polish pronunciation july polish military political leader prior world war established participated underground organizations promoted cause independence poland russian_empire fought distinction polish world war later newly created polish army polish soviet war war played prominent role decisive battle warsaw early years second polish republic held government posts including serving prime minister minister military affairs following coup installation government fell favor new second world war prime minister polish government exile commander chief polish armed forces vigorous advocate polish cause diplomatic sphere supported diplomatic relations poland soviet_union severed soviet pact germany invasion poland soviet leader joseph broke soviet polish diplomatic relations april following request international red_cross investigate forest massacre july plane carrying sea immediately takeoff gibraltar killing board pilot exact circumstances death disputed given rise number conspiracy theories surrounding crash death prestigious leader polish death severe setback polish cause early life world war born time austro hungarian empire child family father school teacher mother grandfather fought wounded battle november uprising received medal attended high school transferred year teachers college attended gymnasium passed final high school exam starting year young studied engineering specializing road bridge construction graduated diploma hydraulic engineering volunteered year service austro hungarian army attended austrian military school obtaining officer diploma army reserve second lieutenant married met high school daughter graduation worked administration hydraulic engineering department working regulation river later involved private enterprises related construction real estate petroleum trade studies involved people school association organization dedicated spreading literacy rural populace briefly involved association polish youth drifted paramilitary socialist organizations related polish socialist party intent securing polish independence contact socialist movement union resurrection polish nation organized secret union active struggle aim bringing uprising russian_empire poland likewise helped organize association president chapter responsible military arm commission independence parties having military education activists military tactics outbreak world war july mobilized influence allowed participate organizing polish military units delegated duties austro hungarian military command weeks war chief military department supreme national committee remained post commissioner charge recruitment polish choosing role opportunity serve commander september promoted lieutenant colonel soon commander officer school army created liberate poland russian ultimately austro hungarian german rule initially fought alliance austria-hungary russia august growing tension advocated cooperation austria-hungary felt austria-hungary germany betrayed trust polish people actively campaigned military department disbanded july year promoted colonel following act 5th november involved alternatives polish auxiliary corps june refused austro hungarian orders swear loyalty emperor oath crisis interned fortress abandoned returned austro hungarian army following february treaty brest battle chose announcing solidarity actions protesting planned separation land planned polish state soon joined held nonetheless smooth differences major polish leaders drift farther apart continuing years war polish ukrainian war russian austro hungarian german collapsed poland independent borders second polish republic fully determined unstable east formed escalating conflicts polish ukrainian lithuanian soviet forces culminated polish soviet war winston_churchill commented war giants ended wars began leaders saw poland bridge communist revolution force bring communism west poland existence soon stake polish soviet war release worked regency council organizing new polish army soon time polish ukrainian war troops command secured defended october november polish independence came november formation second republic poland course polish ukrainian war opening phase polish soviet war high ranking officer polish army involved operations region january commanded troops defending march year commanded infantry division advancing august commanded group polish 9th infantry division order forces command oversaw trials officers forces took march command group poland offensive april advancing river region april year promoted brigade general polish soviet war grew intensity late april red army russia new soviet regime pushed polish forces invaded poland subsequently successfully defended june later failed hold brest fortress defended long allow polish forces region retreat orderly manner august named commander newly formed polish 5th army tasked holding north rivers distinguished commanding 5th army lower battle warsaw time soviet forces expecting easy final victory surprised crippled polish counter attack battle referred miracle stopped advance north warsaw gave polish commander chief time needed counter offensive beginning august forces successfully engaged soviet 5th 15th armies battle warsaw august commanded 3rd army forces took fought stages battle battle battle advanced forces deep poles defeated soviets polish soviet treaty march gave poland substantial areas ukraine fame enhanced known polish public heroes polish soviet war kept publishing military science articles war achievements promoted divisional general february awarded poland highest military decoration order march year government opposition despite differences praised reports recommending chief general staff minister war positions generals edward received better popular soldiers politics particularly appealing polish conservatives liberals april replaced general jordan chief polish general staff held number high government offices based analysis polish council ministers adopted new foreign policy remain roughly unchanged late 1930s preserving status quo europe treating germany russia equal sources potential threat december issued general order stressing need military stay politics assassination president poland december marshal polish parliament appointed prime minister december served prime minister minister internal affairs considered possible president brief tenure prime minister popular polish public carried essential reforms addition guiding country foreign policy direction gained approval cooperation league nations polish french cooperation obtained recognition poland eastern france united_states conference ambassadors march aided treasury minister reforms aiming inflation reforming currency supported ethnic minorities government nonetheless lost support resigned september held post chief inspector infantry february prime minister minister military affairs guided modernization polish military created worked actively promote cause polish french military alliance proposal increase powers minister military affairs reducing chief inspector armed forces met sharp disapproval time gathering opponents current government commanded military corps district democrat supporter declared opposition coup état remained refused dispatch forces played significant role short struggle surrounding coup relieved command remained active service received posting year saw publication book polish soviet war rivers contribution study polish soviet war spend following years studying military theory publishing works military theory history foreign policy famous work book lit war future capacities character associated questions national defense published english modern warfare character problems predicted return maneuver warfare wrote books articles things rapid germany course soon relieved command semi regime established joined anti opposition largely withdrew politics spending time paris france working french war college death politically militarily successors february year prominent polish politicians general joined anti political grouping prime minister exile days poland invaded germany september invasion request military command continued denied polish commander chief marshal edward escaped romania paris september joined polish government exile taking command newly formed polish armed forces france days later september president called serve polish prime minister exile november commander chief general inspector armed forces following resignation hold position polish minister military affairs uniting person control polish military war time years prime minister exile hopes dreams millions poles reflected saying sun higher nearer polish time early work reconcile anti factions government recognized western allies nonetheless government struggled point view heard france united_kingdom western allies refused recognize soviet_union despite soviet invasion poland september furthermore struggled secure resources needed recreate polish army exile poland territories occupied commanded substantial armed forces polish navy sailed britain thousands polish troops escaped romania hungary baltic_sea routes end war interned soldiers volunteers poland called tourists embarked dangerous journeys death imprisonment concentration camps caught germans allies steady flow recruits new polish army soon france french mandated syria addition poland large resistance movement policies included founding union armed struggle later transformed home army creation government delegation poland position supervise polish underground state occupied poland polish highland brigade took battle norway polish divisions participated defense france polish brigade infantry divisions process forming polish independent brigade created french mandated syria polish air_force france aircraft half squadrons fully operational remaining half stages training polish personnel died fighting interned switzerland following fall france general refused french marshal proposal polish capitulation germany june met british prime minister winston_churchill promised polish forces fight alongside british final victory government moved london able evacuate polish troops britain signing polish british military agreement august proceeded build train polish armed forces west experienced polish pilots took battle britain polish fighter squadron achieved highest number kills allied squadron polish forces form significant allied contingents fall france weakened position proposal consider building new polish army soviet occupied territories led criticism polish community exile july dismissed position prime minister replacing august days pressure including british government reconsider decision reinstated prime minister july political goals creation central eastern european federation starting polish confederation saw organization necessary smaller states stand traditional german russian concept ultimately futile gained traction time government exile signed agreement declaring intent pursue closer cooperation november year december promoted march visited united_states visit usa march december following german invasion soviet_union operation june opened negotiations soviet ambassador london establish diplomatic relations poland soviet_union broken soviet invasion poland september december year went moscow diplomatic mission polish government reached agreement soviet_union pact august confirmed joseph december year agreed september soviet german partition poland declare russo german pact august void release tens thousands polish prisoners war held soviet camps agreement polish government exile soviets granted amnesty polish citizens new army polish corps formed general later evacuated middle_east britain faced dire shortage military forces whereabouts thousands polish officers remain unknown years weigh heavily polish soviet relations fate initially supported polish soviet criticism person polish factions nonetheless soon realized soviet_union plans polish territories unacceptable polish public soviets began diplomatic offensive major military victory battle moscow intensified policy battle showing regard deals poland january british diplomat informed general planned extend polish borders west giving poland germany east prussia wanted considerably push poland eastern frontier westwards lines versailles concept line acquire stance eastern borders noted documents concessions acceptable giving revelation death fragile relations soviet_union polish government exile finally reached breaking point april germans announced commission discovery bodies polish officers murdered soviets buried forest near russia claimed carried germans nazi propaganda orchestrated joseph successfully exploited massacre drive wedge poland western allies soviet_union soviet_union subsequently russia acknowledge responsibility similar polish officers 1990s refused accept soviet explanation requested investigation international red_cross april soviets accused government exile nazi_germany broke diplomatic relations april beginning late began visiting polish forces stationed middle_east addition forces raising morale occupied political matters time conflict growing general open polish soviet relations opposed july returning inspection polish forces deployed middle_east killed daughter chief staff seven plane serial crashed sea seconds takeoff gibraltar airport hours crash attributed cargo plane shifting takeoff pilot survived crash subsequently buried brick lined grave polish war cemetery newark trent england july year winston_churchill delivered eulogy funeral september remains transferred polish air_force escorted raf tornado jets royal castle poland aftermath remembrance immediately crash polish officer witnessed event began quietly repeating end poland end poland general death marked turning point polish influence anglo american allies pole sway allied politicians prestigious leader polish death severe setback polish cause soviets broken diplomatic relations government april june recalled soviet ambassadors maxim washington montreal london churchill publicly supportive government reminding pact nazi_germany joint attack poland secret roosevelt admitted concessions poland powerful soviets polish soviet crisis beginning threaten cooperation western allies soviet_union time poles importance western allies essential years war beginning fade entry conflict military industrial giants soviet_union united_states allies intention allowing successor threaten alliance soviets representative polish government invited conference november december conference february crucial events western allies soviet_union discussed shape post war world decided fate poland months death november churchill roosevelt agreed poland east line ceded soviets churchill roosevelt objected suggestion polish government exile london representing polish interests historian noted spelled end government influence conference decided create puppet government poland committee national liberation proclaimed summer committee recognized soviet government legitimate authority poland government london termed soviets illegal self styled authority serve prime minister role november realizing increasing government exile resigned succeeded obscurity words historian signaled arrival government exile total soon began campaign recognition western allies soviet backed polish government led dedicated communist seat supreme soviet general commander 1st polish army russia commander chief polish armed forces time conference poland relegated soviet sphere influence abandonment polish government exile led rise western betrayal concept number poems dedicated written polish authors war aftermath people republic poland historic role like adherents london government distorted propaganda loyal government exile liable imprisonment execution time restrictions discussing began ease centennial anniversary birth commemorative events held including academic conference revealing plaques published novel movie polish government exile prime minister continue existence end communist rule poland post communist president poland september statue sculpted revealed patron newly formed polish 9th brigade polish parliament declared year 60th anniversary death year general number streets schools poland bear memory general preserved poland abroad organizations like institute london received degrees university liverpool university commemorative plaque revealed hotel london war polish military headquarters including office located commemorated london portland place near embassy poland larger life statue unveiled propeller plane died new memorial point gibraltar controversy surrounding death british court inquiry convened july year investigated crash serial unable determine cause finding accident elevator controls noting possible determine occurred established sabotage polish government refused endorse report contradiction cause determined sabotage ruled political context event coupled variety curious circumstances immediately gave rise numerous speculation death accident direct result soviet british polish conspiracy modern sources note accident fully explained example jan historical dictionary poland entry gibraltar notes theories explaining event mystery fully solved roman noted biographical entry polish biographical dictionary conclusive evidence wrongdoing found official cause death listed accident remains examined polish scientists concluded died injuries consistent air crash evidence murdered ruling theories shot incident rule possibility sabotage investigated polish institute national remembrance investigation continues honours awards order white eagle posthumously commander cross order previously awarded silver cross grand cross order previously awarded commander cross order cross class july posthumously state national council cross times gold cross merit grand officer order belgium grand cross order white lion czechoslovakia cross liberty estonia classes estonia grand cross legion honour france war cross august posthumously norway grand cross order crown romania romania works general active writer subjects military tactics describing personal war experiences works include drill regulations association basic infantry tactics rivers contribution study polish soviet war latest edition warsaw polish national policies agreements tenure prime minister december basic organization supreme military authorities poland strategic eastern french polish russian campaign poland france past present day war future capacities character associated questions national defense translated french english latest edition warsaw works collected general articles general warsaw isbn sources dead men secrets mysterious death general history channel dvd isbn premier general prime minister commander chief london polish institute museum isbn


