tamil british times town indian state tamil town administered special grade municipality covers area km2 population administrative headquarters district roadways major mode transport town rail international airport nearest domestic international airport town named central deity temple festival celebrated day moon november december huge beacon lit atop hill event witnessed million pilgrims day preceding moon pilgrims temple base hills worship called practice carried million pilgrims yearly located foothills hills ruled medieval later empire kingdom sultan british served capital city town built temple like capitals administered special grade municipality constituted average elevation metres experiences hot humid climate pilgrimage town people employed sector elementary schools high schools higher secondary schools arts science colleges government medical college engineering colleges town etymology legend hindu mythology wife closed eyes husband flower garden atop mount moment gods light taken universe earth turn submerged darkness years performed husband appeared column fire hills returning light world merged form half female half male form red mountain lies temple associated temple namesake hill sacred considered iconic representation legend contested superiority appeared flame challenged find source took form swan flew sky flame sought base scene called represented western wall temples find source conceded defeat lied said found pinnacle punishment ordained temples earth worship tamil word means red fire means hill manifested form fire place came associated hill town mention found seventh century tamil canonical work history history revolves temple recorded history town dates ninth century seen inscriptions temple inscriptions ninth century indicate rule kings capital seventh century saints wrote temple poetic work author records temple kings ruled region centuries temple patrons inscriptions king record gifts like land sheep cow oil temple commemorating victories dynasty kings capital beginning inscriptions dynasty inscriptions dynasty inscriptions dynasty empire reflecting gifts temple rulers inscriptions rule powerful king indicating patronage inscriptions written tamil sanskrit inscriptions temple kings indicate emphasis administrative matters local concerns contrasts inscriptions rulers temples like majority gift related inscriptions land followed goods cash cows oil lighting lamps town strategic crossroads empire connecting sacred centers pilgrimage military routes inscriptions area urban center period city developing temple similar ruled cities like 17th century came dominion empire came end lost control town confusion chaos ensuing subsequently periods hindu muslim temple krishna ali khan besieging temple succession european incursions progressed attacked french english captain stephen smith repelled victorious french occupied town came control british town captured sultan ruled half 19th century town came british rule geography situated state capital height hill approximately located average elevation metres town located east eastern topography plain sloping west east experiences hot dry weather year temperature ranges maximum minimum like rest state april june hottest months december january receives rainfall average annually lesser state average southwest monsoon onset june lasting august brings rainfall bulk rainfall received northeast monsoon months october november december average humidity town varies summer months april june humidity ranges municipality covers area km2 demographics according provisional population totals census population males females sex ratio town child sex ratio stood average literacy rate male literacy female literacy total population town years age according census population sex ratio females males national average total age males females scheduled scheduled tribes accounted population respectively average literacy city compared national average city total households total workers comprising main agricultural labourers house hold industries workers marginal workers marginal marginal agricultural labourers marginal workers household industries marginal workers religious census muslims christians following religions following religion indicate religious preference maximum growth population observed reduced growth rate increased industrial activity took place outside town density town increased total acres land residential acres commercial acres industrial acres public semi public acres educational acres non urban purposes economy temple town major pilgrimage centre tamil town marketing service town surrounding places administrative headquarters district lot sector activities trade commerce service activities major contributors economy town population involved primary sector secondary sector sector activities town female work participation dip primary sector activities proportional increase sector activities limited agricultural activity town limits secondary sector involves manufacturing construction growth remained stable decades number oil mills rice mills based industries town limits sector activities trade commerce transport storage communication services increasing increasing number tourists town patronage increased informal economic activities town major commercial activities concentrated car street street street street street road major banks state bank india indian bank central bank india national bank indian overseas bank bank india private banks like bank bank branches banks automated machines located parts town culture temple prominent landmark temple complex covers area acres largest temples india houses gateway towers known tallest eastern tower stories height making tallest temple towers india temple numerous prominent temple complex houses halls notable thousand hall built period temple temples manifestation natural element land water air sky fire temple said manifested massive column fire crown feet found hindu gods temples considered human anatomy temple called associated temple revered tamil canon classified temples find mention canon important festival temple celebrated tamil month november december concluding celebration huge lamp lit containing tons hills mark occasion festival deity mountain inscriptions indicate festival celebrated early period expanded days twentieth century moon tens thousands pilgrims worship hill covers distance kilometres referred according hindu legend walk removes sins desires helps achieve freedom cycle birth rebirth offerings string tanks meditation halls springs caves hill ancient temple complex outskirts houses caves temples feet high sculpture dated 12th century tallest image tamil located hill popular visitor attractions dam river located southwest town prominent picnic spot dam high store cubic meters water scenic park present adjacent dam temple situated south prominent temples located transport national highway national highway pass town arterial roads connects towns municipality maintains total length town concrete roads roads roads roads total roads maintained state highways department served town bus service operated provides town suburbs private operated mini bus services cater local transport needs town main bus stand covers area acres located heart town regular inter city bus services operates daily services connecting cities corporation operates reservation centre bus stand town operates long distance buses connecting town important cities like major inter city bus routes town cities towns like railway station located rail head falls division southern railway weekly expresses connects cities directions passenger trains running nearest airport located town municipal administration politics municipality established british times promoted second grade municipal municipality grade selection grade special grade municipality elected councillor functions municipality departments general administration personnel engineering revenue public health city planning information technology departments control