military history asian americans asian americans americans asian descent fought served behalf united_states war american_civil_war asian americans fought union confederacy asian americans served primarily navy philippine american war beginning 20th century asian americans began attend military asian americans awarded medal honor world war saw asian americans serving non whites national army world war asian american service fell obscurity world war significant contributions japanese chinese filipino korean americans documented military segregated asian american units ceased exist asian americans served integrated armed forces asian american combatants korean vietnam conflicts awarded medal honor asian americans continued serve present day history 19th century accounts filipino american sailors serving early revolutionary war official recorded history asian americans fighting behalf occurred war general andrew jackson recorded fought general command defense new_orleans direct command jean following war filipino american continued serve navy asian americans recorded annals military history american_civil_war chinese american john joined new_york infantry eventually dying wounds received battle joseph pierce chosen brought china adoptive father connecticut ship captain pierce enlisted july mustered fourteenth regiment company connecticut volunteer infantry second brigade division second army corps army pierce fought pivotal battles war fighting major campaigns lee surrender court house pierce achieved highest rank chinese american serve union_army reaching rank corporal pierce picture hangs museum house_of_representatives passed resolution honoring actions pierce asian pacific soldiers civil war william hang chinese american asian americans enlist navy total chinese americans fought sides civil war served handful received recognition service form pension benefits citizenship exception lee took alias thomas served pennsylvania regiment accounts filipino americans serving louisiana confederacy civil war served aboard alabama served louisiana filipino american served union michigan 11th infantry civil war bunker family supporters confederacy christopher bunker stephen bunker eldest sons bunker original twins joined different confederate cavalry units christopher bunker captured sent camp chase recordings asian american service followed end civil war spanish american war maine sank havana harbor seven casualties japanese americans chinese american later war recorded japanese americans served aboard warships battle manila bay philippine american war previously known philippine insurrection followed 20th century philippine american war philippine philippine scouts initially founded assist forces philippine republic followed collapse year president william signed executive order allow enlist navy routes came asian american recipients medal honor private philippine scout protected party action received medal honor second class trinidad ensign robert awarded medal honor saving fellow boiler san_diego exploded trinidad asian american recipient naval version medal honor early asian american military academy graduates late 1860s accepted united_states naval academy graduate class foreign national like asian graduates attended time went serve nations graduation served imperial_japanese_navy eventually reaching rank captain nearly years passed asian american nationals followed footsteps foreign nationals accepted military graduate national philippines graduated west_point class commissioned second lieutenant philippine scouts handful accepted west_point system required filipino appointed class enrolled time beginning americans accepted batch graduates lost status nationals went serve fledgling armed forces philippines mexican expedition early 20th century rest world depths world war looking south mexico embroiled civil war violence north border villa raided columbus new_mexico killing americans culminated response officially known mexican expedition led major general john large number chinese assisted forces mexico expedition completion early threatened hanging villa despite provisions chinese exclusion act sought permission people allowed total eventually entered country settling san_antonio later known chinese world war april entered world war allies philippine islands created national_guard units join effort combat units camp thomas united_states draft started alongside hispanic native americans asian americans drafted non whites filling white national army majority combat including private studied university nevada filipino american die war killed private henry killed action forest serving lost battalion sergeant sing member lost battalion awarded distinguished service cross sergeant major served infantry regiment infantry division navy number enlisted peaked end war thousand chinese japanese korean vietnamese eventually served military world war later allowed citizens overcoming numerous legal obstacles interwar period interwar period forces involved minor actions including russian civil war multiple events caribbean known banana wars patrol directly indirectly affected second sino japanese war events filipino americans served navy given time mess having largely replaced african americans rating world war filipino sailors able serve range world war rule restricted ratings officer steward mess attendant gordon asian american citizen graduate naval academy asian american west_point graduate wing graduated japanese americans largest ethnicity asian americans followed order population chinese americans filipino americans hindu americans korean americans second sino japanese war began chinese american arthur chin gone china joined republic china air_force flew fighter pilot war chin american flying ace world war victories later awarded distinguished service cross air medal september war broke europe following german invasion poland officially remained neutral americans involved combat serving countries units flying tigers china eagle squadrons served royal_air_force shortly battle britain forces provided support cash carry program undertaking convoy escort duties atlantic following japanese attack pearl harbor december officially declared war point asian americans lines civilians asian americans including japanese americans assisted aid efforts following attack pacific_ocean philippine commonwealth forces command july prepared attack come hours later world war japanese americans following attack pearl harbor japanese americans hawaii national_guard activated began guard beaches clear rubble donate blood aid wounded days later disarmed ancestry day authorized uneasy tension lasted june time japanese americans undertaking program university hawaii activated hawaii territorial guard discharged january discharged soldiers formed corps engineers auxiliary known varsity victory volunteers february june hawaii national_guard shipped hawaii bound oakland june docking formed 100th infantry battalion japanese american men military classified enemy aliens policy reversed months later decision raise regiment known regimental combat team progress slow months passed began training months 100th shipped europe initially notion employing japanese american soldiers rejected general dwight staff supreme headquarters allied expeditionary force eventually accepted lieutenant general mark clark fifth army training 100th sustained heavy losses eventually earning title purple heart battalion june weeks arrived europe units combined form single unit 100th wanted numerical designation replaced regiment 1st battalion keeping policy time unit segregated large number members previously interned japanese americans continental united_states commanded white officers combat chronicle regiment highly resulting decorated units european theater taking numerous actions italy france germany including liberation concentration camp regiment decorated unit size length service history american warfare men initially unit april replaced nearly times total men served earning purple hearts unit awarded presidential unit earned month additionally japanese americans contributed war effort pacific serving military intelligence service helping japanese intelligence rebuilding occupied japan asian american women enter military served unit women army corps dozen volunteers selected join office strategic services selected service india burma conducted covert operations translation interrogation signal intelligence japanese americans served military world war returning home japanese american service members found old remained soldiers posthumously awarded medal honor actions regiment service italy award asian americans immediate aftermath war japanese american review medals awarded elevated medals honor presented senator captain daniel october congress created congressional gold medal recognizing regimental combat team 100th infantry battalion japanese americans served military intelligence service war chinese americans estimated chinese american men representing percent men portion population served world war serving percent citizens unlike japanese filipino americans percent served non segregated units chinese americans distinguished japanese americans suffered discrimination quarter serve army air forces sent chinese burma india theater service 14th air service group chinese american composite wing percent serve army units including 3rd 4th 6th 32nd infantry divisions prior war navy recruited chinese americans restricted serve continued restrictions ceased allowed serve ratings chinese american women accepted women army corps military intelligence service recruited service army air_force later civilian women service pilots captain francis 34th infantry posthumously awarded distinguished service cross actions island late awarding later elevated medal honor review chinese american officer commissioned marine_corps filipino americans beginning philippines lines new war attacked shortly pearl harbor command general douglas initially plans defend islands following japanese landings reinstated war plan orange hasty withdrawal peninsula followed denying japan use manila bay march orders president franklin roosevelt departed philippines april major general edward king surrendered force longer sustainable defense surrendered thousand chinese forced march san later came called death march died way smaller force held fort mills assault lieutenant general surrendered forces remained philippines surrendered filipino officers graduated west_point japanese forces executed filipino prisoners war including reached rank brigadier general initially blocked enlisting laws revised day japan begun invasion philippines lived california sixteen thousand attempted enlist army serve non segregated units segregated infantry battalion established continued grow peak split units known 1st 2nd filipino infantry regiments soldiers subjected discrimination time training camp fort mistaken japanese americans base units serve distinction similar infantry regiment deeds documented widely known end war total decorations awards medals certificates awarded personnel assigned regiments service new_guinea philippines campaigns philippines individual service members units refused orders surrender began campaign resist japanese occupation later joined filipino soldiers filipino civilians allied forces inserted islands allied forces returned philippines significant numbers battle included filipino infantry units reduced size peak later year philippine division members elected remain philippines end war transferred approximately served world war recognized taken account number served increases possibly number smaller recognized serving world war philippines sergeant asian american asian american world war receive medal honor receive medal occupation