scottish town royal east_coast scotland miles north edinburgh miles south southwest town population making second largest locality eleventh largest locality scotland long nicknamed listen scots long town reference early town mile main street indicated maps 16th 17th centuries street later reached length nearly miles connecting neighbouring settlements town separate merged area inhabited bronze age document refer town iii granted settlement church david later gave abbey succeeded church status officially recognised robert town gained independence abbey rule created royal charles early 16th century establishment harbour east burn confirmed town early role important trading port town began develop salt coal mining nail making industries production followed later instrumental introduction manufacturer michael turn contributed town successful industry world producer mid-1960s town expanded considerably 1950s 1960s decline industry manufacturing restricted growth town major service centre central area swimming pool theatre museum art gallery public parks ice known birthplace social philosopher economist adam smith wrote wealth nations town early 21st century employment dominated service sector biggest employer town centre main employers include floor college adam smith college ltd food history means place hard fort place fort derived meaning fort hard personal meaning place describe fort epithet local hard ruler interpretation element din meaning fort incorrect old statistical account gives repeated later publications incorrect early discovery bronze age date suggests ancient site area probably location ideal natural stretching away sand bay close proximity east burn north west burn south bronze age dating found site unmarked standing stone east present road roman sites roman camp known exist farm town outskirts battle believed taken place west town site battle fought angles alliance led king mac scots medieval document recognise town issued king scots iii reigned granted gifts church residents expected pay taxes church general charters later confirmed son david refer respectively indicate locations weekly market annual fair proposed abbot king edward period english rule scotland reason given discussions town referred ancient status dependent abbey later confirmed robert king scots reigned charter granted david king scots reigned awarded right trade charter allowed purchase sell goods belonged abbey awarded status status responsibility lie council deal routine administration town fiscal policies annual payment half marks abbot 16th 18th centuries beginning 16th century town important trading port town took advantage east_coast location facilitated trading contacts low countries baltic region england northern france charter abbot mentioned small functioning harbour known harbour established located mouth east burn according accounts early 16th century timber imported harbour possibly baltic countries palace edinburgh castle raw materials hides wool skins herring salmon coal salt exported town 17th century charter issued charles granting royal status led independence town gesture king gave acres common suitable drying clothes recreation town reign charles town national opposed introduction patronage presbyterian church support cause cost town men battle continuing civil wars killed men led loss harbour trading vessels left town registered ships claimed recorded end 17th century economy recovered growth manufacturing period daniel described larger populous better built town coast revival produced vessels mid-19th century important town short time ship earl sailed north davis town brilliant sold bringing end industry construction new newport improving section isolated road system brought huge increase traffic high street helped strengthen town position modern 19th century main industries town spinning weaving cope increasing imports timber exports coal salt new wet dock pier built harbour canvas manufacturer michael took licence frederick patent production opened factory nearby patent expired manufacturers began manufacture production occupied seven factories town employing expansion harbour completed increase coal expansion town led extension royal boundaries town absorbed neighbouring settlements parish parish parish separate settlements forbidden old guild rights sell goods constructed funded unemployment grants commission built unemployed residents town expanded include royal 1950s 1960s new housing estates built north west town followed redevelopment town centre 1960s 1970s destroyed old high street speculation town population increase happen decline industry mid-1960s led decrease population peak 21st century remains important centre surrounding areas museum art gallery public parks shopping facilities town hosts annual links market commonly known europe longest street fair production continues greatly reduced scale swiss ownership holding harbour closed opened october cargo ships project flour mills parent forth ports owners harbour transport scotland allow bring wheat harbour remove quarter roads year governance grant status middle 15th century meant town deal administrative issues fiscal policies time mention town council head courts met common known volunteers green street particularly summer months awarded royal status duties initially performed lord robert elected post scotland use coats arms introduced bears motto secure watching displays figure saint patron saint enjoyed royal status rank abolished local government scotland act favour tier system regions districts royal merged district districts region district council abolished local government etc scotland act region council area new council adopted areas districts council management areas created area committees represent represented tiers elected government divided community council areas east north west north west active community councils form lowest tier statutory role communicate local opinion local central government nearby village town forms civil parish civil parishes administrative functions mainly statistical purposes council based local authority executive legislative body responsible local governance town house main administrative headquarters area local authority area sends elected council tiers local government scottish parliament responsible matters parliament united_kingdom education health justice member parliament elected house_of_commons colonel prior act union sent member parliament old scottish parliament usually met edinburgh represented constituency formed reform act constituency created robert elected member parliament forms county constituency member parliament house_of_commons parliament united_kingdom past post system roger scottish national party member parliament forms constituency scottish parliament mid scotland electoral region constituency member scottish parliament past post system election region seven additional members produce form proportional representation seat won scottish parliament elections david scottish national party following review scottish parliament constituency boundaries constituency extended coast taking east west villages ward ahead elections pan scotland european parliament constituency seven members european parliament geography curves sandy cove west burn south east burn north bay facing southeast forth town lies miles south southeast miles east northeast miles west southwest miles north northeast edinburgh town adopted nickname mile single street recorded early maps 16th 17th centuries street eventually reached length nearly miles linking neighbouring suburbs historians sure medieval centre located corner high street site town cross focal point linear market important town nearby main paved covering small burns running hill sea high street running high street plots narrow strips land rear houses sea high street plots served grounds individual plots high street rose foothills lane running plots went west end high street southerly direction lane time developed hill street parish church known old overlooking small settlement small burns tributaries east burn contributed draining lands estate burn emerges deep set flow victoria deep gorge site flour mills running parallel harbour wall sea mid-19th century buildings significant landmark adjacent burn flour chose area railway connection linked main station harbour need use burn power mills west burn important providing power textile mills burn flowed estate lands create lake tributary burn mill owners use burn end sixteenth century detailed assessment size carried estimate parish population beginning eighteenth century population declined census dictionary scotland recorded estimate parish time national census population risen population recorded census risen time census figure stood according census census locality total resident population representing total population hosts households married couples living person households couples lone parents assessment estimated town population median age males females living years respectively compared years scotland age group forms largest portion population place birth town residents united_kingdom including scotland republic ireland european_union countries world economic activity residents aged time employment time employment self employed unemployed students jobs students jobs retired looking home family permanently sick disabled economically inactive reasons compared average scotland low proportions immigrants higher proportions people years old people claimed benefits area fewer pre recession average study undertaken university estimated average gross weekly household income lower average average income area reflect households relatively fewer households holding paid jobs recent scottish index multiple figures indicate deprived rank meaning deprived areas scotland east areas fall banding deprived communities scotland economy industries develop town coal mining salt date early sixteenth century early manufacturing neighbouring consisted coarse cloth went royal master works repairs palace seventeenth century weaving began important town imported hamburg bremen pottery industry originally established brick tile works centred pottery built andrew grey produced named family owned castle production heavy canvas started michael small factory influenced visit bristol started new factory company pioneered use season reduce production times patent belonging frederick expired able manufacture onwards factories producing later established employees michael approximately people work area majority lesser degree represents approximately jobs local economy dominated service sector businesses important economic sectors area construction moderate levels jobs financial business services largest employer town important local employers include floor college education ltd food principal industrial business estates include john smith business park local industrial activity increased reopening harbour cargo ships facilitated partnership forth ports ltd owners harbour parent company flour mills transport scotland provided freight facilities grant work included new allow fast delivery coastal ships town centre serves large area residents minute drive largest terms retail floor space eligible businesses voted favour bid business improvement district scheme town centre high street runs parallel home shopping centre shopping centre regeneration programme upgrade appearance high street completed late separate project created green corridor link main railway station bus station high street budget entire project million million provided scottish government town centre regeneration fund town retail park constructed north west town chapel level home number warehouse retailers retail park purchased london based property developer million april culture galleries home town museum art gallery central library building opened museum art gallery extended provide main library building closed allow million renovation completed june work resulted integration facilities building single entrance reception desk building adopted present adam smith theatre town main auditorium plays host theatrical musical productions showing selection commercial films originally known adam smith halls theatre adopted present renovation building time anniversary birth adam smith links market originated farmers market links street moving present site known sands road market visits