died august muslim military commander led muslim militia known muslim people military organization croatian bosnia world war physician lawyer profession member cultural society known prior axis invasion yugoslavia mayor town prior invasion allegedly candidate electoral list left job yugoslav state government creation croatia joined movement proponent muslim collaboration suggested recruit muslims ranks october enlisted italian aid fighting yugoslav partisans later visited discourage massacre took lives muslim civilians early led attack muslim village killed partisans assassin vicinity town later year early life town physician lawyer profession finished medical school belgrade vocal supporter kingdom yugoslavia time prior outbreak world war member pro pro monarchy cultural society known members persecuted non serbs political mayor town allegedly candidate electoral list left job state government creation croatia joining april axis forces invaded yugoslavia poorly equipped poorly trained royal yugoslav army quickly defeated yugoslavia serbia reduced borders placed government german military occupation milan pre war politician known pro axis selected germans lead government national salvation territory military commander serbia extreme nationalist fascist exile italy appointed leader led croatian state independent state croatia called croatian combined modern day croatia modern day bosnia parts modern day serbia italian german quasi authorities led militia subsequently implemented policies jewish population living borders new state result resistance movements emerged royalist led colonel multi ethnic communist yugoslav partisans led year fellow muslim leader joined hoped achieve independence bosnia cooperation according main goal protect muslims struggle nation affairs later wrote suggesting muslims recruited ranks proposal met support pro anti communist muslim leaders towns muslims began joining partisans increasingly began considering muslims enemies atrocities muslim civilians subsequently increased late spring actions muslims especially eastern bosnia branded turks found muslim recruits muslim people military organization late muslim militia known muslim people military organization croatian formed following meeting leaders militia placed control greater muslim circle september assembly muslim declared property recognize right brothers wish demands shall seek protection interests big powers ranks allies october year enlisted italian aid fighting yugoslav partisans resulted establishment muslim force operated anti communist volunteer militia reported won majority muslims purpose districts eventually came seen principal representatives pro muslim current bosnia october operation joint italian attack partisans muslim civilians days later arrived town console muslim population advise committing atrocities attempted convince local muslims join ranks unsuccessful extent atrocities muslim population december face widespread muslim opposition nature declared resolution allegiance king claiming muslims integral movement led minister army navy air forces january led attack resulted capture muslim village guarded large force muslim volunteers month muslims carried especially east bosnia areas river militia units fighting partisans axis led case white operation january march distinguish operation continued efforts muslims nonetheless continued seeking muslim recruits declared address muslims nearby districts main goal intelligent honest protection muslim interests securing safe future people highest principles islam freedom religion family respect private property social justice democratic political freedom furthermore dismissed claim muslims collectively responsible crimes said muslims bound orthodox religion blood land death legacy killed august sources vary circumstances death historian states killed members partisan 10th brigade professor writes killed assassin claim killed vicinity killing muslims december estimated muslims number accounted percent soldiers appealed muslims fight communists citing example muslim