municipal commissioner executive head legislative powers body members legislative body headed elected assisted deputy comes assembly constituency member tamil legislative assembly years elections assembly seat won times elections indian national congress party times elections current constituency elections parliamentary constituency held independent elections town constituency won seat times elections indian national congress won times elections elections elections constituency following assembly current member parliament constituency party law order town maintained sub division tamil police headed deputy superintendent police stations town women police station special units like prohibition enforcement district crime social justice human rights district crime records special branch operate district level police division headed superintendent police education utility services elementary schools high schools higher secondary schools arts science colleges engineering colleges town electricity supply regulated distributed tamil electricity board town suburbs forms electricity distribution circle water supply provided municipality river located parts town period total million litres water supplied day households town metric tonnes solid waste collected day door door collection subsequently source segregation dumping carried department municipality coverage solid waste management efficiency underground drainage system town system disposal tanks open drains public municipality maintains total storm water drains government hospital southern railway hospital municipal hospital hospitals health centres private hospitals care health care needs citizens total street lamps lamps mercury lamps tube lights high mast beam lamp municipality operates markets flower market vegetable market cater needs town rural areas


previously town indian state tamil administrative headquarters district town came prominence period medieval 9th 12th century served important port commerce east bound naval expeditions constructed king help kingdom important buddhist structure times settled portuguese later dutch served capital dutch november town conquered british east india company served capital district madras presidency british continued district independent india headquarters newly created district administered selection grade municipality covering area km2 population majority people employed sea borne trading fishing agriculture tourism temple temple major hindu pilgrimage sites base tourism roadways major mode transport city rail sea transport town district severely damaged indian_ocean etymology derived referring people sri_lanka settled referring town called period important ports refers mentions important trade centres ancient tamil country view doubtful contemporary prove existence metropolis referred early writers portuguese city 7th century saint poets refer city verses town originally called word attached era emerged important port history city period indicating level human direct references 3rd century bce 3rd century neighbouring port modern day capital kingdom age referred widely tamil scriptures like early works 7th century poets mention town fortified walls busy road building busy port inscriptions temple indicate construction initiated reign king buddhist built chinese influence king town frequented buddhist travelers 9th century saint poet believed stolen golden statue fund temple authenticity theory questionable 11th century buddhist monastery built king patronage prominent port trade conquering gateway east early 16th century portuguese commercial contacts town established commercial centre portuguese conducted missionary enterprise dutch agreement king january villages transferred portuguese dutch port christian churches hospital built dutch released coins engraved tamil agreement king dutch surrounding villages handed dutch december capital dutch changed town fell hands british naval battles british french fleets fought coast known seven years war second fourth anglo dutch war town taken british dutch formally brought war dutch british reached peace agreement formally ceded british villages headquarters handed east india company headquarters district incorporated single municipality town remained chief ports madras presidency port suffered decline inclusion ports india independence continued district later newly created district severely affected followed indian_ocean earthquake geography lies town bounded bay east river south district west district north west north town lies sea level municipality covers area km2 situated distance town receives annual rainfall tropical climate summer months march proximity sea results high humidity year reaches august town plain terrain soil consisting sand clay tributaries river major water bodies major crop region followed cotton town cyclone prone zones devastated fine layer high soil deposited fields indian_ocean earthquake earthquake december west_coast sumatra indonesia triggered series devastating coasts bordering indian_ocean district affected tamil accounting casualties state large number casualties fishing community resided close property losses impacted fishing industry boats damaged immediate aftermath created tourism demographics according census population sex ratio females males national average total age males females scheduled scheduled tribes accounted population respectively average literacy town compared national average town households workers comprising main agricultural labourers house hold industries workers marginal workers marginal marginal agricultural labourers marginal workers household industries marginal workers religious census muslims christians following religions growth rate higher decade ending increase town limits km2 km2 overall growth rate declined period migration people urban centres town estimated residing affected help grant schemes assistance programmes rebuilt proof houses economy main occupation fishing waters bay fish sold daily weekly fish markets town large number ice factories preserving fish industry suffered setback struck coast december limited agricultural activity agricultural commerce conducted town majority people employed service industry belonging sector town centre retail provisions trading towns villages surrounding tourism major economic driver presence heritage historic points like limited industrial activity major industries household plastic wire metal manufacturing basin subsidiary petroleum corporation limited near established major contributor economy town development industries constrained town linear coastal regulation zone regulations prevent large scale construction industrial buildings major banks state bank india indian bank central bank india national bank indian overseas bank private banks like bank city union bank branches banks automated machines located parts town transport municipality roads cement roads roads roads roads connected national highways state connected major towns tamil state highways grand lower tamil state transport corporation operates close daily services connecting cities buses operated corporation corporation operates reservation centre municipal bus stand operates town buses satisfying local transport needs neighbouring villages state express transport corporation operates long distance buses connecting great south indian railway company headquarters broad gauge railway line operated converted meter gauge line headquarters shifted railway workshop till contributed growth town moved golden rock railway junction connects west north south passenger trains daily express train trains pass port bay mouth river important port empire eastern naval expeditions port port widely dutch portuguese british major ports coast trading purposes principal exports sri_lanka port british period rice piece goods livestock tobacco hides trade sri_lanka straits settlements burma small extent united_kingdom spain port served passenger traffic singapore fire accident modern day port commercial