class battleship class group semi dreadnought battleships built austro hungarian navy ships built shipyard pre dreadnoughts built austro hungarians penultimate class type austro hungarian battleship completed class comprised ships ferdinand armed centimeter guns twin turrets guns twin turrets heavy secondary guns set class ships apart pre dreadnought type battleships commissioned years outbreak world war ships limited service careers battleships conducted training cruises mediterranean_sea took international naval demonstration sea protested balkan wars italy declared war austro hungary central powers class ships bombarded coastal targets adriatic_sea participation war minimal ships handed italy end war broken scrap design development design work new class battleships started weeks launching friedrich class battleship took place april end july austrian commander chief navy admiral laid vision expanded austro hungarian fleet included battleships armored cruisers scout cruisers destroyers large torpedo boats submarines navy design board evaluated designs new battleship type september design armed guns twin turrets guns single turrets guns casemates second design retained guns version altered guns guns design representative new dreadnought type battleship contemplated navies featured guns twin turrets fore aft wing turrets heavy secondary guns altogether light caliber guns increased sixteen guns fourth design variation type guns replaced guns twin turrets single turrets guns remained final design mounted guns twin turrets guns wing turrets guns casemates leader design staff advocated construction big gun ship austro hungarian dock facilities time limited displacement long tons dreadnought type designs heavy eventually relented admitting larger dreadnought type design warrant construction new floating dry dock significantly increase cost project design board selected fifth design design secondary guns increased caliber gun chosen breech new unreliable resulting design pre dreadnought type battleship built austro hungarian navy underwater protection emphasized august november austro hungarian navy conducted explosive tests year old ironclad kaiser max tests conducted kilograms attempt investigate blast effects standard kilograms naval scale tests generally unsuccessful result devised mathematical model predict strength underwater protection system require adequately protect new battleships ships ultimately equipped armored double defense mines torpedoes general characteristics class ships long waterline long overall beam draft ships designed displace long tons normally long tons combat load machinery consisted cylinder vertical triple expansion engines engine powered yarrow boilers power output indicated horsepower speed knots mph ships carried long tons coal enabled maximum range nmi cruising speed mph armament class ships noted carried main battery caliber guns twin gun turrets guns built works capable rate fire shells minute rounds minute afterward guns fired armor piercing shells weighed required charge muzzle velocity metres second turrets elevate maximum elevation guns hit targets turrets suffered number design faults overly large struck gunfire thin armor issue defect ventilation system turret combat conditions system toxic gases gun house estimated turrets contained minutes oxygen ventilation system activated ships carried heavy secondary battery guns twin turrets turrets mounted amidships guns nearly half penetration power larger guns approximately shorter range secondary armament augmented guns single mounts guns fired shells rate rounds minute shells fired muzzle velocity hit targets sisters carried smaller caliber guns including landing guns quick firing guns torpedo tubes carried beams stern armor ships armored belt thick central portion ship protected ammunition magazines machinery spaces critical areas ship forward rear main battery barbettes belt reduced thickness thick torpedo bulkhead ran length hull provide second layer underwater protection main belt penetrated armored deck thick supported sloped deck thick main battery turrets heavily armored sides face thick roofs thick turrets secondary guns slightly armor thick sides thick roofs casemates mounted guns protected worth armor plating armored conning tower thick sides thick roof construction program ships built shipyard service careers pre war class battleships assigned 2nd division 1st battle squadron alongside ships 1st division ships conducted training cruises mediterranean_sea commissioning present british coronation review took training cruise recently commissioned dreadnoughts eastern mediterranean included stop malta following year ships involved international naval demonstration protest raging balkan wars operation launched warship combat operated sisters world war assistance austro hungarian fleet called german mediterranean division consisted battlecruiser sms light cruiser sms german ships attempting break prior outbreak war british ships begun assemble attempt trap germans time austro hungarians fully mobilized fleet cruisers smaller craft available austro hungarian high command wary war great_britain ordered fleet avoid british ships openly support germans austro hungarian waters august germans broke austro hungarian fleet including class battleships sailed far south returning port october french army established artillery batteries mount support army montenegro austrian army time operational october austro hungarians ready pre dreadnoughts class guns insufficient french artillery batteries sent assist october ship arrived gunfire guns forced french abandon position ships bombarded italian coast including important naval base following entrance italy war triple october austria prepared transfer entire fleet yugoslavia order italian hands november day armistice yugoslav officers scratch crews sailed cleared sighted approaching italian fleet battleships hoisted american flags sailed south adriatic coast bay near appealed american naval forces meet accept surrender squadron submarine area subsequent peace treaty allied powers ignored transfer austro hungarian ships yugoslav navy instead ships ceded italy broken italy ferdinand survived scrapped italy


sms sms second final member ferdinand max class broadside ironclads built austrian navy 1860s built keel laid june launched june commissioning june outbreak italian war independence austro prussian war fought concurrently ship armed main battery sixteen pounder guns rifled guns originally intended ordered prussia replaced old guns conflicts ended saw action battle july significantly engaged battle force try prevent italian annexation rome city protector france distracted franco prussian war italians took city regardless ship armament revised times 1870s 1880s ultimately withdrawn service employed guard ship barracks ship served role stricken naval register broken scrap description meters long overall beam average draft displaced metric tons long tons short tons crew propulsion system consisted single expansion steam engine drove single screw propeller number type coal fired boilers survived engine produced speed knots mph indicated horsepower broadside ironclad armed main battery sixteen pounder muzzle loading smooth bore guns carried smaller guns including pounder guns pounders ship hull wrought iron armor thick battery reduced bow stern service history built shipyard keel laid june launched june builders forced complete fitting work quickly tensions neighboring prussia italy erupted concurrent austro prussian war italian war independence june rifled heavy guns order krupp delivered conflict prussia instead ship armed old smooth bore guns rear admiral von commander austrian fleet immediately began fleet ships fully manned began conduct training exercises june sortied austrian fleet steamed attempt draw italians italian commander admiral refused engage sortie july bring italian fleet battle battle july took italian fleet ironclads bound island arrived 18th brought troop transports carrying soldiers spent days bombarding austrian defenses island unsuccessfully attempting force landing received series july italian attack initially believed draw austrian fleet away main base venice morning 19th convinced fact italian objective requested permission attack fleet arrived morning july fleet landing attempt ships divided groups able concentrate time meet austrians arranged ironclad ships wedge shaped formation right flank wooden warships second divisions followed formation forming ships transferred flagship turret ship created gap italian line seized opportunity divide italian fleet create melee pass gap failed ram italian ships forcing turn attempt heavily engaged ensuing melee attempt ram italian vessels instead employed fire success period leading italian ironclads opened fire long range kaiser max inflicted splinter damage battle ended flagship ferdinand max rammed sank heavy austrian fire destroyed coastal defense ship magazine explosion broke engagement ships outnumbered austrians refused counter attack badly forces addition fleet low coal ammunition italian fleet began withdraw followed austrians having gotten better action kept distance risk success course battle fired shells hit times response damaged sustained casualties austrian fleet proceeded anchored harbor saint george bay evening pair patrolled outside harbor later career returning kept fleet northern adriatic patrolled possible italian attack italian ships came august countries signed armistice ended fighting led treaty vienna austria defeated italy land battle austrian army decisively defeated prussia battle result austria defeat kaiser joseph forced hungarian demands greater autonomy country austria-hungary halves dual monarchy held veto power hungarian naval expansion led severely reduced budgets fleet kaiser joseph took tour mediterranean_sea imperial yacht ferdinand max pair escorted kaiser trip port said mouth suez_canal ironclads remained mediterranean vessels passed canal red_sea company empress france aboard yacht austro hungarian ships eventually returned december following year sole austro hungarian ironclad active service rest having disarmed laid following outbreak franco prussian war summer withdrawal french garrison rome italy likely annex city papal states joseph decided attempt deter italian attack rome capital ship available sent italian ports force august left italian waters september time decisively defeated french battle collapse second french empire joseph unwilling attack italy defend rome austro hungarians backed italy seized city rearmed battery fourteen muzzle loading armstrong guns light guns battery revised addition breech loading guns breech pair quick firing revolver guns auto cannon withdrawn service served guard ship barracks ship year removed single gun gun installed stricken naval register october broken scrap


