norwegian skiing club based oslo founded attracted skilled won ladies cups king cup national skiing events sporting facilities belonging club located ski jumping hill near opened prestigious staged members later instrumental moving prestigious contest hill club members held important positions general administration skiing norway chairman secretary association promotion skiing roll chairman norwegian ski federation chairman confederation sports pioneer respects club founded students membership later drew upper social strata years club history members admitted club belonged prestigious physician military officer engineer club furthermore exclusive members years existence club raised cabin grouping called cabin ski clubs eventually evolved skiing club social club skiing setting old cabin member meetings visited king norway active sporting period founded january named norse deity norse mythology god hunting competition superior bow credited second oldest skiing club world club founders group university students apartments gate young men usually studies played card games hobby cross country decided skiing organized form starting club term describing club member founding members paul michael lie new members allowed year new members usually admitted notable members joined club shortly foundation include chairman followed honorary proclaimed early period club saw sporting success national level international competitions years finished eleventh won ladies cup smith won ladies cup richard won king cup finished fourth won ladies cup roll won ladies cup maintained ski jumping hill near opened ski jumping contest attended prince norway sweden site dinner race attended crown prince norway sweden roll especially close relationship swedish royal family ski tutor princes stationed stockholm norway abolished personal union elected king roll immediately aide camp new monarch club staged members contest invitation subsequent banquet members asked place table according rank estate age dignity skiing second norway raise skiing cabin named mythological dwelling deity rival clubs owned skiing similar collectively referred cabin skiing clubs reportedly district sporting purposes spurred establishment new hill knowledge area spurred location new hill hill lay higher altitude favourable snow conditions quickly replaced main hill district eventually world famous saw sporting success 1890s ladies cup taken club joined like late 1890s members reached higher ages gentlemen social club active skiing club social club exclusive nature clause laws membership surpass actually club thirty members case rarely members drawn higher social strata norway capital region members admitted club opening belonged prestigious physician military officer engineer pause admitting new members admitted followed average member age finishing active careers members entered ranks sports officials administrators notable roll chairman norwegian ski federation members held positions older organization association promotion skiing founded weeks secretary followed member notable olympic administrator norwegian independence member chairman confederation sports known figure field ski pioneering skiing ski factory started richard named years occupation norway nazi_germany continued host private parties later club cabin occupied germans december march instead grand hotel anniversary annual convention new members admitted war war end fourteen members average member age lowered years admission new members post war period saw admission men professional groups new members serve chairman backed age new post war members took aged club elected positions held post war members older members experience dating 1880s admitted honorary members honorary members professor admitted member club admitted thirteen members 1950s seven 1960s corresponding member norwegian canadian smith 1970s member elected odd honorary members proclaimed smith cabin festivities small museum skiing left members cabin winter olympics residence danish skiing team road leading cabin named year anniversary hosted attendance king norway list position holders list deputy managers


born february double leg classified paralympic alpine australia lost legs contracting disease sixteen years old experiences led study medicine attended university university sydney pursued health science courses classroom written paper disease worked time research disease talked experiences conference music festival met future wife married june having started able bodied took disability sport national team debut went represent australia winter paralympics following year medal aid adjustments skiing legs competed skiing competitions selected australian winter paralympics team ceremony canberra november start games participated competitions including picked gold medal participated national team training camp selected australia flag bearer opening ceremony competition earned silver medal men downhill standing event finished 24th super disqualified failed finish giant following games retired skiing personal born february grew bay new_south_wales attended bay high school resided queensland living queensland june married woman met music festival following high school ski trip year contracted disease age resulted double knee coma weeks result disease base hospital learned legs things motivated going rehabilitation opportunity sports studied health sciences university medicine university sydney went medicine partly illness high school relocated sydney long start ski season august opening speaker young foundation conference worked time kids research institute children hospital contact robert research social impact families wrote experiences dealing infection journal child health lives quote change want world skiing classified competes standing events pair artificial legs prior contracting involved skiing competing disability fully looks like able bodied capable skiing faster kilometres hour mph received support skiing australian institute sport new_south_wales institute sport australian government sports training grants program won medals alpine skiing world cup events paralympic games australian national team debut european cup finals went represent australia following year games failed medal men standing events competed finished 33rd downhill 21st giant 19th finish super attributed poor performance games prosthetic legs didn feel right speed events italy following games worked peter develop new legs address problems italy continuing ski following games earned gold medal world cup event earned bronze medal event world cup competition australia summer based europe north_america training world championships pair sixth places finished super downhill events year spanish hosted world cup crashed giant event score time officially named australian winter paralympics team november ceremony held canberra australian paralympic committee president minister sport kate making announcement selected largest winter paralympics team australia sent games elite type disability classification second world cup event games course vancouver canada won silver medal downhill time colorado world cup event games won gold medal downhill event prior start games participated national team training camp colorado hosted world cup rest australia alpine team arrived paralympic village march year old competed events paralympic games downhill super super combined giant parents vancouver watch compete won silver medal men standing downhill event tied combined time finished 24th super disqualified event missing gate finish giant following games returned team sydney attended press conference sydney international airport won australian institute sport sport achievement award september retired elite skiing winter paralympic retire following games retired time included shannon dallas


ski stadium ski stadium norwegian cross country skiing venue located norway situated kilometers town center meters mean sea level stadium areas cross country capacity spectators venue built winter olympics costing million norwegian nok subsequently winter paralympics paralympic skiing paralympic games ownership transferred municipal venue world cup cross country world cup combined world cup tournaments ski jumping competition taking place nearby ski jumping arena scheduled host winter youth olympics construction location venue decided january following successful bid host winter olympics construction managed olympic organizing committee architects main consultant construction started early planning completed lasted construction work companies landscaping completed facilities concrete wood main materials stadium included square meter temporary buildings square meter building converted riding center olympics square meter tent land venue swamp surface soil removed replaced harder earth soil fill parts arena creek bypassed meters long pipe arena flat drainage system installed olympics temporary removed construction tracks minimize impact forest venue cost nok million inaugurated november international competition december stated wanted upgrade stadium spectator capacity transport systems allow people stadium world cup tournaments cross country skiing trial olympics events computer system controlling television scores collapsed president norwegian ski federation criticized venue demanded new stadium built stated stadium built television pictures insufficient facilities spectators particular criticized fact spectators far away lack television screen announced stadium expanded people olympics september ownership venue transferred municipality subsidiary later changed october forest tracks partially cleared allow spectators tickets watch events facilities arena covers area hectares acres kilometers town center olympics kilometers cross country tracks kilometers tracks built cross country skiing spectator capacity capacity addition people watched events olympics permanent buildings include square meter finishing house square meter finishing house cross country square meter plant room cross country stadium square meters long stadium square meters long stadium shooting stations facility additional olympics critical systems computers time keeping equipment power supply recreational venue connects kilometers skiing tracks including kilometers track lit day winter open public summer tracks available running roller skiing similar activities café dressing rooms showers venue rented hold private competition dominant means transport olympics railway spectators heading transported train station line transported shuttle bus stadium addition spectators certain areas transported bus directly stadium events winter olympics venue hosted cross country skiing events events combined events people applied seats relay winter paralympics venue hosted paralympic skiing events paralympic cross country world cup hosted times february march combined world cup hosted seven times stadium tournaments held december seen ski jumping competition hosted olympic ski jumping hill hosted world cup events stadium goal area annual ski marathon thousands participants hosted norwegian ski championships scheduled host winter youth olympics host cross country combined events results following list winter olympics world cup events held stadium includes date sport cross country skiing combined tournament distance athletes gold silver bronze


