beta beta second star located light years solar system times massive times sun beta system young million years old main sequence stage evolution beta title member beta moving group association young stars share motion space age beta shows excess infrared compared normal stars type caused large quantities dust gas including carbon near star detailed observations reveal large disk dust gas star debris disk star addition presence belts activity indications planets formed disk processes planet formation ongoing material beta debris disk thought dominant source solar system european southern observatory confirmed presence planet beta matching previous predictions use direct imagery plane debris disk surrounding star planet currently closest planet star photographed observed separation roughly distance saturn sun location visibility beta star southern located west bright star traditionally marked sounding line ship split star apparent visual magnitude visible naked eye good conditions light pollution result stars magnitude dim second exceeded alpha apparent magnitude distance beta stars measured satellite measuring slight displacement position observed earth moves sun beta found exhibit value later revised data taking systematic errors carefully account distance beta light years uncertainty light years satellite measured proper motion beta traveling eastwards rate year northwards rate year measurements shift star spectrum reveals moving away rate stars share motion space beta likely formed gas cloud roughly time comprise beta moving group physical properties spectrum according measurements nearby stars project beta type effective temperature sun analysis spectrum reveals star contains slightly higher ratio heavy elements termed metals astronomy hydrogen sun value expressed quantity ratio star metal fraction sun case beta value means star metal fraction greater sun analysis spectrum reveal surface gravity star usually expressed log acceleration given units case beta log implying surface gravity half acceleration surface sun type main sequence star beta sun combining apparent magnitude distance gives absolute magnitude compared sun absolute magnitude corresponds visual times greater sun entire spectrum radiation beta sun taken account beta found times sun main sequence stars type fall region russell called instability strip occupied variable stars monitoring star revealed variations frequencies minutes radial velocity studies beta reveal frequencies minutes minutes result star classified delta variable mass radius rotation mass beta determined models stellar evolution fitting star observed properties method yields stellar mass solar masses star angular diameter measured large found combining value distance light years gives radius times sun velocity beta measured value derived measuring radial lower limit true velocity quantity measured actually sin represents star axis rotation line sight assumed beta viewed earth plane reasonable assumption disk seen edge rotation period calculated approximately hours significantly shorter sun hours age formation presence significant amounts dust star implies young age system led debate joined main sequence pre main sequence star star distance measured revealed beta located away previously thought originally believed results taken account found beta located close zero age main sequence pre main sequence star analysis beta stars beta moving group suggests million years old allowing age range million years beta formed near association collapse gas cloud resulted formation beta triggered shock wave explosion star went companion hip runaway star tracing path hip backwards suggests vicinity association million years ago environment debris excess infrared radiation beta detected spacecraft stars excess detected stars called like star discovered type stars like beta tend energy blue end spectrum implied presence cool matter orbit star infrared produce excess hypothesis verified beta star disk data debris disk beta seen edge observers earth northeast southwest direction disk northeast direction observed astronomical units star southwest direction extent disk rotating northeast star moving away southwest disc moving elliptical rings material observed outer regions debris disk formed result system disrupted passing star data mission reveal red giant star beta passed light years beta years ago larger caused passed distance light years years ago computer favor lower encounter velocity candidates suggest star responsible rings companion star beta unstable orbit suggest star mass solar masses likely blame structures star red dwarf type imaging system space advanced camera surveys revealed presence secondary dust disk inclined angle main disk extending star secondary disk southwest extension curved inclined northeast imaging good distinguish main secondary beta northeast extension dust disk predicted intersect main disk star secondary disk produced massive planet inclined orbit removing matter primary disk causing orbit aligned planet studies nasa far explorer discovered disk beta contains extreme carbon rich gas helps stabilize disk radiation pressure blow material away space currently suggested explanations origin carbon beta process forming exotic carbon rich planets contrast terrestrial planets solar system rich oxygen instead carbon alternatively passing unknown phase occurred early development solar system solar system carbon rich known formed carbon rich environment proposed formed carbon rich core disk beta system photographed amateur new_zealand captured disk inch modified belts imaging inner region beta system revealed presence features interpreted belts rings material belts approximately astronomical units star detected alternate respect main disk observations revealed presence inner belt containing material distance star material detected star lack dust providing evidence massive planet region rich detected similar found solar system different found solar system crystals form closer star transported belt formation probably radial mixing modeling dust disk star suggests dust region produced series collisions initiated destruction kilometers initial collision debris undergoes collisions process called cascade similar processes debris falling bodies spectrum beta shows strong short term noticed red shifted absorption lines interpreted caused material falling star source material suggested small like objects close star begin termed falling bodies model blue shifted absorption events detected frequently represent second group objects different set detailed modeling indicates falling bodies unlikely mainly like instead probably composed mixed dust ice core crust material objects star grazing influence planet mildly eccentric orbit beta distance roughly star falling bodies responsible presence gas located high plane main debris disk system november announced infrared observations large revealed candidate companion star autumn planet successfully observed parent star confirming existence planet earlier observations believed years possible record orbit planet radial velocity method discover majority currently known planets suited studying type stars like beta young age makes noise worse current limits derived method rule hot type planets massive masses distance star planets planets masses evaded detection find planets beta system look effects planet environment multiple lines evidence suggested existence massive planet region star dust free gap belts suggest region cleared planet distance explain origin falling bodies inclined rings inner disk suggest massive planet inclined orbit disrupting disk observed planet explain structure belts star belts associated smaller planets masses respectively system planets exists close resonance rings outer disc indirectly caused influence planets object observed angular distance beta corresponds distance plane sky comparison planets saturn respectively separation radial direction unknown lower limit true separation estimates mass depend theoretical models evolution predict object masses cooling temperature ranging figures come models tested real data likely ranges mass age planet axis period years transit like event observed november consistent estimates confirmed true transit radius object larger predicted theoretical models indicate surrounded large ring system moon forming disc dust stream observations advanced orbit radar facility new_zealand revealed presence stream particles coming direction beta dominant source solar system particles beta dust stream relatively large exceeding suggest left beta system roughly particles ejected beta debris disk result migration gas giant planets disk indication beta system forming cloud numerical modeling dust indicates radiation pressure responsible suggests planets star directly cause dust stream


abbreviated named planet eccentric orbit sun like star making revolution days known planet order distance star discovered june mass roughly half saturn july international astronomical union launched process giving proper names certain host stars process involved public nomination voting new names december announced winning planet winning submitted royal netherlands association astronomy netherlands honors discovery like majority known planets detected observing changes star radial velocity achieved making sensitive measurements shift star spectrum time discovery known possess planet drift radial velocity measurements measurements revealed presence long period planet orbit star planets accounted days period close rotation period led possibility day period caused stellar rotation planet day planet designated planet designated announced paper labeled order increasing distance star measurements led discovery inner planet lent support planet hypothesis measurements star years activity period radial velocity variations furthermore period stable long inconsistent hypothesis stellar activity causing radial velocity variations radial velocity signal inconsistent stellar variations stars low level activity orbit mass planet solution system orbit mildly eccentric planet star located closer mercury sun longer period hot planet located close resonance inner planet indicate planets actually resonance limitation radial velocity method discover planet lower limit mass obtained observations space outer planet suggest planet inclined plane sky inclined planet unknown characteristics planet detected indirectly observations star properties radius composition temperature unknown mass similar saturn likely gas giant solid surface


yellow type away sun larger similar mass sun older star metal rich reasons targeted planet search consortium discovered gas giant planet discovery reported october collaboration chose primarily aimed discover star mass planets targeted host planet discovered history targeted planet search consortium collaboration hoping radial velocity measurements previously stars previously targeted series surveys previously included henry catalog catalog european space agency satellite deliberately biased search closely size planets hot orbit metal rich stars consortium hoped discover mass planet relates host star metal content initially noted host short orbit hot additional observations revealed prospective body longer orbit previously expected revealed chile las observatory use clay mike helped collect sixteen radial velocity measurements team american vatican city measurements confirm existence planet determine mass discovery planet reported astronomical journal october planet orbit host star type star mass times sun radius times sun slightly larger sun similar mass star effective temperature slightly cooler sun far richer iron measured means star times iron sun far older sun estimated age estimated billion years spectrum suggests star outer layer active located light years away earth apparent magnitude making star dim earth naked eye star slightly planet neptune perceived naked eye apparent magnitude star actual measured absolute magnitude similar sun system hot closely planet high mass specifically mass times greater mass distance mean distance earth sun orbit completed days denoting elliptical orbit planet noted water existed planet atmosphere change liquid state state planet swings closer host star increasing temperature