class battleship class class pre dreadnought battleships austro hungarian navy built world war battleships class built shipyards battleship laid construction remaining battleships ferdinand max friedrich continued commissioned ferdinand max friedrich commissioned class battleships considered relatively modern time commissioned small docking space budget restraints resulted class fairly compact designed properly protected class largest pre dreadnoughts built austrian navy named members austrian royal family despite qualities class battleships inferior modern dreadnought type battleships big gun armament turbine propulsion result played limited role world war beginning war members class formed iii division austrian hungarian battle fleet despite largely inactive involvement conflict battleships class participate flight sms sms opening days war bombardment ships took suppressing major mutiny crew members armored cruisers stationed february following austria-hungary defeat world war friedrich handed france remaining battleship ferdinand max given great_britain ran aground broken remaining battleships scrapped italy design general characteristics class displaced long tons feet inches long beam feet inches draft feet inches manned men propulsion ships propelled shaft cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines trials developed ihp ship speed knots mph trials engines managed produce knot speed originally planned armament monarch class battleship planned built years later class carried primary armament works ship centimeter caliber guns twin turrets centerline guns austro hungarian replica krupp guns depressed elevated arc fire guns direction gun required crew men maximum elevation gun fire kilogram shell metres fire armor piercing shells minute muzzle velocity metres second guns weighed kilograms secondary armament consisted centimeter caliber guns mounted single casemates wing ship single turrets wing ship depressed elevated fire kilograms armor piercing shell metres maximum elevation muzzle velocity metres second gun weighed tons fire rounds minute ships armament protection torpedo boats form centimetres caliber gun manufactured depressed elevated arc fire meaning fire target range fire guns fire rounds minute maximum elevation guns fire kilograms high explosive charge metres muzzle velocity metres second anti aircraft protection covered millimeter vickers anti aircraft guns ship depressed elevated arc fire meant engage target range manually operated fire kilograms shell metres maximum elevation muzzle velocity metres second designed guns weighed kilograms class fitted water centimeter torpedo tubes rarely armor armor plating battleships waterline belt vulnerable areas ship deck armor turrets casemates armor respectively order protect battleships possible shell landing turrets imminent explosion resulting hit conning tower ships armor plating bulkheads inside battleship separated different compartments thick construction class like class class named austro hungarian royal family specifically charles duke mexico friedrich duke ships laid ship class sms laid july following months construction launched october finally commissioned austro hungarian navy june ship class sms friedrich laid october launched april friedrich finally commissioned austro hungarian navy january final ship class sms ferdinand max laid march later launched commissioned navy december service history outbreak world war ships formed iii division austrian hungarian battle fleet spent war based members class mobilized eve war support flight sms sms german ships attempting break surrounded british troops way turkey breakout succeeded flotilla advanced far south south eastern italy austro hungarian ships recalled company units austro hungarian navy class took bombardment expended rounds armor piercing shells signal stations rounds shells aimed italian gun batteries port installations major mutiny crews armored cruisers stationed including sms sms kaiser began february days later class ships arrived port assisted suppression mutiny following restoration order naval base armored cruisers kaiser decommissioned class battleships stationed place morning june admiral planned major assault barrage class battleships provide support class cruisers plan intended replicate success raid conducted year earlier plan destroy blockading fleet allied ships cruisers lighter ships protected heavier guns battleships including class morning june dreadnought torpedoed sunk italian torpedo boat felt surprise lost called operation military action class ships spent rest career port following end world war november members class taken yugoslavia friedrich ceded war france remaining battleship ferdinand max ceded united_kingdom ran aground voyage toulon eventually broken remaining battleships scrapped


sms sms pre dreadnought battleship built austro hungarian navy lead ship class launched september sister ship conducted training exercises mediterranean_sea transferred iii battleship division superstructure decks removed reduce weight vessel world war remained home port present day croatia engagements austro hungarian flotilla sent protect escape german ships sms sms british held mediterranean advanced far recalled home port sole combat engagement occurred late participated bombardment italian port city war awarded british war prize scrapped construction layout battleships class hull laid march shipyard following year half construction launched september completion final fitting work commissioned austro hungarian fleet december like ships class long waterline overall length beam draft ship displaced metric tons long tons crew officers enlisted men powered shaft cylinder vertical triple expansion engines supplied steam belleville boilers power output rated indicated horsepower ihp produced speed knots mph ship hull constructed longitudinal transverse steel frames outer hull plates place hull incorporated double ran percent ship length series watertight bulkheads extended keel gun deck total watertight compartments ship metacentric height mounted hull reduced rolling flush main deck wood upper decks covered guns mounted twin turret forward mounted single turret aft main superstructure guns manufactured krupp germany secondary armament consisted inch guns casemates guns fire shells minute built face hardened steel main armored belt central portion ship ammunition magazines machinery spaces critical areas located belt tapered slightly end central section service history peacetime sister took fleet maneuvers summer ship commissioned participated successive fleet drills training exercises class battleships engaged monarch class battleships simulated war game maneuvers marked time austro hungarian navy squadrons modern battleships following maneuvers class ships formed battleship division sisters active mediterranean_sea underwent training cruise monarch class battleships january joined training cruise commissioning class battleships class ships transferred division monarchs formed iii division extensively modernized superstructure decks removed reduce weight sister ship underwent renovations following renovations sister ships converted coastal defense vessels world war late july august served flagship iii battleship division austro hungarian navy command captain battleship sister ships rest austro hungarian navy mobilized support flight sms sms july august german battlecruisers stationed mediterranean_sea attempting break surrounded british troops vessels way turkey germans successfully escaped austro hungarian navy recalled fleet advanced far south southeastern italy following flight sms sms transferred division sisters new class battleships came service italy entered world war france great_britain austro hungarian navy bombarded italian port cities adriatic coast took bombardment attack italian port city bombarded town train station military camp coastal batteries bombardment combat operation following bombardment sister ships traveled port city shortage coal remained remainder war half war decommissioned harbor defense vessel crew transferred new boats aircraft commissioned training ship austrian naval academy following war awarded great_britain war prize instead sold italy broken scrap


sms sms ironclad warship austro hungarian navy built shipyard april october armed main battery guns mounted central battery ship limited career action reduced guard ship renamed mars served training ship end world war surrendered war prize italy sold scrapping design central battery ship designed chief engineer joseph von ship namesake admiral von victor battle proposed building new ironclads completed poor economic conditions early 1870s forced austro hungarian government cut naval budget admiral friedrich von succeeded head naval administration attempted secure funding new ships named finally succeeded convincing parliament funds ship continued try convince parliament build sister ship success austro hungarian industry incapable supporting construction ship significant components ordered foreign manufacturers including guns germany armor plating britain general characteristics meters long waterline long overall beam draft displaced long tons short tons ship austrian navy built steel hull allowed considerable savings weight ship crew numbered officers men reconstruction number increased main armored belt main battery guns protected thick armor plate end bulkheads armored citadel thick conning tower sides thick built ship powered single cylinder vertical compound steam engine rated indicated horsepower gave speed knots mph trials reconstruction early 1890s propulsion system replaced pair cylinder triple expansion engines built german firm rated ihp speed mph trials refit equipped marine boilers initially fitted sailing rig removed modernization heavy fighting masts installed place armament initially equipped main battery centimeter breech loading guns manufactured krupp guns mounted central battery amidships intended pursuit attempts ammunition magazine located directly main battery ship carried breech breech quick firing guns modernization main battery replaced guns krupp secondary guns consisted guns guns guns machine guns pair machine guns equipped torpedo tubes bow stern service history laid shipyard ship launched completed conducted sea trials october year finally ready commissioning september kaiser joseph attended commissioning ship financial difficulties delayed ship completion parliament finally voted funds finish ship november time largest powerful ship austro hungarian fleet distinction turn century political compromise smaller foreign ships particularly british french vessels career limited large significant problems engines decade career assigned active squadron crew engines fully operational years austro hungarian squadron included ironclads kaiser max don juan austria torpedo cruisers leopard travelled barcelona spain opening ceremonies barcelona universal exposition largest squadron austro hungarian navy operated outside adriatic modernized propulsion system updated armament replaced newer guns engines replaced reliable models manufactured german firm time remotely modern ironclad austrian fleet apart newly built barbette ships admiral von replaced unable secure funding capital ships instead tried austro hungarian fleet embracing doctrine guard ship summer maneuvers june served reserve squadron major ships squadron included new armored cruiser kaiser protected cruiser sms kaiser joseph renamed mars original new battleship launched year remained service guard ship outbreak world war august school ship following year reduced hulk following end world war ship surrendered italy broken


