nato north_atlantic treaty organization nato french organisation called north_atlantic alliance military alliance based north_atlantic treaty signed april organization constitutes system collective defence member states agree mutual defence response attack external party nato headquarters located brussels belgium supreme allied commander resides belgium member states north_america europe newest albania croatia joined april additional countries participate nato partnership peace program countries involved dialogue programmes combined military spending nato members constitutes percent global total members defence spending supposed percent nato little political association korean war organization member states integrated military structure built direction supreme commanders course cold war led rivalry nations warsaw pact formed doubts strength relationship european states united_states flowed doubts credibility nato defence prospective soviet invasion doubts led development independent french nuclear withdrawal france nato military structure years fall berlin wall organization drawn breakup yugoslavia conducted military bosnia later yugoslavia politically organization sought better relations warsaw pact countries joined alliance article north_atlantic treaty requiring member states come aid member state subject armed attack invoked time september attacks troops deployed afghanistan nato led organization operated range additional roles including sending trainers iraq assisting counter piracy operations enforcing fly zone libya accordance security council resolution potent article merely consultation nato members invoked times turkey iraq war twice turkey syrian civil war downing unarmed turkish reconnaissance jet mortar fired turkey syria poland following russian intervention turkey threats islamic state territorial integrity history beginnings treaty brussels signed march belgium netherlands france united_kingdom considered precursor nato agreement treaty soviet berlin blockade led creation western european_union defence organization september participation united_states thought necessary counter military power ussr prevent revival nationalist talks new military alliance began immediately resulting north_atlantic treaty signed washington april included treaty brussels states plus united_states canada portugal italy norway denmark iceland nato secretary general lord stated organization goal russians americans germans popular support treaty unanimous participated pro neutrality anti membership riot march creation nato seen primary institutional consequence school thought called stressed importance trans atlantic cooperation members agreed armed attack europe north_america considered attack consequently agreed armed attack occurred exercise right individual collective self defence assist member attacked taking action deemed necessary including use armed force restore maintain security north_atlantic area treaty require members respond military action obliged respond maintain freedom choose method differs article treaty brussels clearly states response military nature nonetheless assumed nato members aid attacked member militarily treaty later clarified include member territory vessels forces aircraft cancer including overseas departments france creation nato brought allied military terminology procedures technology cases meant european countries adopting practices roughly agreements codified common practices nato achieved nato rifle cartridge introduced 1950s standard cartridge nato countries nato cartridge adopted countries including outside nato aircraft signals standardized nato aircraft land nato base standards nato alphabet way nato civilian use cold war outbreak korean war june crucial nato raised apparent threat communist countries working forced alliance develop concrete military plans supreme headquarters allied powers europe shape formed direct forces europe began work supreme allied commander dwight january september nato military committee called ambitious buildup conventional forces meet soviets subsequently position february meeting north_atlantic council lisbon lisbon conference seeking provide forces necessary nato long term defence plan called expansion ninety divisions requirement dropped following year roughly thirty divisions heavier use nuclear weapons time nato ready divisions central europe italy scandinavia lisbon post secretary general nato organization chief civilian created lord eventually appointed post september major nato maritime exercises began exercise brought ships personnel practice defence denmark norway major exercises followed included exercise grand slam exercise naval amphibious exercises mediterranean_sea combined air naval ground exercise northern italy grand involving british_army rhine netherlands corps allied air forces central europe simulated atomic air ground exercise involving central army group combined amphibious landing exercise mediterranean_sea involving american british greek italian turkish naval forces greece turkey joined alliance forcing series controversial negotiations united_states britain primary bring countries military command structure overt military preparation going covert stay arrangements initially western european_union continue resistance successful soviet invasion including operation transferred nato control ultimately unofficial bonds began grow nato armed forces nato tiger association competitions canadian army trophy tank gunnery soviet_union suggested join nato preserve peace europe nato countries fearing soviet_union motive weaken alliance ultimately rejected proposal december north_atlantic council approved key document evolution nato nuclear thought emphasized nato use atomic weapons outset war soviet_union soviets chose use gave automatic use nuclear weapons existed commander chief strategic air command incorporation west_germany organization described decisive turning point history continent foreign affairs minister norway time major reason germany entry alliance german manpower impossible field conventional forces resist soviet invasion immediate results creation warsaw pact signed soviet_union hungary czechoslovakia poland bulgaria romania albania east germany formal response event opposing sides cold war major exercises held concurrently northern autumn operation counter punch operation operation deep water ambitious military undertaking alliance date involving men ships aircraft operating norway turkey french withdrawal nato unity breached early history crisis occurring charles presidency france protested usa strong role organization perceived special relationship united_kingdom memorandum sent president dwight prime minister september argued creation france equal considering response unsatisfactory began constructing independent defence force country wanted france event east german west_germany option coming separate peace eastern instead drawn larger nato warsaw pact war february france withdrew mediterranean_fleet nato command later banned foreign nuclear weapons french soil caused united_states transfer military aircraft france return control air_force bases operated france french france showed solidarity rest nato cuban missile crisis continued pursuit independent defence removing france atlantic channel fleets nato command french armed forces removed nato integrated military command non french nato troops asked leave france secretary state dean later quoted asking order included bodies american soldiers france withdrawal forced relocation shape near paris north belgium october france remained member alliance committed defence europe possible warsaw pact attack forces stationed federal republic germany cold war series secret french officials agreements detailed french forces nato command structure east west hostilities break cold war nato watch soviet_union warsaw pact actually lead direct military action july nuclear non treaty opened signature nato argued nuclear sharing arrangements breach treaty forces controlled weapons decision war point treaty longer controlling states knew nato nuclear sharing arrangements time challenged nato countries officially defined aims alliance maintain security pursue supposed mean matching defences level rendered necessary warsaw pact offensive capabilities arms race december light build warsaw pact nuclear capabilities europe ministers approved deployment cruise missiles theatre nuclear weapons europe new meant strengthen western negotiating position nuclear policy called dual track policy similarly responding warsaw pact medium range missiles europe nato deployed modern missiles tasked hit military targets tank formations event war action led peace movement protests western_europe support deployment doubted push deployment sustained membership organization time remained largely static consequence turkish invasion cyprus greece withdrew forces nato military command structure turkish cooperation war united_kingdom argentina result nato involvement article north_atlantic treaty collective self defence applicable attacks member state territories north cancer nato gained new member following referendum newly democratic spain joined alliance peak cold war member nations maintained approximate strength active military including forward deployed forces command structure reached peak headquarters organized cold war revolutions dissolution warsaw pact removed facto main adversary nato caused strategic evaluation nato purpose nature tasks focus continent europe shift started signing paris treaty conventional armed forces europe nato soviet_union mandated specific military reductions continent continued dissolution soviet_union december time european countries accounted percent nato military spending fallen percent nato began gradual expansion include newly autonomous central eastern european nations extended activities political humanitarian situations nato concerns post cold war expansion nato came german october east germany federal republic germany alliance agreed plus treaty earlier year secure soviet approval united germany remaining nato agreed foreign troops nuclear weapons stationed east views gave commitments nato expansion east jack american ambassador soviet_union final years said west gave clear commitment expand documents indicate soviet given impression nato membership table countries czechoslovakia hungary poland wrote memoirs negotiations unification germany gave assurances nato extend zone operation east repeated view interview according robert state department official involved plus negotiating process appears formal commitment post cold war restructuring nato military structure cut reorganized new forces headquarters allied command europe rapid reaction corps established changes brought collapse soviet_union military balance europe recognized adapted conventional armed forces europe treaty signed policies french president resulted major reform france military position culminating return membership april included france rejoining nato military command structure maintaining independent nuclear reform wider forums regional cooperation nato neighbors set like partnership peace mediterranean dialogue initiative euro atlantic partnership council