers political right italy viewed roots revival disdain product classes scene associated opposition vehicle protest free market capitalism similarly avant garde classical music scene 1970s associated promoted italian communist_party change traced student revolts protests classical music italy long center european classical music beginning 20th century italian classical music forged distinct national sound decidedly romantic melodic operas music vocal lines dominate complex overshadowed instrumental italian classical music resisted german dense harmonies richard wagner richard italian music little common french reaction german music example melodic development largely abandoned creation mood atmosphere sounds individual chords european classical music changed greatly 20th century new music abandoned historical nationally developed schools harmony melody favor experimental music electronic music employ features common european music general italy specifically changes classical music accessible people important composers period include franco opera opera originated italy late 16th century time centuries followed opera traditions developed naples venice operas later flourished opera remained musical form closely linked italian music italian identity obvious 19th century works icon italian culture pan italian unity italy retained romantic musical tradition early 20th century exemplified composers called music anchored previous century including composer described online man virtually brought history italian opera end world war opera declined comparison popular heights 19th early 20th centuries causes included general cultural shift away rise cinema major source entertainment cause fact brought contemporary italian opera state longer italian opinion prominent italian critic pamphlet entitled international opera accused having deserted italian traditions traditional romantic opera remained popular dominant opera publisher early 20th century focused exclusively popular operas 1930s company allowed unusual composers mainstream appeal rise relatively new publishers helped fuel italian opera opera remains major italian culture renewed interest opera sectors italian society began 1980s respected composers era include known younger peers sacred music italy catholicism seminal nations long history music roman_catholic_church approximately possible hear chant renaissance music approximately approximately century popular entertaining type church music heard exclusion aforementioned chant late 19th century movement started musicians fought restore music movement gained impetus italy germany particularly movement reached apex ascent don supporter future saint pope advent vatican nearly latin language music church popular style instrumental music dominance opera italian music tends important area instrumental music historically music includes vast array sacred instrumental music instrumental orchestral music works opera composers occasionally worked forms string quartet minor example identified beginnings italian lyric opera wrote string early 20th century instrumental music began growing importance process started second symphony work called starting point non italian music early composers era native folk traditions early 20th century marked presence group composers called generation including franco composers usually concentrated writing instrumental works opera members generation dominant figures italian music death new organizations arose promote italian music venice festival contemporary music founding periodical piano helped promote broader view music political social climate allowed italians preferred traditional pieces established standards small audience sought new styles experimental classical music ballet italian contributions ballet known appreciated areas classical music italy particularly milan european center court choreography early 15th century form things ritual masked balls early composers ballet include style ballet known imported france italy caught ballet performed france ballet composed italian better known french version early ballet accompanied considerable instrumentation playing horns drums etc music survived speculation dancers played instruments onstage wake french revolution italy center ballet largely efforts choreographer worked prominent composers day best known example italian ballet 19th century probably music choreography composed lavish tribute scientific industrial progress 19th century performed staged recently currently major italian opera theaters maintain ballet companies exist provide incidental ceremonial dancing operas dance companies usually maintain separate ballet season perform standard repertoire classical ballet little italian italian equivalent russian ballet similar companies exist perform ballet independent parent opera theater ballet direction existed italy modern dance company based company performs worldwide leadership choreographer experimental music experimental music broad loosely defined field encompassing created abandoning traditional classical concepts melody harmony new technology electronics create hitherto impossible sounds italy devote attention experimental music publication sketch new aesthetic music discussed use electrical new sounds future music spoke dissatisfaction constraints traditional music divided octave degrees constructed instruments way ears longer capable hearing nature created infinite infinite knows similarly italian painter composer wrote possibilities new music art noises invented built instruments percussion precursor style known influential events early 20th century music return france founded promoted composers disparate styles ranging experimental traditional dispute value experimental music formed promote modern experimental music 1950s experimented instruments accompanied electronic sounds tape modern italy important organization research electronic music federation italian music centers founded rome member promotes activities project launched jointly department performing arts ministry cultural affairs cultural relations ministry foreign affairs object promoting italian contemporary music abroad classical music society italian classical music grew gradually experimental progressive mid-20th century popular tastes tended stick established composers compositions past program san naples typical modern italy operas represented recent symphonic music composers music played 19th century earlier composers use melodies harmonies typical romantic era focus common european traditions known school thought draws earlier melodic concepts pre date focus popular historical composers helped maintain continued presence classical music broad spectrum italian society music public display gathering chosen eclectic repertoire likely include known classical music popular music recent works modern repertoire including scores theatrical works composers franco composers distinct school tradition share certain techniques influences 1970s avant garde classical music linked italian communist_party revival popular interest continued decade foundations festivals organization created promote modern music near end 20th century government sponsorship musical institutions began decline city closed despite number composers gained international early 21st century folk music italian folk music deep complex history national unification came late italian peninsula traditional music hundreds cultures exhibit national character region community possesses unique musical tradition reflects history language ethnic composition particular traditions reflect italy geographic position southern europe centre mediterranean celtic slavic influences rough geography historic dominance small city states combined allow diverse musical styles close proximity italian folk styles diverse include song choral instrumental vocal music styles choral singing song forms primarily found northern italy south naples solo singing common groups usually use singing parts carried single performer northern ballad singing strict tempo lyrics southern styles use tempo strained tense vocal style folk musicians use dialect regional tradition rejection standard italian language folk song nearly universal little perception common italian folk tradition country folk music national symbol regions folk music divided spheres geographic influence classification system regions southern central northern proposed repeated additionally proposed existence distinct kinds folk music europe continental mediterranean placed transition zone roughly north central italy approximately central northern southern parts peninsula share certain musical characteristics distinct music valleys communities northwestern italy music preserves strong influence ancient lyrics oldest preserved samples vernacular song modern bands like preserve music culture retains characteristics ancient celtic influence use seven hole music northeastern italy shares common austria including variants northern italy shares areas europe north interest ballad singing called italian choral singing ballads usually thought vehicle solo voice sung province folk common form music making noticeable musical differences southern type include increased use interval singing greater variety folk instruments celtic slavic influences group open voice choral works north yield stronger arabic greek north african influenced south parts example dialect commonly song city taranto home rhythmic dance widely performed southern italy music general music particular researched documented music island best known chanting sound recalls roots chant similar distinctive typical instruments include sophisticated complex manner known master player 1930s songs italian folk songs include ballads lyrical songs children songs seasonal songs based holidays christmas life cycle songs celebrate weddings important events dance songs cattle calls songs tied fishermen soldiers ballads lyric songs important categories ballads common northern italy lyric songs prevail south ballads closely tied english form british ballads existing exact correspondence italian song italian ballads closely based french models lyric songs diverse category consist work songs frequently improvised based traditional repertoire italian folk song traditions common ballads lyric songs religious latin occasionally performed epic songs known especially celebration professional female singers perform similar style europe exists northern italy commonly associated folk alpine nations italian carnival associated song types especially carnival brass bands mid holiday begging song tradition extends holidays year instrumentation instrumentation integral italian folk music instruments retain older forms newer models widespread europe italian instruments tied certain rituals occasions typically heard christmas italian