ski jumping hill france complex consists hills large hill construction point hill size normal hill training hills complex cross country skiing stadium combined holds large hill winter record metres mayer normal hill record metres received ski jumping hill ahead winter olympics large normal hills built cross country stadium host ski jumping combined events hill hosted annual summer ski jumping grand prix event ski jumping world cup combined world cup rounds addition events ski jumping continental cup medium hill opened small hill construction ski jump built location large hill followed second located hills incorporate ski jumping alpine skiing training programs larger metre hill built supplemented small metre hill early 1990s bid winter olympics designated host ski jumping combined events site chosen sheltered wind good exposure sun predictable snowfall planning new venue started selected host games hills designed simultaneously desired winter olympics ski jumps canada olympic park subject strong winds competitions postponed avoid built mountain minimize wind exposure size hills remained olympics measure sizes construction points points venue upgraded million installing normal large hill allowed medium use normal hill small hill named installed slightly away main hills venue certificate venue meet international ski federation latest regulations million upgrade program initiated saw renovated including installation ski line track system new tracks saw new plastic new system house sports centre built construction started normal hill large hill august completion scheduled early facilities venue located known village base skiing resort venue mean sea level consists jumps large hill point hill size normal hill point hill size medium hill point hill size shares normal hill small hill point hill size located away rest complex large normal hill angle landing angle respectively venue covers area hectares acre features judge tower distance speed measuring equipment weather station equipment athlete preparation venue commentator area stands spectators auxiliary facilities include medical centre press conference parking house consists rooms organizers accommodation ski stands spectators sports hall fitness centre adjacent hills stadium cross country combined stadium area hectares acres timing jury tower preparation capacity spectators olympics long loop added ran village neighboring village saint roads crossed wooden bridges loop involved extra round stadium area altitude difference maximum climb total climb kilometre individual olympic race metres kilometre cross country proper held les events men hosted ski jumping events ski jumping combined winter olympics format went unchanged previous games olympics mainstream use style large hill competition won austria normal hill event won finland team event won finland austria martin collected medals events combined france won double guy individual event japan won team event hill scheduled host ski jumping world cup events january cancelled lack snow hills hosted single large hill world cup event annually ski jumping grand prix premier international summer ski jumping tournament originally consisted single competition large hill qualification run introduced day main event venue hosted ski jumping continental cup times february venue hosted cup competitions normal hill january hosted rounds organized junior ski jump normal hill combined venue hosted combined world cup twice held world cup event venue popular training venue national teams germany holds summer training hill record large hill metres set germany summer record metres set poland normal hill record metres recorded mayer


cross country skiing sport sport cross country skiing encompasses variety formats cross country skiing races courses varying lengths according rules sanctioned international ski federation national organizations ski association cross country ski canada international competitions include world ski championships cross country world cup winter olympic games races occur courses designed support classic track freestyle events employ skiing encompasses cross country ski marathon events sanctioned ski federation cross country ski events sanctioned international federation related forms competition competitors race cross country stop shoot targets rifles paralympic cross country skiing allows athletes disabilities compete cross country skiing equipment norwegian army units skiing sport prizes 18th century starting 20th century technique evolved track classic technique include skiing occurs courses wide lanes technique time equipment evolved poles wood natural materials comprising man materials carbon fiber athletes train achieve endurance strength speed skill flexibility different levels intensity offseason training occurs dry land roller organization cross country ski competitions aims events accessible spectators television audiences sports require endurance strength speed athletes chosen use banned performance enhancing drugs history danish norwegian general codified classes military skiing contests established prizes shooting prescribed targets skiing downhill speed precursor racing downhill trees falling breaking precursor downhill racing large slopes riding resting stick falling precursor downhill racing long racing military kit gun shoulder flat ground minutes precursor modern cross country skiing early record public ski competition event announcement called event race distinct alpine technique emerged skiing practiced advocated ski method alternative norwegian technique norwegian refers competitive skiing goal complete specific distance pre set tracks shortest possible time alpine skiing competitions known hill races existed norway 18th 19th centuries discontinued main ski festival oslo focused long races competitive cross country skiing ski jumping known disciplines alpine disciplines central europe ski touring competitions norwegian long distance cross country competitions open public competition usually age categories 1800s single wooden pole longer stronger modern poles braking downhill norway racing poles finland style met resistance starting 1880s race rules forbade objections included issues aesthetics like use pairs pole norm materials favored strength starting bamboo gave way winter olympics aluminum winter olympics ultimately carbon fiber introduced skiing skiing introduced competition 20th century german ski championship held black forest norwegian won cross country race observed skating motion skiing technique unknown spectators skating technique world championship earliest recorded use skating competitive cross country skiing technique later ski 1960s roads firm surfaces finnish developed variant style marathon endurance events 1970s leaving ski track skating ski sided skating known marathon bill usa developed marathon technique late 1970s skiing widespread 1980s success cross country skiing championships drew attention technique norwegian started technique found faster classic style skating effective wide smooth trails benefits stronger athlete according reasons technique breakthrough early 1980s athletes widely adopted skating sides time world championship formally adopted despite initial opposition norway soviet_union finland preserving events classic technique events winter olympic games winter olympic games major international sporting event occurs years winter olympics winter olympics held france included skiing includes cross country skiing principal disciplines cross country events evolved winter olympics seen following timeline winter olympics cross country skiing debuts winter olympics women skiing debuts winter olympics men women added winter olympics women added winter paralympics paralympic cross country skiing added winter olympics women added winter olympics appearance sprint mass start events salt_lake_city events world ski championships held numbers types events men women world championships held annually including years winter olympic games world war world championships held years world championships held odd numbered years events include world ski championships cross country world cup year announced highest total scores end world cup season combined world cup tour ski held annually modeled tour france held czech_republic germany italy switzerland ski marathon ski marathon long distance usually point point race kilometers held concurrent shorter races participation usually open public norwegian race called ski touring race major events participants mass starts modified starting order participants judged similar ability beginning elite group ending group experienced use classic skiing techniques depending rules race awards usually based overall placement placement sex athlete age category major series category ski classics ski classics series ski classics commercially sponsored international long distance cross country skiing cup competition held europe originated january winter tour consisted long distance events preceded prologue series ski federation recognizes ski including ski classics series recognize athletes complete races different countries continent qualify master organization sanctioned seeks attract elite events cup aims increase media spectator interest long distance racing notable races ski classics series include ski ski discipline recognized international federation world ski championships organized odd year includes sprint middle long distance competitions relay men women world cup organized year junior world ski championships world masters ski championships organized annually combines cross country skiing rifle shooting depending shooting performance extra distance time added contestant total running distance time shooting round hit targets receives penalty missed target varies according competition rules given competition following penalties apply skiing metre penalty loop depending conditions takes seconds elite athletes complete adding minute total time use extra cartridge placed shooting range hit target extras available round penalty loop target left standing paralympic paralympic cross country skiing adaptation cross country skiing athletes disabilities paralympic cross country skiing skiing disciplines winter paralympic games competition governed international paralympic committee paralympic cross country skiing includes standing events sitting events wheelchair users events visually impaired athletes rules international paralympic committee divided categories people missing limbs blind physical disability continue sport classifications standing arm leg arm leg sit leg varying degrees control visual including low visual limited field vision technique equipment cross country ski competitors employ techniques according event classic skating freestyle races techniques allowed combines techniques race lighter narrower designed faster recreational cross country skiing composite materials classic events typical ski lengths centimetres ski lengths skating skating rigid classical speed case classic traction forward racing ski boots lighter recreational ones attached toe specialized classic skiing racing ski poles usually carbon fiber feature smaller lighter recreational poles poles designed skating longer designed classic skiing classic classic cross country skiing remain parallel straight ahead grip section middle treated special ski wax provides friction foot foot motion rest ski wax classic events occur courses tracks set machine precise intervals carefully planned poles simultaneously double alternating foot arm extended running walking pole pushing opposite extended sliding ski classic skiing alternating technique diagonal stride predominant classic sub technique diagonal stride legs like ordinary walking longer powerful steps diagonal useful level ground gentle slopes steps shorter frequent double poles simultaneously thrust augmented double useful level ground gentle downhill slopes steep technique skating skiing provides propulsion firm snow surface pushing alternating away angle manner similar ice skating wax entire length making faster classic freestyle events place smooth wide specially courses skating technique double usually employed alternating skating stride following table puts sequences order according speed achieved progression gears lowest gear rarely racing sliding ski similar diagonal stride highest gear athlete poles equivalent terms languages example norwegian skating likened dancing depending tempo primary turns racing parallel turn descending provide braking step turn maintaining speed track flats wedge turn turn braking turning training development countries cross country ski teams usually strategy developing promising athletes programs encourage participation sport starting young age example cross country ski canada long term athlete development program program encompasses youth development training introduction competition improvement promising athletes emphasis stamina endurance strength speed skill flexibility covers age groups mature adults able enjoy participate sport similarly outline cross country athlete phases beginning years old addressing older phase program encompasses domains technical skills specific cross country ski racing motor skills addressing physical fitness strength power endurance psychological skills emphasizing sound relationships mental skills required competition training competition performance addressing goal directed training achieve favorable competition results equipment selection use maintenance athlete boots wax clothing poles necessary success education eventually allows athlete coach ski training athlete depends desired specialty emphasizes endurance marathon intensity mid distance events intensity theory ski training uses stress break muscles recovery recovery build stronger theory levels intensity training low intensity training athlete maximum intensity consume training hours endurance athletes strength strength training improves flexibility joint motion minimize injury improve overall strength addressed sport specific training threshold level builds efficient base speed training body convert blood energy creating sensation tired muscles max level uses interval training build athlete max volume oxygen lungs pass system speed level training addresses athlete ability sprint essentially training muscles quickly athletes train level seasonal schedule designed targeted events marathon mid distance additional aspects training address low intensity exercise especially endurance strength improve joint flexibility minimize risk injury cross country ski training occurs year including dry land athletes engage roller skiing ski maintain ski specific muscle fitness race management organizing committee handbook covers aspects race management including layout competition venue organization events including scheduling awards addressing factors role media national cross country technical handbook cross country canada officials manual provide guidance specific venues important aspect race preparation course provide surface skiing setting tracks classic events takes account snow physics methods packing snow surface shaping equipment functions key layout track setting stadium formats starts finishes intermediate functions pursuits design racing venues cross country manual recognizes fans sport wish follow television mind manual addresses design race course stadium manner experience spectators viewers athletes action ways fans enjoy action manual includes considerations course design criteria requirements different race formats course courses disabilities stadium layout rooms ski test areas warm course course expected test technical physical abilities laid manner takes advantage natural terrain provide smooth transitions terrain distributed approximately evenly manual advocates courses present variety varying lengths efficiently venue cites types stadium preferred television ski ski layout emphasizes importance television coverage start finish exchange zones equipment addition television coverage requires variety facilities support activities press sports competitors cross country skiing chosen enhance performance anti tests world skiing championships finland revealed finland gold medal relay team female tested positive blood usually cover use oxygen carrying capability addition team head coach left bags public location near airport winter olympic games austrian cross country ejected competition testing positive blood international olympic committee banned cross country martin christian future olympic competition tested positive performance enhancing drugs include date