nato russia permanent joint council established july communist countries hungary czech_republic poland invited join nato membership went expanding accession seven central eastern european countries nato estonia lithuania slovakia bulgaria romania invited start talks membership prague summit joined nato march shortly istanbul summit istanbul nato launched istanbul cooperation initiative persian gulf nations new nato structures formed old ones abolished nato reached agreement significant command structure headquarters nato response force launched prague summit november summit country june restructuring nato military commands began headquarters supreme allied commander atlantic abolished new command allied command transformation act established norfolk virginia united_states supreme headquarters allied powers europe shape headquarters allied command operations act responsible driving transformation future capabilities nato whilst responsible current operations march nato baltic air began supported sovereignty lithuania estonia providing jet fighters react unwanted aerial multinational jet fighters based lithuania number increased summit held highlighted issue energy security nato summit held country soviet_union april summit romania nato agreed accession croatia albania countries joined nato april ukraine georgia told eventually members issue georgian ukrainian membership nato prompted harsh criticism russia nato plans missile defence system studies system began negotiations centered anti missiles stationed poland czech_republic nato leaders gave assurances system targeting russia presidents criticized threat president barack_obama proposed ship based combat system plan includes stations built turkey spain portugal romania poland nato maintain status quo nuclear europe upgrading targeting capabilities tactical nuclear bombs stationed deploying lockheed martin lightning following crisis nato committed forming new force troops bases estonia lithuania poland romania bulgaria june nato officially recognized operational domain war like land sea aerial warfare means attack nato members trigger article north_atlantic treaty military operations early operations military operations conducted nato cold war following end cold war operations anchor guard ace guard prompted iraqi invasion kuwait airborne early warning aircraft sent provide coverage south eastern turkey later quick reaction force deployed area bosnia intervention war began result breakup yugoslavia deteriorating situation led united_nations security council resolution october ordering fly zone central bosnia nato began enforcing april operation deny flight june october operation sharp guard added maritime enforcement arms economic sanctions federal republic yugoslavia february nato took wartime action shooting aircraft violating fly zone april war united_nations protection force called air strikes protect safe area resulting bombing military command outpost near jets acting nato direction resulted taking personnel hostage april april british sea shot forces week nato bombing campaign operation deliberate force began august army massacre nato air strikes year helped bring yugoslav wars end resulting agreement november agreement nato deployed mandated force operation joint endeavor named nato troops joined forces non nato nations mission transitioned smaller started troops initially ran december december operations passed european_union force following lead member nations nato began award service medal nato medal operations intervention effort stop serbian led crackdown civilians united_nations security council passed resolution september demand negotiations special envoy richard broke march handed matter nato started day bombing campaign march operation allied force targeted military capabilities federal republic yugoslavia crisis nato deployed international reaction forces ace mobile force land albania albania force deliver humanitarian aid refugees campaign criticized high civilian casualties including bombing chinese embassy belgrade finally accepted terms international peace plan june ending war june accepted resolution mandate nato helped establish force nearly million refugees fled mandate protect humanitarian missions addition violence august september alliance mounted operation essential harvest mission ethnic militias republic macedonia december soldiers representing countries continue operate area nato countries opposed efforts require security council approve nato military strikes action serbia france claimed alliance needed approval claimed undermine authority alliance noted russia china exercised security council block strike yugoslavia future conflicts nato intervention required entire purpose organization recognizing post cold war military environment nato adopted alliance strategic concept washington summit april emphasized conflict prevention crisis management afghanistan war september 11th attacks united_states caused nato article nato charter time organization history article says attack member shall considered attack invocation confirmed october nato determined attacks eligible terms north_atlantic treaty official actions taken nato response attacks included operation eagle assist operation active naval operation mediterranean_sea designed prevent movement terrorists weapons mass destruction enhancing security shipping general began october alliance showed unity april nato agreed command international security assistance force includes troops countries decision came request germany netherlands nations leading time agreement nineteen nato ambassadors approved unanimously control nato took place august marked time nato history took charge mission outside north_atlantic area initially charged securing surrounding areas allow establishment transitional administration headed october security council authorized expansion mission afghanistan subsequently expanded mission main stages country july additionally took military operations south afghanistan led anti terrorism coalition intensity fighting south france allowed squadron fighter attack aircraft moved area order reinforce alliance efforts chicago summit nato endorsed plan end afghanistan war remove nato led forces end december december replaced follow training support mission iraq training mission august iraq war nato formed nato training mission iraq training mission assist iraqi security forces conjunction led nato training mission iraq established request iraqi interim government provisions united_nations security council resolution aim assist development iraqi security forces training structures institutions iraq build effective sustainable capability addresses needs nation combat mission distinct mission political control nato north_atlantic council operational emphasis training activities mission coordinated iraqi authorities led deputy commanding general advising training dual commander mission officially concluded december gulf anti piracy beginning august nato deployed warships operation protect maritime traffic gulf indian_ocean pirates help strengthen navies coast guards regional states operation approved north_atlantic council involves warships primarily united_states vessels nations included operation ocean shield focuses protecting ships operation allied provider distributing aid world food programme mission russia china south_korea sent warships participate activities libya intervention civil war violence government colonel escalated march led passage united_nations security council resolution called authorized military action protect civilians coalition included nato members began enforcing fly zone libya shortly march nato states agreed enforcing arms libya operation unified protector ships nato standing maritime group standing group additional ships submarines nato members monitor report needed vessels suspected carrying illegal arms mercenaries march nato agreed control fly zone initial coalition command targeting ground units remained coalition forces nato began officially enforcing resolution march assistance united arab june reports divisions alliance surfaced member nations participating combat operations resulting confrontation defense secretary robert gates countries poland spain netherlands turkey germany contribute believing organization mandate conflict final policy speech brussels june gates criticized allied countries suggesting actions cause demise nato german foreign ministry pointed considerable german contribution nato nato led operations fact engagement highly valued president obama mission extended september norway day announced begin scaling contributions complete withdrawal august earlier week reported danish air fighters running bombs following week head royal_navy said country operations conflict sustainable end mission october death colonel nato planes flown strike sorties pro targets report organization human rights watch identified civilians killed campaign following coup état attempt october prime minister ali requested technical advice trainers nato assist ongoing security issues participating countries members nato members mainly europe north_america countries territory multiple continents covered far south cancer atlantic_ocean defines nato area responsibility article north_atlantic treaty original treaty negotiations united_states insisted colonies like belgian excluded treaty french algeria covered independence july original members joined sixteen joined seven rounds members spend percent gross domestic product defence united_states accounting quarters nato defense spending mid-1960s mid-1990s france pursued military strategy independence nato policy dubbed negotiated return france integrated military command defence planning committee disbanded following year france remains nato member outside nuclear planning group unlike united_states united_kingdom commit nuclear armed submarines alliance new membership alliance largely central eastern_europe including members warsaw pact accession alliance governed individual membership action plans requires approval current member nato currently candidate countries process joining alliance bosnia montenegro republic macedonia december nato foreign ministers decided invite montenegro start accession talks 29th member alliance nato official statements republic macedonia referred yugoslav republic macedonia stating turkey recognizes republic macedonia constitutional macedonia completed requirements membership time croatia albania nato recent members accession blocked greece pending resolution macedonia naming dispute order support process new potential members region formed adriatic charter georgia named aspiring member promised future membership summit president barack_obama said country currently path membership russia continues oppose expansion seeing inconsistent soviet leader european american allowed peaceful german nato expansion efforts seen moscow leaders continuation cold war attempt surround russia criticised west ukraine relationship nato europe politically divisive contributed protests saw pro russian president march prime minister reiterated government stance ukraine seeking nato membership ukraine president subsequently signed bill dropping nation