town april celebrated anniversary twin town link germany september plans joint celebration recognise 50th anniversary town main public parks park west town acres park created existing park land purchased estate manufacturer michael died september crowd came park opening hosted widow town council royal park includes boating lake formal garden fountain park rugby ground football pitches woodland walks park awarded green flag award park east town formed estate house grounds bequeathed town manufacturer sir michael adjacent castle park north town purchased town council consists area house home numerous woodland sport leisure town senior association football team play scottish championship second tier scottish football ground stark park founded club elected scottish football league reached highest league position season placed scottish football league achieved british scoring record goals matches season manager jimmy team promoted scottish premier division division champions season club won national trophy defeated celtic penalties finishing game win league cup gained qualification cup following season reached second round losing munich junior football team play park east region premier league senior rugby team play park national_league division tier scottish club rugby established oldest ice hockey team united_kingdom team play ice arena members elite league season cricket club plays park flag football club park town range leisure facilities swimming pool ice golf courses new million leisure centre town opened doors september replaced old swimming pool 1970s decision build new leisure centre site controversial resulted loss public car park petition organised campaign group save car park collected signatures favour keeping car park open group said closure car park discourage coming high street raised issues loss right access car park decision severely criticised internal report landmarks oldest church old old parish church earliest mention old record patrick david bishop building deterioration late eighteenth century addressed major renovations main body church square western tower dates retained oldest building survived old old amalgamated church closed public worship opened old trust musical dramatic performances significant churches town include built james corner avenue parish church road current building completed church built george hay place town house town civic square designed 1930s david william howard edinburgh world war stopped work building construction split phases west wing completed east wing completed war memorial war memorial gardens unveiled gifted town john manufacturer grandson michael dedicated son john died world war second world war memorial designed thomas later added unveiled memorial commemorates lives people world war second world war forming centre piece gardens galleries known museum art gallery donated north east homes early wealthy merchants connected harbour merchant house law close high street owned law family best surviving examples sixteenth century town house scotland sailors walk high street consists seventeenth century houses resting foundations dating houses divided dwellings owned family fourth james north harbour area path examples distinctive architectural styles house designed george spears owner nearby east bridge path house originally known house storey plan tower house designed john watson bride watson sold house family important links town large homes exist town north house built late eighteenth century seat family replacing previous residence path house south west house built late seventeenth century sir alexander 4th earl bride barbara house remains private residence family east town ruins castle rocky spit land extending forth king james began construction castle queen mary means defending upper reaches forth including port lesser extent protected harbour piracy english rivalry earliest british castles designed defend use artillery innovation demonstrated massive walls regularly placed shot holes deep rock cut ditch following death king siege castle work continued home mary death king james iii granted castle lands william earl exchange castle right education school established town school help local minister david premises found pupils taught minister house notable pupils include robert adam adam smith school located hill street replaced grammar school avenue government list described school higher class new building school gifted town michael manufacturer schools established town including girls schools subscription schools apprentice schools passing education scotland act replaced voluntary education town school based education children aged secondary schools primary schools educational facilities include private school school children learning difficulties high school oldest secondary school serves pupils living north town occupied site way high school opened junior secondary school upgraded high school school serves pupils living western end town neighbouring high school opened initially junior secondary school upgraded high school plans approved build new secondary school east site road playing fields work funded building school project completion august high school opened late 1950s roman catholic secondary schools pupils living eastern half education provided college campuses town campus avenue campus victoria road college created august merger adam smith college college university campus town school nursing originally built health board use old college higher education campus taken university public services waste management handled local authority council recycling operates town collection place majority residents recycling centre recycling points operated council non hazardous waste sent near lower wood near health care supplied main headquarters town house victoria hospital situated north town centre town acute general hospital new million extension hospital completed february new wing contains unit children department operating theatres new accident emergency department grounds hospital centre care cancer patients centre completed building designed iraqi born architect united_kingdom hospital complex serves psychiatric elderly patients statutory emergency fire rescue services provided scottish fire rescue service main fire station town road operated police scotland main police station town avenue served east central region scottish ambulance service covers forth valley transport connects west north passes immediately north road connects western central parts town roundabout connects eastern continues street south west main route north town runs roughly parallel kilometre south road connects chapel junction chapel level way known locally standing road connects town north east runs coast east north east main bus station adjacent shopping centre hill place hunter street railway station north west town centre route circle line east_coast main line services run locations north london king cross south nearby stations south west town nearest international airport edinburgh airport miles away notable residents birthplace social philosopher economist adam smith wrote wealth nations mother house high street architect designer robert adam father william came town founder standard time born explorer john stuart led expeditions centre south north australia born nearby politicians come town include governor general australia david steel leader liberal party presiding officer scottish parliament wilson female judge supreme_court canada court appeal ontario chancellor prime minister town constituency gordon brown brought town age scottish crime writer born town guy bassist alternative rock band born brought town age thirteen richard park chief executive global radio bbc talent fame academy born town attended high school include time world champion wilson cameron professional peter professional ice hockey player adam walker stock car driver gordon william manufacturer australia came town david potter sports historian author born lived years david grew principal founding member square later renamed royal arsenal team today known arsenal frederick 8th general international leader salvation army born eminent zoologist david born raised john twice church scotland born raised douglas physician born largely man responsible introducing use soap scottish schools lewis born club history won scottish league cup scottish cup respectively appearances edinburgh club


urban district urban district west middlesex england inception fell metropolitan police district london passenger transport area urban district council presided huge increase population metropolitan railway gave rise new development opportunities created challenges improve public services housing preserving area heritage sites king college cambridge sold final plots land council having owners land manor century urban district abolished area incorporated newly established london borough greater london history creation urban district created september covering parish previously rural district parish included manor south new urban district council held meeting school october day district formation urban district council considered year previously light expansion areas parish particularly report prepared noted population time houses compared largely rural character rest parish metropolitan railway extension discussed meeting october station opened line kings college cambridge owners land parish planning sell development light new line result events council voted favour urban district governance developments urban district council consisted chairman william page edwards william gregory harvey clerk appointed abbot year remained position number reached expansion metropolitan railway caused district experience sharp rise population increase suburban house building especially area termed metro land district england statutory planning scheme following housing town planning act council prompted follow new act chairman council architect clerk council abbot members council raised concerns new building work south new development near station described badly arranged closely packed divisions established new council finance general purposes public health buildings highways council sought save money outset reducing number employed highways seven cleaning ditches roads lowest paid man working informed need district pay cut redundant accepted urban district council worked king college establish plots land development manor town planning competition held won town planners sought create symmetrical design spreading parish woods historic sites including manor farm demolished cleared plan making way projected total homes residents church martin spared outline map public november objections local board inquiry followed february required negotiations landowners allow planning scheme compiled presented february adaptation original plan received approval local government board september roads residential housing manor way way park way completed outbreak world war construction work halted resume manor cottage society set facilitate construction cottages small housing area manage build planned council took plots houses built society eighteen cottages later built development world war manor farm local woods eventually saved new developments january member royal society arts visited choose buildings great barn little barn singled old post office old bell public house priest house local church woods included sale king college district february park wood sold manor farm old post office included gift people king wished present wood gift required university college act receive payment trustee land middlesex county council contributed cent cost urban district council argued use land recreational day outside district year lease council agreed maintain wood ensure new building constructed permission county council area wood south included lease agreement residential roads later constructed wood purchased middlesex county council london county council joined mad wood year urban district council purchased acres wood middlesex london county councils compulsory purchase sir howard button sir howard high sheriff middlesex council purchased hall acres ground planning build civic centre outbreak second world war caused plan suspended continued war urban district saw high number bombing raids luftwaffe blitz september total raids recorded high explosive bombs bombs falling area people killed injured public hall built manor farm site named winston_churchill hall land built barn close bought councillor parker king college presented land village trust site future public hall trust gave urban district council sole use abolition urban district abolished area formed london borough greater london time population district reached survived parliamentary constituency incorporated constituency coat arms coat arms granted described oak trees proper growing grassy mount charged star points chief silver crest described colours ears slipped proper armed trees representation pole star play refer abbey normandy granted cell order manor later seized henry granted king college cambridge abbey college dedicated mary symbols slips play wild shows ancient granted land forest wild present coat arms london borough use pole star coat arms urban district coat arms