ended later review medals awarded asian americans lieutenant distinguished service cross elevated medal honor new_guinea lieutenant colonel asian american command white troops combat actions aiding allied prisoners war japanese occupation philippines guerrero florence awarded medal freedom later enlisted coast guard women reserve liberated philippines taken new_york korean americans treaty signed begun migrating came end japan annexed korea war began korean americans treated enemy aliens changed enemy alien status enlisted army course war served joined california national_guard los_angeles formed unit known tiger brigade young oak kim initially rejected army drafted served enlisted soldier engineers selected commissioning went serve mainly japanese american infantry regiment subsequently awarded distinguished service cross actions battle korean american awarded medal war received silver star purple heart actions earlier campaign fred initially enlisted cavalry korean american fighter ace world war shooting total enemy aircraft eventually rising command 52nd fighter group fighter squadron mediterranean theater operations march korean american achieve status ace actions received medals including silver star bronze oak leaf cluster cold war post world war surrender japan world war came end military began millions service members transported home including regimental combat team regiment reviewed president awarded seventh distinguished unit citation subsequently reorganized year later army reserve year signed act denied served world war commonwealth military benefits afforded veterans consent philippine government philippine scouts authorized congress retained recruited philippine division force undertook occupation duty okinawa philippine scouts disbanded presidential order came view mercenary organization signing military bases agreement filipino navy immigrant credentials ordered military korean war following order integration military majority segregated asian american units disbanded individuals continued serve integrated units following exact number asian americans served korean war determined despite official acceptance policy units including 100th battalion infantry regiment 5th regimental combat team retained strong racial ties predominant number asian americans serving units died korean war asian americans asian american received medal honor actions korean war went japanese american corporal 7th infantry regiment awarding medal initially secret time held north prisoner war brothers kurt lee chinese american marine officer lee army infantry officer fan lee army medical service officer served different units conflict awarded navy cross distinguished service cross bronze star medal respectively young oak kim having promoted major ethnic minority command regular combat battalion 1st 31st infantry walter commissioned entered active duty sent occupation duty japan korea promoted lieutenant colonel asian american achieve rank army judge advocate general corps served senior ranking judge advocate corps awarded bronze star medals service korea vietnam war vietnam war asian americans served million service personnel deployed south vietnam fully integrated units posthumously awarded medal honor including corporal terry march asian american receive medal conflict addition asian american personnel served conventional units army formed special forces team chinese filipino japanese native american rangers called team hawaii pass vietnamese conduct long range reconnaissance discrimination racism continued experience asian americans served conflict loyalty questioned basic training described similar country fired mistaken medical care delayed mistaken north vietnamese additionally especially targeted asian american service members putting price heads asian americans suffered casualties compared ethnic groups vietnam total asian american servicemen dying conflict future asian americans serve military normal ranks conflict included groups fought alongside american service members civil war vietnamese americans fought members south vietnam armed forces known assisted american forces war filipino american sailors remained restricted rating steward seventeen thousand filipino american sailors serving navy philippine navy restriction ended senate investigated civil rights issues navy opened ratings filipino americans white_house navy continued serve restriction lifted late 1990s asian americans approximately percent total armed services slightly greater proportion total population time percent gulf war gulf war asian americans served military filling senior officer positions including major general john promoted position army judge advocate general conflict asian american service member died conflict navy stopped recruiting filipino nationals end military bases agreement 21st century recent trends asian americans particularly california enlisting rates greater proportion population likely non combat jobs army asian americans serving percent commissioned officers percent enlisted personnel asian americans percent active duty service members army navy percent officers immigrants serving armed forces percent philippines war terrorism january deaths occurred operation enduring freedom asian americans soldiers marines sailors additional asian american service members wounded soldiers marines sailors airmen afghanistan asian american marines conventional units enter afghanistan late including pakistani american marine lieutenant colonel khan khan return afghanistan command 1st battalion 6th marines later relieved command operation red wings petty officer 2nd class james navy seal killed action crashed hit rocket propelled grenade private lance corporal harry committed suicide afghanistan following prosecution unit members followed petty officer class life save corporal michael shot battle near village awarded silver star actions iraq war hundreds asian americans deployed iraq plus serving active duty study stating percent asian american 100th infantry battalion activated deployment iraq activation vietnam war end deployment unit authorized wear shoulder sleeve insignia combat patch time occurred world war 100th infantry battalion activated deployed iraq second time operation iraqi freedom operation new dawn having ended asian american service members died conflict leadership asian american general brigadier general albert chinese hawaiian american followed rear admiral gordon asian american flag officer highest ranked secretary veteran affairs star general army chief staff recent years asian americans significantly military compared share national population asian pacific americans national population aged classes west_point naval academy air_force academy popular culture following television shows movies songs depicted events relate article american apocalypse captain america broke brave great raid kid lost battalion kid war soldiers minority military history military history african americans military history hispanic latino americans military history jewish americans military history pakistani americans military history americans native americans american_civil_war native americans world war asian american military units


united_states_navy united_states_navy trace tradition naval military service men lieutenant served american revolution philip john distinguished combat awarded medal honor highest military decoration united_states reached ranks navy serving country sensitive leadership positions domestic foreign shores reached highest ranks navy commodore phillips levy jewish descent participated war assistant sailing master admiral david glasgow rank admiral navy created american_civil_war admiral led navy cuban missile crisis hispanic ethnic term employed citizen resident united_states racial background country religion ancestor people spain non hispanic origin ancestor mexico puerto_rico cuba central south_america hispanic origin largest hispanic groups united_states mexican americans puerto according census bureau estimated hispanic population united_states million population nation largest ethnic racial minority census estimate million include million residents puerto_rico people hispanic origin sailors civilians serving navy united_states_navy implemented aggressive recruitment programs directed group programs navy principal aim attract speak spanish resulted increased recruitment entrance united_states naval academy april thirteen hispanic americans graduates commissioned attending navy officer candidate school reached rank rear admiral american revolution war united_states_navy traces origins continental navy established american revolutionary war disbanded shortly united_states_constitution provided legal basis military force giving congress power provide maintain navy attacks american shipping coast spurred congress employ power passing naval act ordering construction manning frigates lieutenant spanish descent birth immigrated american colonies participated american revolution lieutenant south_carolina navy revolution fought british savannah georgia captured battle charleston south_carolina released prisoner exchange volunteered militia fought battle wilmington north_carolina married elizabeth shine sons david commodore phillips levy jew ancestors portugal born philadelphia pennsylvania great great grandson samuel leader jewish colonists helped found savannah georgia levy assigned sailing master uss english ships english channel war ship confiscated vessels captured levy rest crew taken prisoner end war return united_states levy served sailing master gun ship uss franklin promoted rank lieutenant promoted rank master commandant rank captain levy given courtesy title commodore recognition superior abilities making navy highest ranking officers jew hispanic descent reach rank time highest rank navy american_civil_war union navy american_civil_war government united_states recognized rapidly expanding union navy need july congress proceeded authorize appointment officers rank rear admiral making flag officer david glasgow hispanic american appointed said grade david glasgow born campbell station near tennessee elizabeth mother died yellow fever father gave adoption adopted future navy captain david porter december entered navy aboard uss essex years old war given assignment bring ship captured uss essex safely port april flag officer command west gulf blockading squadron flagship uss ran past fort jackson fort philip louisiana batteries city port new_orleans louisiana victory influential factor congress created rank admiral named naval officers included foster brother david porter rear hispanic american admiral united_states_navy greatest victory battle mobile bay august mobile alabama time confederacy major port open gulf_of_mexico bay heavily mined naval mines known torpedoes uss ships command struck went shouted trumpet flagship uss brooklyn trouble torpedoes reply shouted famous words damn torpedoes speed ahead fleet succeeded entering bay opposition heavy batteries fort morgan fort defeat squadron admiral franklin promoted vice admiral december admiral july war person named admiral navy history medal honor medal honor highest military decoration awarded united_states government bestowed member united_states armed forces distinguishes gallantry risk life duty engaged action enemy united_states john born spain resident pennsylvania joined union navy adopted hometown pennsylvania assigned uss civil war uss ordered proceed charleston south_carolina duty south atlantic blockading squadron member landing parties ship raids august september resulted capture prisoners taking destruction substantial quantities ordnance ammunition supplies number buildings bridges salt works destroyed expedition actions john awarded medal honor promoted acting master