norse mythology old norse thought old norse memory mind pair fly world bring information god attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century treatise compiled 13th century poetry names poetic disguised expresses fears return daily flights prose explains referred raven god association prose treatise described shoulders details gave ability speak migration period golden era helmet plates pair identical iron age bird shaped viking age objects depicting man wearing helmet portion 10th 11th century cross depict role linked practices norse raven banner general raven symbolism peoples norse concepts poetic poem god disguised provides young information companions tells prince wolves stanza poem states fly daily entire world says worries come fear prose book chapter figure high tells king disguise named sit shoulders tell hear sends dawn birds fly world returning dinner time result kept informed events high adds association referred raven god mentioned stanza quoted prose book chapter appear list poetic names chapter excerpts work provided excerpts referenced common raven referenced book saga account life provided chapter describes bestowed gift speech flew land brought information causing wise lore treatise anonymous verse recorded mentions flying shoulders seeking hanged men slain bodies verse reads flew shoulders hanged slain lit corpses archaeological record migration period 5th 6th centuries gold types feature depiction human figure horse holding spear flanked birds presence birds led identification human figure god flanked like prose description bird depicted ear human ear horse found denmark sweden norway smaller numbers england areas south denmark austrian states depict healing horse indicate birds originally simply battlefield companions function era helmet plates 6th 7th century found grave sweden depict figure holding spear shield riding horse flanked birds plate interpreted accompanied birds pair identical iron age bird shaped northern denmark depictions bird features mask motif feet birds shaped like heads animals feathers birds composed animal heads animal heads feathers form mask bird birds powerful fan shaped tails indicating intended worn shoulder iron age fashion archaeologist peter comments symbolism open debate shape tail feathers confirm depictions notes raven shaped ornaments worn pair fashion day shoulder makes thoughts turn cult iron age says associated disguise masks portraits fragments discovered viking age ship burial norway feature scene containing black birds horse possibly originally leading wagon procession horse led wagons examination scholar anne interprets birds flying covered cart containing image drawing comparison images attested excavations denmark recovered viking age lead metal mould identical casting objects depict man wearing helmet features head ornaments archaeologist proposes ornaments interpreted notes similar depictions occur went eastern england russia naturally rest scandinavia portion cross partly surviving erected isle man depicts human holding spear downward wolf right foot mouth large bird shoulder andy orchard comments bird dates cross dates 11th century depiction interpreted raven eagle shoulder consumed monstrous wolf events november museum announced discovery subsequent display silver found denmark dubbed silver object depicts person sitting throne throne features heads animals flanked birds museum identifies figure sitting throne flanked theories old saxon adaptation new testament 9th century differs new testament explicit reference dove sitting shoulder christ murphy says placing powerful white dove christ right shoulder author portrayed christ son ruler new deliberate image christ land magnificent bird shoulders author bit embarrassed bird dove image intended calm fears loss want return old religion symbols ways image christ god ears spirit scholars linked relation practice john relates ability send thought mind trance state journey says stanza worries return consistent danger faces trance state journey critical approach stating attempts interpret god intellectual powers assumed names unlikely invented 9th 10th centuries companions appear derive earlier times instead connects wider raven symbolism world including raven banner described english chronicles scandinavian banner woven method allowed wind appear raven depicted beating wings anthony connects norse concepts concept characteristics shape shifting abilities good fortune guardian spirit double person appear form animal states journey different parts concept shape shifting soul gains symbolic dimension norse soul account response criticism attempts interpret says simply strengthen conceptual significance plausible features mythology names demand explanation usually provided wolves reflect observed natural world wolves humans hunt biological organism typically shores weakness father humans gods human form imperfect separate entity lacked depth perception eyed apparently weaknesses compensated mind memory shoulders ends earth day return evening tell news wolves man god raven wolf association like single organism eyes mind memory wolves providers meat god ethereal drank wine spoke poetry wondered myth metaphor ancient knowledge prehistoric past hunters association allies produce powerful hunting alliance reflect past long forgotten meaning obscured badly abandoned hunting cultures act competitors


norse mythology old norse meaning wolves said accompany god attested poetic collection epic poetry compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century poetry pair compared similar figures found greek roman mythology connected beliefs surrounding wolf warrior bands etymology names interpreted meaning traced attested old norse old high german mean traced attested gothic old norse old english old high german john interprets old norse names bruce lincoln traces european stem found referring closely associated events poetic poem god disguised provides young information companions told feeds god wine pair alluded verse related field corpses fallen battle prose book chapter figure high explains gives food table wolves requires food wine meat drink high quotes mentioned stanza poem support chapter prose book list names wolves provided includes poetry common wolf chapter quoted works common wolf chapter prose book referenced blood chapter work chapter work meal work chapter archaeological record rider horseback image correctly identified shown taking hunting theories applied monstrous wolf poetic poem john sees irony fact feeds dinner table flesh events historian michael connects archaeological finds depicting figures wearing wolf frequently found wolf related names peoples including wolf wolf hide grey mask wolf wolf wolf runner wolf dancer myths wolf warriors norse mythology believes point pan wolf warrior band cult centered waned away scholars noted european parallels wolves companions 19th century scholar jacob observed connection aspect character greek apollo wolf raven sacred connected pair dogs mythology saw counterpart general widespread european michael finds similar parallels roman mars connection wolves figures great power writes wolves throne anglo saxon kings wolf warriors like mere animals mythical beings followers bodied forth wolf warriors reflect observed natural world wolves humans hunt biological organism typically shores weakness father humans gods human form imperfect separate entity lacked depth perception eyed apparently weaknesses compensated mind memory shoulders ends earth day return evening tell news wolves man god raven wolf association like single organism eyes mind memory wolves providers meat god ethereal drank wine spoke poetry wondered myth metaphor ancient knowledge prehistoric past hunters association allies produce powerful hunting alliance reflect past long forgotten meaning obscured badly abandoned hunting cultures act competitors


norse mythology large field host battle forces gods forces events field attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional material prose written 13th century poetic briefly mentions field forces battle prose features fuller account location future death deities enemies world flames etymology old norse place means battle surge place battle etymology matter scholarly debate proposed meaning created poetic poetic poem god disguised faces wise battle numerous questions asks tell plain gods meet responds plain size field leagues direction translation notes henry adams notes miles general phrase vast distance poetic poem dying asked hero island gods battle called replies island called prose prose book figure high events high says forces gather field field adds leagues direction monstrous wolf immense arrive time frost people arrived forces gather god stand blow horn gods gods meet hold thing ride consult behalf people tree beings fearful gods don war gear advance wearing golden helmet coat mail spear ride directly god unable help fighting god engage fiery lacks sword gave servant fall rough struggle god fight kill kill steps collapse ground dead venom eat immediately son come forward jet foot wolf lower jaw grasp upper jaw mouth apart killing kill death spray fire earth burn entire world later chapter high quotes response mentioned chapter


eagle norse mythology old norse storm pale wind wind hawk sitting eyes unnamed eagle world tree unnamed eagle attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century solely attested prose poetic prose carries messages unnamed eagle resides world tree scholars proposed theories implications birds poetic poem god disguised says eagle attested chapter prose book company chapter described king disguise asks figure high notable facts know high responds told eagle sits ash knowledge things eyes sits hawk called called runs ash tells gossip provoking eagle theories john points hawk sitting eyes eagle role play presumably hawk associated wisdom eagle like flies acquiring bringing knowledge says notion eagle atop tree world roots tree parallels asia norse influenced northern route hand adds peoples attested deities open forest sky god particularly connected oak tree central tree natural symbol