initially known planet detected transit spacecraft radius mass similar neptune proximity host star substantially planet solar system planet discovery announced january washington planets initially detected spacecraft subsequently confirmed observatory nomenclature history named planet discovered orbit star star turn named mission nasa satellite purpose discover earth like planets section sky transit method method notes small steady decreases star measured planet crosses initially detected transit event considered object interest designation subsequent radial velocity measurements high resolution observatory confirmed nature transit event established mass estimate planet planet existence announced january planets detected meeting american astronomical society washington host star located sky approximately solar system effective temperature identical sun mass radius somewhat larger sun respectively formula formula star thought billion years old near end main sequence hydrogen burning phase tens millions years likely star characteristics host star days distance places times closer star mercury sun consequently thought extremely hot temperature greater planet estimated times massive earth radius times greater earth makes similar neptune terms size mass temperature comparable planet solar system venus hottest planet assumed independent discovery data found value


star star star cluster located roughly light years away given designation receive number designation star located close difficult distinguish naked eye hot type star times sun faster axis close breakup velocity brighter star pair component classical star certain distinguishing traits periodic phase changes complex environment composed different angles research system performed stellar characteristics component known seventh star visibility apparent magnitude star difficult naked eye especially close neighbour times brighter located away beginning october year rest cluster seen rising east early morning dawn sunset need wait december mid february star visible virtually inhabited region globe south unable cities like cape_town south_africa tip african continent star rises horizon roughly northern hemisphere latitudes greater north late april arrives cluster spotted briefly deepening twilight western horizon soon disappear setting stars classified gamma type variable star fluctuations range visual magnitude variable star designation astronomical database lists class current classification recognized researchers stands exhibits whilst refers lines case peculiar emissions come formed material ejected star significant debate star actual distance earth debate revolves different measure distance central observations yielding valuable insights mission estimated distance star cluster light years catalogue published new measurement indicated closer distance triggering substantial controversy estimate accurate contend stars cluster sun like stars notion challenge fundamental stellar structure measurements taken fine guidance sensors studies nasa jet propulsion laboratory showed original estimate correct figure recent study published argued publishing new measurement tight error factor yielding distance distance estimate future calculations remains seen upcoming mission expected launch late prove ultimate debate properties early researchers stars stated interesting member cluster like stars cluster blue white type main sequence dwarf star temperature assuming distance roughly radius mass considerably smaller stars instance radius making roughly times times brighter star classical star referred active hot star classical stars type stars close main sequence added signifying exhibits lines spectrum absorption lines stars usually lines usually indicate star surrounded gas case star gas typically form disk resulting electromagnetic radiation disk geometry environment best explained disk supported gravity rotation gas radiation pressure like referred material actively ejected star opposed involves material falling star stars fast large stellar wind high mass loss rate factors rings apparent star recognized fast rotation phenomenon causes highly velocity considerably slower result actually revolves axis hours compared hours sun comparison takes days turn axis spinning fast close estimated breakup velocity star star velocity extremely fast alpha speed extreme verge exploding makes particularly unique different phases normal star star shell star cause likely surrounding disk stars appear disappear possibly reforming later time material disc attracted star pull gravity energy escape space contributing stellar wind stars form multiple gas rings evolution creating complex dynamics result dynamics exhibits prominent long term variations encompassing period years fact years demonstrated notable phase changes phase phase shell phase phase entered shell phase star developed shell absorption lines spectrum time star showed decrease beginning end reaching minimum late star gradually entered phase stayed star summer recent disk responsible phase changes formed intriguing long term observations angle changed providing direct evidence spatial motion disk axis stellar companion relatively close orbit shift angle attributed companion causing disk period roughly years recent observations indicate new disk formed equator double disk phenomenon different angles angle new disk estimated previous disk inclined double disk structure observed stars provides rare opportunity investigate forming process new disk consequent interaction star system known parameters fully established group japanese french discovered single lined period days large washington double star catalogue lists angular separation components angle distance assuming distance influences mythology mount southern greece thousand daughters greek mythology spirits nature spirits sea considered lesser natural world particular body water ocean river lake spring cloud extension activities related sea consort mother etymology names assigned stars cluster bright pair stars east cluster named seven bright stars named mythological seven sisters term apply cluster called star mater diversity opinion origin names possible note foremost names come greek word meaning sail particularly plausible given ancient greece culture mythical status result referred sailing queen daughters sailing ones appearance stars coincided sailing season antiquity sailors advised set sail visible night meet greek word meaning plenty english derivatives like meaning biblical arabic word fact numbered meadows presided animals means increase number finally comes greek reference sisters mythical transformation flock following pursuit giant heavens modern legacy best selling nature book published time life called world live artist impression entitled purple illustration famed space artist carries purple star familiar cluster rapidly flattened flying forth dark red ring hydrogen excited gas crosses equator violet light given mythical connection sailing associated grace speed finest designs racing recent shanghai oriental art center draws inspiration fat jon new album stars track dedicated


abbreviated named planet long period orbit sun like star located similar distance star sun fifth known planet system discovered june july international astronomical union launched process giving proper names certain host stars process involved public nomination voting new names december announced winning planet winning submitted royal netherlands association astronomy netherlands honors spectacle maker pioneer january recognition actual error introduced 19th century corrected submitted official sites track astronomical information discovery like majority known planets detected observing changes star radial velocity achieved making sensitive measurements shift star spectrum time discovery known possess planet drift radial velocity measurements measurements revealed presence long period planet orbit star measurements indicated presence inner planet designated orbit mass discovered thought fairly low orbit similar solar system elements determined data collected best fit solution planet turned highly eccentric planets solar system complete orbit planet observed true orbit revealed indicating originally suspected planet year orbit fact near circular located star limitation radial velocity method discover lower limit planet mass obtained case lower limit times mass measurements fine guidance sensors space suggest planet orbit inclined respect plane sky measurement confirmed implies planet true mass greater lower limit masses planets characteristics given planet high mass planet gas giant solid surface planet detected indirectly parameters radius composition temperature unknown assuming composition similar planet atmosphere close chemical predicted covered layer water clouds planet internal heat probably keeps warm form based clouds typical surface gravity likely times stronger times earth radius planet unlikely probably slightly smaller high metal content parent star


beta known colloquially demon star bright star best known star discovered non nova variable stars discovered actually star system beta large bright primary regularly eclipsed magnitude usually near constant regularly days days hours minutes roughly hour long partial secondary eclipse second minimum brighter star secondary secondary eclipse detected gives class variable known observation history ancient egyptian calendar lucky days composed years ago claimed oldest historical document discovery association demon like creature greek tradition arabic tradition suggests known long 17th century ancient egyptian discovery evidence noted italian periodic nature variations recognized century later british amateur john proposed mechanism star presented findings royal society suggesting periodic caused dark body passing star star darker region periodically turned earth report awarded medal harvard edward charles presented evidence actually confirmed years later found periodic shifts spectrum variations radial velocity system known university illinois observatory early cell produce study variable star light curve revealed second minimum reflection effect stars difficulties explaining observed features led star present system decades later found correct system point view earth form plane contains line sight earth precise triple star system pair separated astronomical units star system average distance pair mutual period trio earth days total mass system solar masses mass components bright triple star referred washington double star catalog lists faint stars distant faint stars listed companions studies led theory stellar evolution components star form time massive stars evolve faster massive ones observed massive component main sequence massive star later evolutionary stage solved mass transfer massive star filled lobe mass transferred star main sequence similar gas flow seen system exhibits variable activities forms ray radio wave thought caused magnetic fields components interacting mass transfer radio wave emissions created magnetic cycles similar magnetic fields stars times stronger field sun radio powerful persistent magnetic activity cycles active secondary component induce changes radius linked period variations order mechanism mass transfer components small system significant source period change type located light years sun million years ago passed light years solar system apparent magnitude considerably brighter star today total mass system solar masses closest approach given gravity cloud solar system somewhat increase number entering inner solar system actual increase net collisions thought small names derives arabic head english demon star direct translation hebrew folklore called head stated called head latin 16th century larvae head separate connected chinese meaning refers consisting consequently known english fifth star according allen star bore grim meaning corpses appears cultural significance historically star received strong association bloody violence wide variety cultures 2nd century text referred associated death theme mirrors myth hero victory snake haired considered stars sky listed stars