mate philip born chile south_america resident massachusetts joined union navy new assigned uss cuba wooden rigged wheel steamship command rear admiral david porter union general grant ordered assault fort fisher confederate stronghold protected vital trading routes wilmington port north_carolina january ground naval union forces attempted second land assault failure land assault crew members carried dispatches rear admiral porter major general alfred terry heavy fire major general alfred terry awarded medal honor actions confederate states navy fought confederate states navy case captain michael philip born florida spanish parents captain blockade runners managed avoid capture successful missions fought 8th georgia infantry confederate army transferred navy wounded captured battle managed escape reach southern lines world war april congress declared war germany officially entered world war time soldiers sailors spanish spanish accents objects ridicule relegated jobs continued join military serve nation captain robert retired navy world war recalled active duty given rank commodore equivalent star admiral rank typically war time command mare island naval shipyard graduated massachusetts institute technology mit joining navy world war naval aviator commander credited numerous better flight equipment flight safety lieutenant frederick native puerto_rico puerto rican graduate served commander armed guard uss philadelphia august engaging enemy submarine awarded navy cross second highest medal awarded navy george water tender class petty officer charge aboard uss awarded navy cross october actions aboard uss october collided cut set fire threw ammunition deck overboard saving lives fellow crewmen world war december empire japan attacked united_states pacific fleet pearl harbor sailors hispanic perished united_states officially entered world war hispanic americans american citizens joined ranks navy volunteers draft served actively european pacific theatres war eventually earn rank rear admiral commander played instrumental role establishment special devices division navy bureau later later assigned head new special devices desk engineering division navy bureau credited urged navy undertake development synthetic training devices increase readiness world war promoted captain rear admiral pacific theatre admiral served aboard uss san_juan involved providing artillery cover marines landing marshall islands okinawa service awarded bronze star combat stands combat reassigned uss pittsburgh credited saving ship single life lost ship bow torn typhoon awarded legion merit actions participated battle santa islands attack capture gilbert islands series carrier raids june present carrier raids tokyo operations vicinity served technical assistant staff commander joint task force operation crossroads february june staff commander joint task force seven atomic weapons tests rear admiral frederick served captain uss assigned fire support group love transport group command rear admiral richmond turner task force amphibious force landing solomon islands august august engaged combat fleet japanese ships command japanese admiral known battle island received direct hits awarded purple heart medal wounds received battle ordered men abandon ship man life february witnessed flag raising photographed staff sergeant louis second flag raising photographed joe mount march navy medical assigned platoon company 27th marine regiment tried save life jack stepped land feet away posthumously awarded medal honor rear admiral henry commanded lieutenant commander squadron aircraft board uss july october squadron responsible shooting japanese command tour included battle santa islands captain hispanic submarine commanding officer participated war patrols led effort rescue navy pilots enlisted gunner wake island contributed sinking japanese damaging actions awarded silver star medal legion merit medal brief stint mare island naval shipyard reassigned uss class submarine participated war patrols awarded second silver star medal contribution sinking japanese light cruiser patrol survived previous torpedo attack submarine uss april named commanding officer uss participated ship war patrols july led rescue downed navy pilots area december departed pearl harbor patrol yellow sea engaged sunk japanese cargo ship january awarded bronze star medal combat letter captain charles kenneth crew member cruiser uss battle island rescued sea sent pearl harbor invited admiral chester join submarine service served aboard submarine uss participated war patrols hostile waters pacific world war european theatre rear admiral commander destroyer escort uss saw action invasions africa sicily france uss class destroyer escort launched january commissioned august command lieutenant commander june july operated caribbean atlantic_ocean search german boats rear admiral assigned executive officer uss texas november texas participated invasion north_africa destroying ammunition dump near port participated invasion normandy day june ship secondary battery went work target western end beach commanding officer uss commissioned january helped evacuation americans china chinese civil war december reassigned naval station norfolk located norfolk virginia assistant chief staff discipline 5th naval district rear admiral lieutenant commander saw action aboard submarines occasions depth charge attacks actions awarded silver bronze star medals lieutenant edward born mexico_city united_states joined served naval reserve capacity held positions served legal advisor ambassador emergency advisory political defense remainder war assigned carrier uss enterprise air combat intelligence officer awarded bronze star medal service october hispanic serve secretary navy navy crosses awarded members navy world war awarded hispanic sailors joe mate class lieutenant eugene anthony san_francisco california waves prior world war traditional hispanic cultural values expected women rarely left home earn income discouraged joining military outbreak world war cultural began change creation women army auxiliary corps predecessor women army corps navy women accepted volunteer emergency service waves women attend certain administrative duties left open men reassigned combat zones women served military joined smaller number women served naval women reserve waves maria born mexico joined waves assigned field florida lieutenant junior grade maria rodriguez woman puerto rican descent officer united_states_navy member waves navy assigned library assistant cable censorship office new_york_city news channels president harry war ended cold war era cold war period conflict tension competition united_states soviet_union respective allies early 1990s period rivalry played multiple arenas military military costly defense spending massive conventional nuclear arms race wars incident rear admiral given command submarine uss august uss departed harbor portsmouth england diesel submarines reported cold water training mission submarines equipped allowed spend long periods underwater largely invisible enemy electronic gear designed detect far radio signals american intelligence operation mission communications revealed testing submarine launched soviet missiles soon carry nuclear american spy mission cold war august pound batteries caught fire hydrogen gas smoke unable receive help commander directed ordered surface crew members deck rails ropes fought blaze tried save ship time save men toxic gases realized winds tear ropes ordered men form pyramid ship open bridge designed hold seven men ocean waters night able approach crew exception commander crew perished ordeal boarded finally crew members convinced board minutes sank coast norway named chief united_states naval mission cuba position held rear admiral given command destroyer uss resumed normal operations east_coast west_indies command having completed globe rear admiral recipient silver star medals korean war korean war civil war rival korean regimes supported external powers regimes trying political guerrilla tactics conflict expanded united_states soviet_union involvement larger cold war main hostilities period june armistice agreement signed july august uss noble command admiral steamed korea participate september amphibious assault ship assisted transport foreign troops equipment korean combat zone july ship participated operation big switch moving communist north korean prisoners armistice agreement studied national war college assistant chief staff naval operations promoted rank rear admiral member staff commander chief western atlantic area navy crosses awarded navy korean war went hispanic sailor robert hospital texas september medical serving 3rd battalion seventh marines 1st marine division reinforced korea battalion came heavy enemy attack heavy enemy fire reach wounded marine accidentally wire hidden anti personnel hearing snap fuse realizing wounded lay helpless deadly explosive complete disregard personal safety threw man shield explosion seriously wounded legs fragments blown feet concussion administered aid suffering severe pain multiple wounds refused seek medical aid completed treatment refusing way aid station cuban missile crisis cuban missile crisis tense confrontation soviet_union united_states soviet deployment nuclear missiles cuba october admiral commander american fleet sent president john kennedy set blockade soviet ships october soviet premier ordered removal soviet missiles cuba kennedy ordered end cuba november bringing end crisis vietnam war vietnam war conflict democratic republic vietnam north vietnam republic vietnam south vietnam eventually involved respective allies including united_states july puerto rican hispanic star admiral modern era navy vietnam war oversaw day day work navy vice chief naval operations stern supporter brown water navy force rivers south vietnam lieutenant commander benjamin deployed guam naval mobile construction battalion led advance party vietnam supervise construction base camp built returned responsible construction base camp supply point hospital marine helicopter base lieutenant commander endured longest periods prisoner war american history grandson immigrants mexico joined united_states_navy selected pilot training august operation pierce arrow ensign shot north vietnam american vietnam war endured years seven months brutal captivity repeatedly beaten tortured released prisoner war camp retired commander captain charles kenneth commanded aircraft carrier uss richard vietnam war richard sent vietnam war escalated early commanded aircraft carrier deployed southeast_asia combat tours years command richard aircraft battled north vietnamese jet fighter aircraft russia occasions downing striking transportation infrastructure targets awarded bronze star medal combat awards service vietnam class new_mexico posthumously awarded navy cross actions january date ran seventy yards open terrain constant enemy fire aid fallen marine moved wounded man safe area quickly rendered medical assistance exposing enemy fire moved approximately yards open ground marine treating second marine positioned man hostile fire time mortally wounded enemy small arms fire lieutenant diego flew combat tours vietnam war served aide flag lieutenant commander carrier division sea commander fighter squadron carrier air wing fleet uss nato commander admiral north_atlantic treaty organization commander chief allied forces southern europe retirement navy responsible land sea air forces nations deployed mediterranean area italy greece turkey britain united_states years commander american troops europe stationed west_germany 20th century latino representation navy rising dramatic increases percentage sexes active duty enlisted personnel lieutenant hispanic pilot serve blue angels women