march october german luftwaffe fighter ace world war flying ace fighter ace military aviator credited shooting enemy aircraft aerial combat credited enemy aircraft shot combat missions majority victories claimed eastern claims western born grew republic child single parent alma raised challenging financial circumstances volunteered military service following flight training posted fighter wing participated invasion poland squadron leader battle france unit reformed 54th fighter wing june awarded knight cross iron cross des october battle britain fought aerial battles balkans campaign operation german invasion soviet_union received knight cross iron cross oak leaves des mit aerial victories august swords knight cross march score aerial victories claimed 100th victory march fourth fighter pilot achieve mark aerial victory january claimed aircraft shot march taking total aerial victories surpassed leading german fighter pilot time months second pilot claim victories promoted major major given command wing commander 1st fighter wing april conducting defense operations united_states_army air forces promoted lieutenant colonel october killed action week later october attack bremen believed shot pilot robert johnson managed bail parachute failed open childhood education born march kingdom german empire mother alma married father mother met serving hospital studied medicine universities served battalion doctor heavy artillery western eastern fronts world war attained doctorate field april opened medical practice 1920s social status doctor allow disclose relationship unmarried mother child mother married eighth child relatively poor parents father living driver construction business financial situation tight taught family discipline work hard survive support family alma worked clerk father paid monthly initially reminded mother obligations baptized july taking confirmed attended 4th elementary school good student mother understood education essential future worked hard raise funds pay higher education order send gymnasium secondary school managed admitted secondary school built mid level achieve university entry qualification alma desperate secure son schooling wrote city_council asking school fees waived participated sporting events organized german equivalent hiking skiing rowing member hitler youth received honor badge learned fly aircraft hitler youth received license leading local flying squad adolf_hitler officially established luftwaffe march following event changed mind decided want journalist passed physical examination pilot observer aircraft mechanic radio operator september dresden financial situation family cause concern alma mother paralyzed required nursing care financial situation severe alma monthly income annual school fee big burden wrote city_council multiple times asking fees waived early family payments accumulated debt march graduation school risk threatened expulsion financial grounds decision opt military service eased financial tension permitted graduate provided mother paid debt month early career following graduation school complete compulsory months labor service began service january camp released early started military training cadet april 2nd air warfare school south western outskirts berlin classmates bomber pilot lent pilot member 4th student company completed 1st course august 2nd course final iii 3rd course august received pilot badge completing courses training period promoted cadet private october cadet corporal december ensign april senior ensign december promoted officer rank second lieutenant february effective date january commanding officer released words release great concern career greater concern air_force apparently aware promotion risk opposition training system prior promotion started looking alternative employment machine factory dance partner helped arrange transferred 1st group bomber wing march assignment suit managed transferred fighter pilot school command colonel occupation annexation austria german spawned rapid expansion luftwaffe fighter pilot career benefited expansion transferred 1st group fighter wing stationed july underwent flight conversion training modern posed challenges june july damaged takeoff landing bought automobile car went tour italy met future fiancée south unit designated 1st group fighter wing world war german invasion poland began september marked beginning world war europe unit tasked bomber escort ground attack combat air patrol missions credited aerial victory september firing single shot favorable attack position aimed carefully open fire enemy pilot given credit destruction aircraft awarded iron cross 2nd class presented october lost war air skirmishes air french air_force late november case yellow fall invasion france low countries marked beginning battle france claimed victories early phase campaign earned iron cross 1st class day june promoted lieutenant appointed squadron leader unit tasked bomber escort missions british expeditionary force battle relocated vicinity paris june following armistice june moved tasked aerial defense netherlands july renamed 54th fighter wing time relocated south served 4th squadron 54th fighter wing battle britain aerial operations battle britain began unit july fighting reached climax august eagle day launched code hitler issued directive august strategic objective engage defeat royal_air_force raf achieve air supremacy air superiority preparation operation sea lion proposed amphibious invasion great_britain september onwards luftwaffe switched attack british towns cities london coming particularly heavy attack dubbed blitz british total flew missions england number aerial victories increased including 12th 15th september led presentation honor luftwaffe der luftwaffe september claimed 20th victory october awarded knight cross iron cross des second pilot receive award group commander received award day earlier german air offensive england failure resulted heavy losses withdrawn channel december stationed pilots sent ski vacation given home leave public propaganda appearance home school december speaking actions fighter pilot january unit moved southwest paris protect normandy stayed march ordered preparation attack yugoslavia balkans campaign operation balkans campaign began april multiple objectives operation german invasion greece stab iii committed invasion yugoslavia early missions engaged yugoslav royal_air_force numerous air battles claimed shot escort mission second day operations april taking total aerial victories following surrender royal yugoslav army april stationed airfield near belgrade received orders turn receive new variant transition training completed airfield following intensive training moved airfields eastern prussia june aircraft crossed soviet support operation invasion soviet_union like german fighter pilots enjoyed superiority soviet adversaries early phase terms training received aircraft flew quickly accumulated victories account 31st 33rd victories achieved july mentioned radio report mentions july claimed 62nd victory august achievement earned knight cross iron cross oak leaves des mit 33rd member german armed forces honored presentation august hitler wolf poland following loss reported missing action february claimed victory appointed march february shot opponent fighter aviation regiment posted missing action eastern following victory claimed march member receive knight cross iron cross oak leaves swords des mit mit swords awarded seven times presentation april hitler date total increased march fourth luftwaffe fighter pilot achieve victories following presentation swords went home leave asked number propaganda appearances spoke home school youth mother fiancée invited town hall april officials present county leader mayor walter granted privilege signing golden book book signed german communities cities special guests honor returned eastern south claimed victories june mentioned june mention june came achieved victories june addition references received german cross gold gold june received croatian order crown king red 2nd class swords september work croatian air_force legion fighter unit commanded january claimed aerial victory led presentation picture silver frame des february unit received february quickly accumulated victories march 26th birthday claimed enemy aircraft shot recognized fourth mention second pilot achieve mark time successful fighter pilot luftwaffe wing commander death april transferred defense duties wing commander 1st fighter wing flying high altitude interception operations eighth air_force north_sea northern germany claimed victory falling ill required october said issued following instructions attack eighth air_force meteorological conditions prevent fighters taking engaging combat fighter pilot returning machine showing sign combat having recorded victory prosecuted court martial case pilot uses ammunition weapons ram enemy bomber response far concerned refuse allow held advice know october eighth air_force attacked targets bremen bombers bombers escorted different fighter groups flight intercepted 56th fighter group stab flight heard announce victory transmission attack day saw aircraft disappear cloud wounded enemy aircraft successful forced landing later evening learned shot killed red factory number report filed october stated taken mission enemy bombers vicinity bremen group led control sighted formation boeing flying fortresses southwest bremen bombers completed bomb run returning england started attack right driving attack range crashed flew formation left hit defensive fire rear gunner went dive asked radio happened response attack seen hit followed disappeared lower cloud layer recent research suggested hit piloted robert johnson 61st fighter squadron tried return airfield forced bail low altitude parachute failed open jump altitude meters caused fatal injuries body recovered examined field hospital day post examination revealed extensive burns particularly face head multiple broken bones flesh wounds particularly deep injury upper abdomen inner organs october body transported train arrived day announced death october funeral cemetery october dominated military public nazi officials coffin national flag honors decorations velvet display entry steps town hall present funeral mother fiancée members family alfred delivered eulogy mother died buried son awards wound badge black flying luftwaffe fighter pilots gold pennant october combined pilots observation badge der luftwaffe september iron cross 2nd class october 1st class german cross gold june eastern medal august croatian order crown king 2nd class swords september knight cross iron cross oak leaves swords knight cross october 33rd oak leaves august 8th swords march mentioned times july june june march october references dates rank


henry henry june april english solicitor australia military aviator founding member australian flying corps predecessor royal_australian_air_force born essex early legal career pursue interest aviation building gaining employment designer pilot answered australian defence department pilots form aviation school commissioned lieutenant australian military forces following year chose site country air base point cook victoria established inaugural training institution central flying school harrison shortly outbreak world war appointed commander half flight unit newly formed australian flying corps active service led half flight battles siege actions middle_east earned distinguished service order military cross mentions despatches transferring royal_air_force major commanded squadron retiring military following year resumed legal practice england continued fly death aged seventy seven married racing driver early career born june essex pronounced peter son henry wife mount mary college following father law solicitor inspired louis pioneering cross channel flight july gave legal practice borrowed proceeded build design assistance brother edward architect having spent months construction crashed machine maiden flight borrowed took flying lessons airfield surrey obtained royal club aviator certificate september instructor school later chief prior taking employment designer pilot page limited characterised official raaf historian douglas quiet academic nature coming long line catholic clergy nicknamed peter monk christmas eve edward known peter painter killed accident sea yorkshire attempting fly edinburgh december australian defence department advertised united_kingdom competent establish flying corps school applications chosen commissioned lieutenant australian military forces appointment august making nation military pilot harrison joined later year arrived australia january task choose site proposed central flying school command travelling hundreds kilometres motorcycle rejecting government preferred location near royal military college canberra selected hectares acres point cook victoria george described birthplace australian military aviation unlike alternative site near point cook flat close coast words isolated bush harrison established following year mechanics staff aircraft including royal aircraft factory bristol initial training harrison unit flight sunday march taking later day registered accident crashed telephone wires personnel referred australian flying corps commenced flying course august weeks outbreak world war students included captain thomas white richard williams george david harrison responsible initial training advanced instruction world war february australian government received request british government india aerial assistance campaign turks supporting personnel half flight available unit active service known half flight promoted captain appointed half flight commanding officer embarked bombay april later joined fellow pilots white lieutenant william thirty seven ground staff required lead contingent reconnaissance sabotage missions deal unreliable machines hazardous terrain threat death hands hostile took operations area june mentioned despatches obsolete aircraft supplied indian government capable speeds mph desert wind known reach mph meaning aircraft simply blown backwards july half flight equipment augmented aircraft marginal improvement prone mechanical failure later month forced land enemy territory crew new seen later reported killed arabs running gun battle miles august half flight augmented redesignated squadron royal flying corps squadron moved following city capture allies battle september operation mentioned despatches following months white captured prisoners war leaving pilot remaining original half flight time battle november devised implement shaped like small garden allowed accurately measure ground distances air order better map desert terrain siege december april flew series missions crude grain supplies grinding medical supplies equipment town garrison included mechanics awarded military cross january mentioned despatches twice course year contracted sent india transferred squadron december awarded distinguished service order month february posted france squadron reconnaissance unit operating months later youngest brother john squadron commander royal naval air service distinguished service cross recipient killed flying accident subsequently returned england took charge squadron known squadron training unit australian fighter pilots particularly destined palestine hoped command squadron palestine received adverse report concerning leadership abilities position went richard williams discharged major january commission april year transferred newly formed royal_air_force establishing commanding home defence squadron later life legacy retired raf september resumed practice solicitor london married canadian introduced racing cars britain leading female drivers 1930s henry maintained interest aviation rest life taking competitive thirty years flight delighted taking spin received royal club silver medal long record active flying visited australia time years photographed sitting cockpit exhibit raaf museum flown point cook having retired legal practice henry died london april survived died retrospective raaf november flight magazine described henry harrison fathers military aviation australia harrison longer association australian service flying founding member royal_australian_air_force career end world war generally regarded father raaf air marshal richard williams assumed mantle douglas considered equally entitled volume air_force australian centenary history defence noted greater contribution establishment point cook central flying school concluding judgement achievement men properly belong raaf