port complex dockyard protected river mouth sand bar facing port port handles limited edible oil imports lighthouse conventional metre high lighthouse tower built inside port premises british port lighthouse maintained tamil maritime board government india nearest airport airport located away town culture tourism tourism plays key economic role town fishing major occupation base heritage historic points like 16th century located important pilgrimage centres town festival day event celebrated annual anniversary saint honor built festival celebrated commemoration anniversary saint death pilgrims religions participate rituals rites festival seen sacred exchange muslims expressing solidarity mixed faith region believed percent built historically domestic international visitors prominent near road near new bus stand street temple hindu temple dedicated temple existence 6th century verses 7th 8th century canonical work temple seven temples cult classified presiding deity believed portray different dance styles temple known shrine consort temple hindu temple town dedicated temples revered poet saints called belonging 6th 9th century base prominent hindu temples like temple temple temple temple pilgrimage centre located town known lady good health roman_catholic_church built 17th century pilgrimage common september people especially muslims christians denominations visit town prominent churches church church church protestant church education utility services joseph college opened transferred oldest higher educational institutions india elementary schools high schools higher secondary schools arts science colleges engineering college colleges industrial training institute town electricity supplied town regulated distributed circle tamil electricity board water supply provided municipality river distribution pumping stations located solomon park metric tonnes solid waste collected town day municipality underground drainage system current system disposal tanks public storm water drainage system natural river drainage man storm water drains comes circle limited india state owned internet services provider apart provides internet service government hospitals town largest district government hospital private hospitals medical shops politics declared municipality british times promoted second grade municipality selection grade municipal limits expanded include municipality elected councillor functions municipality departments general administration personnel engineering revenue public health town planning departments control municipal commissioner supreme executive head legislative powers body members legislative body headed elected assisted deputy town district headquarters district created separate district comes assembly constituency member tamil legislative assembly years elections assembly seat won elections india anna twice elections communist_party india times elections current constituency minister fisheries government tamil constituency following assembly current member parliament constituency party parliament seat held indian national congress times elections won seat times elections won times elections won seat twice elections elections law order town maintained sub division tamil police headed deputy superintendent police stations town women police station special units like prohibition enforcement district crime social justice human rights district crime records special branch operate district level police division headed superintendent police


malaysian pronunciation chinese pinyin known largest town city lies south eastern coast borneo malaysia administrative centre division bordered sea east sea south bay shares border north town estimated population municipality area population founding region subject dispute british dutch spheres influence british merchant vessel sailed marking opening town sea port british set settlement british north borneo chartered company accelerated growth settlement population encouraging immigration chinese consequent japanese occupation north borneo allied forces bombed town ground japanese surrender japanese soldiers prisoners war transferred rebuilt war end economy restored pre war status main point conflict indonesia malaysia confrontation time garrisoned british special boats section guarded australian destroyers combat aircraft december bombed twice indonesia occurred island international border found trying poison town water supply january imposed prevent indonesian attackers making contact living town june attempted invasion indonesian forces repelled bombardment australian destroyer military conflict finally ended december tourist attractions international cultural festival bell tower japanese war cemetery confrontation memorial museum hills national park markets main economic activities town timber oil palm plantations farming history like borneo area control empire 15th century ceded gift helping forces civil war happened nautical charts evidence settlement east india company establish trading post borneo significant activity dutch east_coast netherlands formed treaty sultan assured dutch control area dutch began operate sultan married son daughter sultan time dutch sphere influence reached controlled area north overlapping area controlled sultan sold southern land bounded river austro hungarian consul baron von later tried sell territory german empire austria-hungary kingdom italy use colony failed leaving alfred manage establishing british north borneo chartered company negotiated 1880s dutch definition boundary area conferred sultan area dutch claimed sultan settle dispute arising unknown exact location real border territory held january final agreement reached line north latitude central division island early 1890s approximately people lived settlement immigrants fled dutch spanish rule settlement renamed fled dutch continued trading dutch british vessel sailed cargo trade british built settlement later grew rapidly sponsored migration chinese december world war japanese invasion borneo began landing japanese moved coastline borneo oil fields life continued usual january japanese sighted district officer cole adams assistant expecting attack shipyard instead arrested japanese allies began japanese bombing april massive air strikes town concentrating port facilities largest attacks bombers bombed completely razed ground surrender 37th japanese army lieutenant general mid september australian soldiers command col england marched japanese bases total japanese soldiers battalion major taken prisoners war transferred end war town largely destroyed bombing fire bell tower intact pre war structure quickly recovered shops destroyed report british north borneo annual report wrote pre war economy largely end months post war british rebuilt shops commercial buildings july subsidies purchase rice flour introduced indonesian confrontation exposed location near international border indonesia main point conflict confrontation preparation impending conflict stationed town units including british special boat section captain mitchell australian river class destroyer escorts stationed bay squadron sabre aircraft flew daily october indonesia moved battalion opened training camps near border eastern north october december seven border resulting deaths december indonesian bomber flew bay bombed town twice mid december indonesian sent commando unit consisting volunteers regular soldiers aim invade december indonesian unit attacked 3rd royal regiment unit managed throw grenades totally unprepared regiment sleeping quarters attack resulted soldiers killed nineteen wounded malaysian armed police eventually drove attackers north hour battle situation remained tense group detained trying poison water supply town bombing attempt cinema end january night time imposed prevent attackers contacting approximate living end february indonesian volunteers killed captured successfully retreated indonesia remained large june attempt indonesian troops invade eastern repelled heavy