status order pursue nato membership signaled hold referendum seeking join ukraine countries eastern_europe individual partnership action plan began open countries political ability relationship nato partnerships partnership peace programme established based individual relations partner country nato country choose extent participation members include current members commonwealth independent states euro atlantic partnership council established forum regular coordination consultation dialogue participants programme considered operational wing euro atlantic partnership countries contacted participation activities framework afghanistan european_union signed comprehensive package arrangements nato berlin plus agreement december agreement given possibility use nato assets case wanted act independently international crisis condition nato want act called right refusal provides double framework countries linked programme additionally nato discusses activities numerous non nato members mediterranean dialogue established coordinate similar way israel countries north_africa istanbul cooperation initiative announced dialog forum middle_east lines mediterranean dialogue participants linked gulf cooperation council political dialogue japan began alliance gradually increased contact countries form cooperation initiatives nato established set general guidelines allow formal relations reflect allies desire increase cooperation following extensive debate term contact countries agreed allies alliance group meets discuss issues counter piracy technology exchange names partners globe global partners australia new_zealand contact countries members strategic alliance similar regional agreements contact countries nato members aid cooperation june colombia nato signed agreement security information explore future cooperation consultation areas common interest colombia latin american country cooperate nato structures main headquarters nato located boulevard iii iii brussels city brussels municipality new million headquarters building construction current complex completion problems current building stem construction nato forced headquarters paris france following french withdrawal staff headquarters composed national member countries includes civilian military liaison offices officers diplomatic missions diplomats partner countries international staff international military staff filled serving members armed forces member states non governmental citizens groups grown support nato broadly banner atlantic council atlantic treaty association movement nato council like alliance nato ultimately governed member states north_atlantic treaty agreements outline decisions nato members sends delegation mission nato headquarters brussels belgium senior permanent member delegation known permanent representative generally senior civil servant experienced ambassador holding diplomatic rank countries diplomatic missions nato belgium permanent members form north_atlantic council body meets week effective governance authority powers decision nato time time council meets higher level meetings involving foreign ministers defence ministers heads state government meetings major decisions nato policies generally taken worth noting council authority powers decision making decisions status validity level meets france germany italy united_kingdom united_states referred informal discussion group nato nato form venue decisions complex issues meetings north_atlantic council chaired secretary general nato decisions action agreed basis common accord voting decision majority nation represented council table subordinate committees retains complete sovereignty responsibility decisions nato parliamentary assembly body sets broad strategic goals nato nato parliamentary assembly nato meets annual session year organ directly parliamentary structures national governments member states appoint permanent members ambassadors nato nato parliamentary assembly legislators member countries north_atlantic alliance thirteen associate members german deputy chairman defence committee member christian democratic union president assembly officially different structure nato aim join deputies nato countries order discuss security policies nato council assembly political integration body nato generates political policy agenda setting nato council reports committees committee civil dimension security defence security committee economics security committee political committee science technology committee reports provide impetus direction agreed national governments member states national political processes nato administrative executive organizational entities military structures nato military operations directed chairman nato military committee split strategic commands commanded senior officer currently senior french officer assisted staff drawn nato strategic commanders responsible military committee overall direction conduct alliance military matters areas command country delegation includes military representative senior officer country armed forces supported international military staff military representatives form military committee body responsible recommending nato political authorities measures considered necessary common defence nato area principal role provide direction advice military policy strategy provides guidance military matters nato strategic commanders representatives attend meetings responsible overall conduct military affairs alliance authority council chairman nato military committee czech_republic like council time time military committee meets higher level level chiefs defence senior military officer nation armed forces military committee excluded france country decision remove nato integrated military structure rejoined france rejoined nato represented defence planning committee led conflicts nato members case lead operation iraqi freedom operational work committee supported international military staff nato command structure evolved cold war aftermath integrated military structure nato established clear nato need enhance defences longer term potential soviet attack april allied command europe headquarters shape established later subordinate headquarters added northern central europe southern region mediterranean 1950s strategic commanders supreme allied commander europe supreme allied commander atlantic current arrangement separate responsibility allied command transformation act responsible transformation training nato forces allied command operations responsible nato operations worldwide starting late nato commands troops creating nato rapid corps including german dutch corps multinational corps northeast nato rapid italian corps naval high readiness forces report allied command operations early wake war meetings nato ministers decided multinational corps northeast augmented develop greater capabilities thought necessary prepare defend baltic states new multi national division southeast established romania nato force integration units established coordinate preparations defence new eastern members nato


international bank reconstruction development international bank reconstruction development international financial institution offers loans middle income developing countries member institutions compose world bank group headquartered washington united_states established mission financing reconstruction european nations devastated world war lending arm international development association collectively known world bank share leadership staff following reconstruction europe bank mandate expanded advancing worldwide economic development poverty provides commercial grade financing sovereign states fund projects seek improve transportation infrastructure education domestic policy environmental consciousness energy investments healthcare access food water access improved owned governed member states executive leadership staff conduct normal business operations bank member governments shareholders contribute paid capital right vote matters addition contributions member nations capital borrowing international capital markets bond issues raised billion usd capital bond issues different bank offers number financial services products including flexible loans grants risk guarantees financial derivatives catastrophic risk financing reported lending commitments billion projects history international bank reconstruction development international monetary fund established delegates woods conference operational established original mission financing reconstruction efforts war torn european nations following world war goals shared later marshall plan bank issued inaugural loan million billion dollars france finance infrastructure projects institution established field offices paris france copenhagen denmark prague czechoslovakia remainder 1940s 1950s bank financed projects seeking dam rivers generate electricity improve access water invested france belgium steel industry following reconstruction europe bank mandate transitioned poverty world international development association established serve bank lending arm provide low cost finance grants developing countries measured gross national income capita governance governed world bank board governors meets annually consists governor member country country finance minister treasury secretary board governors delegates authority daily matters lending operations board directors board directors consists executive directors chaired president world bank group executive directors collectively represent member states world bank president oversees overall direction daily operations july jim kim serves president world bank group bank operate staff approximately employees funding members contribute capital bank funds primarily borrowing international capital markets issuing bonds bank raised billion usd worth capital bonds issued different enjoyed triple credit rating allows borrow capital favorable rates offers global bonds bonds non hard structured notes custom tailored yields notes dollars sought additional billion usd billion paid capital general capital increase increase lending capacity middle income countries expressed february intent sell bonds bonds australian dollars issued external firms lasting services provides financial services strategic coordination information services borrowing member countries bank finances sovereign governments directly projects backed sovereign governments world bank treasury division manages bank debt portfolio billion financial derivatives transactions billion bank offers flexible loans long years custom tailored scheduling offers loans local joint effort international finance corporation bank offers financing entities sovereign guarantees needing quick financing unexpected change operates deferred option serves line credit features similar bank flexible loan program world bank group credit guarantee products offers policy based guarantees cover countries sovereign default risk partial credit guarantees cover credit risk sovereign government entity partial risk guarantees private projects cover government failure meet contractual obligations partial risk guarantee cover private projects member countries sovereign governments failures fulfill contractual obligations bank provides array financial risk management products including foreign exchange currency conversions interest rate interest rate caps floors help protect special risks bank offers deferred option provide financing natural disaster declared state emergency issues bonds transfer catastrophic risks investors reported billion lending commitments projects fiscal year significantly billion commitments fiscal year