alpine sit skiing sport class defined international paralympic committee needs meet minimum conditions including single knee ankle exhibits similar knee legs different length centimetres difference combined muscle strength lower international competitions classification alpine skiing skiing sub international competitions classification national federation alpine canada alpine class subdivided new sit competitor national classification compete international competitions internationally classified alpine skiing uses ski use ski sit ski class use required wear special helmets alpine disciplines learning ski skills learned getting ski position body ski order maintain balance learns fall system sport allow different classes compete individual competitors class competition alpine skiing skiing season giant super downhill giant super downhill percentage ski season classification able compete different skiing competitions including paralympics alpine world championships skiing world championships competitors class include australians michael david american russell definition alpine sit skiing classification stands winter generally eligible sit skiing classification needs meet minimum conditions including single knee ankle exhibits similar knee legs different length centimetres difference combined muscle strength lower class grade hip extension classification comparable classes skiing competitor able walk use devices class equivalent choose compete compete classifications skiing season alpine skiing australian paralympic committee defined classification sit skiing classification athletes spinal injury disability affecting function lower limbs good sitting balance classification subdivided separate categories alpine skiing july world cup technical meeting alpine skiing classes subdivided classes order improve range disabilities found class time defines class skiing lower limb normal trunk function winter paralympics classification defined skiing disability lower limbs good sitting balance standing classes cross country canada defined classification lower limb normal trunk function international alpine skiing competitions classification international paralympic committee alpine skiing national federation alpine canada handles classification domestic competitions skiing events classification handled skiing technical committee international level national sports federation cross country canada country country level assessed classification number things considered including reviewing medical history medical information disability having physical person assessment training competing assessment process testing board classification different tests conducted look balance different planes test upper body strength levels mobility scores people assessed classification spinal chord injury defined alpine athletes spinal chord function lower limbs good sitting balance adapted physical education sport defined class athletes disabilities lower limbs good sitting balance point score points class differences limb defined alpine classification athletes lower limbs adapted physical education sport described class athletes disabilities lower limbs standing classes good sitting balance point score points classification comparable compete sitting new sit competitor national classification compete international competitions internationally classified equipment alpine skiing uses ski required breaks sides ski chair ski helmets required class alpine competition helmets required crash helmets required giant sit ski configuration classification use sit ski miniature ski rocker base athletes use rifle support shooting technique learning ski skills learned getting ski position body ski order maintain balance learns fall works instructor learning ski flat terrain purpose exercise learn use learns learns basic turns medium radius turns advance skiing techniques use balance leverage fall right turning upper body leaning direction want turn skiing ski poles propel forward falls require assistance fall line needs position ski facing relative fall line paralympic athletes shoot prone position sport system sport allow different classes compete individual competitors class competition system works having number class based functional mobility vision levels results calculated finish time number resulting number determine winner events factor system ski season percentage classification factor skiing season percentage percentage ski seasons alpine skiing skiing season giant super downhill giant super downhill percentage ski season alpine events classification grouped sitting classes seeded start visually impaired classes classes giant downhill super super combined group competes visually impaired classes standing classes allowed push starting position start race allowed run pushing cross country events classification grouped sitting classes advises event organisers run men sit ski group women sit ski group section visually impaired standing following competitor course race assisted course left race official use legs break steer race class skiing german national alpine skiing team class injury skiing fractured wrist winter paralympics class higher rate higher rate shoulder injuries compared able bodied events classification able compete different skiing competitions paralympics included programme classification super downhill disciplines giant super included programme winter paralympics winter paralympics alpine skiing classification grouped men downhill giant super medal events women classification grouped women giant medal event grouped women super alpine world championships women competed competition results downhill event skiing world championships class grouped sit skiing classifications cross country class eligible compete men individual race women eligible compete individual races men women classification grouped sit ski classes race shooting stages race shooting stages world championships women class sitting downhill event men sitting downhill class competitors competitors class include australians michael david american russell spain


standing alpine skiing classification upper issues limbs include double arms hands upper limbs class defined location disability upper international classification alpine skiing skiing national level classification handled national sports federation cross country canada class use ski poles alpine use mini ski poles provided hold ski pole use develop techniques ski compensate balance issues result missing arms system alpine allow compete fairly disabilities classification grouped winter olympics exhibition competition grouped standing classes events 1990s 2000s definition alpine standing skiing stands winter people class upper issues limbs include issue arms disability result double arms hands upper limbs international paralympic committee defined classification alpine competitors disabilities upper limbs skiing normal poles disability shall functional use poles possible typical disability profile class double arm australian paralympic committee defined classification alpine standing skiing classification poles disability arms hands defined classification skiing upper limbs use athlete unable use poles cross country canada defined classification upper limbs arms use athlete unable use poles athlete able use pole compete international alpine skiing competitions classification alpine skiing national federation alpine canada handles classification domestic competitions skiing events classification handled skiing technical committee international level national sports federation cross country canada country country level assessed classification number things considered including reviewing medical history medical information disability having physical examination person assessment training competing classification ability use ski pole sort need changes classes compete defines alpine classification arms elbow short stumps elbow joints defines alpine classification arm elbow elbow defines alpine classification arms dysfunctional elbow hands unable hold use ski poles equipment technique class use ski poles alpine prohibited traditional ski poles use mini poles long unable hold traditional ski pole use allowed use competition rules ski boots binding heights followed class class wear helmet events crash helmets giant event competitors likely use partial ski pole prosthetic hold ski pole use disciplines techniques compensate balance issues result upper limb disability corrected knee drives hip motions paralympic athletes shoot prone position athletes use rifle support shooting sport system sport allow different classes compete individual competitors class competition system works having number class based functional mobility vision levels results calculated finish time number resulting number determine winner events factor system skiing season percentage classic technique percentage free percentage ski seasons classic free technique skiing percentage ski season classic free alpine skiing season alpine skiing classification skiing season giant super downhill giant super downhill giant super downhill disability skiing events classification grouped standing classes seeded start visually impaired classes sitting classes giant downhill super super combined group competes visually impaired classes sitting classes cross country events classification grouped standing classes advises event organisers run men standing ski group blind men group blind women group women standing classes advised required sure rifle touches support marked zone balance point times class injured skiing injuries occurred class german national alpine skiing team incident occurred fracture caused result fall skiing incident occurred winter paralympics injured resulting partial events classification grouped winter olympics exhibition competition grouped events 1990s 2000s winter olympics exhibition competition disciplines included programme downhill giant grouped medal events men disabled alpine world championships austria men grouped medal events winter paralympics group medal events alpine events winter paralympics alpine skiing grouped men downhill super giant events women games programme classes combined downhill giant events skiing world championships class grouped standing skiing classifications cross country class eligible compete men women individual race men women classification grouped standing classes race shooting stages race shooting stages world championships male female class standing downhill event