hispanic descent women heritage naval academy women commander currently director international programs office department homeland security science technology september constituted percent navy enlisted personnel marine_corps year recruitment efforts critics outside hispanic community particularly time war growing number reported hispanic casualties skirmish air_force june captain diego took command aircraft carrier uss john kennedy capable anti submarine warfare making purpose carrier september air_force planes engaged unprecedented number sorties vicinity uss john kennedy battle group international waters control intercepted sections eighteen sections respectively september operations desert shield desert storm hispanic served overseas operations desert shield desert storm women served captain cabo puerto_rico highest ranking hispanic female navy time assigned chief navy medical center reorganized department war operation cause december navy reserve commodore maria puerto_rico deployed panama served naval station according panama real experience impact armed conflict military service members families rear admiral served commanding officer uss deployment persian gulf operation desert storm extensive clearance operations ship served flagship operation iraqi freedom brigadier general joseph marine_corps member navy naval history june marine general assigned commander naval ships operation iraqi freedom oversaw manning flagship uss wood led wood strike group month deployment support assigned commander task force apprentice awarded navy cross according citation serving amphibious assault vehicle platoon company battalion second marines regimental combat team task force marine expeditionary force support operation iraqi freedom march amphibious assault vehicle struck rocket propelled grenade inflicting casualties evacuated wounded marines burning vehicle tended wounds established casualty collection point inside unit medical evacuation amphibious assault vehicle casualties lower limb applying vehicle rendered enemy direct indirect fire directed movement casualties vehicle organizing litter teams available marines personally carried critically wounded marine open ground vehicle exposed enemy fire treat marines wounded perimeter sensitive domestic leadership positions volunteer armed forces especially officers despite fact large percentage total navy population makeup officers corps beginning change increasing numbers enter military following order currently serving country sensitive domestic leadership positions rear admiral surface warfare commander warfare command headquartered naval air station corpus texas rear admiral patrick submarine commander july person hispanic descent named commander naval warfare center rear admiral jay assistant deputy chief naval operations resources requirements assessments played instrumental role implementing visionary memorandum understanding submarine force active component reserve component helped pioneer key initiatives adopted navy wide rear admiral medical corps hispanic director san_diego naval district naval hospital rear admiral philip director political military affairs staff national security council rear admiral albert civil engineer corps assumed duties deputy commander naval construction division rear admiral george mayer commander naval safety center rear admiral dental corps served assistant chief education training personnel bureau medicine surgery washington rear admiral served executive assistant assistant secretary navy director submarine technology defense advanced research projects agency chief office naval research rear admiral rodriguez chief engineer space naval warfare systems command march navy highest ranking female hispanic line officer active duty hispanic woman thirteenth commandant lead defense equal opportunity management institute established oversaw joint service school supporting department defense coast guard equal opportunity equal employment opportunity program research requirements president association naval service officers master chief petty officer navy joe 11th master chief petty officer navy master chief petty officer united_states_navy duty assignments include uss san_diego california naval medical center san_diego california seventh marine regiment marine division camp naval hospital long beach california force service support group fleet marine force okinawa japan naval hospital washington increase hispanic hispanic immigrants played important role military united_states american revolution lieutenant immigrant spain fought battle charleston south_carolina july president george bush issued order speed process citizenship immigrants serving nation military services immigrant service members qualify citizenship serving year armed forces serving active duty authorized period conflict qualifications listed immigration act section privileges goes american citizenship opportunity commissioned officer navy person drafted resident alien join navy voluntarily officer citizen number navy represent percentage population today united_states department defense faces nationwide problem recruiting men volunteer armed forces war iraq afghanistan united_states_navy implemented aggressive recruitment programs directed group programs navy principal aim attract speak spanish consequence joined navy enlisted personnel applied entrance naval academy united_states naval academy united_states naval academy institution undergraduate education officers united_states_navy marine_corps united_states naval academy account largest minority group institution according academy class includes minority hispanic heritage according july issue style magazine total female female hispanic descent hispanic american graduate academy commodore robert class hispanic graduate academy reach rank admiral puerto rican rear admiral frederick class commander hispanic female graduates academy total americans hispanic descent served navy alumni naval academy hispanic heritage month september president johnson designated week mid september national hispanic heritage week president ronald_reagan extended week month long national hispanic heritage month time americans educate influences hispanic culture society navy realized fastest growing group united_states navy joined rest united_states celebration contributions united_states_navy military institution celebrating national hispanic heritage month september october


united_states_coast_guard united_states_coast_guard trace tradition service early 19th century initially performed duties light house stations keepers assistant keepers predecessor services united_states revenue cutter service united_states life saving service hispanic ethnic term employed citizen resident united_states racial background country religion ancestor people spain non hispanic origin ancestor mexico puerto_rico cuba central south_america hispanic origin largest hispanic groups united_states mexican americans puerto according census bureau estimated hispanic population united_states million population nation largest ethnic racial minority census estimate million include million residents puerto_rico making people hispanic origin nation largest ethnic race minority july hispanic pioneers coast guard family florida joseph hispanic american command coast guard vessel frederick argentine hispanic graduate revenue cutter service school instruction coast guard transferred department navy president congress time war world war served united_states revenue cutter service life saving service world war served aboard ships guarding shores united_states atlantic_ocean enemy submarines men served missions lonely served major conflict continue coast guard service limited armed conflicts nations coast guard plays vital role illegal immigrants drug hispanic men women reached ranks coast guard serving country sensitive leadership positions domestic foreign shores hispanic american female command afloat unit hispanic american promoted rear admiral lower half rear admiral joseph hispanic american district commander coast guard currently account enlisted personnel united_states_coast_guard academy student body history united_states_coast_guard formed predecessors united_states life saving service united_states revenue cutter service established secretary treasury alexander hamilton armed maritime law enforcement service merged according william atlantic area historian united_states_coast_guard following events involving occurred early years coast guard predecessor services hispanic serve united_states revenue cutter service predecessor coast guard juan served keeper lighthouse florida making hispanic oversee federal installation kind maria maria los family member followed footsteps served keeper lighthouse hispanic american woman serve coast guard hispanic american woman command federal shore installation hispanic american command coast guard vessel joseph took command reef florida hispanic officer distinction belongs domingo listed united_states revenue cutter service register having served aboard grant engineering officer known served life saving service served life saving station texas born buenos_aires argentina frederick argentine entered revenue cutter service academy graduated career served aboard second lieutenant spanish american war served north_atlantic squadron took blockade havana cuba later assumed command served captain port brest france world war commander service norfolk district known coast guard district rose rank commodore received promotion rear admiral retirement schooner sank coast massachusetts storm mess attendant class arthur john assigned volunteered save survivors schooner awarded silver medal heroism year stationed caribbean set sail hispanic americans fourth cutter complement san_juan puerto_rico assist puerto battling fires threatened destroy parts city city san_juan puerto_rico paid tribute crew cutter presented official resolution thanks coast guard formed september merger united_states revenue cutter service united_states life saving service richard hispanic coast military conflict cutter tampa torpedoed sunk crew german boat world war coast guard transferred department navy president congress time war mate class members texas life saving station crew awarded coast guard silver medal grand cross medal american cross honor society assistance rescue crew schooner cape horn september chief mate given command port texas boat station hispanic american september chief warrant officer joseph born farm near town puerto_rico island spanish colony hispanic chief petty officer coast guard world war received war time promotion chief warrant officer hispanic reach level joined united_states_navy served seven years months eventually reaching rank chief gunner mate years served navy united_states congress passed jones act conferred united_states citizenship citizens puerto_rico september entered united_states_coast_guard rate chief gunners mate served years enlisting september world war world war coast guard transferred department navy men saw action said conflict invasion began june landing craft awarded silver medal maneuvering marine landing party ashore constant japanese attack known hispanic american coast awarded bronze star medal louis craft army large route philippines went rescue ship torpedoed enemy action helped saved survivors abandoned ship serving aboard army large route philippines outbreak world war joseph received war time promotion chief warrant officer november hispanic american reach level retired coast guard july worked security guard hospital baltimore age retired died residence columbia maryland february buried military honors plot baltimore national cemetery lieutenant junior grade born panama enlisted coast guard july citizen united_states july appointed chief