edward december december sailor royal australian navy second world war born tasmania employed farm enlisted royal australian naval reserve april following training naval depot posted sydney joined newly commissioned corvette june served aboard initially took escort duties eastern australian coast new_guinea waters transferred ship darwin october tasked assisting australian operations november set operation ships attacked japanese aircraft way subsequently late arriving destination missing planned rendezvous returning darwin pair encountered south decided commanding officer senior officer voyage ships undertook different routes vessels came aerial assault subsequent confrontation thirteen japanese aircraft december struck torpedoes bomb began sink order abandon ship given helping free life wounded bullets way aft cannon began fire japanese aircraft protect water managed shoot japanese bombers killed sank survivors credited lives posthumously mentioned despatches submarine named honour efforts awarded victoria_cross australia early life born lower tasmania december youngest fourteen children james wife mary jane née soon edward birth family moved educated local catholic school following completion schooling gained casual employment working farms vicinity second world war april enlisted royal australian naval reserve followed steps brothers joined armed forces australian_army royal australian navy service second world war initially posted naval base training gained period experience aboard auxiliary december finishing initial training course attached naval depot western port victoria instruction february completing course naval depot posted garden island naval base sydney harbour time ferry granted period leave later month returned home tasmania leave japanese submarines attacked sydney harbour sank returning sydney days raid joined newly commissioned class corvette anti aircraft gun leaving sydney harbour late august served aboard carried relatively uneventful escort duties north queensland port bay coasts subsequent months october ordered darwin setting sail arrived november detailed assist australian operations sinking november evacuation 2nd australian independent company portuguese people approved allied land forces headquarters response commodore pope naval officer charge darwin organised operation utilizing ships operation involve ships undertaking place night november december involve trip ships land fresh dutch area supplies simultaneously withdraw dutch soldiers portuguese refugees second excursion carried night december extraction 2nd independent company november set sail scheduled arrive approximately november supplies board embark portuguese refugees transfer arrived hours later hit bad weather voyage arrived hours late dutch army officers netherlands east indies troops australian_army soldiers aboard set sail darwin november approximately november kilometres nmi destination ships attacked single japanese aircraft having missed bombs aircraft flew direction hour later fearing discovery aircraft mission commanding officer lieutenant commander philip sullivan ordered action signalled darwin orders signal returned operation proceed party fighter aircraft dispatched protective cover continuing voyage attacked twice air time formation bombers bombed machine ships despite ship suffered damage casualties arrived december sign having sure bay decided abandon mission sailed south order return darwin commanding officer lieutenant john grant loaded portuguese refugees critically injured australian soldier board ship set sail december fearing missed rendezvous ships approximately kilometres nmi south sighted ships closed dawn following transfer passengers received orders return evening job tonight time formation japanese aircraft spotted sailed cover assessing situation sullivan senior officer decided accompany order passengers returned darwin assumed separate routes approximately attacked party japanese bombers explosives fell wide target reported attack bombers fighters sea undertook action avoid aerial attack vessel struck air launched torpedoes hitting port engineering spaces bomb exploded aft listed sharply port stage order given abandon ship crew sea attacking aircraft assisting free life hit bullets aircraft wounding chest deck aft cannon began shooting fighters effort protect sailors sea subject fire japanese aircraft kept bay unable effectively water rapidly sinking continued fire managed shoot japanese bombers damaged aircraft stern sea despite maintained fire water rose feet remained firing disappeared beneath waves later testified witnessing rising beneath water surface dragged legacy original people board time attack killed ship sinking aftermath survivors attributed lives bravery devotion lost actions recognised posthumous mention despatches awarded recommendation commanding officer lieutenant commander david richards announced supplement london gazette june hold opinion gallantry devotion duty self sacrifice worthy victoria_cross author robert stating actions highest tradition australian military comparing vietnam war victoria_cross recipient kevin submarine launched ivy sister named ordinary honour subsequently commissioned royal australian navy february royal australian navy vessel named honour naval rating carrying motto fight vessel collins class submarines entered service later year bill introduced australian senate awards victoria_cross australia bill came campaign leader australian labor party federal opposition kim secure rights war veterans subsequently rejected liberal government painting depicting final moments held australian war memorial home town commemorates life walk memorial opened australian navy cadets established training ship queensland called honour inquiry direction parliamentary secretary defence senator david defence honours awards appeals tribunal opened inquiry thirteen cases unresolved recognition past acts gallantry group naval personnel including known inquiry tribunal directed determine individuals overlooked recognition time actions retrospective awards appropriate inquiry lasted years witnessed written submissions public tribunal reported findings january case tribunal found manifest injustice award mention despatches new evidence support victoria_cross australia lived reported recommended conspicuous gallantry medal distinguished service medal instead medal awarded posthumously tribunal recommend ran use major vessel


william thompson medal honor william henry thompson august august united_states_army soldier recipient united_states military highest decoration medal honor actions korean war born single mother impoverished neighborhood new_york_city thompson entered army served tours alaska japan outbreak korean war thompson machine gunner 24th infantry regiment facto segregated unit battle august thompson unit conducting offensive perimeter north korean troops attacked company caused men panic thompson stood ground refusing orders evacuate despite wounded covering retreat platoon killed grenade actions thompson awarded medal honor african americans honored war biography william thompson born august brooklyn new_york unmarried mother little known thompson early life grew impoverished house neighborhood dropped school young age spent teen years wandering streets local minister noticed thompson sleeping park evening took homeless shelter new_york home homeless boys thompson remained resident turned sources alternatively state thompson decided join united_states_army opportunity escape poverty drafted military career thompson enlisted army october basic combat training assigned post alaska months discharged military found adjustment civilian life difficult opted return military january thompson assigned 6th infantry division occupation duty south_korea 6th infantry division returned united_states reassigned 24th infantry regiment 25th infantry division assigned post world war occupation japan military specialty heavy weapons operated automatic weapons 24th infantry facto segregated unit thompson nonetheless enjoyed time military described thin hollow eyed quiet enjoyed military life viewing places african american enjoy degree comfort effective soldier consistently maintaining uniform equipment keeping firearms extremely clean thompson skilled rarely problems content lower ranks military preferring follow orders instead giving outbreak korean war thompson private class company 3rd battalion 24th infantry heavy weapons support company battalion 24th infantry came heavy contact north korean people army troops july battle north korean rifle fire came dispersed regiment troops immediately began retreating ignoring officers commands stay position historians blame retreat officers individual soldiers tendency panic continued nearly 24th infantry operations west men left positions rear abandoning weapons occasions units lost equipment fire causing logistical shortages cases majority unit deserted position sign north korean fire situation dire regiment senior officers set west town stopped vehicle coming west removing attempting retreat filled seven men claiming retreating position overrun 24th quickly gained poor reputation bug unit poor performance combat historians contend accomplishments particularly battle ignored shortcomings seized depict 24th sub par unit african americans inferior soldiers whites medal honor action august battle perimeter beginning 25th infantry division engaged near battle night company supporting division advance near city south_korea mountain valley south san thompson platoon approached town ambushed large force north korean people army troops automatic weapons fire caused men company panic flee remaining ordered tight perimeter second lieutenant wilson north korean grenade knocked remaining heavy weapons specialist thompson manned heavy weapon platoon caliber machine gun thompson soon focus north korean fire period thompson wounded times small arms fire grenade fragments ignored injuries inform rest unit platoon ordered withdraw wilson ordered higher ground crawling thompson position wilson discovered injuries wilson ordered thompson withdraw twice refused obey continued fire advancing north thompson told wilson dying going wilson called forward non commissioned officers unsuccessfully attempted remove thompson gun physically thompson told cover wilson reluctantly ordered remaining men pull platoon retreated heard grenade thompson position followed larger blast point gun fell silent continued fire machine gun killed days later company retook area discovered thompson stand killed large number north dying prevented higher casualties unit withdrew subsequent recognition thompson actions initially overlooked division commanders instead focused poor performance 24th infantry regiment soldiers panicked fled combat thompson battalion commander lieutenant colonel blair initially refused submit recommendation january months action thompson initially received silver star medal action blair changed mind began pushing personally locating witnesses thompson blair hoped thompson recognition improve commanders views 24th infantry regiment eventually unit disbanded personnel integrated units june general army bradley presented thompson mother medal honor posthumously recognizing thompson actions awards decorations thompson awards decorations include medal honor citation thompson african americans awarded medal honor korea june member 24th infantry recognized posthumously african americans fought korea known nominated medal receive african americans nominated medal honor spanish american war world war veterans later nominated nominations seen delays unit commanders refused submit nominations people awarded medal immediate aftermath war thompson distinguished conspicuous gallantry duty action enemy platoon cover darkness enemy forces overwhelming strength launched surprise attack unit thompson set machine gun path onslaught swept enemy fire pinning momentarily permitting remainder platoon withdraw position hit repeatedly grenade fragments small arms fire resisted efforts comrades induce withdraw remained machine gun continued deliver deadly accurate fire mortally wounded enemy grenade thompson courage self sacrifice reflect highest credit uphold traditions military service