alpine standing skiing sport class classification defined international paralympic committee people upper issue motor affecting arm single upper arm classified cerebral use pole alpine skiing class include new_zealand winter anthony field germany thomas australia mitchell definition classification alpine standing skiing stands winter designed people upper issue classified motor affecting arm single upper arm international paralympic committee defined classification alpine competitors disabilities upper limb skiing normal pole disability shall functional use pole possible typical disability profile class single arm australian paralympic committee described classification standing skiing classification pole disability arm hand skiing defines class entire limb international alpine skiing competitions classification alpine skiing national federation alpine canada handles classification domestic competitions skiing events classification handled skiing technical committee international level national sports federation cross country canada country country level assessed classification number things considered including reviewing medical history medical information disability having physical person assessment training competing skiing elbow affecting arm cross country canada described entire upper limb athlete use elbow lacking functional use elbow cross country canada described upper limb elbow athlete use use affected arm aid way equipment technique use pole alpine skiing types skiing differ use use allowed alpine rules ski boots binding heights followed class materials pad protect arm use allowed protect limb properly protected lateral balance issue resulting missing arm skiing techniques worked correct technique balance issues knee drives hip motions unlike alpine disciplines likely use partial ski pole prosthetic hold ski pole paralympic athletes shoot prone position athletes use rifle support shooting sport system sport allow different classes compete individual competitors class competition system works having number class based functional mobility vision levels results calculated finish time number resulting number determine winner events factor system skiing includes cross country skiing events classification grouped standing classes skiing season percentage classic technique percentage free classic technique percentage free percentage ski seasons classic free percentage par ski season classic free classic free alpine skiing events classification grouped standing classes seeded start visually impaired classes sitting classes giant downhill super super combined group competes visually impaired classes sitting classes alpine events required ski poles equivalent equipment planted snow starting position start race advises event organisers run men standing ski group blind men group blind women group women standing classes advised alpine ski season giant factor alpine skiing season giant super downhill giant super downhill class arm functional rules require limb body competition events allowed use arm help required sure rifle touches support marked zone balance point partial use arm hand rules allow use site support rifle permitted support upright position events winter olympics exhibition competition world disabled ski championships world winter games disabled disabled alpine world championships winter paralympics disciplines included programme downhill giant grouped classes medal events men winter paralympics women classes competed group alpine world championships classified women group downhill event skiing world championships class grouped standing skiing classifications cross country class eligible compete men women individual race men women classification grouped standing classes race shooting stages race shooting stages alpine world championships women men class standing downhill event competitors paralympic class include new_zealand anthony field germany thomas australia mitchell


classification alpine standing skiing sport class defined international paralympic committee disability lower result leg knee knee hip international skiing competitions classification alpine skiing skiing national federation alpine canada handles classification domestic competitions classification compete ski poles skiing use ski poles sport class specially ski boot prosthetic built cerebral class better balance presents challenges coaches working compared class cerebral tire quickly system sport allow different classes compete individual competitors class competition alpine skiing classification skiing season giant super downhill skiing percentage ski season classic free grouped classes event 1980s grouped classifications 1990s 2000s eligible events classification included world disabled ski championships world winter games disabled disabled alpine world championships winter paralympics winter paralympics disabled alpine world championships austria winter paralympics winter paralympics classification include australian scott adams new steve patrick cooper definition classification alpine standing skiing stands winter class disability lower result leg knee knee hip functional problems leg strength leg fully functional leg normally strength lower limb type disability comparable knee class class result international paralympic committee defined classification alpine competitors disabilities lower limb skiing normal poles typical disability profile class single knee fused knee hip eligible classification fused australian paralympic committee described classification standing skiing classification poles disability leg knee skiing defines classification lower limb knee cross country canada described classification lower limb knee international alpine skiing competitions classification alpine skiing national federation alpine canada handles classification domestic competitions skiing events classification handled skiing technical committee international level national sports federation cross country canada country country level assessed classification number things considered including reviewing medical history medical information disability having physical person assessment training competing equipment classification compete ski poles skiing use ski poles use slightly longer able bodied skiing allowed classification international competitions training use special skiing having developed use prosthetic built ski boot knee rules ski boots binding heights enforced class require use miniature ski rocker base fitted based height hip joint standing sit binding intended evenly distribute weight specific needs class specially ski boot prosthetic built athletes use rifle support shooting technique stop technique involves bringing raised position pushing rotate arms changes location ski snow knee ski lift technique able bodied cerebral class better balance presents challenges coaches working compared class cerebral tire quickly skiing techniques class called track method developed american training system skills learned technique walk ski learn ankle knee hip allows determine centre gravity taught hop turn order understand arm leg coordination technique stationary competition skill learns fall skill learned climbing gentle terrain followed learning straight run learning stop learns ski lift followed learning traverse fall line teaches maintain ski edge skills taught including beginning turns parallel turns short swings paralympic athletes shoot prone position sport system sport allow different classes compete individual competitors class competition system works having number class based functional mobility vision levels results calculated finish time number resulting number determine winner events factor system skiing includes cross country skiing events classification grouped standing classes skiing season percentage classic technique percentage free percentage ski seasons classic free technique alpine skiing classification skiing season giant super downhill percentage ski season classic free alpine skiing events classification grouped standing classes seeded start visually impaired classes sitting classes giant downhill super super combined group competes visually impaired classes sitting classes required ski poles equivalent equipment planted snow starting position start race advises event organisers run men standing ski group blind men group blind women group women standing classes advised events grouped classes event 1980s grouped classifications 1990s 2000s world disabled ski championships world winter games disabled disabled alpine world championships winter paralympics winter paralympics disabled alpine world championships austria winter paralympics winter paralympics men grouped classes medal events women winter paralympics classes competed group winter paralympics alpine skiing women grouped women super downhill events grouped giant events skiing world championships class grouped standing skiing classifications cross country class eligible compete men women individual race men women classification grouped standing classes race shooting stages race shooting stages world championships women class competing standing downhill event men standing downhill class competitors classification include australian scott adams new steve patrick cooper


jade jade born march british alpine sighted guide caroline won silver women downhill skiing combined bronze medals super winter paralympic games bronze winter paralympics successful female british winter time win medals paralympics success paralympics british winter paralympics closing ceremony percent vision eyes competes visually impaired category needs sighted guide caroline pair competed august asking new guide facebook applicants pulled combined april personal history born march amber district council employee andrew lived causeway jade seven moved lincolnshire born syndrome visual lead inherited mother amber lost sight younger sisters condition despite undergoing multiple child age began lose sight describes vision little focus recorded percent vision eyes puts classification educated school lincolnshire bishop university awarded degree education geography studied geography teacher open university undertaking placed career hold concentrate winter paralympic games awarded doctorate science university skiing career began skiing sighted age taught father andrew sisters continued skiing years joined british disabled ski team development level began racing internationally following year carried olympic torch lincoln inspired compete higher level watching summer olympics paralympics london cup international paralympic committee alpine skiing events achieved sighted guide forced appeal new guide facebook page married moved america applicants pulled left guide beginning heather mills qualified world championships offered coach john clark pair qualified alpine skiing world championships representing great_britain came fourth women came women super taking bronze runs ensured place winter paralympics teamed caroline april allowing compete season began skiing august paralympics winter paralympics debut paralympics competing competed downhill winning silver medal march came seconds ahead time british woman won winter paralympic medal snow medal paralympics won bronze medal women downhill skiing silver super combined winning silver medal super visually impaired event march great_britain successful female winter win medals paralympics pulled giant day closing ceremony medals won winter paralympics total total british medals games flag bearer great_britain closing ceremony despite left wheelchair day ceremony able walk carry flag having taken end winter paralympics unsure continue competing international level saying don know want right november announced retirement paralympic alpine skiing programme aged