photographer mate hispanic african descent photographer guard second photographer entire history service july assumed command operating panama sea frontier admitted hispanic african descent command cutter officer charge coast guard vessel wartime entered coast guard 2nd class reached rank lieutenant massive coast guard following end hostilities revoked rated chief photographer mate retired coast guard september gunner mate second class joseph native spain aboard pearl harbor hawaii explosion board set chain reaction gang hastily assembled volunteers board rescue boat rescued men water danger drowning evacuated burning ships awarded navy marine_corps medal distinguished heroism serving volunteer member boat crew engaged rescue operations fire pearl harbor conditions great personal danger fire explosions disregard safety assisted rescuing approximately survivors injured exhausted water burning ships saw action alaska gilbert islands marshall islands sent new london connecticut coast guard academy month program graduated known hispanic american complete service reserve officer training program hispanic american officers united_states_coast_guard war built successful career international business world december juan del hispanic american receive officer commission graduation officer candidate school del enlisted june served convoys caribbean board north pacific received training naval communications school harvard_university retired worked department agriculture developed high protein food substance disaster relief mass feeding operations graduate lieutenant john born new_orleans entered service world war received academy appointment commissioned ensign coast guard served commanding officer station japan prepared delivered classes long range aids navigation procedures air_force 34th bombardment squadron stationed nearby later assigned advisor naval mission garde haiti taught classes military leadership later oversaw overhaul garde patrol vessels served aboard ships war men like served missions lonely year old native los_angeles california joined coast guard sent patrols pacific_coast united_states defend sabotage invasion japanese later received instructions emerging secretive field navigation sent located guam philippines assisted research development served months vietnam war vietnam war san_antonio texas enlisted coast guard deployed duty coast guard squadron vietnam assigned point foot cutter december point attacked killed small boat operations posthumously awarded bronze star medal combat purple heart medal vice admiral wrote heroic actions enemy fire instrumental success friendly forces destroying enemy morale feeling security professional skill courage enemy fire devotion duty reflected great credit keeping highest traditions united_states naval service hispanic american coast receive silver star medal combat action vietnam second class larry january post vietnam war september apprentice william ray billy posthumously awarded coast guard medal ceremony near worth texas coast guard medal awarded service member serving capacity united_states_coast_guard distinguishes heroism involving actual conflict enemy january cutter collided tanker ships collided capsized crew member threw life jackets jumped water began belt open life jacket locker door allowing additional life jackets float surface remained aboard assist trapped comfort injured died line duty person born united_states hispanic american descent promoted rear admiral lower half coast guard coast guard program executive officer director acquisition programs july relieved rear program executive officer coast guard largest modernization initiative billion year programmed integrated system program integrated system program program year program united_states_coast_guard aircraft ships logistics command control systems billion program includes equipment missions acted program executive officer director coast guard acquisition programs office oversaw major acquisitions aircraft boats illegal immigrants drug coast guard focusing retaining hispanic spanish speaking line workers aims intercept illegal immigrants current coast guard workforce meets diversity goals operational demands having spanish speaking workers hand communicate illegal immigrants human pack people boats race florida coastline attempt american enforcement need spanish speaking coast emphasized september cocaine laden semi submarines colombia captured route eastern pacific_coast united_states days later foot semi seized nautical miles south guatemala boarding team coast guard said unstable vessel began water exhaust sank navy coast guard drug enforcement administration officials south american drug turning semi vessels low profile avoid detection government success smuggling techniques including use fishing speed boats coast guard academy coast guard academy located new london connecticut accepts young men women program year year academic program leads bachelor science degree variety majors frederick argentine born buenos_aires argentina entered revenue cutter service school instruction previously known graduated hispanic reach rank commodore receive promotion rear admiral retirement paul powers class person born united_states hispanic american descent graduate academy followed john class cadet sarah hispanic female regimental commander coast guard academy total student body largest minority group academy ethnic racial breakdown student body academy follows white non hispanic hispanic black non hispanic asian pacific american indian native coast guard actively promoting coast guard college career opportunities captain house executive loan hispanic association colleges universities san_antonio texas represents colleges universities job explain college programs military civilian career opportunities coast guard provide hispanic communities education service united_states population representation according office secretary defense hispanic representation coast guard active component enlisted percent represented slightly percent coast guard active component officer percent coast guard reserve enlisted chronological list personal hispanic accomplishments following hispanic americans respective fields accomplish following hispanic american female advanced chief petty officer hispanic american female command afloat unit took command island hispanic american female intelligence officer coast guard second hispanic american female advanced chief petty officer hispanic command tactical law enforcement team lieutenant rodriguez took command south coast command marine_corps unit took command training center special operations training group camp north_carolina july hispanic american coast earn gold navy marine_corps jump wings coast guard assigned jump majors special operations training group earned wings year commanding officer commissioned coast guard lieutenant junior grade second hispanic american female command afloat unit lieutenant commander lieutenant commander rodriguez commissioned maritime safety security team coast guard history east west_coast anti terrorism team established protect local maritime assets july captain hispanic american command high endurance cutter assumed command march led crew largest maritime drug bust history seizure motor vessel coast panama carrying nearly tons cocaine worth estimated female medical officer assigned port security unit units organized sustained force protection operations hispanic american female assigned hispanic american female physician assistant coast guard reserve july joseph hispanic american district commander coast guard appointed commander district note

Hispanics in the United States Coast Guard


molecular molecular collection techniques biological markers individual genetic code cells express genes proteins applying molecular biology medical testing technique monitor disease detect risk decide work best individual patients patient disease molecular offers prospect medicine tests useful range medical including infectious disease human investigates immune function genetic prediction drugs work best overlap clinical chemistry medical tests history field molecular biology grew late twentieth century clinical application suggested genetic test rely dna infancy restriction cut dna recognised specific short sequences creating different lengths dna strand depending genetic variation possessed 1980s phrase names companies incorporated research molecular 1990s identification newly discovered genes new techniques dna led appearance distinct field molecular laboratory medicine association molecular formed structure founded journal medical healthcare launched expert reviews medical onwards project information letter genetic differences human population single relationship disease molecular techniques use genetic tests identify specific single causing individual disease commercial application molecular important debate genetic discoveries heart european_union directive patents dna sequences sued challenge patents genes associated breast cancer supreme_court partially agreed ruling naturally occurring gene sequence patented techniques development research tools molecular biology tools practical use single handheld device bring medical clinic office home clinical laboratory requires high standards reliability require fall medical device regulations clinical laboratories sold research use laboratory processes need adhere regulations example clinical laboratory improvement amendments health insurance act good laboratory practice food drug administration specifications united_states laboratory information management systems help tracking processes regulation applies staff supplies states require molecular licensed boards american board medical american board laboratory directors reduces possibility error contamination manual handling single devices beginning end available molecular uses biological low concentrations marker disease risk sample taken patient preservation sample analysis critical manual handling fragile poses certain challenges cellular process expressing genes proteins offers measure gene expression vulnerable breakdown present samples snap frozen liquid nitrogen preservation agents molecular detect markers example cell free exist human simple blood sample sample genetic information molecular based use chain reaction vastly increase number acid molecules target detection marker use real time direct chips chips test markers principle applies high protein use dna detect different proteins parallel applications conventional tests syndrome rely number appearance molecular tests comparative test sample dna instead cell free dna invasive conventional tests treatment patient single slight differences dna help predict quickly particular drugs called example drugs anti agent active forms patients possess specific places gene poor drugs physicians test find drugs fully effective patient advances molecular biology helped previously classed single disease actually multiple entirely different causes treatments molecular help example genetic analysis disease inherited component silver russell syndrome infectious disease molecular identify infectious diseases virus tuberculosis specific strains virus genetic identification swift example loop test malaria parasite rugged developing countries despite advances analysis identified means profile molecular understand specific strain example detecting drug resistance genes possesses avoid disease risk management patient include inherited random affects probability developing disease future example lynch syndrome genetic disease patients early detection lead close monitoring improves patient chances good outcome risk indicated biological markers screening measure risk child born genetic disease genetic testing complex patients want stress knowing risk countries universal healthcare known risk raise insurance cancer cancer change cellular processes cause grow control cells molecular signature cells dna levels expression messenger enables physicians cancer choose best therapy patients incorporate array specific protein marker molecules emerging technology hopes measure markers potential future include micro molecules cells express healthy ones


