way way galaxy contains solar system derived appearance dim glowing band night sky individual stars distinguished naked eye term way translation latin greek circle earth way appears band disk shaped structure viewed resolved band light individual stars early 1920s thought way contained stars universe following great debate curtis observations showed way estimated number billion universe way barred spiral galaxy diameter usually considered light years light years way estimated contain billion stars number high likely billion planets way solar system located disk light years center inner edge spiral shaped concentrations gas dust called arm stars inner light years form bars center marked intense radio source named likely black hole stars gases wide range distances center orbit approximately kilometers second constant rotation speed laws dynamics suggests mass way absorb electromagnetic radiation mass termed dark matter period million years position sun way moving velocity approximately second respect frames reference oldest stars way nearly old universe likely formed shortly dark ages big bang way satellite local group component component appearance way seen band white light degrees wide sky individual naked eye stars entire sky way light band originates accumulation unresolved stars material located direction plane dark regions band great rift areas light distant stars blocked dust area sky obscured way called zone avoidance way relatively low surface visibility greatly reduced background light light pollution stray light moon sky needs darker magnitude square order way seen visible limiting magnitude approximately better shows great deal detail makes way difficult brightly lit urban suburban location prominent viewed rural area moon horizon new world artificial night sky shows earth population way homes light pollution viewed earth visible region way plane occupies area sky includes center galaxy lies direction way band white light appears pass band continues rest way sky band divides night sky roughly equal plane inclined degrees plane earth orbit relative equator passes far north far south indicating high earth plane plane relative plane north pole situated right ascension near south pole near high depending time night year arc way appear relatively low relatively high sky observers approximately degrees north degrees south earth surface way passes directly overhead twice day size mass way second largest galaxy local group stellar disk approximately diameter average approximately thick guide relative physical scale way solar system neptune size quarter way approximately size continental united_states ring like stars wrapping way actually belong way relatively flat plane mean diameter light years estimates mass way vary depending method data low end estimate range mass way solar masses somewhat galaxy measurements long array found large stars outer edge way velocity depends total mass inside radius suggests way massive roughly mass galaxy center measurement radial velocity halo stars finds mass enclosed according study published mass entire way estimated half mass galaxy mass way appears dark matter unknown invisible form matter ordinary matter dark matter halo spread relatively uniformly distance center mathematical models way suggest total mass recent studies indicate mass large small total mass stars way estimated addition stars gas comprising hydrogen mass thirds hydrogen found form atomic form remaining molecular hydrogen mass gas equal total mass galaxy stars dust accounts additional total mass gas contents way contains billion stars billion planets exact figure depends number low mass stars hard detect especially distances sun comparison neighboring galaxy contains estimated stars filling space stars disk gas dust called medium disk comparable extent radius stars thickness gas layer ranges hundreds light years colder gas thousands light years warmer gas disk stars way sharp edge stars concentration stars decreases distance center way reasons understood radius roughly center number stars cubic drops faster radius surrounding disk spherical halo stars clusters extends outward limited size way satellites large small clouds closest approach center distance halo objects disrupted clouds objects probably ejected vicinity way integrated absolute visual magnitude way estimated transit observations indicate planets bound stars stars way measurements indicate rogue planets bound host stars stars way contains planet star resulting billion planets according january study planet star system space observatory different january analysis data estimated billion earth sized reside way november reported based space mission data billion earth sized planets zones sun like stars red way billion estimated planets sun like stars nearest planet light years away according scientists earth sized planets numerous gas giants solar system detected common way structure way consists bar shaped core region surrounded disk gas dust stars gas dust stars organized roughly spiral arm structures spiral arms mass distribution way closely resembles type classification represents spiral relatively loosely wound arms began suspect way barred spiral galaxy ordinary spiral galaxy 1990s suspicions confirmed space observations showed way central bar larger previously thought quadrant quadrant way refers circular sectors division way actual astronomical practice based coordinate system places sun origin mapping system described example 1st quadrant second quadrant quadrant way viewing north pole degrees ray runs starting sun center follows 1st quadrant 2nd quadrant 3rd quadrant 4th quadrant center sun center value estimated geometric based methods measuring selected astronomical objects serve standard candles different techniques yielding values approximate range inner light years radius dense concentration old stars roughly shape called proposed way lacks formed collision merger previous instead formed central bar center marked intense radio source named pronounced star motion material center indicates massive compact object concentration mass best explained black hole estimated mass million times mass sun rate consistent inactive nucleus estimated observations indicate located near center normal nature way bar actively debated estimates half length orientation spanning degrees relative line sight earth center certain authors advocate way features distinct bars trace prominent bar bar surrounded ring called ring contains large fraction molecular hydrogen present way way star formation activity viewed galaxy feature way ray core aligned massive stars surrounding central bar ridge gigantic spherical bubbles high energy detected north south way core data gamma ray space diameter bubbles light years stretch night sky southern hemisphere subsequently observations radio frequencies identified associated bubbles observations best interpreted outflow driven star formation central way later january nasa reported observing ray times brighter usual record breaker black hole center way unusual event caused breaking apart falling black hole magnetic field lines gas flowing according spiral arms outside influence bars generally organize structure medium stars disk way spiral arms spiral arms typically contain higher density gas dust average greater concentration star formation traced regions molecular clouds way spiral structure uncertain currently consensus nature way spiral arms perfect spiral patterns describe features near sun commonly arms branch merge twist unexpectedly feature degree possible scenario sun spur local arm emphasizes point indicates features probably unique exist way spiral spiral arm described spiral estimates pitch angle arms range thought spiral arms start near way center named follows positions arms shown image right spiral arms arm arm points inside sun orbit center way arms contain stars compared average density stars disk counting stars near point surveys near infrared light sensitive primarily red giants affected dust extinction detected predicted arm arm arm contains approximately red giants expected absence spiral arm robert benjamin university wisconsin observation suggest way possesses major stellar arms arm arm rest arms contain excess gas excess old stars december found distribution young stars star forming regions matches arm spiral description way way appears spiral arms traced old stars spiral arms traced gas young stars explanation apparent unclear near arm called expanding arm simply arm discovered 1950s van collaborators centimeter radio measurements atomic hydrogen found expanding away central located fourth quadrant distance sun center far arm discovered tom dame harvard located quadrant distance center simulation published suggested way obtained spiral arm structure result repeated collisions dwarf elliptical galaxy suggested way contains different spiral patterns inner formed arm fast outer formed arms rotation velocity slower arms tightly wound scenario suggested numerical dynamics different spiral arms outer pattern form outer patterns connected arm outside major spiral arms ring outer ring ring gas stars torn years ago members scientific community recently position structure density produced thick disk way halo disk surrounded halo old stars clusters lie light years center clusters found farther pal light years center way clusters means opposite direction way rotation clusters follow way contrast elliptical orbit planet star disk contains dust view halo component active star formation takes place disk especially spiral arms represent areas high density place halo little gas cool collapse stars open clusters located primarily disk discoveries early 21st century added dimension knowledge way structure discovery disk galaxy extends previously thought possibility disk way extending apparent supported evidence discovery outer arm extension arm similar extension arm discovery dwarf elliptical galaxy came discovery ribbon debris polar orbit dwarf interaction way tears apart similarly discovery major dwarf galaxy found ring debris interaction way disk january mario princeton_university announced digital sky survey northern sky found huge structure spread area times