folk instruments divided string wind percussion categories common instruments include closely associated button common central italy prevail north municipalities home brass bands perform roots revival groups based violin small drums adorned bells italy wind instruments include prominently variety folk include transverse variations pan flute double common sicily pitcher called wind instrument blowing opening narrow bottle neck found eastern sicily double reed pipes commonly played groups folk known including central italy dialect names vary genoa forth numerous percussion instruments italian folk music including wood blocks bells drums regions distinct form including spinning shepherd staff permanently attached seed ritual fertility significance wooden frame kinds drums friction drum appearing similar contemporary western actually played articulate sophisticated technique influenced middle eastern playing giving wide range sounds mouth care distinctive instrument found northern italy sicily string instruments vary widely depending locality nationally prominent representative home tradition historical base traditional musical instruments strongly archaic characteristics largely extinct italy home guitar called called found similar forms music crete southeastern europe called common northeast country largely german speaking area south known found existing rooted widespread traditions confirm production toy instruments bark reed leaves fibers stems emerges example research dance dance integral folk traditions italy dances ancient certain extent persist today ritual dances harvest dances including sea harvest dances fishing communities wine harvest dances famous dances include southern iconic italian dances time folk ritual intended cure poison caused bites popular dances act hunting hare display blades weapon dances simulate recall moves combat use weapons stylized instruments dance example villages northern italy swords replaced wooden half green similar called dances northern europe dances love dance dances group activities group setting rows circles love dances involve couples single couple performed sound couple dance performed southern italy accompanied lyric song called couples dances collectively referred solo dances typical flag dances regions italy dancer passes town flag pennant neck legs high air catching dances groups solo dancers acting coordinating flag passing dancers northern italy home accompanied dance incorporated western art music composer academic interest study dance perspectives traditionally neglected italy currently showing renewed life university post graduate level popular music earliest italian popular music opera 19th century opera lasting effect italy classical popular music opera tunes spread brass bands song distinct tradition popular music 19th century iconic image italian music abroad end 20th century imported styles important italian popular music beginning french café 1890s arrival american jazz 1910s italian officially foreign influences late 1930s american dance music musicians popular jazz great louis armstrong toured italy late great acclaim 1950s american styles prominent especially rock singer songwriter tradition major development later 1960s italian rock scene soon progressive punk funk folk based styles early popular song italian opera immensely popular 19th century known rural sections country villages occasional opera productions techniques opera influenced rural folk opera spread brass bands focused local village civic bands instruments perform male vocal parts female parts regional music 19th century popular italy notable local traditions song anonymous documented songs naples centuries ago term generally refers large body relatively recent composed popular music songs sole 18th century composers including contributed tradition local language texts comic operas later famously composed songs garnered great renown italy abroad song tradition 1830s annual songwriting competition yearly festival dedicated madonna known church area naples music identified naples famous abroad having exported great waves emigration naples southern italy roughly language extremely important element song written performed regional minority language songs typically use simple harmonies structured sections refrain narrative verses contrasting relative parallel major minor keys non musical terms means songs sound joyful minute melancholy music popular turn 20th century remembered light expressive songs style popular known salon music famous works popular song lyrics prominent dialect poet recorded popular music began late 19th century international styles influencing italian music late 1910s rise fascist policy cultural led retreat international popular music period popular italian musicians traveled abroad learned elements jazz latin american music styles influenced italian tradition spread world following world war policies fascist regime rose power italy developed musical culture foreign suppressed government encouraged nationalism linguistic ethnic purity popular performers travelled abroad brought new styles techniques american jazz important influence singers known swinging style elements harmony melody jazz blues popular songs rhythms came latin dances like italian composers incorporated elements styles italian music especially song popular music latin_america modern pop best known italian pop musicians decades recently international superstar musicians compose sing songs called singer songwriters compositions typically focus topics social relevance protest songs wave began 1960s musicians like social political psychological intellectual themes mainly wake work predominant 1970s authors late 1960s mid-1990s merged italian music british rock pop career genres like rap techno franco pursued careers oriented tradition italian pop music genre cross viewed singers protest music film scores secondary film critically acclaimed popular right early music italian films 1930s work scores films post war examples include non pace roman romeo known film composer post war career included scores films later godfather series prominent film score composers include modern dance italy important country regards electronic dance music especially creation italo disco late 1970s early 1980s genre originating disco blended melancholy melodies pop electronic music making usage synthesizers drum machines gave futuristic sound according article guardian cities milan producers work singers mass synthesizers drum machines incorporating mix experimental music classic pop sensibility aimed songs produced sold later labels companies milan based italo disco influenced electronic groups pet shop boys new order genres freestyle circa genre merged forms european dance electronic music italo house italo house blended elements italo disco traditional house music sound generally uplifting strong usage piano melodies half 1990s known italo dance emerged taking influences italo disco italo house italo dance generally included synthesizer riffs melodic sound usage years important italian dance music composers producers won academy_awards music credited allmusic principal architects disco sound imported styles french fashion performing popular music café spread europe tradition common overlap café café concert music hall similar styles italian manifestation tradition remained largely focusing lighter music café italy opened premises new naples italy milan music hall rome opened shortly café alternately known main performer usually woman called french italian term direct french songs french slightly sentimental songs composed italian music went fashion advent world war influence pop forms strong end world war lavish broadway numbers big bands rock roll hip hop continue popular latin music especially brazilian nova popular puerto rican genre rapidly mainstream form dance music uncommon modern italian pop artists release new songs english spanish addition instead italian musical standard fare current italian television easily single evening big band number dancers current pop singer rendition aria jazz found way europe world war presence american musicians military bands playing music italy received new music atlantic form singers dancers performed theater milan billed creators real jazz italy formed 1920s enjoyed immediate success spite anti american cultural policies fascist regime 1930s american jazz remained popular immediate post war years jazz took italy american post war jazz styles free jazz fusion italy italian culture ensured jazz clubs spring peninsula radio television studios jazz based house bands italian musicians start home grown kind jazz based european song forms classical composition techniques folk music currently italian music jazz departments jazz festivals year italy best known jazz festival prominent publications journal jazz italian pop rock produced major stars like resulted hits industry media especially television important vehicles music television characteristic italy forefront progressive rock movement 1970s style primarily developed europe gained audiences world considered separate genre italian progressive rock italian bands trip area del new saint incorporated mix symphonic rock italian folk music popular europe united_states progressive bands remained little known albums today considered classics collectors avant garde rock bands artists area stormy saint gained notoriety innovative sound progressive rock concerts italy tended strong political energetic atmosphere italian hip hop scene began early 1990s milan style mainly influenced east_coast rap early hip hop crews typically politically oriented like later influenced british trip hop recent crews include gangster rappers like recently imported styles include techno trance electronica performed artists including hip hop especially characteristic southern italy fact observers contributed view southern culture african european southern concept respect honor form verbal facts helped identify southern italian music african american hip hop style additionally bands italy play style called characterized mixture traditional music punk reggae rock political lyrics city popular bands known mix irish italian punk reggae forms music italy home number mediterranean fusion projects include band based sicily led palestinian ben orchestra example project best known artists fused pop world mediterranean sounds albums come examples style popular singer released traditional north african rhythms instruments industry recent economics report says music industry italy billion sum refers sale cds music electronics musical instruments ticket sales live performances represents growth actual sale music albums decreased slightly increase paid digitally downloaded music industry approved sites way comparison italian recording industry ranks eighth