nato attack pakistan nato attack pakistan known incident attack attacks border skirmish occurred led nato forces engaged pakistani security forces pakistani military afghanistan pakistan border saturday november nato helicopters eagle fighter jets entered varying estimates little meters kilometres miles pakistani border area subdivision agency local time border afghanistan opened fire border patrol check posts killing pakistani soldiers wounding pakistan army check posts boulder volcano respectively attack resulted deterioration relations pakistan united_states pakistani public reacted protests country government took measures adversely affecting exit strategy afghanistan including evacuation airfield closure nato supply line july secretary state hillary_clinton officially briefly apologized losses suffered pakistani military subsequently pakistan restored nato supply routes background timeline incident november led nato forces opened fire pakistani border check posts stationed near pakistan afghanistan border attack occurred approximately local time afghanistan according director general military operations major general attack coordinated nato strike helicopters eagle fighter jets liberty turbo propeller aircraft intelligence surveillance reconnaissance role check posts located metres kilometres inside pakistan border afghanistan area subdivision tribal region pakistan check posts separated distance kilometre mountain attacks caused deaths pakistani soldiers included officers major captain ali thirteen soldiers injured result attack sides reported attacked poorly defined border history fighters moving border regions cited possible contributing factors incident claims according officials incident started coalition forces conducting operation afghanistan eastern province fired border positions pakistan firing coming position army soldiers requested support said official official stated fired directly pakistani military outpost western official backed view stating fired pakistani army base defensive action according accounts helicopters called support incoming fire pakistani defence official reportedly admitted soldiers pakistani border post sitting express purpose stopping fired couple mortar rounds bursts machine gun fire direction official pointed incident september nato helicopter fired pakistan outpost killing soldiers situation forces right pakistani border post firing position fired hit pakistani security forces military officials claimed insurgents pakistan pakistan border bases stage attacks working assumption coalition forces called drew fire official said nato forces informed pakistani army 11th corps command near western border operations insurgents place day pakistani general admitted press conference coalition forces informed military earlier earlier conducting operation according military information proposed strike passed centres border sides station officers exchange information effort avoid firing pakistani officers cleared strike saying pakistani forces area pakistani claims incident sparked outrage controversy pakistan termed attack firing irresponsible act stark violation sovereignty leaders pakistani military establishment viewed nato attacks army intentional pre planned nato version events lame pakistan rejected claims firing having prelude encounter saying soldiers manning post asleep resting nato launched assault night director general major general challenged nato present proof claim firing started pakistani fire opened asserted point nato afghanistan trying situation offering casualties claim cleared pakistani authorities denied pakistan claimed attack continued hours pakistani officials alerted coalition forces stop preliminary reports pakistan army told soldiers present check posts sleeping resting raid took place helicopters attacked border post named volcano atop mountain peak initial attack cut communications post pakistan air_force air support called time counter attack instead pakistani troops stationed nearby post named boulder engaged nato helicopters anti aircraft guns helicopters soon withdrew pakistani authorities tried contact nato counterparts effort inform situation pakistani request reportedly failed reach attacking force helicopters returned second time engaging boulder border post short later communication nato commanders established attack called casualties initial attack volcano border post later major general expressed nato forces returned attack second time according local officials militant activity border region nato conducted attack spokesperson said coordinates border posts given added attack lasted hours claimed personnel posts alerted turn immediately informed regional base afghanistan stop attack roughly return gave permission personnel outposts nato communicated roughly realised attacking pakistan army forces ordered stop nato aerial bombardment continued aiming pakistani rescue force rushed aid posts pakistan termed event firing irresponsible act stark violation sovereignty attack deadliest nato strike pakistani soil start war afghanistan media conference director general military operations major general chief general staff lieutenant general claimed incident accounts series events commented nato informed time attack helicopters remained course aggression pakistani military said nato forces returned second time attack post asked pakistan satisfied investigating team headed air_force brigadier general responded sharply commenting incidents past relation violation pakistan sovereignty come conclusion pakistan invited jointly investigate incident pakistan refused participate december major general claimed nato monitoring radio night knew hit volcano post pakistani military called strike government pakistan launched strong protest immediately discontinued supply nato troops located afghanistan notably strike saturday came day john allen commander led coalition afghanistan visited pakistani army chief meeting commanders discussed border measures aimed enhancing border control sides nato attack shows john allen lacks control troops based afghanistan negotiations putting mask repercussions incident closure nato supply lines pakistan immediately closed nato supplies afghanistan aftermath attack leaving blockaded supply trucks vulnerable attacks nato trucks supply routes agency pass near supply international forces fighting afghanistan policy makers tried find alternative routes russia termed northern distribution network longer effective routes pakistan huge costs associated central asian supply lines nato supply line russia danger closure friction missile defence plans country afghanistan highly dependent pakistan imports according figures released pentagon january united_states paying times send supplies troops afghanistan alternative supply routes following closure pakistani routes figures placed new costs million month roughly million month cargo transported pakistan high costs associated routes continued strife late march military official stated united_states use routes northern distribution network supplies afghanistan pakistan refused reopen supply lines conceded routes noted negotiations pakistan possibility opening supply routes ongoing reviewing united_states pakistan relations outlining needed repair relations pakistani parliament turned decision reopening nato supply lines government april upcoming general election pakistan widespread anti american sentiments country pakistani government reluctant reopen lines postponed decision united_states responded positively pakistani demands outlined parliamentary recommendations apology november incident bringing involved strike justice stop talks pakistan united_states failed april pakistan apology united_states november incident white_house refused attacks cities afghanistan april according military intelligence officials came network group working base north afghanistan border pakistan tribal belt pakistani officials said open nato supply routes afghanistan apology later pakistan demanded united_states pay stiff fees condition open nato supply routes afghanistan united_states pay required truck budgetary restraints according secretary defense considering financial challenges facing likely said pakistani demand truck carrying supplies territory nato troops afghanistan war unnamed officials said officials said hoped meeting pakistani pakistani president ali president barack_obama sharing spotlight president obama global leaders nato chicago summit provide incentive deal resuming supply shipments invitation international fold said senior official speaking anonymously sensitive issues couldn act time summit main issue money united_states pakistan nearly completed deal reopen crucial nato supply routes afghanistan june defense secretary said reaching limits patience failure root insurgents tribal areas wake comments deputy assistant secretary defense peter allowed meet pakistani army chief general pentagon announced bringing home negotiating team worked pakistani capital nearly months end bitter supply routes senior official disputed notion criticism pakistan set talks sticking point long time apology issue official said supply lines reopening pakistan decided reopen supply lines secretary state apologised july incident telephone pakistani foreign minister foreign minister acknowledged mistakes resulted loss pakistani military lives clinton said statement sorry losses suffered pakistani military committed working closely pakistan afghanistan prevent happening secretary defence said separate statement remains committed improving partnership pakistan working closely nations confront common security challenges region general john allen said statement agreement demonstration pakistan desire help secure brighter future afghanistan region large nato secretary general welcomed announcement reopen supply lines stating saying highlighted important role pakistan supporting stable future afghanistan pakistani reactions apology different appreciate secretary clinton statement hope ties better place confident countries agree critical issues especially bringing peace region pakistan ambassador said statement general decision reopen supply routes met pakistan general sense muted criticism pakistani government given increase transit fees nato trucks opposition politicians criticised demanded explanation pakistani government military government let people know terms conditions reopening nato supply lines demands said foreign minister opposition politician belonging pakistan muslim league complained americans apologize said sorry pakistani vowed civil stop convoys decision reopen nato supplies big crime country sit retired leader defense council pakistan coalition islamic parties includes pro foes nato routes chief inter services intelligence agency told pakistani cable channel express news come roads streets protest decision try stop supplies pakistani announced attack nato supply trucks travelling routes resume supplies considered friend face consequences spokesman militant group said said nato pakistani forces taken account losses past losses despite fact problem near levels cause alarm bells ring correspondent said according analysis cause problem pakistani attack bridges decide people head tribal areas connecting pakistan