norse mythology old norse single fighters died battle brought eat fill nightly beast brought fill goat prepare daily events advance immense battle field battle meaning single time refers occasionally returned best purpose killing giants forbidden talk living attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century poem 10th century collected stanza anonymous 10th century poem commemorating death known compiled scholarly theories proposed connecting tribe attested 1st century eternal battle wild hunt subject works art poetry place told norse mythology golden seen warriors trained poetic poem engages wise game disguised asks men fight courts day responds translated poem disguised tells young cook beast refers best pork container adds know gives list states bear end poem reference appears tells king unaware man drunk loses loses favor favor poem hero accuses having female including witch horrible unnatural fight women account prose prose book introduced chapter chapter tells described king disguise called old norse father slain fall battle adopted sons assigns places known chapter high quotes list says wait serve drink look drinking vessels addition high says sends battle death men govern victory chapter high provides detail says men fallen battle beginning world come hall got offer food thought pretty large number high replies true pretty large number men adding arrive wolf comes high adds food problem people meat calls sufficiently feed high says cooked day cook pot evening high quotes stanza mentioning cook meal container reference chapter asks meals high responds gives food table wolves needs food gains wine drink meat high quotes stanza reference chapter asks drink plentiful food drink water high responds strange asking father invite kings men rank home water drink high says faith come think paid high price drink water better having died wounds high continues atop stands goat feeds foliage tree called flow fills day large able drink chapter says immense building crowded high responds plenty doors doesn occur support high quotes stanza chapter notes people great lord commands troop asks entertainment drinking high responds day dressed war gear courtyard fight fall sport high says dinner time arrives ride sit drink reference high quotes stanza chapter high events god awakens gods blowing horn assemble thing ride consult behalf people world tree shake don war gear ride field rides clad golden helmet mail holding spear heading wolf chapter asks happen heavens earth world burned gods mankind died noting previously told live world high replies list locations describes emerging world receive final mention prose chapter book quote anonymous 10th century poem provided section detail translation source end saga saga poem 10th century presented saga relates king norway died battle christian requests died burial place fitting saga relates shortly died slab rock born greatly friend foe alike friends moved body northward north buried large burial mound armor finest clothing words spoken grave according custom men way poem provided sends forth choose kings battle battle great slaughter men die battle leaning spear shaft comments gods following host home holy hears said described sitting high hearted horseback wearing helmets carrying shields horses bore brief exchange follows says shall ride forth green homes tell king come greeted expresses concern shall receive hate lee conversion christianity native responds welcome chapter prose narrative states death husband mother kings poem composed composition anonymous author 10th century referred describes kings arriving death poem begins comments old norse god asks sound coming says benches god returned sounds like movement thousand responds knows sounds soon arrive tells heroes rise greet invite hall asks expect king responds gore sword lands arrives tells welcome come hall asks lords brought says kings tell sixth theories proposed connections according john andy orchard scholars commonly connected tribe attested 1st century work writes apart strength exceeds tribes listed innate skill timing black shields painted bodies choose dark nights fight means terror shadow army cause panic enemy bear sight unexpected battle eyes conquered says scholars think basis myth ancient cult centered young warriors entered relationship connected element says connection widespread tends interpret obviously living armies dead motivated bands warriors led formation concept wild hunt continues notion eternal battle daily resurrection appears book reports eternal battle according concept links directly old norse comments properly points relation term old norse common meaning bold meaning


war norse mythology war conflict groups deities ultimately resulted unification single war important event norse mythology implications potential surrounding accounts war matter scholarly debate discourse fragmented information war appears surviving sources including poem collected poetic 13th century earlier traditional sources book prose written 13th century form saga written 13th century following provide information war poetic war recounted refers person god questions says remembers war world stabbed spears burnt times halls times later stanza says called meaning bright potentially honor came houses wise cast spells performed trance favorite wicked women later stanza tells powers went judgment seats discussed pay fine gods instead tribute poem stanza provides account events surrounding war says shot spear host war world defense wall broken stronghold plain unclear particularly second half stanza battle appears precipitated entry stanza relates difficulty reaching truce led war described stanza reference gods view indicate movement community involving points extensive meanings signal core issue surrender monopoly human tribute join popular alternative attack prose prose book chapter god explains origin poetry says originated war peace conference formed truce left gods decided poured kept symbol peace contents man later murdered blood poetry chapter presents account war states led great army asia attack people according people prepared invasion defended land victory grabs sides sides produced immense damage ravaged lands states sides eventually tired war agreed meet establish truce continues sides exchanged hostages described having sent best men described wealthy son exchange described large handsome thought people suited additionally sends man great understanding exchange describes man continues arrival immediately chief gave good counsel meetings thing answer way let decide subsequently folk suspected cheated exchange folk seized beheaded sent head took head herbs spoke gave power speak reveal secrets according appointed priests customs gods people described daughter sacrifices described introducing theories number theories surround war european basis considered fertility gods war proposed reflection invasion local fertility regions inhabited peoples aggressive cult proposed analogy invasion europeans stated war need necessarily understood terms myth scholars cited parallels war rape women roman mythology hindu mythology providing support european war functions explaining parallels states basically parallels concern presence warrior function representatives victorious war ultimately incorporates function characters example women norse examined similar light ultimate structure myth estates european society fused war scholars consider figures conclusions comparisons figure use mention introducing times taken corruption led war states feels identical accounts war share idea entry persons people compares appearance disruption states accounts share notion acquisition tools conquest wisdom practice accounts head


norse mythology old norse generally considered mean drill tooth bore tooth runs world tree carry messages atop beneath roots tree attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century etymology contains elements element generally held mean element means traveller says legendary drill feature term according means traveller old english meaning rat tooth basis fact element compound appear old norse proposed element reformation old english word old turn element represents old english rat according albert far element concerned hypothesis valid foundation view fact old norse word form instrument employed boring way rocks quest poet considered native old norse word meaning says theory element appear supported fact word appear old norse says old norse proper derived norse refers person characterized having peculiar sort tooth form concludes fact old norse word occurs valid evidence assumption old norse native origin attested scandinavian modern scholars accepted etymology listing meaning drill tooth andy orchard bore tooth john poetic poem god disguised says runs bringing messages eagle atop described prose chapter high states eagle sits ash knowledge things eyes sits hawk called called runs ash tells gossip provoking eagle theories according probably represents detail mythological picture world ash describing world tree states said continual destruction growth cycle tree changing existence john points described rotting according account bears verbal hostility fauna supports adds person helps stir feuds alive words participants seldom high status explain assignment role mythology relatively insignificant animal richard role probably derived habit european tree alarm response danger takes little imagination think saying nasty things


sea sea sea mythical folklore lives sea summer confines demonic ocean depths spring battles arch enemy spirit legend capable causing severe winter storms gain control seas weather eventually sea sends depths ocean effort keeping confined summer exhaust autumn takes advantage weakness control stories sea oldest legends invented explain weather naturally occurring events fishermen petition sea afford protection devil etymology defined dictionary older scottish tongue scots variant mother particularly reflect oral use opponent local dialect meaning furious anger derivative norse angry folk beliefs description common attributes sea spirit summer days turbulent sea waters northern isles scotland particularly fishermen seek protection devil control seas maintained spirit winter sea arrives time mid march spirits invisible humans arch enemy pair fight weeks tries gain control arguments cause gale force winds heavy tumultuous seas tries control carried spirits try period spring combat pair termed spring struggle eventually sea depths ocean summer weather caused attempts escape summer months sea keeps demonic creature confined aquatic creatures ability reproduce seas softer song like quality gentle summer breeze according resident walter sea reign summer conditions reported tempted believe archipelago islands blessed continual work calm strain maintaining control gradually tires autumn approaches takes advantage sea exhaustion break free conflict starts power struggles cause weather change skies winds time conflict termed gore control ocean weather returned sea forced leave details given spends winter storms caused fishermen sea return powerful spring grip seas origins tales strongly influenced scandinavian mythology blending traditional celtic stories writer describes sea pure nature ancient myths based natural elements turbulent changing sea surrounding stories spirits oldest legends islands people able explain weather natural life cycles benefit science imagination half savage formed foundations myth