world italians music albums capita opposed usa place report cites increase paid royalties air live music nationwide state run private networks provide live music time giving work musicians singers dancers large cities italy local stations provide live folk dialect music interest immediate area book entered italian market decade largest chains originally publishing house 1950s geared level store sells massive quantities recorded music mega stores italy planned large chain originally french large outlets italy stores serve venues music performance hosting concerts week venues festivals holidays venues music italy include concerts music symphony halls opera houses italy known international music festivals year including festival festival wagner festival festivals offer venues younger composers classical music producing staging winning entries competitions winner example international competition new opera chamber music winning considerable prize money gets musical work performed festival dozens privately sponsored master classes music year concerts public italy common destination known abroad given time busiest season major orchestra europe north_america playing concert italy additionally public music heard dozens pop rock concerts year open air opera heard example ancient roman arena military bands popular italy national level best known concert band italian customs border police performs times year theaters routinely stage italian translations american musicals true italian musical comedy called english term musical italian term describes kind musical drama native italy form employs american jazz pop rock based music rhythms story combination songs dialogue music religious rituals especially roman catholic number ways parish bands example common italy small members commonly perform religious festivals specific particular town usually honor town patron saint historic orchestral choral performed church professionals known include works mater requiem second vatican council music roman_catholic_church leading increase number amateur perform regularly services council encouraged singing hymns vast repertoire new hymns composed years great deal native italian christmas music popular italian christmas carol modern italian words written pope melody major key version older minor key carol italians largely sing translations come german english tradition silent night example native italian secular christmas music accounts popularity italian language versions bells white christmas music festival important venue popular music italy held annually currently staged runs week february gives veteran new performers chance present new songs winning contest industry success festival televised nationally hours night hosted best known italian personalities vehicle performers best known italian pop singer years television variety shows widest venue popular music change popular longest running musical broadcast italy hour weekly program musicians started radio moved studio audience bring cow bells encouraged good disapproval city highest number rock concerts national international artists milan number close european music capitals paris london berlin education higher education teach music italy music provide advanced training future professional musicians private music schools workshops instrument building repair private teaching common italy elementary high school students expect weekly hours music teaching generally choral singing basic music theory opportunities rare italian universities classes related subjects music history performance common feature university education italy specialized system high schools students attend choose high school science foreign languages art music instruments musical theory composing musical history taught main subject italy ambitious recent programs expose children music furthermore recent education reform specific 2nd level secondary school ages explicitly indicated law kind school set effectively operational state run television network started program use modern satellite technology broadcast choral music public schools scholarship scholarship field collecting preserving varieties music vast italy tasks spread number agencies organizations large music maintain departments oversee research connected collections research coordinated national international scale internet prominent institution italy rome works agencies international scale international des sources inventory index source material national archives recordings rome founded holds largest public collection recorded music italy examples classical music folk music jazz rock recorded antique wax cylinders modern electronic media scholarly study traditional italian music began group early studied impact music pan italian national identity unified italian identity started develop political integration peninsula focus time lyrical literary value music instrumentation focus remained early 1960s journals helped encourage burgeoning field study founded respectively earliest major musical studies mario music published studies music earliest recordings italian traditional music came 1920s rare establishment national academy santa rome center sponsored numerous song collection trips peninsula especially southern central italy instrumental figure center numerous recordings american scholar italian diego survey peninsula early 1960s roots revival encouraged study especially northern musical cultures scholars previously assumed maintained little folk culture prominent scholars era included leo 1970s appointed chairs universities university rome university 1980s italian scholars began focusing making recordings studying information collected studied italian music united_states australia folk recent immigrants italy


music saint music saint home vibrant oral folk traditions based elements derived music africa especially western_europe dances like iconic folk instruments especially called celebratory songs called rhythmic complexity important folk dances music integral folk holidays celebrations good rivalry rose societies little western classical music saint country popular music industry nascent recording opportunities live music radio remain vital culture popular music abroad especially styles like widespread music education long public education primary school age groups recently introduced older students participate string wind bands musical opportunities known government assisted non profit music school saint school music ministry education sponsors variety festivals special events island home prestigious saint jazz festival celebration saint island lesser antilles caribbean folk music typical saint folk band based guitar regarded particularly important saint culture especially small saint dances include derivative increasingly viewed national symbol highly stylized dance derives european informal form folk music performed dances wakes social events performers comedic biting lyrics music plays role rose tradition rival societies compete celebration form fundamental culture play form rural folk music associated beach parties wakes dances moon gatherings performed informal social event provide chance verbal skills communicate comedic social political commentaries people includes songs men women singers folk male performance considered good audience enthusiastically responding leader singing dancing avoid altogether sexually atmosphere elements entered mainstream culture use saying opposite meant musical elements include game song storytelling sung songs song play dance forms united use language use response singing leader chorus exception use improvisation purely vocal styles accompaniment traditional dance typically accompanied drum percussion sticks provides rhythm dancers sung funeral wake tradition leader uses enact scenes story double game song based leader uses choreographed dance witty lyrics audience performance includes traditional dances solo couple dance circle dances musical movement found styles occurring example beats dance folk dance derived european performed primarily private parties organized host private home rented hall musicians paid host held year lent modern declined popularity come seen symbol time independence old fashioned date recently aspects society come promote symbol culture unlike dances choreographed slight room personal interpretation improvisation act sort apprentice established performers successful performance brings respect prestige participants dance correct steps traditionally said demonstrate control behavior manner skills symbolize set special values linked higher social class music provided ensemble consisting instrument instrument bones called violin guitar consists separate dances won musicians use called especially popular closed couple dance originated saint rose rose rival societies commemorate anglo french heritage island factions represent colonial powers hands saint changed fourteen times rose held august held october societies date early 19th century village home competing organizations roman_catholic_church societies draw english royalty traditions number positions including king queen prince princess lower titles like chief police nurse rose meet weekly lent meetings saturday rose sunday members sing play instruments dance meetings feature membership seat chorus leader standing rose meetings include instruments like wooden trumpet guitar celebrations groups differ rose english faction characterized movement participation rhythm french faction characterized melody discipline restraint vibrant tradition women singing songs related rivalry traditions common factions include sort marches rhythm dance performed rose traditional styles addition music performed entertainment saint home styles specific occasions include work songs drinking songs music traditions nearly extinct modern saint celebration held near holidays like easter new year day included orchestra consisting bamboo flute ensemble traditionally performs merry rounds vocal called widespread form work song accompanies wood vocals performed lead singer responding singers accompanied duo instruments played manner drum played ground upright percussion sticks struck bamboo wooden stick rim drum drinking songs rarely performed recent years traditional context celebration held christmas time performed game singers seated long table turns singing new song time turn comes lasted entire evening won prizes bottle tradition form song couple dance performed couple leader chorus performed contexts notably funeral wakes include form funeral music saint wakes held eighth night person died contrast caribbean islands hold wakes ninth days wakes include music singing hymns drumming traditional music wakes performed inside outside deceased house inside house sing repertoire songs english french derived english songs churches songs include