big thunder ski jumping center big thunder ski jumping centre twin ski jumping hill located thunder bay northwestern ontario canada constitutes big thunder national training centre hills built opened originally known norway ski area norway ski area northwest resort taking current large normal hills built venue taken provincial government hills hosted ski jumping world cup canadian ski jumping championships tournaments world ski championships funding cut venue closed history location identified ski felt location mount ideal ski jumping hill built jumps opened named norway ski area fallen financial difficulties venue sold renamed norway ski area additional land complex leased provincial government provided funding construct main twin hill construction meter meter current hills completed following year venue hosted canadian ski jumping championships years later venue sold time named northwest resort provincial government ontario started site transform national training center ontario ministry tourism recreation bought site course years built hill little thunder consisted hills largest equipped runs plastic landing allowing use summer venue awarded hosting world ski championships required major upgrade infrastructure including world cup tournaments placed hold upgrades venue hosted pre world championships world cup final jumping event world championships tommy set hill record meters meters previous hill record campaigning ontario provincial election conservative party leader mike harris deemed big thunder cash cow common sense revolution following party victory election venue closed venue closed costs province thousand dollars year citizens group friends big thunder bay announced march following winter olympics vancouver sent letter intent provincial government stated wished open sports park intend reopen hill associated sports area provide year round training ski jumping freestyle skiing cross country skiing mountain event hosting hiking ski jumping canada asked province establish training facility ski jumping ontario stating lack facilities difficult canada produce ski world scene things result poor performances olympics events big thunder regular site ski jumping world cup arranged world cup round typically jumps season combined addition world championships hosted twice world cup tournament held pre world championship tournament contested march world ski championships venue major world championship contested northern ontario combined individual took place march won fred ahead following day saw japan win ahead norway finland combined team event ski jumping individual normal hill event took place march saw double japanese victory winning ahead team event large hill march saw finland win ahead germany japan large hill individual event march tommy set new hill record won ahead results following list ski jumping world cup world ski championship tournaments held big thunder date hill finishing athletes teams