abbreviated named thai pronounced planet approximately light years earth major planet discovered located long period orbit star january known planets system mass times july international astronomical union launched process giving proper names certain host stars process involved public nomination voting new names december announced winning planet winning submitted thai astronomical society thailand sisters associated thai folk tale discovery like majority known planets discovered detecting changes star radial velocity planet gravity pulls star achieved observing shift spectrum discovery planet sun like star paul butler searched data signs planets soon discovered discovery announced orbit mass distance star taking days years complete revolution long period planet main sequence star discovered unlike majority known long period planets orbit low limitation radial velocity method detect lower limit planet mass obtained preliminary measurements satellite suggest planet orbit inclined angle plane sky imply true mass greater lower limit determined radial velocity measurements subsequent investigation data reduction techniques suggests measurements precise adequately companions true orbit true mass regarded unknown physical characteristics given planet high mass likely gas giant solid surface planet detected indirectly properties radius composition temperature unknown mass likely surface gravity times earth assuming composition similar environment close chemical upper atmosphere planet expected contain water clouds opposed clouds typical outside star zone influence disrupt orbit planets outer zone addition disrupted formation terrestrial planets reduced delivery water inner planets system planets located zone likely small dry light reflections infrared emissions tidal influence warm orbit despite planet outside normally accepted zone


star star similar terms mass sun likely older star observed according database targeted star observed beginning follow observations star led discovery planet discovery paper published history according observed measuring proper motion stars regions sky detected november april north islands observed analysis data suggested planet orbit star follow observations conducted team british spanish french swiss american james gregory scotland visual comparisons nearby bright star star light curve better defined combination measurements spectrum measured observatory france star radial velocity discovered fed optical gathered additional measurements spectrum allowing determine characteristics use data led discovery planet planet reported based archive included papers discovery characteristics type star situated approximately light years apparent magnitude star seen eye perspective earth star effective temperature sun similar seen concentration iron approximately surface gravity measured rate mass times mass sun radius times sun radius measurements content suggest star shell core estimated age billion years twice age sun age vary point billion years age high uncertainty surrounding aspect star age system planet host star distance approximately mean distance earth sun planet completes orbit days approximately days hours estimated mass times mass radius times planet


type star half size sun approximately half mass known planet orbit hot called time publishing discovery april planet closely hot discovered small orbit thought caused unusually low mass observed january project found cooler slightly richer metals sun found active star high velocity history observed wasp south planet searching project january determined collected data potentially host planet crossed host star seen earth later observations wasp south north sections january yielded total data points scientists interpreted day orbit possible planet data followed observations chile observatory provided radial velocity measurements indicated planet times mass dubbed follow defined light curve body discovery reported april journal astronomy characteristics type star mass times sun radius times sun words far massive sun approximately size effective temperature cooler sun slightly lower quantities iron sun measured measured sun general star slightly larger quantity metals sun notable exception present spectrum star spectrum indicates active star found rotate quickly exact mechanism causes speed rotation uncertain possible caused tidal interactions planet apparent magnitude seen eye star located approximately light years away earth system hot mass times mass radius times radius host star days hours distance closest orbit found time discovery unusually low mass accounts small orbit planets stars like usually observed models suggest planets like uncommon short caused decay density


planet discovered orbit star fourth planets discovered nasa spacecraft found transit method effect planet causes crosses star measured likely gas giant like neptune having density saturn dense planet solar system low density probably attributed large hydrogen atmosphere mass times earth mass radius times earth planet star days fit orbit mercury announced february sister planets confirmed discovery time noted host potential transit event star given designation later assigned spacecraft nasa satellite tasked discovering planets transit crossing stars transit causes slight regular change host star tested prove planet existence later parameters planet given designation host star announced planets letters added star planet distance star fourth planet given designation follow confirmation observations observatory hawaii shane california smith hobby west texas optical islands including arizona space system discovered system planets compact system discovered according nasa planets including announced jointly press conference february findings published journal nature february host star type star located mass radius mass radius sun effective temperature hot sun metal rich sun metal rich stars tend easily planets higher tend facilitate creation gas giants promote migration planet closely star times older sun estimated age billion years away earth distance contributes apparent magnitude seen naked eye host star planets inner planets system orbit tightly configuration fit orbit planet mercury compared inner sister planets distance characteristics formed million years star system formation mass times earth radius times earth density grams density half pure water standard temperature pressure slightly density saturn surface temperature temperature approximately times earth star mean distance making fourth planet star completes orbit days comparison mercury sun days distance making entirely edge star seen earth isn close star sister planets team suggests light density come large hydrogen atmosphere blown away stellar wind


type star located light years away discovery announced seen candidate january discovered team confirmed observation data nasa space technique called blender ruled false planet confirmed based probability actual observation team considers statistical method led discovery necessary confirm planets field view host star days quarter average distance sun earth radius double earth higher density suggesting mainly rocky composition mass comparison earth oceans represent planet mass additional potentially times stored mantle discovery confirmation january closely planet confirmed orbit star measurements behavior crosses periodically radial velocity effect detected spectrum provided information needed prove planet additional longer period detected spectrum suggesting second planet existed system remained possibility signal cause transit event false positive attempts measure radial velocity effects object named fruitless rule false positive scenarios team technique called blender application blender supplemented use instrument space august november define light curve point appeared transit found object produce color aspect characteristic stars suggested planet addition instrument found difference transit signal comparing star light curve infrared visible light stars aligned appear visibly similar appear different infrared observatory imaging june addition camera observatory capabilities observations combined observations spectrum taken observatory ruled possibility nearby star light observed spectrum creating results led believe second planet existed orbit possibilities exception star existed exactly effectively ruled team found star aligned seen earth star probably giant star greater degree certainty established team compared models formed blender observations collected satellite blender technique allowed team rule majority alternatives including notably triple star systems blender allowed team determine models representing triple stars system single star double star resemble light curve aforementioned follow observations detected possible blends remaining ruling triple stars determining curve caused interference background star caused orbit planet comparisons objects interest field vision allowed use models led confirmation planet high degree certainty renamed planet confirmation announced boston meeting american astronomical society target observed hope detecting shallow transit dip light curve time discovery facility capable detecting shallow data extent data analyzed planet planet analysis statistical data actual observation planets confirmation paper team discussed large fraction planets field view confirmed statistical manner host star type star located light years earth solar masses solar making slightly massive sun approximately size effective temperature cooler sun star metal poor far older measured iron earth sun measured age approximately billion years apparent magnitude means star invisible naked eye perspective observer earth characteristics known planets completing orbit star days distance inner planet rocky planet days distance temperature estimated times planet edge respect earth observed points crossed host star mass earth masses radius times earth volume times earth density higher earth unlikely contain significant amounts hydrogen gas hydrogen rich lost billion year lifetime system instead composition likely mainly rocky water fraction mass bulk water likely form high pressure hot ice phases