hymns gospel songs generally led male singer slow responses chorus outside house traditionally perform drumming kind song performed accompaniment called songs related death deceased deal cause death words events surrounding death dance accompanied villages grace southwest area saint known unique song dance called performed death person descended came island middle 19th century unique folk dance performed sole dancer lines text evocative song atmosphere narrative drummer knew tradition died religious tradition people region family modern saint claims religious authority perform pass rituals based deities similar festival rituals involve contacting ancestors ask protection especially good crops good health good fortune underground history accepted roman_catholic_church early 1960s rituals accompanied drumming mother drum child drum play different rhythms specified moments rhythms rituals include singing dance praying gods smashing end ceremony display tools iron steel honor smooth stones represent receives ram popular music popular music traced 1940s island musical culture lyrical genre related styles found music area music scholar called primary way modern express social commentary imported traditions recorded 1980s rpm discs remain largely unavailable today music industry small scale island small market lack recording studios record producers widespread general funding musical ventures saint home radio stations including radio radio caribbean international play variety popular music radio stations played increasing number programs culture local tongue modern saint produced popular musicians styles closely associated music popular musicians include tones disturbing joan marie known simply named dame commander order british_empire work promotion saint traditional culture music saint folk dance theater includes flower dances festival kinds music associated celebrations roots revival saint charles cadet collected numerous folk songs presentation expo major folk groups emerged led voices later introduced folk music saint music education end 1980s music aspects culture integral education system time leading independence united_kingdom saint underwent profound political cultural awakening roots revival drew rise black consciousness movement united_states influence caribbean consultation development local culture restrictions powerful roman_catholic_church non christian cultural elements non government organization folk research centre seeks promote research culture explore clarify role culture development people typically blends old music rhythms 90s music recent years popular island saint saint artist released song pressure boom blended genres popular english speaking caribbean style exclusively produced saint government industry government seen value promoting music industry formed cultural development foundation statutory body given responsibility preservation promotion saint culture arts accomplish goal fine arts awards given ltd saint artists independence gift nation early 2000s event handed newly formed cultural development foundation run national arts festival folk research centre prominent cultural research published journal devoted island traditions celebrated annual held island music industry remains little known internationally small economic importance government saint worked promote regional music industry intellectual property law festivals activities important festival modern culture international day held annually october sponsored international organization activities run folk research centre conjunction national research development foundation sent movement law protects owners intellectual property songwriters copyright act administered musical society saint jazz festival major attraction known local music scene annual event years hosted variety jazz stars addition local talent festival boost local music industry million festival sponsored number corporations groups significantly bet education music curriculum public schools saint long taught younger grade levels introduced secondary education primary education saint music artistic education commonly incidentally teaching subjects special occasions island schools engage general music education spent time general group singing choir recorder ensemble performance string program instituted primary students schools teach music lower secondary level schools normally music offer volunteer clubs informal opportunities musical schools formed commonly wind ensemble schools band combo group public education field collaborated saint school music form national youth choir string orchestra secondary schools wind ensemble governmental ministry education sponsors number festivals musical special events benefit students musically gifted saint school music independent institute music education branches island north south established student body students school professed goal provide music education levels offer community opportunities musical facilitate training professional development establish school musical resource notable music education centre operated vocal group fishing village centre provides music education opportunities gifted children island

Music by nation, people, region, or country


lebanon song contest lebanon participated song contest country broadcasting organization set country debut song contest song performed withdrew lebanon laws banning broadcast israeli content internal selection october president director general stated lebanon intended debut song contest ukraine november announced internally selected network represent lebanon orient song sung french written romeo chosen mid february scheduled present song semi final held withdrawal december announced financial constraints forced withdraw contest denied reports political conflicts israel days later european broadcasting union reached agreement lebanon official list participants early march official song contest website list israel participant asked resolve issue hours face disqualification site removed complete list participants replaced page link official website later month asked assure broadcast entire contest including israeli entry guarantee request march announced withdrawal contest legislation prohibited broadcast israeli content television networks wrote website permitted broadcast performance israeli participant rules song contest forcing withdrawal withdrew months december consequence withdrawal deadline broadcaster losing participation fee given year ban year ban eligible enter song contest contest lebanon born singer stated interested entering contest lebanon television stations serving ban broadcasting corporation international future television joined participation came country attempt join contest following conclusion broadcaster ban


music music includes variety genres including popular genres world popular music widespread number native dominican performers gaining national fame imported genres reggae rock roll popular music industry created form called combines elements styles achieved wide fanbase groups include caribbean native musicians forms reggae brother matthew luke marie exile stars home abroad set stage region significant musical developments dominican creation music like lesser antilles dominican folk music hybrid african european elements important symbol french culture typically accompanied kind ensemble called band addition folk tradition includes folk songs called traditional storytelling called children work songs carnival music late 1950s dominican culture island colonial government influence roman_catholic_church taught african derived music evil demonic perception changed mid- late 20th century dominican culture came celebrated work promoters like characteristics terrain rugged fostered distinct regional traditions northern eastern southern western central parts island music areas villages unique preservation english language music french based styles rest island dominican folk music oral tradition learned informally watching perform performers traditional music years old indicates ongoing revival previously declining traditions music evaluated based characteristics music complex rhythms social factors ability performers respond surroundings audience excited participating music characteristics dominican music include west african use response singing major rhythm lyrical dance rhythmic improvisation lyrics dominican french traditionally sung women instrumental traditions predominantly practiced men drums known prominent instrumental tradition folk music dominican folk music includes french tradition style dance music heel toe traditional carnival music includes folk music historically everyday life including work songs religious music secular recreational music important dance dominican folk tradition includes distinctive forms dances derived european styles pure particularly widespread folk songs west african origin traditionally performed evening moon rarely wakes tradition declined 20th 21st century performed holidays like easter independence day christmas day patron saint festivals held annually parishes especially fishermen workers respectively accompanied eponymous drum triangle start lead vocalist followed chorus drummer dancers traditional dances revolve stylized courtship male female dancer known respectively song dances include dance form important symbol french culture martinique guadeloupe islands dominican traditionally performed sets couples subscription dances private parties tradition survives holidays festivals dominican generally figures regions home local variants found wide variety names addition standard important dominican dance accompaniment provided instrument ensemble called band kind folk music originated slave plantations known colloquially band dominican folk music bands accompany circle dance called dominican bands boom pipe double bass bamboo led 1940s introduced dominican flute tradition declined result despite additional use revived national independence competitions song tradition based pre carnival music performed style dominican carnival lasted days streets singer dancing backwards drummer lyrics traditionally based gossip scandal addressed personal shortcomings folk music folk musical heritage includes work songs storytelling children music songs dominican work songs accompanied drum performed workers gathering fruit building roads fishing moving house wood generally short simple lyrical text rhythm tying work accompanied modern work songs rarely performed storytelling folk tradition focused entertainment night time festivals funeral wakes festivals modern performed major festival competitions work local traditions legends history provide ethical moral message line theme song based duet characters performances unlike dominican folk songs children songs musical games english originally rest