kurt kurt february march german luftwaffe fighter ace successful jet expert world war flying ace fighter ace military aviator credited shooting enemy aircraft aerial combat claimed total aerial victories aerial combat encounters resulting destruction enemy aircraft achieved combat missions recorded victories night including scored aerial victories jet fighter aircraft world war possibly aviation history score matter controversy research royal_air_force losses suggests born cologne february joined military service luftwaffe trained pilot showed strong natural ability pilot subsequently selected flight instructor training served years flight instructor transferred operational night fighter unit flying contemporary engine fighter aircraft october combat missions awarded knight cross iron cross early transferred experimental jet night fighter unit flying march awarded knight cross iron cross oak leaves aerial victories survived war killed accident railroad crossing march biography born february cologne following schooling completing merchant joined luftwaffe october trained pilot skill pilot trained flight instructor world war promoted august transferred flight training school regiment later flight instructor school served flight instructor august transferred school instrument flight training rank night fighter instructor september transferred night fighter squadron experimented use largely radar single seat fighter aircraft night equipped device form german night fighter operations radar interference raf bomber command aircraft dubbed wild intercept mission allied bombers night september shot allied engine bombers shot mission night october beginning april accumulated victories missions subsequently awarded german cross gold transferred july july claimed united_states_army air forces engined bombers fighters claimed july munich shot day july served performing missions claimed royal_air_force raf lancaster engine bombers shot night august record 24th 27th victories transferred september established counter raf twin engined bombers flying specially speed fighters september claimed seven downed including thought service recorded victories missions night september according shot wing commander guy gibson leading bomber attack gibson crashed near netherlands german pilot claimed claim unlikely submitted victory claim north eastern germany hundreds miles away place gibson found recent research suggests victim squadron raf shot metres west bad crew navigator rogers killed awarded knight cross iron cross october victories missions flying november transferred reformation unit given command special subordinate set november southern november january dedicated performing nocturnal interception jet fighter raf attacking berlin area according sources added lancaster growing list night december night victory jet fighter sources state aerial victory flying claimed night january january january unit initially known stamp named founder major stamp designated transferred airfield near january april unit equipped radar jet fighters tasked bomber aircraft group raf berlin area aid ground control defences partially form night combat claimed aerial victories flying early february string questionable air combat claims aircraft berlin area night february lost night march damaged aerial combat claims aircraft attacking berlin nights march claims lost march claims lost damaged aerial combat march claims damaged aerial combat march claims lost march claims lost damaged aerial combat april claim lost april claims lost damaged aerial combat april claims lost known aerial combat claim occurred night april squadron raf shot berlin awarded knight cross iron cross oak leaves march victories controversy aerial victories controversy surrounding claims success nocturnal aerial combat stems memorandum written british captors memorandum stated december end january sole pilot flew seven sorties achieved victories aircraft victories lancaster aircraft stated formation january end war flew operational sorties claimed victories aircraft night victories aircraft day share night day according memo total claimed aerial combat flying pilots claimed kills achieved official luftwaffe documents april claimed aerial victories claimed research raf records maximum possibly destroyed officially kurt credited victories missions victories achieved night seven day claimed victories remains controversy exact number victories achieved flying kills coinciding raf records guilty survived war employed sugar factory killed march waiting level crossing logs falling loaded passing train crushed car awards 4th class der luftwaffe march flying luftwaffe night fighter pilots gold german cross gold iron cross 2nd class october 1st class october knight cross iron cross oak leaves knight cross october pilot oak leaves march


charles read raaf officer air marshal sir charles frederick read october september senior commander royal_australian_air_force raaf served chief air staff born sydney read joined raaf began career flying fighters pilot led squadron wing south west pacific world war achievements earned distinguished flying cross mention despatches finished war acting group captain read post war commands included australian tactical air_force commonwealth squadron raf central flying school bomber wing awarded air_force cross following staff roles read took charge raaf base point cook raaf academy mid-1960s later raaf base richmond promoted air vice marshal deputy chief air staff succeeded air marshal sir hannah march cut short term head air_force governor queensland air marshal read retired military march following year early career born sydney october read son immigrant bristol england educated sydney grammar school completed leaving certificate working clerk firm read joined royal_australian_air_force raaf air cadet july underwent instruction flying training school point cook victoria gained commission pilot officer june years flew squadron squadron based raaf station richmond new_south_wales operated demon involved experimental parachute drops near test fundamental flaw harness revealed dummy slipped clean necessitating redesign time australia declared war september read promoted flying officer later recalled activity day little real purpose pretty remote europe world war read assigned squadron flying bristol unit formed march posting reportedly flew sydney harbour bridge squadron leader read subsequently given responsibility raising squadron equipped completing initial training unit deployed northern territory october coming control north western area command went action portuguese following month april read promoted wing commander led low level sortie airfield key base japanese raids darwin destroyed enemy zero fighters ground cannon read awarded distinguished flying cross courage skill displayed assaults japanese installations pressed home face severe anti aircraft fire citation london gazette july returning australia read held command service flying training school point cook october unit disbandment september transferred south west pacific theatre later year officer commanding wing controlled squadrons read led squadron action operation landings june raaf pilot land newly opened airfield june mentioned despatches operational administrative efficiency achieved wing end war acting group captain headquarters staff australian tactical air_force took command formation following end hostilities leading units steadily disbanded read returned australia early post war career read married betty june couple sons inaugural commanding officer formed flying training school raaf station point cook november september time offered permanent commission post war air_force provisional rank squadron leader read promoted substantive wing commander posted england led commonwealth squadron raf march december returning england central flying school raaf base east sale victoria went hold staff appointments headquarters training command group captain read commanded wing raaf base queensland february july flying english electric canberra jet bombers awarded air_force cross new year honours read served director operational requirements department air canberra appointed commander order british_empire new year honours work introducing aircraft weapons systems air_force including overseas missions aircraft equipment selection december promoted air commodore following year attended imperial defence college london read officer commanding raaf base point cook january simultaneously holding appointment commandant raaf academy served officer commanding raaf base richmond march july read promoted air vice marshal deputy chief air staff january director operational requirements recommended boeing helicopter australian service plans acquire heavy lift capability years read able finally ahead purchase led team united_states review proposal lease squadrons douglas provide interim strike force raaf pending delivery long delayed general dynamics swing wing bomber according official history post war air_force read decision offer competing options delighted raaf senior officers march air marshal sir hannah resigned year short planned year term governor queensland read consulted hannah prior departure reputed somewhat reluctant role promoted air marshal served year tour air_force senior officer read appointed companion order bath queen birthday honours highlight tenure entry raaf service wing june advocate building australia offensive strike capability member mission led air marshal examine replacements canberra led acquisition read ordered officer commanding wing group captain jake operate great caution initially limits controversial aircraft suffer greater damage reputation early attrition read felt nature office changed worse end term raaf senior officer committees sprang wake report defence force words historian seemingly round committee meetings followed reorganisation management difficult extent air marshal read felt fighting system working retirement read retired military life march succeeded air marshal james later governor new_south_wales considered bureaucracy high office read refused sit traditional portrait painted chiefs air staff labor government generally imperial raised knight commander order british_empire queen birthday honours liberal party returned power originally sydney east read living safety beach new_south_wales mid north coast died district retirement village september