southern province american officials said according new_york_times hillary_clinton increasingly relationship young pakistani foreign minister paid resolving dispute countries incident final agreement wording clinton statement conversation came week marathon talks included trips general john allen commander afghanistan quickly arranged weekend trip thomas deputy secretary state management resources recent weeks pakistani finance minister spearheaded negotiations reopen supply lines weeks scenes phone calls meetings reached agreement terms reopening nato supply lines apology sides agreed following initially demanding truck pakistan dropped insistence higher transit fee truck carrying nato supplies pakistan afghanistan agreed fee current rate obama administration ask congress pakistan billion costs incurred pakistani troops carrying operations border afghanistan open look pay past coalition support fund claims pentagon spokesman captain john said pentagon acronym supply routes united_states military coalition support funds pakistan logistical military support provided american military operations payments suspended pakistan shut routes precisely halted paying bills pakistan tension rose countries pentagon consult congress paying bills prior paying pakistan telephone pakistani foreign minister clear secretary state clinton lethal equipment transit afghanistan ground lines communication ground supply lines meant national security forces pakistan defense committee cabinet approved deal said agreement country best interest afghanistan peace process allowing nato convoys enter exit pakistani territory speed withdrawal western forces pakistani government said statement enable smooth transition afghanistan according new_york_times agreement reflected growing pakistani officials hand nato resolve ability adapt closing alternative route central asia recognition sides transforming rocky relationship permanently toxic critically time despite resolving incident countries relations pakistan opposition strikes pakistan soil washington allegations assists anti american deal ended diplomatic brought relations nuclear armed south asian nation near hindered counter terrorism operations pakistan based supply lines closure united_states spent additional million month instead forced supplies air rail truck russia countries north afghanistan longer expensive routes closure supply lines complicated american troop withdrawal afghanistan cost united_states billion extra shipping fees result having use alternative routes central asia held delivery thousands armoured vehicles equipment meant fledgling army police slowing efforts build forces stand foreign troops withdraw reopening supply lines means save hundreds millions dollars run withdrawal nato forces afghanistan help nato complete withdrawal troops afghanistan lower cost according clinton despite reopening critical supply routes pakistan military confronts giant logistical challenge wind war afghanistan withdraw till end nearly troops enormous depots military equipment accumulated decade war includes shipping containers stuffed wheeled vehicles mentioned agreement pakistan united_states issue money matter honor army said pakistani defence correspondent news cable channel word looking sorry matter pride matter honor matter ego money months ago said administration official negotiations like supply routes according bbc reason long refusal incident deep anger americans death soldiers afghanistan attacks militant groups alleged connections pakistan intelligence agency reason united_states refusal determination american military investigators pakistan equally incident pakistani soldiers stationed ridge overlooking border fired troops border pakistan disputed conclusion saying forces fire nato supply trucks crossed border june questioned nato supply line deal apologized formally said leader main opposition party pakistan muslim league khan major opposition figure went saying decision isn national interest stir unrest ranks armed forces criticised incumbent government united_states political religious parties undertook long march protest reopening supply routes afghanistan pakistan declared scan nato containers passing country ensure contain weapons items seized compensation vehicle paid truck owners nato work seven months blockade according vice president pakistan goods carrier association airfield vacated november day incident occurred pakistan ordered shut vacate airfield southwestern province deadline days forces central intelligence agency reportedly leased joint surveillance launching attacks afghanistan northwestern pakistan military base pakistan united_states orders evacuation personnel increasing rift deterioration relations pakistan united_states early december military personnel occupying base military equipment shifted air base afghanistan military aircraft december pakistani troops frontier corps took control airfield scheduled december remaining american staff evacuated establishing control airfield united_states flag removed base replaced flag pakistan impact closure questioned united_states ability conduct attacks nearby bases afghanistan according pakistani military base mainly maintenance emergency landings logistical support conducting actual operations fact ceased april following incident pakistan stated intention shoot future suspended operations avoid pakistan report said american attacks pakistan dropped attack legal cases united_states exit strategy immediate repercussions incident united_states attempts end war afghanistan peacefully jeopardy pakistani officials warned attack huge implications pakistan designated major non nato ally united_states seen key bringing united_states negotiations table network halted efforts according unnamed pakistani official close military establishment addressing senate committee minister foreign affairs warned repeat incident end pakistan support united_states war government tolerate incident single drop civilian soldier blood pakistan role war terror overlooked added sacrifices rendered pakistan war terror country mean compromise sovereignty pakistan refusal attend conference wake nato attacks pakistani government refused attend conference scheduled december event germany important international conference afghanistan international pressure pakistan amounted refused attend conference secretary hillary_clinton contacted pakistani prime minister plea rejected pakistani public opinion prohibited attendance conference generally regarded disappointment partially pakistan absence revision western border rules engagement pakistan strengthened air defences surveillance afghanistan border precaution future incursions major general quoted saying expect attacks supposed allies pakistan army chief general issued directions commanders posted border fire permission aggression received according pakistani security official pakistan upgraded fully equipped air defence system border capability detecting tracing shooting aircraft weapons notably include indigenous shoulder air iii missiles anti aircraft guns pakistan air_force cancelled leave air reconnaissance related personnel deployed aircraft start round clock combat air patrol border prevent including attacks reaction fractured relationship pakistan united_states fell new low following incident pakistani government military establishment diplomatic political military intelligence relationship united_states reaction pakistan government military foreign ministry pakistan promptly lodged protest ambassador pakistan cameron following attack official phone united_states foreign minister said attacks demonstrated complete disregard international law human life stark violation pakistani sovereignty sentiments pakistani military leadership suggested attack pre planned plot executed deliberately intentionally retired brigadier chief security tribal areas said far blamed pakistan happening afghanistan pakistan point view shown international media matter taken united_nations security council advised pakistani authorities shoot nato aircraft similar event place future supply lines closed argument afford war pakistan inter services public relations media wing pakistani military released statement calling attack said chief army staff general called incident unacceptable directed necessary steps taken effective response irresponsible act senior pakistani military official said latest attack nato forces post repercussions reasons attacked post killed soldiers asleep pakistani senate passed unanimous resolution denounced attack called contrary united_nations resolutions international laws pakistan interior minister commented issue supply lines suspended permanently shut trucks allowed cross pakistan afghanistan border minister information broadcasting urged international community condemn incident prevent incidents future governor termed air strike deliberate asserted claims incident accidental blamed instability neighbouring afghanistan cause instability pakistan televised funeral ceremony soldiers died held attended high level military political figures including chief army staff bodies dispatched native towns burial soldiers hailed regions including major captain family members major captain ali said soldiers sacrificed lives country proud sacrifices army chief later paid visit injured soldiers transported combined military hospital november referring military intelligence political diplomatic operation pakistani prime minister announced business relations countries later director general announced nato apology accepted attack consequences said nato regret attack incidents happened past killing soldiers injuring troops years addressing gathering journalists military headquarters pakistan army major general described incident deliberate act aggression said impossible nato know attacking pakistani forces day pakistan ambassador wrote letter secretary general ban moon inform situation requested statement nation general_assembly nation security council document commenting attacks senior pakistani official said predator allowed hinted american military trainers allowed country train pakistani security forces pakistan previously dumped american security personnel country following covert operation special forces killed laden town strained pakistan relations united_states january foreign affairs minister said pakistan ties united_states hold nato air attack evaluation complete washington ask pursue militant groups assist peace process son president chairman pakistan peoples party stance called president obama courage pakistan raid demands afghanistan war remarked time called operations constant pakistani public opinion questioned united_states actually considered pakistan military ally citing controversial events operation davis incident remarked understood obama facing election future nato mission afghanistan important poll numbers opposition political parties politician remarked government incompetence allowed attack carried khan popular opposition politician cricketer long time staunch critic government foreign policy decision join american led war terror called attack political rally said pakistani government wasted billion belonging pakistani people lives people fighting counter productive american war know