iii april march united_states_air_force aviator flying ace korean war controversial tour korea led removed combat denied medals victory credits subsequently reinstated born south_carolina took early interest flying attended citadel year enlisting united_states_navy briefly world war afterward graduated west_point began career flying volunteered fly korean war flew missions transferring 16th fighter squadron flying sabre day time period early claimed victories alley flying ace subsequently returned united_states shame commanders charged crossing river victories subsequent research debate pointed informal policy pilots regularly violating river border china military way prevent international incident finally given medals earned war including distinguished service cross silver star medals biography born april south_carolina interested flying early age boy flew father avid reader stories world war flying aces age flying solo graduated high school began college citadel charleston south_carolina age year later dropped attempt enlist united_states_navy attempted naval aviator little demand additional time war nearing end discharged navy earned appointment united_states military academy graduating commissioned second lieutenant graduates join newly formed united_states_air_force earned aviator wings year training williams air_force base phoenix arizona alongside later flying ace korea air_force career assignment 31st fighter group turner air_force base albany georgia commanded david flying fighter bomber shortly beginning assignment nearly died training incident flight tried set record completing obstacle course shortest time involved major crash crash threatened end career determined prevent discharged gave extra assignments military flew 31st fighter group major trans atlantic deployment united_kingdom late volunteered deployment south_korea serve korean war korean war tour february joined 8th fighter bomber squadron 49th fighter bomber wing pilots deploying air national_guard experienced jet aircraft pilot flight leader assistant operations officer squadron unit flew missions consisted primarily close air support missions support united_nations ground forces time took assignments forward air controller directed air support missions troops lines spent time uss valley forge assist navy pilots close air support doctrine june led bombing raid destroy series targets near air base targets unsuccessfully bombed earlier similar strike force group successful destroying targets aircraft took major damage automatic weapons nearby prisoner war concentrations june squadron ordered attack convoy chinese vehicles leading group directed attacks convoy despite taking intense anti aircraft fire aircraft destroyed vehicles circumstances event lost subsequent actions later decorated achievement july mission near leading group attack mission north korean military academy attacked largest engagement war spite intense fire group took losses results engagement heroism cause subsequent decoration unit flew combat missions course month tour concluded august second korean war tour end tour volunteered second tour korea fighter unit tour joined 16th fighter squadron 51st fighter wing air base weeks assignment saw little action flew missions alley making contact soviet chinese north korean pilots flew sabre tail number nicknamed devil angel disguise time known sit bases chapel silence extended periods time praying calm nerves began grow continue grow immediately final flight shaved believed number including number lucky described fellow pilots smart professional visited radar site spare time flight patterns soviet chinese end january learned patrol landing patterns contact times successful shooting changed january began successfully downing aircraft north river course days missions downed soviet aircraft january january expressed surprise successful strategy noting discovered late considered victories relatively easy downed fifth final soviet pilot january 49th mission tour meant attained ace status shortest time pilot war ace day fischer 24th 25th aces war streak briefly billed hottest streak jet fighting history days characterized hero stars stripes mission occurred disputed date january january squadron commander ace flew north river search formations shot aircraft sources victories sixth seventh received credit struck crashed miles north river line rescue attempt later seen reasons singled crossing river sources attribute victories resignation morning january summoned office wing commander colonel john mitchell colonel david jones fifth air_force command staff determined crossed river china victories violating chinese officially prohibited day mitchell told grounded sent home clear going home hero 16th fighter squadron grounded days told given decorations earned korea including awards previous tour written twice pinned distinguished flying cross personally fifth air_force commander lieutenant general considered silver star medals given bad efficiency report characterized lost temporary rank captain military delayed official recognition credits ace status december aces war resigned commission war ended subsequent analysis indicated treated actions actions pilots war new policies released warning crossing chinese border pilots punished expressed frustration pilot formation crossed river january mitchell known cross border action fellow ace unit member francis challenged claiming pilots outnumbered way maintain air superiority later revealed swiss observers peace talks traveling foot spotted soviet lodged complaint prompting investigation eventually indicted seen effort military prevent international incident acknowledging pilots violated chinese debate remains violations necessity pilots able maintain air superiority despite outnumbered war chinese soviet pilots launched similar strikes ships sea targets japan missions chinese authorized war informally known pilots regularly violated rule rush subsequent life following resignation contact military continued decades fellow west_point graduate lieutenant general charles cleveland discovered air_force established air_force review boards agency review incidents determine individuals denied medals meantime successful businessman owning operating companies continued flying hobby military built personal aviation library books began collecting restoring aircraft acquired restored aircraft museums institutions united_states abroad collection cubs ford aircraft flew regularly leisure active development state aviation museum north_carolina carolinas aviation museum established named library years later deemed eligible receive distinguished flying crosses silver star medals records relating actions destroyed national archives fire awarding decorations delayed sources later controversy claiming final missions korea ace scheduled returned united_states missions air_force maintained denied medals clerical air_force medals claimed actions took place instead acknowledging claimed victories chinese honored gathering eagles program air_force air command staff college twice september presented distinguished service cross air_force chief staff general speech noted properly recognized june bombing run finally presented distinguished flying cross silver star medals years actions followed month appeal process initiated resided north_carolina wife sue couple children grandchildren died march aerial victory credits numerous visits radar stations flights soviet pilots landed long stayed airborne told radar men airport inform soviet pilots took allowing ambush information fly pattern landing zones sun preventing spotting landing approaches fall formations soviet fighters began landings shooting minimal resistance subsequent victories described parallel non shots close range radar ranging feature sabre sources agree victories dispute number higher thanks disputed account mission sources claim flew final mission january shot received credit sources mission shot took place january shot aircraft flight awards decorations decorated numerous times korean war tour awards medals rescinded following controversial removal country additionally records million destroyed national archives fire decorations restored following appeal follows incomplete list awards confirmed awarded service distinguished service cross citation president united_states_of_america authorized act congress july takes pleasure presenting distinguished service cross lieutenant iii united_states_air_force extraordinary heroism action armed enemy united_states group leader type aircraft 49th bomber wing fifth air_force june date lieutenant group diverted target truck convoys discovered previous flight working overcast lieutenant planned executed difficult attack aircraft manner provide maximum coverage target minimum risk heavy ground fire disregard safety lieutenant remained enemy fire overcast visually direct attacks successful lieutenant direction attack trucks destroyed confirmed photograph making largest strikes war lieutenant command strike adverse conditions devastating results highlights superb flying skill extraordinary heroism face fierce enemy opposition lieutenant actions reflect great credit far_east air_force united_states_air_force united_nations command


hugo von hugo von august february german admiral served world war joined navy served capacities including new torpedo boats 1880s imperial navy office 1890s eventually reached rank held position chief admiralty staff commanded german high_seas_fleet february january commander surface fleet cautious engage high_seas_fleet actions british grand_fleet outspoken advocate submarine warfare policy effect took command fleet february seriously ill liver cancer january replaced month died month later biography early career hugo von born prussian august entered kaiserliche_marine imperial navy cadet april age promoted given command sailing corvette sms 1880s served alfred von called torpedo gang advocated greater emphasis torpedo boats german fleet took command torpedo vessel early experimental torpedo boat years later late september involved experiment new torpedo boat designs vulcan commanded boats exercises boat collided boat commanded august von boat sprung leak rudder damaged safely returned port 1890s transferred imperial navy office work appointed state secretary navy assigned fleet sent china help suppress boxer rebellion china commanded protected cruiser sms bombarded forts year promoted promoted rank served commander reconnaissance forces german fleet promoted january year elevated nobility april chief admiralty staff position hold years chief admiralty staff involved german july crisis aftermath assassination ferdinand serbian terrorists previous month von chief german general staff von chancellor met kaiser monarch returned cruise norway bulk high_seas_fleet present meetings kaiser ultimately produced blank check extended austria-hungary decision ultimately helped push europe world war end month world war outbreak war von chief imperial naval cabinet friedrich von commander high_seas_fleet believed war quickly fleet preserved intact agreed fleet restrained provide local defense german coast seek decisive battle numerically superior british grand_fleet argued boats attack british merchant shipping pushed fewer restrictions conduct commerce war beginning late advocated abandoning cruiser rules handicapped german effort favor submarine warfare presented plans unlimited commerce war november rejected kaiser neutral nations particular united_states battle bank replaced commander high_seas_fleet tenure commander adopted cautious strategy order preserve strength fleet controversial choice replace large owing caution employment surface fleet days taking command february gave order use submarine warfare allies managed convince falsely promising boat commanders distinguish enemy neutral avoid provoking united_states policy short lived boat torpedoed sank passenger liner causing diplomatic crisis united_states avoid drawing america war germany reinstated restrictions boat fleet aboard flagship sms friedrich der conducted series short operations north_sea course operations ventured outside southern end north_sea fleet encountered british forces seriously ill liver cancer january taken hospital ship subsequently moved berlin surgery relieved command poor health january replacement fleet commander died month later february shortly death awarded order red eagle oak leaves swords command fleet widow published papers effort defend reputation postwar criticisms