castles town walls king edward castles town walls king edward designated world heritage site located wales includes castles castles town walls considers sites finest examples late 13th century early 14th century military architecture europe fortifications built edward invasion north wales edward defeated local welsh princes major campaign set permanently area created new fortified towns protected castles english immigrants settle administer territories project hugely expensive stretched royal resources limit fresh welsh revolts followed leadership kept supplied sea held attack partially completed stormed aftermath edward building programme ordered commencement work edward wars scotland began consume royal funding work soon slowed building work fortifications ceased having fully completed fortifications played important conflicts north wales coming centuries involved rising early 15th century wars roses late 15th century despite declining military significance following succession tudor dynasty throne pressed service english civil war 17th century aftermath conflict parliament ordered deliberate destruction parts threat pro royalist invasion scotland ensured remained intact end 17th century castles popular visiting artists late 18th early 19th centuries visitor numbers increased access region improved victorian period british state invested heavily castles town walls 20th century restoring medieval features sites collectively declared world heritage site outstanding examples fortifications military architecture built 13th century operated tourist attractions welsh heritage agency 20th century castles walls considered primarily military perspective use concentric defences substantial led king describe english castle building toy assess powerful castles age country late 20th 21st centuries historians michael highlighted sites roles palaces symbols royal power location castles chosen political significance military functions built sites belonging welsh princes castles incorporated luxury apartments gardens intention supporting large royal courts castle town walls incorporated expensive stonework probably intended evoke images roman imperial power order bolster edward personal prestige precise role royal architect james george construction projects influence native kingdom designs continues debated academics history 13th 14th centuries background castles town walls built consequence wars fought control wales late 13th century kings england welsh princes control region norman english nobles settlers slowly expanding territories centuries welsh leader exploited civil war henry iii rebel barons england dominant power formally recognised prince wales treaty montgomery edward king england edward extensive experience warfare having fought wales led month siege castle joined crusade north_africa seen numerous european fortifications including planned walled town castle design assuming throne edward actions extend royal fortress tower london edward responsible building sequence planned usually walled towns called attempt strengthen authority region edward authorised new planned towns built england relations edward rapidly collapsed leading edward invading north wales attempt break hold power war edward built major castles order better control region act bases campaigning edward successful treaty reaffirmed english dominance dividing lands brothers edward war edward allies welsh princes soon began quarrel early rebellion broke led brother edward responded revolt royal army foot soldiers cavalry marched north south mid wales lord forces advanced montgomery edward mounted naval invasion isle formed temporary bridge cross mainland taking war welsh killed december early captured executed repeating arrangements previous treaties edward chose permanently north wales instead remaining royal family crushed lands divided major english nobles governance wales reformed arrangements set statute enacted march wales divided counties england governed new created north west scheme edward ordered construction new castles walled towns occupied territories encourage substantial migration region england future world heritage sites castle walled town overlooking river castle walled town controlling crossing point river castle protecting sea port newly established english town plans probably establish castle walled settlement near strategically important town future postponed costs projects new towns important administrative centres new english governmental structures centres new responsible new county castles key military centres designed function royal palaces capable supporting king queen households secure comfort projects carried special symbolic importance deliberately sited abbey traditional burial place welsh princes abbey relocated miles inland native welsh rulers prized roman site imperial symbolism parts fortifications welsh princes seized symbolically reused build edward new castle site castle associated legend welsh princess edward employed trusted architects engineers run projects prominently master james george edward close friend grandson soldier sir john master mason john francis english built castles wake conflict usually larger expensive local welsh rulers new fortifications scale ditch gathered local england mustered chester bristol sent north wales spring returning home winter number workers involved great placed significant strain england national labour force costs huge castle walls cost castle walls came castle cost construct walled towns planned regular fashion drawing experience equivalent france english planned settlements new residents english migrants local welsh banned living inside walls towns varying levels success measured terms town properties rented crown citizens badly terms growth town half castles entrusted edward charged defend cases empowered defend town walls permanent garrisons soldiers established equipped armour castles towns ports supplied sea necessary important strategic advantage edward navy near total dominance welsh coastline castles equipped rear gate allow directly sea town fallen rebellion edwards fortifications tested rebelled english rule major insurrection conquest welsh appear risen introduction taxation considerable popular support end year edward returned wales large army marched west chester reaching castle christmas trapped besieged january supplied sea forces arrived relieve february besieged saved defeat arrival supplies sea ireland partially completed stormed welsh forces castle town set welsh forces killed royal sheriff spring edward pressed home counterattack force soldiers putting uprising killing aftermath rebellion edward ordered work repairing completing began progress delayed plans area chosen site called mile welsh town decision taken welsh population miles south west settlement created local welsh opened way construction english town protected substantial castle furious programme building work commenced site direction james george workforce temporary centre half built fortification project expensive frequently falling cost despite absence town walls surrounding settlement grew quickly quarter paying rent crown properly completed town walls finished castle incomplete castle inner walls half intended height gaps outer walls total building programme wales come times edward annual income edward embroiled long running sequence wars scotland began consume attention financial resources result work welsh castles slowed crawl edward concerned possible scottish invasion north wales fresh construction work money remained limited new work finally ceased fully completed decline maintaining castles proved challenging rapidly fell disrepair money given castle enable maintain garrison castles generous start sums provided declined considerably 14th century constable castle provided year fell away year funding fell similarly year survey reported poorly equipped limited stores suffering leaking roofs rotten edward iii advised castles fit state host royal court visit region survey showed needed extensive work towers conditions repairs renovations carried edward threatened south lord family ordered sheriff sir extend defences leading gatehouse additional towers edward black prince carried extensive work took control fortification end 14th century castle involved downfall richard richard returned ireland august took shelter castle forces rival henry henry went castle conduct negotiations king henry took oath castle chapel protect king agreed leave castle richard left promptly taken prisoner taken away die later captivity castle 15th 17th centuries rising wars roses tensions welsh english persisted outbreak rising start conflict garrison badly equipped fallen disrepair castle taken start conflict welsh brothers took control fortress sneak attack enabling welsh rebels attack capture rest walled town besieged november battle took place nearby defenders besieging force besieged welsh troops support french forces attacks fared placed siege captured rebels royal forces attacked taken end military headquarters english forces command future henry retook castle siege winter uprising completely crushed performance great castles town walls assessed historian michael partially successful later century series civil wars known wars roses broke rival factions house lancaster york battle formed refuge queen margaret held supporters command edward thanks natural defences supply route sea held eventually major stronghold control finally fell month siege events credited inspiring song men ascension tudor dynasty english throne marked end wars roses heralded change way wales administered welsh origin rule eased hostilities welsh english result castles important neglected reported castles wales appears repaired following siege completely dilapidated restored henry_viii soon fell disrepair sold crown complaints poor state mounted castle classed decayed castle walls intact buildings inside rotten falling john speed produced famous sequence maps towns north wales including castles town defences iconic images sites turn 17th century english civil war aftermath english civil war broke royalist supporters charles supporters parliament fortifications north wales held supporters king cases strategically important communications route royal forces operating england supplies reinforcements ireland castles towns defences repaired considerable expense brought service garrisoned local parliament gained upper hand england armies able intervene north wales taken year fortress hold king surrendered march marking end phase civil war aftermath war parliament ordered castles country deliberately destroying damaging structures prevent subsequent royalist uprisings north wales proved special case concerns charles_ii lead presbyterian uprising scotland mount sea borne attack region initially garrisoned parliament defend attack later partially escaped entirely potential scottish target rendered parliament totally demolished charles_ii restored throne ownership castles changed restored control family traditionally castle promptly stripped castle remaining materials including roofs returned conway family stripped castle lead timber reducing ruin charles new government regarded castle town walls security risk ordered destroyed order carried possibly costs involved 18th 21st centuries picturesque attractions sites began pass varied private ownership lord thomas bought crown incorporating park surrounded local residence castle leased descendants holland family late 18th 19th centuries