government issue silly comments brutality attack issue comments believe taking action national party politician senator called incident terrorist attack muslim league party leader supported blockade nato supplies teach unforgettable lesson usa nato forces violating pakistani soil chief condemned attack directed party observe stability solidarity day president heavily criticised attack giving conference press club advised government strict measures diplomatic level leaders called government pull war afghanistan alliance called attack incident face pakistani foreign policy adopted rulers bow foreign masters protesters affiliated right wing held rally outside press club urged pakistan army response nato leader party said eliminate stations bases given cia want end terrorism pakistan public media nato attack received considerable criticism caused widespread outrage country civil society media intentional act war pre planned numerous protests organised cities number consecutive days attack occurred members public demanded end alliance government consider pulling war terror permanently halt nato supplies expel american citizens pakistan plan military retaliation locals tribal agencies demanded carried attack handed pakistan hundreds people organised gathering outside american lodge protest lawyers associations country usual court proceedings observed strike mark day university students classes protest students blocked main road quit war terror anti american students expressed outrage protest capital protests organised northern towns faculty members university country oldest university passed resolution backed pakistan army stating pakistan want war war imposed said war terror drama staged elite certain group rich international referred high winston_churchill wanted establish world government federation pakistan chamber commerce industry condemned attack local television cable operators pulled western channels bbc world news deter called anti pakistan bias media leaders pakistani christian communities condemned attack pledged support armed forces calling inquiry speaking occasion president pakistan catholic bishops conference said soldiers lost lives line duty died fighting terrorism religious leaders scholars hindu muslim christian communities condemned incident inter faith meeting reaction nato white_house released statement said senior american officials expressed pakistan officials expressed desire work determine took place commitment partnership advances shared interests including fighting terrorism region secretary state hillary_clinton defense secretary spoke pakistani counterparts deepest joint statement supported nato investigation commander international security assistance force personally paying highest attention matter obama administration pledged operation pakistan ordered investigation inquiry conducted attack days later incident president barack_obama personally president ali express sorrow deaths soldiers according press release clear incident deliberate attack pakistan reiterated united_states strong commitment investigation stopping short offering formal apology nato spokesman said nato regrets loss life pakistani servicemen november nato issued apology called tragic incident addition nato chief reported written prime minister commenting deaths pakistani personnel unacceptable deaths international personnel joint interest fight cross border terrorism ensuring afghanistan safe haven terrorists quoted saying chief army staff general martin said pakistan anger justified reason furious given loss life saying know incident inquiry conducted senior advisor president warned pakistan afghanistan course military conflict contacted pakistani prime minister discuss nato strike gave deaths soldiers commander international security assistance force general john allen presented family members loved ones dead soldiers ordered thorough investigation matter nato chief wrote pakistan prime minister deaths pakistani personnel unacceptable time senators john_mccain graham said united_states needed fully review ties pakistan consider enforcing cuts new restrictions military economic aid response attacks american soldiers afghanistan united_states accuses having links pakistani intelligence agencies dennis congressman ohio said speaking event organised association physicians pakistani descent north_america united_states pakistan pay families soldiers adding aware pakistan relations brothers sisters need help facilitate want care people embassy released video statement youtube featuring ambassador cameron standing american pakistani flags expressed regrets attack giving said united_states took attack seriously pledged depth investigation pointed pakistan united_states friends years having previous crises certain weather emerge stronger partners international reaction country china chinese ministry foreign affairs held minute telephone conversation pakistani foreign affairs minister released statement expressed china strong concerns deeply shocked attack maintained pakistan independence sovereignty territorial integrity respected week january chief army staff general left official day visit china close ally pakistan invitation chinese leadership according military sources army chief expected meet chinese president prime minister alongside security officials focal agenda meeting included discussions nato incident briefing terms engagement security operation china pakistan commenting occasion security official said want relationship china level denmark foreign minister denmark sent official letter convey dead soldiers said pakistan suffered enormous casualties tens thousands civilians service personnel killed years country hard hit pakistan calls deepest sympathy solidarity france spokesman french foreign ministry said france extended tragic events led death pakistani soldiers called operation pakistani government addition lending support inquiry facts incident germany foreign minister germany attack telephone pakistan said supported investigation iran major general ali commander islamic revolutionary guards corps condemned nato air raid message pakistan chief army staff doubt horrible crime violation international laws regulations true face called advocates peace human rights addition iranian issued joint statement condemned attack encouraged decisive prevent united_states future crimes violation pakistan territorial integrity italy italian foreign minister contacted pakistani foreign minister loss lives incident matter huge concern commented pakistan major resolving stability afghanistan presence greatly missed upcoming conference russia russian foreign minister stated unacceptable violate sovereignty state planning carrying counter operations january reports emerged pakistani foreign minister set leave moscow half february formally invite russian president pay state visit pakistan accepts invitation russian head state visit country believed changes pakistan foreign policy include efforts open relations regional powers following strains relations united_states sri_lanka thousands protesters attended gathering public square organised pakistan sri_lanka friendship association national freedom political party ally ruling coalition government condemning nato actions asking stop pakistan attendees included high profile government officials journalists government employees lawyers members civil society members muslim community pakistani community sri_lanka present gathering protesters criticised united_states pushing inquiry conduct armed forces recently ended civil war tamil insurgents turkey turkish minister foreign affairs pakistan called attack totally unacceptable assured member nato turkey ask inquiry attacks added loss pakistani soldiers painful losing turkish soldiers united arab foreign affairs minister united arab arrived visit requested president ali reconsider withdraw pakistan deadline set vacate president said rejected request meeting saying decision taken defence committee cabinet national interests believed control leased 1990s visits wealthy arabs visit pakistan hunting trips reportedly party allowed use air base military purposes organisations united_nations office security council president ambassador portugal submitted letter information statement issued document awaited comments organisation islamic cooperation secretary general organization islamic cooperation condemned nato attacks gave relatives dead soldiers said attacks violation pakistan sovereignty totally unacceptable expressed solidarity pakistan european_union catherine offered deaths said commitment continue engagement pakistan pursuit shared goals promoting peace security prosperity pakistan vital partner region essential role play resolution conflict ali leader party indian administered said telephone address pakistan facing problems alliance united_states said nato attack pakistani check posts proved friend pakistan said pakistan ought revenge incident cut ties usa spokesperson maintained peace talks held government pakistan parties john british socialist anti war political activist called nato attack extremely dangerous argued allies creating instability nuclear armed country based analyst said interview state run russia today prevailing public outrage force government army decisive measures united_states australian analyst brian said attack severe consequences outrageous doubt signifies end lingering trust pakistani army according knowledge locations pakistani border posts excuse incident article asia times explains learn experience iran answer nation enemy pakistan going persian response time intention army according pakistan calculated response following attack stops short directly terminating participation war essence event push pakistan army inches long term scenario report published newspaper pakistan observer claimed military defence observers believed nato playing double game league according report theory circulated suggested attack carried nato came afghanistan entered region completely encircled pakistani forces eliminated hours check posts check prevent crossing border pakistan pakistani monitors experts afghanistan believed military officials deployed border brigadier general colonel corps anti pakistan sentiments links anti pakistani elements article published people daily china state newspaper accused united_states nato international law terrorism simultaneously chinese scholars analysts members leading think tanks expressed strong criticism nato attack spokesperson state department said china close ally pakistan sees target opportunity subtly suggest pakistan relationship alternative writing pakistani newspaper express indian blogger said attack reactions india vocal sections saw prejudice paranoia expressing glee delight discomfort supposed humiliation arch rival western neighbour sick thought healthy democracy voice world countries opinion piece published indian muslim observer titled nato terrorism pakistan said pakistan leadership interested mainly promoting goals western capitalist interests protecting interests people gallantry awards recipients major ali recipients captain ali media reports check post nato attacks funeral prayer soldiers offered nato attack funeral prayers soldiers offered funeral prayers soldiers youtube russia news world war iii start usa attacks pakistan youtube analysis reading dealing militarily non militarily usa direct offensive confrontation nato fuel troops attacked pakistan