sms sms class scout cruiser built austro hungarian navy right world war participated raids ships defending including battle transferred italy accordance peace treaties ending world war renamed modifications ship assigned squadron responsible eastern mediterranean spent years based libya italy disarmed turned depot ship ship stricken navy list later disposed design description ship measured meters overall beam meters mean draft meters displaced metric tons long tons normal load deep load displaced metric tons long tons propulsion system consisted sets curtis steam turbines driving propeller shafts designed provide shaft horsepower powered yarrow water tube boilers gave ship speed knots mph carried metric tons long tons coal gave range approximately nautical miles knots mph ship crew officers men armed caliber centimeter guns single pedestal mounts placed forward forecastle located amidships quarterdeck caliber centimeter anti aircraft gun torpedo tubes twin mounts added navy planned remove guns forecastle quarterdeck replace centimeter guns fore aft end war ship protected waterline armored belt thick amidships conning tower thick sides deck thick service history laid shipyard october launched november ship completed september month start world war day italy declared war austria-hungary destroyers engaged sank italian destroyer turbine august sister ship destroyers bombarded italian forces island recently occupied italians late austro hungarian navy began series raids merchant ships supplying allied forces serbia montenegro night november 1st torpedo division raided coast sank pair italian transports carrying flour facilitate raids sister modern class destroyers class torpedo boats transferred facilitate raids november destroyers participated raids end december night december making sortie rammed sank french submarine port destroyers attacked shipping following morning destroyers struck mines sinking ships port abandoned austro hungarians managed evade allied pursuit darkness fell night june ship covered raid destroyers torpedo boats defending submarines trying exit adriatic_sea sinking assumed command april planned raid force composed class cruisers cruisers attack separately destroyers attack near coast night ships departed port managed pass line darkness identified sounds attack heard released nets began head turned attacked westernmost group dawn began morning cruisers sank badly damaged additional joseph refused surrender abandon ship demanded despite cruiser yards away crew managed fire shot single pounder gun disabled refusal surrender face overwhelming odds recognized battle award victoria_cross ensure sunk proceeded attack pause briefly rescue survivors turning home austrian ships contacted retreat group french destroyers led small italian scout cruiser heavier guns austrian ships allied commander closing range intercepted shortly afterward stronger group british protected cruisers bristol escorted italian destroyers opened fire inch guns range yards ordered ships smoke minutes later nearly caused austrian cruisers dense smoke covered fire british ships closed range emerged austrian ships yards british range suitable smaller austrian guns cruisers gradually drawing away leading austrian ships hit times critically engine room knocked half boilers hit times seriously aside gun disabled killed wounded british ships turned away time remaining boilers went dead water learning austrian ships approaching preparing tow italian destroyers attacked succession weight fire cruisers prevented closing torpedo range scored hits allied ship returned austrians slowly proceeded base fired shells guns received order crossed swords recognition leadership battle destroyers attempted duplicate success earlier raid october spotted italian aircraft turned face substantial allied reinforcements alerted aircraft caught guns armored cruisers gulf mutiny february managed escape damage ship tasked participate major attack allied ships defending june called dreadnought sms sunk italian motor torpedo boat route rendezvous operation following armistice villa italy austria-hungary november entire austro hungarian fleet transferred newly formed yugoslavia italian service italy received austria-hungary september treaty saint ended country participation world war renamed anchored tunisia transfer ship rated scout cruiser italy reached october assigned scouting group ship modified suit italians april june entered service flagship rear admiral commander light squadron sailed istanbul july visiting number ports italy greece turkey route relieved armored cruiser san flagship eastern squadron arrival july ship replaced flagship october remained assigned eastern squadron returned italy january hosted king victor iii aboard ceremonies transferred italian control accordance treaty rome february march ship transferred libya spent year returned italy following year briefly assigned scout squadron april placed reserve july ship reactivated june assigned flagship 1st destroyer squadron command rear admiral months later relieved flagship transferred special squadron flagship rear admiral june june cruise eastern mediterranean visited ports greece islands rear admiral relieved october ship disarmed november depot ship stricken navy list march


sms sms pre dreadnought battleship built austro hungarian navy launched october class battleships sister ships participated bombardment world war end war ceded great_britain war prize scrapped italy construction layout battleships class keel laid january shipyard following year half construction launched october final fitting work completed ship commissioned austro hungarian fleet april like ships class meters long waterline overall length beam draft approximately forward aft ship displaced metric tons long tons construction finished commissioned navy crew officers enlisted men powered shaft cylinder vertical triple expansion engines supplied steam belleville boilers power output rated indicated horsepower produced speed knots mph hull ship constructed longitudinal transverse steel frames outer hull plates place hull incorporated double ran ship length series watertight bulkheads extended keel gun deck total watertight compartments ship metacentric height mounted hull reduce rolling prevent flush main deck wood upper decks covered guns mounted twin turret forward mounted single turret aft main superstructure type guns manufactured krupp germany main guns fired rate armor piercing shells minute secondary armament consisted guns casemates guns fire shells minute built face hardened steel main armored belt central portion ship ammunition magazines machinery spaces critical areas located belt tapered slightly end central section service history peacetime commissioned began participation fleet drills sister ships sms sms following series simulated monarch class battleships class ships battleship division commissioning class battleships class battleships transferred battleship division monarch class battleships moved iii battleship division world war world war served division austro hungarian navy battleships sister ships remainder austro hungarian navy mobilized eve world war support flight sms german ships stationed mediterranean attempting break surrounded british troops vessels way ottoman_empire germans successfully broke navy recalled fleet time advanced far south southeastern italy sister ships participated bombardment italian declaration war central powers end war ship decommissioned retained harbor defense ship following end war ship awarded great_britain war prize instead sold broken scrapping italy


sms juan austria sms juan austria member kaiser max class built austrian navy 1860s keel laid october shipyard launched july completed carried main battery composed sixteen pounder guns pounders traditional broadside arrangement protected armored belt thick juan austria saw action battle july heavily engaged center melee traded italian ironclad hit times turret ship received little damage war juan austria modernized slightly correct poor improve armament rapidly naval developments 1860s 1870s juan austria officially rebuilt broken scrap armor plate parts machinery miscellaneous parts reused new don juan austria design juan austria meters long perpendiculars beam average draft displaced metric tons long tons short tons crew propulsion system consisted single expansion steam engine drove single screw propeller number type coal fired boilers survived engine produced speed knots mph indicated horsepower steam nautical miles speed knots mph juan austria broadside ironclad armed main battery sixteen pounder muzzle loading guns pounder rifled muzzle loading guns carried single pounder gun pounder sides ship hull wrought iron armor thick extended bow stern service history juan austria built shipyard laid october completed hull launched july fitting work completed following year commissioned austrian fleet proved wet forward owing open bow result tended handle poorly june italy declared war austria italian war independence fought concurrently austro prussian war rear admiral von brought austrian fleet june attempt draw italians italian commander admiral refused engage battle july took italian fleet ironclads bound island arrived 18th brought troop transports carrying soldiers spent days bombarding austrian defenses island unsuccessfully attempting force landing received series july italian attack initially believed draw austrian fleet away main bases venice morning 19th convinced fact italian objective requested permission attack fleet arrived morning july fleet landing attempt ships divided groups able concentrate time meet austrians arranged ironclad ships wedge shaped formation juan austria right flank wooden warships second divisions followed formation forming ships transferred flagship turret ship created gap italian line seized opportunity divide italian fleet create melee pass gap failed ram italian ships forcing turn attempt juan austria initially attempted follow flagship ferdinand max quickly lost contact ensuing melee juan austria surrounded italian vessels prompting sister kaiser max come aid juan austria engaged half hour shifting targets scored hits juan austria bow caused little damage passed directly ship exploding second struck belt armor failed penetrate hit quarter deck time rammed sunk coastal defense ship burning badly soon destroyed magazine explosion broke engagement ships outnumbered austrians refused counter attack badly forces addition fleet low coal ammunition italian fleet began withdraw followed austrians having gotten better action kept distance risk success night began fall opposing fleets completely heading respectively later career returning kept fleet northern adriatic patrolled possible italian attack italian ships came august countries signed armistice ended fighting led treaty vienna austria defeated italy land battle austrian army decisively defeated prussia battle result austria austria-hungary forced city venice italy juan austria rebuilt particularly correct poor sea keeping open bow rearmed inch muzzle manufactured armstrong inch pounder guns ship thoroughly hull austro hungarian navy decided replace ship parliamentary objection granting funds new ships forced navy resort replace ship reconstruction projects routinely approved parliament navy officially rebuilt juan austria sister ships reality parts engines armor plate miscellaneous parts salvaged ships juan austria dismantled shipyard beginning december new ironclads given names old vessels attempt conceal deception