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development


european council european council charged defining overall political direction priorities institution european_union comprises heads state government member states president european council president european commission high representative union foreign affairs security policy takes meetings established informal summit european council institution entry force treaty lisbon current president scope european council formal legislative power strategic crisis solving body provides union general political directions priorities acts collective presidency european commission remains sole legislation european council able provide impetus guide legislative policy meetings european council commonly referred chaired president place twice months usually building headquarters council european_union brussels decisions european council taken consensus treaties provide history heads state government held february july paris respectively informal leaders european community started french president charles resentment domination institutions european commission integration process influential summit held departure summit reached agreement united_kingdom community initiated foreign policy cooperation european political cooperation taking integration economics period december summit paris following proposal french president agreed high level political input needed following chair crisis economic problems inaugural european council known held dublin march ireland presidency council ministers included treaties time single european act defined role time treaty minimum meetings year required resulted average meetings year held period number meetings required minimum year latest period minimum exceeded average seven meetings held year seat council basing brussels types european councils exist informal scheduled extraordinary informal meetings scheduled year advance differ scheduled ordinary meetings ending official council conclusions instead end broad political statements cherry picked policy matters extraordinary meetings end official council conclusions differs scheduled meetings scheduled year advance example european council gathered lead european_union response september attacks meetings european council seen turning points history european_union example foreign policy paris creation council milan initiate leading single european act agreement treaty edinburgh agreement treaty provision retain seat european parliament copenhagen leading definition copenhagen criteria amsterdam agreement amsterdam treaty brussels selected member states adopt euro cologne declaration military forces institutional reform lisbon lisbon strategy copenhagen agreement lisbon agreement lisbon treaty brussels appointment president merged high representative european financial stability facility european council existed gained status institution european_union entering force treaty lisbon article treaty establishing european community provided amended treaty lisbon council meeting composition heads state government acting qualified majority shall nominate person intends appoint president commission emphasis added seen early european council treaties event article treaty european_union amended treaty lisbon officially introduces term european council substitute phrase council european_union meeting composition heads state government previously treaties refer body treaty lisbon european council formal institution distinct ordinary council created present longer term time presidency council european council previously followed presidency rotating member state council retains system european council established change powers system appointing individual national leader half year term renewed person following ratification treaty december european council elected prime minister belgium van permanent president resigning belgian prime minister powers functions european council official institution mentioned lisbon treaty body shall provide union necessary impetus development essentially defines policy agenda considered motor european integration need provide impetus council developed roles settle issues outstanding discussions lower level lead foreign policy acting externally collective head state formal ratification important documents involvement negotiation treaty changes institution composed national leaders executive power member states great influence high profile policy areas example foreign policy exercises powers appointment appointment president high representative union foreign affairs security policy president european central bank proposes european parliament candidate president european commission european council influences police justice planning composition commission matters relating organisation rotating council presidency suspension membership rights changing voting systems clause european council direct legislative power emergency brake procedure state council ministers refer contentious legislation european council state european council powers executive addition powers european council described union supreme political authority composition european council consists heads state government member states alongside president commission president non voting meetings regularly attended national foreign minister commission president likewise accompanied member commission treaty lisbon discontinued size body somewhat large following successive new member states union meetings include president european central bank required secretary general council attends responsible matters including minutes president european parliament attends opening speech outlining european parliament position talks begin additionally negotiations involve large number people working scenes people allowed conference room delegates state relay messages push button members advice permanent representative group adjacent room group composed diplomats assistants convey information requests required meetings members permitted speak languages composition precisely defined states considerable division executive power find difficult decide attend meetings alexander argued need president finland attend council meetings instead prime minister finland head european foreign policy having finnish foreign minister forced finnish delegation emergency council meeting georgian crisis president wanted attend high profile summit prime minister people country attend meetings despite head organisation security operation europe time heavily involved crisis problems occurred poland president poland prime minister poland different parties different foreign policy response crisis similar situation arose romania president prime minister prime minister victor opposed president number hoc meetings heads state government euro area countries held discuss sovereign debt crisis agreed october meet regularly twice year extra meetings needed normally end european council meeting according format chaired president european council including president commission usually restricted currently heads state government countries currency euro president president european council elected european council qualified majority term half years president report european parliament european council meeting post created treaty lisbon subject debate exact role prior lisbon presidency rotated accordance presidency council european_union role president office sense protocol equivalent office head state merely inter equals role european heads government president office primarily responsible preparing council meetings executive powers task representing union externally leader council presidency country act president permanent president absent members european people party european institutions party european alliance liberals democrats europe alliance european conservatives party european left independent notes political parties members european council members political party national level members european level political party frequently hold pre meetings european council members prior meetings european council composed represent states political parties decisions generally lines ideological alignment colour political agreements choice appointments president table outlines number leaders affiliated party total voting weight map right indicates alignment individual country seat meetings meetings european council usually place times year brussels meetings traditionally days longer contentious issues agenda president van preferred summit single day venue council meeting rotated member states location decided country holding rotating presidency 22nd declaration attached treaty nice stated european council meeting presidency held brussels union comprises members european council meetings held brussels half councils held brussels european council uses building council european_union building extraordinary councils taken place member state holding presidency rome court palace new building building currently built northern end adjacent historical palace complex use purpose built summit building european council council completed delays late opening date choice single seat number factors logistical organising meetings especially smaller countries security experience belgian police dealing protesters shot police brussels having fixed facilities council journalists meeting having permanent seat brussels emphasised european council institution summit sovereign states manner argued facto government commission day day government european council best compared collective head state new situation locating meetings source contention portuguese government wanting sign lisbon treaty lisbon portugal belgian government keen set precedent insisted regular end year summit took place brussels usual meant signing photo suit formal dinner attendees summit transferred lisbon brussels mirrored travelling circus european parliament garnered protests environmental groups describing demanding lower carbon emissions flying europe summit political reasons current plans hold meetings outside brussels force instance strike air traffic controllers nearly caused january informal meeting switched president cabinet european council terms lisbon treaty separate institution administration administrative support european council president provided general council european_union president private office cabinet close advisers van chose chief staff chef cabinet baron van belgian ambassador variously usa nato chief staff belgian foreign ministers team labour richard hungarian ambassador nato head economic financial committee van long standing press officer