operation operation british special operation conducted spanish island known west_africa gulf guinea second world war mission carried small scale raiding force special operations executive january objective board italian german ships harbour sail command major march left britain august sailed maid honor spanish colony british authorities area refused support raid considered breach spanish neutrality permission operation ahead eventually came foreign office london january ships officers attending party arranged agent entered port aboard ships crews sailed ships including italian merchant vessel raid boosted reputation critical time demonstrated ability plan conduct secret operations matter political consequences background british admiralty started receiving reports german submarines rivers french parts africa base unit selected investigate reports small scale raiding force known commando formed consisted small group commando trained personnel working special operations executive operational control combined operations headquarters commando command major henry march usually called march maid honor ton yacht left harbour august bound west_africa man crew command march remainder command captain departed earlier aboard troop transport ship september weeks sail maid honor arrived sierra agreed rendezvous groups party having arrived end august maid honor arrival search german submarine bases started sailing rivers area failed locate submarines evidence submarine base maintained presence west_africa observe french spanish portuguese territories intention identifying activities threatened britain colonial possessions searching german submarine bases agents aware vessels port santa spanish island kilometres coast africa near borders nigeria guinea ships italian ton merchant vessel second large german diesel powered barge working radio considered threat potential provide details allied naval movements declared cargo million pounds wool pounds hides skins million pounds materials pounds pounds crude million copper page ship cargo manifest presented port authorities ship captain refused provide details led speculation carrying arms ammunition visits island agent guise kept ships observation august submitted plan seize disable approval military operation neutral port given admiralty november transport raiders island vulcan provided governor nigeria sir bernard raiding force consist men agents men recruited local population crew mission suffered blow british general officer commanding west_africa command general sir george refused support mission release men required stating compromise unnamed plans mind act piracy repercussions responding concerns west_africa admiralty suspended operation foreign office favour operation british embassy madrid concerned possible reactions spanish government final ahead eventually supported foreign office given january grounds suspicion british involvement raid inevitable counted avoidance proof safeguard admiralty dispatched hms violet flower class corvette intercept vessels sea provide cover story intercepted trying way home europe mission agent richard obtained employment shipping company john liverpool business offices island having taken post started preparations raid aware crew habit accepting parties ashore held party aboard ship january guise party managed gain information readiness ship sea crew numbers watch arrangements raiders left morning january route practised lowering boarding ships sea command captain graham approached santa harbour hours january position metres outside harbour onshore arranged officers invited dinner party italian officers german officers attended boarding parties assembled decks entered harbour vulcan march second command board headed approached men seen deck merchant vessel notice shine torch direction time command moored challenged persuaded reply ship captain coming board men boarded man crew watch jumped overboard planting explosive charges anchor chain guided alongside tow soon ready charges blown started tow harbour aboard men managed aboard vulcan group planted charges anchor chains searched decks collecting prisoners blowing anchor chains vulcan started tow harbour explosions alerted population town started gather pier attempts stop ships leaving anti aircraft opened fire imaginary targets believing explosions caused aerial attack inch guns protecting harbour remained silent entering harbour leaving ships tow operation taken minutes losses raiding party sea january march established routine watches placed guards prisoners taken evening started trouble engines tow ropes captured vessels day vulcan reached location rendezvous captured sea hms violet suffering engine trouble managed contact turn contacted ship dispatched tow port aftermath special operations executive demonstrated ability undertake operations matter political consequences hugh government minister charge informed british prime minister winston_churchill outcome raid stated belief neutral governments impressed britain needed disregard legal war efforts succeed agent charge africa station submitted report head reflecting success time necessary prolonged negotiations undertaking minute operation spanish government furious raid seen breach country neutrality foreign minister described operation attack sovereignty fail act piracy committed defiance right water jurisdiction surprised return answer case demands arms germany radio stations reported british destroyer entered harbour dropped depth charges blow anchor cables ship crew shot january edition published article headline british admiralty lies act piracy british naval intelligence advice commander issued view german allegations allied naval forces executed cutting operation axis ships spanish port santa british admiralty considers necessary state british allied ship vicinity result german broadcast british commander chief dispatched reconnaissance patrols cover area report received large unidentified vessel sighted british naval vessels proceeding spot investigations details raid kept secret british chiefs staff informed january intercepted miles offshore taken richard remained island taken questioning spanish authorities january managed persuade departure ships spent money party ships officers released custody january refused permission leave island finally left secretly canoe arriving british territory march aftermath operation maid honor left eventually sold sierra government converted sailed managed canadian pacific empire ministry war transport managed elder lines renamed sold raid march awarded distinguished service order awarded military cross bar military cross guise appointed member order british_empire commando professional sailor raid private man board conspicuous efficiency getting ship way given commission field immediate award military cross march killed operation september mission evaded capture crossed spanish border handed germans kept solitary confinement months executed firing squad july later joined special air service day executed reported missing plane failed return mission join special air service awarded bars promoted major receiving posthumous victoria_cross italy


operation ring operation ring russian armenian known operation military operation conducted soviet internal security forces units northern regions autonomous number bordering regions armenian officially dubbed passport checking operation goal launched soviet_union internal defense armenian militia detachments organized illegally armed formations operation involved use ground troops accompanied complement military vehicles artillery helicopter root self described armenian contrary stated objectives soviet troops predominantly soldiers army forcibly uprooted living villages leave homes settle neighboring armenian british journalist thomas described ring soviet_union civil war authors described actions joint soviet force ethnic military operation accompanied systematic gross human rights abuses background movement originally begun armenia late 1980s called united country despite borders population percent armenian official petitions sent armenian leaders soviet government moscow order address issue rejected general secretary demands annex region came middle reform policies implemented came power political economical constraints soviet_union gave birth numerous nationalist groups different soviet insisted given right form independent countries late communist parties armenia georgia estonia lithuania largely weakened power relations worsened violence policies collapse soviet system sought protection soviet military weaponry dealing numerous demands saw disappearance vast amounts assault rifles rocket propelled grenades small arms munitions stored armenia inevitable conflict soviet_union armenian volunteers republic armenian formed detachments dozen men deemed detachments illegal entities banned decree july despite groups continued exist actively fought special purpose militia brigades attacks led soviet government position military units armenian capital kilometer gap armenian border population percent ethnic armenian armenian volunteers pledged defend protect civilians living incursions told stay away inhabitants save villages entire district violence origins planning widely believed operation ring conceived soviet authorities order armenian union referendum armenian sources planned measures long referendum execution operation ring proposed soviet officials mid april insisted interview plans originally formulated early visited writes early november fact finding group got hold secret materials authorities total armenian population villages regions session supreme council took place february plan armenian population actually approved russian human rights organization memorial reports expulsion civilians region early inhabitants forced abandon homes special paramilitary unit known black similarly engaged acts harassment armenian villages including raids collective farms destruction communal facilities set march date union referendum decide fate soviet_union offering grant greater autonomy individual armenia georgia vowed referendum instead seek independence moscow communist_party head continued support attempts union took referendum percent voters agreeing remain soviet_union staunch loyalty allowed garner backing moscow effect support discourage aspirations unite armenia force leave region altogether operation ring referred towns soviet armed forces date late april chosen commencement operation called soviet troops surround towns search villages illegally weapons armenian guerrilla fighters reacting growing violence assigned units soviet 4th army predominantly 23rd rifle division stationed armenian border serve force 23rd division elements fourth army selected ring implementation operation april soviet troops approximately kilometers north meeting little resistance way accompanying normal ground troops assortment tanks armored personnel carriers artillery attack helicopters approaching villages military announce intended actions called inhabitants display proof citizenship