george_washington american revolution george_washington february december commanded continental_army american revolutionary war president united_states serving central role founding united_states washington called father country devotion civic virtue figure early american politicians washington played leading military political role american revolution involvement began early took political stands acts british parliament war broke battles lexington concord april role military appointment commander chief continental_army appeared second continental congress military uniform signaling prepared war congress created continental_army june day selected washington commander chief task took enormous balancing regional demands competition subordinates morale rank file attempts congress manage army affairs closely requests state governors support endless need resources feed equip arm troops early years war washington middle action directing siege boston successful conclusion losing new_york_city losing new_jersey winning surprising decisive victories princeton end campaign season end year deal congress authorized army existence single years establishment permanent army structure introduction year washington built reliable stable experienced troops hard currency supplies types difficult come washington defeated defense philadelphia sent critical support gates defeat possible following difficult winter valley forge entry france war washington followed british_army withdrew philadelphia new_york fought ultimately inconclusive battle court house new_jersey washington activities late diplomatic organizational army remained outside new_york watching sir henry clinton army occupied city washington french best cooperate actions british leading ultimately unsuccessful attempts british newport rhode_island savannah georgia attention drawn frontier war prompted continental_army expedition john sullivan upstate new_york general clinton sent general arnold raid virginia washington began elements army face growing threat arrival lord virginia campaigning south presented washington opportunity strike decisive blow washington army french army moved south face cooperative french_navy admiral successfully disrupted british attempts control chesapeake_bay completing surrendered siege october marked end significant hostilities north_america british occupied new_york cities washington maintain army face bankrupt congress troops times conditions pay army formally disbanded peace washington resigned commission commander chief december military experience born virginia family near washington locally age early death father eliminated possibility schooling england mother rejected attempts place royal_navy thanks connection marriage half brother lawrence wealthy family washington appointed surveyor county years old washington brother purchased interest ohio company land acquisition settlement company objective settlement virginia frontier areas including ohio country territory north west ohio river investors included virginia royal governor robert appointed washington major provincial militia february washington played key role outbreak french indian war led defense virginia colonel virginia regiment washington received commission british_army gained valuable military political leadership skills received significant public exposure colonies abroad closely observed british military tactics gaining keen insight strengths weaknesses proved revolution demonstrated courage difficult situations including disasters developed command presence given size strength stamina bravery battle appeared soldiers natural leader followed question washington learned organize train drill discipline companies regiments observations readings conversations professional officers learned basics battlefield tactics good understanding problems organization logistics gained understanding overall strategy especially locating strategic geographical points developed negative idea value militia unreliable short term compared regulars hand experience limited command men came remote frontier conditions far removed urban situations faced revolution boston new_york philadelphia political resistance december washington resigned military commission spent years wealthy virginia plantation owner served virginia house expressed opposition stamp act direct tax colonies leading role growing colonial resistance protests acts enacted widespread washington introduced proposal drafted friend george mason calling virginia boycott british goods acts repealed parliament repealed acts washington crisis passed washington regarded passage acts invasion rights privileges july chaired meeting resolves adopted called things continental congress august washington attended virginia convention selected delegate continental congress tensions rose assisted training county militias virginia organized enforcement boycott british goods instituted congress boston battles lexington concord near boston april colonies went war washington appeared second continental congress military uniform signaling prepared war congress created continental_army june discussed lead washington prestige military experience charisma military bearing military leader known strong patriot popular home province competition post washington actively pursue appointment massachusetts delegate john adams nominated washington believing appointing lead primarily army help unite colonies washington reluctantly accepted declaring sincerity think equal command honored washington assumed command colonial forces outside boston july ongoing siege boston stopping new_york_city begin organizing military companies defense steps establish procedures begun militia regiments effective fighting force assisted effort adjutant brigadier general gates major general charles lee significant experience serving british_army inventory returns exposed dangerous shortage gunpowder washington asked new sources british raided including west_indies manufacturing attempted barely adequate supply million pounds obtained end france search heavy weapons sent henry expedition fort retrieve cannons captured resisted repeated calls congress launch attacks british boston calling war councils supported decisions action continental navy established november congressional authorization began secret navy prey poorly protected british transports supply ships congress authorized invasion quebec believing province people rise british military control washington reluctantly went authorizing arnold lead force cambridge quebec city wilderness present day maine siege dragged matter matter concern washington tried convince congress longer year necessary build effective fighting force rebuffed effort establishment continental_army terms year matter problem late washington finally forced british withdraw boston putting henry artillery heights overlooking city preparing detail attack city cambridge british tried assault position british evacuated boston sailed away washington know headed halifax nova_scotia believing headed new_york_city major general william howe eventual destination washington rushed army defeated new_york_city washington success boston repeated new_york recognizing city importance naval base gateway hudson_river delegated task new_york charles lee february despite city poor congress insisted washington defend military campaign quebec led calls additional troops washington detached regiments northward john sullivan april wider theaters war introduced regional army somewhat surprised regional differences problem august read speech army threatened punish officers soldiers lost virtue love country regional differences mixing forces different regions brought widespread camp diseases