bombardment australian destroyer august unknown attempt blow high tension electricity september logging truck destroyed land confrontation largely ended august december complete government international relations indonesia town twin town arrangements china indonesia members parliament mps representing parliamentary district area represented members state legislative assembly representing districts town administered municipal council president municipal council serving years area jurisdiction district km2 town area km2 surrounding populated area hectares km2 rural land hectares km2 adjacent sea area security today districts involved eastern sea enforced july malaysian government attacks militant groups southern philippines geography south east_coast surround sea east sea south shares border east north town approximately kilometres malaysia capital kilometres south east main town area divided sections named old plaza commercial area original area surrounding high hills mountainous climate tropical climate climate classification climate relatively hot wet average shade temperature noon falling night town sees precipitation year tendency november december january months february march months mean rainfall varies ethnicity religion malaysian census report indicates municipality area total population town population today mixture different races non malaysian citizens form majority town population people malaysian citizens area reported divided racially divided ethnic people minorities people sub ethnic group chinese indian non citizens non malaysian citizens indonesia malaysian chinese like places arrived british rule ended original settlements road originally agricultural field muslims mainly practice christianity muslim malaysian chinese mainly christians small number town majority non citizens muslims christian indonesian mainly ethnic arrived 1950s small number town mainly working shop restaurant owners non citizens work live plantation industry workers malaysian citizens live proper documentation illegal immigrants town unlawful settlement languages people mainly speak distinct language different language west_coast resembles language influenced indonesian language spoken chinese chinese chinese widely spoken east_coast language similarities language philippines borrowed words language language east_coast different west_coast language influenced languages economy timber processing plants number port major export import gateway timber especially north trade east north creation trade association bats association handles cash based trade raw materials indonesia recent years timber industry timber british rule ended exports traditionally tobacco birds nests harvested caves community producers malaysia world ivory coast indonesia town capital malaysia production concentrated interior north town palm oil production concentrated roads palm oil large agriculture sector main income producer town like people relied sea day hundreds deep sea seen bay sea trade economy marine zone marine zones west_coast great variety high grade fishes kinds crustaceans found abundance sea waterways farming largest sea economic source district oldest largest farm located area frozen shrimp processing plants transportation town roads state roads constructed maintained state public works department program began upgrade towns roads increase public parking major internal roads dual highway route connects pan borneo highway regular bus services operate town town long distance short distance local bus stations long distance services connect short distance services connect destinations including airport code second largest airport province flights linking town domestic destinations destinations airport include flights connect airport smaller towns rural areas east malaysia internationally international airport indonesia airport opened handled million passengers annually prior area served old airport north street airport opened small aircraft runway widened 1980s allowing operate boeing fatal accident malaysia flight crashed pilot error landing leading fatalities crashed takeoff boeing runway causing fatalities airport closed new airport opened daily ferry service northeastern town sea port route smuggling goods town certain parts indonesia especially southern indonesian area highly dependent near international border choose seek medical treatment town lower cost better facilities compared indonesian towns public services court complex street contains high_court sessions court magistrate court court located street district police headquarters street police station sited district including wallace bay police found hill areas prison town centre public hospital public health child mother health seven village mobile clinic hospital street town main hospital important healthcare facility patients indonesian patients near border area frequently visit hospital specialist walk healthcare clinic sees patients surrounding areas patients neighbouring philippines indonesia range medical specialists medical laboratory services hospital undergone series construction specialist central sterile services department new operation theatres regional library regional libraries libraries operated state library department schools colleges universities private libraries government state schools town secondary schools include town private schools called chinese high school vision secondary school level education centres state institute science management teacher training college called teacher training institute found town education town community college campuses universities open university malaysia culture leisure international cultural festival annual event held promoted potential attract tourists bell tower town park built japanese shortly world war mark close allied relations japan great_britain historical attractions include japanese war cemetery confrontation memorial public service memorial twin town memorial production centres malaysia museum important historical attractions town founded 1970s varieties products including chocolate jam hot sold museum nearby conservation areas areas set aside leisure hills national park picnic areas vast camping site kilometres miles accessible road known fat hill approximately metre hill town square kilometre forest reserve declared forest reserve harbour transit point islands near town including indonesian islands including southern main shopping area eastern plaza located mile street built completed opened complex levels car parking covered surface parking bays plaza opened january known shopping centre built market runs alongside street market established expanded house stalls known largest indoor market malaysia town sport complex tennis basketball courts hockey football youth sports minister announced formation national sports institute isn sports satellite centre completed cross border sporting event held town indonesia proposed repeated annually strengthen ties towns notable residents political soon malaysian politician entertainment amber malaysian model pete malaysian singer songwriter musician film producer music producer actor sports muhammad malaysian football player malaysian football player malaysian football player malaysian cricket player malaysian football player literature making tropical community publications isbn