power lieutenant general sir power july british military leader fought number campaigns britain rose rank lieutenant general chiefly remembered leading brigade portuguese troops duke wellington war remembered jointly causing removal sir george governor chief british north_america refusal press attack new_york war active military service sir power appointed lieutenant governor malta early life grandfather sir henry power captain battle axe guards father captain lieutenant power served 20th regiment foot fought battles seven years war later american revolutionary war guy john power followed footsteps career soldier starting ensign father old regiment 20th regiment foot august years old served halifax nova_scotia holland force command sir battle alexandria later served royal horse guards rising lieutenant colonel 32nd regiment foot entered war attached portuguese army command sir william promoted lieutenant general war portugal strategies war place troops british command portuguese troops poorly trained power leadership power portuguese eventually regarded equivalent hardened british units saw action including battle battle battle battle near battle power portuguese formed 3rd division led led sir thomas brigadier general power specifically mentioned parliament distinguished bloody siege 3rd ordered distract enemy attack high walls fortress away main gates pressed action point breakthrough fortress wounded scaling continued led 3rd broke according fighting 3rd intense battle division lost men british losses battle having taken key bridge village subjected fire cannons counter attack right flank open rest army kept pace finally 3rd command charles battle took main attack captured bridge heavy resistance war power successful war veteran brigade leaders thomas brisbane frederick robinson sent bolster british forces war north_america participate battle veteran brigade leaders deeply disappointed sir george caution battle placed francis charge infantry brigades command power brisbane robinson troops brigade leaders dismayed decision withdraw battle felt easily captured despite unsuccessful british naval action opinions carried significant weight britain led removal commander chief north_america duke wellington wrote october obvious remove sir george gone war general officers sent certainly best rank army subsequent failure aggravated probably usual public attributed december wellington general sir george murray sent canada local rank lieutenant general specifically order return london explain conduct campaign war veteran power previous commanding officer sir edward commander british north american army power took battle new_orleans killed participants occurred war settled belgium occupation france reassigned europe rejoin 3rd division command charles lead 2nd brigade british_army force occupying flanders france october general murray appointed commanding officer oversee evacuation british troops france completed mayor wrote letter express thanks treatment french town later life sir power later served lieutenant governor malta years power familiar island having previously stationed 20th regiment foot addition battle honours role war portugal conferred knight commander order tower sword honour knight commander order bath conferred january england power family lived hill court manor near ross based records likely lord manor ross ross foreign sir power died july switzerland hours illness returning malta england buried bath abbey england march named sir power official quick march 57th west middlesex regiment foot die nickname earned battle presumably adopting march serving 2nd division war continuing use middlesex regiment formed later 4th battalion middlesex queen regiment


july march luftwaffe night fighter flying ace royal descent world war flying ace fighter ace military aviator credited shooting enemy aircraft aerial combat credited aerial victories claimed nocturnal combat missions born july austria joined infantry austrian transferred emerging luftwaffe initially serving reconnaissance pilot transferred night fighter force claimed aerial victory night november end march accumulated aerial victories awarded knight cross iron cross des april received knight cross iron cross oak leaves des mit august aerial victories promoted major tasked leading january crew killed flight accident march personal life born july austria member cadet branch ruling house father prince alfred mother born anna von son children sisters younger family lived old castle upper austria called birth remote chance succeeding throne small state german empire months birth germany republic german royal houses forced younger years enthusiastic mountains wildlife fourteenth year participated hunting time interested music sports discovered love flying near attended flying school austrian club attended basic flying course second air regiment joined military service married children january acquainted nicknamed secretary shared close relationship spent time war permitted listening music sailing death military service joined austrian age initially serving infantry incorporation austria greater germany nazi_germany transferred german luftwaffe promoted earned luftwaffe pilots badge october underwent training vienna luftwaffe career started 2nd group transferred night fighter wing august unit based methods night fighters summer night fighters transferred netherlands pilots included small detachment early october taken command independent night fighter commando later bergen encounter royal_air_force raf bomber night november claimed vickers wellington bomber squadron raf shot hours second victory claimed night january shot armstrong based squadron raf northern netherlands near dutch coast nature reserve wounded action march flying factory number radio operator emergency landing bergen aircraft hit defence fire wounding shortly midnight april claimed squadron raf wellington raising victory score achievement celebrated hotel amsterdam general lent attending june flying practice intercept mission holland collided piloted crashed near bergen june earned references daily daily radio report der high command armed forces military situation fronts july number aerial victory claims stood promoted 5th november end claimed total aerial victories awarded german cross gold gold january knight cross iron cross des april shot raf bombers night march score standing aerial victories feat earned reference march july leading german night fighter aces aerial victories promoted 1st group october claimed aerial victories transferred taking command iii 3rd group month later claimed 45th aerial victory awarded knight cross iron cross oak leaves des mit august month hospital stay promoted major february crew kurt killed flying accident march routine flight belgium encountered bad weather zone low clouds dense assumed aircraft hit high ground forced fly lower ice forming wings exact circumstances flight known factory number crashed mountains near completely burned wreck found following day funeral service held city church march buried netherlands awards flying luftwaffe gold iron cross 2nd class december 1st class january wound badge black german cross gold january knight cross iron cross oak leaves knight cross april oak leaves august iii mentioned times references


hugh 1st marshal royal_air_force hugh 1st february february british officer instrumental establishing royal_air_force described father royal_air_force formative years struggled academically failing examinations succeeding meeting minimum standard commissioned service british_army young infantry officer served india outbreak boer war volunteered service south_africa fighting critically wounded result injury lost lung partially returned great_britain medical advice travelled switzerland saw taking heavy crash found gone walk following returned active service south_africa end boer war saw service nigeria involved efforts bring interior settled british rule quell violence time west_africa commanded southern nigeria regiment years summer learned fly gained aviator certificate july flying henry school flying subsequently appointed second command central flying school held senior positions royal flying corps world war serving commander royal flying corps france briefly served chief air staff taking command independent air_force france returning chief air staff winston_churchill spent following decade securing future royal_air_force metropolitan police commissioner 1930s defender raf later years recognized today early advocates strategic bombing early life hugh born windsor lodge hill england february child second son henry wife catherine tower father captain king yorkshire light infantry mother daughter royal_navy captain john 1870s living fashion played notable roles english history family claimed descent knight close companions william fought alongside battle hastings notable ancestors sir thomas high sheriff 16th century sir john secretary state william iii hugh family moved farm cum manor house miles centre country setting meant young enjoy outdoor life including spending time hunting rabbits small animals rifle given eighth birthday junior years siblings educated home resident tutor respect unfortunately education tutor strict overcome children attempts avoid receiving instruction consequence academically enthusiasm games riding evident age sent board preparatory school near hampshire struggled rest curriculum parents greatly concerned educational difficulties believing following military career wanted son follow father profession enter royal_navy moved dover attended hammond school prospective hms failed navy entrance papers age sent reverend albert hill lands hill lands prepared pupils army commissions excelled rugby apply studies hugh years old father solicitor declared bankrupt initially removed hill lands young able return thanks charity relatives failed examinations twice relegated applying militia lower entry standards militia examinations proved difficult failed time underwent period training artillery following return finally achieved bare pass march age second lieutenant second battalion royal scots posted india early military career india arrived india late joining regiment long arrival called speech mess dinner night common practice youngest speech expected cover highlights royal scots history instead simply said deeply proud belong great regiment followed hope day shall live command speech received laughter appreciated nerve young officers stationed india 1890s enjoyed social sporting little militarily regiment required undertake period duty pass conditions peace prosperity evident able engage sporting activities early won india rifle championship success shooting set establishing battalion polo team infantry regiment history playing polo obstacles overcome months battalion polo team competing holding polo match met winston_churchill clashed field play sporting prowess saved reputation fellow officers respects fit lacking social choosing little nicknamed like beast drank spoke time india took reading choice biographies particularly british heroes kept long hours spent reading quiet succeeded providing education service failed military terms dissatisfied failed action time india missing regiment turn frontier sent england sick leave operation outbreak second boer war october applied times rejoin old battalion sent cape expeditionary corps requests rejected colonel lord concerned drain leaders south_africa banned dispatch officers prospects seeing action looked bleak year previously happened promised help advice sir gesture thanks rescuing poorly planned rifle shooting contest disaster military secretary lord recently promoted captain sent priority signal requesting permitted rejoin unit overseas bold worked received orders south_africa weeks later south_africa arrival south_africa