especially smallpox washington deal major command controversy new_york partially product regional friction new_england troops serving northern new_york general philip old family new_york objected aristocratic style congressional representatives lobbied washington replace general gates washington tried resolve issue giving gates command forces quebec collapse quebec expedition brought renewed complaints despite gates experience washington personally preferred avoid potentially situation general washington gave overall command northern department assigned gates second command combat authority episode exposed washington gates desire advancement possibly expense influence congress general howe army reinforced thousands additional troops europe fleet command brother admiral richard howe began arriving new_york early july unopposed landing island intelligence howe intentions washington forced divide poorly trained forces principally manhattan long_island politically ambivalent conflict authorized act peace commissioners attempted establish contact washington refused address letters general george_washington representatives refused accept august british finally launched campaign capture new_york_city landed long_island force flanked washington forward positions battle long_island general howe refused act significant tactical advantage resulted capture remaining continental troops long_island chose instead positions washington criticized historians sending additional troops reinforce long_island clear washington americans successfully blocked east river major shipping sinking ships channel consequently additional men face siege certain lose washington decided withdraw historians greatest military feats executed nighttime withdrawal long_island east river manhattan save troops howe brothers consolidate position admiral engaged fruitless peace conference congressional representatives september days later british landed manhattan scattering inexperienced militia panicked retreat forcing washington retreat washington stopped british advance manhattan harlem heights september howe flanking maneuver landing troops point bid cut washington avenue retreat defend washington withdrew army white plains short battle october retreated north isolated remaining continental_army troops upper manhattan howe returned manhattan captured fort washington mid november taking prisoners days later fort lee hudson_river fort washington taken washington brought army hudson new_jersey immediately forced retreat aggressive british advance campaign general lack organization shortages supplies fatigue sickness lack confidence american leadership resulted melting away regulars frightened militia washington honor making brave defense sufficient success doubtful falling enemy hands probable washington fortunate general howe focused gaining control new_york destroying washington army howe overly rigid adherence plans meant unable capitalize opportunities arose campaign decisive action washington counterattack new_jersey loss new_york washington army pieces detachment remained north new_york protect hudson_river corridor washington retreated new_jersey pennsylvania chased general charles earl spirits low popular support congress abandoned philadelphia fearing british attack washington ordered general gates bring troops fort ordered general lee troops left north new_york_city join lee relationship washington times difficult traveled far new_jersey lee far army december exposed position betrayed loyalists british company led lieutenant colonel surrounded inn staying took prisoner lee command taken john sullivan finished marching army washington camp river capture lee resulted important point negotiations sides concerning treatment prisoners lee previously served british_army treated threatened military appropriate charge lee washington threatened treat captured british officers manner lee high profile prisoners treated resulted improvement lee captivity eventually exchanged richard despite loss troops washington rise militia new_jersey pennsylvania militia companies active outposts british limiting ability scout forage washington coordinate resistance took advantage organize attack outpost night december washington led forces delaware river surprised garrison capturing men action significantly boosted army morale brought new_york army men marched position washington taken south leaving garrison princeton attacked washington position january times repulsed darkness set night washington evacuated position army movements instructing camp guards maintain appearance larger force washington position intention attacking princeton garrison hugh leading american advance guard encountered british soldiers princeton command charles british troops engaged ensuing battle mortally wounded washington sent reinforcements general john successful driving british princeton fleeing british lost quarter force battle american morale rose victory unexpected victories drove british new_york_city area gave dramatic boost revolutionary morale winter washington based winter quarters loosely coordinated low level militia war british positions new_jersey combining actions new_jersey pennsylvania militia companies careful use continental_army resources harry harass british german troops new_jersey washington mixed performance campaigns led significant criticism congress fleeing philadelphia baltimore december congress granted washington powers described successes new_jersey nearly washington eyes body result john adams complained washington receiving washington performance received international notice frederick great greatest military minds wrote achievements washington princeton brilliant recorded history military achievements french foreign minister strong supporter american cause renewed delivery french supplies philadelphia valley forge early maneuvers uncertain general howe north albany south philadelphia washington moved army new_jersey mountains howe moved army southwest new_brunswick washington correctly interpreted draw strong position refused howe apparently retreated shore washington follow howe attempt separate mountain defenses battle short hills late june howe decided campaign philadelphia withdrew new_jersey embarked army ships late july sailed away leaving washington destination washington difficulty howe motives presence british_army moving south quebec fort command general john howe departure prompted successful capture fort early july expectation howe support campaign gain control hudson howe disastrous consequences british washington learned abandonment told general anthony wayne carried loss blood shocked concerned howe heading hudson ordered arnold daniel morgan corps north assist general gates defense hudson washington difficulty general arnold spring congress adopted state scheme promotion general officers resulted promotion officers major general ahead officers experience combined commissioning foreign officers high ranks led resignation john stark arnold distinguished canadian campaign threatened resign washington wrote congress behalf arnold officers promotion scheme stating good officers lost washington laid seeds conflict arnold gates gave arnold command forces rhode_island late gates came view arnold competitor advancement previously positive relationship gates arnold cooled arnold aside complaints news fall arrived agreed serve congress urging diplomatic representatives europe issued military commissions number european soldiers fortune early recommended thomas conway prove important washington activities years old told exceeded authority offering major general commission offered volunteer army expense washington took instant liking met washington trusted generals conway hand think highly washington leadership proved source trouble campaign season aftermath fall philadelphia washington learned howe fleet sailing north chesapeake_bay army south philadelphia defend city howe threat general howe turned washington flank battle september marched unopposed philadelphia september maneuvers washington failure defend capital brought storm criticism congress fled city york army officers silence critics washington planned elaborate assault exposed british base october battle failed complexity assault inexperience militia forces employed washington men captured including colonel george entire 9th virginia regiment help adam stephen leading branches attack drunk broke agreed plan attack court army historian robert observes battle near thing small number changes resulted decisive victory washington reach help howe trapped forced surrender entire army october days battle heights victory hero general gates received congress taking place washington presided distance loss control delaware river british marched army winter quarters valley forge december washington chose valley forge recommendations camp closer philadelphia close monitor british_army movements protected rich west enemy foraging expeditions valley forge washington army stayed valley forge months winter men died disease exposure army difficulties