size moon way fit current models collection stars rises close perpendicular plane spiral arms way proposed likely interpretation dwarf galaxy merging way galaxy tentatively named stellar stream found direction light years away halo addition stellar halo ray observatory newton provided evidence halo large hot gas halo extends hundreds thousand light years stellar halo close distance large small clouds mass hot halo nearly equivalent mass way temperature halo gas million million observations distant indicate universe sixth ordinary matter dark matter billion years old half accounted modern universe based observations nearby like way finding mass halo comparable mass way confirmed identity missing way sun location neighborhood sun near inner rim arm local local bubble belt distance center sun currently central plane disk distance local arm arm arm sun solar system located way zone stars brighter absolute magnitude sphere radius sun giving density star cubic star cubic light year list nearest bright stars hand known stars magnitude counting brown sun giving density star cubic cubic light year list nearest stars illustrates fact far faint stars bright stars entire sky stars brighter apparent magnitude million stars brighter apparent magnitude apex sun way solar apex direction sun travels space way general direction sun motion star near hercules angle roughly sky degrees direction center sun orbit way expected roughly elliptical addition spiral arms non uniform mass addition sun relative plane approximately times orbit similar simple works drag force term recently thought coincide mass extinction periods earth effects sun transit spiral structure based data failed find takes solar system million years complete orbit way year sun thought completed lifetime revolution origin humans speed solar system center way approximately speed light sun moves mph speed takes years solar system travel distance light year days travel astronomical unit solar system headed direction follows rotation stars gas way rotate center meaning rotation period varies location typical spiral speed stars way depend strongly distance center away central outer rim typical stellar speed period typical star directly proportional length path traveled unlike situation solar system body dynamics dominate different significantly different associated rotation curve shown figure describes rotation center way orbit speeds low speeds high match expected universal law way contained mass observed stars gas ordinary matter rotation speed decrease distance center observed curve relatively flat indicating additional mass detected directly electromagnetic radiation attributed dark matter rotation curve way agrees universal rotation curve spiral best evidence existence dark matter alternatively minority propose modification law gravity explain observed rotation curve formation way began small mass distribution universe shortly big bang seeds clusters oldest remaining stars way formed stars clusters comprise stellar halo way billion years birth stars mass way large spinning relatively quickly conservation angular momentum led medium collapse roughly shape disk later generations stars formed spiral disk younger stars including sun observed disk stars began form way grown galaxy particularly early way growth gas directly halo way currently material nearest satellite large small clouds stream direct gas observed high velocity clouds like smith cloud properties way stellar mass angular momentum regions suggest undergone large billion years lack recent major unusual similar spiral neighbour galaxy appears typical history shaped recent relatively large according recent studies way lie galaxy color magnitude known green valley region populated transition blue cloud actively forming new stars red sequence lack star formation star formation activity green valley slowing run star forming gas medium simulated similar properties star formation typically extinguished billion years accounting expected short term increase rate star formation collision way galaxy fact measurements similar way suggest spiral forming new stars slightly red sequence age history clusters oldest objects way set lower limit age way ages individual stars way estimated measuring abundance long lived radioactive elements comparing results estimates original abundance technique called yield values billion years billion years white dwarf formed begins undergo cooling surface temperature steadily drops measuring temperatures white comparing expected initial temperature age estimate technique age cluster estimated billion years age estimates oldest clusters gives best fit estimate billion years confidence upper limit billion years individual stars found way halo measured ages close billion year age universe star halo estimated billion years old oldest known object way time measurement placed lower limit age way estimate visual large measure relative strengths lines caused presence elements created process line strengths yield different estimate age star derived star billion years old formed billion years ago age stars thin disk estimated measurements thin disk stars yield estimate thin disk formed billion years ago measurements suggest hiatus billion years formation halo thin disk recently team paris observatory studying chemical signatures thousands stars suggested stellar formation dropped order magnitude billion years ago suggest occurred time disk formation suggesting disc barred structure stirring gas hot form new stars rate bell cambridge_university showed satellite surrounding way randomly distributed result break larger system producing ring structure light years diameter light years wide close encounters like expected billion years huge tails gas time form dwarf ring right angles main disc doctoral student university studying alignment clusters tails breakup dwarf found formed rings matter university france shown similar ring structure exists galaxy coherent rotating structure suggesting way interacted past impossible account hidden dark matter subtle change suggested model allows interaction billion years ago university pennsylvania suggested dark matter involve model certain states environment way galaxy system giant spiral belonging group closely bound known local group forms greater structure called smaller number dwarf local group orbit way largest large cloud diameter light years close companion small cloud stream stream neutral hydrogen gas extending small sky stream thought dragged clouds tidal interactions way dwarf way major dwarf closest dwarf elliptical galaxy minor dwarf sculptor dwarf dwarf dwarf leo dwarf smallest dwarf way light years diameter include dwarf dwarf leo dwarf dwarf bound way supported detection new satellites way relatively small patch night sky dwarf absorbed way researchers reported satellite way actually lie huge disk satellite moving direction disk came surprise according standard form dark matter widely distributed random directions fully explained january researchers reported unexplained warp disk way mapped found vibration set large small clouds orbit way causing vibrations pass edges previously mass way considered small influence way computer model movement creates dark matter wake influence larger way current measurements suggest galaxy approaching kilometers second billion years way collision depending importance unknown lateral components relative motion chance individual stars extremely low instead merge form single elliptical galaxy large disk galaxy course billion years velocity special states preferred frame reference space compare way way velocity respect frames reference frame reference flow apparent motions galaxy clusters expansion space individual including way peculiar relative average flow compare way flow consider volume large expansion universe dominates local random motions large volume means mean motion volume equal flow believe way moving approximately second respect local moving frame reference way moving general direction great galaxy clusters including local group cluster bound containing way galaxy called local centered near cluster moving away flow velocity expected given million distance attraction local group cluster reference frame provided cosmic microwave background way moving respect right ascension near center motion observed satellites cosmic background explorer microwave probe contribution frame blue shifted direction motion red shifted opposite direction etymology mythology way said tail set sky slain salt water goddess believed account replace earlier story slain goddess western culture way derived appearance dim resolved glowing band night sky term translation classical latin turn derived greek short circle ancient greek root milk forming root galaxy later collections stars greek mythology supposedly forceful acted hero way milk circle circles greeks identified sky horizon equator tropics cancer arctic circles circles passing poles astronomical history aristotle wrote greek philosophers proposed way consist distant stars aristotle believed way caused fiery stars large numerous close takes place upper atmosphere region world continuous heavenly motions philosopher younger criticized view arguing way appear different different times places earth view way idea influential later islamic world persian proposed way collection countless fragments nature stars proposed way stars appears continuous image effect earth atmosphere citing observation conjunction mars evidence ibn proposed way tiny stars packed sphere fixed stars stars larger planets according persian writes way galaxy large number small tightly stars account concentration cloudy patches likened milk color actual proof way consisting stars came study way discovered composed huge number faint stars treatise drawing earlier work thomas wright speculated correctly way rotating body huge number stars held forces akin solar system larger scales resulting disk stars seen band sky perspective inside disk visible night sky separate similar referred way island term current 1930s attempt describe shape way position sun carried william carefully counting number stars different regions visible sky produced shape way solar system close center lord constructed new able distinguish elliptical spiral shaped managed individual point sources lending earlier curtis observed nova great object searching photographic record found curtis noticed average occurred way result able come distance estimate proponent island hypothesis held spiral actually independent great debate took place curtis concerning nature way spiral dimensions universe support claim great external galaxy curtis noted appearance dark lanes resembling dust clouds way significant shift controversy settled early 1920s mount wilson observatory light gathering power new able produce astronomical photographs resolved outer parts spiral collections individual stars able identify use estimate distance found sun far distant way