sms sms class pre dreadnought battleships built austro hungarian navy kriegsmarine named 19th century austrian field marshal joseph von sisters ferdinand pre dreadnoughts built austro hungarian navy followed larger significantly powerful class dreadnoughts built company commissioned fleet january ship conducted training cruises mediterranean outbreak world war war operated largely fleet alongside rest austro hungarian navy ships tied considerable naval forces triple participate offensive operations primarily shore adriatic_sea french italian targets end war going austrians prepared transferred state serbs november days austrian armistice yugoslav navy officers sailed battleship surrendered squadron american submarine terms treaty saint transfer recognized instead given italy broken scrap construction built dockyard place sister ships built second ship class constructed laid november teak deck material austria-hungary purchase abroad build ship launched july commissioned austro hungarian navy january crew officers men long beam draft displaced long tons normally long tons combat load ship powered shaft cylinder vertical triple expansion engines rated indicated horsepower speed knots mph maximum range nmi cruising speed mph ship primary armament consisted caliber guns twin gun turrets augmented heavy secondary battery guns wing turrets battery consisted guns single mounts landing guns quick firing guns torpedo tubes carried beams stern service history pre war duties attend british coronation review king george june following return austro hungarian fleet conducted training cruises eastern mediterranean sisters later year sisters command vice admiral took international fleet demonstration sea protest balkan wars ships navies british pre dreadnought hms king edward vii italian pre dreadnought saint french armored cruiser german light cruiser sms combined flotilla command british admiral cecil proceeded blockade coast prevent serbian reinforcements supporting siege operation combat operated sisters proved unsatisfactory ships lacked cranes lift planes deck fact deck small accommodate aircraft result pressure international blockade serbia withdrew army occupied joint allied ground force new dreadnoughts class coming active service sisters shifted 1st division 2nd division 1st battle squadron world war outbreak world war august german battlecruisers british warships begun assemble outside port attempt trap german ships german_navy called austro hungarian allies come aid austro hungarian high command initially hesitant wished avoid initiating hostilities british germans clear wanted austro hungarian fleet steam far high command relented sent portion fleet time mobilized included operation fleet sailed designated latitude strict orders actively assist german ships austro hungarian waters german ships successfully broke mediterranean austro hungarian fleet returned port october french army established artillery batteries mount support army montenegro austrian army time operational october austro hungarians ready pre dreadnoughts monarch class guns insufficient french artillery batteries sent assist october ship arrived gunfire guns forced french abandon position hours italian declaration war reached main austro hungarian naval base rest fleet departed bombard italian coast focus important naval base later coast montenegro bombardment montenegro larger austro hungarian campaign kingdoms montenegro serbia members half attack surrounding coastline cruisers sms admiral sms destroyers sms sms sms traveled south cover ships attacking finding enemy ships region group bombarded islands leaving gulf rest ships accompanying sighted enemy ships day italian destroyers encounter italian destroyer managed escape austrian ships turbine severely damaged larger italian force appeared accompanying ships abandon attempts capture damaged destroyer aside encounter turbine managed destroy railroad bridge near town severely movement troops supplies region italian civilians military personnel killed bombardment time italian ships taranto arrived scene austro hungarians safely attack immense success austro hungarian ships largely unopposed entire operation objective bombardment delay italian army deploying forces border austria-hungary destroying critical transportation systems surprise attack succeeded delaying italian deployment alps weeks delay gave austria-hungary valuable time strengthen italian border deploy troops eastern balkan fronts aside attack austro hungarian battleships confined duration war operations limited admiral commander austro hungarian navy believed need husband ships counter italian attempt seize coast coal diverted newer class battleships remainder war saw rest austro hungarian navy acting fleet resulted allied blockade fleet blockaded adriatic_sea facing shortage coal attempted use mines submarines battleships reduce numerical superiority allied navies end war october austria prepared transfer entire fleet newly created state serbs later kingdom yugoslavia order italian hands november day allied armistice germany days austrians italians agreed armistice villa yugoslav officers scratch crews sailed outside ships spotted heavy units italian fleet battleships hoisted american flags sailed south escape squadron navy submarine operating city accepted surrender subsequent peace treaty allied powers ignored transfer austro hungarian ships yugoslav navy taken place instead ships ceded italy broken italy


austria-hungary class boat submarine austro hungarian navy built hungarian firm launched december commissioned february single hull feet length displaced nearly metric tons long tons surfaced metric tons long tons submerged diesel engines moved knots surface twin electric motors propelled knots underwater armed bow torpedo tubes carry load torpedoes equipped deck gun machine gun sank ships brief service career departed march heard succumbed barrage fate remains mystery design construction austria-hungary boat fleet largely obsolete outbreak world war austro hungarian navy satisfied urgent needs purchasing type submarines comprised class germany raising sunken french submarine building submarines class based danish class steps urgent needs austro hungarian navy selected german type design newest submarines mid germans reluctant wartime resources austro hungarian construction willing sell plans boats constructed license austria-hungary navy agreed proposal purchased plans bremen displaced metric tons long tons surfaced metric tons long tons submerged single hull saddle tanks feet inch long beam feet inches draft feet inches propulsion shafts twin diesel engines surface running twin electric motors shp submerged travel capable knots surfaced knots submerged specific range conway world fighting ships german boats class based range nautical miles knots surfaced nautical miles knots submerged class boats designed crew armed bow torpedo tubes carry complement torpedoes equipped deck gun machine gun intricate political negotiations production class austrian hungarian firms ordered october laid march launched december service career began diving trials january underwater cruise january february successfully reached depth metres compression tests days later took crew training voyage way port january commissioned austro hungarian navy command friedrich year old native previously served commander departed patrol february duty cape gulf taranto patrol encounter hostile ships encounter storm caused extensive damage cutting short cruise damage conning tower missing radio aerial broken arrived march repairs repairs complete set march heard author paul suggests barrage responsible authors gibson report evidence allied records indicate possible fate boat conclude fate remains mystery likely remain sic credited sinking ships brief career member class lost war


austria-hungary class submarine boat built operated austro hungarian navy german und kriegsmarine kriegsmarine world war submarine built plan evaluate foreign submarine designs second boats class built design john philip holland laid february launched june double submarine feet long displaced tonnes short tons depending surfaced submerged design inadequate ventilation exhaust twin gasoline engines crew boat commissioned austro hungarian navy july served training boat making cruises month beginning world war submarine wartime success sinking french destroyer march later year anti submarine deployed barrage coming fire royal_navy running nets abandoned sunk crewmen rescued held captivity end war design construction built plan austro hungarian navy evaluate foreign submarine designs simon lake john philip holland austro hungarian navy authorized construction sister ship boat designed american john philip holland licensed holland company electric boat laid february united_states partially assembled shipped final assembly process author notes caused lot trouble launched june design featured single hull tear drop shaped body bore strong resemblance modern nuclear submarines feet inches long feet inches draft feet inches displaced tonnes long tons surfaced tonnes long tons submerged centimeter bow torpedo tubes featured unique cloverleaf shaped design rotated central axis boat designed carry torpedoes surface running outfitted gasoline engines suffered inadequate ventilation resulted frequent crew underwater propulsion electric motors service career commissioned austro hungarian navy july von command years served primarily training boat making training cruises month november hosted norwegian naval delegation inspected june accidentally rammed submarine tender deep diving trial outbreak world war fully operational boats austro hungarian navy fleet stationed late activities early war reported boat armament augmented quick firing deck gun december sister boat radio receiver installed time deck gun added reported february unsuccessful attack italian class destroyer managed torpedo sink french destroyer march went man complement night headed try intercept shipping santa maria hugo von commander november attempted pass underneath formed barrage submerged von heard unexplained noise hull boat likely sound anti submarine nets deployed alerted submarine presence indicator fired launched signal attracted attention nearby evening star meantime von surfaced try cut loose dragged boat hatch opened crew discovered boat net unable von attempted flee surface port propeller shaft realizing stuck evening star beginning shell boat captain ordered code books confidential material thrown overboard submarine scuttled officers seventeen crewmen rescued spent remainder war prisoners italians career sank ship totaling grt


sms ships austrian later austro hungarian navy named sms honor prince eugene sms broadside ironclad fought battle sms ship built 1870s replace original vessel sms dreadnought battleship built 1910s