nato north_atlantic treaty organization nato process including new member states nato nato military alliance european north american countries constitutes system collective defence process joining alliance governed article north_atlantic treaty allows invitation european states subsequent agreements countries wishing join meet certain requirements complete multi step process involving political dialogue military integration accession process overseen north_atlantic council nato governing body formation founding members nato grew including greece turkey west_germany later spain cold war ended germany reunited debate nato continued expansion eastward poland hungary czech_republic joined organization amid debate organization russian opposition expansion came accession seven central eastern european countries bulgaria estonia lithuania romania slovakia nations invited start talks membership prague summit joined nato shortly istanbul summit recent new members albania croatia joined april prior summit nato officially recognized aspiring members bosnia georgia macedonia montenegro macedonia prevented joining alliance greece effect naming dispute montenegro membership process ratified current members future expansion currently topic debate countries outside alliance countries like sweden finland serbia open political debate topic membership countries like ukraine support opposition membership tied ethnic nationalist incorporation countries soviet sphere influence cause increased tension nato countries russia past nato added new members times founding include members countries founding nato belgium canada denmark france iceland italy netherlands norway portugal united_kingdom united_states early years cold war saw stark divide capitalist backed nato communist satellite states soviet_union divide encouraged anti communist governments greece turkey join nato greece suspend membership turkish invasion cyprus rejoined turkey cooperation paris conventions ended allies occupation west_germany ratified basis west_germany join nato initially spain francisco franco heavily anti communist bound regular defence agreements nato countries transition democracy spain came pressure european relations including joining nato referendum confirmed popular support german post cold war expansion nato came german october east germany federal republic germany alliance agreed plus treaty earlier year secure soviet approval united germany remaining nato agreed foreign troops nuclear weapons stationed east germany topic nato expansion east raised jack ambassador soviet_union final years said west gave clear commitment expand documents indicate soviet given oral impression diplomats like james baker nato membership table countries czechoslovakia hungary poland wrote memoirs negotiations unification germany gave assurances nato extend zone operation east repeated view interview according robert state department official involved plus negotiating process appears formal commitment authors mark highlighted imagined countries technically warsaw pact soviet_union day join nato group february poland hungary czech_republic slovakia czechoslovakia formed group push european integration european_union nato conduct military reforms line nato standards internal nato reaction warsaw pact countries initially negative rome summit november members agreed series goals lead accession market democratic nato partner efforts subsequent years wider forums regional cooperation nato eastern neighbors set including north_atlantic cooperation council later euro atlantic partnership council partnership peace members invited join nato madrid summit slovakia excluded based members considered actions nationalist prime minister romania considered invitation backing prominent nato member france italy respectively support unanimous particularly congress open letter president bill_clinton foreign policy experts including bill bradley sam hart paul robert expressed concerns nato expansion expensive unnecessary given lack external threat russia time group domestic politics eastern european countries continued push political parties reluctant nato membership bulgarian socialist party voted office hungary interest joining confirmed november referendum returned percent favor membership russia actions war factor countries memories similar soviet washington summit hungary poland czech_republic officially joined nato issued new guidelines membership membership action plans albania bulgaria estonia lithuania macedonia romania slovakia countries joined croatia form group order cooperate lobby common nato membership prague summit seven invited membership took place istanbul summit russia particularly upset addition baltic states countries soviet_union join nato croatia started membership action plan summit leading national debate referendum nato membership needed held croatian prime minister ultimately agreed january forming coalition government parties officially propose albania croatia invited join nato summit april threatened hold croatian membership border dispute bay croatia accession protocol february croatia albania officially joined nato prior summit little opposition russia criteria process article north_atlantic treaty basis organization changes including new membership requires ratification current treaty treaty article describes non member states join nato outlines nato open door policy parties unanimous agreement invite european state position principles treaty contribute security north_atlantic area treaty state invited party treaty instrument accession government united_states_of_america government united_states_of_america inform parties deposit instrument accession article poses general limits non member states european states eligible new membership second states need approval existing member states member state criteria forward attained practice nato common set criteria instance greece blocks republic macedonia accession nato disagreement use macedonia turkey similarly opposes participation republic cyprus nato institutions long cyprus dispute resolved rome summit member states officially offered cooperation europe newly democratic states nato addressed defined expectations procedure adding new members brussels declaration reaffirmed principles article led study nato published september study outlined possible europe highlighting principles treaty members democracy individual liberty rule law nato secretary general noted study specify discussed newly formed partnership peace north_atlantic cooperation council assist process noted going territorial disputes issue country invited madrid summit heads state nato issued madrid declaration euro atlantic security cooperation invited eastern european countries join alliance point requested join laying path follow membership action plan biggest step process inviting new members came washington summit membership action plan map mechanism approved stage current members regularly review formal applications aspiring members country participation map annual presentation reports concerning progress different measures willingness settle international ethnic external territorial disputes peaceful means commitment rule law human rights democratic control armed forces ability contribute organization defence missions devotion sufficient resources armed forces able meet commitments membership security sensitive information ensuring compatibility domestic legislation nato cooperation nato provides feedback technical advice country progress individual basis country agreed meet requirements nato issue country invitation begin accession talks currently countries membership action plan bosnia macedonia montenegro map participants albania croatia april joined nato final accession process invited involves steps leading signing accession acceptance ratification governments current nato members intensified dialogue intensified dialogue introduced april informal meeting foreign ministers lithuania response ukrainian aspirations nato membership related reforms taking place president followed signing nato ukraine action plan predecessor formula includes discussion range political military financial security issues relating possible nato membership roots madrid summit participants agreed continue alliance intensified dialogues nations nato membership pursue dialogue nato membership questions september georgia second offered intensified dialogue status following rapid change foreign policy president perceived demonstration military readiness crisis montenegro bosnia serbia similarly received offers april summit neighbors requested accepted dialogue programme serbia offer presented guarantee possibility future ties alliance current status montenegro macedonia bosnia currently countries membership action plan georgia named nato countries north_atlantic council meeting december greece blocked invitation northern neighbor pending resolution macedonia naming dispute macedonia group formed adriatic charter croatia albania better coordinate nato accession bosnia nato bombing bosnia targeted army international pressure led resolution war signing agreement nato led implementation force force efforts country bosnia joined partnership peace signed agreement security cooperation march bosnia began cooperation nato individual partnership action plan january country started process intensified dialogue summit country invited join adriatic charter nato september october member presidency announced official application membership action plan april nato agreed launch membership action plan bosnia certain conditions attached turkey thought biggest supporter membership heavily influenced decision conditions map stipulated annual national programme launched military facilities transferred bosnia political divisions central government conditions closure leadership opposed transfer loss autonomy bosnia chances joining nato depend serbia attitude alliance leadership reluctant serbian interests august poll showed percent country supports nato membership results different constituent entities percent federation bosnia supported nato membership percent georgia georgia moved quickly following rose revolution seek closer ties nato georgia northern neighbor russia opposed closer ties including expressed summit nato members promised georgia eventually join organization complications relationship nato georgia includes presence russian forces internationally recognized georgian territory result multiple recent conflicts like south war territories south home large number citizens russian federation november russian president addressing soldiers near georgian border stated invasion prevented nato soviet sphere referendum resulted percent voters supporting nato accession georgian prime minister stated goal membership action plan map country nato june diplomats nato suggested map unlikely package reinforced cooperation agreements possible compromise confirmed include building military capabilities armed forces training macedonia macedonia recognized yugoslav republic macedonia nato note turkey recognizes macedonia country joined partnership peace commenced membership action plan time albania participating nato intervention received aid nato dealing refugees fleeing august nato intervened rebel group national liberation army fought government forces operation essential harvest nato troops joined military rebel forces following cease fire