rejoined royal scots july ordered raise train mounted company 2nd battalion accomplished horsemen tactics day placed heavy strain british cavalry accordingly british sought raise mounted infantry units polo playing experiences led selected raise mounted unit service west new company consisted group volunteer australian horsemen far employed largely noticed excessive drinking gambling company came command 6th brigade headquartered september early october riders involved skirmishes surrounding countryside october 6th brigade including departed intention drawing battle plain defeated brigade reach plain pass terrain favoured boer guerrilla tactics brigade travelled night dawn october vanguard disturbed boer fled horseback australians pursued miles finding unable shake unit led trap rode steep slope disappeared valley ridge saw farmhouse smoke coming chimney appeared thought got away eating breakfast placed troops heights building half hour observation led patrol men farmhouse remainder troops close signal patrol reached valley floor broke cover opened fire dozen points bullets past men pressed forward reaching wall farmhouse headed door hit boer bullet chest australians seeing leader fall descended heights engage close quarters farmhouse killed wounded fled taken prisoner critically wounded medically evacuated medical treatment brought hospital slipped semi consciousness believed die bullet left lung removed half blood cavity tube day regained consciousness spent day sleeping weeks shown improvement moved progress tried rise bed discovered unable weight feet leading suspect partially moved confirmed suffering partial waist doctors passing lung bullet damaged spine december returned england arriving hospital ship southampton aid sticks concerned parents met disabled soldier independent financial means lowest point spent fortnight nursing home disabled officers run red_cross case came attention lady efforts nursing home operated arranged specialist told needed spend months switzerland air likely benefit lung family afford expense embarrassed explain situation asking questions lady presented cover costs sunday december arrived begin swiss saw require use legs initially prone leave run end snow days practice usually managed stay track heavy crash run spine enabling walk freely immediately regaining consciousness week later won club freshman cups remarkable triumph man unable walk days arriving england visited lady thank set engineering return south_africa lung fully healed causing pain leaving furthermore war office claim fully fit allow remaining months sick leave took months tennis coaching order strengthen remaining lung early summer entered tennis competitions reaching semi finals times gaining favourable press coverage sent newspaper doctors war office arguing tennis ability proved fit active service waiting reply boarded troop ship passing volunteer second tour duty return africa south_africa return south_africa way arriving late july assigned company 12th mounted infantry patrolling duties required long days saddle wound caused considerable pain entry exit frequently later year summoned commander chief tasked mounted infantry company completed month sent cape colony training new corps mounted infantry summoned time october time sending mission capture boer government hiding received intelligence location hoped damage morale boer large sending small group men capture boer government accompanied column called loyalist motives suspected british mixed race guides riding night party ambushed morning men took cover gave fight column suffered casualties ambush party withdrew mission failed praised efforts mention dispatches spent remainder patrolling duties early appointed acting commander 23rd mounted infantry regiment months war got lead regiment action response boer cattle raiders crossed border 23rd mounted infantry regiment took action peace terms agreed involved supervising later took leave july 23rd mounted infantry recalled miles south trek occupied polo race meetings promoted major august nigeria following end boer war decided apply service west african frontier force granted position deputy commandant southern nigeria regiment promise entitled lead regimental expeditions arrival nigeria december initially difficulty getting commanding officer allow lead upcoming expedition replaced superior going head established spent years expeditions interior patrolling surveying mapping area square miles later came known occasional clashes gained decisive victories surrendered given jobs road builders began develop country british_empire summer late summer acting commandant southern nigeria regiment appointed distinguished service order commandant temporary rank lieutenant colonel onwards england ireland early seriously ill months returned home time liver england recover quickly probably prolonged late summer parents holiday west country october saw posted second battalion royal scots garrisoned reduced temporary lieutenant colonel major company commander occupied playing polo took hunting finding peace time regimental life dull sought expand area responsibility attempting organize fellow officers administrative procedures resented clashed colonel stuart commanding officer told town small february resorted applying employment colonial defence forces success flying school time ireland received letter captain urging flying friends nigeria return england learnt fly effort persuaded commanding officer grant months paid leave train pilot arrived london july discover captain killed flying accident previous day age short maximum age military student pilots central flying school postpone plan aviator arrived thomas flying school told days gain aviator certificate succeeded going solo july gaining royal club aviator certificate henry course cost involved half weeks tuition grand total minutes air perry instructor noted teaching fly easy performance model pupil difficulties measure partial eye fact kept secret arrived airfield central flying school based assigned arthur flight bad weather delayed assessing new pupil weather improved school commandant captain opted permanent staff new duties included school set paper sat marked awarded wings flying ability left desired soon discovered pupil deficiencies following weeks spent hours improving flying technique finished flying course officially appointed instructor poor pilot instructing instead involved administrative duties member staff set work organizing training establishing procedures paid particular attention ensuring skills acquired practical topics map reading signalling engine mechanics time central flying school earned nickname boom low tones september acted air observer army manoeuvres experiences actions developed understanding military utility flying following september appointed assistant commandant promoted temporary lieutenant colonel paths crossed winston_churchill lord admiralty learning fly formed distinctly unfavourable opinion churchill ability pilot world war officer commanding military wing outbreak world war appointed officer commanding military wing royal flying corps replacing lieutenant colonel appointment charge royal flying corps great_britain retained corps total strength headquarters disappointed remaining england applied rejoin old regiment france head general sir david henderson refused release new duties included providing replacements raising new squadrons service continent initially set target squadrons assistant director military suggested raised lord later set target order begin task creating squadrons old civilian training school aircraft equipment starting point establishment new training schools early october sent tasked providing battle worthy squadron squadron support land naval forces seeking prevent german flanking manoeuvres race sea october hours later squadron flew belgium additional squadrons provided later october detailed planning major reorganization flying corps command structure took place henderson offered command soon created wing accepted offer basis month military wing abolished units based great_britain grouped administrative wing command administrative wing given lieutenant colonel commander wing took command wing november established headquarters arrival discovered replace henderson commander royal flying corps field making immediate superior bore animosity working relationship troubled appealed secretary state war threatening resign discomfort relieved december ordered henderson resume command royal flying corps field wing consisted nos squadrons flew support corps indian corps army general came december wing provided support army early january summoned explain achieved air meeting brought confidence plans march attack region aerial photographic reconnaissance gathered allied plans reworked february battle march especially wing supported land offensive time aircraft bombers explosives wings fuselage opposed released hand happened earlier war bombing air little effect artillery disregarded information provided airmen prior ridge april camera crews flew reconnaissance sorties german lines despite detailed information provided improved air artillery cooperation battles inconclusive end engagement henderson offered position chief staff declined offer citing role ambition command real reason case stop promotion colonel june commander royal flying corps henderson return war office summer promoted brigadier general appointed officer commanding france serve head field early days late appointed commander british expeditionary force established partnership time higher level march following year expanding promoted major general time command characterized priorities emphasis support ground forces support started reconnaissance artillery later encompassed tactical low level bombing enemy ground forces oppose strategic bombing germany principle rejected moves divert forces long range bombing missions believed strategic role important resource limited secondly stressed importance morale airmen generally detrimental effect presence aircraft morale opposing ground troops finally belief importance offensive action belief widely held senior british commanders offensive posture resulted loss men machines doubted effectiveness following raids london summer government considered creating air_force merging royal naval air service opposed believing air support required ground forces france october realized creation air_force inevitable seeing obvious candidate new chief air staff attempted bring scheme retain control flying units western regard unsuccessful succeeded france major general john chief air staff 1st appointment air_force bill received royal november followed period political speculation new posts air minister chief air staff senior positions soon created air ministry summoned france crossing channel destroyer morning december met newspaper proprietor lord recently appointed air minister offered post chief air staff respond explained support useful launch press campaign sir douglas sir william chief imperial general staff refused job personally loyal political intrigue brother lord present spent hours debating brothers pointed refused use fact attack false premise refused release defended policy constant attack arguing standing defensive maintained offensive posture war like infantry resulted flying corps taking casualties end brothers wore accepted post condition permitted consult meeting wrote accepting post disputes resignation new year saw knight commander order bath appointed chief air staff newly formed air council began work january month air ministry clashed issues tendency disregard professional advisors favour outside experts irritated secondly insisted claim men raf possible better employed services finally significantly disagreed proper future use air power judged vital preventing repeat strategic stalemate occurred western time resisted pressure press barons support air warfare scheme seen british armies withdrawn france defeat germany entrusted raf despite arguments differences able place planning merger royal flying corps royal naval air service weeks went increasingly estranged low point reached mid march discovered promised navy