known passport regime check effort root groups led local following ultimatum issued residents village hour citizens village required passport regime citizens resistance choose ignore warning measures defend repeat use measures defend measures waiting location hour served pretext civilians subjected taken homes beaten troops arrested adult males conclusive evidence accused members militia additionally response villagers ultimatum issued troops artillery barrage launched village civilians soviet units completed operation towns ordered scale resident towns capital later armenia proper previous occupants refugees fled armenia previous years fighting initial public outcry denounced launching operation soviet governments went defend stating villagers providing aid militias homes armenian government soviet media including condemned operation described acts violence carried army excessive unnecessary operation continued week second operation second operation conducted units time town northern armenian town pretext previous operation joint forces entered armenia tanks armored vehicles claiming militia units staging attacks area operation conducted similar manner results addition arbitrary arrests men towns surrounding bus carrying thirty armenian policemen attacked elements 23rd division killing officers arresting rest units took looting outlying villages residents similarly forced leave homes ceded signing form stated leaving homes second operation provoked anger armenian government saw operation sovereignty armenia president claimed soviet government retribution country taking union referendum towns reacting media reports atrocities members russian parliament intervened behalf arriving leading parliamentary member secured return captured armenian policemen soviet forces continuing rest operation total thousand deported estimated killed killed fighting soviet troops human rights abuses legality human rights organizations documented wide number human rights violations abuses committed soviet forces included forced civilians unlawful killings torture kidnapping harassment rape seizure destruction property despite fierce protests measures taken prevent human rights abuses punish perpetrators approximately living villages deported region despite fierce protests measures taken prevent human rights abuses punish perpetrators approximately living villages deported region professor richard wilson harvard_university presented report international conference noted fact finding group find evidence spite recently deported village left voluntarily delegation international conference concluded officials including president second secretary central committee communist_party victor approving presenting voluntary inhabitants evidence proving actions carried brutal use force weaponry led murders loss personal property final report committee human rights supreme council concluded documents signed use force serve evidence voluntary departure residents united_states congress european parliament march likewise passed resolutions condemning operation ring aftermath july declared region announced end operation military strategic terms operation ring failure aim armenian volunteer groups achieved despite presence helicopter armored vehicles managed evade capture ring managed reinforce ethnic divide virtually according michael possibility peoples borders soviet officials maintained ring necessary prevent region deteriorating chaos militias presence july presidential decree according operation objectives impractical general situation evidently persuaded powerful partisan army actions lead armenian populated territories great course agreed operation probably understands operation sort doomed impossible war partisans undertaking armenia fiercely contested legality operation months declared independence soviet_union months fighting armenia worsened precipitated open phased segment war popular culture series documentary films titled wounds shot bulgarian journalist documentaries shot different phases operation ring detailed account events june film destiny armenian premiered film stars written fictional account events revolving operation ring cost million expensive film country film war


polish coup état attempt lithuania polish coup état attempt lithuania refers failed attempt polish statesman overthrow existing lithuanian government prime minister install pro polish cabinet agree union poland polish intelligence agency polish military organization carry coup planned implemented august coup designed initiative local aiming free government german influence hoped rely assistance sympathetic lithuanian activists thwarted lack cooperation sufficient number support polish cause uprising polish revolt lithuanian authorities disputed border regions lithuanian intelligence intensified investigation polish minority lithuania uncovered planned coup knowing membership arrested numerous polish activists network prevent coup attempt later membership list obtained lithuania dissolved coup strained polish lithuanian relations background poland lithuania formed state polish lithuanian commonwealth union partition poland lithuania regained independence aftermath world war soon engaged territorial disputes regions polish soviet war poland launched offensive soviet_union captured offensive april described historical capital integral lithuania poles large polish population polish city poland chief state sought union lithuania hopes reviving old polish lithuanian commonwealth federation believed lose sovereignty proposed federation wanted national state polish lithuanian relations immediately hostile grew worse refused compromise tensions rose lithuania asked allied supreme council intervene proposed lines prevent open hostilities drawn june july second known line poland ignored lines advanced deeper lithuanian controlled territory faced pressure polish chief state significantly involved planning coup want open polish lithuanian hostilities led greater tensions poland lithuania instead thought polish lithuania stage coup decided plan lithuanian government preparations planning began mid july time poland signed polish ukrainian war lithuania invaded north saxon volunteers leaving lithuanian army planning use network polish military organization underground organization created world war intelligence operations like purposes july polish diplomat arrived controlled poland visit clear explanation later said arrived negotiate led lithuanian historian suggests holding talks pro polish estate owners region august arrived temporary capital lithuania negotiate prime minister polish mission declared poland plans annex lithuania proposed contested territories allowing local inhabitants determine future replied disputed territories integral lithuania rejected idea negotiations broke left august negotiations evaluate viability coup attitude lithuanian diplomats union poland failure diplomatic mission polish newspapers increased anti lithuanian propaganda said council lithuania pro german puppet ignoring popular wishes union poland union break german influence state polish media reported growing anti government sentiment information line polish plans present coup initiative local population free lithuania german domination counted military intervention regular polish troops polish government maintained inspired coup official goal polish plan create independent lithuania powerful truly democratic connected voluntarily poland union internal autonomy possible acceptance polish minority lithuania partner lithuanian government recognition polish language equal lithuanian language lithuania recruited lithuanian activists august planned coup details coup scheduled night august rebels capture hold arrival polish regular units invited protect city council lithuania lithuanian government deposed replaced pro polish cabinet general installed military dictator new lithuanian government second command head civilian government general chief commander lithuanian forces aware coup known generally friendly attitude poland expected support aftermath posts reserved similarly unaware coup given promised german marks finance coup coup discovered eventually uprising doomed poor communication activists failed discourage local activists carrying uprising region local disregarded recommendations launched uprising locally successful led failure nationwide coup members lithuania stated uprising damaged reputation supporters rejected calls initial coup postponed september units began actions cutting telegraph wires damaging railways etc scheduled previously night august lithuanian intelligence intercepted order delay coup known poles plotting know lithuanian government informed cut telegraph wires intercepted order morning august government consider threat real appropriate action group lithuanian army officers approval took initiative afraid members military secretly decided begin mass arrests polish supporters night august know exactly conspiracy arrested prominent polish activists dozen poles arrested night including polish officers serving lithuanian army second night number arrested poles grew declared state siege polish press noted mass arrests polish activists charge ascribed poles concluded proof systematic anti polish policies german ridden lithuanian government list members arrest main leaders provincial branches remained intact september new orders issued scheduling second coup attempt end september attempt discovered lithuanian woman succeeded convincing deputy commander transfer document archive september obtained list members supporters arrested following days branch lithuania ceased function aftermath evaluation charged persons military trial december leaders received life sentences sentences ranged years months prison individuals acquitted members lithuanian prisons exchanged lithuanian prisoners released early general removed post commander lithuanian army battle perceived poland career polish government initially denied coup later admitted locals planned uprising claimed coup strained polish lithuanian relations making afraid polish annexation planned coup criticized historians unrealistic following reasons plan based false assumptions faulty intelligence incorrectly indicated government deeply unpopular general lithuanian population relatively friendly poland notable ethnic lithuanian politicians declared support plan plan relied support general support confirmed head civilian government pole weak incapable taking control coup met significant resistance intervention polish army led undermined idea voluntary union alliance poland group supported coup polish minority lithuania increasingly alienated lithuanian government policies according lithuanian census minority constituted population outside region ground uprising doomed poor communication activists

1919 Polish coup d'état attempt in Lithuania