abbreviated star located approximately light years earth system consists type main sequence star designated named smaller red dwarf planets designated named respectively believed orbit likely planets comparable size multiple planet system discovered main sequence star multiple planet system known multiple star system nomenclature system designation rules naming objects star systems components designated rules planet discovered designated formal form occasionally avoid confusion secondary star commonly referred planets discovered designated order discovery july international astronomical union launched process giving proper names certain host stars process involved public nomination voting new names december announced winning names planets respectively winning names submitted astronomy club morocco star named settlement northern morocco world heritage site known old town planets honour 10th 11th century ibn ibn muslim spain chinese meaning heaven great general refers consisting consequently known english sixth star heaven great general stellar system distance visibility located fairly close solar system measured satellite corresponding distance light years apparent magnitude making visible naked eye moderately light skies degrees east galaxy star visible system components yellow white dwarf type similar sun younger massive according entry geneva copenhagen survey star billion years old similar proportion iron relative hydrogen sun solar masses shorter lifetime sun radiation received planets star zone similar earth receives sun ranked 21st list target stars nasa cancelled terrestrial planet mission red dwarf type located projected separation primary star true separation stars unknown displacement line sight stars unknown value minimum separation based motion space common proper motion companion primary discovered data collected sky survey star massive far sun washington double star catalog lists optical components share system proper motion appear close happen lie near line sight system star degrees relative earth planet system discovered announced january planet planet discovery paul butler san_francisco state university planet designated discovered measuring changes star radial velocity induced planet gravity parent star induced large detected relatively easily planet appears responsible enhanced activity star planet taken account remained significant radial velocity measurements suggested second planet orbit san_francisco state university harvard center independently concluded planet model best fit data outer planets designated order increasing distance star planets eccentric planets solar system including resides system zone system stellar rotation mutual degrees preliminary measurements suggested orbit planet inclined plane sky subsequent investigation data reduction techniques suggests measurements precise adequately characterize companions planet constrained degrees publication expected orbit gradually circular eccentric states years existence planets small distant detect ruled presence mass planets close system unstable system planets arisen close encounter outer planet fourth planet result fourth planet ejected system destroyed rogue planet immediately unclear likely situation models possible fourth planet discovered planet resonance appear dust disk similar belt solar system result companion star removing material outer regions system


known situated way south belt visible naked eye night sky located distance light years closest region massive star formation earth estimated light years mass times mass sun older texts frequently refer great great photographed objects night sky intensely studied features revealed process stars systems formed collapsing clouds gas dust directly observed brown intense turbulent motions gas photo effects massive nearby stars physical characteristics visible naked eye areas affected light pollution seen middle star sword stars located south belt star appears sharp eyed observers obvious small peak surface central region outer bluish glow peak surface photos shown enhanced large factor contains young open cluster known primary stars resolved component systems nights good seeing giving total stars stars stars early years component larger cluster association stars diameter light years million years ago cluster home runaway stars currently moving away greater coloration observers long noted distinctive greenish addition regions red blue violet red result line radiation blue violet coloration reflected radiation massive class stars core green puzzle early 20th century known lines time explain speculation lines caused new element coined mysterious material better understanding atomic physics later determined green spectrum caused low probability electron transition oxygen called forbidden transition radiation impossible reproduce laboratory time depended nearly collision free environment found high vacuum deep space history speculation central_america described creation myth correspond stars base tip belt imagined hunter nearly perfect triangle sword including middle triangle seen smoke modern myth translation suggests ancient literal fiery creation book fixed stars noted listed patches night sky mention observations surrounding led speculation stars increased discovery nature generally credited french november record observing purchased patron published observation jesuit mathematician baptist monograph describing observations date comparisons bright seen described appeared sees like manner stars compressed narrow space round stars white light like white cloud poured description center stars different head early description cluster detection stars cluster credited february notice surrounding possibly narrow field vision early independently discovered prominent following years including sketch published charles noted march noted stars published edition catalog deep sky objects completed 42nd object list identified english amateur william visual method examine showing like examined gas september henry new dry plate photographic process inch minute exposure instance history set photographs saw breakthrough astronomical photography amateur andrew common dry plate process record images minutes inch reflecting constructed backyard home outside london images time showed stars detail faint seen human eye discovered differing detect rotation irregular motions campbell moore confirmed results demonstrating robert noted stars near formed cluster cluster based types derived distance estimate light years times farther commonly accepted distance estimate period closer modern value space observed frequent target studies images build detailed model dimensions observed newly formed stars destructive effects high levels energy massive stars studied advanced camera surveys instrument space finished capturing detailed image taken image taken capturing stars 23rd magnitude including infant brown possible brown dwarf stars year later scientists working announced masses pair brown pair located approximate masses respectively period days surprisingly massive turned structure entirety extends region sky includes neutral clouds gas dust associations stars volumes gas reflection larger known molecular cloud complex molecular cloud complex extends includes loop flame stars forming entire cloud complex young stars concentrated dense clusters like current astronomical model consists region roughly centered lies elongated molecular cloud cavity formed massive young stars times light star region temperature ranging temperature falls dramatically near edge comes primarily gas surface cavity region surrounded irregular concave bay neutral high density cloud neutral gas lying outside bay area turn lies perimeter molecular cloud gas molecular cloud displays range particularly core region relative movements local variations possibly observers given names features dark lane extends north bright region called fish mouth illuminated regions sides called wings features include sword thrust sail star formation example stellar nursery new stars born observations revealed approximately stars stages formation recent observations space yielded major discovery dubbed revealed considered systems earliest stages solar system formation sheer numbers evidence formation star systems fairly common universe stars form hydrogen gases region contract gravity gas collapses central grows stronger gas heats extreme temperatures converting potential energy thermal energy temperature gets high nuclear fusion form born begins energy balance gravity halt collapse typically cloud material remains substantial distance star fusion reaction remnant cloud disk planets form recent infrared observations dust grains growing beginning path forming enters main sequence phase classified star form planets observations intense stellar radiation destroyed formed near group group old low mass stars cluster found close group argued stars younger rest cluster members stellar wind effects formed stars stream charged particles known stellar wind massive stars young stars stronger stellar winds sun wind forms shock waves encounters gas shapes gas clouds shock waves stellar wind play large stellar formation gas clouds creating density lead collapse cloud different kinds featured objects bow stationary formed particle streams present near hottest stars stellar wind speed estimated thousands kilometers second outer parts speeds tens kilometers second bow form end