zone zone region galaxy life likely develop specifically concept zone incorporates factors rate major order regions galaxy likely form terrestrial planets initially develop simple life provide suitable environment life evolve advance according research published august large favorable creation development planets smaller like way way zone commonly believed outer radius inner radius close center lack hard boundaries zone theory criticized inability accurately factors making region galaxy good emergence life addition computer suggest stars change center significantly challenging view areas galaxy necessarily life supporting background idea zone introduced region star planet retain water surface 1970s scientists began consider factors required creation life including impact nearby life development jim clarke proposed apparent lack extraterrestrial way explained type active nucleus earth spared radiation virtue location galaxy year wallace tucker analyzed general context later work superseded proposals modern zone theory introduced defined zone region intelligent life flourish peter ward expanded concept zone factors required emergence complex life book rare earth complex life uncommon universe book authors zone factors argue intelligent life common occurrence universe idea zone developed paper ward collaboration university washington paper ward stated regions near halo lack heavier elements required produce terrestrial planets creating outward limit size zone close center expose planet numerous energetic cosmic events excessive impacts caused host star cloud authors established inner boundary zone located outside considerations order identify location galaxy zone variety factors accounted include distribution stars spiral arms presence absence active nucleus frequency nearby threaten existence life location factors fulfilling factors region galaxy create sustain life efficiency chemical evolution basic requirements existence life star ability star produce terrestrial planet sufficient mass sustain elements iron carbon oxygen required produce planets concentration vary galaxy important ratio factors determining region galaxy produce terrestrial planets region galaxy closest center distribution peaking units relative sun ratio thin disk sun located average distance sun center reducing additional distance extended thick disk average halo region center lowest distribution peak addition relevant ability region galaxy form terrestrial planets slowly reducing time meaning future terrestrial planets likely possess larger iron addition specific amounts stable elements comprise terrestrial planet mass abundance required order heat planet interior power life sustaining processes plate dependent ratio general function abundance created existing data planet heat interior molecules required order produce life distribution molecules galaxy important determining zone study samantha blair colleagues attempted determine outer edge zone means analyzing carbon emissions giant molecular clouds scattered way data conclusive complete high beneficial creation terrestrial planets excess harmful life excess lead formation large number gas giants given system subsequently migrate system frost line hot disturbing planets located system zone found principle applies low systems low forming terrestrial mass planets excessive cause large number gas giants develop disrupting dynamics system altering terrestrial planets system catastrophic events located region galaxy development life star avoid excessive number catastrophic cosmic events potential damage life planets nearby example potential severely harm life planet excessive frequency catastrophic potential entire region galaxy years example experienced initial wave extremely rapid star formation triggering cascade billion years left area completely unable develop life addition gamma ray bursts excessive amounts radiation events proposed affect distribution life galaxy include proposals tides potential induce impacts cold bodies dark matter pass organisms induce genetic impact events difficult morphology morphological features affect potential spiral arms example location star formation contain numerous giant molecular clouds high density stars star cloud sending planets addition high density stars rate massive star formation expose stars spiral arms long explosions reducing prospects survival development life considering factors sun placed galaxy addition outside spiral arm near radius interval spiral arm crossings spiral arms ability cause climatic changes planet passing dense molecular clouds spiral arms stellar winds pushed point reflective hydrogen layer planet atmosphere leading earth scenario bar potential affect size zone bars thought grow time eventually reaching radius galaxy stars located high stars like sun example located intermediate location low halo high radiation center scattered galaxy affecting definition zone suggested reason impossible properly define zone boundaries early research zone including paper ward specific boundaries merely stating zone encompassing region galaxy enriched metals spared excessive radiation likely galaxy thin disk later research conducted colleagues create boundaries case way ranging center team analyzed evolution zone respect time finding example stars close form time window billion years order planets window stars prevented having life sustaining planets frequent events threat subsided increasing core eventually mean stars high number giant planets potential star systems radically alter orbit planet located star zone conducted university washington presence hot terrestrial planets remain stable long study milan colleagues extended notion time dependent zone analyzing catastrophic events underlying secular evolution dynamics paper considers number planets wildly time unpredictable timing catastrophic events creating punctuated planets likely times based results toy model way team found number planets likely increase time perfectly linear pattern subsequent studies saw fundamental revision old concept zone study revealed probability planet escaping highest distance center sheer density stars inner galaxy meant highest number planets found research paper michael calculated frequency surviving planets function distance center height plane age ultimately discovering stars galaxy today support complex life consider tidal locking red dwarf planets development complex life criticism idea zone criticized grounds parameters create impossible define approximately zone merely useful conceptual tool enable better understanding distribution life end reasons suggested entire galaxy restricted specific region space time addition stars riding galaxy spiral arms tens thousands light years original supporting notion specific zone simulation improving mechanisms conducted duncan royal observatory edinburgh data collected experiments support notion defined zone indicating possibility hundreds extraterrestrial way data required order definitive determination


seven planets discovered nasa mission planets star confirmed star planet discovery announced mission team august initial discovery time candidates noted observations planet suggested hydrogen gas giant slightly smaller saturn nearby star notable planets share pattern resonance orbit planet orbit time observed spacecraft planet orbit lasts average approximately days shortened minutes period effect orbit time slightly ratio planet nomenclature history denotes second planet discovered orbit star named mission nasa project oriented discovering planets home stars planet candidates considered days operation highlighted star systems hold multiple planets confirmed planets discovered transit star initial estimates concerning mass refined follow observations observatory hawaii able confirm planets slightly smaller planet saturn characteristics gas giant smaller slightly massive planet saturn approximately mass planet radius makes slightly smaller saturn planet average situated star probable planet composed hydrogen planet plane second larger gas giant located system observing planet team noticed ratio star days days pull planet known resonance keeps planets stable orbit phenomenon kind seen outside solar system time completed orbit observation period period decreased minutes point trend reverse orbit increase lengths orbit slightly ratio


hip hip red horizontal branch star light years earth star stream dwarf galaxy merged way billion years ago result hip circles center highly irregular orbit respect plane hip slightly massive sun approximately seven times size star estimated billion years old passed red giant phase relatively fast rotation star having planets red giant phase history science team max institute astronomy observed hip fiber fed extended range optical european southern observatory observatory chile follow led collection radial velocity measurements taken september july team data collected publicly released archive collaboration observing region star located data hip found signal blocked roughly sixteen days analysis data led supposed discovery planet hip claim later refuted characteristics hip type star located approximately light years away earth stream group low stars moving large relative sun star follows eccentric orbit distance center ranging orbit lie plane reach distances high indicates satellite galaxy way disrupted billion years ago star estimated billion years old hip fairly evolved star core passed red giant phase evolution lies near blue end red horizontal branch bordering instability strip surface temperature radius approximately solar hip mass estimated solar masses having rotation period days hip fast rotating star type possible planets red giant phase hip apparent magnitude seen eye claims system announced giant planet day orbit discovered radial velocity measurements implications planet formation metal poor systems survival planets expanded giant stars subsequent analysis data revealed problems detection example erroneous correction applied error led claims planets hip subsequently refuted applying evidence planet star


shortened possible planet star approximately light years away planet claimed system assuming planet model fifth order star confirmed terrestrial planet significantly massive earth earth masses super earth terrestrial mass proposed orbit zone parent star assuming existence computer climate confirmed possibility existence surface water factors combine relatively high measure discovery team led geneva observatory instrument european southern observatory meter chile discover planet team employed radial velocity technique mass planet determined based small parent star orbit gravity disputed september roman filtered red noise data concluded planet existence probable standard year team confirmed existence planet higher probability study concluded artifact stellar activity corrected causes false detection planet study concluded planet exist characteristics approximately fifth distance earth sun confirmed currently models orbit circular like earth eccentric like mercury based planet planet model system respectively planet model probably spin orbit resonance rotating twice orbit parent star day approximately earth days long distance places outer limits zone distance believed possible water exist surface body time discovery planet orbit originally thought farther late april original discovery team revised original estimate planet parameters finding closer star originally determined period days concluded planet zone liquid water exist data suggested proposed large oceans possible confirmation planet existence disputed inaccurate analysis stellar activity later data suggests planet exist despite stellar exciting physical characteristics motion parent star indicates minimum mass earth masses earlier analyses gave higher values system assuming planets system unstable masses planets exceed times minimum values earlier minimum mass values implies upper mass limit earth masses composition planet known climate planet known transit earth atmospheric conditions current technology atmosphere planet confirmed date climate predictions planet based predicted computer modelling theoretical atmospheric conditions believed orbit outside zone star originally thought cold liquid water present revised orbit climate conducted researchers france indicated possible temperatures suitable surface water sufficient atmospheric pressure according covered large deep ocean ocean planet candidate average light receives star intensity light earth receives sun comparison sunlight mars intensity earth suggest cold support liquid water life atmospheric greenhouse effect significantly raise temperatures example earth mean temperature greenhouse gases ranging day night like found moon atmosphere produces sufficiently large greenhouse effect planet stabilize levels earth plate surface temperature permit liquid water cycle allowing planet support life calculations barnes suggest tidal heating low plate active planet heating somewhat higher expected probably massive rocky material originally formed distant orbit planet migrated closer star temperature messages earth october members networking website message earth high power transmission radio belonging national space agency ukraine transmission arrive system vicinity year earliest possible arrival response national science week celebrations australia magazine launched website called hello earth collect messages transmission maximum length messages characters restricted english language total messages collected countries world messages transmitted radio canberra deep space communication complex australia august gallery