island come primarily english scottish irish children musical traditions include ring games circle dances music accompanied thigh circle dancing early popular music dominican popular music history traced 1940s 50s dance bands like brothers later swinging stars famous island music dance oriented version kinds caribbean latin popular music cuban brazilian dominican_republic american funk beginning 1960s popular styles music replacing traditional carnival music like early recording stars era included swinging boys los groups gained fans especially folk singers early popular musicians aided spread radio broadcasting beginning later radio early popular musicians pioneering use native influences hits pray lovely english native end 1960s beginning 1970s american rock roll soul funk reached left lasting influences funky rock based bands like voltage mother child popular internationally known bands 1970s groups exile bands stars scene style dominican music popular caribbean 1980s styles popular formed playing experimental fusion island sound result known established field popular music 1960s music popular replaced music carnival particularly capital traditional songs performed new beat monarch competitions emerged extremely popular emerged country older musicians bands moved replaced younger musicians bands swinging stars boys los swinging surfaced began cut records emergence radio later radio helped spread music popular 1950s king crowned popular closely associated music wave dominican includes bands shell regent old oak 1970s wave musicians french antilles guadeloupe martinique brought sophisticated form music quickly swept island helped unite french colonies caribbean combining cultural influences followed mini jazz like les gentlemen les les guadeloupe later decade 1980s french antilles home style music called gordon henderson exile style turned mini jazz guitar dominated big bands horn section newly arrived synthesizers paving way success large groups like experience drawing influences invented popularized hit songs including formed paris influential figure promotion dominican group exile based island guadeloupe featured haiti music english speaking caribbean pushed 1970s groups style dominican music find international acclaim music evolved influence dominican caribbean latin rhythms rock roll soul funk music united_states end 1970s gordon henderson defined synthesis caribbean african musical patterns traditional contemporary aside exile bands included black roots black machine naked feet combo black affairs liquid ice milestone famous singers included bill thomas gordon henderson john tony jeff joseph mike anthony marie popular singer 1980s influenced nationalist movement espoused black power groups performed songs intensely ideological positions repertoire vernacular language gordon henderson exile leader founder coined band horn section use synthesizers mini jazz haiti french antilles followed format band considered pioneers early 1970s initiated fusion later music exile promoted band caribbean sign production contract major label records export music corners globe japan indian_ocean africa north_america europe cape_verde islands recent popular music 1980s popularity declined greatly dominican performers remained famous renowned singer period popular music time style pioneered french band styles folk music martinique guadeloupe kind music popular time producing bands like caribbean 80s saw rise popular jazz formation jazz bands groups like exile began exploring tradition rhythms inspiration style rhythmic music comes music called popularized exile elements prominent diverse styles exist french tongue martinique guadeloupe important element distinctive music generally based star singers little attention given based entirely studio recordings music authors charles gene trace development folk traditions describes synthesis caribbean popular styles especially arose late 1970s early 1980s elements previous styles music imported genres love love french antilles characterized slow soft sexual rhythm lyrics songs speak love sentimental problems music cabo love cape_verde derivatives french style sounds basically notable differences familiar genres main marie love artists come french west_indies netherlands africa exile marie dominican bands played later influenced love french antilles love called french antilles popular artists include french west indian artists like netherlands based african artist lord trinidad define music endless vibration song entire album music took direction later lord visited good friend stayed house month visited worked local artists experimenting sadly year later die accident loss felt penned higher world tribute attended exile performance collaborated king lord tokyo chris pat aaron early 1970s wrote lyrics soon released song words like meaning told small combination development includes fusion indian musical instruments particularly demonstrated classic compositions fusion traditional dances styles caribbean music developed band called caribbean later prominent 80s dominican bands began native drum rhythms elements music bands style vocals popular caribbean known jump music guadeloupe martinique best known band genre caribbean experimenting fusion sound based creative usage acoustic drums aggressive tempo guitar beat strong social commentary local language new music created band focused use modern technology strong emphasis keyboard rhythmic patterns multiple include referred jump fusion genre typically blends old rhythms 90s music term coined non dominican producers musicians wish attribute current success music islands native concept pretty specific original genre distinguishable colleague occasional fusion maintained clear obviously different style style music originated popular saint guadeloupe martinique alternative music religious music influenced american gospel important dominican popular music 1990s retained popularity jazz band impact fused jazz caribbean music styles include declined popularity despite efforts groups like music institutions festivals caribbean carnival important dominican culture originally featuring songs local traditions traditional carnival came dominated imported music steel bands early 1960s appealed carnival lyrical focus local news gossip similar despite rhythmic pattern instrumentation contrast sharply traditional dominican music fire traditional carnival banned continued grow popularity modern carnival takes place monday tuesday ash wednesday occasion laws libel suspended modern dominican carnival heavily based celebration lack corporate sponsorship world music festival takes place island festival city run governmental festivals commission national independence competitions important dominican musical culture founded chief minister edward promote traditional music dance government promotes dominican music dominican broadcasting station broadcasts local music matter policy


expedition expedition led american charles francis hall intended expedition reach north pole sponsored united_states government attempts pole british naval officer william edward reached latitude north expedition failed main objective having troubled incompetence poor leadership hall command departed new_york_city june october men shore northern greenland making preparations trip pole hall returned ship journey promptly fell ill died accused members crew poisoning body revealed large quantity weeks life expedition notable achievement reaching latitude ship record time way southward nineteen members expedition separated ship drifted ice months miles rescued damaged run aground wrecked near greenland october remaining men able survive winter rescued following summer naval board inquiry investigated hall death charges laid preparations origins william edward led british_royal_navy expedition aim men reach north pole years following attempt americans mount expeditions kent kane israel charles francis hall hall special academic background sailing experience owner cincinnati newspaper reader obsession arctic john franklin expedition lost hall focus directed arctic able launch expeditions search franklin crew second experiences established seasoned arctic explorer gave valuable contacts people renown gained eventually allowed convince united_states government fund expedition attempt north pole finance bill introduced senate called arctic resolution fund expedition north pole hall aided secretary navy george successfully lobbied received grant congress command expedition began recruiting personnel late secured navy ton screw propelled steamer washington navy yard ship fitted fore schooner renamed prepared arctic service addition solid oak timber hull bow iron new engine added boilers burn seal whale oil ship outfitted feet long feet wide flat previous arctic expeditions hall came admire brought similarly constructed boat hold men food packed board consisted beef bread sailor men intended supplement diet fresh seal polar bear order ward personnel spring president grant named hall overall commander expedition referred captain hall abundant arctic experience sailing experience title purely honorary selecting officers seamen hall relied heavily experience arctic markedly different polar expeditions british admiralty tended use naval officers highly disciplined crews selection sailing master hall turned george initially declined prior commitments commitments fell hall named sailing master assistant navigator decades experience vessels effect captains fact weigh heavily fate expedition matters hall denied permission hall bring guides joseph expedition time ill care rest officers scientific staff americans mate chester second mate william chaplain germans chief scientist surgeon frederick seamen german chief engineer addition officers crew scientific staff hall brought interpreter hunter wife child named wife children joined expedition expedition new_york leaving brooklyn navy yard june expedition ran personnel troubles cook assistant engineer wilson deserted steward turned drunk left port ship stopped new london connecticut pick replacement assistant engineer leaving july time ship reached john officers scientific staff backed openly rejected hall command scientific staff spread crew divided nationalist lines diary assistant navigator george wrote time reached island greenland expressions freely hall shall credit expedition minds far home hall asked captain supply ship congress intervene threatened sent united_states point germans threatened quit hall forced delivered strongly speech naval discipline crew open display dissent ship boilers crew special fired boilers disappeared apparently thrown overboard ship reached greenland west_coast picked hunter interpreter proceeded north smith sound passing previous north records ship held kane polar preparations hall death reached