battle battle fought east south croatia november croatian war independence croatian national_guard garde yugoslav people army placed held barracks blockade battle barracks aimed pin units isolated bases force surrender weapons ammunition garrison broke besieged barracks stored equipment claimed vacant base breakout supported units units deployed lift blockade barracks garrisons battle ensued attempted contain advancing units ending signed sides claimed victory achieved objectives garrison evacuated barracks croatian defences held particularly heavy fighting reported suburb identified primary axis effort removed weapons equipment stored barracks remaining supplies removed week period battle background electoral defeat government socialist republic croatia ethnic tensions croatian serbs worsened yugoslav people army confiscated croatian territorial defence force weapons minimize resistance august tensions escalated open revolt croatian serbs centred predominantly populated areas parts unsuccessful attempts serbia supported montenegro serbian provinces obtain yugoslav presidency approval operation croatian security forces january skirmish insurgents croatian special police march supported serbia allies asked federal presidency wartime powers declaration state emergency request denied march came control serbian president preferring campaign expand serbia preserve yugoslavia publicly threatened replace serbian army declared longer recognized authority federal presidency threat caused gradually abandon plans preserve yugoslavia favour serbian expansion end march conflict escalated fatalities lakes incident stepped supporting insurgents preventing croatian police intervening early april leaders revolt croatia declared intention integrate area control serbia seen croatian government intention croatia beginning croatia regular army effort bolster defence country doubled police force force effective component strong special police deployed battalions military structure strong organized reserve police grouped battalions companies reserve police carried small arms portion force unarmed croatian government responded forming croatian national_guard garde development hampered united_nations arms introduced september september ordered blockade facilities reach beginning battle barracks prelude late september early october blockade barracks croatian defences city maintained police troops troops assigned infantry brigade strength 3rd battalion 2nd guards brigade infantry brigade planned strength poor organisation shortage weapons commanded lieutenant colonel barracks south largest weapons storage facilities croatia barracks contained weapons equipment 8th brigade mixed artillery brigade elements logistics battalion mixed artillery brigade armoured battalion brigade tonnes fuel food assigned logistics base summer battalion 4th armoured brigade moved barracks battalion deployed late march men remained barracks fortifications improved barracks commander lieutenant colonel commanding officer 8th brigade 1st battalion infantry brigade blockaded barracks september contain prevent removal weapons blockade poorly organised allowing pair tanks leave barracks raid nearby settlement days later according croatian sources tank destroyed raid relieve blockaded garrisons area brigade detachments assigning operational group attacked croatian defences october reaching east bank river october brigade collapsed inadequate manpower replaced 9th brigade brought serbia october order battle according additional troops deployed barracks despite blockade october november primarily tank crews assigned 9th brigade companies reinforcements crossed river adjacent barracks movements led skirmishes november barracks housed strong garrison second half october infantry brigades established nearby bolster croatian defences new brigades assigned areas responsibility november operational zone commanding officer colonel brigade south barracks infantry brigade commanded major infantry brigade deployed companies 1st battalion north west barracks companies 3rd battalion deployed south barracks south companies 3rd battalion infantry brigade faced brigade supported companies police including sniper group special police reserve troops commanded north barracks brigade supported additional company police 3rd battalion 2nd guards brigade ordered troops leave left area squad remained rear infantry brigade timeline 5th military district command instructed relieve blockaded garrisons areas stage advance intended reach river breaking positions second stage relieved garrisons blockaded november began artillery bombardment area forcing 2nd battalion infantry brigade abandon positions following day abandoned defences occupied elements brigade 1st battalion november renamed croatian army supplemented orders instructions capture village surroundings south barracks facilitate evacuation barracks anticipating advance general staff armed forces republic croatia instructed operational zone infantry brigade capture barracks secure ammunition stock ordered police force commanded capture barracks night refused order rescinded artillery bombarded night november november breakout barracks began november hour long artillery bombardment battalion company command posts simultaneously attacked defences north threatening breakout commanded chief staff colonel garrison barracks remained place group tanks deployed south significant resistance villages armoured force went stopped kilometre miles north village elements 2nd guards brigade infantry brigade force retreated losing tanks mounting attack road tanks dispatched stopped brigade troops reaching objective evening infantry brigade reinforced companies elements 3rd battalion 2nd guards brigade tank armoured personnel carriers missile system contain advance night november civilian population evacuated secondary force tanks supported infantry deployed barracks secure high ground north east barracks protect flank armoured force according advancing troops met 2nd company 3rd battalion brigade supported tank force secured immediate objectives lost tanks truck clash according tank destroyed damaged forcing remaining retreat barracks secondary force limited metres feet secured hill attacked yugoslav air_force operational zone assist infantry brigade instead directing units lift securing road prompted request help operational zone commander colonel native ordered 7th brigade croatian deploy battalion general staff approved order instructing 8th brigade croatian add battalions 8th brigade troops sent november warned reinforcements infantry brigade abandoned plan advance efforts reach bridge village road tanks stopped day battle resumed morning tanks supported yugoslav air_force artillery multiple rocket launchers broke positions held 2nd guards brigade reaching stopped shortly 2nd battalion 7th brigade arrived attached infantry brigade company battalion deployed hill second deployed west relieved troops 2nd guards brigade infantry brigade assigned secondary importance fighting barracks struggling hold positions estimated battalion strong attack progress artillery air support hill positions reinforced sports company composed university faculty students platoon millimetre mortars attached 3rd battalion infantry brigade battalion tasked blocking road leading south barracks capturing noon trained drivers barracks ordered soldiers operated military vehicles drive column starting barracks fire column advanced south elements infantry brigade retreated village right bank river evacuating column sustained casualties supported 9th brigade detachments later accused killing civilians area november night november fighting died infantry brigade extract encircled troops civilians near river east column began moving south dawn reached crossed river village bridge bridge proceeded shortly barracks surroundings secured aftermath sides claimed victory battle evacuation garrison greatest success achieved objectives failed secure area surrounding barracks remove weapons equipment planned coordinated advance failed croatian forces failed primary objective containing garrison nonetheless threat barracks removed freeing forces assigned blockade barracks large number weapons captured infantry brigade fatalities battle 2nd guards brigade infantry brigade killed wounded brigade sustained casualties dead wounded troops addition civilians killed captured held prisoner died captivity remainder later exchanged seven exchanged prisoners severely injured died shortly exchange central intelligence agency estimated lost tanks housed barracks evacuated tanks armoured recovery vehicle armoured vehicle launched bridge including armoured command vehicle vehicles carrying military equipment elements infantry brigade entered barracks morning november removing military hardware barracks pulling informed planning artillery attack captured equipment continued removed barracks november command system failure destruction property caused outrage largely directed fled life operational zone headquarters morning november infantry brigade blamed brigade mistakes including breakout barracks occurred brigade blamed supported general staff soon appointed commanding officer infantry brigade based fact croatian command control systems failed especially operational zone command immediate vicinity battlefield communications poor zone command issued instructions troops fighting near infantry brigade focused fighting paying little attention infantry brigade poor use reinforcements deployed command effective probably proximity command post hill metres feet away permitting direct observation battlefield war crimes trial croatian authorities charged members shooting soldiers tried surrender november arrested october convicted sentenced years prison november


battle battle major battle fought january vietnam war fought province province south vietnam december intelligence detected presence radio sizable force national liberation south vietnam soldiers reported number hamlet tan province home army republic south vietnam 7th infantry division destroy force south vietnamese advisers planned attack tan directions provincial civil guard battalions elements 11th infantry regiment 7th infantry division infantry units supported artillery armored personnel carriers helicopters morning january south vietnamese civil guards spearheaded attack marching tan south reached hamlet situated southeast tan immediately pinned elements battalion shortly companies 11th infantry regiment committed battle northern tan overcome soldiers entrenched area midday reinforcements flown tan helicopters troops gunfire helicopters lost result 4th rifle squadron deployed rescue south vietnamese soldiers trapped southwestern end commander highly reluctant moving heavy carriers local terrain ultimately presence little difference stood ground killed dozen south vietnamese crew members process late afternoon 8th airborne battalion dropped battlefield scene characterized day fighting pinned break line defense cover darkness withdrew battlefield having won major victory background small scale military actions eventually vietnam war started late 1950s south vietnamese president instituted anti communist campaign aimed left forces time north vietnam hoping election promised geneva unite north south vietnam worried united_states directly supporting south vietnam recommended policy avoiding battle costs campaign successful allow small scale actions broke country north vietnam remained worried involvement refused sort military support forcing remaining retreat inaccessible areas hills river stalemate sorts followed south vietnamese forces took