exacerbated number factors including department badly washington political opponents thomas mifflin preference farmers merchants sell goods british hard currency instead nearly worthless continental currency sought benefit army expense charging times charged civilians goods congress authorized washington seize supplies needed army reluctant use authority war supposedly fought winter introduced scale training program supervised baron von veteran prussian general staff despite hardships army suffered program remarkable success washington army emerged spring disciplined force washington face discontent leadership variety sources loss philadelphia prompted members congress discuss removing command washington detractors military included generals gates mifflin conway gates particular viewed conway benjamin rush richard henry lee desirable replacement washington evidence formal conspiracy episode known conway scale discontent army exposed critical letter conway gates contents relayed washington washington exposed criticisms congress supporters congress army rallied support gates eventually apologized role affair conway resigned washington position authority seriously challenged biographer ron points washington handling episode demonstrated political maintained temper dignity opponents french entry war victory extent washington near success influential convincing france enter war openly american ally french entry war changed dynamics british longer sure command seas worry invasion home islands colonial territories globe british command general sir henry clinton evacuated philadelphia returned new_york_city washington attacking way battle major battle north prior battle washington gave command advance forces charles lee exchanged earlier year lee despite firm instructions washington refused suggestion launch organized attack british rear retreated british turned face washington arrived head main army lee angry exchange words washington ordered lee command washington army tactics ability execute improved training programs previous winter able recover fought british draw lee court eventually dismissed army long clinton return new_york french fleet arrived north american coast washington involved discussion best use force attack planned british outpost newport rhode_island despite presence washington reliable subordinates attempt cooperation dismal failure british indian forces organized supported sir frederick quebec began raid frontier settlements savannah georgia captured late year comparatively mild winter washington congress discussed options campaign season possibility franco american campaign quebec proposed number adherents congress actively supported washington circle despite known weaknesses quebec provincial defenses washington opposed idea citing lack troops supplies conduct operation nation fragile financial state french imperial ambitions recover territory pressure congress answer frontier raids washington countered proposal major expedition approved summer sizable force major general john sullivan major expedition northwestern frontier new_york frontier raids expedition successfully drove new_york little effect frequency severity frontier raids washington opponent new_york inactive clinton engaged number amphibious raids coastal communities connecticut chesapeake_bay washington defenses hudson_river valley coming river force captured key outpost point advanced clinton weakened garrison provide men raiding expeditions washington organized general anthony wayne led force solely bayonet recaptured point americans chose hold post operation boost american morale blow british morale american morale dealt blow later year second major attempt franco american cooperation attempt retake savannah failed heavy casualties british southern strategy treason winter recorded colonial history new_york harbor winter camps continental_army snow resulting hardships exceeding experienced valley forge war declining popularity issuance paper currency congress states alike harmed economy ability provision army paper currency hit army morale troops paid congress fixed rate paper gold dollars march merchants refused accept continental currency official exchange rate loyalist wrote mock money mock states shall melt away mock troops want pay british late embarked new strategy based assumption loyalists heart general clinton withdrew british garrison newport force men half successfully besieged charleston south_carolina june captured continental soldiers militia single worst defeat war americans washington end march dispatched regiments troops southward army hoping effect saw disaster ordered troops stationed virginia north_carolina south captured charleston scattered later saw defeat general gates appointed southern command congress washington advice knowledge gates famously abandoned army retreated miles horse battle lines broken ended gates career field officer formal inquiries behavior political connections washington army suffered numerous problems shortcomings washington resisted calls major expeditions preferring remain focused principal british presence new_york knowledge discontent ranks new_jersey prompted british new_york attempts reach principal army base attempts defeated significant militia support battles connecticut farms springfield september brought new shock washington british major john arrested outside new_york papers carried exposed conspiracy british general arnold washington respected arnold military skills arnold severe injuries battles october given military command philadelphia administration arnold political enemies began secret negotiations general clinton culminated plot surrender west_point command arnold requested washington gave july arnold alerted arrest fled british lines shortly washington arrival west_point meeting negotiations clinton washington offered exchange arnold clinton refused hanged spy arnold brigadier general british_army washington organized attempt kidnap arnold new_york_city frustrated arnold sent raiding expedition virginia early months continued difficult american cause troops pennsylvania inspiring troops new_jersey washington resolving pennsylvania troops demands sent troops general robert howe harshly new_jersey mutiny hanging men general arnold raiding expedition virginia notable success countryside destroying military economic infrastructure supplies opposed virginia militia continental recruits baron von washington ordered additional continental troops south convinced french admiral send newport based fleet opposed british fleet admiral battle cape henry march unable gain entry bay general clinton sent troops virginia general william phillips resumed raiding operations central virginia early months french foreign minister realized war conducted global stage longer decisive action north_america end french army newport ordered join washington outside new_york commander year west_indies fleet ordered assist operations north_america france gave million united_states assist war effort washington french army command met connecticut french instructions arrived discussed options joint operations washington arguing assault new_york operations virginia general phillips agreed bring army new_york dispatches sent west_indies outlining options general clinton turned command southern army general defeat gates nominally gained control south_carolina significant militia led partisan fighters like francis thomas attempted extend british authority north_carolina wing army defeated october battle kings mountain defeated january battle kings mountain particular proved decisive blow attempts recruit loyalists force instructed rely wake washington selected replace gates head southern continental forces waged effect partisan campaign finally reached sufficient strength offered open battle north_carolina march lost battle court house inflicted significant casualties retaining army intact moved wilmington north_carolina controversial decision bring army virginia saw supply base army joining army phillips growing continental presence led continuing raid destroy economic military targets state eventually decision enter virginia reached clinton surprised series confusing contradictory suggestions clinton late july issued firm orders establish fortified deep water port virginia informed clinton siege victory admiral received dispatches washington mid july immediately sent dispatches north indicating sailing chesapeake_bay assist operations washington learned decision reluctantly abandoned idea attacking new_york brilliant risky strategic marched soldiers new_york virginia leaving new_york highlands lightly defended washington later years claim early preparations operate new_york intended clinton documentary record support later operations march got underway involve deliberate deception march troops appeared establish camps works west hudson preparing attack new_york time clinton saw deception washington crossed delaware sailed north entire fleet ships line british counterpart admiral expecting entire fleet sent ships pursuit early september french