high level radioactive waste management high level radioactive waste management concerns radioactive materials created production nuclear power nuclear weapons dealt radioactive waste contains mixture short lived long lived non radioactive reported tonnes high level nuclear waste stored usa troublesome elements spent fuel half life million years half life years consequently high level radioactive waste requires sophisticated treatment management successfully usually treatment followed long term management strategy involving permanent storage disposal transformation waste non toxic form radioactive decay follows half life rule means rate decay proportional duration decay words radiation long lived like intense short lived like governments world considering range waste management disposal options usually involving deep placement limited progress implementing long term waste management solutions partly question dealing radioactive waste range millions years according studies based effect estimated radiation identified fundamental effective management high level radioactive waste stable geological formations stable human institutions hundreds thousands years suggests known human civilization endured long formation adequate size permanent radioactive waste discovered stable long period avoiding confronting risks associated managing radioactive create risks greater magnitude radioactive waste management example policy analysis requires special attention ethical concerns examined light uncertainty consideration impacts practices technologies future generations debate constitute acceptable scientific engineering foundation proceeding radioactive waste disposal strategies argued basis complex simulation models control radioactive materials processes closure acceptable risk maintain called natural subterranean movement making disposal radioactive stable formations unnecessary existing models processes subterranean nature processes solid formations accuracy computer simulation models verified observation certainly periods time equivalent lethal half lives high level radioactive waste hand insist deep stable formations necessary national management plans countries display variety approaches resolving debate researchers suggest forecasts health long periods examined critically practical studies consider years far effective planning cost concerned long term behaviour radioactive remains subject ongoing research management strategies implementation plans representative national governments described disposal international panel materials said widely accepted spent nuclear fuel high level require designed storage periods ranging tens thousands million years minimize releases contained environment required ensure highly enriched diverted weapon use general agreement placing spent nuclear fuel hundreds meters surface safer indefinite storage spent fuel surface process selecting appropriate permanent high level waste spent fuel way countries expected commissioned time basic concept locate large stable formation use mining technology tunnel large bore tunnel boring machines similar drill england france drill shaft meters surface rooms excavated disposal high level radioactive waste goal permanently nuclear waste human environment people remain uncomfortable immediate cessation disposal system suggesting perpetual management monitoring radioactive species half lives longer million years low container migration rates taken account require half life nuclear materials lose longer lethal living organisms review swedish radioactive waste disposal program national academy sciences found country estimate thousand years million years necessary waste isolation fully justified proposed land based waste disposal method dispose nuclear waste zone accessed land prohibited international agreement method described viable means radioactive waste state art nuclear waste disposal technology nature sixteen discovered natural nuclear reactions took place billion years ago products natural formations found moved period lack movement retention structure moving ground water crystals better preserved spent fuel rods complete nuclear reaction reaction products accessible attack materials geological disposal order store high level radioactive waste long term geological specific waste forms need allow decay away materials retain integrity thousands years materials broken classes glass waste forms waste forms materials glass forms include glasses glasses nuclear waste glasses industrial scale high level radioactive waste countries producers nuclear energy nuclear weaponry glass waste forms advantage able accommodate wide variety waste stream compositions easy scale industrial processing stable thermal chemical glasses function binding radioactive elements glass forming elements glasses lower dissolution rates glasses favorable option single material ability accommodate radioactive products storage requires separate waste distinct glasses processed elevated temperatures making volatile elements waste forms offer higher waste glass options structure mineral waste forms provide evidence long term fact fact processed lower temperatures considered generation high level radioactive waste forms waste forms offer great potential lot research remains national management plans finland united_states sweden advanced developing deep high level radioactive waste disposal countries vary plans fuel directly france japan having extensive commitment country specific status high level waste management plans described european countries britain finland netherlands sweden switzerland risk dose limit member public exposed radiation future high level nuclear waste facility considerably stringent suggested international commission radiation protection proposed united_states european limits stringent standard suggested international commission radiation protection factor stringent factor standard proposed environmental protection agency mountain nuclear waste years closure proposed standard greater years times european limit countries progress high level radioactive waste typically started public voluntary necessary condition consensus seeking approach believed greater chance success modes decision making process necessarily slow inadequate experience world know succeed existing aspiring nuclear nations communities want host nuclear waste concerned community facto site waste thousands years health environmental consequences accident lower property values asia people republic china peoples republic china provide electricity construction china commitment 1980s pilot plant construction temporary spent fuel storage facility constructed geological disposal studied permanent deep geological required law sites province near desert northwestern china investigation final site expected selected actual disposal republic china republic china nuclear waste storage facility built southern tip island county offshore taiwan island facility built owned operated facility receives nuclear waste current nuclear power plants strong resistance local community island nuclear waste stored power plant facilities india sixteen nuclear produce india electricity seven construction spent fuel processed facilities near mumbai west_coast north mumbai southeast coast india fast construction produce fuel waste interim storage years expected eventual disposal deep geological rock near japan specified radioactive waste final disposal act called creation new organization manage high level radioactive waste later year nuclear waste management organization japan established jurisdiction ministry economy trade industry responsible selecting permanent deep geological site construction operation closure facility waste site selection began application information sent municipalities local government volunteered host facility showed interest mayor resigned local opposition december government decided identify suitable candidate areas approaching municipalities head science council japan expert panel said japan seismic conditions makes difficult predict ground conditions necessary years impossible convince public safety deep geological disposal europe belgium belgium seven nuclear provide electricity belgian spent nuclear fuel initially sent france suspended following resolution belgian parliament spent fuel stored sites nuclear power plants deep disposal high level radioactive waste studied belgium years boom clay studied reference host formation disposal underground research laboratory located boom formation site belgian operated economic interest group joint organisation belgian nuclear research centre initiated research waste disposal belgium 1970s 1980s belgian agency radioactive waste management belgium regulatory body charge guidance licensing approval federal agency nuclear control created finland government decided select site permanent nuclear providing electricity finland enacted nuclear energy act making producers radioactive waste responsible disposal subject requirements radiation nuclear safety authority absolute veto given local governments proposed located producers nuclear waste organized company responsibility site selection construction operation permanent amendment act required final disposal spent fuel finland prohibiting import export radioactive waste environmental assessment sites occurred chose site near existing local government approved finnish parliament approved deep bedrock depth meters concept similar swedish model containers clad copper buried water table beginning underground characterization facility spent nuclear fuel construction site france nuclear contributing electricity highest percentage country france spent fuel introduction nuclear power fuel produced recycled fuel france spent fuel countries nuclear waste returned country origin radioactive waste french spent fuel expected disposed geological legislation enacted established year period conducting radioactive waste management research legislation partition long lived elements conditioning processes long term near surface storage investigated disposal deep geological formations studied french agency radioactive waste management pour des underground research sites identified possible deep disposal clay near border near government approved underground research laboratory site near dropped consideration legislation proposed license operations expected germany nuclear waste policy germany german planning permanent began focused salt dome salt near kilometers northeast site announced plans plant spent fuel management permanent disposal facilities single site plans plant dropped federal government utilities agreed suspend underground investigations years government committed ending use nuclear power closing days march nuclear disaster chancellor angela imposed month previously announced extensions germany existing nuclear power plants shutting seven operating protests continued government announced close nuclear power plants electric utilities transporting spent fuel interim storage facilities temporary storage facilities built near sites previously spent fuel sent france united_kingdom practice ended july russia russia ministry atomic energy responsible nuclear generate electricity responsible radioactive waste disposal including tons spent nuclear fuel temporary storage russia long history spent fuel military purposes previously planned imported spent fuel possibly including