district district administrative unit indian state west northernmost district division administrative divisions west district headquarters districts state lie western border district border directions covered districts west called land red soil noted topography cultural heritage unique somewhat different districts west western region plateau region gradually merges fertile east district saw cultural religious movements history university established places internationally renowned festivals celebrated culturally rich district including notable primarily agricultural district population dependent agriculture principal industries district include cotton silk harvesting weaving rice harvesting stone mining pottery manufacture thermal power station heavy industry district etymology comes probably term land brave theory says district bears kings ruled area language means forests mean land forests geography situated right cancer north latitude east square kilometres area district triangular river forms southern base apex triangle points north river forms boundary districts state northern western border east geographically area lies northeastern end plateau slopes merges plains western portion district historically known generally barren comparatively fertile eastern portion northeastern region merges plain included region rest called differentiate climate climate western dry extreme relatively eastern summer temperature shoot winters drop rainfall higher western areas compared eastern areas annual average rainfall millimetres millimetres monsoon months june october climate rainfall chart district rivers rivers flow etc project includes barrage near provides irrigation square kilometres rivers originate higher plateau flow west east direction rivers furious shrink dry summer months rotation drought floods rivers destroy lives property adds difficulties life district history area known inhabited pre historic times archaeological sites related remains located stone age found places district according old book 24th great land referred country probably 5th century according historians spread buddhism region process area based buddhist text sur probably traversed area region empire later included imperial empire region ruled till 12th century area passed hands rule dynasty buddhism particularly cult flourished 7th century chinese traveller described monasteries visited medieval age 13th century witnessed advent muslim rule region control western parts district appears nominal area ruled local hindu chiefs known towns contain relics kingdoms ruled parts meaning kingdoms author mentions headquarters wing muslim rule important frontier post location identified falls mythology forests west hot spots hindu activities authors called relates heritage including established temples rituals worship near famous popularly known modern era time british east india company administrative unit formed district official district established district bigger till included district till mutiny district west immediate reason separating western tribal majority areas rebellion remembered uprising economy primarily agricultural district people dependent agriculture km2 land occupied forests km2 land agricultural purposes population live villages total farmers holding hectares land marginal farmers holding hectares altogether small farmers holding hectares altogether semi medium farmers holding hectares altogether medium farmers holding altogether large farmers holding hectares land average size land holding farmer hectares people work agricultural labourers major crops produced district include rice wheat corn potatoes sugar cane district thirteen cold land irrigation facilities totalled km2 providing irrigation support canada dam river lies close border district barrage major centre cottage industries notable cottage industry non profit rural organization named main industries agriculture based industries forestry arts crafts noted dairy industry forestry centre notable forms cottage industries include textile especially cotton locally harvested silk works weaving threads leather pottery bamboo cane craft metal works tribal crafts small medium scale industries principal industries district include cotton silk harvesting weaving rice harvesting pottery manufacture thermal power station construction heavy industry district known business capital economically important town major centre export import cottage industries huge numbers businesses run town economy stands tall sales agricultural based products ministry named country backward districts total districts west currently receiving funds backward regions grant fund programme political administrative divisions district comprises subdivisions district headquarters police stations development blocks municipalities district municipality area subdivision contains community development turn divided rural areas census towns seven urban units municipalities census town latest urban units municipality district divided assembly reserved scheduled candidates elected assembly elections took place parliamentary assembly order commission respect west effective elections state west held february indian general election based newly formed parliamentary newly formed assembly representatives elections west order commission respect west district divided assembly reserved scheduled candidates assembly segments form constituency constituency contain assembly segments district transport highway runs district towns villages connected roads total length roads district surfaced total length rail track district including narrow gauge track laid loop eastern railway laid passes district junction connection district branch line connects main delhi main line demographics population rose according census data total population risen following table population distribution form population according census muslims population religious groups population according census population belong scheduled scheduled tribes speaking local dialect tribal tribal communities presence common according census district population roughly equal nation lithuania state connecticut gives ranking india total district population density inhabitants square kilometre population growth rate decade sex ratio females males literacy rate culture philosophy songs form notable representation folk culture district home folk culture groups numerous start follows month till particularly lively fair festivities organized seasons people folk entertainment programmes poets born district example addition confluence cultures villages observe prehistoric customs like worship means village means deity forms major attractions old temples ones delicate decorative tiles burnt clay personalities famous people lived worked specially nobel economist district home established great centre learning university recently believed birthplace 12th century sanskrit poet bank river birthplace 14th century poet famous pair founder religion born leading literary figures recent times wrote extensively life belongs justice president bangladesh chief election commissioner pakistan born district flora fauna eastern area rice plains west vegetation includes usual characteristics rice fields species similar aquatic genera drier western region district characteristic shrubs herbs include species similar plants grows soil palm bamboo common trees common species plants feral dogs domestic cattle frequently encountered non human long tailed grey prevalent plain wild wolves spotted small forests bears seen wild season trees bloom wild elephants come crops threatening life property birds include mix hilly plain land dwelling species like green water indian robin hawk indian roller migratory birds wildlife sanctuary near declared sanctuary economically important trees planted spotted deer variety water birds live km2 literacy education according census district literacy rate census literacy rate increased growth literacy decade twentieth century particularly remarkable special emphasis feared able fulfill national objective sending children age group years school efforts direction district libraries supported government private library district library sports popular outdoor sports villages literal meaning ball stick recent times cricket replaced popularity sport played outdoors indoors popular children involves projecting fingers hit ensemble black green glass addition cricket popular outdoor sports district football