brigadier general perfected spelling july november indonesian soldier born central java soldier fruit seller sold uncle renamed cure illnesses raised parents home studied dutch run schools japanese occupation dutch_east_indies studied japanese run sailor academy worked graduation abandoned japanese army end world war assisted resistance operations rest occupation indonesia independence august led indonesian forces area revolution returning dutch starting guerrilla campaign fought dutch charge 26th regiment second dutch offensive lost control city soon retook later leading counter west java end revolution sent rebellion months planning month crossing island killed near end operation bullet death received recognition main street named frigate indonesian navy awarded medals posthumously given title national hero indonesia november biography early life born central java dutch_east_indies july second son born officer sultan army fruit seller year old mother dropped frequently ill help cure illness family sold traditional ritual uncle ceremony changed formally son ceremony raised parents house family roman catholic studied young age primary education dutch run schools elementary school taken school private school owned run dutch religious group middle school numerous students named received additional middle school father bought middle school japanese occupation attended sailor academy graduation worked navigator wooden ship sea lived dormitory near station central occasionally met underground resistance february japan facing defeat world war sailors abandoned dormitory took arms moved supported resistance movements captured japanese military police units remainder occupation ended indonesia independence august national revolution japanese surrender dutch attempted occupy newly declared republic indonesia unwilling fought began guerrilla campaign dutch posts quickly rose ranks charge 26th regiment operation product general offensive dutch forces led indonesian forces parts central java including led force mounts september promoted given control battalions soldiers student soldiers months later dutch launched second attack time nearby city serving nation capital troops launched attacks dutch forces approaching solo ultimately dutch soldiers entered city applying divide conquer policy able drive forces days remainder war sent west java fight legion later life death long end war republic south declared independence nascent indonesia sent july operation retake island took half forces invaded eastern shores half tasked invading northern coast second group experienced heavy resistance group able beach native unopposed later landed infantry armour october troops colonel alexander tasked capturing rebel capital new victoria led assault forces approaching land north east naval forces pulling directly harbour forces approached city swamps journey took month trip armed jungle owen guns shot constantly troops pinning arriving new victoria forces short work troops end battle riding atop tank final rebel stronghold november volley machine gun fire erupted direction single bullet rebounded tank armour abdomen rushed hospital ship insisted returning instead doctors gave attempted unsuccessfully treat gun wound died night battle ended day buried legacy numerous things named kilometre long main road named brigadier general frigate described sophisticated indonesian navy named received numerous awards received medals posthumously including july november november president gave title national hero indonesia received title based presidential decree number


frederick general sir frederick august british_army officer served napoleonic wars war end wars commanded colonial garrisons served administrative roles ireland retiring rank colonel position court groom waiting queen_victoria retirement continued rise ranks general officers dying general originally joined army ensign 52nd foot saw active service year spain later acquired 28th foot saw service germany battle copenhagen 28th served staff sir john moore battle later aide general alexander general thomas divisional adjutant later stages war served war staff officer expedition sent new_orleans detained court martial served battle war commanded gordon jamaica regiment ordering adopt trousers instead light infantry islands retiring active duty held number administrative roles ireland including state secretary lord lieutenant commissioner police accession queen_victoria palace final military role ceremonial county dublin regiment held death family early career born east riding yorkshire son james youngest son large family father second marriage eldest half brother james later clergyman fellow cambridge magistrate yorkshire whilst younger half brother richard join army rising rank lieutenant general joined army age seventeen commissioned ensign 52nd foot march served regiment expedition purchased promotion lieutenant january purchased 62nd foot november giving command company half pay peace july took 28th foot served 28th garrison duties ireland brief german expedition seeing service battle copenhagen served sir john moore sweden spain lead battle aide camp general alexander expedition served gibraltar southern spain 28th returning england september briefly commanded regimental depot returning peninsula general thomas aide camp later assistant adjutant general 3rd division received majority april lieutenant august held position end war received gold cross services amphibious force sent north_america war appointed deputy adjutant general wounded battle new_orleans prosecuted case lieutenant colonel thomas force returned united_kingdom commanding 44th foot charged orders battle result assigned staff missed opportunity serve campaign appointed knight commander order bath january order reorganised received insignia order prince regent house june married anne daughter sir 1st october year remain married years anne death children unusually anne relative marriage sister sarah caroline married sir wife death making new wife step niece regimental command received regimental promotion major 28th foot regiment moved garrison posting islands time islands saw command force local rising santa september purchased substantive rank lieutenant colonel command gordon tenure short contentious garrisoned jamaica actually join regiment october officers men approach regimental traditions appeared parade hat conventional highland attempted order regiment wear trousers duke york quickly arranged transfer sensitive role transferred command light infantry lowland safely regiment august islands posted years earlier second tour substantially saw active service retired half pay april services appointed knight commander order michael george ireland appointed military secretary sir john commander chief ireland july state secretary lord lieutenant ireland promoted colonel july inspector general police passed position inspector general irish possibility appointment post caused concern irish felt critical orange order later rumoured candidate governorship west_indies post ordered canada act adjutant general force garrisoned rebellions lord hill retiring post commander chief forces suggested replacement succeed eventually turned job taken widely expected personal secretary capacity served dublin royal service accession queen_victoria took roles royal household groom waiting july taking coronation procession following year retained army commission progressed steadily rank retirement major general november lieutenant general november general august september took county dublin regiment foot accompanied young prince alfred geneva supervise studies appointed member royal commission set look functioning militia resigned role groom waiting november ill health appointed extra groom waiting march promoted knight grand cross order bath died august james palace london