planet orbit unusually metal rich star field view nasa operated spacecraft searches planets cross directly transit host stars planet discovered host star days distance proximity inflated planet thirds mass slightly larger size greatly heated atmosphere follow observations led planet confirmation announced meeting american astronomical society january discovered planets discovery naming nasa satellite trails earth continually observes portion sky devised search discover planets transit cross host stars respect earth measuring small generally periodic variations star recognized potential transit event star designated named confirmation star designated sixth planet observed planet discovered satellite initial detection transit signal follow observations taken confirm nature candidate imaging determine light nearby background stars present accounted light appear brighter actually consequently size radial velocity data taken hires order determine mass planet independently observations space infrared additional data taken observations detected phase curves star confirmation announced meeting american astronomical society discoveries planets january host star star approximately massive larger sun effective temperature cooler sun predicted billion years old compared sun age billion years notable unusually high bearing star times iron sun planet discovered orbit characteristics hot having mass times average distance star period days times closer star mercury sun result strongly star heating atmosphere temperature size times case thermal atmosphere temperature increases increasing distance center planet additional observations required confirm possibility


planet approximately light years away earth fish planet discovered star approximately seven days classifying planet hot planet somewhat eccentric orbit scientists able confirm planet system discovery majority planet discoveries far found detecting small variations radial velocity star caused gravity study radial velocity carried revealed motion line sight varied day cycle period variation indicated caused companion orbit star minimum mass slightly greater planet mean distance star fifth mercury distance sun indication second planet planets periods days circular somewhat eccentric orbit influence second planet system distance astronomical units confirmation existence second planet followed


red dwarf taking days complete orbit planet discovered april planet order increasing distance star discovery time discovery known host planet designated analysis star radial velocity revealed existence second planet system designated period found exactly half outer planet meant radial velocity signature second planet initially interpreted higher orbit orbit mass resonance outer planets orbit planet planet completes planet completes leads strong interactions planets causing elements change rapidly second known example resonance axis average distance mercury sun eccentric orbit major planets solar system despite located inner regions system zone faint star limitation radial velocity method detect lower limit planet mass obtained measured mass value depends orbit determined radial velocity measurements system interactions planets determine true masses method orbit determined revealing planet true mass times characteristics based high mass likely gas giant solid surface detected indirectly effects star properties radius composition temperature unknown assuming composition similar environment close chemical planet predicted upper atmosphere lies inner edge system zone prospects life gas giants unknown possible large moon planet provide environment unfortunately tidal interactions hypothetical moon planet star destroy massive lifetime system addition unclear form place planet like likely migrated inward


planets discovered nasa spacecraft hot star massive larger sun location possibly planet reclassified object interest follow observations confirmed planet existence characteristics planet discovery announced meeting american astronomical society january planet approximately twice mass times larger times days distance approximately history spacecraft days science activity revealed series transit events body planet crosses host star objects taken input catalog reclassified objects interest objects interest given designation stellar parameters established science team ran models fits ensure transit event false positive star nature established team searched planet star hoping find temperature day found able set temperature planet use imaging observatory arizona observatory california isolated background stars use fed optical islands june provided data determine star stellar classification observatory high resolution hires june july determined radial velocity measurements star helped define stellar parameters considered team potential use study planets extreme conditions high temperature large size short period contribute aforementioned conditions findings team included planets announced meeting american astronomical society january host star expected soon hydrogen stores core begin hydrogen shell region surrounding core star times mass sun model suggests mass times sun times sun radius star measured means times levels iron sun star apparent magnitude meaning seen eye characteristics hot mass times radius times radius means dense planet measured density grams pure water comparable density saturn approximately grams planet temperature making times host star days mean distance addition edge respect earth comparison planet mercury sun distance days


planets discovered outside solar system nasa mission revolves star largest planets detected system transit method mass slightly smaller planet saturn largest planet system display phenomenon called resonance pull planet orbit planet discovery announced august nomenclature history denotes discovered orbit star star turn named mission nasa project designed search earth like planets planets candidates collected days online system particular systems appeared held discovery announced august confirmed star system multiple planets star planet confirmed satellite transit method planet passes face star relation earth star light small light difference determine planet characteristics including size distance home star initial estimates mass refined observatory hawaii scientists found larger gas planets discovered system mass smaller planet saturn characteristics gas planet approximate mass fourth mass planet radius approximately radius planet days lies star compare planet mercury average distance sun takes days complete orbit second closest planet star system known case resonance noted planets correspond roughly ratio maintain orbit orbit grows average minutes longer period eventually trend reverse increase time seen planets slightly ratio institution stated gas giants probably formed away star appearance resonance phenomenon help explain history inward migration


discovered orbit star spacecraft nasa satellite tasked searching terrestrial planets star planets planet distance nearly half mean distance earth sun completes orbit days placing star system inner planets estimated radius little times earth comparable neptune size distance inner planets confirmation difficult inner planets scientists work reasonable alternatives confirmed planet discovery planets announced february according nasa planets form compact system discovered discovery originally called nasa spacecraft star possible transit events exhibit tiny roughly periodic decreases star measured passes star seen earth incorporated host star sister planets discovered announced time planets distance host star starting letter given designation team scientists conducted follow observations confirm reject nature detected object observatory hawaii shane california including arizona optical islands hobby smith texas nasa space star far greater distance inner planets fewer observed radial velocity observation effect interactions easily discovery team ran information numerous models light curve fit profile object including star background contaminated data probability planet instead false positive determined effectively confirming existence sister planets announced nasa press conference february findings published journal nature day later host star type star located approximately away times mass times radius sun star iron content similar sun plays vital role formation planets metal rich star tends form dense planets effective temperature slightly cooler sun hosts known planets form tight group orbit mercury considerably farther away sister planets according nasa planets form compact system known apparent magnitude seen naked eye characteristics sixth planet star mass estimated times earth exact mass determined transit observations interactions inner planets determine masses comparatively large distance prevented affecting affected planets result upper limit placed mass based assumption limit effects planets observed nonetheless constraints placed mass formation evolution calculations indicated planet mass greater radius estimated times earth somewhat smaller neptune radius estimated surface temperature times higher earth temperature days times fifth planet distance half distance earth sun unknown comparison planet mercury sun days distance seen edge respect earth


fifth discovered nasa spacecraft aims discover planets region sky transit cross host stars planet hottest planet discovered orbit larger host star days planet demonstrates effect planet orbit affects spectrum host star announced public january conference washington radial velocity measurements conducted observatory confirmed detection nomenclature history planet named planet discovered orbit star extension planet named spacecraft nasa run satellite searches terrestrial planets transit cross host stars respect earth crossing slightly star regular interval determine cause transit planet noted potential transit event originally designated follow observations high resolution hawaii observatory yielded additional information planet including mass radius fifth planet discovered planets field view confirmed test accuracy planets discovered discovery planets announced public meeting american astronomical society washington conference took place january discovery planets helped confirm functionality host star type star lies approximately away earth mass radius respectively star massive wider sun effective temperature sun approximately quarters billion years younger slightly metal rich characteristics mass radius means approximately mass planet wider based size distance star hot planet distance days compare planet mercury sun average distance days temperature hottest planets announced conference stating discovery means orbit circular planet density grams approximately dense water star demonstrates effect host star spectrum later body identification effect established motion opposed motion planet direction opposite star rotation


planet discovered orbit sun like star nasa spacecraft searches planets transit cross host stars fifth planet star quarter distance earth sun days planets system massive planets nearly twice mass earth times radius earth planets unlike inner planets system density lower water comparable saturn suggests significant hydrogen atmosphere planets constitute system discovered planets announced public february follow investigations analysis planets study results published day journal nature discovery known transit event planet host star included planet denote discovered planets planets distance host star fifth planet star given letter derived satellite nasa earth trailing spacecraft constantly observes small patch sky stars particular terrestrial planets planets cross host stars respect earth small periodic dip star occurs dip noted spacecraft tagged future study scientists analyze transit event carefully verify planet actually exists gather information planet orbit composition possible follow observations conducted observatory hawaii shane california smith hobby texas including arizona optical islands space according nasa system compact system discovered surpassing solar system host star type star like sun located away mass radius sun mass radius combined approximate iron content effective temperature makes star similar sun slightly slightly cooler star approximately times age sun estimated existed billion years known planets orbit inner planets orbit closely host star fit mercury apparent magnitude seen naked eye characteristics times mass earth massive planets discovered orbit planet mass range approximately earth mass large confidence interval radius second smallest planets discovered system times radius earth density comparable solar system dense planet saturn fifth planet host star days distance unknown comparison mercury sun days distance seen edge respect earth surface temperature twice surface temperature earth thirds surface temperature venus low density characteristic outer planets system suggests large hydrogen atmosphere present planets classifying gas dwarf small size mass low density shared planets solar wind reduced thin layer planets large formed million years system existence disk present