aircraft anti submarine duties accorded highest priority air operations western fewer spare aircraft great_britain march exchanged letters expressing dissatisfaction following day sent letter resignation called asked remain agreed date april royal_air_force officially come germans overran british fifth army march ordered available reserves engines aircraft transported france reports reached march concentrations flying corps machines stopping german advances april travelled france squadrons understanding air situation return lloyd george ministers air activity general situation april informed war cabinet accepted resignation offered old job france refused offer saying replacing height battle days later major general frederick replaced chief air staff following monday summoned buckingham palace king george listened account events caused resign wrote prime minister stating facts case pointing course affair stated intention resign letter circulated cabinet response written time question general air minister brought attention lloyd george realizing situation offered resignation public april duties weeks followed resignation role kept low profile avoiding press making public comments new air minister sir william pressure find position offered command formed independent force conduct long range bombing operations germany instead seeking equal status argued reorganization raf seen appointed raf commander fighting operations left deal administrative matters accept proposal instead gave options rejected offer proposed new post meant london based command bombing operations conducted arguing responsibility direction turned post grand british american air policy inspector general raf overseas offered command air_force units middle_east post inspector general raf home strongly encouraged command independent long range bombing forces france reasons accepting posts saw artificially created little value lacking authority sitting bench green park naval officer saying don know government man threw hand height battle way shot walked home wrote accepting command independent force commander independent air_force period officially termed special duty france appointed independent air_force june headquarters nancy independent air_force continued task viii brigade formed carrying intensive strategic bombing attacks german railways airfields industrial centres initially french general ferdinand refused recognize independent air_force caused logistical difficulties problems resolved meeting general disregarded concerns status independent air_force block needed supplies improved links raf american air service providing advanced tuition bombing techniques american september force indirectly supported american air service battle saint bombing german airfields supply depots rail lines close operation americans french command redesignated inter allied independent air_force late october placed directly supreme commander november armistice came sought received permission return squadrons british command succeeded commander independent air_force deputy brigadier general departed france mid november returned great_britain holiday wars army mutiny southampton months raf inactive list returned military duties mid january sir william commander chief home forces asked charge soldiers southampton putting army general uniform arrived southampton staff clerk aide camp initially attempted speak soldiers arranged armed troops sent southampton threatened lethal force surrendered bringing matters close chief air staff 2nd appointment appointment sickness early churchill appointed secretary state war secretary state air churchill preoccupied implementing post war defence cuts army chief air staff major general frederick submitted paper time unrealistic proposals large air_force future dissatisfied churchill began consider recent performance southampton brought favour churchill week february summoned london official telegram war office met churchill asked come chief air staff replied appointment currently post churchill indicated appointed controller civil aviation knight grand cross order british_empire agreed consider offer churchill wanting leave matters hanging asked provide paper outlining ideas organization air ministry brief written statement required met churchill approval insisted appointment returned air ministry mid february formally took post chief air staff march march unable work contracted spanish flu period wrote née widow friend fellow officer james knew time ireland request took task nursing health recovered proposed marriage refused offer remained contact proposed marriage accepted july married margaret church westminster establishing raf struggle survival summer worked completing raf establishing peace time basis sizable task raf shrink squadrons squadrons time new raf officer ranks decided despite opposition members army council major general air vice marshal promoted air marshal days later autumn budgetary effects lloyd george year rule causing difficulty sought develop institutions raf argue view army navy provide support services education leaving raf provide flying training viewed idea precursor break raf spite costs wanted institutions develop air spirit having convinced churchill case oversaw founding raf cadet college world military air academy later inaugurated aircraft apprentice scheme provided raf specialist years raf staff college set provide air_force specific training raf middle ranking officers late saw created granted attained measure financial security future raf far assured judged chief threat service came new sea lord admiral looking initiative arranged meeting early december arguing air forward case air_force strategic role controlled army navy operation squadrons accept argument resorted asking months amnesty plans action request appealed sense fair play agreed let end time indicated control supporting elements naval aviation aircraft returned admiralty offered option locating air ministry staff worked connection naval aviation admiralty declined offer later transfer naval aviation assets occurred came view acted bad faith early 1920s continued independent existence raf control naval aviation subject series government reviews report axe salisbury committee found favour raf despite lobbying admiralty opposition parliament occasion staff officers supported christopher worked raf provided good value money required long term strategic security united_kingdom sought secure future raf finding war fighting role new service successfully argued raf lead operation restore peace success small air action allowed case raf british_empire particularly argued raf lead iraq cairo conference raf given control british forces iraq raf carried imperial air india north west frontier province early wrote raf suppress industrial disturbances britain idea churchill liking told refer proposal later years chief air staff late creation reserve air_force known auxiliary air_force meant able expand raf strength years auxiliary squadrons created period oversaw introduction short service commission scheme proved useful providing regular manning new squadrons instigated university air squadron scheme squadrons formed cambridge london oxford early 1920s supported development flying bomb prototype code named successfully tested development costs insignificant applied funding committee imperial defence cabinet discontinued project following british failure win trophy ensured finances available raf team high speed flight formed preparation race british won continued use air ministry funds support race including purchasing aircraft won race criticised treasury money january promoted air chief marshal marshal royal_air_force person hold raf highest rank following year began feel achieved chief air staff way younger man offered resignation cabinet late initially accepted time considering future british european diplomatic staff based cut outside world result civil war afghanistan word reached london foreign secretary chamberlain sent informed chamberlain raf able rescue stranded civilians began christmas eve took weeks rescue people continued chief air staff january immediately relinquished appointment created baron county entering house_of_lords raf peer looking time chief air staff successfully preserved raf emphasis air_force providing defence comparatively low cost led deterioration quality service fighting equipment metropolitan police commissioner retired raf worked director tire rubber company largely disappearing public life march asked post metropolitan police commissioner initially declining eventually accepted october served head metropolitan police tenure instigated changes included limiting membership police federation introducing limited terms employment creation separate career paths lower higher ranks akin military system officer non commissioned career streams known achievement time commissioner establishment police college originally institution junior graduated following career higher ranks retired november final months police commissioner knight grand cross royal victorian order later inter war years time metropolitan police commissioner maintained keen interest military affairs aroused governments displeasure submitting private paper outlining idea air defence singapore ideas rejected cabinet secretary chaired committee imperial defence angered intervention later year government considering entering international treaty banned bomber aircraft wrote cabinet outlining opposition idea ultimately idea dropped developed negative view saw interested maintaining service heads dealing weaknesses british defence arrangements began speak privately liking privately lobbied removal grounds nation security stake following departure metropolitan police free speak publicly december wrote times committee imperial defence placed politician responded accusing trying stab idea committee imperial defence popular point debate presented arguments house_of_lords end government conceded sir thomas appointed minister coordination defence ban inter service disputes gone navy campaigned air service idea transferring fleet air arm air ministry admiralty control raised opposed lords press private conversations lacked influence prevent transfer took place politics took united africa company sought west african knowledge experience upgraded baron late spent time travelling overseas behalf companies employed director visit germany summer hosted dinner commander chief luftwaffe evening started fashion ended opinion day german world replied head appointed chief air staff criticising new air chief ardent supporter bomber found disagree air expansion programme emphasis defensive fighter aircraft took writing directly cabinet eventually reduced exercise discretion offered services government occasions accepted world war outbreak world war chamberlain summoned offered job organizing advanced training raf pilots canada possibly pretext remove england turned chamberlain saying role required younger man date knowledge training matters spent remainder arguing raf strike germany bases france clear government dissatisfied early offered job england refused job official role took spend spring visiting raf units including advanced air striking force france april sir samuel secretary state air unsuccessfully attempted come chief air staff failure norwegian campaign position lords attack saw government half hearted prosecution war churchill replaced chamberlain prime minister asked organize defence aircraft factories declined offer grounds interested helping general responsibility end month churchill offered job seen acting general officer commanding british land air sea forces home invasion occur responded stating order effective officer responsibility need military powers political power come deputy minister defence churchill virtually reduced grant enormous powers sought notwithstanding disagreement churchill remained good terms churchill birthday november took lunch battle britain recently concluded churchill praise pre war efforts establishing raf churchill job offer time military intelligence seriously considered offer declined letter days later chiefly felt job required degree unable supply