ruined castles started considered picturesque sublime attracting visitors artists wide area fashion encouraged events napoleonic wars turn 19th century difficult british artists visit continent leading travel north wales instead artists included john henry thomas moses paul turner john sites heavily ivy vegetation 1830s stonework castle began collapse crown employed anthony conduct emergency repairs transport infrastructure region began improve 19th century adding flow visitors sites including future queen_victoria academic research sites particularly began occur middle 19th century local central government interest began increase castle passed civic leadership town began restoration work ruins including reconstruction tower 1870s onwards government funded repairs castle deputy constable turner oversaw work restoring rebuilding castle simply existing stonework despite protests local residents moat north castle cleared post medieval buildings considered view state restoration early 20th century central british state began control sites left direct control crown transferred control office works followed finally leased ministry works state invested heavily conservation sites 1920s saw large scale conservation programmes stripping vegetation digging moat repairing stonework leaving sites intact avoiding outright restoration major work undertaken 1950s 1960s including clearing away newer buildings 13th century walls academic research increased turn 20th century ministry works took control sites government spending investigations began historians toy charles peers published work sites research continued arnold taylor joined office works assistant inspector major academic reports published 1950s adding sites reputation taylor instrumental successful opposition road projects proposed 1970s substantial impact appearance site late 20th century detailed castles painted historical artists including terry ball john formed historic environment service welsh government took management sites operating tourist attractions visits sites late 20th early 21st centuries castles town walls played prominent debates surrounding welsh identity use prince wales example challenged welsh nationalists jones expanded interpretation provided sites emphasis impact creation castles native welsh role welsh princes events leading invasion creation world heritage site sites collectively declared world heritage site titled castles town walls king edward considered castles town walls finest examples late 13th century early 14th century military architecture europe cited importance links edward james george scale advanced military architecture unusually good condition historical documentation sites require ongoing maintenance example cost maintain historical parts properties zones established sites aimed protect views setting inappropriate development harm sites protected mixture scheduled monument listed building conservation area legislation architecture interpretation military architecture castles town walls king edward incorporated range military features developed late 13th century consequence 20th century historians regarded sites evolutionary pinnacle scientific military architecture king described english castle building toy considered powerful castles age country sites included concentric defences inner castle walls completely enclosed outer defences height angles calculated allow rings walls fire external attackers seen narrow sites instead built tall rock formations making attack difficult incorporated defences multiple firing platforms built walls allow use defended cases characteristic twin towers replaced older keeps stronghold defence despite strengths castles town walls recognised military flaws castles larger needed order protect welsh attack sheer scale meant crown afford maintain garrison properly fortifications regards simply big historian michael notes smaller projects actually effective sites scientifically designed historian richard morris suggested impression firmly given elite group men war long standing comrades arms king military architectural expression unlimited budget architecture symbolism architectural research late 20th early 21st centuries focused military aspects fortifications roles luxurious palaces symbols royal power castles designed suitable support royal court visit late 13th century meant having sets private chambers service facilities security arrangements producing effect royal palace miniature survive largely intact example historian considers best preserved suite medieval private royal chambers england wales including private garden use queen built castles colourful today keeping 13th century example walls white washed lime render holes walls display painted shields called walls castles clear imperial statement edward intentions rule north wales permanent basis noted typically located sites associated welsh princes particular stands use banded coloured stone walls statues eagles round towers extensive academic debate interpretation features historian arnold taylor argued design castle representation walls constantinople conscious use imagery byzantine roman empire assertion authority edward recent work historian suggests design assertion edward authority drew imagery roman sites britain intent creating allusion legitimacy king influence sites strong architectural links castles town walls built kingdom north italy period resemblance sets buildings noted historian arnold taylor 1950s similarities include semi circular door arches window styles towers positioning holes tall circular towers found edward works north wales seen constructions defences castles similarities considered result influence architect master james george employed edward brought architects north wales early 21st century research suggested master james role influence generally stonework sites north wales higher quality north italy key features seen research indicates master james appears stronger project management function architectural design role development sites furthermore cases relevant structures built james left region seen architect similarity architectural details result wider role played engineers projects single individual sites castle castle built sea level constructed local stone castle design formed inner outer ward surrounded turn moat partially filled main entrance castle gate sea castle tidal dock allowed supplied directly sea dock protected wall later named gunners walk firing platform housed siege engine medieval period outer ward consisted sided curtain wall turrets gateway led gate sea gate led north castle walls inner ward substantial outer ward huge towers large inner ward intended hold accommodation domestic buildings castle ranges buildings stretching west east sides ward remains buildings seen stonework historian arnold taylor described britain perfect example symmetrical concentric planning years castle regarded pinnacle military engineering edward reign castle considered unique artistic achievement way combines characteristic 13th century double wall structures central plan beauty proportions masonry castle castle rests spur rock called dome land falls away sharply north west ditch cut rock protects remaining approaches castle castle concentric design line defences enclosed forming inner outer ward outer wall originally somewhat taller today built local grey green sandstone large regular blocks towers irregular material possibly taken ditch walls main entrance castle involved crossing stone bridge easterly ditch bridge towers main gatehouse little remains bridge towers today timber entrance way gatehouse replaces bridge water gate protected steps runs foot cliffs gatehouse massive shaped defensive towers flanking entrance passage castle guarded heavy doors gatehouse upper floors broken rooms floor large windows overlooking inner ward second floor additional grand windows sides gatehouse gatehouse fitted originally prominent chimneys inner ward guarded large circular towers times housed dungeon artillery workshop ranges buildings built inner ward including chapel kitchen service buildings great hall originally built triple similar fashion little remains modern era castle town walls castle divided upper lower ward lower ward contained royal accommodation upper consisted service facilities accommodation garrison surrounded curtain wall defended towers defensive firing galleries built southern castle main entrances king gate leading tow queen gate allowing direct access castle remains buildings contained castle foundations completed intended able contain royal household people opinion military historian allen brown formidable concentrations fire power found middle ages town walls present long circuit town hectares acres built limestone castle towers wall gap backed lacking walls inside towers originally included wooden bridges allow sections walls sealed attackers original entrances town west east gates west gate faced harbour known golden gate named principal gateway city constantinople castle town walls castle rocky coastal ridge grey sandstone limestone stone castle largely taken ridge probably site cleared castle rectangular plan divided inner outer ward large towers main entrance castle western exterior defence main gate features earliest surviving stone britain gate originally led river small dock built allowing key visitors enter castle private fortress boat outer ward originally crowded administrative service buildings inner ward separated outer wall gate protected ditch cut rock inside contained chambers royal household immediate staff service facilities east inner ward castle garden town walls form largely long triangular circuit town hectares acres built local limestone castle additional stone upper parts eastern walls built walls possibly surviving towers gap backed lacking walls inside towers originally included wooden bridges allow sections walls sealed attackers tops walls feature unusual design uses sequence provide flat relatively wide wall walk unique set medieval built southern town walls constructed use royal staff working adjacent buildings 13th century

Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd


close wells close wells somerset england claimed oldest purely residential street original buildings surviving intact europe john calls planned street century comprises numerous grade listed buildings comprising residences originally built bishop chapel library north end hall south end arched gate connected southern end cathedral way walkway chain gate close feet long paved width tapered feet look longer viewed main entrance nearest cathedral viewed end looks shorter nineteenth century buildings reported poor state repair hall house repairs carried including construction house replace buildings damaged fire hall completed included communal dining room administrative offices treasury choral houses close built 14th early 15th centuries alterations including unified roof gardens raised chimneys final construction close chapel library constructed wall liberty andrew south face includes shields commemorating bishops time interior decorated 19th century work building wells cathedral school origins close owes origins grant land buildings walter canon wells cathedral purpose priests land likely long period construction close prehistoric flint british pottery recovered garden number work construct extension bishop styled priests serving cathedral choral 12th century duty chant divine service times day previously lived town bishop resolved incorporate provide future choral assigned lands annual fee endowed lands obtained walter residences built known college close hall gateway entrance arch close comprises pedestrian gate adjacent gate vault ceiling centered arches william joy thomas predecessor master mason cathedral parts close constructed floor barrel common hall store room kitchen completed fireplace east window stained glass added 15th century room known staircase added early 15th century large fireplace enlarged following fire monks known receiver sat room receive funds kept large chest dating room filing cabinet dating hold documents land beneath rooms treasury stored 19th century parts hall found use house library theological college western half building added john henry parker chain gate built stone hall thomas included gallery gate cathedral convenience chapel library chapel built north end close