stellar jets jet hits particles jet driven formed jets material newborn stars narrow streams traveling hundreds kilometers second encounter relatively stationary gases appear bow like observer produced jet driven shock encounters gas moving cross current interaction stellar wind surrounding cloud forms waves believed instability dynamic gas motions complex opening bay earth large neutral area region currently contracting gravity bullets gas piercing hydrogen clouds bullet times diameter orbit tipped iron glowing red probably formed thousand years ago unknown violent event evolution clouds like found way begin bound cold neutral hydrogen traces elements cloud contain hundreds thousands solar masses extend hundreds light years tiny force gravity cloud collapse faint pressure gas cloud collisions spiral arm shock wave emitted precipitated heavier molecules result molecular cloud formation stars cloud usually thought period million years regions pass jeans mass volumes collapse disk core form star surrounded disk current stage evolution additional stars forming collapsing molecular cloud youngest stars thought years old years age collapsing stars particularly massive large quantities radiation example seen cluster time light massive stars center push away surrounding gas dust process called photo process responsible creating interior cavity allowing stars core viewed earth largest stars short life spans evolve years gas dust ejected remains form young open cluster cluster bright young stars surrounded cloud image gallery


yellow giant situated star lies field view mission discovered nasa led mission discover earth like planets star slightly larger metal rich slightly cooler massive sun planet sized planet named closely star nomenclature history named mission nasa project launched aims discover earth like planets transit cross home stars respect earth unlike stars like sun common discovery announced team january meeting american astronomical society planets planet discovered spacecraft planets verified data previously discovered planets test accuracy measurements discovery confirmed follow observations hobby smith texas hawaii shane southern_california arizona optical islands characteristics star approximately mass sun wider sun radius seven sun star approximately billion years old effective temperature comparison sun slightly warmer temperature making times metallic sun average metal rich stars tend likely planets systems star seen earth apparent magnitude visible naked eye comparison apparent magnitude slightly brighter system confirmed planet gas giant named planet approximately thirds mass planet slightly radius approximately average distance star completes orbit days planet orbit assumed circular orbit


abbreviated occasionally designated distinguish star named planet sun like star days second planet order distance star example hot possibly warm july international astronomical union launched process giving proper names certain host stars process involved public nomination voting new names december announced winning planet winning submitted royal netherlands association astronomy netherlands honors century physicist discovery discovered paul butler fourth known planet excluding planets like majority known planets discovered detecting variations star radial velocity caused planet gravity making sensitive measurements shift spectrum day detected planet announced planet planet inner planet mass times accounted star showed drift radial velocity eventually led discovery outer planet orbit mass short period orbit extreme previously detected hot period indicates planet located close mean motion resonance investigations parameters simulation indicate periods close ratio planets actually resonance upper atmosphere observed star degrees helped mass planet low radius mass characteristics gas giant solid surface atmospheric transit demonstrated hydrogen upper atmosphere transit properties radius density temperature unknown assuming composition similar environment close chemical upper atmosphere predicted spectrum dominated metal absorption atmosphere transit indicates slowly sun heat slower previously studied hot planet unlikely large tidal forces orbit destroy short relative age system


caves caves network sculpted caves located island literally city caves mumbai harbour kilometres east city mumbai indian state island located arm arabian sea consists groups caves large group hindu caves second smaller group buddhist caves hindu caves contain rock cut stone sculptures representing hindu sect dedicated lord rock cut architecture caves dated 5th 8th centuries identity original builders subject debate caves solid rock caves originally painted past traces remain main cave cave great cave hindu place worship portuguese rule began caves suffered severe damage cave renovated 1970s years neglect designated world heritage site preserve artwork currently maintained archaeological survey india geography island east apollo means pier passengers goods mumbai harbour south pal island covers km2 high tide km2 low tide small village south island caves reached ferry gateway india mumbai nearest airport train station cave closed monday island length hills rise height deep cuts heart island north south west hill rises gently sea stretches east rises gradually extreme east height hill known hill forest growth clusters trees cover hills scattered palm trees rice fields seen valley fore shore sand mud bushes fringe landing sit near small known set north west northeast south hills island western eastern rock cut caves western brick eastern hill composed caves rock cut caves eastern hill unfinished protected island zone according issued includes prohibited area stretches kilometre shoreline history inscriptions island discovered ancient history island best heroes hindu epic demon credited building temples cut caves live local tradition holds caves man caves unknown date art historians dated caves range late 5th late 8th century archaeological excavations unearthed coins dated 4th century known history traced defeat rulers emperor naval battle called served capital historians attribute caves dating century claim saying relatively small kingdom like undertake excavation effort needed rock temples solid rock skilled labor produce high quality sculpture historians attribute construction late 5th 6th century feudal relationship era prevalent main cave sect sect belonged defeated believed creators main cave century creation main cave early 7th late 8th century cave resembles aspects 8th century rock temple showing faces akin royal insignia sculptures attributed later ruled dynasty surrendered portuguese called denotes hill settlement local language portuguese named island island honour huge rock cut black stone statue elephant installed mound short distance east village elephant sits zoo mumbai portuguese rule saw decline hindu population island abandonment cave main cave regular hindu place worship worship festival continued portuguese considerable damage portuguese soldiers main cave target practice sculpture removed inscription related creation caves historians solely blame portuguese destruction caves cite water logging additional damaging factors portuguese left marriage treaty charles_ii england catherine daughter king john portugal marriage shifted possession islands british_empire catherine charles main cave restored 1970s caves including consisting important sculptures badly damaged caves designated world heritage site cultural criteria caves represent masterpiece human creative genius bear unique exceptional testimony cultural tradition living disappeared overview island groups caves rock cut architectural style caves solid rock caves painted past traces remain larger group caves consists caves western hill island known hindu sculptures primary cave numbered cave facing ocean rock cut temple complex covers area consists main chamber lateral chambers subsidiary metres deep entrance temple complex depicted widely celebrated carvings reveal forms acts eastern island hill small group caves house buddhist monuments hill named religious monument display caves incomplete contains brick main cave main cave called cave cave great cave metres square plan hall entrance doors open aisle pillars row divide hall series smaller chambers roof hall concealed beams supported stone columns joined capitals cave entrance aligned north south axis unusual shrine normally east west northern entrance cave steep steps flanked panels dated period left panel depicts lord right shows lord dance central shrine plan free standing square cell entrances located right section main hall smaller located east west ends caves eastern sanctuary serves ceremonial entrance wall large carvings metres height central relief located south wall flanked half man half woman representation left right denotes river descent locks carvings related legend seen main hall strategic locations exclusive include depicting marriage goddess demon mount depicting demon king shaking main cave blends architectural features massive figures guardians square pillars custom capitals artistic characteristics like depiction mountains clouds female layout lifting carving south wall east depicts seated mount armed seen crown disc damaged sacred thread chest dressing gown covering knee dressed hair falling looks away right woman attendant holding child identified son war god male female seen main figures attendant skeleton like seated feet figures distinct depict royal looking tall person fat figure dwarf bull mount features scenic beauty mountain sculpted sky background amidst heavenly beings flowers scene interpreted gambling scene angry game carved panel facing level depiction lifting upper scene mount seated armed eyed wears crescent disc arms broken resting heads figure seated facing remains trunk panel flanked door keepers seen relief damaged state seated near feet left elephant headed son ensemble headed demon king seen head left unscathed arms demons numerous figures seen god riding mount left skeleton figure mount tiger depicted legend relates panels annoyed moment passing mount found movement upset shook vigorously result got scared enraged arrogance