known city indian state administrative headquarters district populous district state seventh populous city state fifteenth northern india thirty sixth india estimated population million city million metropolitan region ranked world fastest growing city ranked city state ninth country city original place offerings comes position confluence mythical rivers second oldest city india plays central role hindu scriptures originally called separate district rulers developed capital political cultural administrative centre region emperor renamed british changed seat ceded conquered provinces region capital moved capital north western provinces capital india day city capital united provinces remained forefront national importance struggle indian independence located southern city metropolitan area covers km2 miles city surrounding area governed municipalities large portion district governed city_council city home colleges research institutions central state government offices hosted cultural sporting events including marathon city economy built tourism income derives real estate financial services history city earlier known commonly existed period mentioned location hindu creator universe attended ritual sacrifice excavations revealed northern black polished dating bce record left conquered region sons founded main tribes lord protagonist spent time sage travelling nearby settled called important territory rulers near present day delhi established town near shifted capital destroyed floods region includes controlled succession area east empire west governed 15th century city site incursions india british established garrison fort delhi annexed later took slave rulers delhi rose prominence provincial capital empire reign built fort banks renamed settlement persian place god unique associated reign found large jade british museum collection forces emperor lost battle british followed treaty british establish direct rule saw strategic position established garrison fort ceded city british east india company gradually rest adjoining western region west including delhi came british rule northwestern area new presidency north western provinces capital important state city governmental seat province high_court established year later moved participant indian mutiny ali banner revolt rebellion number european troops scene massacre mutiny british established high_court police headquarters public service commission making city administrative centre truncated delhi region state merging moving capital north western provinces remained years january earl canning departed calcutta year read queen_victoria proclamation transferring control india east india company british crown beginning british park provinces merged form united provinces capital session indian national congress held city turn 20th century revolutionary centre household bomb european club alfred park died surrounded british police family homes centres indian national congress activity years independence home thousands led das seeds pakistani nation december muhammad presidential address india muslim league proposed separate muslim state muslim majority regions india known city prime ministers seven prime ministers india independence connections seven leaders born alumni university elected constituency geography old city south junction railway station consists like north railway station new city consists like civil lines georgetown relatively new built british rule civil lines central business district city famous urban setting plan roads high rise buildings built largest town planning project carried india establishment new delhi buildings featuring islamic architecture buildings colonial period declared heritage structures deteriorating famous landmarks city museum new bridge university saints cathedral alfred park etc topography south eastern confluence region known antiquity country southwest east southeast north northeast west lower city divided railway line running east west south railway old area british built civil lines north geographically culturally strategically located geographically mouth culturally terminus indian west indian standard time near city according united_nations development programme report low damage risk wind cyclone zone common rest soil water primarily north city east south west climate humid subtropical climate common cities plains north india designated climate classification annual mean temperature monthly mean temperatures seasons hot dry summer cool dry winter hot humid monsoon summer lasts march september daily highs reaching dry summer march hot extremely humid monsoon season june september monsoon begins june lasts till august high humidity levels prevail september winter runs december february temperatures rarely dropping freezing point daily average maximum temperature minimum receives snow experiences dense winter fog numerous wood fires coal fires open burning rubbish resulting substantial traffic travel delays city receive snow highest recorded temperature lowest rain bay arabian sea branches southwest monsoon falls june september supplying city annual rainfall highest monthly rainfall total occurs august city receives hours sunshine year maximum sunlight biodiversity western plain region including responsible city unique flora fauna arrival humans nearly half city extinct endangered range severely reduced associated changes habitat introduction reptiles snakes mammals led extinction bird species including large birds eagles museum national museums india documenting flora fauna common birds found city black house blue ducks large numbers deer found trans area animals state include reptiles winter large numbers birds reported nearby wetlands demographics census reported population provisional data suggest density people km2 compared natives form majority population sex ratio males child sex ratio girls boys literacy rate percent close india average percent highest region male literacy percent female literacy percent major indian cities reported greatest number violations special local laws national crime records bureau hindi official state language predominant language english particularly white collar workers spoken minority hindi dialect spoken common city spoken civic administration known prime minister capital india seven prime ministers india city city administered government agencies ann called municipal corporation oversees city civic infrastructure metropolitan region corporation originated municipal act passed government india divided member elected ward form municipal committee elect city mayor chief executive commissioner appointed state government city rapid growth created traffic congestion stress infrastructure challenged ann traffic addressed system way streets land expensive especially civil lines exceeding floors built party controls city non political titular head municipal functions conferences seat government home local governing agencies legislative assembly located high_court building police headed commissioner overseen ministry home affairs district representatives india lower house representatives state legislative assembly economy overall stable diverse economy comprising sectors state central government offices education research institutions real estate retail banking tourism agriculture based industries railways transport logistics miscellaneous service sectors manufacturing average household income city construction sector major economy secondary manufacturers services registered according india census small scale industries small scale industries city integrated industrial township proposed acres dedicated freight corridor corporation india city home glass wire based industry main industrial areas public private sector companies offices factories petroleum corporation limited india largest oil company state owned constructing seven million tonnes capacity investment estimated billion bank began operations pumps company headquarters city major companies city reliance industries limited medical food corporation india sheet glass electric india ltd power ltd steel authority india technologies indian farmers cooperative laboratories industries cable indian oil corporation ltd laboratories city headquarters central