sms sms second member kaiser max class built austrian navy 1860s keel laid october shipyard launched june completed march carried main battery composed sixteen pounder guns pounders traditional broadside arrangement protected armored belt thick saw action battle july engaged italian ironclad fleet inflict damage emerged battle similarly unscathed war modernized slightly correct poor improve armament rapidly naval developments 1860s 1870s officially rebuilt broken scrap armor plate parts machinery miscellaneous parts reused new design meters long perpendiculars beam average draft displaced metric tons long tons short tons crew propulsion system consisted single expansion steam engine drove single screw propeller number type coal fired boilers survived engine produced speed knots mph indicated horsepower steam nautical miles speed knots mph broadside ironclad armed main battery sixteen pounder muzzle loading guns pounder rifled muzzle loading guns carried single pounder gun pounder ship hull wrought iron armor thick service history keel laid shipyard october launched june fitting work completed march commissioned austrian fleet owing open bow took water excessively result tended handle poorly june italy declared war austria italian war independence fought concurrently austro prussian war rear admiral von brought austrian fleet june attempt draw italians italian commander admiral refused engage battle july took italian fleet steamed island arrived 18th main fleet ironclads brought troop transports carrying soldiers spent days bombarding austrian defenses island unsuccessfully attempting force landing received series july italian attack initially believed draw austrian fleet away main bases venice morning 19th convinced fact italian objective requested permission attack fleet arrived morning july fleet landing attempt ships divided groups able concentrate time meet austrians arranged ironclad ships wedge shaped formation right flank wooden warships second divisions followed formation forming ships transferred flagship turret ship created gap italian line seized opportunity divide italian fleet create melee pass gap failed ram italian ships forcing turn attempt approach opened fire bow guns score hits soon main battery brought bear fired concentrated unidentified italian vessels passed close failed ram score hits austrian vessel time rammed sunk coastal defense ship burning badly soon destroyed magazine explosion broke engagement ships outnumbered austrians refused counter attack badly forces addition fleet low coal ammunition italian fleet began withdraw followed austrians having gotten better action kept distance risk success night began fall opposing fleets completely heading respectively italians failed inflict damage austrian ironclads including later career returning kept fleet northern adriatic patrolled possible italian attack italian ships came august countries signed armistice ended fighting led treaty vienna austria defeated italy land battle austrian army decisively defeated prussia battle result austria austria-hungary forced city venice italy rebuilt particularly correct poor sea keeping open bow rearmed inch manufactured armstrong inch pounder guns ship thoroughly hull austro hungarian navy decided replace ship parliamentary objection granting funds new ships forced navy resort replace ship reconstruction projects routinely approved parliament navy officially rebuilt sister ships reality parts engines armor plate miscellaneous parts salvaged ships work beginning navy yard november new vessels given names old vessels attempt conceal origin


sms sms majesty ship vienna monarch class coastal defense ships built austro hungarian navy 1890s commissioning ship participated international blockade crete turkish war monarch class ships training cruises mediterranean_sea early 1900s formed 1st capital ship division austro hungarian navy replaced newly commissioned class battleships turn century monarchs placed reserve recommissioned annual summer training exercises start world war recommissioned assigned 5th division sisters division sent august attack french artillery bombarding port remained sister sent august bombarded italian fortifications gulf night december anchor italian torpedo boats managed penetrate harbor defenses fired torpedoes ships hit struck torpedoes sank minutes loss crew wreck salvaged 1920s italians description construction tonnes long tons maximum displacement monarch class half size battleships major navies time officially designated coast defense ships austro hungarian government believed role navy solely defend coast overall length meters beam meters draft meters cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines produced total indicated horsepower steam cylindrical boilers gave ship maximum speed knots mph maximum load metric tons coal gave range nautical miles speed knots mph manned officers enlisted men total personnel armament monarch class consisted millimeter krupp guns mounted twin gun turrets fore aft superstructure ships carried rounds gun secondary armament millimeter guns located casemates superstructure defense torpedo boats provided quick firing millimeter guns millimeter hotchkiss guns ships mounted millimeter torpedo tubes broadside torpedo tube provided torpedoes ship steel waterline armor belt millimeters thick gun turrets protected millimeters armor casemates millimeters thick sides conning tower millimeters armor deck armor millimeters thick monarch class ships ordered built shipyard ships laid february ships class laid launched july wife governor lower austria commissioned service history peace time commissioning took queen_victoria diamond jubilee international fleet review june international blockade crete turkish war april sisters formed navy 1st capital ship division division division training cruise eastern mediterranean port visits greece lebanon turkey malta later year early training cruise western mediterranean port visits algeria spain france italy albania ship fitted radio early following year ships division inspected ferdinand heir throne march shortly battleship destroyer cruise eastern mediterranean served flagship division posted greece support austro hungarian interests terrorist acts austro hungarian citizens returned june resumed assignment flagship monarch class ships formed 2nd capital ship division took cruise adriatic mediterranean seas training exercises class battleships engaged sisters simulated combat maneuvers marked time squadrons consisting modern battleships operated austro hungarian navy cruise levant visited ports greece turkey egypt albania later summer ship ran aground night exercise island took tries pull dry docked repairs monarchs relegated newly formed reserve squadron january recommissioned annual summer exercises participated fleet review ferdinand september conducted channel near ships briefly recommissioned beginning 4th division start second balkan war decommissioned march world war beginning world war monarchs recommissioned 5th division sent august attack artillery batteries mount bombarding austro hungarian naval base fortifications defending sisters arrived august guns elevate sufficiently engage enemy artillery reinforced french guns october battleship summoned deal guns days later managed knock french guns forced withdrawn october monarchs remained deter attacks august transferred serve guard ships italian commando raids ship fitted millimeter anti aircraft gun arrival august counter constant italian air attacks damaged near miss september ships withdrew september returned october sortied gulf november attack italian coastal defenses near mouth river opened fire range kilometers knocked italian guns half hour bombardment interrupted unsuccessful italian air attacks coordinated attack torpedo boats aircraft unsuccessful italian coast defense gun knocked hour later hit seven times superstructure lightly damaged crewmen wounded anxious revenge austro hungarians regia marina royal italian navy plans sneak attack ships bay near launches night december boats managed penetrate harbor defenses fired torpedoes torpedoes fired missed hit torpedoes fired commanded lieutenant commander blew hole meter wide abreast boiler rooms watertight doors open board ship capsized minutes despite attempt counter growing list flooding trim tanks opposite attack killed members crew italian boats escaped detected awarded gold medal military buried mud harbor depth meters salvage ship ordered december day navy convened court martial vice admiral alfred von commander naval district captains ships commander naval defenses january court convicted individuals failing possible precautions protect ships failing ensure precautions taken punishment court recommended ship captains retired commander naval defenses returned reserve status emperor approved recommendations january navy ordered salvage stopped june wreck ultimately salvaged italians 1920s section ship bow display venice


class battleship class group pre dreadnought battleships built austria-hungary turn 20th century sea going battleship built austria-hungary center battery ship class composed ships armed guns turrets capable slightly better knots mph speed modernized launched september year later september october ships saw limited service world war division austro hungarian fleet bombarded italian port battleships largely inactive remainder service decommissioned free majority crews service submarine air forces ships ultimately ceded great_britain following end war sold italian ship breakers scrapped design general characteristics machinery ships class long waterline long overall beam draft approximately forward aft displaced metric tons long tons ships crew officers enlisted men ships flush main deck wood upper decks covered hulls ship constructed transverse longitudinal steel frames outer hull plates hull incorporated double ran length series watertight bulkheads extended keel gun deck total watertight compartments ship ships metacentric height mounted hull reduce rolling machinery system consisted shaft cylinder vertical triple expansion engines supplied steam belleville boilers powerplant rated indicated horsepower produced speed knots mph system slightly efficient ihp achieved comparable speed knots mph trials powerful engines ran ihp provided speed knots mph armament ships primary armament guns mounted twin turret forward mounted single turret aft main superstructure guns manufactured krupp germany type secondary armament included guns casemates mounted unusual arrangement decks guns amidships guns fire armor piercing shells rate minute guns degrees elevate degrees maximum range metres manually elevated trained ships carried wide array smaller weapons defense torpedo boats included guns quick firing guns guns guns single mounts upper decks superstructure casemates bow stern exception main battery weapons guns carried ships manufactured works ships carried submerged torpedo tubes armor sisters protected face hardened steel main armored belt central portion ship ammunition magazines machinery spaces critical areas located belt tapered slightly end central section past barbettes hull protected armor plate bow stern entire belt including thinner portions forward aft main battery barbettes extended waterline belt widened bow cover ram protection supplemented thick armor main belt section armor extended meet gun deck armored deck thick main battery turrets protected armor plate thick sides faces gun mounts armored barbettes held turrets working chambers shell rooms protected armor casemates guns vulnerable forward conning tower armored sides thick contained thick communications tube aft conning tower protected sides thick communication tube thick construction laid shipyard march launched september fitting work conducted ship finally finished december commissioned austro hungarian fleet 31st month followed months later laid shipyard june launched september commissioned fleet june ship laid dockyard january launched october completed april joined sisters fleet service history peace time took fleet maneuvers mid following summer ready active service participated fleet drills training exercises engaged monarch class battleships simulated combat maneuver marked time squadrons consisting modern battleships operated austro hungarian navy class ships formed division monarchs formed division ships active mediterranean conducted training cruise monarch class battleships january joined following year commissioning class battleships class ships transferred division monarchs went iii division world war outbreak world war late july serving flagship iii battleship division austro hungarian fleet command captain alongside sisters later transferred division new class battleships came service time mobilized sister ships remainder austro hungarian navy support flight sms german ships stationed mediterranean attempting break surrounded british troops vessels way turkey germans successfully broke navy recalled fleet time advanced far south south eastern italy italy entered war france england austro hungarian navy bombarded italian installations took attack later decommissioned served harbor defense ships portion conflict crews transferred man new boats aircraft converted training ship following end war ships awarded great_britain war prizes instead sold broken scrapping italy