degrees alignment rest close northern wall chapel built old wall liberty andrew liberty encompassed acres broadly situated east city centre wells main liberty formed walled city walled included wells cathedral cathedral green bishop palace old close compensate chapel roof slopes west appears level close chapel rubble masonry south face seen close white locally shields wall nicholas suggesting construction started reign bishop john bishop suggesting construction completed lower floor chapel spiral led library chapel dedicated assumption blessed virgin mary chaplain wells cathedral school interior decorated 19th century work residences residences built stone group originally houses east west line appears longer false perspective achieved building houses upper northern end nearest chapel feet closer lower southern end closest hall house originally comprised ground floor hall approximately feet upper floor size fireplace wall washing facilities outside door date buildings unclear known built rest completed originally houses vicar charter queen elizabeth restricted number choral currently number men close larger property divided building called andrew street following 15th century reformation clerical marriage permitted larger households required result houses altered combined knocking walls larger dwellings extensions built rear water supply originally wells end close lead pipes installed bring water houses wells continued function 19th century number house original medieval structure originally built fifteenth century bishop thomas left estate choral enabling repairs carried gardens houses original scheme garden walls added development walls average metres houses unified appearance including installation single arch wind sloping roof chimney shafts renewed raised possibly introduction coal fuel wood stack incorporates shields upper sections octagonal shields bishop beacon arms sugar hugh sugar richard swan john pope original windows replaced 18th century house different buildings built 19th century fire burnt original structure


somerset coastal town estuary close bristol authority north somerset falls ceremonial county somerset england population increase census growth rate considerably excess surrounding towns time census population increased approximately long history fishing port expanded rapidly early 19th century docks supporting transport infrastructure power station chemical works added 20th century dock industrial facilities closed redeveloped marina residential areas telephone control centre british non direct calls maritime vessels service known radio town population expanding primarily dormitory town bristol range service industries grown headquarters somerset history derives port head river called times history book locally known town recorded history dates roman times evidence prehistoric settlement including polished flint axe heads iron age settlements area camp largest sites identified include feet site occupied romans evidence western end early medieval possibly roman boundary series defensive linear earthworks extending forest near wiltshire norman conquest manor held bishop later reverted crown william gave merchant bristol known son robert lord berkeley berkeley family held generations passed marriage norfolk 14th century belonged bristol corporation purchased large portions land revived manor court rights corporation manor disputed held sold parish town built mouth small tributary estuary near mouth river old provided protection craft bristol channel large tidal range iron rings seen high street fishing boats position meant guard king road waters called departure point john matthew fort built battery point english civil war town supported surrendered guns placed battery point world war king road site naval action hms captured hms french squadron returning quebec mill built stream replaced tidal mills 17th century city bristol bought north access channel place stay outside city 19th century seaside resort outer sea wall built allowing local marshes drained increased land available farming dominant architecture early victorian buildings maintaining original features expansion residential property coincided construction dock pier rail link bristol royal hotel pier built tudor gothic style provide accommodation catering travellers bristol wales ireland dock act parliament governing enclosure passed stipulated right public wharf historical evidence nautical connections dating patent rolls 1860s height iron steel era pier deep water dock built bristol pier railway accommodate large ships difficulty reaching bristol harbour brought valuable globe exported local products overseas ships carrying coal commonplace docks 1880s dock acquired bristol corporation subsequently managed port bristol closure power stations power stations coal fed power stations built dock construction work started power station began generating electricity bristol corporation electricity department original short chimney replaced high stack second stack added power station expanded construction power station began operational power stations electricity industry operated turn british electricity authority central electricity authority local coal produced somerset delivered train branch great western railway line opened april bristol pier railway company opened dock july main supply coal imported boat newport south wales carried bristol railways passenger stations branch line main station near centre village pier construction power station caused original railway station demolished replacement station opened high street january new station closed september majority line reopened transport goods royal dock new junction created miles station new goods line built royal dock campaign group aimed reopening station short stretch line report association train operating companies stated branch special case future consideration reopening large projected increase population congestion area second short lived railway line railway ran super mare standard railway line light railway extension opened august line closed dismantled wilson wilson built chemical works opposite dock power stations chemical works produced white rock imported docks rock stored concrete required electricity provided local power stations run electric arc total reduced rock moved sealed railway tanks closure factory included removal yellow spontaneously red site home volunteer closure dock associated facilities onset new generating capacity oil fired coal fired mid-1970s brought closure older efficient station generator new power stations output stations combined station station newer power stations station converted burn oil somerset closed pits ceased production september train load coal departed november price oil rose 1970s oil crisis oil crisis power stations little events power station closed chimney landmark demolished september followed second august power station closed feet demolished october industrial activities ceased dock closure power stations port bristol authority finally closed dock modern marina development growth population attributed development docks vibrant community deep water dock supply coal goods power stations fully redeveloped modern marina areas marina occupied power stations chemical plant redeveloped provide wide range housing town houses social housing exclusive flats development completed east harbour called dumping ground power station waste extending area town development lies nature reserve waterfront development known port marine area varied styles housing including area built style fishing village modelled seaside town narrow streets multi coloured houses new bars restaurants including hall opened marina outlets set open future including coffee nearby radio previously telephone control centre british non direct calls maritime vessels service known radio largely replaced permits directly calls radio station separate receiving stations constructed wireless telegraph company operated general post office station staff radio officers handled million words radio traffic year following telephone network station operated british telecommunications known group main station remotely operated originally consisted large array radio masts nearby downs replaced single radio mast 1970s receiving station control centre radio masts located near sea radio station played vital role second world war maintaining communications british merchant navy patrol aircraft north_atlantic war communications ships way order avoid revealing ships locations enemy station short staffed government services operating radio stations training new radio officers work naval convoys workload great royal_navy officer brought hms naval shore wireless service station near winchester end 1980s satellite communications started increasing share station business programme severe began leading closure sites radio station penultimate year march average month radio radio telephone calls radio calls british maritime radio services announced planned closure radio long range services bands ceased midnight august short range maritime band services closed sunday april medium range services maritime band friday june station closed april station demolished district council adopted local development plan september included site receiving station future housing development planning permission granted october development houses flats site shortly old radio station buildings demolished governance town larger area served town council north council representing central coast east south north bay west responsibility local issues including setting annual local rate cover council operating costs producing annual accounts public scrutiny town council local planning applications works local police district council officers neighbourhood watch groups matters crime security traffic town council role includes initiating projects maintenance repair parish facilities village hall community centre playing fields consulting district council maintenance repair improvement highways drainage public transport street cleaning conservation matters including trees listed buildings environmental issues interest council town falls authority north somerset area high water mark including pier bristol parish long rural district police service provided somerset fire rescue service fire station manned retained firefighters equipped water holding litres great western ambulance service responsibility area parish north somerset county constituency house_of_commons represented fox member conservative party secretary state defence electoral exist area total population quoted south west england constituency european parliament geography physical geography coastal town estuary lies north west immediately south west river forms boundary somerset bristol city bristol miles east approximately miles west london clear days wales seen estuary town area designated local nature reserve consists woodland coastal limestone ridge leads battery point defensive gun position point lighthouse geological interest fossils faults found area area immediately inland includes valley designated national nature reserve valley runs roughly north east south west limestone ridges extending coastline ridge extending area includes villages motorway runs south valley splitting briefly levels south west bound level running north east bound motorway service station eastern end valley near royal dock bridge river valley reclaimed land barely sea level drained ditches known locally previously managed amalgamated valley internal drainage board responsibility north somerset internal drainage board area comprising total acres designated biological geological site special scientific interest interest originally having taken place sites valley managed wildlife trust nature reserves include big wood common comes old english descriptive triangular shape valley singular form meaning muddy valley island small rocky island acres vegetation approximately miles north rocky southern marks boundary england wales island wales tidal rise fall estuary bristol channel great second bay eastern canada concern pollution levels industrial areas wales eastern end bristol channel tends atlantic waters levels chemical little known effects particular concern levels lesser degree pier black acre geological site special scientific interest notified pier section best exposure upper rocks cliff point