organisation railway electrification primary economic sectors district tourism fishing agriculture city hub india agricultural industry case agriculture crops largest share followed declining order season wheat pre dominant followed crops area pure farming grown mainly mixed crop dominates scenario district mainly grown area case largest area followed fairly good culture tourism literary artistic heritage capital united provinces known called literary capital attracting visitors east asia chinese travellers found city fifth seventh centuries respectively number foreign tourists consisted visiting city subsequently increased city tradition political graffiti includes hindi monthly magazine india started modern hindi literature remained editors built 1930s new home family local indian national congress headquarters memorabilia family 19th 20th centuries hindi literature authors noted poet better known received awards publication centre hindi literature including persian literature studied city noted modern poet hail english author nobel assistant editor overseas correspondent pioneer hindu women traditionally worn western attire gaining acceptance younger women western dress worn men seen festivals formal male worn occasions celebrated festival light mid october mid december decorations light banks popular festivals noted historic cultural religious tourism historic sites include alfred park victoria memorials park fort pillar religious attractions include sacred saints cathedral city hosts largest religious gathering world years half years cultural attractions include museum university north central zone culture center ministry culture india nationally renowned centres arts dance music local folk dance music plays theatre etc upcoming artists city hosted international film festival infrastructure transportation served airport began operations february airport kilometres city centre lies air india jet connect delhi mumbai nearby airports operating direct fights airport junction main railway junctions northern india headquarters north central railway zone major railway stations station city station station junction city connected cities major indian cities new delhi mumbai auto popular mode transportation introduced quickly spread city renowned taxi firms like etc operating city making transportation city free convenient cycle economical means transportation buses operated state road transport corporation important means public transport metro national highway runs city centre india longest cable stayed bridge new bridge built located connects city suburb old bridge railway auto traffic road bridge connects national longest india connects project covering entire metropolitan region underway decision develop smart city stress laid transportation facilities city utilities city generates domestic solid everyday capita generation waste day sewer service areas divided zones city municipal corporation oversees solid waste management project city pre paid meters electricity bill city equipped major crossings markets education educational system distinct cities emphasis broad education board high school intermediate education world biggest examining body headquartered city english language instruction private schools government schools colleges offer hindi english medium education schools follow plan completing secondary education students typically higher secondary schools affiliated board high school intermediate education focus liberal arts business science programs available attracts students india city central university deemed universities open university university founded oldest university state national institute technology noted technical institution sam institute agriculture technology sciences grade deemed university global standards notable schools include indian institute information technology medical college christian college research institute social science institute institute engineering rural technology academics artists born worked studied include mathematician electrical engineer poet novelist julia philanthropist actor nobel lieutenant general musicians sports cricket field hockey popular sports played rural areas near city cricket known street cricket popular city youth sports complexes amateur professional athletes include stadium sports complex boys high school college gymnasium international level swimming complex georgetown national sports academy trains commonwealth games marathon honours late prime minister media hindi language newspapers include daily_news activist leader northern india pioneer english language newspapers published city include times_of_india times hindu indian express asian age newspapers available india radio national state owned radio broadcaster radio stations city stations including air stations big red city regional channels accessible cable subscription direct broadcast satellite service internet based television


town municipality district indian state tamil administrative headquarters district town traditional capitals empire emperors dynasty having capital town believed significant antiquity ruled different times medieval later later empire british town known temple annual festival held month april temple temple weighing tonnes measuring feet tall largest temple tamil birthplace popularly known trinity music 18th century district till district headquarters district carved district river passes centre town covers area km2 population administered grade municipality town delta region agriculture major occupation roadways major means transportation total district roads including national highways passing town etymology historic town finds mention 7th century canonical work term added temple cities revered verses case meaning holy place town referred presence tank temple deity british town termed district municipality websites district spelling town history folk legend mentioned capital town legendary king killed son provide justice cow commonly metaphor justice tamil literature tamil culture traditional capitals empire history town revolves temple mentioned canonical work foremost saints 7th 8th century classified mentions traditions temple like granite structure temple constructed 9th century revamped reign temple upgraded rebuilt stone temple inscriptions emperors later temple believed inspiration build temple world heritage site inscriptions temple indicate capital town emerged centre fall reign 13th century town caught power struggle royal patronage continued town flourished cultural centre rule kings period town temporary home temple town briefly captured french troops led temple failed attempt discover hidden treasure attempt temple suspected spies british killed encounter province annexed british failed attempt french attack king independence continued district district till respectively headquarters district carved district geography located town bounded river north river south river flows centre town average elevation metres sea level municipality covers area km2 situated distance town district receives annual rainfall millimetres town experiences tropical climate summer march proximity sea results high humidity year peaks august town plain terrain soil consisting sand clay tributaries river major water bodies town surface water canals contribute irrigation rest accounted dug wells tube wells major crop black green ground demographics population town stood according census population sex ratio females males national average total age males females scheduled scheduled tribes accounted population respectively average literacy town compared national average town total households total workers comprising main agricultural labourers house hold industries workers marginal workers marginal marginal agricultural labourers marginal workers household industries marginal workers religious census muslims christians following religions following religion indicate religious preference population growth rate higher decade increased provision social