long reach areas fighters able retreat little difficulty large scale american support began kennedy administration early 1960s arrival large numbers special forces help field arrival helicopters changed nature battle considerably enabled south vietnamese soldiers quickly fly point country leaving little time retreat combined forces increasingly effective routing tactics combined use armored personnel carriers took heavy toll fledgling units lightly armed weaponry capable stopping armored carriers inevitably forced flee taking heavy casualties successful south vietnamese force 7th infantry division command colonel adviser lieutenant colonel john paul directed unit activity concert captain richard scored biggest successes military campaigns killing paramilitary civil guard self defense corps fighters leaving thousands cut supplies south vietnamese officers reluctant absorb heavy casualties occasions forces excellent position trap battalions fail close trap pretext allow enemy escape behavior initially attempting build aggressive commander unknown officer lost men matter successful operation interested military protect regime solution fill catholic political friends like little military ability likely help stop coup attempt skirmish highway resulted small number south vietnamese casualties trucks destroyed called return group advisers forced end joint planning sessions successful earlier action essentially wound region excellent military intelligence network developed find areas devoid planned operations areas cases operations executed paper order report increasing tempo operations actually exist decided split command area south iii corps area reduced size cover area northeast newly created corps taking west southwest promoted general assumed command new corps tactical zone included area operations 7th infantry division command 7th given chief staff colonel dam expressed concerns abilities promotion presented took position welcomed advisers planning effort despite change leadership problems continued manifest 7th infantry division prelude november national liberation military region ordered battalion battalion home battalion province destroy strategic region time attack south vietnamese sweeping operations december american aircraft equipped equipment located radio intercepted radio signals hamlet tan province 7th infantry division headquartered radio intercept information obtained jim intelligence officer indicated tan headquarters location furthermore south vietnamese american intelligence personnel believed deployed reinforced company men protect certain unit larger reported number 7th infantry division instructed attack tan operational plan suited attack small enemy formation drafted adviser dam command staff 7th infantry division plan operation called south vietnamese assault tan different directions rifle companies 11th infantry regiment 7th infantry division north civil guards regiment march northward south separate columns company armored personnel carriers infantry company board southwest carriers infantry company act mobile reserve reaction force positioned shifted contact area began retreat addition dam deploy rifle companies tan airfield brought battlefield helicopters army transportation company previous occasions intelligence tracked location radio relocated south vietnamese launched attacks privately questioned soldiers tan national liberation changed policy avoiding south vietnamese army standing fighting 1st company battalion 1st company battalion total strength regular soldiers positioned tan respectively separated distance kilometers combined companies supported approximately local force soldiers district served scouts ammunition litter carriers emergency replacements elements battalions tan formed composite battalion placed command colonel previously leadership battalion alternated south vietnamese revolutionary returned north vietnam native north vietnam unpopular battalion soldiers known strict demanding careful details contrast far relaxed commanded high degree confidence soldiers battalion strong leadership skills popularity selected command forces operations soldiers command equipped captured weaponry bar light machine guns caliber machine guns single mortar days battle anticipated major attack south vietnamese government intelligence agents reported arrival ammunition supplies kilometers northeast addition information provided connected journalist undercover agent soldiers conducted minute anti helicopter anti training studying weaponry south vietnamese plans took advantage local terrain taking positions tan north tree lined creek southeast south positions concealed trees shrubs difficult air provided good protection heavy weaponry south west dug series irrigation afforded field fire surrounding rice fields deep man stand big accommodate man machine gun crew line irrigation enabled units communicate short enjoyed great advantage attacking force battle fight begins morning january scouts tan reported hearing sounds truck boat engines issued alert order prompted troops pick weapons hurry women children old men fled hid nearby swamps soon order issued thirty helicopters needed entire 1st battalion 11th infantry regiment available result dam send company time battlefield wave helicopters group south vietnamese soldiers troops hold positions rest battalions arrived delay arrival regular south vietnamese army units civil guard battalions task forces command provincial chief major left march enemy positions planned civil guard battalion task force started north knew civil guard battalions approaching instructed company commander ready fire shots battle radio operators captured communication equipment followed movements civil guards monitoring frequencies government troops leading civil guard battalion came meters southern end opened fire immediately killed leading company commander wounded task force commander task force momentum stopped soldiers leading civil guard battalion sought shelter tried unsuccessfully time artillery support ineffective civil guard forward observers stand observe fall artillery rounds consequently artillery round simply fell positions instead line matters worse failed send second civil guard battalion task force rescue north tan companies 11th infantry regiment fared better marched south separate axes objective concealed soldiers battalion allowed opponents come meters opening fire immediately south vietnamese forced ground hours managed launch major assaults failed break line defense dam reserve companies tan hours late american prevented landing helicopters known flying shape heavy fog covered tan airfield morning ground attacks north south dam decided stretch defending units attacking east west dam asked battlefield aboard reconnaissance aircraft possible landing zones east west sides additional reinforcements inserted launch attacks response asked pilot low passes trees covered positions knew fortified position southern end hamlet impact firepower civil guards beginning battle aircraft flew western tree line watched held fire knew aircraft trying draw fire order mark positions suspicious decided better landing zone area despite heavy fighting ordered pilot contact leading south vietnamese reserve company tan relayed message command pilot helicopters escorted group recently deployed armed machine guns inch rockets instructed land reserve companies meters western southern tree lines covered order minimize effectiveness caliber machine guns early phases vietnam conflict command relationships military units established american developed tendency disregard instructions advisors especially regarded instead following instructions command pilot decided lead helicopters southern tan creek american pilots landed helicopters meters west hit multiple times machine gun small arms fire immediately positions inch rockets failed suppress enemy fire south vietnamese soldiers disembarked helicopters severely damaged ground second sent rescue crew soon touched ground returned pick crews downed flying prepared land main struck enemy gunfire aircraft flipped right crashed simultaneously sustained heavy damage forced land rice fields short distance helicopters south vietnamese soldiers landed field heavy fire inside refused sergeant arnold ridden crashed helicopter raced forth rescue injured american airmen arrival armored personnel carriers attended injured men borrowed field radio south vietnamese coordinate artillery air strikes later arrived attacked houses conventional bombs south vietnamese soldiers pinned ground believed ordeal stood retreating positions fired exposed soldiers killed captain james senior adviser 2nd armored cavalry regiment told helicopters destroyed meters southeast regiment position told south vietnamese counterpart captain commander 4th rifle squadron 2nd armored cavalry regiment rescue trapped south vietnamese company helicopters asserted orders americans argued sending armored personnel carriers canal enable retreat time argument broke finally command post tan told ask commander 7th infantry division order immediately shortly returned dam permission ordered carriers direction white smoke rising burning hamlet american advisers quietly confident turn tide battle previous occasions fighters fled battlefield soon armored personnel carriers turned contrast previous engagements commander ordered soldiers battalions throw south vietnamese retreat muddy rice fields result certain death south vietnamese problem crossing generally shallow streams rivers typical delta heavy ton deeper canal forcing crews infantry company board cut brush trees fill canal shallow cross rescue operation delayed tried obtain proper authorization advance orders commands directly american advisers flying armored formation demanded advance immediately replied instructions americans threatened shot reluctantly continued advance slowly entrenched fourth returned attempt rescue downed helicopter crews heavily damaged ground fire forced land muddy rice field set new record battle time destroyed downed helicopters hours formation finally closed downed helicopters western approached landing zone single file instead formation immediately fired inside hamlet able concentrate fire target time south vietnamese gun crews exposed waist easy targets end day fourteen south vietnamese crewmen killed exposure leading able pull downed helicopters driver killed driving head outside hatch knocked unconscious inside carrier help ran forward aid wounded men carry formation point south vietnamese crews backed firing caliber machine guns sky recovered company launched frontal assault line crews closed objective squad leader men jumped tossed grenades lead formation attack force morale crews armored formation quickly deteriorated south vietnamese served commanders machine gunners carriers killed replaced experienced poorly trained men ditch effort overrun stronghold equipped sent forward meters position fire western tree line range meters operator fired device flame died meters later discovered crew mixed incorrect agent gasoline final attack mounted company failed defeated morale broken 4th rifle squadron fight withdrew stage frustrated civil guard soldiers task force appeared hurry reach searched house time