pronounced serbian tradition dragon man bulgarian serbian traditions men believed supernatural ability protect estate village region destructive weather conditions storms hail torrential rains believed souls men leave bodies sleep intercept fight demonic beings imagined bad weather having defeated demons taken away stormy clouds brought return bodies wake tired notions associated dragon man respectively identical dragon man fought female demons called led hail clouds fields destroy crops consumed fertility fields area usually fought attacking area bringing storm hail clouds fields victorious yield agricultural produce territory defeated foes region recorded parts western serbia fought bad weather imagined black bird recorded montenegro eastern bosnia region south western serbia dragon men recorded eastern serbia western bulgaria macedonia montenegro eastern bosnia region south western serbia man thought able protect estate village region bad weather called names number variants instead ending instead according serbian word old elements stem old greek element origin modern greek denoting kinds spirits greek folklore fighting village area adverse spirits according stems storm case form resulted folk etymology association serbian spirit notion human consists body soul found traditional slavic culture belief south people soul leave body return belonged people serbian tradition thought fell asleep soul fly body winds said montenegro accounts exited body form fly soul power direct motion winds clouds body sleeping rotated head feet changed places carried away fell asleep soul able return body die women children adult men supernatural power thought regions regarded born white red depending regional belief mother dry piece worn child attached child clan eastern montenegro mother preserve hiding eyes hand son grew supposed protect flew destroyed child supernatural power lost hair growing shoulder upper arm played role birth born certain set hour belief male children conceived great feast days 19th century account eastern describes way man born days ceased praying god washing face man level ground drew circle ground sat centre soon devil come ask man willing join army form wanted transformed man stated desired form devil turn making region northeast bosnia pass supernatural power son appearance different ordinary people traits set apart deep hard wake thoughtful faces eyes wise successful dealing problems households prosperous said good able communicate domestic animals clan claimed hear world stepped foot hear clan held outstanding long adverse weather storm hail crop fields farmers affected area role according folk tradition lead storms hail clouds away family estates villages regions save crops storms hail clouds territory destroy crops fly confront bad weather fight fought bands composed individuals area thought eastern bosnia fought montenegro fought jointly adriatic coast battles waged band serbia montenegro northern albania band southeast italy called situated adriatic_sea montenegro band leader man named village reputed supreme commander famous according accounts flew fought spring strong winds blew held regions night recorded montenegro went winds usually fast november december snow winds forceful flew frequently mid february end march years active band leave bodies sleep gather appointed place flying battle weapons beech sharp splinters leaves straw sand long twigs stones pine light objects believed uprooted gigantic oaks fought powerful weapon held stick wood burned light ends splinter wood hit weapon surely die people avoided sticks ends took care splinters left half burned weapons carried milk bucket measure alternative floor band succeeded seize measures enemy band transfer crop yield area enemies area seizing milk meant milk yield transferred according clan measures milk containers grab overall yield enemy territory battles furious accompanied forceful uprooted trees dust montenegro considered dangerous throw stones wind knock eye kill culprit fighting supposed retain measure milk bucket trying seize objects enemy hit hit victorious band yield agricultural produce territory defeated foes harvest coming season excellent poor defeated battle soul return body wake weak exhausted wounded sick time recovered died wound mortal records seriously ill men claimed wounded battles held mortally wounded eighth day wound expired russian recorded story told man clan southern montenegro heard similar story beaten die dying brought accepted vain finally everybody house brothers famous hero driven away door prevent dying man said brother surely die substituted save strength brother course promised sick man continued tonight mount hours walking distance way lying dense forest come beneath like cliff stop great fear seize encourage pistols knife silver musket added brother sick man said encouragement use knife weapon pocket knife single weapon interrupted brother easy resumed sick man means knife come beneath cliff sky lit silence air notice cloud coming direction mount wind start blow turn enormous storm cloud cover sky come darkness seen wind blow whistle heard hair rise head lift cap fear mad horror falling cloud earth light haired dark haired bull start beat weakest wounded sure strike knife care cut light haired bull death overcame light haired bull having heard brother took pistols poured gunpowder pistols belt placed knife musket shoulder set forth passed dark forest came beneath like cliff moon stars shining like day silence pleasant sat lit pipe long cloud showed direction mount came happened sick man said hair rose times jammed cap head finally fell storm cloud started fight said stabbed bull neck knife fell light haired bull got encouraged stabbed dark haired bull light haired finishing horns fearing cut rise kept striking knife long breath bodies storm cloud suddenly disappeared light haired bull vanished moon stars silence going home flying arrived found brother sitting placing logs fire healthy sick interpretation story given essay literary according story product symbolic scheme culture serbs story comprises narration heroic narration based mythological beliefs strongest montenegro based heroic ideology death battle predominant trait society famous hero symbolize respectively systems culture beginning story placed framework system realized means ideological plane second system beaten supposed die mythological pattern replaces hero results ironic twist fearless hero acts fact butcher fight apparently happy ending subject identity argues silent narration story death drive story recorded area mortally wounded mount battle dying disclosed way saved relatives acted according instructions went night valley saw horses billy goats men women passed total silence saw black struck wooden bar animal returned home found sound healthy believed region eastern bosnia mortally wounded burned beech milk bucket smoke wave smoke performing rite publicly confessed die fly thought man want anymore confessed priest promised fly anymore regarded blessing home village guardians prosperity region good honest law people region said meet angels leaves high thick branches thought gift ally devil use innate power accordance devil directions doomed turn vampire confessed influential historical persons believed warrior writer prince bishop montenegro ottoman northern albania reputed powerful montenegro claimed mother carried years defeated killed attempting subdue time crop yield montenegro northern albania allegedly high said fought crop yield reported saying regret death biggest enemy killed body burned according oral accounts green flames rose south slavic tradition green associated supernatural creatures like dragons individual domestic animal regarded shepherd dog horse billy goat animal vocal sounds sleep assumed animal sale spirit animal leave body sleep fight enemy protect flock herd fertility livestock depended outcome battles fought animal bearing crop yield region western serbia believed storms hail clouds led flew form big birds black year old defended village especially reason killed food kept home guardian folk spells hail clouds serbia clouds called white cattle compared idea black defender hail regions southern montenegro bay parts man acted called rule child born girl witch boy prevented cutting trough feeding dogs throwing away child grow ordinary person protected community threats coming outside enemy harm primarily relatives friends correspondence seen passage mountain poetic drama plot takes place 18th century montenegro man named said words bishop main characters mountain previously piercing vision speaking second verses compared expression literal sense dash meaning fall compared bishop witch spirit flew body thought held assembly year march flew long autumn nights especially strong winds blew words bishop started dream fought regional bands weapons huge gigantic trees uprooted hand leaders tail 19th century account describes man regarded dies drive spines nails cut beneath knees knife black grave like vampire preached people strongly condemned persecution women incident south montenegro wrote mentioning sentence found told exist blind sad serbian people blind believes lies christ gospel christ teachings commands folklore region northern men called believed know past future things people paid cure sick saying prayers making sign cross patient body thought able inflict diseases people evil eyes fly region mount western serbia man protected fields village bad weather called derived wind onset storm fall trance like sleep thought soul flew fight black bird led storm hail clouds rest time restore physical strength believed bad clouds estate man conflict region western serbia people told men disappear sight hail clouds bloody torn clothes storm asked answer gone fight led hail clouds village means having properties like denotes slavic female anthropomorphic spirits woods mountains clouds waters magical powers region north western central serbia men called early mention found short story serbian writer published story men nearby villages talk battle fought hill repel hail storm brought alien uprooted oaks beat bodies turning black blue blows defenders victorious moved storm mountain away fields serbian writer acquainted folklore worked teacher village short story published elderly woman talks supernatural beings including soon cloud hears thunder leaves goes runs fast overtake passes cloud comes naked blue stay bed week know like told hanged drowned people surrounding villages drive clouds village let hail beat fights said oaks pull ground beat village reportedly claimed clashed led aim discharge hail village seeing hail clouds people shout cattle crops addressed hanged drowned persons imagined fly clouds lead farmers avoided leaving field thought hail bringing slam head defended village people behaved warned children men business interviewed elderly people group south west town defined man able direct movement clouds man died wind suddenly start blow clouds term designated man fly invisible usually night born thrown away eaten birds folklore serbs region protection hail provided men called derived cloud rush directly beneath dark cloud soon appeared fields village run waving arms holding stick raised direction cloud stop completely exhausted way fought gigantic demon called thought fly accompanied low dark clouds hail broad muzzle cloud moved away village hail meant village annually received wheat villagers reward struggle dragon man men defended village bad weather referred dragons eastern southern serbia western bulgaria macedonia serbia called having dragon properties dragon mythological dragon imagined fiery creature wings usually having snake like shape form eagle man dragon territory forest spring stream hollow trunk beech tree mountain cave humans took care territory received right rain right time good growth crops arch enemy female demon named main activity lead storm hail clouds fields destroy crops consumed fertility fields noticed approaching dragon fly clouds fight demon chase away shot fiery arrows stones produced lightning thunder regions people believed dragon highly regarded mythological associated crops protection demons similar case western regions bulgaria dragon man believed act similar mythological dragon soon saw bad weather approaching knew brought leave fly confront demon falling deep sleep entering state similar death usually spot happened time soul left body form snake claimed breathing long soul absent body battle day days time man lay unconscious fight danger course battle approach man body harm prevented swinging blade sticking blade lying man head pushed moved state position fell asleep soul able return body die battle tired apart characteristics dragon man seen ordinary human story dragon man village eastern serbia saw cloud said going sleep swing lay fell asleep man swung inadvertently tip blade dragon told wounded fought lost lot blood dragon village kept piece blade knife soon perceived imminent approach bad weather lie ground stick blade head thought spirit clouds deal drafted army fell asleep blade thunderstorm died village near western bulgaria man reputed dragon started thunder came tired thought refer battle fought clouds areas eastern serbia dragon men referred derived means having supernatural demonic properties applied humans dragons snakes horses trees armies rivers seen good creature regions mount south serbia adjacent basin nearby areas believed connected territory defended attacks territories compared inter regional fights villages municipality pronounced christmas eve villagers god save guardian people interpreted hail crops defeat victorious crop yield ravaged area transfer territory sight hail clouds man fall trance like sleep soul issued body flew clouds manner soul led clouds fields neighbouring village man thought described unusually tall thin bony faced long beard weather good worked behaved like village soon dark clouds covered sky close house windows remain long bad weather lasted people talked suffered region said souls went bodies fits led hail clouds village man named regarded villagers talked tail thunderstorm came appearance changed fought overwhelming lie sleep clouds start dissipate tale village man warn villagers approach thunderstorm took wagon pole flew clouds village people told man sight hail clouds mount mare disappear days men come tired bruised torn clothes held central serbian region men suddenly disappear thunderstorms fly dark clouds fight characterized hot tempered strong village near western bulgaria dragon man said physically crippled dragon man believed born physical little wings membranes beneath tail teeth born orphan practices intended preserve supernatural power newborn dragon region macedonia girls pick cotton spin cloth shirt cloth finally dress dragon boy shirt thought region serbia boy able defeat old women spun shirt dressed child day night time women spoken single word similar custom recorded western bulgaria believed soul boy slept cradle left body walked turned die soul return body according belief power dragon boys greatest time birth younger greater power folk tale eastern serbia group dragons surrounded broke away flew woman mill baby dragon boy grabbed stone killed recorded region winged dragon boy fights takes beam immediately stops hail mother dragon boy wanted ordinary child cutting beneath section resulted boy death thought basin nearby areas mother dragon boy seventeen days life child die survived protect village hail age seven fly away home believed dragon men lived contacts humans prophet regarded protector soon spotted consuming fertility fields summon dragons harness flying attacked demon shooting fiery arrows instead dragons prophet summon dragon men fall asleep souls rush clouds assist prophet legend region fighting originated prophet accompanied dragon boy killed demons popular tradition slavic peoples prophet christian replacement pagan slavic thunder god animals regarded said grow pair little wings beneath natural wings powerful dragons dragon dug hole beneath threshold owner house soon dark clouds appeared hole spirit fly body clouds fight day owner killed immediately went mad dragon fall ground lie dead thunderstorms snake serbian bulgarian regarded beneficial animal people avoided disturbing way snake inhabited crop field seen guardian snake said fly hail clouds drive away field yard dispersed clouds raising head high air strong region snakes said help dragon boy fights snake attained certain age grow wings dragon dragon regarded great lover beautiful women visited night entering houses chimney turning man women visited dragon grow weak pale sunken faced magical methods repel dragon believed children born physically mentally ill live long belief dragon come son amidst thunder lightning fly away region told children born tail grew wings flew sky shot belief region dragon boys fighters born little wings offspring dragons village macedonia people told old shepherd named trail son dragon allegedly strong cliffs shouted voice heard miles away old slavic mythology knew men born relationships women dragons men endowed strength exceptional abilities turn dragon fly usually crisis situations like battles heroes recorded serbian epic poetry fiery dragon late medieval nobles warriors mythical attributes attached poetry transformation dragon described ways hero dresses dragon shirt spreads hidden wings lets soul body form winged snake transformation explicitly stated implied statement indicates hero flies russian epic hero described son dragon folk poems transforms wolf animals couple serbian bulgarian folk poems saint nicholas suddenly falls asleep sleeps saves ships storm popular tradition serbia bulgaria macedonia ability leave body possessed women practised magic healing widespread custom women repeatedly healing rituals indicated soul entered sick person body chase away disease causing demonic entities rituals accompanied spells women referred soul run away soul demonic entity woman related traditions idea men ability leave bodies spirit form recorded traditions spirit turn bull dog bore animal intercepted bad weather fought save crops village men ability designated names southern area fought winner bad weather region defeated foe men marked connected birth supernatural beings clashed thunderstorms plenty territories man born leave body spirit transformed animal fought demonic men called evil agents victory meant village abundance sorts agricultural products recorded gulf parts men born recorded region north eastern italy periodically fought fertility fields male female recorded hungary men women born teeth physical periodically fought shape animals flames battles accompanied storms winner ensure abundant harvest village initiated certain age older member group visited vision greek folklore spirit protected territory adverse spirits territories tradition dragon man enormous strength power fly born saved region female demon romanian folklore defenders bad weather produced gigantic flying creature called controlled evil called able ride demon notion named protected village attacks villages marginally encountered places romanian believed southern poland clouds hail produced creatures named compressed fog clouds fragmented ice iron considered spirits died baptism spirits drowned hanged people spirits seen serbia hail clouds addressed folk spells lead clouds away village according notions persons flew sky storms fly spirit deep sleep fly body soul friendly humans warning approach storm hail direct movement clouds individuals leave body spirit sleep called called parts mounted animals household objects flew night christmas new year land dead described great meadow collected seeds agricultural plants took village ensuring rich harvest dead pursued shot arrows flew home wounded fall sick return die neighbouring villages fought spirit night july august village defeated suffer deaths year eastern baltic region people designated went underground shape dogs fight stole shoots grain failed shoots famine romania people born donned reaching adulthood invisible travelled animal form meadow end world fought night reconciled morning reason fight specified told certain night year fought people trying suck blood west europe medieval sources describe women fell trance certain nights abandoning bodies form invisible spirit animal travelled gathering led female bestowed prosperity knowledge semi attended animals known regional names madonna dame fairy queen scotland derived celtic like sicily women girls nocturnal meetings spirit called women outside traced ancient cult mothers origin men talk souls dead women girls georgia travelled spirit land dead communicate theories origin dragon men related figures europe compared siberia able leave body spirit fight enemies community fought usually animal form reasons possible soul leave body work state ceremony consisting drumming dancing chanting taking fall asleep unusual depth sleep indicates state detailed descriptions journey soul corresponding accounts exist case left bodies said gone winds expression contain idea journey recorded words heard montenegro night march listen sing travellers gone high high happy journey crucial difference european counterparts lies fact public private historian asserts divergence stands background regards realm dead ambiguous prosperity represents temporary death accounts figures fly fight spirit attempts describe experience perceived absolutely real argues adopting approach elements european figures original source possibly possibility beliefs derived common source nucleus developed remote past cultural interactions europeans speakers language ancient populations possibility structural characteristics human mind suggested persistence phenomena long period large area culturally disparate societies possibilities mutually exclusive literature novel set montenegro second world war negative character nicknamed local variant described elderly man great strength says lived america italian called translates revolver called hits target killed main character novel brutal fight short story titled acts companion translator french goes hunt bears near mountainous village old montenegro escort young man village falls trance storm given explanation leaves body fight clouds alien hour wakes exhausted man escort asks good answers concludes story quoting hamlet known lines secret things heaven earth hamlet