north tension leading officers agree proceed hall wanted press north cut distance travel pole want risk ship walked discussion end sailed thank god harbor called hall bay settled winter shore northern greenland weeks hall making preparations trip aim beating sir william north record men charge showed hall told trust man captain want don know leave ship evidence alcoholic occasions raided ship stores including alcohol kept scientists preservation specimens hall complained drunken behavior fully came light crew testimony following expedition watching ship hall took mate chester native guides leaving day leaving hall sent ship retrieve number forgotten items hall sent note reminding wind right time day book trial ice richard note hall held number degrees example hall expedition left overland trip hall gave detailed list instructions manage ship absence likely sit sailing master years experience return hall suddenly fell ill drinking cup coffee symptoms started upset stomach progressed following day hall accused ship company including having poisoned following accusations refused medical treatment drank delivered directly friend improve days able deck prevailed ship chaplain convince hall allow doctor november hall relented resumed treatment shortly hall condition began deteriorate suffered collapsed diagnosed hall finally died november taken ashore given formal burial attempt north pole according protocol provided navy secretary george command expedition turned discipline precious coal burned high rate pounds november pounds previous month close pounds december seen drunk far alcohol stores according testimony inquiry seen drunk like old gone far duplicate key help alcohol role alcohol clear routine breaking remarked little observed stated time putting lights men allowed consequently nights playing cards hours purposes unknown chose issue ship supply firearms crew evidence morally questionable plan formulated senior officers winter jan wrote diary month astonishing proposition ceased thinking grew discussion feasibility attempting farther north summer april talk chester proposition winter agreed monstrous prevented chester said determined got home expose matter author suggested officers contemplating journey pole high latitude plan expedition try pole dispatched june chester led expedition crushed ice miles chester men ship persuaded boat men set northward meantime found open water searching route south eager spend winter ice sent north orders chester return ship men forced abandon craft walk miles ship precious lost fourth small crushed ice july left overnight expedition failed main objective reach north pole fate journeys home expedition main goal abandoned turned south home smith sound west ran aground shallow freed night october threatening ship reported water coming pumps ordered cargo thrown ice ship men began throwing goods overboard care taken things thrown cargo lost number crew surrounding ice night break pack occurred morning came group consisting seamen cook steward found stranded ice miles away attempts attract ship attention large black cloth futile resigned ice soon shelters built estimated pounds food ship soon lost breakup ice drifting greenland davis soon rowing distance incorrect men actually canadian error caused men reject plans seamen soon broke making safe escape land unlikely night november men went eating consuming large quantity food stores group drifted ice months miles rescued coast newfoundland april probably perished group included skilled hunters able kill seal number occasions despite scarcely word written official reports expedition press october ship coal stores running low captain decided run aground near having lost clothing food ship october remaining men poor condition face winter built lumber salvaged ship october extinguished ship boilers conserve coal pumps stopped good ship half water fortunately helped men survive winter ashore crew built boats salvaged wood ship june crew sailed south spotted rescued july returned home scotland aftermath inquiry june united_states_navy board inquiry began time crew families rescued ice fate remainder crew unknown board consisted admiral louis secretary navy commodore captain henry army academy sciences appear questioning related friction hall hall deathbed accusations poisoning board whereabouts hall journals records responded hall instructed burn papers rest disappeared later journals crew members discovered site wreck sections hall death cut testified drinking saying sailing master drunk going southward steward john testified coffee hall suspected laced poison explained cook coffee kept track people touched cup brought hall remainder crew rescued returned united_states board inquiry continued attacked credibility claim hall efforts sail ship north disputed reports drinking saying practice drink little questioned hall cause death stated idea cause attack exposed low temperature time journey came entered warm cabin taking heavy fur clothing took warm cup coffee knows consequences testified hall taken left arm paralyzed injected hall correct elevated temperature died faced conflicting testimony lack official records journals body autopsy charges laid connection hall death inquiry final report general army navy wrote circumstances symptoms detailed comparing medical testimony witnesses opinion captain hall died natural causes treatment case sic best circumstances controversy speculation men aboard attempt rescue stranded ice ship miles distant group men supplies waving dark colored flag sea white day storm clear calm men ship steam sail aboard ship mate chester reported provisions stores distant orders retrieve stores search decision beach equally controversial said believed propeller smashed rudder broken official report expedition states vessel abandoned coal fires alive days report states propeller rudder fact discovered intact ship run aground ship boiler sails available ran coal ship perfectly able travel sail defense decision low tide exposed ship hull men found stem completely broken away foot mark taking iron wrote journal called officer attention wondered kept afloat long hall fate official investigation followed ruled cause death early term stroke hall symptoms partial speech certainly fit diagnosis pains hall complained body attributed years previous minor stroke hall biographer professor college expedition greenland hall body hall body flag clothing coffin remarkably preserved tests tissue samples bone hair showed hall received large weeks life poisoning appears consistent symptoms party members reported stomach pains sweet taste hall complained coffee sweet burned stomach appears crew expressed relief hall death said expedition better book arctic suggests possible hall accidentally poison common medical kits time considered probable murdered members expedition possibly nearly constant attendance hall charges filed research resources expedition held american geographical society library milwaukee


george george december october american author academic born ohio attended university university_of_chicago received phd geology receiving degree taught shanghai college traveled widely china return united_states completed pioneering book country china geographic foundations received second phd clark university geography joined faculty syracuse university remained rest professional career syracuse wrote variety subjects focused population problems related worldwide distribution land resources primarily studied asia traveled countries continents australia course career served chair department helped develop geography graduate program syracuse best country addition academic work consulted department state board economic warfare military intelligence corps world war war outspoken advocate better relations communist china traveled widely east asia middle_east variety highly involved number professional organizations serving president international geographical union association asian studies association american early life born ohio december father frank baptist minister mother woman graduate university_of_chicago taught latin university high school attended university graduating entered university_of_chicago studied noted salisbury receiving master degree phd geology entitled study indiana sand dunes receiving degree went china american baptist missionary union took position shanghai college shanghai china teaching geology geography china met american missionary married went son daughters time china travel east asia visiting desert particular frequency trips dangerous took far trips beaten robbed group travels china covered miles formed basis book began writing china geographic foundations survey land peoples finished book shortly leaving china gave manuscript commercial press shanghai prepare publication press bombed japanese manuscript lost ensuing fire second phd academic career left china returning united_states year study harvard_university earned second phd geography clark university writing desert year joined faculty syracuse university professor geography geology soon chairman department japanese invasion september travels asia sought expert lecturer china traveled frequently giving lectures academic audiences general public began reconstruct book china geographic foundations original notes finishing china geographic foundations focused describing geographic regions china devoted chapters history topography climate agriculture foreign trade writing political science quarterly clark called book clear comprehensive description land people relation book went standard work field welcomed book strongly criticized communist_party china judgment china lacked resources quickly great industrial power teaching syracuse continued travels visited moscow invited consult production great soviet world trip moscow traveled widely soviet_union returning united_states spoke great economic potential country despite anti soviet sentiment result earned trust gratitude soviet colleagues allowing access knowledge resources spent 1930s developing academic offerings syracuse building best master arts programs geography available united_states world war entry world war consultant government bodies including department state board economic warfare military intelligence corps taught asia army training program syracuse university publicly east asia country served special representative china state department cultural exchange program capacity worked national academy sciences help establish chinese universities promote better relations china war wrote second book asia lands peoples geography earth thirds people published book aimed ordinary american general overview asia light rising american interest region war book entered debate divide asia europe arguing europe regions soviet_union east asia southeast_asia india southwest asia