provide important geological structures formed mountain building episode period geological history included important sequence yield species fossil fish scales abundant fossils teeth scales species relatively common notably collection bed plates including battery point local nature reserve hectares acres woodland containing maple dogs mercury beech lake grounds area built early 20th century artificial lake town main park adjacent beach year old artificial lake cricket pitch surrounded sloping interspersed specimen trees surviving outdoor swimming pools situated shore lake grounds open summer months outdoor pool renovated team filming american programme great british adventure lake grounds battery point gun battery sited protect estuary invasion climate rest south west england temperate climate generally rest england annual mean temperature seasonal variations modifying effect sea range parts united_kingdom january month mean minimum temperatures july august mean daily general december month june south west england enjoys favoured location particularly summer azores high extends influence north eastwards cloud forms inland especially near hills reduces exposure sunshine average annual sunshine hours rainfall tends associated atlantic depressions convection summer convection caused solar surface heating forms shower clouds large proportion annual precipitation falls showers thunderstorms time year average rainfall days snowfall typical november march highest mean wind speeds june august having prevailing wind direction south west population increase figure recorded census growth rate cent considerably excess surrounding towns result house building programme people expected settle area years making largest towns north somerset economy local employers include somerset headquarters western edge town school numerous care homes elderly retail complex victorian high street retained number local shops morgan outlet despite larger chains built new look pets home january applied planning permission build new store soon followed subway new stores built retailers moving area coffee occupy premises majestic wine home landmarks court house farmhouse dates medieval period 17th 19th centuries grade listed building owned bristol city_council protests local residents attempted stop sale red brick national nautical school built edward cost previously based training ship hms formidable operated private community known village remains built disused rebuilt storey house incorporated golf club house building converted pub small disused black village pump remains handle metre high point lighthouse built battery point march chance brothers lighthouse currently maintained bristol port company black lighthouse built electrified world war october longer needed navigational purposes sold trust preservation cost royal hotel area designed built serve railway line finished steps away hotel original building survives royal inn pub built corporation bristol known bristol city_council order provide hotel supporting development seaside resort thought seaside hotel built public authority nineteenth century grade listed building transport transport links bristol concern residents town group set campaign reopening bristol railway line cost estimated million feasibility plans considered main road known historical area links town nearby motorway prone congestion especially rush hours major traffic flow modifications caused controversy widely seen having caused existed residents signed petition north somerset council expressing concern development september trial undertaken turn traffic lights conducted association north somerset council martin change permanent journey times reportedly fell measured reduction pedestrian safety despite greater numbers route vehicles pedestrians hour served bus routes including half hourly bristol local buses route actually split super mare university west england service operated trust transferred new station adjacent pier education authority north somerset provides support schools delivering education approximately pupils infant primary schools include high infant junior primary joseph catholic primary peter primary trinity anglican methodist primary school secondary education provided school school awarded specialist schools technology college status awards school approximately students annually ages official opening took place july school cost needed work playing fields september year pupil numbers increased demanding classrooms increase attributed post war september allocated new buildings named big experiment somerset comprehensive school students teachers education department forecast school numbers sports playing surface laid cost numbers grown students teachers school awarded academy status redevelopment site occurred include new specialised sixth form center english block new building extensions science creative arts design technology buildings recently new sports hall opened includes new gym indoor sports facilities high infant junior schools announced group area primary peter town mary nearby religious sites norman church peter shown right built rebuilt 14th 15th centuries perpendicular gothic style grade listed building stage tower prominent landmark set buttresses pierced church altered new garden developed millennium chapel national nautical school village road dates dedicated nicholas listed building thriving church dates march early henry tobacco family staunch sport sports leisure complex partly funded national lottery funds town council north somerset council houses large swimming pool leisure play pools indoor courts gymnasium fun room licensed bar sporting facilities town include open air tennis courts large outdoor swimming pool opened renovated boating lake cricket ground football hockey pitches cycle lanes cricket club dates 19th century town played small regional leagues years joining somerset county league won premier division title times years fourth successive runner campaign season successfully applied promotion western league season western league football finished half table better performance following season achieved highest finish history club finishing runners city culture bristol based trip hop group took town despite describing home town chaos punk band formed town birthplace leading western singer groups societies town including society involved history conservation environment planning wildlife issues society railway group campaigning bristol railway line opened church youth organisations youth club choral society formed annual carnival public art programme started marina development planning agreement developers crest homes north somerset council art trail takes public art works marina development towns town den small town approximately inhabitants miles city capital province north netherlands den separate municipality merged arrangement principal town municipality people miles roman city municipality district germany situated river miles northeast seat collective municipality der notable people johnny actor george architect popular singer eddie large comedian carol presenter chris harris dame director writer frederick song lyricist wrote words boy roses olympic singer moved town mother parents separated


village civil parish east hampshire district hampshire england miles northwest miles northeast road parish covers area acres average elevation feet sea level nearest railway station miles southeast village according census population bronze age roman remains found area manor mentioned survey included saxon church village destroyed replaced newer church constructed national headlines association murder sweet adams nearby hop field village contains grade listed landmarks including peter paul church lodge manor farmhouse grade listed building history roman village spelled ways including 11th century 12th century 13th century evidence roman occupation village roman coins pottery remains found near school evidence suggest roman villa constructed near village bronze age remains found area include looped saxon church village rebuilt nineteenth century flint bath stone medieval manor mentioned survey william ownership king edward included ownership manor eventually passed descendants william alongside manor nearby hamlet manor held manor apparently held family near end 12th century william gave manor brother robert held william heirs service half knight fee robert died son successor thomas holding manor died succeeded son named william william left son heir minor custody assigned henry iii brother richard earl cornwall time richard temporarily held manor henry death consequently held manor death interest manor passed son thomas granted sum land knight named walter freeman gratitude homage services time sir nicholas boys held manor tenant life earl cornwall consideration services sir nicholas granted manor heirs indefinitely sir nicholas paid manor heirs pay year sir nicholas boys granted manor robert wife margaret heirs manor held indefinitely holding passed robert robert died son edward succeeded manor held widow margaret death sir edward died leaving son heir manor edwards son brother thomas died issue sir robert wife conveyed manor sir william william trustees sir edward transferred year robert daughter elizabeth soon married sir thomas died heir grandson manor passed john held tudor georgian ownership manor passed william trustee lord named robert lee ownership transferred anne elizabeth jane ellen daughters john lee claimed issues manor father complained prevented enjoying robert trustees william lee sold manor anne richard miller sold sir william sold sir william son successor edward sir richard young purchased sir compounded estate sold manor anne 19th century murder adams beginning 19th century manor passed john wife anne eventually succeeded john unknown point manor ceded knights family remained sold edward knight john wood owner death finally renounced son john wood owner manor time imperial england wales john wilson described parish district miles station post town acres real property pop houses manor belongs wood living diocese winchester value patron lord chancellor church ancient gained national notoriety association murder sweet adams august adams friend warner years old approached baker local solicitor clerk baker offered accompany walk home refused took shortly abducted carried hop field near proceeded butcher hop field head poles deeply mouth ear temples right ear cut eyes missing later found nearby river baker later discovered group angry residents soon tried sentenced death winchester crown court december term sweet adams sweet short gradually accepted british armed services sweet passed common usage geography demographics located eastern central hampshire south east england miles northwest nearest town parish covers area acres acres woodland average elevation approximately feet sea level parts southern parish falling heights feet landscape dominated farms woodland manor farm wood soil clay chalk chalk prominent crops produced area large number old chalk pits indicate chalk worked parish parish contains individual green golden pot according census parish population people addition households parish average size people notable landmarks present church peter paul built reminiscent 13th century design bell contains modern bell old saxon church stood feet south present completely destroyed piece architecture remains saxon church font new church dates 15th century octagonal form octagonal stem bowl old saxon church given william prior convent grant confirmed pope iii pope urban iii present church book registers contains marriages running marriages contains grade listed buildings addition grade listed building peter paul church grade building manor farmhouse lane grade building manor farmhouse late medieval hall house built timber framed structure covers stories dates 16th century early 19th century 20th century extensions house boarded door large porch inside wide room tudor arch lodge grade building dates late 18th century early late 19th century alterations additions