stamped sang praises free misery turned ardent version states pleased restoring blessed described masterpiece art important sculpture caves carved relief cave facing entrance north south axis known image height depicts headed representing heads said represent essential aspects creation protection destruction right half face west face shows young person lips life hand holds object resembling depicting promise life creativity face closest creator feminine creator joy beauty left half face east face young man displaying anger terrifying anger entire world flames leaving ashes known destroyer central face resembles master positive negative principles existence harmony deep meditation praying preservation humanity aspects carved faces considered sculpture sculpture gateway india background adopted logo tourism department image right ensemble assembled central figures bearing river descends heaven carving wide high image highly damaged particularly lower half seen seated shown arms broken crown cup triple headed female figure broken arms representing sacred rivers depicted sculpted ornaments arms hold hood seen left shoulder hand partly broken gives head hair small snake right hand close neck bundle tied covers lower waist carved left hair dress fully ornaments jewellery fully right hand touching head female attendant carries dress case gods mystic mounts shown right riding mount shown left details kneeling figure king ordered image carved attendant females setting sky cloud scenes men women dressed shown flowers deities chamber east armed carving image height double folded female head right depicting hair crescent female figure ornamentation broad long large ring ear rings fingers right male figure hair hands rests left horn mount fairly preserved pair hands right hand male holds left hand female holds mirror left hand broken holding goddess central figure surrounded wedding engraved panel north end aisle considered unique sculpture shows form carved panel consort seen sitting looking terrified female attendant central figure ruined waist high posed running skull cobra forehead crescent high right facial expression intense anger swollen eyes legs arms broken attributed portuguese vandalism smaller broken image seen image interpreted right hand spear seen hanging hold seen hand lifted holding elephant skin cover elephant head carved trunk seen hanging left hand second left hand depicts snake round hand holds bowl collect blood slain furthermore pieces male female forms figures small figure female figure seen carved panel unusual sculpture seen head main figure wide bottle curved groove middle interpreted variously shrine niche image carved south wall ensemble assembled central figures shown getting married icon seen standing right ordained place hindu bride wedding carvings substantially damaged hands fully seen right leg missing shining disc attached tied waist sacred thread seen chest carved perfect figure hair dress adorned jewellery tightly display depressions waist seen expression led father right hand shoulder hands damaged left hand right hand mark holy alliance sitting priest marriage witness marriage mother seen standing moon god seen wig crescent standing holding circular pot marriage ceremony main images galaxy male female seen witness marriage ceremony flowers divine couple panel east north position called resembling dilapidated condition broken arms seated posture cross legged lotus carried crown carved details adorned crescent round hair dropping shoulders face calm eyes half closed represents sitting amidst mountains death wife later surrounded sky seen leaves open opening flanked figures study broken images riding leaf sun god riding fully horse head missing saint female figures sky figure moon water container identical figures male flanked females skeleton sage arm riding swan mount elephant missing panel carving west niche opposite depicts performing cosmic dance niche wide high set low wall wears decorated image displays dance pose arms right left hands missing remaining right arm held breast touches left second right hand seen damaged pose broken elbow arm damaged elbow fourth broken held skull club left arms seen hanging damaged near hand bent broken standing fourth hand raised right thigh broken lifted left leg seen elaborate preserved skirt round waist tied ribbon tall stands left seen partly broken airborne female figure seen figures seen relief riding riding elephant elephant headed main cave shrine central shrine free standing square cell entrances sides door flanked gate keepers symbol union symbol supreme unity shrine set raised platform floor shrine steps lead level floor level height varies damaged condition southern door shrine southern gate statue unusual features unusual large skull forehead lips parted protruding teeth statues adorned single necklace plain twisted thick right shoulder globe held level held right thigh left hand legs east wing east west main cave blocked courtyard accessible entering eastern climbing steps temple southern wall court depicts preserved circular pedestal seen courtyard shrine near east end open area said seat mount steps leading temple cave winged lion seated raised chambers end shrine low steps threshold lead central shrine wide deep path path near east end gigantic statue armed attendant demons north end standing figure holding left hand rests demon figure west wall depicts mother flanked sons depicted children shown respective mounts bull swan etc identify east end chapel plain interior sunken floor water chapel west wing west wing entered main cave semi ruined state small chapel enclosed cave believed buddhist shrine west courtyard carvings pose seated lotus carried fat heavy figures carving depicts faced entering door cave erected roughly door entrance flanks statues standing demons fat figures seen southern door ensemble number statues prominent carving depicted arms eye forehead partly ruined state carving shows crown fixed crescent seen carrying cobra left hand club hand dancing pose image figure tree image seated lotus seen panel male figure riding bull bell neck female figure carving left female figure jewel forehead looped riding elephant arms holding left hands riding flanked small flying figure male figure crescent hair notable caves south east great cave second excavation faces east northeast includes chapel north end cave completely destroyed fragments semi columns remain interior suffered water damage long deep chapel supported columns columns irregular shape chambers central altar water channel lost shrine door traces sculpture boy fat figure broken animal figures head door keepers shrine fragments little south cave cave worse condition water damage end probably chapel room pillars cells central door leads damaged shrine shrine door door keepers leaning flying figures head door keepers demons shrine plain room deep wide low altar holding south cave caves tiger sculpture tiger goddess sculpture guardian north entrance cave found near small pond hill sculptures depicting stone sun moon mother child moved found nearby cave large hall known temple cave pillars hall chambers central shrine rest priests plain rooms door central shrine threshold having lion figures end shrine altar water channel hole centre statue 17th century record states cave beautiful gate porch wrought marble idols goddess head large square seat passing face eastern hill north cave small hindu excavation probably cells abandoned following discovery flaw rock east hill dry pond large artificial buddhist banks end north spur main hill mound resembles buddhist preservation threats caves identified following developmental pressures mainly location mumbai harbour pressure growth population communities residing island industrial growth port facilities close island risk plan address natural earthquake cyclones terrorist attacks tourism tourist facilities island poor management heritage monument preservation island monuments ensured legislation physical restoration caves sculptures basic enacted ancient monuments archaeological sites remains act rules island protected monument rules prohibits mining blasting excavation operations near monument art treasures act rules issued declaring entire island kilometre area shore prohibited area series state government environmental acts protecting site regional town planning act heritage regulations greater bombay archaeological survey india circle basis legislation rules maintain manage monuments physical measures undertaken conservation cover include rock face construction supports cave structures pillars collapsed consolidation cave floors construction wall surrounding site addition visitor facilities site upgraded toilet facilities construction pathways flight steps caves site museum established conservation plan place overall conservation property stated good site receives approximately visitors month public information available venue monuments world heritage day april world heritage week november special events held caves popular event organised annual traditional dance festival attracts visitors declaring caves world heritage site granted document site history draw site plan grant conservation caves based assessments management plans include better communication collaboration site staff responsible government departments improved public information awareness programs monitoring environmental impact tourists cave island environment greater attention maintenance rocks address water caves daily monitoring structural chemical conservation measures indian national trust art cultural heritage involved archaeological survey india improving local conditions cave site book published jointly government india presents comprehensive site plan restoration brief history sculpture constructed inside caves