fairy flag fairy flag scottish chiefs clan held castle notable cup sir horn fairy flag known numerous traditions magical properties associated flag silk yellow brown colour measures inches squared examined numerous times centuries condition somewhat deteriorated ripped considered extremely fragile flag covered small red dots early 19th century flag marked small crosses disappeared silk flag stated originated far_east extremely precious led believe flag important sort attempted associate flag raven banner said viking leaders british isles numerous traditions stories associated flag deal magical properties mysterious origins flag said originated gift infant gift chief departing fairy lover reward defeating evil spirit powers attributed fairy flag include ability clan military forces ability save lives certain ability cure plague cattle ability increase chances fertility ability bring herring traditions relate flag times lose powers forever clan tradition preserved early 19th century tells fairy flag entrusted family hereditary standard eldest male family allowed flag hereditary standard bearer given honour buried inside tomb chiefs sacred isle tradition states flag clan battles 15th 16th centuries flag magical powers said won 19th century tradition linked flag prophecy downfall clan far distant future clan regain power raise honour higher mid-20th century fairy flag said extinguished fire castle given luck servicemen flying bombing missions second world war description 19th century writer norman recalled seeing fairy flag childhood relevant section described flag having crosses wrought gold thread spots flag examined bits taken time time later life believe flag existed august sir walter scott visited castle isle wrote visit diary items mentioned seeing fairy flag scott described silk like round red wrought john francis campbell saw flag described yellow raw silk figures spots worked red charles described flag square brown measured inches squared considered flag originally larger remarked extreme requirement careful handling handled noted description flag observed contained spots evidence crosses remained flag observed tears flag carefully flag examined early 20th century victoria albert museum concluded silk woven syria rhodes near east opinion flag original state precious possibly like shirt saint belief time examination descended spent time constantinople 11th century line belief suggested flag passed eponymous ancestor clan estate office castle website claims experts dated flag 4th 7th centuries hundreds years flag currently held castle notable cup sir horn tradition legend thomas pennant thomas pennant tour later published account travels things pennant noted visiting isle fairy flag according pennant flag named given ben wife king blessed flag powers manifest flag times time flag flag bearer carried invisible seen family clan task bearing flag return services possessed free lands pennant related flag produced times occasion unequal battle flag forces multiplied second time flag preserve life lady clan saved clan heir pennant declared flag time save life stated flag think worth taking pennant noted belief norse ancestry magical raven banners said british isles 19th century manuscript accounts flag traditional history fairy flag preserved manuscript form early 20th century fred noted manuscript written considered detailed description flag source flag traditional history manuscript documents traditional history clan dates 1830s thought based earlier traditions description manuscript stated honour existence clan thought depended preservation fairy flag highest blood race renowned heroes selected guard flag displayed men sword hand stand chief family produced hereditary keepers flag family eldest living male flag family called clan children son descended 20th century author writing traditions flag stated flag held lands near services chiefs clan flag family buried grave chief clan island second bearer buried church island harris man remains covered magnificent monument stone coffin body placed feet deep iron rested feet lid man body rested man male descendants deposited coffin meant newly deceased placed bones dust previous coffin writer manuscript stated time father male family interred way tomb sealed man daughter manuscript noted family prior extinction poor battle bloody bay manuscript states flag battle bloody bay manuscript related battle clan chief william historically lived slain consequence clan began lose heart priest ordered flag bearer fairy flag rally clan point harris opposing lewis lewis noticed flag switched sides join forces unfortunately clans outcome battle determined losing vast numbers slain guardians flag william buried island predecessors body placed tomb manuscript states greatest honour bestowed remains suggested abbey mark burial chiefs clan william mentioned standard bearer william thought chief buried son buried church harris battle according manuscript fairy flag battle manuscript states fought point conflict harris lewis verge giving way invading moment mother chief harris orders fairy flag result clans renew battle fury despite immense losses eventually win battle dead flag bearer paul carried fairy flag conflict death manuscript relates paul buried deep stone coffin metal like account given manuscript writer manuscript states successive flag bearer buried tomb writer grandfather saw old ceremony performed time 18th century manuscript states tomb located north east corner chancel church noted trace coffin tomb suggested buried possibly built wall legend origin manuscript presented legend fairy flag origin legend concerned went crusade holy land journey attempted cross dangerous mountainous pass borders palestine met gave food shelter warned dangerous spirit guards pass failed destroy true believer aid piece true cross certain directions able defeat devil called daughter thunder reward conveying secrets spirit wanted friends know revealed future clan writer manuscript stated knowledge said held man family extinction spirit gave telling convert banner spear flag pole writer manuscript stated spear lost secrets conveyed lost forever writer gave opinion origin fairy flag writer stated flag probably originated banner holy land conveyed home character portrayed legend episodes manuscript related spell banner meant displayed time final banner gain clan complete victory enemies meant clan suffer total extinction writer manuscript went state flag final time resisted time writing chance reduced state writer stated remained possessed fragment manuscript stated flag held iron chest castle key chest possession hereditary flag manuscript related death chief son succession nearly fell family young widow chief refused castle heir knowing pregnant married weeks previous time gave birth chief manuscript stated time man wished favour heir attempted steal flag fairy flag later found staff iron chest seen historically old chief son died autumn son born july reported partial prophecy late life writer norman related daughters having heard old prophecy concerning flag events took place childhood reported examples prophecy partially fulfilled summarised version prophecy published late 19th century account life sons soon alexander proposed prophecy dictated fragmented remembrance popularly known tale prophecy follows related child close english smith employed day smith told secrecy chest flag held forced open morning arranged smith castle necessary tools asked permission present granted leave condition tell especially chief morning chest forced open flag found held wooden case described flag square shaped piece cloth crosses wrought gold thread spots flag examined placed case stated time learned heir norman killed sea hms queen charlotte lieutenant caught fire exploded sea killing officers men stated time sold campbell stated personally saw fox cubs lived west turret castle related grateful worst prophecy remained chiefly family owned ancestral lands wrote early 20th century considered prophecy fulfilled time chief gentlemen clan tenants estate heir family named killed world war noted prophecy stated john restore fortunes family stated belief happen lamented loss son stating showed race lost loyalty courage chief claims glory ancient days walter scott sir walter scott visited castle learned traditional tales relating area clan told fairy flag magical properties multiplied number men battlefield second spread bed ensured fertility brought herring traditions early 20th century noted traditions concerning flag told flag came possession fairy similar tradition relates fairy fairy lover traditions related tells chiefs clan married fairy years forced leave return farewell chief fairy bridge stands miles gave flag promised times danger distress help given occasions similar tradition related john stated fairy gift power save husband clan invisible come flag bearer away seen fairy considered fairy lover tradition connected tradition originated clan half 19th century obtained tradition old women country tradition related autumn night beautiful fairy visited castle passed closed doors entered nursery infant heir chief lying cradle room rendered powerless spell watch fairy took infant knee sang song remarkable memory later baby asleep singing song stated time believed infant chiefly family sung protected power nurse employed family sing song period years passed chief born castle custom singing fairy ceased followed according completely forgotten claimed sang castle year infant elder brother later sir 27th chief clan english translation shown right fairy music tradition related told certain events took place heir clan born story related time castle infant anxious join festivities hall left infant room baby crying cold human help hear room host appeared wrapped infant fairy flag demanded child maid ordered bring forth brought baby wrapped flag wonder child wrapped room filled song declared flag power save clan times song ended silence fell crowded room flag taken infant locked chest preserved eastern origins listed tradition somewhat similar appeared manuscript according version joined army went holy land desert wilderness came witch managed escape came river proceeded cross ford fairy maiden appeared water blocked passage struggle overcame fairy passed river friends parted fairy maiden gave box wood box told held smaller boxes fitted inside told box contained magic banner bring forth host armed men aid owner fairy warned open box year day crops grow land livestock born children returned home gave box chief wife wife ignored warning opened box immediately host armed men appeared year children born tradition concluded time flag preserved time army mean salvation clan numerous times wrote tradition stated flag battle told time cattle plague raging stopped stated belief flag twice rejected tradition battle bloody bay losing wondered clan desperate state midst supposed powers flag 20th century fire broke wing castle according sir flames checked extinguished flag carried past safety second world war chief clan dame flora received letter member clan attributed luck bombing missions germany photo flag carried pocket