star type red dwarf light years away earth estimated mass sun closest known star sun observations suggest star system consisting known planets designated possibly confirmed planet order discovery additional outer planets received designations proposed evidence led discovery claims shown result stellar activity mimicking radial velocity variations planets subject huge attention quest discover planet low mass planet found near zone discovered april shown known terrestrial planet climate models likely runaway greenhouse effect probably hot analogous venus proposed planets received attention located zone existence subsequently doubt authors november european space agency announced debris disk times solar system constraints possible planets history observations known included southern fourth corresponding designation characteristics refers catalog number survey catalogue nearby stars stars located earth names star include catalogue known publication variable star designation individual star red dwarf type located light years away earth located degrees north beta star mass estimated approximately sun closest known star system sun class dwarf star lower mass sun causing core region star fuse hydrogen significantly lower rate apparent magnitude distance estimate effective temperature visual sun red dwarf primarily near infrared peak roughly estimated displacement law assumes star black body estimate star total comparison peak sun roughly middle visible spectrum radiation entire spectrum taken account humans able known correction star sun total planet need situated closer star order receive comparable energy earth region space star planet receive roughly energy earth termed zone zone extent zone fixed highly specific system classified variable star type given variable star designation star exhibits presence star spots combined rotation star measured close margin error real likely long term stable rays system confirmed planets possible planets possibly known orbit debris disc planets located close star near circular order distance star planets designated possibly letters represent discovery order planet discovered star letter planet longer thought real artifact caused stellar activity led conclusion exist planets discovered radial velocity method gives lower limits masses information minimum mass middle planet comparable solar system ice giants neptune inner outer planets minimum masses times earth planets orbit closer star inner edge zone possibly planets zone debris disc lie plane masses times minimum mass values planet minimum mass earth masses massive discovered recent confirmed planet discovered system takes days complete orbit initial analyses suggested planet orbit elliptical radial velocity measurements stellar activity data indicate circular orbit massive planet known discovered planet discovered april paper asserted earth type composition radius time earth like known direct measurement radius taken viewed earth planet transit star minimum mass planet times earth planet initially attracted attention potentially discounted mean surface temperature estimated lie venus like earth like temperatures higher degrees runaway greenhouse effect akin venus believe system undergone migration formed frost line composition similar bodies like completes orbit days considered disputed existence depending assumed suggests exist meaning exist thought middle zone mass thought earth period days semi major axis considered disputed inaccurate analysis caused noise stellar activity suggests fact exist despite stellar mass thought radius thought considered super earth remarkable orbit inside zone solid surface allowing water present surface form liquid oceans characteristic earth surface higher surface gravity period thought days long semi major axis unconfirmed analysis suggests star zone temperatures right support life debris disk november european space agency announced space observatory discovered belt times solar system likely rules saturn mass planets planet neptune mass planet required belt history announcement planet star discovered observatory geneva switzerland university france detected august extensive data fifth planet discovered red dwarf observations group resulted detection planets period originally thought days later revised lower value days revised distance place outer limits zone distance believed possible liquid water exist surface body given favourable atmospheric conditions estimated receive intensity light earth receives sun comparison sunlight mars intensity earth high levels carbon dioxide present atmosphere greenhouse effect temperatures freezing discovery inner planet observatory geneva data instrument announced april planet minimum mass time massive confirmed identified main sequence star september observatory proposed additional planets nearly circular based analysis combination data sets hires instruments proposed planet thought earth mass planet day orbit cold support liquid water candidate planet attracted attention nicknamed predicted mass earth masses period days distance calculated star zone planet expected locked planet facing star interview lisa joy national science foundation asked thought chances life existing optimistic biologist want play personally given life flourish chances life planet doubt weeks announcement discovery geneva observatory reported new analysis measurements taken years planet planet relevant measurements included paper uploaded unpublished journal non existence accepted relatively quickly shown radial velocity variations led claimed discovery instead associated stellar activity cycle planet existence planet remained controversial responded media stood discovery questions arose effect assumption circular eccentric statistical methods analysis found clear evidence fifth signal combined hires data set studies led conclusion data support existence planet albeit strong parameters result eccentric outer planet assumption noise present data red noise white noise roman called question existence planet suggesting planets present different objection existence offered study authors argued artifact stellar activity corrected causes false detection planet remains controversial radio signal sent earth message earth high powered digital radio signal sent october signal digital time capsule containing messages selected competition social networking site message sent radar ukraine national space agency signal reach early


unofficially called solar analog light years solar system radius planet orbit million kilometres astronomical units eighth radius mercury orbit small radius results year earth days long estimated surface temperature mass times earth masses volume times greater high mass volume indicate gas giant represents number research categories planet planet detected method planet known atmosphere planet observed hydrogen atmosphere planet found atmosphere containing oxygen carbon planets directly observed gas giant measured planet speed measured determining mass directly based application new theoretical models april alleged planet found water atmosphere july nasa announced finding dry sun like stars detection discovery studies revealed presence planet november careful measurements stars known planets hope observe dip caused transit planet star face require planet orbit inclined pass earth star previously detected soon discovery separate teams led david including brown gregory henry able detect transit planet surface star making known planet september team measured drop attributed passage planet star november henry team observed partial transit seeing initially unsure results henry group decided rush results publication rumors successfully seen entire transit september papers teams published simultaneously issue journal transit lasts hours planet covers star face star observed times satellite allowed period accurately days analysis shown planet mass times occurrence allowed planet radius possible previously known turned radius larger direct detection march nasa released news infrared light planet measured space direct detection light planet parent star constant light noting difference planet star eclipsed providing measure light planet new measurements observation determined planet temperature circular orbit confirmed observation february nasa nature released news planets directly observed long seen mechanism non life forms searched way influence planet atmosphere group investigators led richardson nasa space flight center measured atmosphere range results defied theoretical expectations ways spectrum predicted peak indicated water atmosphere peak absent indicating water peak observed investigators attributed clouds dust phenomenon previously observed peak occurred investigators explanation separate team led mark jet propulsion laboratory richardson data published results richardson article came similar findings june announced measured time atmosphere high precision observations large powerful carbon gas streaming enormous speed extremely hot day cooler night planet observations allow exciting measuring speed providing direct determination mass rotation august recent calculation effect spin orbit angle physical characteristics previously hot particularly close parent star exhibit kind inflation intense heating outer atmosphere tidal heating orbit eccentric formation played role past billion years upper clouds atmosphere pressure bar altitude planet center pressure atmosphere clear probably hydrogen effect pressure temperature observations stars initially limited planet making surprisingly dark object geometric measured comparison higher suggest upper cloud deck reflective material clouds incoming radiation like earth dark ocean models shown atmosphere hot high pressure gas surrounding mantle exists cooler gas implies outer shell dark hot cloud usually thought consist like red planets compounds like ruled scattering heated hydrogen rests portion cloud deck surrounding level november space detected atmosphere outside solar system measured detection predicted late core line runs pressures turns space imaging discover enormous envelope hydrogen carbon oxygen planet reaches hydrogen extends distance larger radius temperature distance distribution particle gives rise significant tail moving speeds greater escape velocity planet estimated losing million hydrogen second analysis passing envelope shows heavier carbon oxygen blown planet extreme drag created hydrogen atmosphere hydrogen tail streaming planet approximately kilometres long roughly equivalent diameter thought type atmosphere loss common planets sun like stars closer entirely lost mass estimated lifetime billion years possible planet magnetic field prevent loss star magnetic field contain loss presumed atmospheric water april travis observatory announced evidence atmosphere contained water combination previously published space measurements new theoretical models found strong evidence water absorption planet atmosphere method modeled light passing directly atmosphere planet star planet passed hypothesis investigated confirmation drew data measurements taken heather student harvard_university space applied new theoretical models demonstrate likelihood water absorption atmosphere planet planet parent star half days time passes parent star atmospheric contents analyzed examining atmosphere light passing star directly atmosphere direction earth according summary research atmospheric water absorption renders larger appearance infrared spectrum compared visible spectrum took data applied theoretical model allegedly identified water absorption planet atmosphere april david led team observations cautioned introduced variations caused theoretical model suggest presence water hoped observations clear matter following months april investigation conducted october researchers announced discovery water carbon dioxide atmosphere magnetic field magnetic field way hydrogen planet indirect detection magnetic field magnetic field estimated tenth strong