john pope military officer john pope march september career united_states_army officer union general american_civil_war brief successful career western theater best known defeat second battle bull run second east pope graduate united_states military academy served mexican american war numerous assignments engineer surveyor florida new_mexico minnesota spent decade civil war surveying possible southern routes proposed railroad early union brigadier general volunteers served initially john achieved initial success brig sterling price missouri led successful campaign captured island mississippi_river inspired lincoln administration bring eastern theater lead newly formed army virginia initially alienated officers men publicly record comparison western command launched offensive confederate army general robert lee fell prey strategic turning movement rear areas jackson second bull run concentrated attention attacking jackson confederate corps attacked flank routed army following pope banished far eastern theater department northwest minnesota commanded forces war appointed command department missouri prominent activist commander reconstruction atlanta rest military career fought indian wars particularly early life pope born louisville kentucky son pope prominent federal judge early illinois territory friend lawyer abraham_lincoln brother law manning force distant cousin married sister mary lincoln graduated united_states military academy commissioned second lieutenant corps engineers served florida helped survey northeastern border united_states canada fought taylor battle battle mexican american war appointed lieutenant captain respectively war pope worked surveyor minnesota demonstrated red river served chief engineer department new_mexico spent remainder years surveying route pacific railroad civil war pope serving lighthouse duty abraham_lincoln elected officers selected escort president elect washington offered serve lincoln aide june appointed brigadier general volunteers date rank effective ordered illinois recruit volunteers department west john pope assumed command district north central missouri july operational control portion mississippi_river uncomfortable relationship scenes removed command convinced pope intentions demonstrated lack action following offensive plans missouri historian wrote actually incompetence offer better explanation pope certainly showed spirit pope eventually forced sterling price retreat southward taking prisoners minor action missouri december pope established reputation early war able generate significant press interest minor victory brought attention replacement henry appointed pope command army mississippi district mississippi department missouri february given men ordered clear confederate obstacles mississippi_river surprise march new madrid missouri captured march orchestrated campaign capture island strongly fortified post garrisoned men guns pope engineers cut channel allowed bypass island assisted captain andrew landed men opposite shore isolated defenders island garrison surrendered april freeing union navigation mississippi far south memphis pope outstanding performance mississippi earned promotion major general dated march siege commanded left wing army soon summoned east lincoln collapse george peninsula campaign pope appointed command army virginia assembled scattered forces valley northern virginia promotion infuriated resigned commission pope brought attitude self assurance offensive eastern soldiers command issued astonishing message new army july included following let understand come west seen backs enemies army business seek adversary beat found policy attack defense instance enemy able place western armies defensive attitude called pursue system lead enemy purpose sure long opportunity win distinction capable achieving opportunity shall endeavor meantime desire dismiss minds certain phrases sorry find vogue hear constantly taking strong positions holding lines retreat bases supplies let ideas strongest position soldier desire occupy easily advance enemy let study probable lines retreat opponents leave care let look success glory advance disaster shame rear let act understanding safe predict banners shall inscribed glorious deed names dear forever despite despite receiving units army army virginia men pope exceeded strategic capabilities particularly facing confederate general robert lee lee sensing pope split smaller man army sending thomas jackson men diversion cedar mountain jackson defeated pope subordinate banks lee advanced pope remainder army jackson swung north captured pope main supply base station confused unable locate main confederate force pope walked trap second battle bull run men combined attack jackson lee august following day james launched surprise flanking attack union_army defeated forced retreat pope compounded army blaming defeat john porter found guilty court martial brigadier general williams served briefly pope held general particularly low esteem letter daughter wrote sequence pope high sounding orders greatly disgusted army general boasts look backs enemies takes care lines retreat bases supplies short hotel washington issues dinner orders public taste self esteem look results followed management campaign dare trust speak commander feel believe eye ignorance combined man truth said friend command smallest drummer boy highest general officer hated pope relieved command september army merged army spent remainder war department northwest minnesota dealing war months campaigning west paid career assigned command military division missouri january received promotion major general regular army march service island june war department issued general order dividing entire united_states including states confederacy military divisions subordinate geographical departments major general william assigned command division missouri pope commander department missouri replacing major general dodge shortly lee surrender court house pope wrote letter smith offering louisiana surrender terms grant allowed lee told smith resistance futile urged general avoid devastation misery accepting surrender terms smith rejected pope said army remained strong equipped despite numbers men differences skill weeks later confederate general simon signed surrender new_orleans years april pope named governor reconstruction military district headquarters atlanta issuing orders allowed african americans serve ordering mayor james williams remain office year elections banning city advertising newspapers favor reconstruction president andrew johnson removed command december replacing george following pope appointed head department lakes january april pope returned west commander department missouri served distinction wars political enemies washington recommended reservation system better administered military corrupt indian bureau controversy calling better humane treatment native americans author walter kennedy notes said purpose utterly planned final settlement indians pope reputation suffered blow board inquiry led john concluded john porter convicted pope bore responsibility loss second battle bull run report characterized pope reckless dangerously events battle credited porter perceived saving army complete ruin pope promoted major general regular army assigned command military division pacific retired died ohio soldiers home near ohio buried cemetery louis missouri


howard howard june march united_states_army air forces general world war learned fly world war served instructor air corps advanced flying school staff officer 1st bombardment wing wars commander bomber command august november promoted brigadier general september november deputy commander seventh air_force hawaii january commander bomber command australia led battle sea march disappeared reconnaissance flight aircraft body found early life howard born mississippi june attended mississippi agricultural mechanical college december enlisted private class aviation section signal corps commissioned second lieutenant april wars july received permanent commission lieutenant united_states_army air service attended air service photography school commander 6th photo section camp philippines january october served intelligence officer returned united_states february commanded 22nd photo section kelly field san_antonio texas instructor air corps advanced flying school years lieutenant finally promoted captain march march american world war military pilots founded order order military pilots attended air corps tactical school field alabama graduating command general staff school fort kansas graduating shortly promoted major june served operations officer assistant chief staff intelligence 1st bombardment wing march field california promoted lieutenant colonel december world war deputy chief staff operations fourth air_force january august rank colonel january commander bomber command august november promoted brigadier general september november deputy commander seventh air_force following death commander bomber command brigadier general kenneth walker air raid january commander fifth air_force lieutenant general george asked lieutenant general henry arnold chief army air forces send australia replacement men known years recently staff commander fourth air_force lot confidence later wrote believed real job arnold replied day assumed command bomber command january arguments bombing tactics walker pleased liked skip bombing tactics fifth air_force developing tactics practice devastating effect battle sea march death legacy march took port flying fortress carry scheduled seven hour reconnaissance flight horn island message radio operator minutes heard aircraft extensive air search conducted sign found aircraft men board declared dead november left wife daughters air_force base puerto_rico named honour february ben reported found wreckage plane plane turned location wreck remains unknown


robinson rear admiral robinson august royal_navy officer english recipient victoria_cross highest award gallantry face enemy awarded british commonwealth forces earned award going ashore single destroying turkish naval gun battery lieutenant commander fleet stationed dardanelles gallipoli campaign world war exploits badly wounded line gallipoli peninsula recovered served continuously remainder war russian civil war aged volunteered military service spent years sea commanding convoys battle atlantic lengthy career robinson remained highly regarded officer served wars early life robinson born south east london john robinson john chaplain royal naval college youth spent preparation life sea robinson joined hms aged rapidly progressed battleship hms majestic class protected cruiser hms took suppressing boxer rebellion china aged saw action relief force wounded action mentioned despatches gaining reputation daring officer remained china serving years returning england torpedo specialist hms portsmouth robinson promoted lieutenant commander spent time hms depot ship hms thames cruisers hms hms active service married children robinson slightly injured train accident shortly wedding soon recovered dispatched mediterranean_sea outbreak world war board old battleship hms vengeance gallipoli campaign victoria_cross exploit victoria_cross nomination result robinson close friendship working relationship aggressive officer roger met china years asked superior admiral john prepare assault turkish gun battery known tomb position southern shore dardanelles position fire battleships allied fleet preceding weeks robinson suggested leader commando force sailors royal marines tasked destroying battery withdrawing good order robinson accepted mission force landed early morning february destroyed small artillery pieces fast progress main battery pinned turkish mid afternoon white naval uniforms sailors proved easy target turks casualties mounted turkish reinforcements brought cut raiding party instead withdrawing face threat robinson marched men came close small rise main battery open ground rise covered turkish realising importance removing artillery overlooking sea passage robinson delegated command party junior officer climb bullets white uniform rise emerging minutes later starting apparently increasingly heavy gunfire directed said heavy rifle fire like enjoying bath garden battery robinson able lay destroyed large main gun anti aircraft position withdrawing good order robinson evaded turkish reinforcements directed gunfire fleet positions including force ancient tomb inflicting heavy casualties immediate recommendation victoria_cross forward admiral observed proceedings hms queen elizabeth offshore march preparation landings peninsula robinson led sorties extensive sea minefields beaches bays gallipoli struck small calibre shells times operations scarcely dangerous spite turkish resistance robinson able clear wide lanes invasion forces mission robinson volunteered april dangerous mission following turkish capture submarine hms stranded guns fort near point efforts destroy craft far failed considered vital naval morale salvaged enemy robinson took command picket boats battleships hms triumph hms majestic armed torpedoes mounted dropping gear entered dardanelles cover darkness april caught blaze heavy fire turkish artillery machine guns boats arrived unscathed directed turkish briefly illuminated boat hms majestic command seized opportunity attacked torpedo missed seconds later boat struck shell blew away stern mortally wounding crew causing damage went scored direct hit second torpedo forward conning tower submarine observing consort plight robinson steaming stricken vessel rescuing crew escaping downstream estimated turks fired heavy calibre rounds ammunition boats minutes german officer present noted course war seen attack carried commented action brought robinson second victoria_cross promoted commander special decree instead later war service august robinson sent cove naval liaison officer second day badly wounded near line forcing evacuation england king george presented medal buckingham palace returned mediterranean december following took coastal monitor hms shelled turkish positions egypt palestine awarded mention despatches egyptian order 4th class returning england summer narrowly missed selection operations owing war wounds instead trained crews coastal torpedo boats role led distant posting sea russian civil war fighting forces russian coastline robinson commanded squadron coastal torpedo boats forced surrender enemy forts aggressive tactics achievements later win imperial russian order anne 2nd class notable achievement time leading small coastal motor boat inside harbour fort sank barge prompted mass surrender garrison peacetime second world war service following period extended service robinson brought home appointed officer order british_empire king sea service promoted captain posted hms iron duke robinson served number training establishments brief stint far_east fleet received japanese order sacred treasure class services inducted remained prominent member navy lodge rest life organisation commemorates publications retired age rear admiral second world war broke robinson immediately offered services years commanded convoys atlantic_ocean service later presented norwegian king vii freedom cross eventually bout ill health caused combination strain long service age death son edward robinson sinking cruiser hms neptune december prompted second retirement retirement death robinson settled village near east hampshire died peacefully naval hospital august laid rest john village church served years warden unknown reasons grave large plaque dedicated sister altar following investigations naval association grave discovered commonwealth war graves commission erected dedication ceremony attended friends relatives servicemen admiral gave eulogy stated admiral hero importantly naval man finest mould accord dignity deserves