ancient greek minor figure greek mythology frequently invoked direct symbol literary artistic musical works western canon identified princess athens younger daughters king athens sister wife king myth variations general depiction raped mutilated sister husband revenge transformed migratory bird native europe southwest asia noted song violence associated myth song depicted interpreted lament coincidentally nature female mute male species sings writers association mistakenly etymology lover song derived greek song instead fruit sheep means lover fruit lover lover sheep story myth complete extant rendering story found book roman poet story reaches development antiquity likely relied greek latin sources available era pseudo 2nd century sources longer extant exist today fragments especially tragic drama 5th century according fifth year marriage king son asked husband let athens dear sister let come visit wife request agreed travel athens escort wife sister king athens father letting remaining daughter leave home protection asks protect father agrees saw lust grew course return voyage arriving forced cabin lodge woods raped assault threatened advised silent defiant angered rage cut tongue abandoned cabin defiant speech rendered 18th century english translation rendered unable speak injuries told story sent revenge killed son boiled served meal husband ate sisters presented severed head son aware conspiracy meal axe pursued intent kill sisters fled overtaken desperation prayed gods turned birds escape rage vengeance gods transformed swallow subsequently gods transform variations myth typical myths antiquity altered passage time competing variations myth emerge story variations concern sister swallow type bird transformed generally accepted transformed swallow description generally translated scientific earlier sources longer extant remain fragments version myth lasting influenced later works early greek sources turned swallow song turns singing beautiful sad song remorse later sources pseudo modern literature english romantic poets like write turned swallow version story sisters reversed married note taxonomy nomenclature genus larger bodied swallow genera form related genera named myth include saw wings coincidentally depictions song art literature female female species sing male species sings characteristic song early account wrote turned large bird scholars translate hawk number works including ancient comedy birds hold instead changed later translations state transformed birds hawk including references writers key details story according actions nature actions described kills birds appear women lament death later sources tongue cutting altogether according king city city inhabited cites proof poets mention refer bird thought commented myth famous work war play confused mythical contemporary ruler elements borrowed myths stories story largely influenced lost tragedy scholar marsh claims borrowed certain plot elements drama notably wife killing child act revenge husband incorporated tragedy implies appear myth play introduced borrowed possible social political themes woven way story contrast believed power greece greek peoples considered race possible elements woven play works period appearances western canon material myth creative works artistic literary past years centuries myth associated image song described beautiful continued use image artistic literary musical works reinforced association antiquity influence beginning homer odyssey ancient poets evoked story works notably core tragedy lost extant fragments later set plays nephew great playwright visionary death mentioned aristotle points voice shuttle tragedy example poetic device aids recognition change ignorance knowledge happened earlier plot device according aristotle contrived poet connection song poetry evoked comedy birds poetry roman poet compares mourning lament retelling myth famous version story ancient sources rely finished sources available lifetime lost come present fragments version recast combined elements ancient sources complete lasting version myth basis later works 12th century french adapted myths recounted old french making use material recounted story unfinished work legend good women briefly alluded myth john included tale references common nova musical eras late fourteenth early fifteenth centuries england late renaissance eras image incorporated elements mourning beauty subjected act violence long poem poet george depicts representative poetry sister satire delight characterization woman choosing exercise recovering voice resisting forces attempts silence critics pointed use myth personal appeal fighting verse battle enemies violently opposed poems poem myth employed depict punishment control reply shepherd sir walter harsh rejection shepherd romantic advances spirit time wounds citing second stanza examples eventually passage time dumb pain attention drawn away pain events life come sir philip love poem sydney narrator love woman compares romantic situation plight claims reason sad recent literary criticism labelled claim unfortunate traumatic rape sydney argues rape excess love severe deprived love attested line wanting having playwright poet william_shakespeare makes frequent use myth notably tragedy characters directly reference commenting rape aaron prominent allusions occur depiction rape depiction night dream asks sing sweet shakespeare addresses lover fair youth compares love poetry song noting hymns night line poet hold tongue line beautiful song dull song line poet considered scholars woman referred poetry william_shakespeare dark lady makes references patronage poem description poem dedicated margaret cumberland daughter lady anne refers line later line image appears frequently poetry period song described poets example example melancholy sad mourning use symbol sorrow direct reference myth classical romantic works poets romantic era recast myth adapted image song poet master superior art inspire human poet romantic poets began qualities muse john ode poet achieved poetry write directly employs myth eve rape mirrors rape contemporary poet invoked similar image writing defence poetry poet sits darkness sings cheer sweet sounds men melody unseen musician feel moved know published collection lyrical ballads effort samuel taylor away associations song melancholy identified experience nature remarked nature melancholy line expressing hope nature sweet voices love lines poem conclusion writes father taking crying son outside night friend william called fiery heart depicted bird instance natural poetic creation voice nature notable mentions include poem english poet matthew arnold poet asks hearing crying fleeing find peace healing english countryside far away greece pain passion eternal poem burden oscar describes symbol greek art pleasure contrasted christ landscape greece compared landscape england specifically kent oxford charles wrote poem called based story transformed swallow ask able forget grief having slain answer forget world ends english poet ann african slaves myth challenges song shall teach sad note abolitionist poem poem slave trade filipino national hero image inspiration young use voices speak spanish injustice colonial oppression modern works myth largely appearance powerful device poetry 20th century american british poet directly referenced myth famous poem waste land describes employs myth depict themes sorrow pain recovery regeneration possible revenge mentions reference poets myth including references singing convent direct reference murder tragedy greek directly evoked myth poem describes women poem mirrors elements death play sister revenge myth poem argentine poet compares efforts poet bird lament having heard describes song mythology evolution myth distorted opinions poets writers kept poet reader actually hearing original sound knowing essence song artists applied account new translations adapted story stage british poet hughes myth work tales loose translation retelling tales israeli great english playwright birds wrote plays based story recently story adapted opera scottish composer james vocal composition american composer text john female writers myth vehicle exploring subject rape women power empowerment feminist themes including novelist margaret published tent emma story hall uses myth poems published play love later adapted opera composed richard mills