continental armies marched south british fleet enlarged inclusion ships new_york ships met battle french victory strategically vital denied british control set stage arrival washington command militia french regulars september franco american army blockaded began digging siege trenches october 9th guns parallel began firing entrenched british camp work proceeded rapidly second parallel yards british defenses 14th outer british defenses stormed entirety british camp range french american cannons failed attempt escape york river opened negotiations october days later terms agreed men surrender despite size forces importance siege allied british casualties american casualties washington aide camp john died camp disease siege disaster broke morale governing class london paralyzed britain national war war party britain lost control parliament new government opened peace talks came fruition treaty paris britain recognized american independence waiting peace following washington army returned new_york remained virginia washington concerned congress think work nearly closed worked sure army prepared campaign british ship movements caused washington concerns winter able enjoy relative comfort philadelphia returned headquarters new_york march deal military supply contractors execution militia officer loyalists exchange washington clinton led called affair officer selected executed retaliation hanging despite onset peace negotiations second half washington remained treating suspicion general clinton replacement sir guy suspended hostilities boost morale washington introduced badge military merit awarded unusual gallantry extraordinary fidelity essential service badge purple colored cloth shape heart precursor modern american purple heart washington continued army ready officers threats congress long pay washington hint mutiny address troops march recommending patience march informed france spain peace britain final peace occupied logistics prisoner exchanges pressed congress ensure soldiers discharged received pay met general discuss return runaway slaves contentious point refused announced meeting washington apparent sent nova_scotia refused assist efforts slave hunters june troops pennsylvania marching philadelphia surrounding state house congress sat response congress temporarily relocated princeton washington dispatched troops south new_york action congress addressed concerns troops returned posts treaty paris signed september november british evacuated new_york_city washington governor george clinton took possession city ending large scale british occupation american territory britain continued occupy frontier forts ceded united_states resignation post war career washington contribution victory war great battlefield characterized according historian edward different ways charismatic hero master guerrilla warfare incompetent battlefield commander strategic genius nationalist visionary lucky dog frequently said engage strategy wearing opponent truth nuanced number occasions subordinates convinced hold plans attack saw washington adopted strategy late middle losing new_york_city seeing army melt away princeton examples august washington rebuilt strength confidence stopped raids went large scale confrontations washington characterized complaining militia forces understood vital nation defenses regular army troops times critical mercenary spirit public spirit difficulties recruiting army washington important contributions commander chief establish precedent elected civilian officials military officers possessed ultimate authority military war deferred authority congress state officials relinquished considerable military power fighting principle especially visible handling conspiracy farewell orders document written final wartime headquarters house outskirts princeton owned widow later called sent read assembled troops west_point november tavern new_york_city december formally officers farewell december washington resigned commission commander chief congress confederation maryland retired home mount war washington chaired constitutional convention drafted united_states_constitution elected president united_states serving terms briefly engaged additional military service threatened war france died december widely recognized father country poll conducted british national army museum recognized washington britain greatest military enemy beat irish independence hero michael collins napoleon cited sources

George Washington in the American Revolution


alexander alexander russian february january organizers leader successful uprising mass escape jews nazi camp world war occurred camp october arrested soviet authorities brother cosmopolitan campaign jews suspected pro western death released jail mounting international pressure harassment stop prevented soviet government multiple international trials related including trial israel time refused permission exit country testify trial poland pre war life career son jewish lawyer born february russian_empire ukraine family moved don eventually worked locomotive repair factory graduating university diploma music literature manager small school amateur musicians world war june day germany invaded soviet_union soviet red army rank junior lieutenant september promoted rank lieutenant class early autumn rescued wounded commander captured germans didn receive medals deed fellow soldiers reportedly said doesn hero don know october battle moscow unit surrounded captured germans pocket city captured soon contracted survived seven month long illness escaped prisoners war recaptured day sent camp prisoners war camp located forest city mandatory medical examination discovered recalled german medical officer asking admit jew admitted denial result thrown cellar called jewish grave jewish prisoners war days sat complete darkness fed grams wheat cup water second day august sent operated work camp camp housed jews jewish soviet soviet inmates germans labeled people suspected contacting soviet partisans repeatedly working germans prisoners worked dawn till dusk wrote work camp german nazi camp commandant didn let single day pass killing looked face tell thin upper lip shaking left eye drunk committed shot people reason favorite hobby commanding dog attack random people ordered defend camp september jews including soviet jewish placed train cattle car arrived camp september eighty prisoners train including selected work remaining jews immediately led gas chambers later recalled thoughts train pulled circles hell passed surrounded captured camps finally appearance soviet produced enormous impression prisoners hungry hope filled eyes following wrote day sitting outside pile logs evening solomon subsequently commander uprising asked huge strange fire burning meters away trees unpleasant smell camp warned guards forbade looking told burning corpses murdered comrades arrived day believe continued told camp existed year day train came thousand new victims murdered hours said jewish prisoners polish french german dutch work transport bring russian jews said tiny plot land hectares acres square kilometer hundreds thousands jewish women children men murdered thought future try escape small group leave rest prisoners tortured murdered rejected thought day alexander earned respect fellow prisoners standing senior officer incident recalled wearing soviet army uniform assigned dig tree stumps north camp charge bad mood waiting excuse pick considered officer gentleman waited reason begin games dutch jew weak began beating whip stopped watched resting axe translated asked didn like saw didn bow shake fear answered yes told minutes split large tree beat time receive pack cigarettes lost times looked watch said begin split half minutes held pack cigarettes announced promises replied doesn smoke turned got new tree stumps came minutes later fresh bread butter offered replied rations concentration camp adequate wasn hungry turned left leaving charge evening episode defiance spread episode influenced leadership polish jews approach ideas escape plan escape plan plan merged idea mass escape vengeance help prisoners possible escape executing officers guards final goal join partisans continue fighting nazis days arriving approached solomon behalf leader camp polish jews prisoners understood russian didn speak polish invited talk group jewish prisoner leaders poland spoke red army victory battle partisan victories prisoners asked partisans won rescue reportedly replied free partisans hands job jewish prisoners worked camp sent closed note found clothing murdered prisoners learned killed work groups camp note said worked year don know taking germany freight cars dining tables received bread days liquor lie know death don trust germans avenge blood leadership polish jews aware closed dismantled remaining prisoners sent gas chambers suspected great urgency coming good escape plan army experience best hope escape coincide time deputy commandant wagner went vacation prisoners felt sharp uncover escape plan met guise meeting woman supposedly involved described year old woman