spanish pre archaeological site ruined city maya civilization located mexican state east town site medium large groups temple set rising metres plaza large court playing carved monuments dating 6th century 9th centuries classic period distinguished preserved sculptures particularly round carved monuments produced extent seen end earlier civilization aggressive state late classic warfare develop powerful kingdom history engaged sporadic warfare greatest rival important west maya region eventually dominant city west city notable having known long count date maya monument marking end classic maya period etymology means house stone language local maya inhabitants alternate interpretation place stone sculptures raised honour time modern original appearing classic maya texts title kings divine lord maya rebellion colonial times featured group called people early versions emblem bore doubled term found colonial records double sounds abbreviated texts represent original city location located altitude metres mean sea level highlands southern mexico miles south contemporary maya city greatest rival recorded history separated mountainous terrain site core located easily defended ascending limestone ridge immediately west seasonal tributary rivers forming valley rulers rulers recorded maya script monuments include known recorded date site featured monument january history early classic particularly active early classic presence early classic remains lie entirely buried later construction early texts scarce offer glimpse early history site 8th century text refers king ruling mentions title ruler depicted couple early classic monuments better preserved altar dates ruler known jaguar bird represented 6th century describes throne mention record foreign state site located kilometres northeast river text throne describes capture person late classic history comes focus late classic historical record fully represented texts recorded installing subordinate lords little known reign probably mention monument dated appears memorial stone ruler ruler throne rule marked warfare frequent depiction bound captives monuments ruler established use round style came monument dated depicts naked prisoners arms bound identified lord unidentified site reign ended defeat capture september described text temple rival city event probably culminated sacrifice years ruler reigned seven years reign restored power number military victories reign dominated struggle rival city regional power larger dedicated celebrate victories city arch rival originally sculptures bound captives enemy king region date king death unknown ruler ruler came power young age years later ruler child gained important victory battle resulted capture joy dominant centre lower region victory complete resulted year gap history defeated city captured ruler held hostage ruler continued power celebrate period endings captive depicted monuments identified distant city maya ruler succeeded fought war city north bank river guatemala series events reign marked monuments tomb predecessor mother named lady father reign notable absence usual sculptures depicting bound war captives reason unknown later rulers little known rulers ruler named celebrated period ending died damaged text accompanying image bound captive indicates renewed warfare reign prisoner lost unclear actual king merely succeeded ruler known defeated battle text recorded death lord prince appears heir throne died power ruler successful warrior kings celebrated series events including defeat capture ruler appears vassal tomb ruler ruler oversaw extensive upper levels ruler erected number sculptures bound prisoners war adopted title captives lesser extent power evident victory site white dog important city region area dominated time ruler successor clearly decline single event dated reign mural depicting captives belong period rule history continued classic maya cities fallen aided site relative isolation ruler associated monument dating terminal classic monument dating bears known long count date king survived fragments indicate occupation site continued century modern history published account ruins end 17th century number visitors investigated ruins 19th century expedition led john lloyd frederick visited wrote extensive description site investigated monuments publishing reports turn 20th century visited site oliver investigated site 1920s university publishing reports french project began excavations continued resumed direction national institute history mexico began excavations following year site accessible tourism small museum inaugurated july site description site built platform covering hectares principal architecture located occupies seven south facing northern platform rising metres plaza distinct geometry maya sites right angle relationship structures public imagery site details ruthless manner city dealt enemies metres sculpture rising fourth fifth depicts skeletal death god carrying severed head lord hand fifth terrace probably displayed distinguished victims dozens fragments discovered plaza carved local sandstone style suggesting captured artists carried work abandonment city end classic period sculptures fell steep embankment supporting seven structures sunken dedicated mark victories sculptures captured king markers named green turtle lord site probably lay south smaller lies north plaza foot palace underworld entered step vaulted arches eastern second terrace palace located fourth terrace south facade palace decorated large stepped east palace leads decorated throne stone rooms palace contains decoration representing crossed bones monuments sculptures monuments tend smaller maya sites measuring metres tall important difference monuments maya sites carved round like statues text running spine fifth terrace round sculptures rulers dominated dimensional representations defeated enemies dated monuments span period covering classic period monument broken fragments recovered locations course 20th century reunited site museum aside broken largely complete lightly eroded statue ruler inscriptions describing accession promotion monument recovered school moved site museum badly eroded life size human statue head missing monument carved yellow sandstone suffered minor damage base preserved vertical sides dedicated currently regional monument dates reign ruler marks period ending shows presentation war captives monument sculpture carved round representing ruler dates monument carved step depicting lord elderly prisoner bound lying profile positioned way time monument fragment depicts female captive rare maya art monument long count date maya monument marks ending monument earliest dated monument site dating depicts ruler monument depicts ruler participating scattering ritual monument dedicated ruler commemorates death important noble apparently relative vassal ruler predecessor monument low relief sculpture marking defeat ruler capture joy depicted bound captive monument preserved panel carved fine white limestone inscription intact describes dedication monument dates reign records installing subordinate lords monument late date end classic period erected reign ruler dream lords known eras uncovered archaeologists excavations mural located east end 5th terrace represents complex supernatural scene divided feather covered hang severed heads victims depicted spirit companions maya elite preserved section sculpture depicts skeletal supernatural way named turtle foot death wearing feet carrying severed head hand interpreted way lord site brightly painted red blue yellow strong stylistic parallels mural paintings great early classic metropolis distant valley mexico site museum site museum located metres outside archaeological zone possesses exhibition rooms conference room room explains form relates maya mythology main room contains sculptures city rulers artefacts collection include stone sculptures artefacts sculpted bone shell flint pieces museum depict sides power exercised hand sculptures city rulers depictions bound prisoners war


archaeological site southern india kilometres capital indian territory sir jean marie conducted excavations site identified port known sea found roman lamps glass stone gems site based excavations concluded greek trading post traded rome starting reign lasted years late century bce second centuries subsequent investigation modified assessment place period occupation 2nd century bce 8th century significant findings numerous pacific facilitated fixing period origin red black known stones tamil meaning old stones mark graves existed site prior roman occupation site later periods location coastal fishing village southeastern coast india kilometres road originally french colonial town located bank river year river considered known river forms northern outlet river joins bay site located bend river provides protection sea going vessels dock site subject extensive archaeological excavations archaeological site spread area acres control archaeological survey india etymology archaeological usage excavated site originates tamil word means mound based avatar incarnation found site linked meaning port village according literature known port salt dynasty find mention major port sea century mid century roman said corrupted version tamil meaning meeting place known local clan history mention communication consul french colony informed french east india company villagers old bricks earliest mention archaeological site france king france assigned observe notable astronomical occurrences world visiting confirmed earlier report consul french colony visited ruins site found people village collecting large ancient bricks exposed river bank villagers told retrieved bricks old fort king france purchased gem stone local children gathered exposed site surface particular found carved picture man identified found fine gems concluded belonged roman empire informed local governor find called true roman city published short note findings early 1940s service des carried random excavations father qualified archaeologists carried excavations sent indian museums orient sir director general archaeological survey india 1940s saw site displayed madras museum identified expensive italy visited museum saw findings site impressed thought found links classical mediterranean ancient india soon penultimate year world war mounted excavations scientific manner looking archaeological site india establish cultural link indian roman period quest led site excavations involved indian archaeologists trained site published findings noted local fishermen village strange