norse mythology old norse field host people field army field meadow field ruled goddess half die combat death half god attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century according prose hall scholarly theories proposed implications location poem collected poetic disguised tells young seats half die hall receives half chapter prose book high tells described king disguise glorious dwelling heavens called rides battle gets half slain half says stanza quoted high continues description hall theories saga saga refuses eat daughter says food death meet goddess replied loud voice evening meal join know better course action father want live father brother dead says receiver dead open women suffered noble death cites passage saga example points potential additional connection saga saga queen hangs old norse hall discovering husband betrayed father brother comments hardly natural leader collective female deities called place queen suicide connected implications john says element understood army appears alternative adds like association warriors eternal combat surely older adds description keeps close description descriptions adds located according known plays large images warfare death significance halls norse mythology god lost places emphasis relates rides battle takes half slain interprets field warriors comments receives slain heroes battlefield house called filled seats probably fills function hall slain warriors eat drink beer fighting ask heroic old norse view possibly consequence different forms initiation warriors belonged examples indicate war goddess appears literally chooses slain comments mythological role half fallen warriors death realm goddess emerges mythological role model modern influence early 20th century developed art life reconciled cultural institutions bearing german spelling founded concept institutions include museum opened publishing house founded founded founded university arts focusing music theater dance design academic studies