agreement summit greece blocked proposed invitation greece belief neighbor constitutional implies territorial aspirations region greek macedonia nato nations agreed country receive invitation resolution macedonia naming dispute macedonia sued greece international court justice veto macedonia nato membership ruled december greece wrong blocked neighbor bid finding breach interim accord allowed macedonia join international organizations yugoslav republic macedonia nato exception turkey recognizes bid greece blocks macedonia accession european_union naming dispute march defense minister stated hope country handling european crisis bring closer nato membership poll following summit showed percent citizens surveyed opposed changing constitutional order join nato elections called following summit resulting support centre right pro nato party elections marred violence criticized nato members ethnic tensions persisted macedonia nato called dialogue following clashes city blamed delay nato european integration nato membership general supported percent according november poll montenegro state union serbia montenegro applied nato partnership peace june montenegro declared independence june new country subsequently joined partnership peace programme summit november montenegro signed transit agreement nato allowing alliance troops country montenegro signed agreement united_states montenegro destroy outdated weaponry nato membership montenegro received particular support membership romania turkey late montenegro defence minister said montenegro accelerate relationship alliance summit montenegro entered intensified dialogue nato april adopted individual partnership action plan june country applied membership action plan november support prime minister granted december montenegro began membership adriatic charter nato military contributed nato military missions including joining mission afghanistan memory nato bombing campaign federal republic yugoslavia resulting civilian casualties form crucial opposition nato membership montenegro according government poll march percent montenegro populace supported nato membership percent opposed poll july centre democracy human rights receives financial support nato found percent support membership percent sharp divisions ethnic groups percent percent support membership percent serbs russian nationalist threatened nato membership montenegro legitimate target russian missiles june nato secretary general suggested nato open intensified talks aim inviting montenegro join alliance end prime minister france stated county opposition march late anti government nato protests supported pro serbian parties developed run montenegro invitation accused serbia russia supporting december 2nd nato formally invited montenegro join alliance february final accession talks began concluded allowing montenegro observer status pending ratification governments members montenegro parliament membership debates finland finland nearly sub areas partnership peace programme provided forces afghanistan missions possibility finland membership nato important issues debated relation finnish presidential election continues significant issue finnish politics finland technical preparations membership defence minister eager pursue nato membership public interest issue decreased april government announced sign memorandum understanding nato finland readiness receive military assistance aid nato equipment maintenance defence minister emphasized memorandum step membership major finnish political parties national coalition party swedish people party finland support nato membership party conference national coalition party agreed finland apply membership following years vision swedish people party finland finland nato member individual politicians advocated nato including current president prime minister alexander president argued finland join organizations supported western order burden presidents social democratic_party publicly opposed idea arguing nato membership deteriorate finland relations russia finland received critical feedback russia considering possibility joining nato study suggesting repercussions russia relations nato following south war finnish prime minister reiterated finland plans join nato stated main lesson war need closer ties russia june interview finnish newspaper personal envoy accused finland extreme suggested finland joining nato start world war iii july stated visit finland russia increase troops finnish border finland join nato warned nato fight finn russia survey conducted finnish january found percent polled opposed country nato membership percent supported percent noted downward trend percent opposed started including steep decline presidential election march crisis survey showed percent supported membership second showed percent support membership finnish leadership recommended support military alliance neighbor sweden high percent finland possibly seek enlarged role finnish minister defence suggested referendum nato membership held parliamentary election ireland ireland member nato partnership peace programme euro atlantic partnership council applied join nato member state traditional policy military neutrality ireland alliance planning review process aims increase irish military defence forces nato member states bring line accepted international standards successfully deploy professional military forces operations overseas ireland supplied small number troops nato led international security assistance force afghanistan supports ongoing nato led force currently major political party ireland fully supports ascension nato reflection public media opinion country number politicians support ireland joining nato mainly centre right fine party majority politicians widely understood referendum held changes neutrality joining nato secretary general nato said visit country door open ireland join nato time constitution country joining military alliance politicians minister defence suggested joining nato larger european integration joined nato partnership peace initiated individual partnership action plan following crisis nato officials warned russia seek annex region issue joining nato serbia nato intervention bosnia nato bombing yugoslavia resulted strained relations serbia nato relations strained following declaration independence united_nations security support nato serbia invited joined partnership peace programme summit invited enter intensified dialogue programme country ready serbia parliament passed resolution declared military neutrality time referendum held issue october serbian defence minister signed information exchange agreement nato fuller membership partnership peace programme april serbia request approved nato serbia submitted draft agreement finalized january poll june conducted support indicated percent polled supported nato membership percent percent opposed minor liberal democratic_party serbian renewal movement remain vocal political parties favor nato membership serbia join european_union serbia seek maintain military neutrality joining nato sweden sweden chose join nato declared security policy aiming non alignment peace neutrality war modified version non alignment peace possible neutrality war position maintained discussion cold war 1990s active debate sweden question nato membership post cold war world ideological divides visible november sweden buy new transport planes join nato plane pool december sweden invited join nato response force sweden active participants nato led missions bosnia afghanistan libya operation unified protector ruling swedish social democratic_party remained favour neutrality non alignment preference shared partners green party left party right wing moderate party liberal party largest parties current parliamentary representation favor nato membership crisis credited renewed public calls nato membership notable politicians centre party opposed nato membership september party leadership annie announced motion change party policy order push sweden join nato party conference christian democrats previously opposed likewise voted support nato membership party meeting october polling shown modest rise support nato membership according polling going percent percent january institute showing similar numbers according support percent rose somewhat significantly percent september percent respondents opposed nato membership october survey commissioned news showed slightly respondents supporting membership opposing news military expert sweden calculated country hold week attacked temporarily lifted support nato membership polls ukraine ukraine present future relationship nato politically divisive larger debate ukraine political cultural ties european_union russia established ties alliance nato ukraine action plan november country join nato partnership peace initiative february april ukraine entered intensified dialogue programme nato march ukrainian president prime minister ukraine sent official letter application membership action plan map step joining nato leaders guaranteed opposition membership military alliance pass public approval referendum idea gained support number nato leaders particularly central eastern_europe russian leaders like prime minister president elect clear opposition ukraine membership leading april summit actively lobbied ukrainian map debate members summit nato secretary general declared press conference ukraine georgia someday join nato begin membership action plans summit russian president international speech switching jobs listed grievances nato called ukrainian membership direct threat country election returned ukrainian president marked turnaround ukraine relations nato february stated ukraine relations nato currently defined question ukraine joining nato said issue ukrainian membership nato emerge point immediate future visiting brussels march stated change ukraine status member alliance outreach programme later reiterated trip moscow ukraine remain european non aligned state june ukrainian parliament voted exclude goal integration euro atlantic security nato membership country national security strategy bill drafted bill ukraine membership military allowed operation alliances nato following months street protests began refusal sign association agreement european_union favor deals russia president fled february ultimately russia parliament voted remove post brought possible change direction ukraine association europe extension nato pro russian unrest occurred eastern ukraine peninsula annexed russian federation march effort concerned groups newly installed prime minister addressed topic russian language speech march emphasizing ukraine seeking nato membership president barack_obama echoed position following week calling greater nato presence eastern_europe response growing russian aggression eastern ukraine including deployment russian troops ukrainian soil announced intentions resume bid nato integration august december ukraine parliament voted drop non aligned status adopted nato secretary general stated nato membership option ukraine support nato membership risen percent government controlled ukraine according july poll previous polls shown decline opposition membership linked ongoing russian intervention countries austria switzerland members partnership peace border nato member states malta member partnership peace european_union country long standing policy neutrality cyprus european_union member state member partnership peace treaty blocked turkey concerns cyprus dispute according minister foreign affairs integration nato priority republic declared independence serbia stated country goal nato member nato member states greece romania spain slovakia recognize independence united_nations membership considered necessary nato membership russia armenia members collective security treaty organization alternative military alliance russian envoy rule joining nato point stated russia currently interested leading coalition great power committed policy neutrality ruled eventually joining nato christopher sands hudson institute proposed mexican membership nato order enhance nato cooperation mexico develop north american pillar regional security june president juan stated hope colombia cooperation nato result nato membership foreign minister juan quickly clarified colombia actively seeking nato membership james proposed global nato incorporate democratic states world including australia new_zealand japan south_korea brazil south_africa india republican presidential candidate suggested expanding nato include singapore israel australia india japan expanding nato outside europe require article north_atlantic treaty