onwards realized demands excluded pivotal role british war effort took act unofficial inspector general raf visiting deployed squadrons europe north_africa morale raising visits peer friend churchill direct connections air staff championed cause air_force lords press government submitting secret essays concerning importance attached air power continued exert considerable influence royal_air_force acting sir john quietly successfully lobbied removal chief air staff command chief fighter command autumn replaced portal succeeded douglas new commanders war family suffered tragedy elder john killed action italy younger edward killed flying accident born son called hugh killed north_africa younger son thomas survive war frequently visited parents able later years aftermath war american generals including henry arnold andrew asked brief connection debate surrounded proposed establishment independent united_states_air_force american air leaders held high esteem dubbed patron saint air power formed independent branch american armed forces world war continued set ideas air power supported creation memorials battle britain chapel westminster abbey headed committee air chief marshal sir hugh raise funds chapel provision stained glass window second anglo american memorial airmen nations erected paul cathedral death late 1940s early 1950s continued involvement united africa company holding resigned years life partially blind physically died week birthday london home avenue february following funeral westminster abbey february ashes buried battle britain chapel helped create passed son thomas legacy institutions buildings named including university hall raf hall named lines sites british_army headquarters land forces small museum raf houses college named prominent military figures house currently air sciences trust store collection invested international hall_of_fame san_diego museum work establishing raf preserving independence led described father royal_air_force disliked description believing general sir david henderson deserved obituary times considered greatest gift raf belief mastery air gained retained offensive action life strongly argued bomber key weapon air_force recognized today early advocates strategic bombing architects british policy imperial air control arms specific general


grant july october inaugural director women auxiliary australian air_force described significant woman history air_force formed branch royal_australian_air_force raaf largest women service australia world war numbering members late making thirty cent raaf ground staff born educated victoria executive company appointed director initially ranked squadron officer rose group officer resumed civilian career following discharge air_force long active education social welfare helped form aid organisations including association new_south_wales retiring appointed member order british_empire member order australia services community female veterans education early career born july victoria grant fifth children robert logan grant wife née family moved attended girls grammar school high school completing intermediate leaving certificates entered faculty science university melbourne switched education failing chemistry final year hockey blue active campus groups including students representative council science club president committee melbourne university women graduated diploma education began working strong advocate continuing education years association organised night classes workers sydney served general secretary queensland branch took position training research officer represented company london senior executive based sydney supervising product research training sales staff outbreak world war director appointment late nominated director planned women auxiliary australian air_force keen support war effort capacity owing administrative social obstacles role appointment went ahead regardless air member personnel air vice marshal henry recommended basis management background despite initial decided fight appointment took effect june established march response lobbying women wanting serve war free male ground crew overseas women branch armed service australia similar organisations army navy fewer personnel recruited director june number grow thousand end year months existence temporary command flight officer mary bell wife raaf group captain australian commandant women air training corps organisation female pilots ground staff formed providing voluntary support air_force bell chose resign learning appointment stay deputy director report outside service fraternity later rejoined condition receive promotion higher flight officer early challenges role director responsible training morale welfare staff committed equal opportunity regardless gender social background outset deal discrimination government authorities creation service time minister defence declared aviation takes women natural environment home training family senior air_force officers including man subsequently known father raaf air marshal richard williams director personnel services group captain joe fought proposal chief air staff air chief marshal sir charles royal_air_force commander appreciated women auxiliary air_force proved battle britain supported establishment lost interest preferred choice director daughter jean serving officer ruled federal government decreed staff paid thirds male equivalent trade received right appeal disciplinary matters shown rank comparable civilians servicemen women enrolled month periods enlisted permanent staff permanent air_force considered housing uniforms recruit training priorities taking appointment said arriving depot victoria shattered prison like atmosphere place drew retail experience organise design uniform promoted wing officer october group officer april highest rank attained serving member took active interest recruitment liberal social outlook determination single women children barred entry order establish high standards personally interviewed officer officers possible posted new job worked maintain morale personnel encouraging officers attend group leadership courses organise leisure sporting activities staff colonel head australian women army service observed hand training methods large scale recruitment commenced later declared pioneering work gaining acceptance women armed forces considered role director difficult job lonely later service early policy change remove female officers technical far filled substitute male officers roles opposing went new air member personnel air commodore frank wrote directly deputy chief air staff air commodore john told contend waste money training women officers women signals casualty learnt work substitute women men learn job recommended direct air member personnel ensure female officers continued employed technical positions simply administration welfare agreed appealed chief air staff air vice marshal george jones jones backed authority sent forced apologize event women officers continued employed technical positions expanded years peaking strength members october end war total women served comprising thirty cent air_force ground staff filling trades previously occupied men continued lead following cessation hostilities retiring medical grounds march suffering reduced muscle function left arm pain left face neck diagnosed traced smallpox received previous preparation proposed visit manila annual address director encouraged members use service experience returned civilian life things shall miss knowledge common aim feeling life different life outside world find common aim winning war working free prisoners war winning district council public presented farewell gift fellow officers asked value instead scholarship member study social work university sydney largest australia wartime women services disbanded september succeeded new organisation separate charter raaf women royal_australian_air_force members achieved pay scale equal male service years later integrated raaf post war work legacy following discharge resumed career senior executive remained company retirement parallel work trustee services trust fund melbourne maintaining links organisation years founding patron council associations appointed member order british_empire queen birthday honours welfare work behalf female veterans helped set scholarship trust fund civilian children research officer new_south_wales council involved establishing kings cross community aid information service serving time president member management committee founded association new_south_wales president serving prepared report titled dedication concerning levels assistance given elderly family friends led forming later created association independent organisation president association lobbied establishment pension new_south_wales commemorated association memorial lectures honor published book collection members service appointed member order australia australia day honours services community welfare work veterans included reading classical music younger days unmarried died october leaving body university sydney


april september german officer held rank colonel world war school swept excitement munich beer hall november led adolf_hitler subsequently awarded blood order member nazi party joined interwar german_army world war broke fought invasion greece summer soviet red army northern finland transferring subsequently commanded regiment newly formed 13th mountain division 1st croatian led fighting yugoslav partisans independent state croatia seriously wounded replaced new division raised june provided 13th division appointed divisional commander 23rd mountain division 2nd croatian reached divisional strength action formation elements division fought briefly southern hungary early october quickly suppressed mutiny muslim soldiers division mid october disbanded reliable troops absorbed 13th division 31st volunteer division appointed command regiment 6th mountain division regiment fought united_states_army received head wound fighting northeast frankfurt early april captured americans recovered wounds career agriculture war working south_africa years returned bavaria retired earned doctorate history university munich interest continued regularly climbed alps maintained contact comrades 6th division attending september age returning home pass eastern austria killed traffic accident early life born walter paul kingdom bavaria state german empire april second son army officer attended primary school gymnasium secondary school november age walking bicycle munich beer hall led adolf_hitler swept excitement fell group led veteran shots fired took cover group alley wrote party faithful present day subsequently awarded highly prized nazi party blood order apparently political beliefs member party time successfully completed secondary school early joined officer cadet april posted 19th infantry regiment spent years commanding mountain infantry platoon regiment absorbed brigade gained experience signals officer company commander promoted captain creation 1st division april appointed adjutant regiment outbreak war september instructor mountain infantry school alps married wife daughters world war greece finland august transferred duties command battalion newly formed 6th division deployed france occupation duty anticipation involvement planned invasion united_kingdom operation abandoned division sent poland spring took invasion greece battle line early april division led brigadier ferdinand breached formidable greek defences crossing metre snow covered mountain pass considered inaccessible greeks enabled division cut rail line awarded iron cross 1st class late april following defeat greece allies division deployed northern finland september remained battalion commander regiment division finland promoted major november mentor service 6th division january awarded german cross gold august transferred des army headquarters reserve pool extended period returned mountain infantry school served briefly fortress division crete promoted lieutenant colonel october yugoslavia mentor general der lieutenant general advised transfer quickly expanding regimental command easier come particularly blood