lithuanian november december polish revolutionary lands polish lithuanian commonwealth raised patriotic polish tradition fought november uprising raised small unit participated engagements received rank captain polish forces near end uprising fell ill died participate major engagement story widely publicized inspired number works art literature national heroine poland lithuania parts polish lithuanian commonwealth polish artists nation large symbol women fighting national cause biography early life born noble polish lithuanian family family coat arms traced roots thoroughly family relocated 15th century later lithuania capital described polish polish lithuanian lithuanian parents anna von der anna divorced years old brought distant relatives family manor near educated brought appreciate efforts prince fascinated von friedrich read original german language raised environment valued history poland literary heroes included princess adam admired woman icons greek uprising ottomans polish fighter anna joan arc pursuits accompanied early interest uncommon early 19th century girls aristocratic families deeply interested folk culture contacts friends association cousins forcibly imperial russian army punishment celebrating constitution incident said key events life pro polish anti russian attitude began grand tour historical polish lithuanian commonwealth visiting warsaw battlefield mother died year later father remarried refused meet daughter outbreak november uprising imperial russia vocal supporter anti sentiments lands grand lithuania dozen females join uprising famous uprising document march contains note joining uprising sole idea hoped moment come entire life cut hair prepared uniform organized equipped group volunteers speaking mass march april signed document marking access local uprising forces unit composed roughly infantry cavalry peasants armed war area entered lithuania april unit rumored seized town historians sure event occurred planned reconnaissance mission discovered city defended strong garrison attack small force unit plan abandoned returned headed april joined forces unit commanded fought battle shortly fought witnessed general entering area large force taking command units fighting grand advised stand return home allegedly replied intention taking uniform fully liberated decision accepted commanding officer 1st company polish lithuanian 25th infantry regiment promoted rank captain highest rank awarded woman time spent time insurgents forced retreat late june polish units defeated russians decided cross border prussia interned vocally criticized decision refused follow orders instead decided try break warsaw continue struggle soon separating main force accompanied including cousin uncle sources vary seriously ill recovered died manor family december buried small village near defeat uprising estate confiscated russian authorities critical treatment polish biographical dictionary notes lot exploits poorly documented possible separate legend facts notes certain commanded unit role commander 25th regiment honorary real notes known battlefield distracting comrades instance battle held lines comrades tried ensure legacy death widely publicised shortly polish press contributed growing fame symbols uprising symbol fighting girl widespread poland lithuania abroad poem death colonel description death pure fiction loosely based real life personality skills portraying ideal commander soldiers poem entered elementary curriculum independent poland literary works based life published abroad polish foreigners edward published successive versions biography french theme paintings artists villain published short biography new_york title emily polish heroine life emily based work recognizable portraits image delicate noble female warrior depicted second polish republic note world war polish female support unit 1st independent women battalion battalion polish 1st infantry division named honor members founded village lower streets poland named including warsaw polish merchant navy bulk carrier named life subject studies feminist perspective scholars point significance participation military conflict female going stereotype males fight


william wallace william wallace september august rugby union player played cambridge_university capped scotland having grown edinburgh wallace went king college cambridge immediately noticed rugby playing ability selected play oxford varsity match term later season march scotland picked play away england close game england won points following season played home nations matches wales ireland england commissioned second lieutenant rifle brigade prince consort start world war departed western weeks later february attached royal flying corps soon squadron senior observer august photographic reconnaissance mission aircraft shot northern france near time death suggested undergraduate action war early life wallace born edinburgh son robert mary wallace september went school edinburgh academy studied king college cambridge july school rugby team final years vice captain final year played cricket school team wicket keeper rugby career according rugby journalist author wallace best united_kingdom arriving cambridge performance rugby match earned place cambridge play oxford varsity match selected play scotland england wales ireland england scotland nations championship match february played away wales cardiff scotland won cardiff wales favourites having lost england match pitted welsh forward strength swift line scots points came try scotland stewart converted hamilton giving visitors point lead minutes points scored wales attacked repeatedly wallace kept busy defence lead half time welsh pressed advantage ended game winners country final game outbreak world war march scotland played host english team defeated wales ireland scots wind opened scoring half try england half time break england got lead visitors certain win scotland responded closed gap point english playing fourteen men cherry leg broken tackle time allowed managed hold beating scotland winning triple crown calcutta cup nations england international test british soil world war players match went killed including englishman arthur james died day wallace international appearances military service death wallace cadet officers training corps commissioned second lieutenant 5th battalion rifle brigade prince consort august undergraduate suggestions time undergraduate action weeks training departed france august participated battle active western wood wallace attached squadron 1st wing royal flying corps february observer alongside william rhodes awarded victoria_cross july squadron senior observer lieutenant july august wallace photographic reconnaissance mission piloted friend charles plane hit anti aircraft fire came straight near northern france men buried near fell war bodies british cemetery grave reference near france


general division commander napoleon elite imperial guard origins born september enlisted private age years prince legion promoted ranks warrant officer regiment embraced french revolution advanced quickly officer ranks french revolutionary wars organized led controversial kidnapping duke commanded regiment imperial guard cavalry important battles including battle led energetic charge napoleon noted tired predicted general years participated campaign accepted post senate napoleon appointed supervising care maintenance horses followed post governor emperor household died august career little known youth son joined legion prince cousin king age assigned private legion appointed corps promoted warrant officer early days french revolution adopted principles zeal enthusiasm subsequently took french revolutionary wars war coalition served distinction armies rhine danube northern italy promoted lieutenant 10th regiment light horse january captain following year promoted chef brigade 10th regiment battle northern italy despite fire austrian cannons held famous bridge arrival napoleon rest army crossed river brigade envelope austrians battle afterward helped milan onset war second coalition armies danube formed assigned army danube command jean 10th regiment saint iii division held far left flank battle march southwestern germany wounded august switzerland participated second battle 10th routed division russians decisive moment french victory promoted colonel regiment august promoted general brigade duke affair napoleon orders entered controversial action career leading raid sovereign grand arrest louis duke napoleon orders specific surround village duke lived arrest duke charles napoleon believed present bring men france instructed provisions inflict harm damage inhabitants property night march crossed rhine surrounded duke kidnapped duke took away france days duke spirited outskirts paris tried treason executed immediately verdict action involved invasion sovereign state kidnapping duke trial treason followed man immediate execution political diplomatic repercussions europe campaigns austria prussia participated campaign austria commander regiment horse imperial guard battle led decisive energetic charge executed order napoleon charge pushed russians ice french sources maintain russians drowned taken prisoner charge garnered promotion general division napoleon commented worn followed observation frequently quoted prediction think years left campaign prussia commanded division elite imperial guard cavalry campaign senator appointed empress responsibility supervised care empress horses acted senior aid daughter ladies waiting received order iron crown december raised count empire napoleon following year napoleon nominated governor imperial died attack buried joseph duke danzig napoleon generals origins developed long standing friendship gave eulogy simple regrets honorable mourning recognize services warrior dedicated life prince let public testimony virtues merit qualities emperor rendered dear friends family let praise today longer prevent let fear virtue loved life family married walter served corps children daughter mentioned son son named born april attended special military academy graduated december grade lieutenant second lieutenant assignment 24th regiment took expedition spain subsequent invasion portugal promoted colonel chef brigade 30th regiment received battle honors participation battle wounded november withdrawal russia battle prior napoleon battle later fought battle despite record napoleonic wars father common origins remained rank colonel restoration confirmed second count acknowledged knight order saint louis married marie died