town civil parish authority north somerset covers ceremonial county somerset england town population according united_kingdom census town situated group small hills including church hill hill topped remains iron age hill fort hill hill castle hill hill court hill site special scientific interest estuary mentioned book grew victorian era popular seaside resort served short branch line main railway light railway opened closed served town ornamental gardens victorian visitor attractions field light railway running round perimeter rides summer shore mixture beaches low rocky cliffs old harbour western edge town mouth land rocky beach designated shore geological site special scientific interest pier opened earliest surviving examples victorian pier united_kingdom october outward spans collapsed seventh set legs shore failed routine insurance load test protracted considerations trust formed pier terminal buildings restored reopened steamer took passengers landmarks include castle court clock tower cinema light industry centred mainly industrial estates including green trading estate near motorway junction dormitory town bristol town home educational religious cultural buildings sporting clubs history derives old english meaning don meaning hill hill iron age hill fort situated approximately mile south west hill fort defined steep natural slope south north east book mentions holding tenant chief villagers parish formed small rivers land middle supported mills mills lay fields south court cloth mills near hill probably date early 17th century victorian era popular seaside town agricultural village victorian bathing sea late 19th century adjacent pier demolished foundations remain bathing machines main beach home children home years closed building hill listed outside changed little houses privately owned flats home run community sisters church international body women anglican communion living gospel values poverty obedience large scale production took place town howard working lincoln college oxford_university chain norman read alexander paper discussing effects mould arrangements grown deep culture tanks medical research council research station enabling mass production mould forthcoming soldiers world war suffered served short branch line main railway opened years main line closed site station queen square shopping town headquarters railway light railway connected coastal towns opened super mare extended years later closed trains crossed road town centre known triangle preceded man red green flags governance town electoral area population mentioned falls non metropolitan district north somerset authority replaced district having somerset county parliamentary constituency called represented house_of_commons parliament united_kingdom following review parliamentary representation boundary commission england somerset seat renamed north somerset member parliament past post system election current fox conservative party south west england constituency european parliament currently method party list proportional representation geography situated round seven hills called church hill hill topped remains iron age hill fort hill hill castle hill hill court hill site special scientific interest clear day far reaching views estuary wales visibility good islands steep flat bristol channel seen tidal rise fall estuary bristol channel great second bay eastern canada stretches approximately half mile pier field includes ornamental gardens victorian bowling green tennis courts crazy golf addition list marine lake victorian swimming pool boating activities small festival year people try new sports field light railway running round perimeter rides summer shore mixture beaches low rocky cliffs old harbour western edge town mouth land river remembered place john conceived idea creating mission rocky beach designated shore geological site special scientific interest fault runs east west adjacent pier forms small cliff feature north beach containing cream pink minerals identified site include secondary alteration produced copper poet walk hill church hill south west upper town contains parks wooded areas laid nineteenth century walk commemoration poets writers visited include local nature reserve covering church hill hill includes grassland coastal woodland climate rest south west england temperate climate generally rest country annual mean temperature approximately seasonal temperature variation extreme united_kingdom adjacent sea temperatures summer months july august mean daily approximately winter mean minimum temperatures common summer azores high pressure affects south west england convective cloud forms inland reducing number hours sunshine annual sunshine rates slightly regional average hours december days sun recorded rainfall south west caused atlantic depressions convection rainfall autumn winter caused atlantic depressions active summer large proportion rainfall caused sun heating ground leading convection showers thunderstorms average rainfall days snowfall typical november march highest mean wind speeds june august winds predominant wind direction south west town population according united_kingdom census age years white quarters population described christian having religion stating religion people ages years economically active economy light industry mainly industrial estates including green trading estate near motorway junction dormitory town bristol clerical medical investments group headquarters town site factory closure north somerset council entered talks lease daniel firm organ builders work includes instrument cathedral established horses general surrounding areas company run family members currently headed james griffin took father john landmarks pier opened easter monday earliest examples victorian pier existence united_kingdom set legs collapsed insurance load check october fell disrepair pier dismantled taken dock restoration rebuilt pier upgraded grade listed building steamer motor vessel offer day sea trips pier destinations bristol channel estuary adjoining pier contemporary toll house built style castle provided accommodation pier master royal pier hotel grade listed building located pier royal pier hotel built thomas originally called rock house building expanded local architect price renamed rock house royal pier hotel later shortened royal pier hotel closure building fallen disrepair summer converted luxury apartments castle 17th century fort located castle hill mary area northern end built castle designed hunting lodge lord somerset english civil war saw decline fortunes castle derelict dairy local farmer castle purchased hamilton restored building glory court court hill east town centre close road bristol remaining 14th century halls england having built sir john circa early eighteenth century house owned family responsible building work house improvements town house owned national trust associated estates owned family sir potter produced unusually shaped variety richly coloured including gold invention pottery clock tower centre town decorated completed donated sir celebration queen_victoria jubilee cinema built victor cox oldest purpose built continuously operated cinema world town market hall road designed local architect price monument known spirit erected near mark millennium unveiled june tall sculpture cost designed local citizens includes panels plaques representing history community town base time capsule containing information town education school large secondary comprehensive school serving town surrounding rural areas approximately pupils years lower school upper school sixth form school regained language college status primary schools town mary primary school john church_of_england primary school saints primary school nicholas primary school primary school opened april amalgamated school joining infant junior schools held position existing site years school independent boarding school infant junior school religious sites churches serving town including andrew church built thirteenth century thought saxon foundations present building burial place arthur subject poem friend alfred lord church john built william sir arthur church saints built tower christ church chapel hill important landmark erected designs thomas early 14th century style road chapel independent evangelical church built attributed foster wood bristol designed united reformed church hill road roman_catholic_church conception served order railways nearest station bristol exeter line trains provided great western sport location feature local scene canoe club based marine lake sea trips north somerset coast estuary sites valley nearby based sailing club cricket club established team play bristol somerset division west england premier league town football club started late 19th century founder members western football league winning championship 1990s football club plays active stadium known hand stadium non league football club united play bowling club formed achieved international honours sporting facilities include golf club par yard course riding centre rugby club range sports clubs culture literary figures associated town samuel taylor spent months living cottage town marriage sarah william frequent guest family court george odd women set town movie remains day starring anthony emma thompson christopher references final scene film set filmed adaptation featured scenes filmed town scenes film let starring filmed summer comic book superhero captain germany france belgium setting eponymous town detective drama aired itv march notable people birth order edward scientist physician considered pioneer modern comparative anatomy writer son samuel taylor arthur poet subject poem buried sir arthur 7th politician local emma jane born emma jane novelist editor born children writer died colonial magistrate scholar sir arthur 10th pioneer documentary film maker david born times world outdoors singles champion graham born county cricketer bob anderson born world professional champion born film actress grew luke born lead singer band member grew jack born england international city kate reed born british olympic runner beijing


village large civil parish east hampshire district hampshire england nearest town lies miles east village parish covers area acres km2 highest point feet sea level according census population bronze age roman remains found area evidence anglo saxon church village manor named survey second world war hall royal_navy nearby prisoner war camp parish contains including hall hall place house manor acre km2 estate hall split result sales 1950s mary church grade listed building parts date late 11th century lies centre village village public houses star inn sun inn primary school cricket club railway station light railway line closure nearest railway station miles east village history roman village different ways including 12th century 15th century original meaning bent worth place cultivated land way land woodland swedish scholar argues old english bent grass unlikely suggests people october axe head found near place farm indicating occupation prehistoric times pot remains iron age coins discovered including bronze coin discovered romans built road roman town north old basing roman settlement east present day town measured roman miles bronze age found north approximately miles mary church displayed curtis museum bronze roman coin found garden miles south mary near lane pottery animal bones found end hamlet south pottery bone objects stone discs hole middle spinning thread fragments roman tiles unearthed manor medieval mentioned separately survey entry surrounding mentions number outlying parishes included soon independent manor granted henry count earliest mention village charter henry manor outlying farm present day mary church included charter king henry_ii granted king john began losing possessions normandy took ownership including ceded manor peter des bishop winchester manor returned held property edward appointed peter time new stone hall house built typical medieval hall house variously called hall manor house known hall place property owner granted right private chapel premises given permission hold services hall chapel remains building seen today immediately southwest hall place february manor granted peter archbishop appeared subsequently months later ownership manor passed william archbishop york death left possessions nephew william son brother henry william obtained king edward iii permission manor william bishop winchester ownership manor passed marriage windsor family windsor castle hall estate evidently returned family mentioned possessions document dated passed william similar named son sir william sir william son john inherited house