mary mary november september american portrait painter attended school museum fine arts boston later instructor achievements woman win award open men women united_states won prize national academy design portrait paintings collections massachusetts state house harvard_university essex museum historical society professional organizations affiliated included society artists founding member guild boston artists charter member lived adult life sisters family home massachusetts early life mary born november massachusetts hills mary allen harvard college graduate served united_states_navy civil war assistant surgeon treatment mentally ill mary brother sisters olivia margaret page family moved massachusetts began making artwork 1880s signed nickname graduated high school sisters lived family home washington street course lives house called house house education attended school museum fine arts boston philip assistant completed education drawing class assistant frank graduation following year assistant drawing instructor noted boston hughes described painting margaret usually tender bit studied painters paris studied spain england netherlands italy winning traveling scholarship museum fine arts boston organization traveling scholar received year year study program style women collector james identified having demonstrate remarkable individual artistic skill attended school museum fine arts boston late 19th century time women recognized individual style abilities phrase time reflected belief women skill derived like greater public exposure helped highlight individual unique qualities women portrait painters rival camp according james journal article early women artists guild boston artists bob noted painted creative style included loose manner rivals works boston painters technical abilities composition use capture light exemplified painting sisters piano career women win non gender specific awards won national academy design prize oil painting studio determined best oil painted person age united_states year museum fine arts boston awarded traveling scholarship won honorable mention pan american exposition buffalo new_york studio old building boston severe fire burned life work artists including joseph william aftermath group artists planned new building studios street initial group artists signed arranged studio studio hills church commissioned member paint wall murals church mural depicts virtues truth charity justice faith foot figures women man instance male figure carries sword scales represent justice created murals representation trinity world war designed liberty loan campaign poster painting victory record exhibited letter panama pacific international exposition san_francisco california won bronze medal won popular prize newport rhode_island lady black won prize letter newport john singer considered foremost portrait painters time according author society artists founder treasurer charter member guild boston artists early member society member concord art association american federation arts connecticut academy fine arts death suffered stroke required switch painting left hand died newton hospital september historical society began purchasing paintings collection correspondence diaries photographs materials held historical society collections harvard club boston harvard_university john adams john harvard_university cambridge massachusetts paul jean louis oil canvas george copy gilbert stuart john warren massachusetts general hospital william massachusetts state house boston massachusetts william essex museum salem massachusetts francis henry historical society massachusetts portraits collection paintings brown margaret page john gallery paintings mary


born welsh tailor designer according vogue dressed world famous people born wales moved london early twenties work innovative row tailor tommy learned art leaders new movement brought designer attitudes traditional skills row running business east end london based opened west end store bond street near row collaborating projects designers brands brooks england kim jones costume designer dressed stars films including mission impossible eyes wide shut associated british high street retailer marks contributor men magazine forefront casual movement early life born brought west wales family remain area parents racing driver ambition took job uncle working sales assistant haven high street tailor form foundation retail empire early 1980s interested club scene driving london mixed new boy george blitz london nightclub run steve strange group determined fashion industry unable breakthrough decided use knowledge answered advertisement placed london evening standard tommy boy wanted row weeks given job client base included rock stars celebrities politicians businessmen famously dressed beatles stones mixed future celebrities fashion world john studying central saint college art design passed design skills work placement met future wife catherine actress film producer time working couple daughters time row revolutionary 1960s inspired experiment tone pattern designs nearly years apprentice persuaded work disillusioned row particularly lack appreciation modern approach found working small retailer based away row street provided welcome change year turnover doubled career setting leaving late 1980s freelance stylist television advertising mtv film began bands pop stars george michael recognised shift perception male fashion industry men label conscious coincided increased awareness end fashion designers like hugo boss highlighted men lifestyle magazines arena face said thought accessible understanding going ready wear fashion directional possibly market having decided create brand alternative designer ready wear searched suitable location away row opened premises street outside city london east end said started room house rail telephone chairs furniture begin business slow moving premises chose storey early georgian built north old market nearby elder street home artist mark converting seven weeks dressed tom cruise film mission impossible cruise liked suits kept commissioned new movement cool generation mid-1990s identified james author row master british having begun publication vanity_fair cool issue sensing change consumer attitudes away traditional row sought believed danger disappearing contemporaries richard james launched new movement brought fashion designer approach row launched brand ready wear collection long standing association marks began year dressed tom cruise reprised role film mission impossible year dressed robin williams clients joined simpson design consultant appointed board group creative director leaving lines designed affordable range aimed teenagers launched august called postal district casual forefront casual movement suggests provides individually tailored casual clothing row quality including casual shirts smart casual jackets shirts jeans collaboration designed tailored suit sold japanese retailer stores expanding casual concept offered service dressing celebrities sports hollywood rock music david kevin bacon wilson kaiser chiefs designed suit collection collaboration fashion clothing company founded american hip hop artists dash jay advertising campaign fronted dash friends kevin bacon campbell teamed british casual designer kim jones collaboration produced collections seasons shown paris fashion week collaboration showed limited collection new_york hair salon including fully line marketed destination location retail space store 8th floor fashionable district manhattan featured café autumn ready wear collection available shops time including liberty john lewis range included suits shirts trousers costume designer film dressing stars including pierce opened west end store street bond street minutes walk row creative contributor advisor men magazine active wear keen collaborated brand develop suit worn cycling called active wear priced piece suit blended wool repel water dirt combined functionality classic cycling clothing features included high button jacket closely fitted body pocket player shoulders center allow extra fabric rider bent bicycle jacket design incorporated ready wear collection collaboration bicycle saddle manufacturer brooks england developed cycling jacket brooks john clothing label resulting criterion cycling jacket water sweat resistant materials shown bread butter street urban fashion fair berlin january received new year honours list services british fashion industry having receiving award queen elizabeth buckingham palace saint david day wife daughters watching described award great honour business involved quoted saying like remembered people british clothing seriously brand brand levels aimed young professionals means purchase necessarily desire visit row customer measured individual pattern hand cut chosen cloth cut hand hand measure use existing house patterns adapted customer measurements ready wear collection sold house branch japan row background said design designers discovered marks department store retailer collaboration designers launched designers range success hoping recapture lost market share marks asked review range creative consultant designed line collection october designed line noting range consisted italian style aimed achieve british look cut fit different colours responsibility luxury collection advertising campaigns designs range modelled british celebrities including david ferry jimmy martin freeman bob selected football association official tailor england football team designed team official suits world cup south_africa according vogue dressed world famous people clients worldwide travels regularly fittings new_york los_angeles japan closer home diverse client base includes politicians including british prime ministers past present sports hollywood personalities suit worn tom cruise commented course fits costume designer films including mission impossible tube tales eyes wide shut accidental husband celebrity clients kevin bacon david matthew gordon brown pierce david cameron jay-z james