norse mythology location containing dwelling owned god solely attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources scholarly theories proposed implications location solely attested stanza poem collected poetic disguised tells young owns dwelling stanza reads translated called dwelling gods gave days tooth gift theories discussing henry adams comments wood tree bows north long england says god tree wood bows bow led seen bow god andy orchard comments named dwelling place archer god according known plays large images warfare death significance halls norse mythology goddess location lost located scotland recorded thought derive old norse robert jones proposes connection settling pagan norse scotland location


irish known english irish mythological hero appears stories cycle scottish folklore believed incarnation god father mother mortal sister mac born gained better known child killing fierce guard dog self defence offered place replacement age seventeen defended single armies queen famous cattle raid great deeds fame life short known terrifying battle translated thomas warp monster knows friend foe fights driven loyal drawn horses dub modern times referred shows striking similarities legendary persian hero lay greek epic hero suggesting common european origin lacking linguistic archaeological material legends birth number versions story birth earliest version conception mother daughter mac king accompanies nobles hunt flock magical birds snow begins fall seek shelter nearby house host wife goes labour assists birth baby boy mare gives birth twin morning find mound house occupants disappeared child remain takes boy home begins raising boy falls ill dies god appears tells host night child called pregnancy turns scandal mac suspect father child goes husband bed virgin son names later better known version con sister disappears capital previous version hunting flock magical birds overtaken seek shelter nearby house host time wife gives birth son night child named nobles argue foster father wise decides fostered mac teach judgement speech wealthy protect provide noble warrior mac care teach protect weak poet educate wife nurse brought house plain modern county time alongside son county town motto irish gave birth brave childhood stories childhood told flashback sequence small child living parents house plain begs allowed join boy troop sets arrives runs playing field asking boys protection unaware custom boys challenge attack beats single handed puts stop fight misunderstanding sooner boys protection chases demanding protection smith invites feast house going goes playing field watch boys play impressed performance asks join feast game finish promises follow king later lets loose ferocious protect house arrives enormous attacks kills self defence version smashing standing stone driving ball throat devastated loss promises rear replacement old job guard house announces henceforth day teaching pupils asks day replies warrior takes arms day fame seven years old goes asks arms weapons given withstand strength gives weapons sees finished prophecy warrior took arms day famous life short soon response similar prophecy demands king sets foray kills sons boasted killed living returns battle afraid slaughter wife leads women bare breasts eyes wrestle barrel cold water explodes heat body second barrel pleasant temperature training youth beautiful worry wife steal wives ruin daughters search ireland suitable wife daughter opposed match suggests train arms renowned warrior woman land scotland hoping ordeal killed takes challenge travelling residence fortress shadows isle meantime offers mac king hears loves refuses hand teaches arts war including use terrible barbed spear thrown foot cut victim fellow include best friend foster brother time faces battle rival versions twin sister knowing prowess fears life gives powerful sleeping battle great strength puts sleep hour soon joins fights single combat evenly matched calling horses things values world fallen cliff sword throat agrees spare life condition bear son leaving pregnant returns scotland fully trained refuses let marry storms fortress killing men steals treasure falls death right night marriages subjects afraid reaction exercises case equally afraid losing authority suggests solution sleeps night wedding sleeps kills son years later son comes ireland search father takes kills refuses identify words father dies carried flag gates rome leaving grief stricken story shows striking similarity legend persian hero kills son share characteristics including killing ferocious beast young age near battle manner deaths similar myth found kills son time abroad rescued scandinavian princess sacrificed falls love come ireland search form pair realising shoots saves life stone having blood marry gives foster son goes high king ireland stone destiny fails cry stands splits sword mutilated women jealousy sexual dies wounds dies grief house women inside killing cattle raid age seventeen single defends army queen mounted invasion steal stud bull allows surprise woman watching border men disabled curse prevents army advancing right single combat defeats champion champion stand lasting months combat beautiful young woman comes claiming daughter king offers love refuses woman reveals revenge slight attacks animal forms engaged combat mac trips ford breaks ribs wolf cattle ford puts eye stone finally appears head breaks leg finally defeats appears old woman cow injuries given animal forms gives drinks milk drink healing wounds particularly combat lies severely wounded visited tells father wounds wakes sees boy troop attacked army slaughtered spectacular warp seized monstrous thing joints angle organ head foot shook like tree flood reed stream body furious twist inside skin feet switched rear heels switched head temple stretched neck mighty immense big head month old child eye deep head wild crane couldn probe cheek depths skull eye fell cheek mouth distorted cheek jaws appeared lungs liver mouth throat lower jaw struck upper lion killing blow fiery large ram reached mouth throat hair head twisted like red stuck gap royal apple tree fruit shaken scarce apple reach ground hair stood rage attacks army kills hundreds building walls corpses foster father mac exile court sent face agrees yield long agrees return favour time meet finally fights day duel best friend foster brother ford named county eventually finally final battle begins stays wounds sees advancing enters confronts keeps bargain yields pulling forces field allies panic forced retreat moment gets period forms guard breaks dealing mercy think right kill women guards retreat far feast heroes compete champion portion feast test set comes accept result mac visiting guise challenging allow return return picks head leaves time comes return flee brave honourable submit axe declared champion challenge appears later literature notably middle english poem sir green knight examples include 13th century french life english sir death disguise joins raid probably isle man return choice steal treasure daughter island king loves asked choose share chooses tries stop taking cuts hair drives ground escaping taking like heroes biblical welsh killed certain contrived circumstances vary different versions story discovers kill deed poet enraged betrayal lord grabs leaps cliff killing jealousy lovers jealousy comes falls love wife mac left attacked want control irish sea agrees help defend long marries agrees reluctantly fall love meet knows relationship doomed mortal fairy presence destroy tries kill rival sees strength love decides touched decides return husband ensuring meet drink affair memories death irish aided con son son sons killed draw death fate sealed breaking included ban eating dog meat early ireland powerful general taboo refusing old offers meal dog meat choice break way weakened fight ahead magical spears king fall kills king drivers second kills horse king horses hits mortally wounding ties standing stone die feet facing enemies stone traditionally identified standing county near death raven lands shoulder enemies believe dead approaches cuts head hero light burns sword falls hand cuts hand light disappears right hand sword arm cut body sworn died avenge sunset hears dead pursues lost hand fights hand belt beats horse takes bite kills takes head sister dies grief brother later stories story told saint patrick trying convert king christianity ghost appeared warning hell irish folklore later evil giant odds mac finn according famous folk tale power contained middle finger wishing defeat finn came finn house finn disguised baby wife baked inside bite cake iron baby finn cake iron felt sharp baby teeth allowing finn bite middle finger strength size appearance appearance occasionally remarked texts usually described small youthful described dark feast dark sad man men erin little black man phantom hair thick black smooth cow head eyes swift grey describes blond elaborate description appearance comes later certainly youth mac handsome came form armies think distinct heads hair brown base blood red middle crown golden yellow hair settled head long loose flowing strand hung shining shoulders deep gold beautiful fine thread gold neat red gold neck head covered crimson threads gems cheek yellow green crimson blue seven bright pupils eye eye foot seven toes hand seven fingers nails grip hawk cultural depictions images image invoked irish nationalists irish nationalists important celtic irish hero important culture bronze sculpture dead oliver stands dublin general post office commemoration easter rising contrast defending province enemies south belfast example depicted mural drive depicted mural road defender irish attacks murals ironically based sculpture depicted murals nationalist parts city nationalist areas northern_ireland statue image coin produced survivors medal military star irish defence forces image statue carrying body stands county traditionally site combat sculpture martin entitled love depicting balancing foot pole representing feat balancing butt spear learned installed literature lady gregory legends book originals tales omitted violent content translation popular supported celtic revival movement featured introduction friend william butler wrote pieces based legend including plays strand green helmet hawk jealousy death poem fight sea texts translation birth son deeds death son cattle raid feast cattle raid battle ross death sick bed pursuit death phantom modern lady gregory boys eleanor hull baldwin project