order especially prized subsequently transferred november join nazi party immediately appointed command regiment newly formed 13th mountain division 1st croatian rank file muslims initially appointed lieutenant colonel commanding 28th regiment oversaw completion regiment training training grounds region germany present day poland led regiment fight yugoslav partisans independent state croatia february division given primary role securing square kilometres territory designated security zone north eastern bosnia security zone encompassed regions rivers saw task critical important agricultural areas ethnic german settlements region north march june commanded regiment major operations including largest anti partisan sweep war operation promoted colonel april led regiment resulting wound june june recommended award knight cross iron cross citing leadership courage commanding regiment approved achieved successes proved competent counter operations partisans eastern bosnia march august 13th division earned reputation brutality combat operations atrocities committed civilians security zone second muslim division raised june provided 13th division appointed divisional commander 23rd mountain division 2nd croatian reached divisional strength action formation elements division fought briefly southern hungary early october muslim members division october quickly gained control situation following mutiny division formally disbanded october reliable elements absorbed 13th division 31st volunteer division germany short time headquarters reserve pool appointed command 11th regiment 6th mountain division december early january division located near french border losses major german offensive world war western operation committed series desperate united_states_army corps occasion regiment american positions surrounding infantry companies taking prisoners war fighting depleted regiment company numbering men january commander battalions fought january described regiment best men ran extremely aggressive impossible capture driving fought killed quiet period february absorbing replacements division withdrawn defensive line ordered recapture army attack started march freezing conditions limited success fresh offensive struck division forced north march regiment converted consisting battalions mountain artillery battalion pioneer company anti tank guns weeks later fighting way near april rest remained division drove east shortly received head wound captured remnants division days weeks captured americans personal life recovered wounds career agriculture war working south_africa years returned bavaria retired earned doctorate history university munich continued regularly climbed alps maintained contact comrades 6th division attended september age returning home pass eastern austria killed traffic accident career received following promotions career joining officer cadet april june july april major november october december april awards received following awards service german cross gold iron cross class infantry assault badge eastern medal order bravery fourth grade class kingdom bulgaria


solomon byzantine general solomon greek east roman byzantine general northern distinguished commander war north_africa spent decade africa governor general combining military post civil position solomon successfully confronted large scale rebellion forced flee following army mutiny spring second tenure africa began marked victories led consolidation byzantine position years prosperity followed cut short revolt solomon defeat death battle biography solomon born probably circa fortress district near province result accident infancy deliberate solomon brother priest fathered sons cyrus solomon later military officers africa uncle succeeded solomon governor africa death little known solomon early career served early installment post certainly came service general solomon considered experienced officer time named chief staff post mentioned historian onset campaign kingdom north_africa tenure africa expedition sailed constantinople solomon named commanders regiments mentioned narrative subsequent campaign probably participated decisive battle september opened road capital following capture sent solomon constantinople inform emperor campaign progress solomon remained capital spring sent africa recall replace military commander new africa departure coincided general uprising tribes interior byzantines time strengthen hold province result left privately raised emperor sent additional reinforcements soon autumn emperor invested solomon civil office replacing aged meantime invaded defeated local byzantine garrison killing commanders diplomatic winter failed forces bolstered men estimated charles following arrival reinforcements spring solomon led troops chiefs location called solomon attacked defeated byzantine army returned news came reinforced attacked overrun solomon immediately marched met mount erected fortified camp awaited attack solomon divided forces sent men attack scoring decisive victory broke scattered suffering great casualties survived fled joined forces leader tribes mount secured urged allies solomon turned advanced challenged battle days loyalty allies solomon returned army plains left army watch established series fortified posts roads linking solomon spent winter preparing new expedition designs interrupted major army mutiny spring revolt caused dissatisfaction soldiers taken wives solomon soldiers demanded property owned wives solomon refused land confiscated imperial decree plot assassinate solomon easter failed conspirators fled countryside soon open rebellion broke army soldiers acclaimed solomon leader began looting city solomon managed find refuge church cover night aid departed city boat accompanied historian solomon sailed sicily conquered solomon lieutenant martin dispatched try reach troops instructed hold hearing mutiny solomon picked men set sail africa besieged rebels including certain contemplating capitulation appeared news famous general arrival sufficient rebels abandon siege withdraw westwards immediately gave pursuit caught defeated rebel forces bulk rebels able flee continued march local troops decided join forced return italy trouble emperor appointed cousin deal crisis solomon returned constantinople second tenure africa successful winning confidence soldiers establishing discipline defeating battle imperial control army restored solomon sent africa replace combining person posts meantime raised rank named honorary consul solomon reinforced control army unreliable soldiers sending italy east remaining province initiating massive programme fortification region solomon devoted energies state enormous building programme fortified byzantine province africa open cities villa countryside past transformed medieval landscape small walled towns surrounded fortified manor houses time sewer systems overhauled cleared churches erected dominate new urban centres great rectangular military fortresses constructed south western frontier zone required million days construction solomon led army mount initially attacked besieged byzantine advance guard camp solomon main army came rescue abandon attack retreated foothills pitched camp solomon attacked defeated surviving fled south west leader sought refuge fortress solomon troops plundered fertile plains gathering rich harvest moving found gone having fled remote fortress byzantines moved siege proved problematic barren terrain particular lack water solomon considering best attack inaccessible fortress minor skirmish forces gradually escalated scale confused battle soldiers sides joined byzantines emerged victorious fled field shortly byzantines captured fort called rock sent wives treasure victory left solomon control built number fortresses secured effective byzantine control established provinces aided captured treasure solomon extended fortification programme provinces dozen inscriptions building activity survive area rebellion beaten good contemporary unanimous declaring years golden era peace prosperity words subjects romans coming enjoy secure peace finding rule solomon wise moderate having longer thought hostility minds fortunate men lasted great plague arrived africa caused casualties especially members army addition early solomon executed brother held responsible disturbances ceased subsidies granted powerful hitherto loyal time solomon nephew newly named governor token emperor gratitude brother cyrus caused outbreak hostilities tribal confederation men killed leaders banquet subsequent battle near victorious early forced travel seek uncle aid rebellion spread quickly joined joined solomon marched assembled meeting near minute diplomatic failed armies clashed border byzantine army soldiers refusing fight reluctantly contemporary poet accused treason alleging withdrew line troops causing general byzantine retreat solomon bodyguard stood ground resisted forced retreat solomon horse fell wounding rider aid guards solomon quickly overcome slain solomon succeeded nephew proved completely inadequate dealing situation launched general revolt inflicted severe defeat byzantines recalled army time captured installed independent ruler long assassinated arrival john late subsequent campaigns province brought byzantine imperial control


wolf wolf march march german luftwaffe pilot world war fighter ace credited enemy aircraft shot combat missions claimed majority victories eastern western including engined bombers born province volunteered military service initially serving army transferred luftwaffe air_force following flight training posted fighter wing april assignment fighter pilot instructor volunteered service legion spanish civil war early return spain appointed squadron leader 7th squadron 53rd fighter wing following outbreak world war claimed aerial victory november battle france shot taken prisoner war armistice france returned captivity appointed group commander iii 3rd group battle britain claiming victories england fought aerial battles operation german invasion soviet_union aerial victories awarded knight cross iron cross august september relocated group mediterranean theater able claim victories end transferred stab headquarters unit 3rd fighter wing august appointed wing commander following 100th aerial victory september received knight cross iron cross oak leaves battle december claimed aerial victory december awarded knight cross iron cross oak leaves swords total aerial victories subsequent presentation swords knight cross officially banned operational flying occasionally flew combat missions march flying defense claimed aerial victory killed action united_states_army air forces long range fighters near lower early life career born march province kingdom prussia time greater poland poland son captain regiment 47th infantry regiment died pneumonia weeks age mother von married june arrested attending illegal demonstration nazi party loyalty nazi cause emphasized multiple times personal military files according biographers firm opponent national socialist regime later career time taking command iii 3rd group 53rd fighter wing unit aircraft painted volunteered military service receiving diploma joined regiment 6th artillery regiment officer cadet april legal guardian stepfather friedrich von served regiment officer candidate posted war school dresden october november transferred newly emerging luftwaffe holding rank senior officer candidate april serving flight school promoted second lieutenant october transferred fighter wing known fighter wing named world war fighter ace von forerunner 2nd fighter wing excelled pilot showed exceptional leadership ability sent fighter pilot instructor fighter pilot school second half march volunteered service legion spanish civil war weeks flew 1st squadron fighter group claiming aerial victories awarded spanish cross bronze swords service spain spain friends appointed group commander newly created iii selected squadron leader 7th squadron world war world war europe began friday september german forces invaded poland time member 3rd squadron flew missions poland claimed aerial victory november western shot air french air_force twin engined fighter near