consisted lamps glass items wine containers etc observed traders traveled west_coast ceylon area trade goods gems silk carried excavations carefully damaged followed investigations war jean marie report excavations fully published report known india written english important conclusion site belonged early period located marked stones locally known tamil close site excavations led roman origin gems wine making remnants wine roman stamp big bricks recovered old wall forth concluded site related period trading rome established emperor noted roman trade lasted period years till found chinese identified belong song dynasty coins eleventh century rejected items remnants left brick items chinese blue white recovered site noted found site designated type scientific study type project mapping early historic networks south asia indian origin mediterranean region type investigated style spatial distribution gap decades early 1980s studied find site proposed preliminary version chronology occupation site time started researching organized proper display artifacts site museum brought information obtained carry excavations site collaboration university pennsylvania university madras directors operation university delaware ground knowledge roman egypt charge site excavations working seasons led contradictory view brick structures wells investigated poor quality founded poor sandy foundations wood work noted poor quality houses excavations lead view roman trading link excavations established trading rome extended period assessed trading continued second century bce seventh eighth century extensive findings glass stone site provided link history identified pacific crafted based structural features excavations established revised sequence major periods occupation site finds new variety roman facilitated revision dates occupancy site continuous occupation 2nd 3rd century bce recent times excavations excavated area mound zones basis occupation elevation northern sector mound nearer sea coast southern sector farther away coast find cooking vessels found northern sector indicative mass feeding sailors traders camped wine stored principal item imported western countries later 2nd century bce according finds northern southern mound belong period later 1st century bce 1st 2nd centuries identified structures include brick lime mortar plaster structure shape metres length divide wall southern walled ponds drainage systems northern mound indicate operations export pottery local mediterranean belonged stamped pottery 1st century bce went use pink store wine oil handles yellow slip found layers excavations smaller objects include wheel turned shell gems gold iron nails copper percussion red fragment roman lamp shade engraved emblem emperor ivory handle wooden toy boat based concluded greek trading station recent excavations altered assessment buildings northern mound indicative people different ethnic groups indian non indian possible date view limited depth excavations conservation international conference government italian ministry foreign affairs held october decided investigate site jointly conservation ancient commercial link romans established conference government decided propose site status world heritage site archaeological survey india proposed site cultural heritage site status title silk road sites india


camp camp place iron age hill fort stood atop hill north town super mare somerset england fort designed defence evidenced number walls ditches site archaeologists found large triangular platforms sides fort lower found nearly storage pits sizes cut bedrock human remains coins artefacts recent times fort suffered damage threatened complete destruction multiple occasions location designated scheduled ancient monument falls woods local nature reserve declared natural england north somerset council history ancient camps gloucestershire edward mentions probably people initially built camp people subsequently initial inhabitants occupied camp time finally destroyed hands romans camp explored times period years charles martin francis excavated surveyed camp returned continue excavation lasted century passed museum super mare excavated camp finally extensive urban study team performed latest assessment site hill fort background hill forts developed late bronze early iron age roughly start millennium reason emergence britain purpose subject debate argued military sites constructed response invasion continental europe sites built invaders military reaction social tensions caused increasing population consequent pressure agriculture dominant view 1960s increasing use iron led social changes britain deposits iron ore located different places tin copper ore necessary bronze result trading patterns shifted old lost economic social status power passed hands new group people archaeologist barry believes population increase played role stated forts provided defensive possibilities community times stress increasing population burst open warfare wouldn having built state war functional defensive strongholds tensions undoubtedly attacked destroyed significant factor construction location fort located summit hill metres sea level present day north somerset seaside resort super mare close village occupants view countryside potential invaders able sugar mountain black mountains hills beacon sand point wales view longer trees spread hill triangular stone platforms number triangular platforms slopes hill fort flush base projecting downhill direction upper surface approximately level faces platforms metres ditches improve defence letter structures platforms stations stones found offering theory stood platforms mentions stones book broken attack fort probably walls ditches hill bordered north west sides steep cliffs dropping bristol channel bay sand bay rendered fort nearly attack directions fort wall north west near edge cliffs south single ditch guarded fort level east protected stone ditches parts metres high measuring ditch walls metre thick dry laid stone removal stones sufficient bring entire wall collapsing prevent access walls inhabitants fort raised large base walls rock rubble bases rubble barriers metres high places metres thick attackers clear away rubble able attack wall direct fire defenders wall archaeological findings storage pits area inside outer wall series circles storage pits cut directly bedrock centimetres beneath surface soil places eighteen storage pits calls transverse ditch usually dug protection seventy pits outside enclosed exterior walls average size pits metres long metres wide metres deep largest pit roughly triangular sides measuring metres metres metres long smallest pit metre long metres wide inhabitants store grain evidenced wheat found pits pits contained remnants remains burned woven addition researchers found stones dated 1st 2nd century eighteen pits found contain remains human skeletons stored super mare museum super mare eighteen skeletons found evidence violent death including sword cuts possible romans raiders attacked fort killed inhabitants artefacts cast copper collar special interest archaeologists found indicate site iron age related artefacts tend found bronze age items type found britain related copper dating 5th 6th century found spring black mountains wales gold found perry river roman coins found camp romans established presence end 1st century roman coins bear image western roman emperor inside fort proper coin located trinity path leads fort findings include animal remains including bones pigs horses deer goats small birds shells found near bones archaeologists found iron objects adding credibility idea fort iron age objects include heads iron cone wood inside hole cone assumes cone stone artefacts mainly discovered site flint chips found good quality found addition recorded finding lead size decided probably bullet type rim pottery found site bronze axe late bronze age found hill museum damage site 19th century development super mare 19th century resulted episodes potentially damage site quarry started operation southern hill stone bristol exeter railway arrived super mare making profitable expand village town super mare town granting improvement market act act proposed developing houses right hill gone straight camp actual expansion reached site development occurred according proposed expansion continued east 20th century early 20th century fort damaged boys rolling_stones including walls fort hill stands district somerset archaeological society taking steps prevent damage happening trees planted early 19th century large roots growing archaeological structures forestry commission gave permission north somerset council fell trees reduce subsequent risks member north somerset council christopher richards said storm trees came entire destroyed