recorded owner manor died succeeded son death finally grandson john death manor remained possession windsor family years georgian henry windsor 5th lord windsor sold sub manor hunt family tenants beginning century ownership passed sir james thomas wealthy london merchant son thomas described richest england left manor relative william manor william daughters mary elizabeth married brothers william hall sister law maria secret wife prince regent later king george mary children owner manor manor farm 19th century second world war family sold hall estate auction london roger staples fisher approximately immediately fisher started building present hall estate sold robert family later shared ownership author george cecil lived time hall paternal grandmother station light railway proposed serve village land taken villages provide railway station imperial england wales john wilson described village parish district village stands miles station post office parish comprises acres real property pop houses george poet sold property outbreak civil war raise troop horse living diocese winchester value patron chapel emma died ownership hall estate passed son colonel gordon gordon built residence mother died continued live hall william member parliament gordon died september estate passed son cecil gordon captain scots guards world war occupied death july hall estate purchased arthur sold major john arthur lived hall estate taken military second world war second world war hall war use number organisations based mobile naval base defence organization later royal_navy hospital portsmouth later occupied officers airfield commander kept aircraft field new transport airfield prisoner war camp war built housing estate war department occupied property constructed structures grounds converted civilian housing war property sold homes built site estate brewery post war hall estate bought major cecil director bank london built new lodge houses junction drive hall main road village family arms included bear acquired hall estate carvings bears places seen entrance hall drive lodge houses died october remaining estate sale initially hall offered single property divided number separate dwelling units parts sold local farms june conservation area established incorporating local buildings note extending main lane church awarded gold peter charles resident village won gold medal equestrian event summer olympics incorrectly painted gold charles honour royal mail later painted correct governance elections united_kingdom national parliament constituency east hampshire represented conservative party local government governed hampshire county council highest tier east hampshire district council middle tier parish council lowest tier county council elections hampshire divided electoral divisions return total rural electoral division district council elections east hampshire divided electoral return total electoral ward parishes beech geography village parish lies high miles northwest town miles south largest town non metropolitan county hampshire road situated miles south miles northeast county town winchester miles north portsmouth parish covers area acres km2 soil clay chalk acres km2 parish woodland prominent crops wheat lower ground south east south nearby villages drains river rises surface near near hall place village cottages opposite dated names wood parish point early operations middle ages woods area include wood hill miller wood north wood south lease wood names field mill piece indicate site ancient mills parish background civil parish starting north working clockwise extends north house runs south east turns south hamlet west north north farm area historically parish considerably larger today incorporating nearby settlements like bradley beech lower parish lost large amounts land years gained acres regaining home farm country park parish bradley largest parish time survey area included separate hundreds known comprised half hide taken nearby village preston included parish named patrick entries survey believed included large manor villages parish largest north village include southeast end new south east west north known 14th century 16th century 18th century larger hamlet north parish lies miles northwest village mentioned later mentioned manor documents archbishop described outlying estate manor smaller hamlet lies approximately miles south includes manor house named house georgian house located recorded document dated reference manor mansion house owned thomas house acquired arthur frederick later member parliament ownership retained family estate sale home farm area consists acres farmland land area bought woodland trust woodland trust purchased property scheduled trust planted trees nature preserve area end new end new areas lie south village word means small grove trees wood end means end wooded area long road south called green lane branches main road runs northwest lower cottage small cottage dating grade listed building lie hamlet hamlet parish villages beech miles south east mary church country house manor estate second world war prisoner war camp derivatives anglo saxon documented earliest map produced lewis surveyor college time late 12th century comprised acres fertile land hamlet extreme south east corner parish mentioned documents dating 18th century manor belonged owner hall land excluding farm sold 1830s estate bought roger staples fisher demographics census parish dwellings households population males females average age residents compared england residents age older compared england time census total population females males average household size aged academic qualifications lower figures east hampshire england according census economically inactive economically active people unemployed residents age aged mean age residents described health good book entry large households recorded villagers slaves tax assessed large exemption units lord teams men teams recorded lord earl population reached population peak people living village education activities mary primary school immediately west church school hall playing field events annual village school built single classroom second room accommodate pupils added gallery added celebration diamond jubilee queen_victoria school pupils surrounding villages school hall village activities garden club meetings performances local amateur theatrical group meetings polling station elections november performance christian snow queen cricket club south village village tennis courts south church school southeast main village street hall farm sun inn sun hill notable landmarks mary church war memorial church mary lies centre village immediately east primary school located metres north east star inn evidence suggest anglo saxon church located rebuilt present church chancel space altar clergy choir feet feet inches north measuring feet inches feet nave roof chancel arch date late 12th century chancel built lower tower church suffered historian georgia smith describes fire happening heaven earlier structure damaged repaired present church flint walls stone stepped buttresses lights nave west tower rebuilt diagonal buttresses elaborate arrangement steps ornamentation timber turret small mural monument south east chancel nicholas pastor parish wife gilbert north aisle wall contains mural tablet dedicated robert hunt hall place parish arms bend water heads bend crest sitting bells second joseph carter henry knight tenor joseph carter church celebrated coronation king george adding clock building grade listed building july memorials times poet writer george born baptised mary church victorian times author george cecil lived hall mother emma gordon memorial family churchyard close school stone slab george reads george cecil author late hall stone slab mother reads honourable emma wife daughter lord lieutenant essex died march aged family tomb churchyard grade listed portland stone rectangular chest tomb base cover consisting low slab lower panels sides contain inscriptions including south panel reads sacred memory john departed life january aged years north reads sacred memory elizabeth widow john departed life september aged years war memorial war memorial churchyard mary church limestone erected noon company behalf parish commemorate local men lost lives world war decision build memorial church decided parish meeting february formally dedicated november reverend unveiled major general officer command london district war memorial step base tapering octagonal shaft small square block placed latin cross shaft dedication inscription west facing step base reads sacred men fell great war leaving pass passed example willing service names inscribed step panel facing south including lieutenant colonel cooper royal father lived names steps step facing west inscription second dedication memory passing later fell leaving glorious memorial grade listed december manor hall hall place hall manor grade listed medieval hall house located south road south west lane built early 14th century additions 17th 19th centuries hall believed constructed constable castle william john family documented owners followed family hall thick flint walls cross wings gothic stone arch 20th century boarded door storey porch west wing house stone framed upper window large attached tapered stack east wing dated early 19th century old fireplace remains north facing room roll pitched head chapel grounds house complex hall estate sold roger staples fisher started building present hall hall located approximately mile south old hall metres east hamlet end end metres private drive lodge originally entrance hall longer considered property great house divided separate homes eastern wing property court central portion house known coach house stables offered separately north new south wood area hall estate privately owned late 19th century emma gordon owned hall son colonel gordon gordon built east hall gordon inherited hall death emma continued live death son lieutenant colonel alexander gordon lived served world war party member senator parliament northern_ireland dying april death hall estate offered sale john wood time consisted acres extensively renovated recent times new entrance reception halls reception rooms grand staircase today estate consists acres house house late georgian building dated served grade listed building july house walls painted slate roof square storey building symmetrical consisting windows porch half doors low pitched roof raised lead flat centre current smaller modern house main road village opposite house cottages cottage grade listed building located opposite post box near village green cottage originally built 16th century late 18th century early 19th century additions contemporary extensions sides cottage built red brick flint flemish bond openings ground floor roof roof west end lower rear intercepted farm house south road near star inn timber framed built frame roof building lobby entrance previously farmhouse originally built south end dates 18th century roof small half north west angle restored late 20th century grade listed building july cottage small cottage situated edge village built grade listed building current building dates 17th early 19th centuries roof half south end north painted monk bond public houses near centre village public houses star inn licensed opposite village green sun inn licensed beginning sits sun hill road pub village called moon inn known half moon demolished north church lane transport nearest railway station miles east village station available passenger traffic light railway located north present road designed john station opened june closed world war january line reopened area residents pressed reopening railway stayed open railway announced longer carry passengers railway transported goods final closure line london winchester main line salisbury 1960s connection winchester broken railway construction motorway east winchester line continues west line mid railway running historic steam engines level crossing appeared film line film porter small station waiting room demolished notable people poet george born baptised mary church later supporting oliver cause english civil war sold land parish raise troop horses anti royalist cause family lived 17th century satirical poem abuses mentions early life alludes shadows village george cecil author homosexual law reform spent time family home hall