metric tons spent fuel accumulated sites countries received fuel originally pledged brazil czech_republic india japan mexico south_korea switzerland taiwan european_union environmental protection act prohibited radioactive material long term storage burial russia controversial legislation allow imports permanent storage passed russian parliament signed president long term russian plan deep disposal attention paid locations waste accumulated temporary storage near mountains granite siberia sweden sweden operating nuclear produce electricity shut built expected nuclear fuel foreign country waste returned sweden later construction domestic plant contemplated built passage stipulation act transferred responsibility nuclear waste management government nuclear industry requiring operators present acceptable plan waste management absolute safety order obtain operating license early mile island united_states referendum held future use nuclear power sweden late question referendum produced mixed results swedish parliament decided phase existing swedish government opened construction new nuclear new units built existing nuclear power sites replace existing shut new able start swedish nuclear fuel waste management company known created responsible final disposal nuclear waste includes operation monitored storage facility central interim storage facility spent nuclear fuel miles south stockholm baltic coast transportation spent fuel construction permanent swedish utilities store spent fuel site year transporting facility stored excavated filled water years removal permanent conceptual design permanent determined calling placement copper clad iron granite bedrock metres underground water table known method space filled clay examining possible locations permanent nominated investigation june swedish nuclear fuel waste chose location deep level waste site near nuclear power plant application build handed switzerland switzerland nuclear provide electricity swiss spent nuclear fuel sent france united_kingdom fuel stored industry owned organization built operates central interim storage facility spent nuclear fuel high level radioactive waste conditioning low level radioactive waste interim storage facilities continue operate switzerland swiss program considering options deep high level radioactive waste disposal low intermediate level construction century research rock especially clay carried swiss rock laboratory test site older facility rock active united_kingdom great_britain operating producing electricity processes spent fuel northwest coast ireland nuclear waste sealed steel dry storage ground years eventual deep disposal history environmental safety problems including fire nuclear plant significant incident main plant nuclear industry radioactive waste management executive established responsibility long lived nuclear waste committee radioactive waste management department environment food rural affairs recommended disposal meters underground developed generic concept based swedish model selected site nuclear authority responsible packaging waste eventually relieve british nuclear responsibility power plant north_america canada operating nuclear power plants canada generated electricity national nuclear fuel waste act enacted canadian parliament requiring nuclear energy corporations create waste management organization propose government canada approaches management nuclear waste implementation approach subsequently selected government act defined management long term management means storage disposal including handling treatment conditioning transport purpose storage disposal resulting nuclear waste management organization conducted extensive year study consultation canadians recommended phased management approach emphasized technical management methods technical method included centralized isolation spent nuclear fuel deep suitable rock formation granite canadian shield rocks recommended phased decision making process supported program continuous learning research development canadian government accepted recommendation tasked implementing recommendation specific defined process designing process site selection expected years united_states nuclear waste policy act established procedure constructing permanent underground high level radioactive waste mid-1990s provided temporary storage waste including spent fuel civilian nuclear produce electricity united_states april metric tons spent fuel solid defense related waste expected increase metric tons opted mountain nuclear waste final mountain nevada project widely opposed main concerns long distance transportation waste united_states site possibility accidents uncertainty success nuclear waste human environment mountain capacity metric tons radioactive waste expected open obama administration rejected use site united_states federal budget proposal eliminated funding needed answer inquiries nuclear regulatory commission administration new strategy nuclear waste disposal march energy secretary told senate hearing mountain site longer viewed option storing waste starting military generated nuclear waste waste isolation pilot plant new_mexico presidential memorandum dated january president obama established blue ribbon commission america nuclear future commission commission composed members conducted extensive year study nuclear waste disposal referred end nuclear energy process commission established fuel cycle technology transportation storage disposal january commission submitted final report energy secretary disposal final report commission issue recommendations specific site presents comprehensive recommendation disposal strategies research commission visited finland france japan russia sweden final report commission forth seven recommendations developing comprehensive strategy pursue recommendation united_states undertake integrated nuclear waste management program leads timely development permanent deep geological facilities safe disposal spent fuel high level nuclear waste recommendation new single purpose organization needed develop implement focused integrated program transportation storage disposal nuclear waste united_states recommendation assured access balance nuclear waste fund revenues generated annual nuclear waste fee payments utility absolutely essential provided new nuclear waste management organization recommendation new approach needed site develop nuclear waste facilities united_states future believe processes likely succeed sense process flexible produces decisions responsive new information new technical social political developments staged sense key decisions revisited modified necessary way pre determined advance consent based sense affected communities opportunity decide accept facility decisions retain significant local control transparent sense opportunity understand key decisions engage process meaningful way science based sense public confidence facilities meet rigorous objective consistently applied standards safety environmental protection governed partnership arrangements legally agreements host states tribes local communities recommendation current division regulatory responsibilities long term performance appropriate continue agencies develop new site independent safety standards formally coordinated joint process actively engages input relevant recommendation roles responsibilities authorities local state tribal governments respect facility aspects nuclear waste disposal element negotiation federal government affected units government establishing disposal facility addition legally binding agreements discussed recommendation affected levels government local state tribal etc minimum meaningful role important decisions additionally states tribes retain appropriate delegated direct authority aspects regulation permitting operations oversight federal level exercised effectively way helpful protecting interests gaining confidence affected communities citizens recommendation nuclear waste technical review board retained valuable source independent technical advice review international australia nuclear power resources considered international south_australia western_australia stimulated legislative opposition states australian national senate following year ceased operations australia international association evolved association regional international underground storage support belgium bulgaria hungary japan switzerland general concept international advanced ventures russia expressed interest serving countries sponsorship control international body group countries south_africa argentina western china mentioned possible locations negotiating european wide waste disposal system single disposal sites countries wide storage possibility researched program


forensic chemistry forensic chemistry application chemistry forensic legal setting forensic chemist assist identification unknown materials found crime scene forensic specialists field wide array different methods instruments help identify unknown substances specific methods common field include high performance liquid gas mass atomic absorption transform infrared thin layer range different methods important destructive nature instruments number possible unknown substances found scene possible methods attempted preserve evidence determine best protocol destructive method forensic specialists forensic commonly testify court expert witnesses findings work performed forensic bound set standards proposed agencies governing bodies including scientific working group analysis seized drugs addition standard operating procedures proposed group specific agencies standards quality assurance quality control results instruments order ensure accuracy reporting forensic routinely check verify instruments working correctly able detect measure quantities different substances role investigations forensic investigations provide directions investigators look confirm investigators suspicions cases unknown material found scene identification substance tell investigators look search example fire investigations forensic determine gasoline suggests fire intentionally set forensic narrow suspect list people access substance crime example explosive investigations identification indicate military connection substances military grade explosives hand identification tnt create wider suspect list military demolition companies poisoning investigations detection specific detectives idea look interviewing potential suspects example death caused tell investigators look seeds oil plant death tell investigators look tree online purchases seeds forensic help confirm investigators suspicions drug alcohol cases instruments forensic detect substances low level quantity substance relevant investigation important crimes driving influence specific blood alcohol content penalties begin increase suspected cases quantity drug found person system confirm rule cause death history early history history availability allowed individuals commit murder relative ease historically method accurately determine particular chemical present frequently punished crimes early 19th century able effectively detect time major contributions forensic chemistry introduced james marsh created marsh test detection subsequently successfully murder trial time forensic began recognized distinct field father great field early 19th century helped develop tests determine presence blood use analysis blood chemist successfully classify different chemicals categories advancement detection came valid method detecting vegetable human tissue created chemist jean method quickly adopted successfully court convict count murdering brother law poisoning able successfully organs victim proving count murdered brother law protocol subsequently altered incorporate tests wide range instrumentation forensic chemical