holland records indicate germany real war insisted relationship fate escape established seen alive interview thomas said following knew weeks forget informed minutes escape plan given shirt said good luck shirt right museum lost turmoil revolt saw shirt exists described daughter preserved light gray dark gray stripes little worn wear washed long shirt collar blurred letters latin alphabet longer uprising according plan prisoners assassinate german staff rendering auxiliary guards obtain weapons eliminate remaining guards individual polish jewish inmates assigned specific german guards supposed lure inside workshops pretext kill survivor escape recalled plan clock start escape everybody kill man guard place work small circle trusted polish jewish inmates aware escape plan didn trust jews european countries october escape plan began day german men lured workshops variety fitted new boots expensive clothes men stabbed death axes recovered property left jews sharp tools crude knives axes camp machine shop blood covered floor armed number hand grenades rifle gun pistols prisoners stole german living quarters captured dead men earlier day death list created unexpectedly drove supplies uprising postponed prisoners believed death necessary success escape came early discovered assassinated began shooting jewish prisoners sound gunfire prompted alexander begin revolt earlier planned code words revolt begun disorganized groups prisoners ran direction survivor escape recalls suddenly heard shots mines started explode riot confusion prevailed doors workshop opened rushed ran workshop bodies dead wounded able successfully escape woods end uprising german personnel unknown number ukrainian guards killed approximately jewish prisoners death camp chose participate uprising remained camp killed escape machine gun fire getting field camp outer perimeter recaptured nazis large scale searches remained camp caught escape executed survived war days uprising chief ordered camp closed dismantled planted trees aftermath immediately escape forest group prisoners followed time informed polish jews soviet jewish soldiers enter nearby village shortly return food allegedly collected money implies money collection fabricated detail weapons rifle came thomas asked abandoned survivors answered job polish jews terrain belonged soviet_union considered soldier opinion chances survival better smaller units tell people straight forward worked seen followed step people basic instincts came play fight survival time hear money collection turmoil difficult control admit seen distribution weaponry understand die arms forests ran testified trial meeting forests met came weak legs wore white clothes hand woven material sunk mud escaping met walked forests met jewish partisans called group group jews undertaken action engaged railway lines cutting telephone wires hit run attacks german_army units russian jewish soldiers met alexander responsible executing later killed fighting germans responsible executing survived war year fought group partisans demolition expert later soviet group partisans red army drove germans escaped special battalions order sent fight german forces toughest engagements war battalion commander major shocked description permitted moscow speak commission inquiry crimes fascist german commission listened published report uprising based testimony report included black book comprehensive compilations holocaust written fighting germans battalions promoted rank captain received medal bravery eventually discharged foot injury hospital moscow introduced future wife war end world war returned don lived war started working administrator theater mass murder jews death camp charges leading nazis trials international tribunal wanted witness soviet government wouldn allow travel germany testify persecution jews known cosmopolitan campaign targeting allegedly lacked true loyalty commitment soviet_union arrested brother death mounting international pressure release freed prison brother succumbed coma incarcerated alexander permitted resume working small amateur musical theater far position soviet government prevented trial israel allowing short deposition moscow controlled appeared witness soviet trial ukrainian guards convicted executed according daughter interview prevented soviet_union government multiple international trials related final time refused permission leave country testify trial poland according daughter refusal crippled father stopped getting bed instantly aged alexander died january buried northern cemetery don russia daughter granddaughter great live don niece son descendants live united_states remembrance alexander features prominently dutch soviet documentary revolt director award winning documentary escape entitled revolt british movie escape received golden globe award best actor supporting role television portrayal attend premiere movie widow later stated soviet government denied permission travel united_states years death small memorial plaque placed building lived don memorial wall engraved boston street named honor israel stone memorial erected recently january posthumously awarded russian order courage decree


greek byzantine general mixed greek descent involved civil war emperor grandson iii loyal ambitions switched sides times ended conquering macedonia serbian ruler assassinated byzantines biography family origins early career born named father possibly grandfather leader commander chief army emperor time empire settled reign john iii elder original mouse master john baptized elder rose hierarchy byzantine army eventually reaching supreme rank younger mother member ruling family niece emperor michael viii conscious prestige mother family young chose use order advance imperial hierarchy sister married guy later king armenian constantine makes appearance history placed military governor province near serbian border despite existing treaties instructions resolved attack serbia relieved post rebelled captured imprisoned eventually pardoned appointed command support iii following death michael eldest son emperor son iii crowned emperor initially popular grandfather younger entourage young nobles belonged time caused elder emperor displeasure culminated mistaken identity murder young emperor younger brother enraged elder grandson titles deep personal rift opened time john bought discontent old emperor quickly mobilized support younger prepared overthrow aged favour grandson easter younger came uprising broke led large army capital forcing old emperor negotiate consequently june agreement reached empire young iii recognized emperor given govern quasi setting court continued rule capital constantinople senior emperor dissatisfied new arrangements feeling sufficiently rewarded support iii resented greater favour shown young emperor developed fierce rivalry furthermore report story iii attempted seduce wife december switched sides fleeing constantinople rewarded title convinced resume war grandson july agreement reached left awkward position schemes having failed began plotting murder aged seize throne plot sentenced life imprisonment governorship macedonia serbs death iii finally grandfather established sole emperor freed able restore favour extent late entrusted important governorship empire second largest city western macedonia albania suspected plotting time emperor mother empress maria lived supposed eye instead adopted following death empress late plot uncovered arrested brought constantinople face charges treason managed escape flee court serbian ruler head large serbian force invaded byzantine macedonia abilities general knowledge byzantine army friendships maintained local byzantine officers resulted swift capture important byzantine cities including road open advance army walls city facing byzantine relief force sides remained confronting days august lured away camp murdered byzantine general defected purpose serbian camp days earlier loss principal military leader serbs settled negotiated peace byzantines left possession cities won northern macedonia ambition plotting multiple figures era eyes contemporary later historians 14th century historian compared flight serbia flight likened called evil presence civil war