controversial argument book key enduring peace eastern asia strong china book received stamp wrote sure touch man post war career war chair newly independent department geography syracuse worked syracuse institution study asia brought asian scholars graduate students syracuse department funds send maps books geography departments asian universities years following war active association american international geographical union association asian studies 1950s period interest china outspoken comments shortcomings american foreign policy led inclusion lists scholars suspected sympathy communists accusations syracuse university continued fully support ironically time accused communist sympathies chinese government included list capitalist enemies retired chairman geography department syracuse distinguished professor geography newly created position years traveled frequently published received honors served president international geographical union elected vice president position held year received george medal american geographical society received distinguished service award national council geographic education beta national visiting scholar served department state visiting professor asia served honorary president association american president association asian studies held fellowship iraq served smith professor lebanon research travel wrote book crossroads land life southwest asia published section book dealt general geographical features middle_east chapters dealt specific countries region egypt afghanistan creating picture region focused detail role natural resources countries region concentrating particular attention role water water shortages fisher writing geographical review called book authoritative compelling study wrote american book useful single aspects covered exists literature date regional interests 1950s remained interested china enduring concern restore contact china united_states break relations following communist victory promoted study china hoping educate new generation knowledge china east asia died cancer october home syracuse new_york


mary mary light april march american aerial photographer explorer heir company fortune best known aerial circles mile flight photographed unprecedented images south_america africa african photographs later featured book focus africa later years known native michigan philanthropy western michigan university university_of_michigan charities early life mary born william michigan april founder company french spanish smith college left college preparation marriage richard light cousin legally marry michigan moved maryland married flight light famous aviation enthusiasts world flight celebrate marriage wished approximate happy comply planning trip points earth captured film air american geographical society promoted photographic flights trying build aerial collection light idea travel areas south_america africa photographed took flying lessons learned code husband pilot navigator radio operator training son christopher born interview encore magazine asked decided journey replied like great adventure wanted certain knew hadn lights took september cabin lacked heat survive forced breathe oxygen tank wooden wearing fur coat boots took photographs window frame lights banned central_america guatemala ecuador colombia safety measure gathering strategic knowledge took advantage government pictures air capturing earliest photographs lines unable distinguish surface atmosphere designs range simple patterns following south_america couple crossed atlantic_ocean arriving cape_town south_africa took picture ice dome crater mount mount kenya photographs include different views native villages urban areas egyptian subjects day awake fly visit farms mines native settlements planned photograph following day couple original plan fly asia accomplished damaging plane pregnancy second child returned february took photographs flights later life philanthropy african photos included focus africa book written husband published american geographical society book second included aerial photos peru air george johnson published review book mary new_york_times called pictures superb addition photos featured exhibitions years member society woman granted outstanding achievement award pioneering aerial photography light divorced early 1960s married geography professor new couple settled farm outside according western michigan university president emeritus years barn foremost intellectual meeting places donated millions dollars western michigan university university_of_michigan charities traveled elementary school teach children read 70s largest gifts donation million western michigan university resulted creation center study geographical change grandfather maps aerial photographs world documents geographic changes donated million gift library library renovation early 1990s helped construct named father mary rare book room later dedicated library gave million university_of_michigan alma mater million museum largest gift college literature science arts million build center study depression named rachel building wife november awarded title honorary member american geographical society invited sign explorers globe tradition spanning 1920s noted explorers asked place signature globe globe include charles sir robert richard apollo people sign twice east africa mary died march age husband died year survivors include sons christopher john california seven grandchildren great grandchildren


richard richard april july american explorer diplomat mineral mercenary worked united_states government commercial agent free state time commercial agent volunteered command unit belgian artillery campaign force arab colony remained service government time subsequently posted consul capacity called act combatants anglo war following conclusion year posting returned prospect minerals later worked belgian authorities ambitious undertaking year expedition beginning laid telegraph line lake stanley falls spent time south_africa returning reform company behalf belgium early life richard born washington april family long association africa grandfather william prominent figure continent built comprehensive collection photographs time privately family home known seen photographs whilst growing developed interest slave trade continued arab control eastern southern africa fourth member family campaign sister lee intended train nun join catholic mission active family asked minister african americans washington instead received commission pay corps united_states_navy served year cruise mediterranean grandmother religious writer anna arranged meet acquaintance north american college rome appointed assistant served united_states department navy return cruise promoted rank lieutenant year reigned navy commission join united_states department state brother louis involved short lived nicaragua canal construction company private american enterprise seeking link pacific atlantic oceans louis survey expeditions company construction works began richard secured position company transportation division project hit tropical disease returned home washington january united_states agent connected anna close friends mother american secretary state james shared ties notre dame university able use influence arrange appointment commercial agent free state january filling vacancy caused death post navy lieutenant previous year maintained agent formally recognised commercial agent acted nation diplomatic representative free state post came annual budget investigate commercial potential promote trade countries previously non existent appointed ahead missionary samuel championed state senator alabama left america genoa italy louis sister travelled europe months reported brussels meet king spite reputation impressed apparent ambition bring peace western civilization louis act sub agent commercial post free state near atlantic coast operated inland july assisted citizen warren establishing rubber factory river near pour commerce plantation manager costa_rica imported experienced rubber south_america begin enterprise came attack belgian force dispatched provide security spent time exploration country interior visiting areas white man ventured making survey quality agricultural land crops grown native population frequently came conflict native mail bag personal papers stolen local chief refused return proceeded wage war chief accompanied gunmen attacked burnt villages captured chief son threatened hang return son life chief returned mail bag alongside second noticed missing time seeking view native method making cloth visited remote town accompanied followers armed party came attack spears poisoned arrows having fought captured town burned ground teach lesson conscious public image wrote diary view later publication diary contains little way self criticism reflects responsibility incident stating satisfied conscience rid country unnecessary member society occasion witnessed funeral local chief wives slaves buried alive unable intervene spite horror situation small escort heavily outnumbered came attack times months blamed violence arab claimed directed killing white men east country allowed bodies eaten originated east_coast africa conflict heavily outnumbered belgian authorities arab war francis baron vice governor general free state leading expedition led son tip july expedition appointed commander artillery attached belgian expedition commanded louis sent led risen position owing illness original chief artillery belgian army officer joined expedition steamer started prior joining expedition destroyed entirely house village accompanied expedition party suffered outbreak smallpox survivors continued expedition passed entirely deserted array severed heads left warning time led expedition village disturbed feast arrested village chief tried hanged occasion traversing jungle came armed arab clearing subsequent fight killed remaining fled march expedition reached deep stream searching place came large group arab expedition launched surprise attack camp supported artillery piece routed hours fighting expedition found dead body left field supposed arabs lost men carried bodies away retreat force men sent stream intention reaching town retreating warning encountered deserted town hands nailed taken corpses european men killed week group burned town ground returning main party expedition force suffered outbreak smallpox decided send sick steamer main force rested number days following day march expedition encountered bodies sick died return journey roll revealed men died weeks expedition expedition proceeded steamer stanley falls split detachments attacked factory nearby supporting artillery fire steamer killed including chief slaves soldiers women taken prisoner defeated driven country war effectively brought close accompanied force sent