war achievement awarded iron cross 2nd class november january pilots iii went ski vacation march shot altitude meters feet near nations corner north claimed victory march engaged flight resulting aerial battle shot battle france britain battle france german invasion france low countries began engaged aerial combat french hawk fighter aircraft shot west victor lieutenant taken prisoner war following armistice france prisoner war returned unit june promoted day took command july awarded iron cross 1st class august battle britain replaced harder iii harder seen august reported missing action following combat east isle day appointment lost life forced bail engine failure english channel rescued night flying boat iii flew bomber escort mission targeting london august destroyed barrage balloon morning mission claimed fourth victory vicinity dover second mission day september bomber escort mission started claimed fifth victory hurricane south london claimed sixth victory probably september channel dover september iii engaged royal_air_force raf fighters south london resulting combat claimed destruction second hurricane days later mission began achieved ninth victory hurricane claimed tenth victory hurricane mission targeting london area took september day september claimed victories bring total action took place second mission day began escorting london combat raf claimed 13th victory october final battle britain recognition achievements awarded honor luftwaffe der luftwaffe april operation june bulk air elements moved northern germany aircraft given maintenance overhaul prior moving east june iii ordered transfer forward airfield june wing commander summoned nearby field marshal albert gave final instructions upcoming attack pilots evening june crossed soviet support operation invasion soviet_union opened eastern iii took mission headquarters unit targeting soviet airfields shot fighter aircraft second mission day iii escort mission claimed victory led attack airfields claimed fifth aerial victory day ace day achievement taking total june relocated iii arriving day slightly injured collided aircraft takeoff claimed 19th victory evening june flying combat air patrol area ordered form battle group july commanded iii 52nd fighter wing counter attack soviet bombers july destroyed ground attack aircraft claimed victory july fighter escort missions area july iii provided fighter cover german armored area mission claimed victory day shot fighter awarded knight cross iron cross august victories decorated august august 9th army began assault soviet forces area claimed aerial victories supporting operations iii began returning germany early october air elements left soviet_union october ground units transported train october june iii claimed aerial victories loss pilots killed missing action captured wounded north_africa malta return germany iii deployed mediterranean theater ground elements iii arrived sicily november adjutant harder arrived december rest arriving day december iii ordered libya claimed 34th aerial victory december fighter escort mission bombers attacking iii relocated sicily december operations siege malta island malta strategically important position mediterranean_sea opening new north_africa british air sea forces based island attack axis ships transporting vital supplies reinforcements europe north_africa counter threat luftwaffe regia italian royal_air_force conducted bombing raids raf defenses ports siege claimed victories raf fighters april claimed victory siege 35th overall fighter april 36th aerial victory april hurricane squadron flown pilot officer killed engagement iii destroyed wing commander transferred 3rd fighter wing named world war fighter ace operating eastern august replacing colonel posted staff general der general fighters inspector day fighters eastern operating airfield saw combat area present day second battle june assembled southern sector eastern upcoming summer offensive supporting advance following months based airfields june claimed victory shooting fighter 39th victory followed june reconnaissance bomber june july claimed douglas boston medium bombers followed boston day ace day july shooting bell hurricanes days later shot ground attack aircraft july day claimed fighters july claimed shot july july credited fighter days later hurricanes july claimed victory victories july victories august light bomber followed occurred august august filed victory claim unknown aircraft type bringing score aerial victories took command achieved victory august unknown type aircraft claimed victories unknown types august august august august victory august identified fighter day unknown types series unidentified aircraft shot followed claimed aircraft destroyed august august august taking total aerial victories end august claimed victories september september unknown types aircraft brought total aerial victories 20th luftwaffe pilot achieve century mark september officer soldier honored knight cross iron cross oak leaves battle september claimed series victories aircraft unknown type included september september september september september soviets launched offensive north led german fighters soviet 8th air army 16th air army fighter aviation division home air defense time flew september shot days later shot fighters ace day feat taking total aerial victories possible opponents second lieutenant fighter aviation regiment killed action day posthumously hero soviet_union headquarters unit based airfield september november directed fighter operations battle previous offensive claimed victories victories credited based claimed victories september september september september october october october claimed victory day final based november taking personal total victories achievements received german cross gold awarded november aftermath 6th army november moved west outside pocket organized fighter escort missions transport aircraft delivering supplies 6th army pressed advancing soviet armored west abandoned december aircraft moved south threatened soviet army january airfield abandoned relocated remained fighting pocket ended period claimed victories loss action pilots claimed victories november victories support pocket november claimed destruction aircraft unknown type december december victories claimed december took total aerial victories fourth german fighter pilot achieve aerial victories combat achieved mark december claiming victories day claimed victory aircraft following victory awarded knight cross iron cross oak leaves swords december 23rd member honored swords came ban flying operational combat missions banned flying credited victories eastern december aircraft unknown type january march led iii operations 4th air corps early ordered actions returned present day effective command combat missions flown october defense death promoted december requested permission fly operationally lead air february officially banned flying operations ignored order flew missions leading united_states_army air forces defense missions claimed victory lockheed lightning february consolidated february shot boeing flying fortress bombers march aerial victories march crippled aerial combat emergency landing combat march cost sides heavy losses eighth air_force lost engined bombers escort fighters luftwaffe lost aircraft german pilots killed wounded march led bomber formation near day attacking aircraft factories targets opportunity total eighth air_force committed bombers attack supported long range fighters luftwaffe countered attack day fighter fighters day following combat luftwaffe claimed destruction enemy aircraft including engined bombers luftwaffe suffered pilots killed wounded aircraft lost admitted loss bombers escort fighters claiming german aircraft shot destroyed ground engagement shot flying fortress bomber north american fighter shot factory number near assumed captain don captain john 4th fighter group date claimed enemy aircraft combat missions death announced information bulletin issued headquarters march nicknamed prince comrades account attitude men paternal sense responsibility conscious style appearance wore expensive custom tailored leather coat trade added perception fostered nickname funeral ceremony held airfield funeral ceremony attended stepfather buried honor section cemetery awards spanish cross bronze swords wound badge black flying luftwaffe gold pennant combined pilots observation badge iron cross 2nd class november 1st class july honor luftwaffe april german cross gold november major knight cross iron cross oak leaves swords knight cross august iii oak leaves september 23rd swords december major mentioned


russian april january soviet sniper world war credited confirmed kills including soldiers battle volunteered military death brother chose line praised shooting accuracy capable precisely hitting enemy personnel making target hits rounds fired quick succession canadian newspaper described unseen terror east prussia soviet female sniper awarded order glory 3rd receive killed action east prussian offensive severely wounded commander artillery unit bravery received praise lifetime came odds soviet policy heavy fights combat diary published early life born april russian village anna disabled wound received world war reportedly named revolutionary siblings sister brothers raised average height light brown hair blue eyes spoke northern russian dialect finishing classes elementary school continued education village school transport time grades seven walk kilometres attend middle school saturdays went care ill aunt age fourteen parents wishes walked kilometres rail station travelled study college trek later attested school teacher alexander left home little money possessions moving college dormitory lived elder brother later combat diary recall stadium cinemas friend anna remembered returned friends district college dormitory doors locked time students tied help climb room member soviet youth movement years later soviet secondary education introduced tuition fees scholarship fund cut received little financial support home september took job known offered free apartment studied evenings worked daytime children liked parents appreciated graduated college academic year soviet_union grip world war tour duty following german invasion soviet_union bombed luftwaffe townspeople involved mounted voluntary protect elder brothers volunteered military december death received year old brother died siege response went military ask permission serve brothers died war time soviet_union begun deploying female flexible limbs believed patient careful february soviet women ages eligible military draft drafted month local military wanted war way learned shoot shooting range june living dormitory accepted program universal military training applications military finally allowed central female sniper academy met closest friends calling fine point scored highly training graduated academy honours offered stay instructor refused duty total soviet female deployed war combined tally kills estimated victory battle soviet troops proceeded nationwide counter april joined rifle division separate female sniper platoon formed appointed commander platoon days later southeast killed german soldier words recorded anonymous author legs gave way encounter slid trench saying killed man concerned women ran saying fascist finished seven months later wrote diary killing enemy cold blood saw meaning life actions wrote enter sniper academy actions battle village awarded military distinction order glory 3rd class april soviet female sniper 3rd receive order according report major commander rifle regiment corresponding list april killed enemy soldiers subjected artillery machine gun fire sniper tally increased confirmed enemy kills praised precise brave soldier year june portrait featured page soviet newspaper operation commenced region june decided female withdrawn voluntarily continued support advancing infantry despite soviet policy asked sent line request refused went later sanctioned going line permission face court martial wanted attached battalion reconnaissance company turning commander 5th army wrote twice joseph request june participated