november september chinese archaeologist president shanghai museum credited saving artifacts destruction cultural revolution instrumental raising funds support rebuilding shanghai museum recipient john iii award awarded legion honour french president authority ancient chinese published books academic papers including volume encyclopedia responsible recovering ancient relics including bells states period bamboo strips considered china national treasures suffered depression final years committed suicide september early life career born shanghai joined underground cell communist_party china graduated history department university shanghai predecessor east china normal university worked education department shanghai municipal government joining shanghai museum originally assigned manager communist_party secretary museum resigned political positions focus academic work later director bronze research department cultural revolution cultural revolution erupted chairman called destruction olds teenage red guards people homes destroy relics pre communist china desperate shanghai collectors sought protection shanghai museum slept office phone calls dispatch museum employees clock initially kept red guards museum organizing employees fake red guards protected relics painting display cases staff soon swept revolutionary faction museum workers seized senior officials imprisoned storage room months trying officials repeatedly lifted dropped marble floor colleagues died survived torture sent labour camp province years american president richard_nixon historic visit china brought shanghai organize exhibition archaeological treasures tour united_states cultural revolution ended death rebuilding shanghai museum appointed director shanghai museum museum omitted shanghai year reconstruction plan lobbied mayor rebuilding seeing dilapidated rooms building museum housed agreed prime site people square museum raise building funds raised million old building hong_kong developer trips abroad donations mainly shanghai fled hong_kong communist revolution raising million money ran short eventually persuaded city government million complete building museum reopened october wide acclaim gained international fame won john iii award asian cultural council year french president awarded legion honour invited accompany chinese president private dinner france south china morning post hong_kong commented shanghai museum existence recovering cultural relics opening china 1980s tomb robbery rampant artifacts looted smuggled border hong_kong british territory active recovering items hong_kong antique market purchased year old listed chinese government national treasures forbidden exhibited abroad recovered states period bamboo slips kingdom known shanghai museum bamboo slips ancient texts written strips including previously unknown commentary classic poetry attributed discovery caused sensation texts subject intense studies numerous scholars including academics authority ancient chinese published books academic papers book ancient chinese translated english published oxford_university press isbn highly influential widely university textbook volume encyclopedia complete compilation chinese comprehensive book chinese published chief editor shanghai states bamboo books shanghai museum groundbreaking research states bamboo strips recovered books published include research chinese collection academic papers painted culture selected bronze inscriptions addition main position director shanghai museum taught time professor shanghai east china normal university university council member archaeological society china vice chairman china museum society retirement suicide retired served advisor shanghai museum conflicts new management increasingly bitter accused donated chinese american collector investigation cleared wrongdoing rumours ancient bamboo strips purchased high sum public funds fake final years allegedly suffered high blood pressure kidney problems followed doctor advice said suffered depression committed suicide september official newspapers china reported death initially disclose cause president organized visit shanghai october insisted meeting realizing died personal life married daughter lived australia death invited daughter spend weeks shanghai committed suicide days daughter returned australia


best known prehistoric archaeological site scotland lies near southern tip mainland described remarkable archaeological sites excavated british isles contains remains dating 17th century bronze age settlers left evidence small oval houses thick stone walls artefacts including decorated bone object iron age ruins include different types structure including defensive wall site period provides works art including painted symbol stone viking age ruins largest site visible britain include excavations provided numerous tools detailed insight life time visible structures site walls scottish period fortified manor house inspired appears novel walter scott site care historic scotland open april september iron age including old added seeking tentative list world heritage sites location etymology lies near southern tip mainland close settlements south end airport site arm sea called west nearby freshwater springs building materials available beach added location attraction settlement south mainland provides favourable location cultivation context high density prehistoric settlement surrounding area mile remains ruins similar longevity discovered small visitor centre displays collection artefacts meaning earl mansion walter scott visited site based scottish period house century later excavations proved actually viking age settlement site evidence norse lived history remains represent thousands years human occupation seen history old house site remained largely hidden storm late 19th century washed away shore revealed evidence ancient buildings formal archaeological excavation started sites excavated modern scientific techniques deposits badly disturbed earlier attempts work revealed complex sequence construction different periods buildings site include remains bronze age iron age complex viking farmhouse excavations undertaken early 1950s dating attempted earliest finds pottery era main settlement dates bronze age site nearby dated bronze age bronze age scotland lasted approximately oldest known remains site date period evidence far remains small oval houses thick stone walls date late bronze age structures similarity mainland smaller later date buildings partly subterranean earliest period technique provided structural stability evidence cattle stall waste channel leading tank courtyard whale set wall post broken indicate axes knives swords produced bronze dagger found site objects indicate smith trained irish style working bone survive extraordinary bone plaque object centimetres long holes bored ends decorated linear patterns function unknown bronze age structures sterile sand suggesting break occupation prior phase building iron age period inhabitants iron age built settlement bronze age structures include complex replaced later stage dated artefacts found level include suggest constructed prior period built structure lost coastal erosion modern sea defences erected tower probably originally metres feet high sites position commanded fine views surrounding seas period archaeological sites usually exhibit defensive fortifications kind exception outer defensive wall associated contained substantial poorly constructed house time wall utilised later stage build large lee earliest complex dated parts built later post dating 1st century 2nd century structures western isles centuries construction stones main structures best examples type successive periods construction undertaken best preserved retains significant proportion stone roof displays series bays structure built circular building radial piers inserted earlier stable design case piers alternately rectangular shaped design suggesting developing style unlike scotland built earth structures built ground level upwards artefacts dated later period bone pin rounded head probably hair dress pin dated painted associated dozen sites stone unearthed rectangular slate fragment cross painted small shaped suggesting association christian beliefs symbol stones found found exhibiting double disc shape rod pottery finds include buff period including flat quality appears decline period prior viking settlement thinner walled generally crude design norse period remains era cover site believed norse inhabited site continuously ninth 14th centuries excavations 1930s alex found confirmed norse british isles later 1950s found evidence fishing farming activities sheep cattle pigs kept atlantic eaten whale seal bones found remains single dog chicken bones rare norse levels seven norse era houses use time including small square structure large later replaced separate largest house period metres metres rectangular chamber opposing doors timber benches long sides centre unlike earlier structures conical roofs norse buildings timber frames later period large structure shelter animals stage paved centre animal stalls sides later door archaeologists appeared narrow admit cow mystery solved door excavated narrow base similar widened cow shaped interpreted corn drying room later houses built degrees type size similar houses common mid-19th century weights found suggesting wool important aspect norse era life line weights later norse period associated evidence indicates deep water fishing regular undertaking site produced ample evidence use iron tools fish hook knife ore locally obtained iron birch willow grew area time pine oak imported timber drawings slate found dragon ships portraits old man young man legged animal drawings found viking levels style pre date arrival norse indicate continuity art culture period similarly rectangular shape norse era buildings unlike earlier rounded style basement courses periods constructed way viking style weights vessels found stone discs objects design bronze harness mounting ireland 8th 9th centuries found items period museum contains extensive remains viking site visible britain old house castle known house built scottish period originally medieval stone farmhouse converted fortified house 16th century robert stewart 1st earl scotland annexed building named new hall time early 17th century son patrick stewart 2nd earl renamed old house abandoned late 17th century structure known house stewart mansion cultural references walter scott set novel pirate old house 17th century named man days considered remote unlikely event norwegian chief times accounts said imply ancient earl elected neck land place establishing mansion house long entirely deserted difficulty loose sand borne stormy regions buried ruins buildings end seventeenth century earl mansion entire rude building rough stone eye imagination large old fashioned narrow house steep roof covered flags composed grey sandstone convey best idea place modern reader windows small size distributed building utter contempt main structure rested times certain smaller compartments mansion house containing offices subordinate apartments necessary earl taken fire wood purposes walls given way places complete devastation sand drifted ruins filled chambers contained depth feet amid inhabitants contrived constant labour attention order land enclosed garden sheltered walls house relentless sea blast produced vegetables climate bring forth sea gale permit grow islands experience cold encountered mainland scotland wall sort scarce possible raise ordinary vegetables shrubs trees entirely question force sweeping sea blast