marching south western flank battlefield final effort defeat flew tan asked deploy airborne battalion eastern logical retreat route hoped trap inside blocking retreat routes sides elite battalion south vietnamese disappointment strongly opposed idea decided drop airborne battalions formation western instead accused wanting let escape order avoid south vietnamese casualties argued surrounded entrenched enemy fight fiercely retreating wanted units inside tan expose retreating eastern battlefield destroy artillery lost confidence felt placed lives south vietnamese soldiers risk save lives handful americans major general chief joint general staff present argument object plan consistent president objective save vietnamese lives rural revolutionary development programs encouraged fighters join south vietnamese military airborne battalion believing useless continue arguing climbed reconnaissance aircraft left tan afternoon continued press quickly deploy south vietnamese fearful battle turn largest defeat south vietnamese forces point war promised deploy second civil guard battalion arrived south western flank drop 8th airborne battalion armored personnel carriers late afternoon flight providers south vietnamese aboard closed objective quickly drew machine gun fire hamlet pilots changed course avoid ground fire south vietnamese american flight leader compensate change result landed right entrenched positions instead 4th rifle squadron civil guards able pick south vietnamese descended stuck trees reached ground survived tried forward soldiers position fired exposed open rice 8th airborne battalion launched small unit attacks occasion repelled sporadic fighting continued end day airborne battalion lost soldiers killed action wounded american advisers captain sergeant russell south vietnamese wounded night fell knew south vietnamese forces closing directions eastern flank remained open ordered elements battalions exhausted low ammunition assemble southern end tan evacuated rice fields taking dead wounded comrades wanted use plane rice fields eastern flank tan wanted hit rounds artillery destroy retreated approve use expose airborne battalion night defensive positions instead ordered rounds artillery fired rate shells hour commander led companies tan headed base camp plain local force units left different route local area 1st company battalion led column followed litter carriers carrying dead wounded 1st company battalion covered tail formation acting rear guard wounded soldiers transferred canal eastern tan rest formation marched january men successfully reached destination detected aftermath january team western journalists toured deserted hamlet american advisors reporter asked brigadier general robert york happened general replied hell look like happened boy got away happened shortly afterward hours late south vietnamese hit artillery barrage artillery rounds killed south vietnamese soldiers wounded key decisions early phases battle blamed south vietnamese miserable damn performance like people won listen mistake way according blaming south vietnamese wanted conceal americans flawed intelligence poor leadership hoped pressure south vietnamese accept future changes favored general paul commander military assistance command vietnam far optimistic assessment battle considered operation major success abandoned positions south vietnamese units captured tan evaluation battle success based military doctrine world war armies fought conventional combined arms battle goal control territory far interested exposing weaknesses regime military argues optimistic doctrine long term performance south vietnamese military american advisers attached refused acknowledge flawed system south vietnamese commanders american counterparts operated attitude south vietnamese americans learned important lessons battle south vietnamese units participated battle took heavy losses failed attempt destroy forces south vietnamese casualties included killed action wounded american participants included advisors counted dead wounded american helicopters sent support operation escaped undamaged downed destroyed battle marked time decided stand fight large south vietnamese formation outnumbered overwhelming odds achieved major victory successfully stopped equipped south vietnamese army supported combination artillery armored units american casualties soldiers killed wounded despite fact fighters hit rounds artillery ordnance released consequences south vietnamese government american involvement vietnam battle significant milestone fighting force individual soldiers battle proved defeat superior south vietnamese forces equipped modern military hardware significant support funding united_states militarily morale confidence commanders soldiers experienced setbacks previous year significantly boosted politically battalions able exercise greater influence areas operations prestige defeating soldiers unpopular regime despite initial success strategic hamlet program intensified military operations events placed additional pressure government showed cope resurgence particularly regions surrounding river


battle plateau battle plateau clash croatian army forces republic serbian fought june croatian war independence battle represented culmination series skirmishes forces northern implementation plan deployment united_nations protection force began skirmishes occurred pink zones areas control outside protected areas established plan elements brigades advanced kilometres north captured plateau encompassing square kilometres square miles territory seven villages battle requested pull positions prior june request followed united_nations security council resolution urging croatia withdraw plateau remained place immediate aftermath croatian authorities claimed offensive ordered general staff advance response series battle bodies killed soldiers thrown pit retrieved august released prisoners war informed location bodies background following electoral defeat government socialist republic croatia ethnic tensions worsened yugoslav people army confiscated croatia territorial defence force weapons minimize resistance august tensions escalated open revolt croatian serbs centred predominantly populated areas parts regions eastern croatia following clash insurgents croatian special police march conflict escalated croatian war independence stepped increasingly supporting croatian insurgents early april leaders croatian revolt declared intention integrate area control known serbia croatian government responded forming croatian national_guard garde development hampered united_nations arms introduced september october croatia declared independence yugoslavia month later renamed croatian army late saw fighting war yugoslav campaign croatia culminated siege battle november croatia serbia agreed plan contained geneva accord plan entailed protection civilians specific areas designated united_nations protected areas croatia came effect january december european community announced decision grant diplomatic recognition croatia january renamed republic serbian december despite geneva accord requiring immediate withdrawal personnel equipment croatia stayed months areas troops eventually pulled left equipment consequence problems named united_nations protection force start deploy march took months fully assemble protected areas furthermore forces remained areas outside designated control time signing implementation agreement january areas later better known pink zones supposed restored croatian control outset plan implementation failure aspect implementation plan pink zones major source contention croatia prelude fully deployed clashed armed force village nos located pink zone near captured village march formed counterattack day augmented elements 9th military police battalion deployed clashed force nos counterattack failed captured troops nos intent exchanging prisoners held arrest following negotiations agreed pull april later declined claiming deteriorating security battlefield general prevented withdrawal owned houses nos captured village clashed units brigade pink zone near repelled attacks areas managed cut base hill away rest force outpost occupied high ground overlooking surrounding area including housed radar equipment artillery observer post attempted relieve besieged garrison days attempts failed base surrendered attack capture hill operation jaguar carried 2nd battalion infantry brigade supported artillery infantry brigade timeline june attacked positions plateau located pink zone north forces area 1st brigade lieutenant colonel general milan deployed troops elements infantry brigades commanded brigadier pink zone routes nos river boat sailing upstream river night june fighting began force deployed squads captured seven villages plateau end morning captured village plateau advance created held south kilometres deep led artillery bombard bombardment response june artillery fire progressively intensified june positions plateau yielded additional troops counterattack failed assessment concluded situation deteriorate pink zones address situation military commander lieutenant general met deputy prime minister croatia milan chief general staff armed forces republic croatia general day order discuss developments plateau skirmishes continued june accompanied artillery fire morale troops causing garrison based nearby abandon barracks aftermath according croatian sources lost seven troops killed battle sources cite killed troops battle immediate aftermath took seventeen prisoners prisoners taken barracks june total soldiers killed plateau day battle thrown pit contrary orders given brigadier commanding officer infantry brigade ordered burial killed troops local serbian orthodox cemetery day prisoner shot nos personnel group prisoners tasked clearance area fighting destroyed tanks armoured personnel carriers captured considerable weapons ammunition battle offensive brought seven villages square kilometres square miles control meeting claimed offensive planned ordered authorities stated advance response series armed forces claimed specific order attack received respond aggressively capture territory possible cases grave forces president croatia offensive forced resign post replaced major general mile european community monitor mission requested withdraw positions held offensive declined request croatia agreed monitors continue present pink zones croatia assumed control planned way population pink zones provide safety aftermath offensive united_nations security council adopted resolution urging cessation hostilities near urging pull positions held june brigade remained plateau regardless resolution authorised perform monitoring pink zones recommended establishment joint commission chaired representative including representatives government croatia local authorities oversee restoration croatian control pink zones prisoners taken released august informed bodies pit death bodies retrieved croatian authorities presence international organisations croatian military police members charged murder trial ongoing years battle president presented charter republic croatia commanders units involved battle commending military achievements years reversal official stance offensive originally declared deployment