francis francis bars march august nations soldier highly decorated bravery canadian military history effective sniper world war times awarded military medal seriously wounded expert scout credited killing germans capturing later life served chief nation activist leader nations organizations corresponded met noted figures including fred andrew john early life francis born march nation reserve nobel ontario wind blows father man nation mother nation located bay north shore father michael raised deaths parents michael died unspecified severe illness april mother mary returned native inlet nation contracting illness francis raised grew learned traditional skills hunting fishing practised mix catholicism spirituality january received financial aid room board complete education help sound crown attorney walter summer worked department marine fisheries great lakes marine fire fighter military career following outbreak world war volunteered service canadian expeditionary force august despite canadian government discrimination initially excluded minorities posted 23rd canadian regiment northern pioneers joining canadian force based decorated army tent traditional symbols including deer symbol clan february deployed overseas 1st canadian infantry battalion 1st canadian division contingent canadian troops sent flight europe companions nicknamed shortly arrival continent fought second battle germans gas time western battle began establish reputation sniper scout following battle promoted lance corporal battalion took battle wounded left leg recovered time return 1st battalion moved belgium received military medal carrying messages lines battles initially commanding officer lieutenant colonel frank albert nominated distinguished conduct medal citing disregard danger duty downgraded november earned bar military medal actions second battle fighting battalion given task launching attack time promoted rank corporal battle recorded playing important role link units 1st battalion flank battalion reinforcements lost instrumental guiding ensuring reached allocated spot line august battle involved fighting german attack trench near wood company ammunition danger surrounded heavy machine gun rifle fire going man land brought ammunition enable post carry assist heavy enemy counter attacks efforts received second bar military medal canadians receive honour war ended november canada served war built reputation skilled ross rifle credited killing germans capturing time discharge attained rank sergeant major awarded star british war medal victory medal political life return canada continued serve regiment militia non permanent active member following father grandfather footsteps elected chief island band february office caused band wrote letter calling certain individuals mixed race expelled reserve elected served deposed internal power struggle april motion resigned decade later appointed councillor department indian affairs changed policies forbade nation chiefs corresponding directed correspondence spring indian agent gave huge power agent indian agent john nation members served army world war particularly active political activists travelled world earned respect comrades trenches refused sidelined newly empowered indian agent historian paul williams termed advocates returned soldier chiefs singled including especially active caused intense disagreements eventually led deposed chief agents came contact incredibly frustrated attempts words free people white slavery indian agents labelled mental case supporters addition power struggle indian council took issue constant islands georgian bay regional nation governments claimed islands chiefs tried vain recognition status world war worked guard munitions plant near nobel ontario sergeant major local militia supreme chief native independent government early nations organization family legacy married father children died island reserve age member indian hall_of_fame woodland centre ontario memory commemorated plaque regiment regiment fitness trail sound honoured canadian forces naming 3rd canadian ranger patrol group building canadian journalist adrian wrote biography titled legendary warrior forgotten hero published titled life long warrior published canadian novelist joseph novel day road inspired novel protagonist fictional character like serves military sniper world war appears minor character life sized bronze statue erected honour national day june sound near georgian bay figure eagle arm ross rifle shoulder feet representing clan belonged eagle spirit animal artist tyler spent months statue spent year casting chose erect sound reach larger public educate contributions nations people canada awards awarded military medal fighting second battle courage fire getting important messages rear earned bar military medal bloody battle second bar military medal came battle canadian men received honour bars star british war medal victory medal family donated medals chief head dress canadian war museum seen world war display researching novel day road asked thought received higher award like distinguished conduct medal victoria_cross speculated nations soldier jealousy officers felt suspicious number germans claimed shot use observer


clinton vincent clinton vincent november july american flying ace second youngest general officer united_states_army air forces history vincent claire fighter commanders china burma india theater world war served model comic strip characters colonel brigadier general town vincent planned carried daring offensive air tactics china forming 14th air_force forward staged forward airfields attack enemy unexpectedly successful concept reorganized mixed aircraft groups vincent commanding composite wing string allied victories caused japanese plan major beginning airmen hit repeatedly forced retreat japanese implemented operation vincent men demolished valuable fell stronghold vincent returned afterward tour duty complete home vincent command training wing asked teach air war college following held position second command western air defense force vincent died heart attack united_states_air_force named air base vincent air_force base arizona airfield turned marines today busy marine_corps air station vincent field early career clinton vincent born small town texas parents wyoming vincent lee produced children vincent youngest nicknamed youth small child vincent moved family mississippi went school high school vincent appointed united_states military academy west_point cadet july vincent graduated june second lieutenant vincent transferred air corps took primary flight training field texas miles parents home january primary training mother died age following primary vincent took attack course advanced flying kelly field san_antonio texas dance held officer club met margaret young woman infant daughter fell love november posted operations officer 19th pursuit squadron field near pearl harbor traveled hawaii february married couple celebrated birth daughter named december young father rose rank lieutenant june promoted captain october november vincent transferred newly formed 35th pursuit group hamilton field northern california served squadron commander group trained fighter aircraft types including hawks vincent advanced group operations officer executive officer december group commander december days attack pearl harbor vincent wife pinned gold leaves major shoulders evening 35th pursuit group shipped overseas duty manila join group 21st 34th squadrons day vincent began drive daughters san_antonio family december hawaii attacked japanese naval forces unarmed ship carrying vincent traveling escort ordered return immediately san_francisco bay vincent remained california month joined wife daughter time learned manila fallen fellow group pilot sam friend west_point died defense january uss sailed convoy vincent aboard headed far_east china vincent arrived melbourne australia early february sailed different convoy perth march sailed india posted american air base distant ports supplied vincent served director pursuit training tenth air_force rank lieutenant colonel wishing combat post november ordered commander tenth air_force transfer china join general claire china air task force group formed flying tigers orders specified vincent position executive officer apply dose west_point maneuver mile distant superior instead assigned vincent operations officer days new job vincent wrote diary similarity china air task force military organization purely accidental observed administrative procedures poor group runs colonel scott robert lee scott cares fighting good vincent cared little title served wanted fly combat procedural changes format official reports originating assigned air combat flight november escorting bombers harbor coast french dropped bomb fighter harbor dock area days later scored aerial victory fixed japanese fighter encountered attack downed enemy aircraft vincent noted effectively serving desk jobs intelligence operations pleased find new administrator skilled pilot eager fight final weeks grounded bad weather vincent flew combat december days later ordered insistence refrain flying mission planned pilot took mission belly landed aircraft road vincent borrowed different aircraft fly reconnaissance missions december stayed ground short visit satisfy expectations general joseph flew december award distinguished service medal provisional wartime capital china left charge rest december vincent led combat missions december awarded silver star combat performance early january vincent officially executive officer taking multiple leadership roles held previously scott cooper heading home checked transport flew short visit promoted colonel january albert flew captured repaired zero vincent pilots zero club china based pilots test flew particular aircraft fuel supplies february mounted missions period commanding general henry arnold visited vincent inform group