ski flying ski flying individual sport discipline derived ski jumping greater distances achieved form competitive skiing athletes descend fast speeds specially built takeoff ramp jump end power generate fly far possible sloped hill ultimately land stable manner points awarded distance stylistic merit judges events sanctioned international ski federation rules scoring ski flying ski jumping events discipline usually contested ski jumping world cup season hills europe constructed different standard order enable jumps thirds longer distance stronger emphasis wind increased element danger athletes flying higher faster ski jumping beginnings 1930s ski flying developed distinct history given rise sport world records hill intended specifically ski flying built germany austria built hills followed norway united_states czech_republic 1960s 1980s friendly rivalry european venues saw world records set regularly technique fly longer distances ski flying remains popular norway recent world records past decades set audiences numbering history 1930s breaking metre barrier birth ski flying origins ski flying traced directly march kingdom yugoslavia year old austrian man history land ski jump metres world record jump set giant new hill designed completed engineers jumps triple longer ski jumping ski flying words ski flying took life awe disbelief massive jumps units measurement media suggested metre yugoslavia shorter europe later spoke jump icon sport air pushed violently chest right let carry wish fly far possible landing jump thousands curious eyes looked judges tower hardly believe additional dispute early 1930s prior construction deemed ski jumping hills point german absolute largest athletes chose compete hills point outright denied licence jump events allowing distances strongly discouraged denounced grounds dangerous brought sport team nonetheless went ahead rules creating called hill specifically designed previously distances originally point far largest hill time upgraded years eager anticipation jumps come exactly years day milestone jump improved world record wide margin period increasing public interest novelty new extreme form ski jumping relented decision fifteenth international ski congress finland allow experimental hill design officially recognising ski flying sanctioned discipline despite reluctant recognition practice aiming predominantly long distances style day refuse publish lists world records official capacity furthermore rules ski flying fully established world war point increased world record broken times went single day shared athletes world war passed matched point jump marked time hold world record decades emerging new hills soon provide stern competition 1950s 60s new hills europe challenger arrived construction ski flying hill west_germany designed ski turned architect active ski hill point match wary rising popularity ski flying wanting check refused construction hill having previously denounced events stance eased inaugural event given approval staged week long event estimated crowd altogether witnessed world record fall times dan claiming final figure eclipsed following year jumping world record stay place years jumped past decades holding near monopoly world record distant memory instead turn exactly ski flying hill built bad austria peter lesser world record improving years later hill entered scene hill norway rebuilt ski flying specifications having originally opened ski jumping hill newly rebuilt hill world record broken twice end hills norway forefront ski jumping prominence ski flying short lived time hold world record decades later seeking operate hill design event organisation venues formed working group group consult aspects ski flying celebrating 50th anniversary hosted international ski flying week premier event ski flying breaking metre barrier reach reclaimed world record new hill named giant brothers brothers engineers opted design new hill point instead adjacent showing signs deterioration today called father modern ski flying revered figure subsequently ski jumping hill opening event world records set traded times wolf ended run jump said competition hill locations world record honours truly began time 1960s remains decade highest world records advent ski flying seventeen total set hills contrast 1950s fewest set 1970s world record stayed years point upgraded time inaugural ski flying world championships eventually superseded international ski flying week new event sanctioned year earlier 28th international ski congress croatia yugoslavia like discipline received official recognition milestone reached ski flying granted world championship level event par ski jumping world championships having spent decades mere special attraction alongside older prestigious sibling world records set event organisers got work upgrading hill point ski flying world championships brought oversee project following death laid results showcased immediately set world record determined claim world record walter reigning ski flying world champion jumped crashed heavily attempts sustaining concussion fractured rib finish event silver medal winner year later strong crowd finally achieved world record landing jump equal spectators event organisers momentarily landed markers indicate distance alongside hill went far existing point time respective hills built competition day event tried landed fell flat ground time managed walk away albeit legs cuts face safety issues arise increasingly long distances came price illustrated filmmaker documentary great aforementioned events athletes including far exceeded limits hill simply running slope jumping hill jumps 1950s old technique use results potentially fatal time athletes coming metres away landing completely flat ground equivalent falling multi storey building furthermore wool cap worn feature left unchanged earliest days ski jumping years prior 32nd international ski congress nice france mandated helmets worn athletes ski jumping flying events documentary shown reflect ski flying reached point beginning present real dangers reached limit believe far speed concerned maybe prefer turn flying metre hills thrill flying far gives kick hill pointing wooden marker indicating failed efforts explains mark fact point ski flying starts walter great danger flown landed flat imagine like falling height flat surface certain death quoted having said felt like arena people waiting crash day event talking journalists jump appeared organisers pressure set world records expense let jump far times shouldn happen yugoslav judges responsible stalemate venues long world records set span days bringing official figure set end event years later drew level world record western hemisphere united_states opened ski flying venue copper peak michigan point designed world record distances outset ski flying hill built outside europe 1980s joins continues briefly new challenger hill czech_republic czechoslovakia opened year venues shared world record jumped opening event improved time notably event year old rookie steve collins won competitions jumps consistently close world record figures ski flying world championships brought world record upgraded jumping remains time world record set issue safety ski flying talking point aforementioned event single day hill location named devil mountain notorious causing violent accidents crashed suffered concussion crashes crashed heavily escaped injury chilling precursor come years continued world record traded jumped twice day improving day athlete set world records space hours end era time world record set altogether set coincide year ski flying world championships underwent upgrade increase point world records shattered result mike holland jumped american world record holder henry hall follow landing metre final round event dominance closed second ski jumping world cup title crowd jump title win effectively bring rivalry close mike holland later described jump world record jump smooth felt like lying stomach glass coffee table watching movie projected screen underneath table flight smooth like movie running film faster intended safety issues reach peak ski flying world championships highlighted dangers sport graphic way second competition event world record win gold medal ahead won bronze overshadowed series horrific accidents took place earlier conditions lost control moments takeoff falling suddenly height suffered fractured ankle addition chest shoulder injuries minutes later lost control height estimated speed kilometres hour mph able land safely immediately fell air jump crashing head head heels repeatedly slope coming stop seconds later american network abc described looking like fall ski jeff hastings said feeling little sick stomach believe seen ski flying like falls barely conscious away later going cardiac arrest surviving round competition attempted jump fortunate time fell air crashed come loose impact attached foot hit face exposed sliding stop injuries including concussion broken career ending point began calling question nature sport jeff talk fear ski scared starting ask ski flying endured tentative era beginning set world record height hills speeds time high reached mph table distances approaching took stance record hunting safety reasons world record onwards implemented rule distance points awarded jump count points achieved rule jump officially scaled group led organisers independently recorded actual figure hold ski flying event years leaving host ski flying world championships respectively events world record distances major incidents avoided 1990s new safety measures dangers sport display ski flying world championships suffered similar crash ones occurred day event seconds jump dangerous wind conditions forced lose control height speed mph sending face hill taken helicopter hospital having sustained broken arm crashed able walk away help second final day stopped cancelled worsened weather culminating high speed fall landed unofficial world record jump efforts earlier event earn silver medal eventual winner non european ski flying world champion able return level competition year protective wind nets hill later installed effects major slope comply safety regulations particularly hill highest point known critical reducing height reached athletes takeoff estimated thanks modifications athletes longer jumped height major accidents occurred speaking experience ski flying world championships mike holland said climbing thought damned high shouldn high wasn ready height speed threw arms end flight let short world record technique changes parallel style time entire sport ski jumping underwent significant transition technique early 1990s nearly athletes technique parallel style held close parallel norm 1950s evolving modified variation 1980s pointed crude attempt increase surface area came largely expense stability balance akin walking mid air leaving athletes mercy elements accidents caused unpredictable gusts wind lose control highest fastest stage jumps exacerbated outdated technique ill suited new extremes ski flying prevalence older hills featuring steep slopes late 1980s early 1990s jan pioneered style instead spread aerodynamic shape athlete body lying created surface area lift instantly enabling distances cent favourable effect granting stability air peak speed mph slower parallel style new technique looked judges issue style points years having won ski jumping world cup season athletes promptly adopting technique judges stance quietly eased style standard today technique transitional period going narrower early 1990s retaining features parallel style wider end decade athletes tommy preferred cross angle forward body lay flat variations remain use style immune failure air pressure ski lost results catastrophic parallel style resulted head landings style saw somewhat safer landings shoulders breaking metre barrier ski flying returned newly independent hill aim allowing jumps strongly initially threatened cancel event grounds regulations hill design violated negotiations organisers managed situation allowing year ski flying world championships place event said course want reach think possible athletes having switched style sport reach biggest training round opening day event martin jumped edge world record closer time world record set style meaning use parallel style got close magic number landed failed maintain balance touched snow hands rendering jump unofficial world record official honours went short time later landed history making jump claim world record achievement ski break barrier day second training round moment glory jumped fell landing years earlier training round claimed world record clean jump restrictive rule concerning jumps place subsequently abolished rule place time jumps additional distances handed ski flying world championship end event shortened single competition round strong winds forcing cancellation spoke jump cemented history books kind jump arriving hill landing position knowing lies ahead remember legs terrified overcoming fears best feeling nature sport challenge jump remained highlight career dominates beginning world record enjoyed long period like 1930s 1940s hills come close years despite nearly receiving point upgrades remained unchanged staging event date hill record shared hill served popular tourist attraction able access elevator following decades sporting venue announced hill copper peak renovated world largest ski jumping hill additionally capable staging summer events years world records longest drought records broken margin world records largest dan world record broken times 1990s ending tommy jumping send ski flying new millennium 2000s present changes technique equipment hill profiles seen world record increase years world record improved jumps thomas stood years adam achievement temporary day span set consecutive world records like interviewed soon event said longer stays air fun ski flying world championships hill renamed flying hill brothers continued dominance ski flying world record shattered times day tommy traded records emerging victorious jump claim final figure minutes having captured second consecutive ski jumping world cup title went broke stretching jump fell dangerous height landed hard flat ground world record rendered unofficial half jokingly said interview brought jump earlier intended reached point dead man laughs aftermath event following numerous near flat ground landings clear ski flying older hill saw upgrade years prior needed years come hill renovations breaking metre barrier immediately event talks way upgrade hill reality announced major rule changes 47th international ski congress turkey allow larger ski flying hills constructed undergo renovation increase point making largest flying hill world equipped night events known expertise ski flying hill design leader project new facility given introduction opening event jumped returning world record time trial event staged ski flying world championships went draw crowd modification time resulted barrier reached peter landing clean jump right mark claim historic milestone sport glory short lived broke figure day later landing jump set current world record event prior jump crashed hard exceeding hill size boundary identical way decade earlier gave unofficially distance reached ski flying date finished upgrading hills aforementioned hills equipped jumps exceeding having improved facilities athletes spectators new hills larger feature longer angled slopes designed purely style knowledge years worth world record progression tables placed flight curves shallower order allow athletes efficiently slope significantly reduced heights case early 1990s prior era athletes knew parallel style aim jump upward trajectory table reaching vast heights expense distance furthermore instead slope compared extremely steep flight phase anticipating renewed world record rivalry organisers welcomed healthy competition new hill remarked world records expected different design shorter hill profile scheduled receive upgrade time world cup season ski flying world championships leaving hill having renovated 1990s end world cup season race director walter commented world record reached limit newest hills expansion size expected near future noted rules hill sizes likely remain unchanged decade despite said plans hill albeit hold rules changed said believes limit world record broken differences ski jumping unlike ski jumping contested summer specially equipped hills ski flying strictly winter sport winter olympics world records set games contrast ski jumping athletes able practice ski flying hills season competition events alpine countries gentlemen agreement forbidding athletes age eighteen participate ski flying events considered separate sport ski flying essentially ski jumping involving larger hills longer distances according ski jumping coach larry stone thing bigger going faster flying higher basically real big jump today term ski flying evolved jumps region competitive standard comparison longest distance ski jumping hill set hill germany distances standard ski jumping hills hills main difference ski flying ski jumping hill design mandated historically hills point german main landing zone classed ski flying hills jumping distances increased decade small number unique hills locations seeking friendly rivalry world record honours hills europe modern ski flying hills point set hill size far greater largest ski jumping hills points hill size angle hill landing zone degrees seven ski flying hills total constructed currently active flying hills number proposed ski flying hills reached construction stage planned finland projects realized inception norway prior renovation talks constructing new ski flying hill oslo recent proposal come china german architects development stages ski jumping flying hill complex ski resort mountains events ski flying world championships held staged hills event replaced incarnations international ski flying week ran gold silver bronze medals awarded competitions total points winner receiving title ski flying world champion team competition introduced medals awarded ski flying events outside world championships regular feature ski jumping world cup calendar usually taking place hills athletes participate disciplines points scored ski flying count ski jumping world cup standings additional title trophy ski flying world cup awarded end season overall points winner solely ski flying competitions contested contrast ski flying world championships ski flying world cup season long contest considered equivalent ski jumping world championships events staged ski jumping world cup season isolated points included world cup standings rules technique ski speeds mph flying high hill accelerating mph landing spending seconds air figures considerably ski jumping david longtime commentator british described appearance ski flying flying like bird event organisation race director jury core team personnel charge entire event walter chief race director ski flying ski jumping events ski assistant race director second command spectators venue watching large screen displays viewers watching able screen graphics provided graphics significantly evolved detail decades display multitude information athlete photo number traffic light status wind speed direction distance jumped personal best distance judges scores points achieved competition rank ski jump ski flight begins ramp structure hill form tower set naturally hill formation access area ski lift foot length inclined angle degrees late 1980s style began enabling jumps dangerously close flat ground length ski flying safety reasons specifically tip edge structure table set height hill surface contrary popular table actually declined downwards instead upwards angle decline set degrees pre takeoff phase near start gate metal wooden beam athlete sits signal jump set traffic lights green yellow red lights operated directly athlete enter gate yellow shown red shown point wind conditions deemed unfavourable safe jump athlete carefully exit gate entered await opportunity jump failure gate seconds shown red light jumping having given signal athlete wind speed measured metres second form components ski flying separate wind sectors measured hill ski jumping seven sectors hard limit corridor tolerance permitted time exceeded pending jumps halted wind acceptable level weather conditions optimal order jump safely actively monitored jury continuously collaborate race directors making decisions event progress resulting delays minute minutes depending variable conditions observed position start gate determines speed creating difference mph depending gate set higher lower shortening difference height individual gates based jury decision gate position available numbers subject adjusted accordingly including jump especially tricky conditions athletes forced enter exit gate multiple times permitted jump conditions normal green light shown athlete coach situated coaches section lower flag hand gives final signal given signal athlete commit jump seconds risk disqualification allowed exit gate came begin descending drop gate position speed rapidly picked seconds built tracks streamlined air resistance effort reduce friction allowing bump sides tracks speed measured table speed gun ski poles assistance push gate allowed heavy snow conditions tracks reduces speed cause unpredictable descent athletes event personnel standing sides assigned use leaf prevent tracks snow takeoff transition phase moments propelled table athlete undergoes sudden increase force compression initiate powerful explosive jump requires great leg strength instant adopt unique aerodynamic flying position called transition taking place tenth second timing crucial little margin error phase jump begins early late table mean difference excellent average poor effort athlete method generating speed possible depending depth hip angle arm placement far positioned knees body weight factor power weight ratio led athletes health issue years challenging stage takeoff carrying speed decline sufficient height achieving correct trajectory slope highest point hill begins slope downwards modern ski flying hills table placed considerably far reduce flight curve skilled athlete able aggressively snap transition clear ease allowing focus completely specialised aerodynamic flying technique distance hill athletes highest skill level consistently compensate lack speed perfect timing table excellent transition fine line takeoff common mistakes athletes including world class level raise ski tips transition excessive angle attack causes act efficient aerodynamic device resulting height distance executed jump athletes spend seconds longer air ski jumping seconds requires different level skill order sustain flight longer period showcases role ski flying athletes ski jumping able ski flying section specialists flight phase equipment athlete taken flight characteristics similar come force ski able cover tremendous distances land safely primarily use substantially wider longer cross country alpine skiing counterparts ski attached boot heel wedge attached ski binding maximum length allowing athlete spread wide apart lean forward preferred aerodynamic position like aircraft wings flexible extent resulting bending significantly takeoff maintaining stability air paramount loss balance pressure lead disaster section accidents use thermal sections hill generate additional lift creating pressure enabling athletes effectively ride air reasonable favourable long jump effect delaying athlete descent hill wind considered highly unfavourable tends jump pushing athlete downwards hill early particular presence forms challenging aspects clearing achieving competitive distance conversely ideal conditions athlete catch middle hill involves degree luck use normal making impressive visual effect spectators aid athletes possible wear piece fabric similar ski suit loose fitting generates lift regulated allow excessive reducing parachute like properties early 2000s reached exceptionally proportions resulting humorous comparisons flying ban suits came effect soon today level measured jump exceeded athlete disqualified equipment violation landing phase distance measurement ultimate aim land surpass line marked hill called point critical point calculation line order attain points style judges athletes landing instead landing simply feet foot placed clearly sliding cheat feet held ski apart body held stable straight arms pose maintained line end hill slope fully flattened reached exact placement landing measured athlete feet failing landing results loss style points considerably points lost landing fails line falling touching ground body feet distance measured edge table placement landing electronic video monitoring systems event personnel assigned observe jumps hill known distance jumps deemed far hill size near fall line determined jury slope begins immediate meeting held jury race director usually results start gate lowered check speeds distances spectators judges clearly indicated rows fir hill painted red line point red line hill size sides hill marked highly visible red indicate landing zone point hill size marked green sides scoring judging distance points ski flying uses points system ski jumping differences ski jumping athlete reaches point receives points base mark distance ski flying metre point bonus points awarded ski jumping metre value points normal hills points large hills ski flying metre instead worth points bonus points added received reaching point conversely failing reach point result points base mark aforementioned values examples athlete lands jump ski flying hill point receive points reaching point plus bonus points athlete lands jump hill receive points point failure reach results minus distance points style points crucial element scoring style points awarded judges representatives selected different countries situated observation tower hill award points based stylistic merit athlete kept flat steady symmetrical flight avoiding excessive inward good balance efficient body position posture maintained minimal arm movement landing manner landing style points landing fails line maximum style points notably highest lowest judges scores omitted cancel giving maximum style points perfect jump hill garner minimum points distance points style points depending bonus points scenario example representative highly variable nature sport gaining scores rare extremely rare generally good excellent jump expected receive judges scores lower score style puts athlete risk competitive attained substantial bonus points distance event details ski flying event consists preliminary stages culminating competition decide winner subsequent order event competitions individual team taking place separate days competitions contested somewhat differently depending event staged ski flying world championships ski flying world cup events training round takes place opening day trial round competition non scoring rounds essentially practice warm sessions athlete participation optional individual competitions ski flying world championships event qualification round opening day athletes jump ensure place rest event individual competitions places available competition compared similar ski jumping world championships narrowed second competition order jumps starting order qualification round based athletes current rank ski jumping world cup standings ascending order points leader assigned distinctive yellow going unique feature world cup applies ski flying ski jumping events ranked athletes pre qualified place event secure jump entirely optional competition composed rounds round qualified athletes complete single jump aforementioned world cup order points distance style achieved round proceed second rest eliminated event round starting order instead based solely points gained round lowest scoring athlete jumps leader jump competition athlete points rounds wins competition second competition starting order round uses results competition longer based world cup ranking athletes jumping ascending order points second final round athlete points accumulated competitions declared ski flying world champion ski flying world cup events ski flying world cup differences world championships like ski jumping world cup usually individual competitions rarely case season qualification round competitions qualification second takes place day limit places competition applies cancelled ski jumping competition rescheduled flying hill unlike ski flying world championships athlete fails qualify competition opportunity fresh start qualify unlike world championships uses competition points event ski flying world cup uses post competition points mirror ski jumping world cup scoring system points contribute ski flying ski jumping world cup standings effectively mini season competition world cup season takes place ski flying hill athletes participate elimination process round chance winning world cup competition consistently good jumps athlete finds position round challenge second round ground distance style points attrition athlete poor jump round possible climb order round excellent jump competitors fall conversely high scoring athlete lose advantage round second jump par common situation ski jumping especially ski flying risks overall arises unfavourable weather conditions cause competition cut short cancelled completely uncommon entire event cancelled reasons include strong winds lack snow poor visibility athletes judges case shortened competition scores round completed determine final result called single round competition counts ski flying ski jumping world cup world championships competitions cancelled final result based competition took place team competitions ski jumping team competitions included ski flying events contested world cup points instead count separate nations cup teams athletes individual world cup standings unaffected national team athletes selected head coach upwards teams different countries providing able field team like individual competitions rounds difference round divided member team jumps order points scored individual competitions athlete points jump instead added team total tally teams narrowed second round based points scored athletes jumping order rotation rotation order teams jump switches points tally going athlete leading team jumps winning team points end competition final teams event tie participate podium ceremony specialists number athletes regarded ski flying specialists ability consistently produce long jumps world records currently active notable ski flying achievements include current world record holder jumps jumps peter world champion land jump current hill record holder flying hill jumps jumps far robert world champion acknowledged expert discipline scored world cup wins ski flying hills jumps jumps world champion current japanese national record holder jumps jumps current austrian national record holder jumps jumps ski flying expert jumps jumps world champion runner jumps jumps world champion current german national record holder jumps time world championship silver unofficially land jump jumps retired athletes excelled ski flying time world championship gold male time world record holder described american commentators talented ski best aviator today knows fly time world record holder current hill record holder flying hill jumps martin ski flying expert jumps jumps scored world cup wins flying hills time world record holder jumps jumps time world record holder jumps tommy time world record holder jumps walter world champion world record holder world champion runner world record holder unofficially land jump world champion runner world champion jump mike holland american ski hold world record quoted saying ski flying women ski flying women presence ski flying women world record currently stands set location set unprecedented world records women woman man span days bringing tally final figure despite successes women participate ski flying world cup level ski jumping world cup season women held ski flying events sanctioned sarah women world cup champions expressed desire try ski flying presence inception ski flying centred recorded jumps total world records set different hills alpine valley established ski jumping large hill successor dubbed monster hill exceptions ski jumping world cup traditionally held season finale takes place usually occasionally moved recently renovation athletes highly successful albeit recently held near spot robert won individual competition won team competition peter won individual competition team repeated victory delight fans won individual competitions gaining highly rare scores judges success continued event winning competition day event drew total spectators accidents extreme speeds heights involved coupled potentially hazardous unpredictable wind conditions ski flying long reputation highly dangerous described extreme sport terms simply insane dangerous ridden cousin ski jumping accidents known falls crashes occurred history hill flat ground landings jumps increased distance occasionally absolute hill limit named fall line exceeded known landing flat jumping hill occurs athlete jumps far safety slope lands flat ground television coverage austria finland germany norway poland british abc 1970s 80s media crash featured prominently opening montage abc wide world sports united_states career walter documented film great filmmaker gallery