star twelfth star night sky currently cloud nearby accumulation gas dust known cloud type main sequence star apparent visual magnitude summer triangle marked light years earth closest stars visible naked eye rapidly velocity equator approximately significant fraction star estimated breakup speed study revealed spherical flattened poles high rate rotation studies multiple operating infrared confirmed phenomenon characteristics located light years earth closest stars visible naked eye beta gamma forms known line stars referred family shaft type main sequence star approximately times mass sun times possesses extremely rapid rate rotation period approximately hours comparison equator sun requires little days complete rotation rapid rotation forces diameter percent greater polar diameter satellite measurements wide field infrared explorer showed slightly varying magnitude different periods hours result identified delta variable star light curve adding number waves periods range hours weak source ray active sources located near star equator activity convection cells forming cooler equator surface temperature angular diameter measured brown workers observatory 1960s found diameter brown realized flattened insufficient data observe later observed flattened infrared measurements work published van david authors theory owing rapid rotation surface gravity effective temperature lower equator making equator poles phenomenon known gravity von effect confirmed measurements navy prototype optical analyzed verified gravity measurements navy new measurements instrument stars direct image obtained produced image surface infrared observations instrument array time surface main sequence star apart sun false color image published radius star estimated solar polar radius solar increase stellar radius pole equator polar axis inclined line sight earth etymology mythology culture medieval times arabic phrase english flying eagle term appeared catalogue translated latin applied arabs probably goes ancient called eagle star spelling medieval england western_europe depicted birds people victoria knew wedge tailed eagle wives black people murray river knew star murray river formed hunter giant murray wounded channel southern australia entering sky chinese consisting known lit river drum known lit river drum meaning second star drum river better known names translated star names allusion love story girl represented children represented separated respectively wife mother represented way permitted meet year form bridge allow cross way people called big old people called star pillar heaven western star ill danger reptiles japan named regional airline operated philadelphia nasa program announced lunar surface access module december russian seaplane named star intended home use united_states_navy ships uss uss poem wilson baker ibn named star master assassin mentor legend history assassins assassin creed series visual companions bright primary star multiple star designation faint visual companion stars component physically close merely appears close sky


abbreviated designated named planet approximately light years away earth cancer crab fourth known planet order distance star planet given designation july international astronomical union launched process giving proper names certain host stars process involved public nomination voting new names december announced winning planet winning submitted royal netherlands association astronomy netherlands honors thomas discovery initial presentation planet occurred meeting american astronomical society april half years planet published peer reviewed journal known planet outside solar system spend entire orbit zone furthermore discovery star sun known planets orbit mass located away star takes days complete orbit limitation radial velocity method detect minimum mass obtained case times half mass saturn fit radial velocity data indicates orbit consistent circular changing value range significantly alter squared fit representative assumed model takes interactions planets account comes perfectly circular observations space suggest outer planet inclined respect plane sky inner planets inclined unknown characteristics planet detected indirectly observations star properties radius composition temperature unknown mass half saturn likely gas giant solid surface called zone means liquid water exist surface possible moon known composition appearance like saturn neptune based temperature class planet covered water clouds


planet star located light years away direction southern planet discovered radial velocity method european southern apparatus june second smallest planets star planet interest star relatively low supporting hypothesis different determine kind planets form discovery planets discovered measuring variations radial velocity star measurements high accuracy radial velocity planet chile based observatory discovery announced conference took place france june found time orbit mass second planet discovered system times mass earth planet star earth days corresponding location approximately astronomical units star planet orbit found differ significantly zero meaning insufficient data distinguish orbit entirely circular star low compared planet bearing stars supports hypothesis concerning possibility stars determine disk forms gas giants terrestrial planets barnes mathematical model found planet orbit face characteristics transit specific characteristics radius composition possible surface temperature determined lower mass bound times mass earth presumably small planet concept challenged study stated terrestrial planet highly unstable affected tidal heating manner greater volcanic satellite planet restrictions terrestrial planets restrict ice giant planets like neptune strong tidal forces result destruction larger natural satellites planets close star unlikely hosts satellites presumed migrated present


planet located approximately light years away metal rich aged star planet minimum mass times distance earth sun orbit elliptical causes temperatures planet vary significantly proceeds orbit planet discovered las observatory september radial velocity method planets discovered consortium discovery hoped implement survey called consortium collaboration uses find radial velocity measurements stars hadn previously surveyed project searched particularly gas giants short metal rich stars find star mass planet related radial velocity observations taken program mike las observatory chile based observations stars potential host stars stars identified originally having short orbit hot planets years additional observations revealed candidates far longer initially anticipated discovery reported astronomical journal american astronomical society appearing journal october alongside planet planets discovered program worked later observed different team investigating role metal present star formation planets radial velocity measurements host star collected instrument chile observatory team radial velocity data parameters published discovery paper year earlier host star type star like sun star mass times sun radius times solar radius effective temperature temperature black body slightly cooler sun age billion years iron sun times older sun based spectrum active star apparent magnitude means visible naked eye slightly neptune apparent magnitude characteristics closely planet larger mass estimated host star distance days earth comparison sun distance days indicates elliptical orbit eccentric orbit temperature planet varies significantly higher liquid water present atmosphere possibly convert liquid phases planet moves orbit high planet orbit suggests mechanism exchange planet work planet orbit distorted unstable orbit planets system time discovery period larger discovered planets seventh planet known orbit shorter days


red dwarf completes orbit approximately days discovered june planet discovered red dwarf discovery discovered independently different teams led data observatory observatory geneva observatory like majority known planets discovered detecting variations star radial velocity result planet gravity making sensitive measurements shift lines discovered known planets system orbit mass resonance inner planet outer planet time takes planet complete orbit planet completes planet completes second known example resonance result elements planets change fairly rapidly interact planet orbit low similar planets solar system axis orbit mercury solar system faint star puts outer zone limitation radial velocity method detect lower limit planet mass obtained lower limit times mass true mass depends orbit general unknown light years earth able use fine guidance sensors space detect created constituted detection planet analysis suggested close edge case modelling planet planet interactions resonance shows actual orbit resulting true mass times mass physical characteristics given planet high mass likely gas giant solid surface planet detected indirectly effects star properties radius composition temperature unknown assuming composition similar environment close chemical predicted atmosphere cooler regions planet able form water clouds planet like likely migrated inward currently lies outer edge zone slowly evolving main sequence red dwarf zone slowly moving continue years years time lie inside zone defined ability earth mass planet retain liquid water surface remain billion years prospects life gas giant unknown large able support environment models tidal interactions hypothetical moon planet star suggest large able survive orbit lifetime system hand unclear form place large mass gas giant likely larger form


known type star known host planet star approximately times massive sun times size discovery largest discovered planet orbit noted home possible object spacecraft data system released public team french swiss scientists follow data determine existence hot planet later results published scientific journal january history targeted spacecraft earth trailing nasa operation searches planets transit cross host stars labeled object interest satellite days operations stretched mid mid june detection potential transit event data collected publicly released including data possible companion data analyzed team french swiss tested false obvious false cleared science team observatory southern france gather radial velocity measurements star collected data checked corresponded closely star planet found planet leading confirmation confirmed french swiss science team worked clarify stellar parameters star analyzing star spectrum collected sixth known host star radius times sun time discovery evolved star known planet published journal astronomy january submitted september characteristics type star times mass sun times radius star effective temperature making sun means times iron sun time discovery largest evolved star known host planet sixth known host star radius times sun planet stars include lies light years away earth star known distance previously discovered apparent magnitude star previously recognized low apparent magnitude seen naked eye system planet discovered far orbit mass times rough equivalent planet radius times density grams temperature times temperature earth star days distance


star system discovered mission detected transit method found contain multiple planets nomenclature history named mission project headed nasa designed search earth like planets unlike stars june days came online operating scientists submitted list candidates review originally suspected planet systems identified scientists noticed significant variations time intervals holds system discovered transit method system planets confirmed transit timing variations method allowing masses planets discovery planets announced august characteristics located lies away earth mass radius exactly size width sun massive wider effective temperature compared sun approximately metal rich terms iron sun younger sun estimated billion years old system confirmed planets direct orbit outer planets inner outer low density gas giants respectively mass radius planets density water similar saturn planet super earth radius times earth star days estimated chance discoveries false closest star second star ratio ratio outer planets relationship known mean motion resonance planets detected configuration resonance causes speeds planet change causes transit times planets period increasing minutes orbit decreasing minutes orbit changes allowed masses planets normally transit method estimated model mass estimates refined radial velocity measurements obtained hires instrument thought formed frost line thought migrated inward interactions remains disk captured resonance migration