von von soldier fortune prussian general infantry particularly adept commander light infantry son served armies course lengthy career shortly turned father enrolled service regiment supported austrians ottoman_empire later served army war austrian succession came notice prince henry enter prussian service seven years war led autonomous corps raids skirmishes wrought havoc austrian forces prussia border opening action war succession peace time devoted efforts training light infantry developing autonomous corps frederick great successor frederick promoted general infantry raised prussian nobility family early military career born december died kingdom prussia october grandfather served austrian military father served years military received schooling locally eighteenth year father sent officer cadet training duke regiment regiment vienna married daughter war son early military career duke regiment supported austrian military wars ottoman_empire participated battles vicinity modern day bosnia realized prospects austrian service entered service oldest second lieutenant regiment death charles vii holy roman emperor new duke bavaria iii joseph agreed imperial aspirations regiment went service netherlands eventually liberated brussels french course service advanced rank captain cavalry conclusion war acquired staff position pension remained netherlands wife son apparent war offered services frederick great oldest captain prussian service unit came command prince henry prussia officer understood value new military formation light troops raids seven years war seven years war operated successfully light troops officer battle prague promoted major followed stellar action near september following day troops overran leipzig subsequent prussian successes battles led promotion time frederick lieutenant colonel king gave command independent battalion awarded order pour brief journey home town returned unit raids successful frederick promoted rank colonel gave regiment light troops command days later battle prussian army nearly destroyed frederick barely escaped life assisted remaining cavalry small force remained intact provided rear guard frederick escape berlin commanded city defenses april november led regiment series raids skirmishes battle august took pass austrians attacked beat small force austrians acquired cannons engagement successfully raided towns cities held austria allies capturing supplies cannons frequently taking prisoners son lieutenant regiment raids following action frederick sent corps men independent command participated battle general frederick august prince henry overall command army surprised von punching hole austrian defensive line success gave frederick good news weeks confirmed frederick worthy trust placed months november participated battle count joseph von army isolated captured subsequently led corps surrounded army times size combined force november spent remainder war prisoner war frederick reorganized army placing generals command general von additional placed command remained general independent corps unusual prussian late military career ensuing years peace garrison light corps frederick army patrolled border austrian tense negotiations surrounding succession crisis entry early july year action war succession major engagements war series raids sides tried deny access food fodder initial foray border command remained county guarding military frederick frederick great successor named knight order black eagle excellent service lengthy illness died pneumonia october monument prince henry established monument inscription reads von son splendid monument prussian people established behalf king frederick great


richard sir richard died knight aristocracy essex thirteenth century high sheriff essex years involved second barons war earned special place historiography period episode war allegedly planned attack london biography little known background family came manor sea richard held manor prior convent christ church canterbury held land county essex including held fee king served sheriff combined essex october june received pardon acquitted fine present theft hart king forest acquitted great sum pounds return releasing manor king dead april ordered deliver lands son heir peter involvement barons war england found state civil war king henry iii members aristocracy conflict known second barons war april gilbert entered london forces city welcomed king henry iii set camp besieging capital orders sent kent essex supplies royal army situation capacity sheriff levied wheat bacon beef cheese chickens feed wounded tow eggs wounds chord ropes picks lay low walls london finally feet declared tie fire send flying london burn story survives rolls great survey english hundreds edward returning new kingdom crusade scheme impractical supposedly based contemporary viking heroes complaints local community based fact taken supplies home manor received marks paid owners goods entitled historical transmission account available wider audience writings english historian helen responsible groundbreaking work rolls relevance english local government studies rolls rolls mention calls picturesque series recorded essex returns paper published english historical review early gave detailed account plot traced viking legend speculated acquainted later version local popular legend story later sir king henry iii lord edward included tale humorous michael wrote monograph edward considered possibility story simply confidence trick words counted fell sheriff ruse


walter walter june february highly decorated kriegsmarine world war june western allies launched operation overlord amphibious invasion normandy france german defender fortress europe sight invasion force battery engaged heavy fighting subsequently awarded knight cross iron cross des defense battery american 4th infantry division landed utah beach knight cross iron cross recognised extreme battlefield bravery successful military leadership military service walter born june joined military service republic april class april petty officer class september december january platoon commander company commander head training naval artillery school promoted mate 2nd class november mate 1st class september served sea german battleship training vessel training ship torpedo boat cruiser attained rank chief mate july awarded war merit cross 2nd class swords april assignment coastal artillery school promoted officer candidate officer attaining rank der ensign coastal artillery january lieutenant junior grade normandy invasion taken command battery known marine naval coastal battery sea target battery february command including consisted officers non commissioned officers men kriegsmarine unit marine naval coastal artillery battalion battery personnel augmented members regiment 6th company regiment division infantry division ground defense command brought overall manpower battery close men june sight allied invasion fleet battery rangefinder immediately reported observation kriegsmarine headquarters triggered german alarm installations atlantic coast award knight cross iron cross des announced german newspapers june referred person report invasion fleet normandy received order open fire ships kilometers away battery targeted exchanged fire cruisers uss uss battleship uss nevada battery fired destroyer uss sank nevada hit foremost gun battleships uss texas uss arkansas originally assigned provide covering fire landing beach intervened help silence battery concentrated fire battleships second action shell nevada pierced killing entire crew remaining gun naval bombardment incapable reaching targets sea gun initiated fire directed beach facing resistance nest kilometers away caused heavy losses americans hindered landing material reinforcements utah beach american 1st battalion 22nd infantry regiment 4th infantry division started advance saint battery june assault succeeded entering saint stopped battery guns repaired firing positions ground targets german counterattack flanks american forces supported guns battery forced captain tom shields withdraw concurrent ground fighting artillery duel battery allied fleet continued gun service previous night gun damaged remained silent rest day americans brought field artillery guns position afternoon immediately started firing battery subsequently battery subjected fire night awarded iron cross 2nd class morning june defense strong point american attacks evening june received phone information awarded iron cross 1st class addition earlier award wounded left hand bombardment battery afternoon june american 1st battalion started second attack battery june retook village saint naval artillery prepared attack minute bombardment rolling artillery fire attack battery continued americans succeeded entering battery perimeter germans fallen shelters gun destroyed american forces started blow shelters seeing forces overwhelmed ordered battery fire position guns chase away effect immediate americans fell disarray took advantage situation support 6th company pushed americans roughly kilometers south southeast battery american casualties reached forces committed attack soldiers taken prisoner morning june run ammunition medical equipment wounded guns service afternoon received phone counter admiral rear admiral walter instructed escape survivors leaving wounded german soldiers american prisoners men broke american reached german lines roughly kilometers away june men reached battery decorated knight cross iron cross men subsequently assigned infantry company took final days battle taken prisoner war june american forces released march june soldiers 9th infantry division come ashore previous day attack battery men 2nd battalion 39th infantry regiment started attack found battery fighting battery took heavy toll sides german soldiers died defend americans died later life world war initially worked government employee agricultural ministry ran public office candidate block election election speech minister president friedrich immediately dismissed notice position agricultural ministry insulting minister president rejoined military service march captain lieutenant german federal navy promoted corvette captain november frigate captain august retired september organizers sailing summer olympics events numerous larger sailing events served member council city kiel involved support war victims services received von commemorative medal federal cross merit 2nd class father daughters walter died kiel february awards decorations iron cross 2nd class june 1st class june war merit cross 2nd class swords april knight cross iron cross june chief marine von commemorative medal federal cross merit 2nd class promotions