chinese known pen names chinese known great dynasty accomplished painter poet noted skill mounted particularly noted figure paintings included buddhist subjects works held number museums china commented number contemporary writers masculine martial tendencies regarded attractive feature period lived eastern china residing life districts career celebrated married times unions lasted later life eventually opted life buddhist biography born contemporary sources disagree according historian spent childhood beijing spent professional life pleasure quarter celebrity government officials frequented flower houses highly selective accepting learned scholarly men lovers declining affections mere financial gain spend thousands avail returned beijing parties literary gatherings hosted demonstrations cemented reputation referred female knight took famous woman warrior history chose fifth young gentleman nickname female knight epithet reiterated fan secretary ministry war apparently fond martial causes position influence military affairs occasion abandoning lover refused fund expedition japanese korea point career came end married playwright married times making proposals unions lasted husbands included general art critic later life unnamed wealthy merchant wanted children able later life converted buddhism remained single largely retiring world active literary world entertaining female artists home west lake collapse dynasty buddhist friend yang sister fellow sacred sites mount mount date death uncertain sources suggest lived whilst death late early mentions death work published evident died date paintings accomplished painter teenage years known artistic talent work considered similar paintings considered accomplished work kind period contemporary art critics regarded master technique considered pinnacle contemporary painting asking famous painter skilled hands surpass claiming painting bamboo admired eminent painter art critic inspired copy entire heart response painting claimed works lacks intention spirit approaches divine painted standard subjects landscapes bamboo particularly fond noted work figure painting comparatively unusual artistic topic address examples paintings displayed honolulu museum art san_francisco asian art museum poetry regularly paintings poems published volumes writing extant chinese flowers collection short prose essays anecdotes flowers whilst chinese notes journey south lost apparently contained selection poems life number collected late early wrote poetry lacking freedom shows talent rare women moving literary circles provided subject matter contemporary poets female poet period describes wrote works deal variety themes erotic romantic philosophical exchanged poems paintings receiving artworks exchange whilst excelled poetry painting skill set apart created cult celebrity talent mastery traditionally masculine art gave air considered highly attractive time having practiced beijing child skills company military officer outlying regions china horsemen local tribes impressed shooting local celebrity later life gave public demonstrations drew large audiences describes performance able shoot balls second ball strike break mid air trick place ball ground pulling bow backwards left hand right hand draws bow hit shots miss single poet recalls trick shot performed servant girl takes ball hand places head turns hits ball balls fall ground


march march french art model posed artist early salon period appeared paintings including notable works summer model work featuring female figures time married isle raised children bequeathed paintings white currently held dallas museum art early life born france march louis father town moved entire family paris sold tobacco fourth family children including brothers sisters document time describes profession older sister lover artist later introduced house possibly june modeling period began modeling eighteen early paintings time include straw hat painted modern nude diana rejected salon found critical success year received salon painting depicts life size portrait wooded park sunlight falls trees art critic described girl woods working class girl approved comparing model later wife french art critic later observed derivative technique appearance salon provoked definite opposition decision shadow face darkness emphasize reflection sunlight white dress led critics ridicule appearance unusual contrast salon appeared work named summer dressed loose falling shoulders john collins notes dark heavy set features worked portraits successful formal costume oriented paintings engaged couple poses artist alfred summer accompanied parent house trips near painted scenes water barque thought depict summer holiday total appeared paintings early salon period approximately according art historian john house model virtually female figures time little known exact nature relationship modeling said given birth baby boy named december unclear died infant july gave birth baby girl named given wet nurse raise continued secretly support financially died death help publicly legally acknowledged daughter lifetime unknown reasons stopped modeling said spoke saw important early career mentioned published interviews memoirs biographies later life decade stopped modeling married architect isle wife isle raised sons daughters bequeathed paintings white children said death destroyed personal papers related time modeling died paris march age buried cemetery selected works model list selected works includes oil canvas paintings painted thought posed works landscape people appeared lost destroyed believed preserved painting painting studio work known surviving image painting surviving fragment work identified location unknown believed posed work


eleanor eleanor born american painter studied william chase alfred stevens lived majority adult life paris france artist collector spent summers hometown massachusetts painted portraits better known paintings interiors father provided comfortable living sell paintings life mission provide people hometown ability view great works art collected art copies paintings old masters systematically documented decorative arts 12th 19th century funding art collection establish art museum works shown posthumously paris salon american retrospective works shown following year museum fine arts boston early life born massachusetts miles west boston susan father attorney mayor state senator united_states representative mother susan school teacher area civil war leader ladies soldiers aid society provided clothing blankets supplies soldiers locations state massachusetts year old brother nelson died scarlet fever mother died consumption father remaining household members close relationship afforded privileged education available young ladies generation years age graduated high school beginning attended female seminary college years old wrote essays school literary journal nature essays provide insight woman successfully operate male oriented society interest plight appreciated historical things graduated classmate good friend childhood ultimately trustee art museum education early career studied boston massachusetts normal art school massachusetts college art design prepare teach art living train school boston earned teaching certificate taught drawing schools year moved father washington elected house_of_representatives witty lively acted capital beginning studied art new_york_city william chase art students league new_york years june sailed paris study alfred stevens chase suggestion women studied belgian artist winters career father influence father provided financial support allowed live comfortably exhibited works according agreement father sell believed women works away enter male oriented business world paintings wanted away offered framed lived paris years traveled europe father lived winters retirement died joined daughter spent summers style paintings painted portraits copies old masters portraits later interiors executed delicate brush strokes adept sense color ability portray reflections textures like metal velvet texture compositions interiors positioned way leads viewer consider door corner painting woman garden reflects influences chase french combined skill draw learned alfred stevens reminiscent chase air paintings dark background contrasts enigmatic illuminated woman studio depicts father room patterned antique oriental flowers impressive works art museum image ideal home ann murray writes painting reminiscent chase composition vacant chair mirror reflecting spaces directly abundance rectangular units impose geographic organization wall features occur chase paintings personal acquaintances exhibited death mars des arts possible close friendship works shown boston chicago new_york_city shared studio paintings influenced pastoral contemporary life began collect historical european artwork particularly shown public places near hometown copies paintings great artists like roughly time began making paintings french decorative art 12th century gothic art 19th century saw galleries including interior scenes interiors provided insight european decorative arts gift mellow loving quiet observation spaces close rest world wasn merely recording surfaces loose clearly influenced des arts exhibited works cancelled commencement world war known welcoming art students united_states lived final years life collection began purchasing art objects intention sending america people afforded luxury traveling europe view good works art collected furniture objects visits quiet french villages works collection given college 50th year reunion including oil sketch alfred stevens loaned paintings worcester art museum public library photographs prints dishes furniture involved placement art library visitors department opportunity view works art including european prints rare span centuries museum implement plan establish cultural center shipped works art collection hometown left provision town raise equal provide healthy seminary artist collector philanthropist sought inspire educate improve society cultural late nineteenth early twentieth centuries friends providence art teacher lord identified trustees museum old brick stable purchased howe manning inc boston firm women architects french provincial building art center opened later renamed art museum collection building destroyed fire museum square feet exhibition space buildings works art pre era 20th century works art include paintings prints illustrated books drawings photographs originated europe americas asia africa art museum collection work works john singer william chase american european artists marshall author art museums plus said stands famous competition death died kidney failure october posthumous exhibitions shows paintings held death memorial exhibition opened american ambassador included paintings retained paintings des arts interior sixteen works exhibited salon year american retrospective work held museum fine arts boston