wolf wolf red dwarf located leo near distance approximately light years earth apparent magnitude seen large wolf nearest stars sun alpha system including star brown wise known closer proximity earth led mention works fiction wolf lowest mass stars known light layer called temperature low chemical compounds form survive absorption lines compounds water observed spectrum surface magnetic field stronger average magnetic field sun result magnetic activity caused convection wolf star undergo sudden increases minutes strong bursts ray gamma ray radiation observed space wolf relatively young star age billion years companions debris detected orbit observation history wolf came attention relatively high rate transverse motion background known proper motion high rate proper motion indicate star located nearby distant stars higher order achieve rate angular travel sphere proper motion wolf measured german max wolf aid published catalog thousand stars high proper motions including identified listed star entry number star referred wolf reference max wolf catalogue measurement wolf reported mount wilson observatory yielding annual shift star position position change known size earth orbit distance star estimated lowest mass star known discovery infrared magnitude star measured brief wolf observed linking class variable stars known stars properties wolf stellar classification sources list class type star known red dwarf called red energy star reaches peak red infrared parts spectrum wolf low sun energy moved location sun appear times bright moon estimated sun mass wolf lowest limit star perform hydrogen fusion chain reaction sun mass objects limit known brown radius wolf estimated sun radius comparison radius planet large wolf entire star undergoing convection energy generated core transported surface convective motion transmission radiation circulation accumulation generated stellar core star process allow star remain main sequence hydrogen star longer star sun steadily core combination lower rate hydrogen consumption low mass convection allow wolf remain main sequence star years search star space revealed stellar companions presence smaller companions detection limit planet astronomical unit star excess infrared detected indicate lack debris disk orbit radial velocity measurements star near infrared instrument observatory revealed variations indicate presence companion instrumentation sensitive detect massive short period companions mass neptune greater outer atmosphere outer light layer star known temperature estimates wolf range sufficiently cool chemistry occur resulting chemical compounds survive long observed lines numerous molecular bands appear spectrum wolf including carbon iron water possibly lines spectrum element consumed fusion core indicates star million years old lies high temperature region known wolf star sun spectrum observed ground based spectrum showed lines heavily iron stripped strength line vary time period hours evidence heating wolf classified type star star undergoes brief energetic increases magnetic activity variable star designation wolf relatively high rate observations space detected events hour period energies higher mean magnetic field surface wolf strength varies significantly time scales short hours comparison magnetic field sun averages rise high active regions activity wolf observed rays gamma rays motion rotation star causes shift spectrum average results absorption lines spectrum lines increasing width higher rates rotation motion direction observer measured means resulting data provides lower limit star rotation projected velocity wolf equator threshold detection line low rate rotation caused loss angular momentum stellar wind typically time scale spin star class roughly billion years fully convective stars like lose rotation slowly stars evolutionary models suggest wolf relatively young star age billion years proper motion wolf background year moving away sun velocity translated coordinate system motion corresponds space velocity space velocity wolf implies belongs population old disk stars follows orbit way bring close distant center orbit star travel far light years away plane closest stellar neighbor wolf red dwarf ross away approximately years ago wolf minimal distance sun


planet approximately light years away earth planet discovered sun like star april survey southern planets existence independently confirmed planet search survey sun circular orbit inner edge star zone discovery discovered detecting small periodic variations radial velocity parent star caused attraction planet achieved measuring shift star spectrum announced exhibited line sight period days indicating minimum mass times orbit mass takes years orbit parent star unlike known long period planets orbit low comparable mars solar system orbit lies entirely star zone radial velocity means planet mass times solar system radial velocity method yields minimum value planet mass depending line sight true mass planet greater lower limit characteristics given planet high mass likely gas giant solid surface planet detected indirectly observations star properties radius composition temperature unknown star zone speculated possibility life worlds system unknown gas giants support life tidal interactions suggest harbor earth mass satellites orbit years exist able provide environment unclear satellites form place additionally small planet gas giant points survive orbit long periods high mass masses actually makes scenarios likely planet mass


planet orbit primary star system currently planet known exist star system times mass radius times host star days discovered nasa led mission noted planet candidate early march time discovery planets discovered team unable confirm planet extensive follow observations high resolution imaging resolved star closely system team noticed star based solely initial radial velocity measurements standard method confirming planet existence found realized data inaccurate discovery nasa spacecraft launched march collected data continuously month period small area sky data collected period analyzed candidates identified observed stars candidates suspected host stars body periodically crosses slightly host star data collected later known clearly indicate planet identified early mission data object interest follow program follow investigation fed islands optical operated october gather information accompany gathered observations high resolution hires observatory utilized use observatory imaging found host star actually close star complicated analysis november operation instrument observatory july use near infrared camera observatory inch confirm findings suspected planet early included published investigation required scientists investigated possibility transit signal detected actually star system eclipsed sister stars analysis star ruled hypothesis august infrared array camera aboard space find point space stars orbit analysis collected data determined component star system site transit signal additionally transit signal came primary star system opposed prominent star data collected hires team derived characteristics host star hires results agreed aspect star derived star radial velocity stellar parameters known team interpreted data confirm planet host star system star system means actually composed bound stars orbit common point space system composed primary star companion star stars observed searching planet angular separation system extremely difficult note companion star stars wide orbit takes approximately years star complete revolution stars located approximately light years earth host star primary component system system closely impossible time discovery distinguish characteristics individual star system individual star type star apparent magnitude star system visible earth naked eye combined results resemble star solar masses solar age age determined rate star spins estimated billion years far younger sun effective temperature iron measured sun characteristics sole planet discovered system date planet primary star system estimated masses words planet times massive times size high density measured according planets calculated independently slightly irregular orbit takes approximately days orbit host star mean distance host star times measured radius authors discovery paper noted discovered system parameters extremely inaccurate noted planets discovered radial velocity measurements accounted possibility host stars systems way definitely known case use high resolution imaging prominent portion system detected mass incorrect nearly radius small


abbreviated named thai pronounced yellow dwarf star approximately light years earth major planets designated later named believed orbit star star located fairly close solar system according measurements satellite exhibits corresponding distance light years apparent magnitude visible naked eye absolute magnitude implies visual greater sun solar analog type similar mass sun slightly slightly metal rich solar abundance iron like sun main sequence converting hydrogen core nuclear fusion based activity star million years old evolutionary models suggest older age million years studies yielded estimates million years star nomenclature designation discoveries planets designated july international astronomical union launched process giving proper names certain host stars process involved public nomination voting new names december announced winning names star planets respectively winning names submitted thai astronomical society thailand mythological king thai sisters associated tale extinct genus contains single species system announced orbit paul butler discovery observing shift star spectrum corresponding changes star radial velocity planet gravity pulled planet long period planet discovered unlike majority known planets low orbit planet times mass takes days years orbit star located solar system lie mars preliminary measurements probe suggested orbit inclined angle plane sky implying planet true mass times subsequent analysis suggested measurements precise accurately determine companions true mass remain unknown second planet announced fischer paul butler discovery radial velocity method according fischer planet takes days years complete orbit configuration similar configuration saturn solar system ratio close mass ratio roughly similar subsequent measurements failed confirm existence second planet noted determine existence left planet parameters analysis longer spanning days suggests second planet system likely periods near days high false alarm probability best fit model gives period days distance star parameters second planet highly uncertain hand catalog nearby gives period days planets close ratio periods reference parameters uncertain original fischer paper cited reference spite fact gives different parameters solution adopted planets discovery planet model system determined times likely planets planets discovery announced fischer gregory planet period days years semi major axis moderate longest period planet discovered radial velocity method longer period planets previously discovered direct imaging timing suggest inner zone host terrestrial planet stable orbit outer regions zone disrupted influence planet presence giant planet star disrupted planet formation inner system reduced water delivered inner planets mean terrestrial planets zone likely small dry messages sent transmitted largest radar meter foot radar message teen age message sent september arrive july second message cosmic sent july arrive system listed target stars nasa terrestrial planet mission