austria-hungary lead boat class submarines boats built operated austro hungarian navy german und kriegsmarine kriegsmarine world war design based submarines royal danish navy class built austria-hungary largely obsolete beginning war feet long armed bow torpedo tubes deck gun machine gun wartime successes sunk early july italian submarine wreck located salvaged portion conning tower display military museum vienna design construction apparent austro hungarian navy world war short war moved bolster boat fleet seizing plans denmark class submarines built austro hungarian navy happy design largely obsolete design plans available begun immediately domestic shipyards austro hungarian navy placed orders sister boats march boats class built navy yard demands hungarian government class divided hungarian austrian firms politically solution worsened technical problems design resulted numerous modifications delays class general ocean going submarine displaced tonnes short tons surfaced tonnes short tons submerged designed complement feet inches long beam feet draft feet propulsion featured single propeller shaft single diesel engine surface running single shp electric motor submerged travel capable knots surfaced knots submerged specific range class class based range nautical miles knots surfaced nautical miles knots submerged armed torpedo tubes located carried complement torpedoes equipped deck gun machine gun laid september months ordered launched september service career completion began diving trials march trial accidentally rammed admiral channel collision austro hungarian light cruiser twisted extensively damaged conning tower knocked deck gun seven months reconstruction commissioned austro hungarian navy october initially operating transferred february months boat patrolled northern adriatic estuary venice encounter enemy submarine april able successfully launch attack july sailed gulf venice day later spotted italian submarine patrol northern adriatic initially pursued underwater surface range yards torpedoed position sinking hands wreckage surface oil slick like sister boats wartime successes mid wreck discovered northern adriatic italian salvage crews raised boat rear portion july section november conning tower small section donated museum vienna display rest boat scrapped remains crewmen buried grounds military academy


class battleship class erroneously named class sole class dreadnought battleship built austro hungarian navy ships built laid built incorporate parts dual monarchy construction ships smaller size shipyards meant built years sisters slightly different characteristics ships joined sister bombarded italian installations attempted sortie barrage support lighter ships failed sunk transfer state serbs sunk italian transferred italy france respectively characteristics dimensions ships overall length metres beam metres draught metres deep load displaced tonnes long tons load tonnes long tons deep load propulsion propulsion consisted parsons steam turbines housed separate engine room turbines powered boilers turbines designed produce total shaft horsepower theoretically attain designed speed knots mph figures speed trials known exist carried tonnes long tons coal additional tonnes long tons fuel oil sprayed coal increase burn rate capacity steam nautical miles speed knots mph armament ship armament consisting millimetre caliber guns triple turrets mounted center line forward aft superstructure secondary armament consisted millimetre guns mounted casemates amidships eighteen millimetre guns mounted open upper deck casemates guns mounted upper turrets anti aircraft duties millimetre submerged torpedo tubes fitted bow stern broadside torpedoes carried armor waterline armour belt class measured millimetres thick fore aft barbettes millimetres bow stern reach bow stern continued bow small patch millimetre armour upper armour belt maximum thickness millimetres millimetres forward barbette way bow armour millimetres thick sides main gun turrets barbettes main conning tower protected millimetres armour turret conning tower roofs millimetres thick thickness decks ranged millimetres layers underwater protection system consisted extension double lower edge waterline armour belt thin millimetre plate acting bulkhead backed torpedo bulkhead consisted layered millimetre plates total thickness system metres incapable containing torpedo explosion variations built differed half sisters mainly machinery shafts turbines unlike shaft arrangement ships class external differences included platform built fore funnel extended bridge funnel installed distinguishing feature modified trunk mainmast ship class fitted torpedo nets ships construction austro hungarian government ordered construction new fleet following announcement start construction dreadnought regia marina italian navy ships class ships utilize triple gun turrets main armament italian battleship austro hungarian ships supposed act war italian ship choice possible deliver heavier broadside dreadnoughts similar size triple turrets built works czech_republic available short notice working design order russian navy unit bear von austrian naval admiral 19th century joseph wanted named personal motto latin united forces event class remained ships built yard condition agreeing construction financing new fleet hungarian parliament insisted battleships built hungarian facility yard pronounced croatia shipyard built larger destroyer delayed construction yard extended preparation dreadnought reason final ship delivered seventeen months late given hungarian named saint stephen king patron saint hungary service history world war assistance austro hungarian fleet called german mediterranean division consisted battlecruiser sms light cruiser sms german ships attempting break prior outbreak war british ships begun assemble attempt trap germans time austro hungarians fully mobilized fleet cruisers smaller craft available austro hungarian high command wary war great_britain ordered fleet avoid british ships support germans openly austro hungarian waters august germans broke austro hungarian fleet including class battleships sailed far south returning port breakout austro hungarian navy saw little action spending time base croatia navy general inactivity partly caused lack coal problem war progressed partly fear mines adriatic kept italian navy port war leave bombard hours italian declaration war reached main austro hungarian naval base members class rest fleet departed bombard italian coast austro hungarian ships bombarded important naval base later coast montenegro opposition time italian ships arrived scene austro hungarians safely raid admiral rear admiral fleet determined use fleet attack barrage june took south small supporting flotilla evening june followed trying maximum speed order catch turbines started speed reduced knots mph attempt raise steam order increase knots mph produced excess smoke attracting attention pair patrolling italian torpedo boats june attacked torpedoes failed leave launch tube failed explode succeeded striking torpedoes returned scene tow attempt beach ship nearby island northwest considered ship taking water pumps unequal task capsized taking crew half hour sinking filmed stages battleship high seas filmed british battleship hms second world war fearing attacks torpedo boats destroyers italian navy element surprise compromised admiral called attack fleet returned base remainder war post war clear austria-hungary lost world war austrian government decided austro hungarian fleet newly formed state serbs avoided handing fleet allies new state declared neutrality following transfer renamed yugoslavia november transfer unknown men regia marina rode primitive manned torpedo nicknamed austro hungarian naval base mines sank freighter traveling rows austrian battleships men encountered placed tnt hull battleship timed explode flooded second sinking harbor floor close ship second exploded close austrian freighter resulting sinking men breathing sets heads water discovered taken prisoner placing explosives battleship hull italians know austrian government handed austro hungarian fleet newly created state serbs man team captured taken aboard informed new captain battleship reveal exact position explosives arranged prisoners taken safely sister ship ordered evacuation ship explosion happen predicted returned ship sailors believing mistakenly italians lied remained ship went crew mines exploded shortly following explosion battleship sank minutes italian crew interned days end war honored kingdom italy gold medal military november italian troops entered seized italians kept use broke following washington naval treaty featured movie heroes seas sinking french property removed main armament inspection ship test aerial bombardment attacks finally target ship battleships paris jean france sunk atlantic


sms sms austro hungarian dreadnought battleship class named von 19th century austrian admiral notable defeating italian navy battle built yard class dreadnought battleships austro hungarian navy construction earlier armoured battleship named sms renamed mars world war participated bombardment italian city remained port rest war participated ill fated raid barrage resulted loss sister ship sms following end war late surrendered italy later scrapped characteristics ordered austro hungarian navy second battleship class shared built dreadnoughts austro hungarian navy keel laid shipyard september following year half construction launched march following fitting commissioned austro hungarian navy july ship overall length metres beam metres draught metres deep load displaced tonnes long tons load tonnes long tons deep load propulsion consisted parsons steam turbines housed separate engine room turbines powered boilers turbines designed produce total shaft horsepower theoretically attain designed speed knots mph figures speed trials known exist carried tonnes long tons coal additional tonnes long tons fuel oil sprayed coal increase burn rate capacity steam nautical miles speed knots mph armament consisted millimetre caliber guns triple turrets secondary armament consisted millimetre guns mounted casemates amidships eighteen millimetre guns mounted open upper deck casemates guns mounted upper turrets anti aircraft duties millimetre submerged torpedo tubes fitted bow stern broadside torpedoes carried waterline armour belt measured millimetres thick fore aft barbettes millimetres bow stern reach bow stern continued bow small patch millimetre armour upper armour belt maximum thickness millimetres millimetres forward barbette way bow armour millimetres thick sides main gun turrets barbettes main conning tower protected millimetres armour turret conning tower roofs millimetres thick thickness decks ranged millimetres layers underwater protection system consisted extension double lower edge waterline armour belt thin millimetre plate acting bulkhead backed torpedo bulkhead consisted layered millimetre plates total thickness system metres incapable containing torpedo explosion world war prior war assigned 1st battleship division austro hungarian navy world war battleship saw limited service barrage prohibited austro hungarian battleships leaving adriatic_sea result hardly left sister ships sms sms remainder austro hungarian navy mobilized eve world war support flight sms sms german ships stationed mediterranean attempting break surrounded british troops vessels way turkey germans successfully broke navy recalled fleet time advanced far south south eastern italy participated bombardment italian city following operations remained remainder war aside pursuit early months war sister ships conducted operation course war ill fated attack barrage bombardment following italy declaration war austria-hungary remain port years significant moments stay dignitaries new emperor december second german kaiser december second came kaiser inspection port city german submarine base port vessels subject eighty air raids newly formed italian air_force raid mid new commander austrian fleet decided conduct attack barrage similar raid december allow german austro hungarian boats safely heavily defended night june left naval base sister ship sms destroyer torpedo boats departed june morning june italian boats spotted austrian fleet steaming south platoon commanded individual boats commanded respectively boats successfully penetrated escort screen split engage dreadnoughts attacked torpedoes missed battleship despite missing boat managed hit sister ship torpedoes boats chased away scene austrian escort vessels immediately following attack thought torpedoes fired submarines instead boats pulled formation battleships destroyers began throw possible submarine attacks continually fired suspected submarine rejoined following hit torpedoes pulling formation attempted crippled tow attempt training ship turrets placing crew port throwing ready ammunition overboard failed battleship continued sink attempt tow abandoned minutes capsized sank admiral soon canceled attack thought italians discovered plan ordered ships return contrary italians discover austrian dreadnoughts departed later june aerial reconnaissance photos revealed longer military operation spent rest career port war moved venice shown war trophy italians time period starred movie depicts sinking sister ship scrapped