elimination encircled german troops near offensive soviet army advanced westward july year sisters arms took struggle german occupation june germans finally driven july soviet summer year managed capture germans time military academy known ability score target hits quick succession period muddy communications trench day dawn specially pit overlooked german controlled territory wrote requirement enemy kill law hunt successfully counter sniper tactics german sniper hidden tree waiting dusk space tree branches sunlight sniper nest visible occasion use selective fire gun diary enjoyed writing send letters home village friends started writing combat diary diaries strictly prohibited soviet military exceptions diary chronicle war preserve military secrecy termed killed wounded blacks reds respectively diary kept diary october january death diary consisting thick kept war correspondent years version published magazine diary transferred regional museum letters data sniper log published east prussia august advancing soviet troops reached soviet border east prussia august year battle count reached kills following month river crossed rifle division soviet unit enter east prussia time canadian newspapers ottawa citizen leader post reported according official dispatch river killed germans day sniper hideout later september sniper tally reached kills german soil seven offensive september credited hits quarter given short visited returned october day later received honourable certificate central committee september awarded second military distinction order glory 2nd class bravery displayed battles germans year october eligible order glory 1st class actions battle near ultimately received medal courage instead awarded medal december posture displayed german counter offensive october fought captain hero soviet_union witnessed death october served assistant platoon commander ordered commit female combat female receive medal courage finally germans troops 3rd january operation december enemy sniper shot right shoulder wrote diary felt pain shoulder hot injury described small holes minor needed operation days reported diary previous day dream wounded exactly place january formally allowed participate line combat albeit great reluctance previously denied permission commander rifle division military council 5th army days later soviets launched east prussian offensive prompted heavy fighting east prussia january travelling divisional logistics reached east prussian town white military camouflage days later experienced friendly fire rocket wrote diary understand germans afraid fire border east prussia killed enemy soldiers unit served rifle division according online book memory served special rifle battalion division hoped university war possible raise course tour duty mentioned despatches times final sniper tally reached confirmed kills according sources including kills battle enemies knocked action domestically achievements acknowledged particularly war correspondent newspaper said best unit veteran soldiers inferior shooting accuracy exploits reported western press particularly canadian newspapers called unseen terror east prussia paid special attention achieved renown wrote january wrote combat diary actually soviet man having stood defend wrote essence happiness fighting happiness strange grammar word happiness singular counter meaning turns necessary die common happiness death face east prussian offensive germans tried strengthen controlled great odds diary entry dated january wrote despite wish safer place unknown force drawing line entry wrote fear agreed melee combat day wrote letter verge killed battalion lost people diary entry reports german fire intense soviet troops including sheltered inside self propelled guns january severely injured wounded artillery officer found soldiers chest torn open shell fragment despite attempts save died following day near estate later soviet settlement kilometres southeast east prussian village nurse remembered telling regretted having little day death soviets overtaken major east prussian including approached recalling moment mother received daughter death brother wrote clearly remembered mother eyes weren anymore repeated buried spreading pear tree shore river called lava later settlement posthumous honours renewed interest arose soviet press largely publication diary newspaper asked contemporaries write knew streets named village museum dedicated local school studied commemorative plate regular shooting competitions organized members paramilitary sport organisation prize organized open shooting sports championship memory village district started hold annual cross country ski races prize council veterans russian central women sniper academy unsuccessfully requested supreme soviet soviet_union posthumously order glory 1st class order year russian author published book returned battle title refers words return battle receiving note battalion commander urging return rear immediately verses composed writer small memorial dedicated piece monument erected settlement district appeared war memorial stone state technological university evidence affiliation life russian author wrote 1970s studied forestry institute daughter old communist claim continued publications later years particularly wall memory featuring graffiti portraits russian war including opened character personal life war correspondent frequently met described person unusual genuine bright nature described college years character like romantic poet painter writer deciding like act saw fit dressed liked play according sister arms sing favourite war song time cleaned weapon straightforward character valued courage absence people told story half wild cries attacked trench female including fell aimed bullets finished grenades took prisoners having restrained arms personal life thwarted war october wrote diary accept doesn live anymore good guy killed loved know heart heavy close male friend november wrote head loves man named doesn shine upbringing education entry wrote think marriage time later wrote wrote note sense given love ultimately diary record filled tones wrote find use


edward lieutenant general sir edward bar june july officer served new_zealand military forces second world wars new_zealand born soldier reach rank lieutenant general chief general staff new_zealand military forces born served territorial force prior world war august expeditionary force occupied german later served new_zealand rifle brigade campaign western commanding 3rd battalion brigade march wounded later repatriated new_zealand joined new_zealand staff corps held number command staff positions years second world war commanded 4th infantry brigade battle greece awarded bar distinguished service order won previous war following allied evacuation greece commanded 2nd new_zealand division subsequent battle crete september returned new_zealand chief general staff new_zealand military forces served capacity late retired military following year died early life son railway worker london edward born south canterbury educated boys high school joined roads department known joined newly formed territorial force serving second lieutenant 15th north regiment following year moved wellington transferred 5th wellington regiment world war following outbreak world war territorial regiment designated expeditionary force raised occupation german early august rank captain landed august occupation achieved loss life spent months garrison duty returning new_zealand april return volunteered new_zealand expeditionary force middle_east preparing gallipoli campaign arrival egypt posted 1st battalion new_zealand rifle brigade commanded company battalion campaign january february transferred 2nd infantry brigade newly formed new_zealand division promoted major appointed staff captain brigade command brigadier general william went division western april remained brigade settling period sector july prior start offensive transferred rifle brigade appointed second command 4th battalion fought battle mid september mentioned despatches leadership support battalion commander colonel charles immediately following battle december temporarily commanded 4th battalion briefly commander 2nd infantry brigade june extended period temporary commander battalion battle promoted command 1st infantry brigade following death previous commander brigadier general charles henry brown led battalion battle november time given command 3rd battalion new_zealand rifle brigade late year mentioned dispatches january recognition service previous months awarded distinguished service order march germans began spring offensive new_zealand division rushed plug gap near march wounded chest leading battalion action designed link australian brigade nearby village evacuated england treatment commanded new_zealand rifle brigade training camp wounds eventually repatriated new_zealand end war interwar period shortly return new_zealand married couple daughters discharged march rejoined roads department later year applied join new_zealand permanent military forces declined returned roads department military august months later received commission new_zealand staff corps major appointed commander fiji expeditionary force raised following request government military forces support local police dealing striking labourers farmers force numbering men based fiji months returning home served number staff positions sent england attachment war office year attended imperial defence college rank colonel new_zealand representatives coronation king george queen elizabeth westminster abbey appointed adjutant general new_zealand military forces second term general having previously served capacity second world war commanding central military district second world war broke skilled administrator played key role raising second new_zealand expeditionary force service overseas 4th infantry brigade promoted temporary brigadier commander brigade newly formed 2nd new_zealand division overall command major general bernard brigade duly departed middle_east january oversaw training brigade settled base egypt june travelled england second infantry brigade division shipped absence temporary commander new_zealand forces egypt anticipating german invasion greece division allied units transferred country arriving april led brigade battle greece retreated line northern greece pass beaches evacuated april crete later awarded bar gallantry devotion duty period crete promoted temporary major general following appointment commander took responsibility 2nd new_zealand division battle crete failure pressure james brigade commanders counterattack support defenders airfield resulted eventual loss germans reinforcements supplies landed airfield germans able consolidate gains opening days invasion meaningful chance allies successfully preventing capture island lost survivors eventually evacuated egypt return egypt offered opportunity chief general staff effectively commander new_zealand military forces visiting new_zealand prime minister peter accepted role returned new_zealand september focus ensuring manpower north_africa adequately maintained reinforcements face increasing threat japanese empire pacific considerable effort improving new_zealand defences japanese entered war considered actual threat invasion minimal continued encourage improvements home defence means morale april promoted lieutenant general new_zealand born soldier reach rank birthday honours appointed companion order bath war progressed faced difficulty resources maintain 2nd new_zealand division middle_east 3rd new_zealand division pacific theatre later war favour keeping 2nd division italy deal considered greater priority defeat germany japanese later life succeeded chief general staff major general norman late appointed knight commander order bath new year honours june led new_zealand contingent victory parade london retired military months later retirement authored volumes official history new_zealand second world war unit history 25th battalion published wife died later years lived small seaside town west_coast north island died july hamilton survived daughters buried cemetery wellington military honours