alpine sit skiing classification sit support international skiing competitions classification conducted international paralympic committee alpine skiing skiing national alpine canada handle classification domestic competitions alpine skiing uses ski required breaks sides ski sit ski configuration class use balance leverage right fall turning system sport allow different classes compete individual competitors class competition alpine ski season based giant super downhill giant super downhill percentage ski season definition alpine sit skiing classification stands winter sit support includes people cerebral limbs competitors class lack sensibility international paralympic committee defined alpine classification disabilities lower limbs functional sitting balance disabilities limbs functional classification australian paralympic committee defined classification alpine sit skiing classification athletes disabilities lower limbs sitting balance sit upright support skiing defines class lower limb trunk cross country canada defines classification lower limbs trunk minimal trunk muscle activity extension functional sitting balance athlete unable stand class minimal trunk muscle activity extension athlete unable maintain sitting position gravity properly test table arm support international alpine skiing competitions classification alpine skiing national federation alpine canada handles classification domestic competitions skiing events classification handled skiing technical committee international level national sports federation cross country canada country country level meet minimum conditions eligible sit skiing classification conditions include single knee ankle exhibits similar knee legs different length centimetres difference combined muscle strength lower assessment classification includes consideration medical history disability physical examination person assessment training competing assessment process different tests conducted look balance different planes test upper body strength levels mobility scores people assessed classification cross country canada defined classification lower limbs trunk upper abdominal trunk muscle activity functional sitting balance athlete unable stand skiing sit disability affecting lower trunk function lack sensibility equipment alpine skiing uses required breaks sides ski chair ski helmets required alpine competition helmets crash helmets giant sit ski configuration sit use sit ski miniature ski rocker base use ski called swing designed better steering rely athletes use rifle support shooting technique use balance leverage fall right turning use upper body leaning direction want turn skiing ski poles propel forward fall require assistance getting fall line need position ski facing relative fall line paralympic athletes shoot prone position sport system alpine skiing allow different classes compete individual competitors class number given class based functional mobility vision levels results calculated finish time number resulting number determine winner events factor system ski season percentage classification skiing season percentage percentage ski seasons alpine ski season based giant super downhill giant super downhill percentage ski season alpine skiing events grouped sitting classes seeded start visually impaired classes classes giant downhill super super combined group competes visually impaired classes standing classes cross country events classification grouped sitting classes advises event organisers run men sit ski group women sit ski group section visually impaired standing alpine events allowed push running starting position start race competitor course race race official assist course use legs break steer race class skiing class injured german national alpine skiing team fracture corresponds higher rate higher rate shoulder injuries class compared able bodied events winter paralympics alpine skiing classification grouped men downhill giant super events games women giant super grouped medal event grouped downhill event alpine world championships women competed competition results downhill event skiing world championships class grouped sit skiing classifications cross country class eligible compete men individual race women eligible compete individual races men women classification grouped sit ski classes race shooting stages race shooting stages alpine world championships class grouped sitting classes male finished female competing respective downhill events competitors classification include british united_states chris japan