analysis started time period chemist robert physicist invented experiments showed specific substances created unique spectrum exposed specific light scientists able identify substances based spectrum providing method identification unknown materials crucial advancement field invented botanist developed paper early predecessor thin layer order separate examine plant proteins ability separate individual components allows forensic examine parts unknown material database known products matching retention factors separated components known values materials identified time techniques sophisticated introduction liquid gas modernization modern forensic rely numerous instruments order identify unknown materials found crime scene 20th century saw technology allowed detect smaller amounts material accurately major advancement century came 1930s invention measure signal produced infrared light early measure light absorption narrow band peter complete infrared spectrum measured transform mathematical method break signal individual frequencies sense enormous data received complete infrared analysis material transform infrared instruments critical forensic analysis unknown material extremely quick use advanced invention modern atomic absorption analysis detect specific elements sample concentrations allowing easy detection heavy metals field arrived invention gas anthony james archer john porter martin allowing separation volatile liquid components similar boiling points liquid separated liquid substances similar retention times resolved invention high performance liquid modern instruments capable detecting resolving substances concentrations low parts important forensic chemistry came invention gas mass fred gas mass allowed identification wide range substances analysis widely considered gold standard forensic analysis sensitivity versatility ability substance present methods forensic rely multitude instruments order identify unknown substances found scene different methods determine identity substance determine method produce best results certain aspects forensic aware performing examination length time specific instrument examine substance destructive nature instrument possible methods attempted order preserve evidence examination techniques narrow possibilities making likely correct method time destructive method main standalone techniques forensic chemistry process uses infrared light identify substance total sampling technique need substances prepared analysis combination zero preparation makes analysis quick easy step analysis unknown substances facilitate positive identification substance instruments loaded searched known match unknown analysis impossible presents specific difficulties cumulative nature response analyzing unknown contains substance resulting combination individual component common known file novel difficult resolve making unacceptable means identification instrument determine general chemical structures present allowing forensic determine best method analysis instruments example stretch groups result peak atomic absorption destructive technique able determine elements analyzed sample performs analysis sample extremely high heat source breaking atomic bonds substance leaving free radiation form light passed sample forcing jump higher energy state forensic test element corresponding light forces element higher energy state analysis reason destructive nature method technique earlier preliminary tests indicated presence specific element sample concentration element sample proportional light absorbed compared blank sample useful cases suspected heavy metal poisoning lead mercury determining concentration substance sample determine heavy metals cause death techniques useful sample tested pure common mixture unknown mixture analyzed broken individual parts techniques break apart components allowing analyzed separately thin layer quick alternative complex methods analyze individual components investigate notes fibers left scene company product slightly different differences seen limiting factor analysis necessity components solution carry components analysis plate solution called mobile phase forensic chemist compare known standards looking distance component traveled distance compared starting point known retention factor extracted component value matches known sample indication unknown identity high performance liquid extract individual components mixture dissolved solution suitable gas useful drug analysis combination drug components separate different times allowing component column fed analyze substances common type visible mass choice lab uses depends funding precision needed type work performs gas performs function liquid volatile forensic chemistry common instruments use mass investigations arson poisoning explosions order determine exactly theory instruments detect substances concentrations range practice signal noise limiting factors age individual parts instrument practical detection limit range capable substances forensic determine effect substance individual instruments need times substance need simply detect limit typically range forensic forensic study substance body body substance order accurately determine effect particular drug human body forensic aware levels tolerance individual build index tasked determining found body cause incident contributed incident low level effect determination specific time consuming number different substances cause injury death certain clues narrow possibilities example carbon poisoning result bright red blood death hydrogen cause brain green aware different specific drug break inside body example confirm person took heroin presence sample comes breakdown heroin constant creation new drugs legal illicit forces new research methods test novel substances stream new means negative test result necessarily rule drugs order avoid detection illicit drug manufacturers frequently change chemicals structure slightly compounds effect body picked instrumentation database search new compounds discovered tests created entered instrument library reason study different symptoms specific drug classes person test comes negative symptoms present cause search substances found search tested compared original sample creating new method stored later use standards order maintain high level forensic fields guidelines set governing bodies standards followed practicing forensic scientists forensic scientific working group analysis seized drugs presents recommendations quality assurance quality control tested materials identification unknown samples grouped categories based possibility false instruments category considered best uniquely identifying unknown material followed categories order ensure accuracy recommends multiple tests different instruments performed sample category technique technique category technique available forensic chemist decides use recommends techniques category combination instruments considered separate tests long results compared known values individually example times compared known values match known substance tests needed standards controls necessary quality control instruments test samples nature work legal system ensure instruments working accurately known controls tested unknown samples comparing controls profiles instrument confirmed working properly time tested standards instrument limit detection common substances calculated quantities fall range tested standards order confirmed fall outside range instrument tested ensure accurately measure quantity


origin use term origin usage term convoluted origin lies attempts dating antiquity describe metals distinguish typical typical forms applied metals floated water potassium popularly recently mid-20th century widely refer elements intermediate borderline properties metals ancient metals solid substances found bce aristotle sophisticated classification arrangements proposed pseudo corpus later works valentine attempted separate characteristic metals substances having characteristics lesser degree substances included called metals proposed presence absence principle classification basis separated mercury metals view adopted des interim observed mercury cold confirmed mercury known included metals highlighted weakness distinction metals said evident fact extreme gold singular metals presented character probably greater difference gold lead considered metal lead classed semi metals substances intermediate differences slight idea imperfect metal gradually discarded publication revolutionary elementary treatise chemistry word literal sense describe mineral variety metallic simon suggested term refer newly discovered elements potassium elements lighter water regard proper metals simon proposal attempt revive old distinction metals substances resembling metals suggestion ignored chemical community referred elements reference ability form common example metals instance form terminology widely adopted subsequently regarded commentators incorrect invalid revised german edition textbook chemistry subdivided classes constantly hydrogen nitrogen oxygen real carbon salt forming jackson gave meaning like metals wanting properties dictionary science literature art classification elementary bodies represented iii resemble metals certain aspects widely different metals calling sanctioned best authorities appropriate greater applying word elements considered early authors instead term refer elements observed elements subdivided classes non metals metals added term convenient compound word correct universally employed protested common practice giving bodies oxygen instead divided elements true metals imperfect metals late classifying elements metals metals regarded peculiar potentially confusing beach writing explained way metal like chemistry element carbon nitrogen hydrogen oxygen distinction metals slight metallic poorer heat electricity generally light fails tests term introduced modern usage instead reason hard fast line metals metal like resembling metals better description class purely negative originally applied solid ordinary temperature missouri board wrote metal said differ excellent conductor heat electricity reflecting light possess characters commonly given example metallic appearance 1920s meanings word appeared undergoing transition popularity writing dictionary chemical terms couch defined old term contrast new international dictionary noted use term refer norm application elements resembling typical metals way recorded merely basis use term subsequently underwent period great consensus application intermediate borderline elements occur ensuing years included reference classic influential textbook general chemistry introduction descriptive chemistry modern chemical theory described elements intermediate properties occupy ing diagonal region periodic table includes international union pure applied chemistry recommended word denote sense time example french present classic authoritative chemical dictionary included entries term described obsolete recommended abandoning term continuing inconsistent use different languages suggested terms metal instead despite recommendation use term increased dramatically google viewer showed increase use word compared american english corpus increase british english corpus difference usage english corpus favour recent publications chemical nomenclature red book terminology gold book include recommendations usage non usage terms use term recently discouraged term defined distinct meaning physics physics element compound band marginally substantially overlaps band results small number effective charge carriers charge carriers carbon direction planes respectively contrast room temperature concentration metals usually exceeds references term outdated described nonsense noting accurately describes weird elements