fuel hungry heavy bombers assigned colonel eugene fourteenth air_force march china air task force fourteenth air_force vincent chief staff prevailed let fighter squadron deeper enemy territory advance bases stop refuel arm forward commanded vincent hill vice commander flown bases east china line bold thrust enemy held territory major japanese north china thailand threat air attack flying new received june vincent aerial victories making ace number august awarded distinguished flying cross legion merit outstanding leadership small force numerically superior air strength succeeded disrupting enemy communications routing troop columns forbade combat missions home san_antonio texas early vincent wrote cartoonist tell husband working china like characters comic strip terry pirates vincent sent photographs husband told cartoonist flying exploits worked comic strip colonel march september october vincent rotated home leave met months visit second daughter born named return vincent informed reconnaissance flights taiwan showed growing concentration japanese aircraft vincent appeared vulnerable attack advance bases hill planned long range mission thanksgiving day november vincent sent hill command mixed force early engined fourteen bombers fighters air base attackers destroyed defending fighters enemy bombers ground loss days later flying escort heavy bombers vincent led fighter group group shot defending fighters attack devastating theater japanese lay plans invade seize advance airfields vincent developed east china plans primary goals operation japan invasion east china expansion 14th air_force forward composite wing formed december vincent commanded year mixed unit composed fighters fighter bombers medium bombers flown american chinese airmen vincent flew mitchell bomber lead men bombing raids tons japanese shipping sunk vincent airmen japanese air power greatly reduced south river june vincent promoted temporary brigadier general second youngest general officer taken seven years rise second lieutenant general article rise young military officers printed time june officers mentioned vincent described feet tall pounds kill ace prototype cartoon character vincent said picked brain living fighting conditions china vincent commanded composite group hill deputy japanese operation americans advance bases thrown defensive late june vincent ordered evacuation base built destroying explosives japanese use buildings directly afterward vincent called attend formal dinner american chinese generals ambassadors honoring vice president henry wallace fact finding mission meeting dinner office vincent told wallace truth barring miracle japanese east china july japanese supply problems east china critical american ones japanese advance slowed september vincent forced retreat destroy advance base treatment headquarters october final time command said time magazine writer white evacuating going write book campaign going fire fall month later vincent relocated abandoned retreating 14th air_force stronghold december hill vincent completed tours duty left china vincent command 30th training wing turner field georgia postwar career vincent reverted permanent rank captain began teaching air war college time united_states_air_force formed vincent rose rank reaching temporary brigadier general son born named clinton vincent nicknamed junior started new comic strip entitled steve canyon years earlier vincent model new character time making youthful brigadier general town general town hard working peacetime general concerned defense america vincent placed second command major general walter commander western air defense force station hamilton air_force base near san_francisco vice commander vincent took active role defense developments warning star large radar equipped aircraft held rotating crew extended flights detect approach enemy aircraft coordinate fighter interception vincent held position death legacy vincent ordered air_force base colorado springs colorado serve deputy chief staff operations continental air command july age day new post vincent went bed residence air base died heart attack sleep wife daughters son residence hamilton california preparing received word responded tragic news having character general town die september air_force base renamed vincent air_force base vincent honor plaque commemorating event unveiled vincent widow vincent ceremony held october vincent war diaries book fire fall world war story vincent compiled edited author hill said vincent diaries strong smart hell good man recognized handled china tell diary felt like left hanging


min japanese october november japanese american lawyer oregon born hood river oregon earned undergraduate degree law degree university oregon japanese americans bombing pearl harbor fought laws directly targeted japanese americans japanese immigrants case case test targeted minority groups case way united_states supreme_court conviction breaking affirmed world war moved denver colorado denver married local leader civic affairs including leadership positions japanese american citizens league criminal conviction overturned federal court senator nominated presidential medal freedom highest civilian award united_states november president barack_obama announced receive posthumous presidential medal freedom medal presented white_house ceremony november early life born hood river oregon october son japanese immigrants son children born fruit farming family graduated local high school hood river age spent summer japan later enrolled japanese language school oregon years went college high school university oregon eugene school earned bachelor degree school law degree university oregon law school member united_states_army reserve officer training corps program university earning commission graduation requirement male students time period years year program commissioned december second lieutenant army infantry reserve law school passed bar began practicing law portland oregon found hard find work portland connections father started working japanese government chicago illinois employed office mainly clerical work following attack pearl harbor drew united_states world war japan germany resigned position december world war returned hood river chicago father requested come home order report military duty returning hood river tried report duty united_states_army vancouver barracks neighboring washington denied serving occasions arrested december federal bureau investigation enemy alien assets frozen min moved portland opened private law practice order help japanese americans affairs order president franklin roosevelt signed executive order february allowed military set exclusion zones ultimately japanese americans war march deliberately broke military implemented portland walking downtown area presenting police station order test asked officer street arrest told run home boy walked police station later bail learned grand jury indicted notice given japanese evacuate notified authorities intentions went family home hood river violated law restricting travel japanese americans authorities arrested hood river consulted friend fbi prior arrest consulted legal minds try test legality orders trial defended private attorney earl bernard solomon later judge court asked national american civil liberties union defend local oregon groups elected support strategy proceed non jury trial leaving decision judge solomon asked fee help advise court issues attorneys trial federal judge james fee came conclusion laws specifically targeting race unconstitutional applied citizens declared november decision demonstrated loyalty japan longer citizen sentenced year prison given fine waited months chance court appeal time incarcerated county jail portland later sent war relocation center idaho chance finally came case went ninth circuit briefly moved supreme_court judges came conclusion citizen days june united_states court ruled unanimously government authority restrict lives civilian citizens wartime deciding case companion case united_states sent fee removed fine decided time served punishment released moved japanese camps later years allowed leave camp summer employed chicago moving denver colorado september passed bar june admitted practice law appeal colorado supreme_court following year november married true daughters iris holly laurel living denver involved community relations serving committee set mayor later commission community relations commission dealt race relations social issues executive director chairman japanese american citizens league district covering colorado wyoming texas nebraska new_mexico montana community service award started denver community leaders awarded annually denver area volunteers began working committee concerning world war continued committee serving chairman filed federal district court oregon attempt conviction conviction overturned oregon federal court died november buried hometown hood river plaza city county denver owns office building named located west avenue denver building called plaza building bronze bust building