investigate town discovered hands state forces encountered belgian native troops engaging dead arabs practice outlawed death recorded fired single shot end matter marched miles expedition home tip january force native soldiers joined men assault fortified town subsequent fighting belgian forces assisted artillery killed men blew powder magazines burnt town february intended force soldiers planned catch steamer south_africa arrange passage coast planned settle affairs resign post return america hoped process intercept slave fleeing eastwards expedition loaded slaves ivory gold instead recognised leading role played engagements march appointed second command expedition determine lake upper river expedition encountered difficulties traversing terrain waterways country hostile natives discovered confluence rivers able existence lake marked maps location river proved highly variable ranging width contained deep stretch proving entirely canoe recorded soil valley highly fertile local people numerous named new peaks mount mount cleveland expedition reached far mount river commander fell ill liver assumed command april successfully completed remainder task delivered incapable sitting upright eating native attacks april treated doctor nearer successfully resolved travel saved life april whilst sergeant stanley chief sergeant relief expedition identified men murdered orders questioned pair garnered confessions sent trial hanged time took big game hunting killing elephants years role given responsibility government million natives tasked improving internal markets country continued work slave trade surveying expeditions established new trade markets assisted suppression estimated million free state spoke witnessing feast practice burying people alive work described spectacular contribution american opening country record kept expedition belgian author compose map river published remained commercial agent time insisted drawing pay belgian government services receive pour commerce held commission belgian army later expeditions wear uniform maintain discipline men quoted saying reason choosing assist belgian military operations prefer killing arabs interior killing time awarded honorary membership royal belgian geographical society appointed royal order lion accomplishments war received decorations united_kingdom france work stated priority improve conditions inhabitants bringing belgian sphere influence claimed popular image belgian brutality region lie spread missionaries statement contradicted evidence unnecessary cruelty belgian troops later second thoughts removal arab replacement pro belgian village chiefs late 1890s views known roger british irish diplomat campaigning reform stated called admire achievement removal arab believe arabs permanently occupied country great deal good given credit belief slavery exists native believe change worst certainly don respect dirty native chief powerful arab clean worst manners gentlemen recounts case town houses inhabitants encountered year free state army post established town completely destroyed noted belgian generals encouraged cruelty situation improved recalled king frequent expeditions carried unable spend time duties commercial agent state department surprisingly pleased conduct assisting receive salary work assisted making commercially stable left returned united_states married barry new_york report presented congress short period leave appointed state department consul appointment held november reward work free state replaced commercial agent office ceased exist july government appointment free state consul general appointed arranged period minutes resignation commercial agent acceptance post consul accept order lion title nobility clause prohibits holding public office accepting gifts foreign powers accompanied april gave birth son served godfather shortly birth sent copy chicken time island involved anglo war august sultan british authorities reported outcome war safety american subjects state department morning return services conduct engagement decorated new sultan course war compiled portfolio photographs later published war served sultan british authorities july informed superiors outbreak smallpox island indian native population english missionary attacked carrying victim arms concerned outbreak spread white population noted ordered native population time africa acquired leopard killing mother attacking livestock native village named young male devil raised house visit europe accompanied master carriage terrifying staff residents hotel antwerp forced cage leopard despite receiving bids owners gift animal washington zoo arranged shipped hometown returned washington months layer completion posting visited pet amazed staff zoo jumping passing hand bars enclosure allow animal hand telegraph expedition appointment ended november returned belgium purchasing house brussels remained house rest subsequent africa contacted belgian government impressed work behalf united_states appointed district commissioner 1st class colonial service june july king commissioned lay telegraph line lake white accepted position despite months condemning region country heart africa left antwerp belgium africa end august overhead telegraph intended link proposed line cape cairo supported high poles allocated budget million allowed free choose staff set engineers including britain france medical officer military escort commanded belgian captain advertised volunteers provide escort required expedition received thousand responses selected men accompany served expedition work hoped completed order negotiate local population route took boxes trade goods consisting bells knives locks mirrors music boxes watches odds ends diary notes arab american cloth popular pay escort expedition included carry equipment lay telegraph line addition laying telegraph instructed use parties plagued region aftermath rebellion ship named sir harry johnson took african mainland german colony expedition proceeded settlement fort southern tip lake food stocks fish river party proceeded western bank lake settlement north eastern expedition probably road connected southern tip lake group encountered british explorer process completing crossing africa south north captain drew attention group pale southern shot sent society london regarded potentially sighting new form species group began laying telegraph line starting heading north western bank lake entering free state turning west meet river shortly entering july party comprising european men came attack force estimated opponents numbered men claimed inflicted dead wounded exchange men killed wounded party said contributed party defence winchester rifle reinforced way engagement companies native infantry sent subsequently fled lake died expedition september december family contacted ambassador belgium lawrence ask investigate rumours death announced lecture washington party followed river north stanley falls years expedition completed line distance short telegraph miles long enabled transmission messages african interior time result claimed known indigenous peoples route big master telephone white survivor expedition returned belgium west_coast ports completed east west traverse continent claimed american achieve feat credit usually given henry stanley expedition claim knowing stanley american citizen born wales regarded americans played key roles opening belgian outsiders alongside stanley missionary william henry expedition contract belgian crown came end october returned brussels acted advisor king management second son cecil later born brussels march wishing embark long appointment africa wrote request employment state department official thomas commissioner louisiana purchase exposition suggested inclusion exhibit course lot impossible bring natives interior africa finding large percentage man proposing museum midway sort african section integral exhibition unsuccessful received formal position exposition suggestion led inclusion african exhibition believed written roger time attempt counter accounts belgian abuses compiling publication report december recommendation king appointed director company rubber company company mentioned commission report reported imprisonment women hostages excess acts brutality contested black spot history central african settlement appointed institute reforms addressing practices enjoyed success regard devoted time attempt fly successfully proposed buy concession direct control crown appears left time march proposed free state government assume role african manager american company selected thomas fortune ryan daniel founders company undertake operation river regions result ryan expedition rubber mineral party funded american capital accompanied member geological service parts scientific expedition led american company sought trial mexican process rubber extraction mineral party ball expedition known mission sydney ball mining engineer alfred chester sought new gold copper coal deposits expedition tasked capturing live specimen wealthy resident paris offered reward appointed chief ball expedition set late year party came attack force armed assistance strong unit belgian native soldiers repelled attack inflicting dead loss native press reports time described army officer involved revolutions south american countries incident locally known battle ball run attack january successful causing party flee area men eventually reached safety march expedition ended time uncovered valuable diamond deposits located country recommended mineral rich region investigation expedition judged favourably relation party forced abandon attempts introduce mexican process discovery diamonds opened new source revenue colony subsequent american expeditions carried search deposits contract expired november returned briefly family usa commissioned rubber exploration company inspect rubber concessions south_africa madagascar africa negotiate purchase behalf company left company early year concessions proved successful shipments rubber arriving usa august later life legacy august returned home royal oak maryland recover wounds received years service africa included period spent virginia mountains served officer american red_cross ship sent belgium year world war aged prior signs illness died fever july fell ill clock morning non catholic woman miles journey priest conduct rites funeral service held cathedral matthew interred family plot oak hill cemetery africa returned usa times career received honours british french belgian governments member royal geographical societies britain france belgium fluent speaker arabic addition native english collection information objects collected africa held collection museum papers held belgian royal museum central africa national archives records administration died october connecticut buried alongside husband