hindu mythology lit demon killed freed curse god avatar brother legend appears hindu later adaptations musician named cursed ugly demon king gods sage encounter brothers arms proceed corpse death resumes form directs mountain exiled monkey chief hiding advises form alliance assistance search wife kidnapped demon king following instructions befriends rescues help literary sources detailed account appears book 4th century bce epic appears book entire story summarized account appears retelling story book composed period years 5th century bce 3rd century bce appendix later adaptations composed 4th 6th century 7th century work 8th century play 10th century drama 12th century book chapter dated late 14th early 15th century 16th century work early life curse narrates born musician named son known performed got creator god arrogant attacked god king heaven weapon drove head body pleaded given way find eat food gave long arms mouth belly decreed regain original form arms adds spent days near sage forest spent time attacked sage cursed remain form pleading sage reduced curse said freed form arms waited forest arrival suspected tale later arguing appear versions translations original tells chief blessed drunk wine youth beauty universe beautiful laughed sage cursed sage assured free curse arrogant chased rest episode mirrors telling tells named previous life cursed born calls real form son explicitly introduced demon hungry endowed long arms later identified son cursed tells cursed sage known hot temper hindu mythology etymology description demonic form describes big mountain dark black cloud pointed hairs body looked fierce voice loud thunder eye stomach round yellow like fire looking wicked thrust big tongue huge mouth sides presents similar description broad chest head neck eye chest mouth belly long arms draw prey closer depicted tree head arms mouth stomach came known demon word describe large big barrel trunk shaped like barrel retains tells fierce arms miles long huge face eyes ears chest head legs encounter narrates consort brother exiled forest year period forest kidnapped demon king informed fate dying vulture mortally wounded trying save searching reached forest brothers encountered tempted cut nose ears breasts brothers moved deeper forest bad greeted suddenly appeared demon blocked path brothers tried escape taking different route finally caught demon grabbed right arm left finding helpless appeals escape find leaving sacrifice demon declared extremely hungry asked come hunger time realized strength demon lay hands suggested cut demon hands annoyed brothers conversation decided eat drew closer mouth brothers drew swords quickly cut arms demon fell mighty fallen asked names introduced asked demon narrated story brothers declared recognized fact severed arms requested perform rites offered information died adaptations tell tale encounter similar notable exception woman called caught calls help forest hears sends check kills leads turns messenger brother joined forces mirrors replacing forest chief leads counsel narrates brothers burnt corpse funeral lit demon form melted flames rose air form dressed heaven appears told brothers fight ways friendship trouble advised brothers find monkey king guide quest informed driven kingdom brother help regain kingdom deposed hill described detail route hill instructed travel western direction till reached lake region called sage stood ram meet lake sage aged female disciple waiting visit ascend heaven east hill path revealed hill dreams come true assured end reaching hill cave hill disappears account tells seek help know stays assured definitely meet divine person leaves funeral informs curse turned demon manipulated chief adviser create havoc region expresses gratitude set dies arms revealing arms unnamed demon identified falls starts counsel funeral scene dropped demon tells abducted taken advises form alliance overcome instructs negotiate deal kill end return forces defeat demon praises demon sword demon urges believe telling truth demon transforms divine telling truth sky account counsel adds incarnation compares baby krishna incarnation summary lives ancestors mention details killing acknowledges counsel passing reference notes advice death escaped curse grew friendship monkey chief followed instructions reached lake prophecy met alliance finally help defeat save discuss counsel credit leads appears divine reveals true identity cursed hymn stating worlds deities embedded parts body supreme disappears


mythology irish scottish irish pronunciation scottish pronunciation divine creator deity weather deity ancestor deity commonly known word means modern scottish applied numerous mythological figures ireland scotland isle man old woman modern irish scottish comes old form veil early loan latin displaying expected change early loans referred variations thereof suggested refers peninsula southwestern ireland strongly associated professor believes comes word meaning sharp refers association winter wilderness 8th 9th century irish poem lament old woman says hunt called sister tale called called known irish scottish word found component terms like nun owl irish wise woman fortune charm worker related words include irish young woman girl lowland scots old woman witch obscure word interpreted irish led speculate connection legends scotland known queen winter credited making numerous mountains large hills said formed land accidentally dropped rocks basket cases said built mountains intentionally serve stepping stones carries hammer shaping hills valleys said mother gods displays traits winter deer fights spring staff ground partnership goddess seen seasonal deity spirit ruling winter months november day winter day summer rules summer months interpretations faces goddess describe turning stone form time rule winter months depending local climate transfer power winter goddess summer goddess celebrated time february earliest march latest local festivals marking arrival signs spring named day rest winter legend intends winter good longer sure weather february bright sunny gather plenty warm coming months result people generally relieved day foul weather means asleep soon run winter isle man known said seen bride day form gigantic bird carrying sticks scotland lit old women known storm seen powers nature especially destructive aspect said particularly active raising spring period known west_coast scotland winter washing great gulf process said days coming heard far away miles inland finished pure white snow covers land scotland ireland farmer finish grain harvest corn representing called crop figure tossed field neighbor finished bringing grain farmer finish responsibility care corn year feed house winter competition fierce avoid having old woman scholars believe old irish poem lament old woman states foster children seven periods youth man lived came die old age great tribes races locations associated ireland ireland associated prominent mountains head irish meaning head southernmost tip cliffs county tombs county situated atop irish meaning mountain include known chair classic passage tomb rays sunrise shine inner chamber filled cliff cliff county scotland prominent landscape scotland later tales known witch ben ben tallest mountain region tea sold visitor shop hollow mountain features mural depicting accidental creation awe legend tired long day deer atop ben fell asleep watch tending overflowed running highlands flooding valleys forming river common motif local creation tales seen goddess similar creation river ireland connections region include mentioned strong ties fierce gulf isle mountains prominent landscape fierce storms rain descend havoc destruction lands joins stream named area famous pagan ritual according legend associated small known houses series apparently carved stones according local legend represent husband children local legend suggests family given shelter locals stayed fertile prosperous left gave stones locals promise long stones look shelter secure winter continue fertile ritual carried day


water bull water bull known scottish mythological scottish creature similar generally regarded nocturnal resident usually counterpart water horse similar amphibious abilities water bull said reproduce standard cattle resulting distinguishable small size ears according myths water ordinary cows ought killed birth method drowning killed drowning avoid bringing disaster herd conversely northern areas considered superior quality etymology edward translates scottish water bull sea bull cow addition fabulous celtic term bull fairly consistently rendered scottish variation welsh equivalent scottish word water river stream folk beliefs description common attributes belief existence water persisted scotland quarter 19th century mythological creatures descriptions water bull able human form live land water monstrous black beast especially described nasty water horse helpful differs likely resident case water horses myths water males species occasionally water cow mentioned highland tale set water cow reputed reside small left trap beast ignored sir walter scott refers water cow story attempt drain kill believed living water bull mating ordinary cow usually results death cow produces dead rude flesh skin bones scottish counterpart produces live apparent ears ears produce half ears described minister john campbell knife water cows living produce offspring crimson purple coloured ears john campbell noted story told inner islands demonstrates having water bull born ordinary cow elderly lady later identified witch advised separate cattle presumably noticed deformed ears suspected water bull instructed rear milk different cows confined stable minimum seven years years later young woman grazing cattle nearby approached attractive man struck conversation shortly pair sat grass head resting lap fell asleep discovered hair sign water horse started run farm true form chased woman ran farm witch shouted release water bull stable creatures fought fell sea water horse returned remains bull found following day capture killing accounts destroying beast rare generally considered threat john noted described inhabitants areas awe tried capture water bull sheep oak tree tackle strong story describes farmer sons hunting water bull farmer musket filled silver coins beast killed silver according celtic mythology scholar james water ordinary cows bring disaster herd supposed killed birth impossible kill drowning methods conversely stories published clergyman george suggest hybrids considered superior quality normal pedigree cattle far north scotland origins bull appears sacred role number celtic animal viewed positively image fertility abundance tribe adopted bull unknown came associated bodies water form water bull historian charles smith suggested mythological creatures originate water form surface scottish impression living form water