hill hill originally big hill abandoned ski jumping hill located mount national park near town british_columbia canada original hill big hill built permanent ski jump canada world length records set big hill fell use instead big bend ski jump big hill rebuilt hill named honor local ski set world records hill events hosted annual tournament champions edition western canada ski championships vicinity hill smaller hills hill record meters set major tournament held venue fallen disrepair hill skiing started influx norwegian immigrants brought tradition home skies early 1910s ski jumping major winter small ski jumps built town ski club founded reached members year starting club annual high point winter carnival tournament tournament held featured competitions cross country skiing ski jumping boys awarded title champion british_columbia tournament won nelson jury members jumping competition ambassador norway helped find suitable location new permanent ski jumping hill hill selected located mount national park near british_columbia allow world record jumps natural hill allowed artificial tower site located national park lease obtained financed grant chamber commerce municipality largest town british_columbia interior time easily accessible location canadian pacific railway mainline big hill winter carnival set hill record meters beat record times kept hill record tournament gradually expanded cost arrange year henry hall set world length record hill jumping meters thousand spectators watched games world elite competed accommodate extra spectators canadian pacific railway stationed sleeping cars supplement hotels debuted big hill women tournament participating ski sick flu beat hall world record jumping meters record remain hill expanded allow jumps meters car offered able beat record jump big hill provided outside participated competition prize offered local fur dealer hoped attract world elite ski world best ski attended year tournament henry hall henry won race failed break record record eventually broken jumped meters bob able claim world record big hill jumped meters lost record following year end season reclaimed title jump meters exceeded record world records set big hill ski jumping venue canada set world records hill replaced january big bend ski jump replaced big hill located north town allowing short walk venue easier maintenance built allow host western canada ski championships success ski trains set vancouver bring people city watch events championships broadcast radio received unprecedented newspaper attention skiing event second world war junior tournaments contested big bend renamed ski jump honor local died action hosted western canadian ski championships hill april big hill rebuilt renamed hill grants national parks department ski club rebuilt hill meet profile criteria set international ski federation giving hill construction point meters tournament international ski jumping tournament held march attended people inaugurated local ski art johnson tournament won norway jumped meters tournament champions held seven norwegian invited art johnson home pay expenses event won tournament held 1950s started attracting sweden finland germany japan edition televised resulted fewer spectators year event saw new hill record meters set norway odd following year finland broke record reaching meters wooden judge tower replaced new steel tournaments held year canceled lack snow 1960s saw construction smaller hill construction point meters olympic trials town considered placing bid winter olympics 1960s interest ski jumping declining resulting lower attendance north american championship held years later hill hosted canadian championships attracting crowds spectators set canadian jumping record meters tournament champions running inauguration continued early 1970s hill required lot volunteer work maintain run season particularly tournament lacked ski lift combined increasingly difficult recruit new ski 1960s particularly lift installed mount skiing activities moved mount 1960s ski club relocated tournament champions incurred heavy loss major tournaments nelson hill western canadian ski jumping tournament canadian junior senior ski jumping championship international cross country championship held february march tournament junior event held venue fallen disrepair


peak jumps peak jumps ski jumping hill located valley ski resort state california hill consisted jumps points meters respectively constructed hill little peak built winter olympics meter hill hosted ski jumping event meter hill combined event jump designed opened olympics venue saw little use renovated national ski jumping championships fallen disrepair demolished room ski lift history valley undeveloped area awarded olympics organizing committee free design tailor olympic resort west_germany hired design ski jumping hills finished early chose locate hill little peak opposite arena described location type hill seeks seldom finds construction contract awarded builders constructed jumps summer fall peak jumps olympic ski jump runs minor details corrected renovated ahead national championships fell use instead hill converted speed skiing hill later resort far_east express installed hill facilities hill consisted jumps common run construction point point meters respectively located central area olympic resort skating olympic village tall trees sides hill gave good protection wind location ideal sun competitor backs judges tower constructed accessible stairs hill ran runs hill overall height meters run length meters largest jump angle degrees landing angle degrees events competitive use hills trial olympics february winter olympics meter hill special jumping february meter hill combined february special ski jumping event won germany set hill record meters followed finland austria ski jumping combined event germany received highest points ahead soviet_union norway cross country event took place creek stadium won discipline overall finished second overall ahead soviet_union national championships ski jumping held large hill won jim


olympic jumps olympic jumps known ski jumping hill mountain bosnia consists large hill construction point point meters normal hill point meters construction started venue opened host ski jumping combined winter olympics large hill event saw finland set hill record meters spectators international ski federation sanctioned competitions taken place hills siege hills plans rebuild run expand large hill build new spectator stands visitor facilities history area traditionally recreational cross country skiing olympic bid ski jumps proposed separate venues games awarded plans changed favor single venue allow better post olympic use area plan jumps presented organizing committee executive board april passed city_council september design ski jump approved october work auxiliary infrastructure started including new road city construction hill judge tower started july completed december construction ski lift started october completed october jumps inaugurated olympics experienced boom recreational skiing locals including ski jumping siege zone government army area ski jumping hill saw heavy fighting civil war executions army republic bosnia structures bullet holes war hills longer able olympic legacy company owns hills launched plans venue estimated cost million million runs completely rebuilt poor condition renovated large hill expanded point meters designs austrian architect firm financing planned european_union austrian grants project includes natural stands sides landing slope combination permanent temporary stands run later date stands covered roof restaurant proposed runs new venue scheduled open work site derelict facilities large hill construction point point meters normal hill meters olympics people attended normal hill event large hill event large hill record jump meters set olympics normal hill record meters set yugoslavia events men sanctioned event place ski jumping combined winter olympics ski jumping competitions doubled ski jumping world cup normal hill event won east germany ahead reversed places large hill event combined event won norway tom ahead finland included bid winter olympics despite previous host city bid largely regarded weakest bid primarily lack infrastructure war