johnson reaction johnson reaction referred reaction chemical reaction organic chemistry synthesis discovered william johnson developed significantly michael reaction involves addition produce corresponding ring reaction favoring trans product regardless initial synthesis method serves important alternative traditional reactions reaction employed transfer end notable total synthesis additionally detailed history mechanism scope variants reaction reviews published history original publication johnson concerned reaction substituted derivatives attempted like reaction failed obtained instead noting reaction afford subsequent development known efficient transfer established reaction organic canon mechanism reaction mechanism johnson reaction consists addition group negative charge transferred good leaving group gets expelled forming ring related reaction formation stronger oxygen double bond prevents formation instead takes place intermediate trans observed results initial addition allowing favored anti initial addition results adjacent charges density functional theory calculations shown rate limiting step rotation central bond necessary attack degree initial step depends factors greater corresponding higher stability substrate higher stability leading greater favoring starting material stability higher stability similarly leading greater greater leading greater formation intermediate slowing rate limiting rotation central bond charges greater allowing rotation intermediate lowering scope application johnson reaction organic synthesis diverse reaction come encompass reactions types original publications seen use number high profile total detailed generally recognized powerful tool organic repertoire types types prepared functional groups carbon center pattern influence ease preparation typically overall reaction rate ways general format reagent shown right use allows preparation reagent weaker bases compared difference contains oxygen react slower increased stability addition products greatly preferred significantly toxic volatile products vast majority carbon hydrogen described carbon substituted electron withdrawing group reagent referred stabilized similarly react slower typically easier prepare limited reaction sluggish examples involving widespread fewer involving virtually examples involving related reaction typically appropriate carbon substituted group reagent referred semi stabilized developed extensively second classical pattern heavily influence reaction criteria carbon substituted group reagent referred size groups major factors groups typically perform variants reaction variations size groups influence synthesis reactions form far common application johnson reaction examples involving complex exotic reported shown reaction number notable total including total synthesis produces drug total synthesis produces synthesis synthesis important application johnson reaction provides alternative transfer widely applied reaction similar substrate scope functional group tolerance equivalent examples shown representative forms opened attack form corresponding synthesis addition higher typically obtained electron withdrawing groups shown compatible reaction including example involves systems addition tends addition reactions addition reactions originally reported johnson number related reactions tend grouped reaction serves ring expansion produce corresponding long reaction times required reactions prevent occurring significant reactions serves equivalent reported living catalyst reported synthesis complex variations development yielding excess labelled variant johnson reaction remains active area academic research use fashion proved successful corresponding variants substrate scope limited cases variants developed exclusively purposes typical expensive reactions carried amounts raising costs significantly hand costly prepare advancement methods successful employed fashion shown employed synthesis compound limited availability reagent synthesis effect reduces lone pair limited strain approach limited face interactions major reagent derived reagent developed university bristol easily synthesized yields lower reagent determined interaction approach blocked reaction employs base promote formation successful variations suffering poor yield poor issues substrate scope having limitations transfer trouble stems need efficiently generates act good leaving group form factors underlying odds tuning catalyst properties proven difficult shown successful yields excess use synthesis developed alternative method employing novel involving formed method limited substrate scope failing possessing basic competitive consumption


synthesis synthesis chemical reaction organic chemistry carbon carbon bonds discovered method original reaction involved subsequent conversion acid known subsequent treatment species reagent reagent reagent reported synthesis reduction excess aluminum reduction major advantage method addition typical compounds avoids common problem addition reactions incoming group add form alcohol occurs closely controlled adopted regular use organic method synthesis functional groups present large number natural products reliably reacted form new carbon carbon bonds converted functional groups method number including scope mechanism originally proposed following reaction mechanism explain shown reactions suggestion intermediate formed result reagent stabilized group shown intermediate stable low temperatures requiring low temperature contrast mechanism formation addition product collapse intermediate allows second addition immediately accepted academic community confirmed analyses preparation addition original procedure shown compatibility issues sensitive synthesized variety compounds vast majority procedures utilize commercially available salt typically easier handle free treatment corresponding good yields alternatively non activate addition variety prepare based reported specifically purpose finally reaction reported stephen allows conversion directly scope standard conditions synthesis known tolerate wide variety functional groups including alpha protected wide variety conjunction commonly employed examples involving vinyl carbon reported highly basic hindered elimination release occur significant reaction nonetheless figures prominently serving important partner fragments shown key steps involving synthesis natural products including members family family variations reaction performed avoid harsh conditions required addition compounds yields converts corresponding additionally pot exchange subsequent developed showcasing stability providing operationally simple method synthesis unusual multiple functional groups synthesized serving finally stephen davies oxford designed auxiliary combines functionality auxiliary allowing followed corresponding


chemical reaction organic chemistry discovered method introduce compounds reaction originally reported involved formation followed treatment yield corresponding original publication noted utility regeneration following addition reaction yields product exclusively discovery preceded nearly years earlier report treatment yielded products low yields major improvement provided recognition form species developing method based actually necessary component reaction role reduced form smaller expensive required beginning reaction conditions easily simplified excess higher cost reaction typically employs near amounts considered expensive industrial usage progress development variants despite number mild late stage method introduction functionality complex molecules mechanism mechanism involves coordination followed loss group formation complex elimination yields complex elimination yields product acid elimination step allows leading shown product form stable complex responsible difficulty seen variants reaction scope wide exemplified use classic complex molecules synthesis example transformation presence samuel synthesis began yield case tolerated presence synthesis disease medication likewise reaction presence acid sensitive group larry synthesis utilizes pot followed presence synthesis reported david williams uses novel involving unprotected product form ring subsequent group furnished natural product variations vast majority improvements reaction focused rendering transformation respect salt primarily high cost original conditions technically require raising cost high levels large scale major advances versions reaction steered species effectively specifically conditions atmospheric oxygen developed respect method developed represents environmentally cost attractive method substitute method suffers long reaction times produces significantly lower yields equivalent showcased synthesis contrast methods highlights method shortcomings variants employing developed primarily choice essential produce desired ethereal produce instead method enjoyed greater success synthetic tool notably total synthesis famous poison despite methods work remains regard installation


feast goat feast goat spanish del novel nobel prize literature mario book set dominican_republic portrays assassination dominican dictator aftermath distinct generation apart immediately assassination thirty years later extensive reflection dictatorship 1950s significance island inhabitants novel follows interwoven storylines concerns woman dominican_republic long absence visit ailing father ends recalling incidents youth long held secret aunt cousins second story line focuses day life moment wakes onwards shows regime inner circle father belonged strand depicts assassins previously government loyalists wait car late night assassination story line shows assassins persecution aspect book plot reveals different viewpoint dominican_republic political social environment past present readers shown regime downward spiral assassination aftermath eyes conspirators middle aged woman looking novel portrait power including psychological effects long term impact novel themes include nature power corruption relationship sexual society strongly roles memory process remembering important theme especially narrative recalls youth dominican_republic story book ends recounts terrible events led leaving country age book serves reminder atrocities dictatorship ensure dangers absolute power remembered new generation fictional elements historical events book documentary family instance completely fictional hand characters assassins drawn historical record real historical incidents brutality oppression people stories nature regime responses provoked words novel history book took liberties respected basic facts changed deformed things order story exaggerated feast goat received largely positive reviews reviewers commenting book depiction relationship sexuality power graphic descriptions violent events film version novel released starring isabella paul freeman daughter wrote theatrical adaptation background feast goat second novels set outside peru war end world unusual female protagonist critic writes leading character feast goat subsequent book way paradise utterly unlike female characters previous novels novel examines regime dominican_republic historian words influence dominican caribbean history presided regimes twentieth century thirty years seizure power assassination trained united_states marine_corps united_states occupation island graduated military academy departed head dominican national police command transformed dominican national army personal virtually autonomous power base officially dictator remained effective power entire period regime broadly nationalist daniel comments particular ideology economic social policies basically progressive novel title taken popular dominican killed goat refers assassination style music created 1920s actively promoted considered country national music cultural critics sellers stephen comment particular dictator animal turned frequently happened goats struck dominican_republic highways song gave performing listening dancing sense control experienced decades quotes lyrics beginning novel plot summary novel narrative divided distinct strands centred fictional dominican character deals conspirators involved assassination focuses novel storylines jumps forth frequent flashbacks periods earlier regime feast goat begins return hometown santo domingo city renamed time power storyline largely introspective deals memories inner turmoil events preceding departure dominican_republic thirty years earlier escaped regime claiming planned study michigan following decades prominent successful new_york lawyer finally returns dominican_republic finds compelled confront father elements past long ignored speaks ailing father recalls anger disgust led thirty years silence father descent political disgrace betrayal forms storyline second storylines set weeks prior following assassination assassin background story explaining motivation involvement assassination plot regime torture brutality assaults pride religious faith morality loved ones tale men memories recalled night death conspirators lie wait goat stories actions famous time puppet president johnny head military intelligence service real historical figures purely fictional storyline concerned thoughts motives chapters concerning goat recall major events time including slaughter thousands dominican deal dominican_republic tense international relationships cold war especially united_states presidency john kennedy cuba speculates thoughts picture man physical body failing storyline intersects narrative revealed sexually assaulted unable achieve erection frustration anger hands event core shame hatred father addition cause repeated anger little bitch witnessed emotion reason route sleep girl night assassination novel final chapters storylines intersect increasing frequency tone chapters especially dark deal primarily horrific torture death assassins hands failure coup rape concessions vicious supporters allowing enact horrific revenge conspirators escape country book ends prepares return home determined time touch family island characters modern day father appear modern day historical portions novel year returns dominican_republic time departure age successful new_york lawyer spent past years trying overcome childhood goal pursues academic fascination dominican history deeply troubled events past compelled confront father role events visits father finding weakened age severe stroke barely able respond physically presence let speak recounts past high ranking member inner circle drastic fall grace details role events led rape dominican leader subsequent lifetime emotional trauma character modern day portion novel serves primarily sounding board era events surrounded disgrace escape country responses minimal non vocal despite accusations actions reign regime known goat chief fictionalized character based real dictator dominican_republic official president republic feast goat thoughts dictator goat hours perspective character struggles aging physical problems fictional events person narrative reader given insight man thirty years political crimes modernized country infrastructure military regime attacks enemies overseas particularly attempted assassination president venezuela led economic sanctions dominican_republic organization american states 1950s resultant economic conjunction factors leads cia supported assassination plot ends life regime supported johnny head military intelligence service brutal man executions sudden falls disgrace attributed intelligence officers notorious cruelty particularly habit killing throwing shark infested waters colonel devil useful chief bad attributed good son loyal supporter chief unsuccessful attempts schooling united_states returns dominican_republic serve father military known death seeks revenge going far torture kill uncle marriage general roman assassination conspiracy puppet president supporter initially seemingly character holds real power following death calm bring real change character general comments insignificant man considered mere clerk purely decorative figure regime began acquire surprising authority guides action sections book conspirators storyline concerning assassination primarily follows conspirators directly participate death conspirators survives violent follow assassination politician disillusioned deception cruelty regime plan kill unsuccessful attempted overthrow regime cuban paramilitary forces convinced difficulty task joins conspirators plotting death personal guards brother killed government cover revenge known devout catholic regime crimes god oath eventually turns fear regime family innocent brother tortured months father remains loyal face despite refuses commit suicide lose faith god later executed high level government men close friend guerrero known lieutenant army gave beloved proof loyalty later forced kill brother prove disgust regime lead decision help kill following assassination hides dies fighting aftermath assassination choose fight members come arrest opting die battle captured tortured major themes feast goat major themes include political corruption memory writing power reviewer melbourne age suggests overall aim reveal forces latin tradition rise political corruption structure dominican society strongly roles ruler cruel dictator people santo domingo years death true ruling brutality corruption creates personality cult capitalist society encourages regime prior promotion position responsibility officer required pass test loyalty people remain loyal cost periodically tested public humiliation acts rare women children expression political sexual power cases takes wife child remain loyal church military institutions employed women pleasure assassins belonged regime point staunch supporters find support eroded state crimes people assassins sums realization comment prompted murder sisters kill fathers brothers friends killing women sit resigned waiting turn interview describes corruption brutality regime common traits latin american dictator pushed extreme cruelty think went far far away rest corruption according literary scholar peter anthony important components aggressive behaviour hyper sexuality aggressive behaviour exhibited displays power strength hyper sexuality revealed sexual activity partners possible components shape portrayal regime feast goat observes reveals traditions abusive fathers child practices repeat children generation soul subsequent display aspects demanded aides cabinet provide sexual access wives daughters mario wrote treatment women went bed ministers wives liked ladies way test ministers wanted know ready accept extreme humiliation mainly ministers prepared play role remained loyal death sexual conquests public enemies serve political power words maximum equals political dominance attempted sexual conquest example political manipulation sexual power young women remains encounter young girl encounter fails satisfy requirements memory novel storylines concern memory sense apparent confrontation memory returned dominican_republic time years forced confront father led leave country victim sexual abuse hands dictator sacrifice father try gain favor dictator fact alludes book revealed end book concludes memory night aunt cousins knew true reason left country aunt surprised remembers details responds things remember night atrocities committed regime unacceptable father hand capable joining process remembering suffered stroke capable speaking angry chose forget things capable acknowledging memory important sections novel deal assassins recalls events led assassination incidents included kidnapping murder murder sisters split catholic_church historical events connect assassins specific moments demonstrate violence regime shown reflecting past formation training hands marines mario uses fictional facilitate novel attempt remembering regime novel opens closes story effectively framing narrative terms remembering past understanding legacy present addition academic study history regime confronting memory regime country keeping purpose book ensure atrocities dictatorship dangers absolute power remembered new generation writing power treatment novel regina claims power gives ability reflected history study reveals told government actions feast goat demonstrate discourse prohibition foreign newspapers magazines prohibited entering country seen threat government ideas mario takes discourse prohibited notes writing power transform reality brings reader past allowing reader myths distorted stories told historians contends knowing past crucial understanding present takes argues feast goat seen discourse gives power history recreation construction surrounding events regime allow degree freedom took places author julia contends events finally understood fiction finally imagination richard claims large degree brutal reign use narrative structure writing acts force period history fact fiction novel combination fact fiction blending elements important historical novel especially feast goat chose actual event minds real fictional characters characters fictional non fictional fictionalized aspects book general details assassination true assassins real people lie wait dictator arrive actual crimes regime murder sisters details invented murder brother woman loved regime mix fictional characters real people president real entire family completely fictional according uses history starting point constructing fictionalized account spiritual colonization dominican_republic experienced dominican family fictional family allows sides regime reader sees ultimate dedication sacrifice leader nation violence regime legacy pain left fictionalized internal thoughts characters non fictional especially goat according literary scholar richard expands way dark area consciousness conceive built image regime troubled historical events regard historical accuracy book said novel history book took liberties limitation imposed going couldn happened framework life dominican_republic respected basic facts changed deformed things order story exaggerated critical reception style feast goat recognized reviewers break approach dictator novel novel received largely positive reviews willing accept sacrifices historical accuracy favour good storytelling common comment novel graphic nature acts torture murder depicted novel lets reader realities oppressive regime degree detail latin american literature michael wood suggests london review books tells far details day day intrigue torture murder walter new_york_times suggests scenes dungeon torture sessions cast aspects novel pale light draining significance impact similarly implies narrative machinery mentioned wood somewhat produces largely storyline plot line centered described emotional centre focuses novel wood agrees confrontations past demons hold readers attention contrast review states segments atmospheric loan sort book reviews feast goat indirect direct reference relationship sexuality power salon reviewer miller writer observer walter michael wood detail connection gradual loss ultimate control body followers means political power sexual acts begins lose personal conviction body fails topics frequent discussion reviewers bernard author non fiction book death goat accused adaptations english language film adaptation novel directed mario cousin stars isabella paul freeman father filmed dominican_republic spain reviewing film trade paper variety critic holland called feast somewhat rushed thoroughly enjoyable course meal commenting main difference source novel sacrifice psychological novel adapted stage daughter directed play spanish simultaneous translation english new_york production moved feature novel stage version actor plays reviewer bruce makes point control nation depended collaborators