economic recreational facilities caused rural population migrate urban areas overall growth rate declined decades poor returns agriculture increased migration agricultural labourers urban centres population density town high centre low peripheral regions town employed people involved primary like agriculture secondary related industries agricultural trading tourism population town involved agriculture involved trading activities survey conducted tamil urban town planning department identified town total population town economy lies river basin main occupation inhabitants town surrounding regions agriculture workforce involved agriculture rest agricultural labourers cultivated seasons june august august january january march daily wages agricultural labourers rates fixed tamil government decline number days work income levels lower male labourers employed days year female labourers days government report numbers days respectively working days labourers migrate states like shift like construction industry urban centres textile industry district industrial estates town district government proposal formulated develop village modern agricultural tools like replaced labourers reduce profit margin small labourers operative societies acquire farm products district purchasing centre operated government tamil major agricultural town predominant industries agriculture based like modern rice palm oil live stock based tamil civil supplies corporation operating modern rice mill south india edible oil involved oil large scale industries town small service enterprises involved automobile hotels hospitals boat repairing repairing weekly market daily market maintained municipality vegetables fish sold banks state bank india indian bank central bank india national bank indian overseas bank private banks like bank city union bank branches operative bank operative bank primary agriculture bank cooperative banks branches town banks automated machines located parts town transport municipality roads roads metal roads cement roads highways connected national highways connected major towns tamil state highways tamil state transport corporation operates close daily services connecting cities buses operated corporation corporation operates reservation centre municipal bus stand town operates town buses satisfying local transport needs neighbouring villages state express transport corporation operates long distance buses connecting town railway junction way junction connecting west north east south gauge conversion completed august inaugural train ran passenger trains gauge conversion progress partial segment connecting daily express train trains operated times week pass nearest airport airport located town education utility services lower literacy rate compared state government high schools total schools town central university tamil established act parliament provides collegiate education fields arts science arts science colleges teacher training institute colleges industrial training town electricity supply regulated distributed circle tamil electricity board water supply provided municipality river distribution water tanks located street street weekly having total capacity gal solid waste collected town everyday domestic commercial municipality implementing underground drainage current system disposal tanks public drains carry sewage town let raw sea low lying area comes circle limited india state owned internet services provider apart provides internet service government hospitals town largest district headquarters government hospital private hospitals numerous medical shops catering healthcare need town municipal administration politics headquarters declared grade municipality rule british promoted grade municipality municipality elected municipality seven revenue villages south north functions municipality departments general administration personnel engineering revenue health town planning information technology departments control municipal commissioner executive head legislative powers body members legislative body headed elected assisted deputy district created january town district headquarters comes assembly constituency member tamil legislative assembly years till constituency reserved scheduled candidates elections assembly seat won times elections communist_party india times elections current constituency chief minister leader constituency following assembly current member parliament constituency parliament seat held indian national congress times won seat times elections won times elections won seat times law order town maintained sub division tamil police headed deputy superintendent police stations town women police station special units like prohibition enforcement district crime social justice human rights district crime records special branch operate district level police division headed superintendent police culture temple ancient temple dedicated aspect iconic form believed spread widely 10th century period coinciding reign temple complex spanning area acres dedicated numerous deities believed arisen trumpet flower temple tank covers acres making largest country temple largest kind tamil believed performed similar performed temple pilgrims holy dip tank hindu occasions like eclipse temple classified meaning seven temples having unique dance moves inscriptions refer believed emerged 16th century music dance literature historically centre eminent people religion arts science 8th century saint mentions slave born works tradition born 12th century canonical chapter born including saints town traditional centre music dance inscriptions associates large body dancers associated temple home trinity music sung temple deities temple large influx south indian culture town 17th century political unrest increased patronage kings resulting developments music dance unique musical instrument called ends differently temple type pipe instrument called unique instrument found festival enlarged temple ritual festivals followed modern times annual festival temple celebrated april tamil month largest kind tamil weighing height feet comes main streets surrounding temple festival event attended people tamil festival followed meaning float festival music festival celebrated year large audience town parks park road municipal park prominent


village thai known thai thai highlands mountain range district province northernmost province thailand area alpine like landscape climate known hill tribe villages tea plantations cherry early history centered golden triangle trade distinctive population lost army republic china army division involved conclusion chinese civil war remnants anti communist forces refused surrender including regiment division regiment division led general troops fought way south western china soldiers lived burma army grew returned taiwan international pressure remaining troops led known sought asylum later exchange asylum fought thailand helping counter communist thai frontier reward thai government granted citizenship soldiers families cash crops especially tea replaced growing today tourist attraction known little switzerland history origins community end chinese civil war october communist_party victory china defeated armies led retreated taiwan 3rd 5th regiments division refused surrender fighting communist troops continued remote parts china including south west communists marched provincial capital january troops 3rd 5th regiments commanded respectively generals lee fought way escaped burma soldiers war end long march burma state soon discovered foreign army camped soil launched offensive fighting continued years thousand soldiers eventually evacuated taiwan china entered korean war central intelligence agency cia desperate need intelligence china agency turned generals agreed slip soldiers china intelligence gathering missions return agency offered arms equip generals retake china bases state army tried fewer seven times invade repeatedly driven state ending korean war end fight communist chinese armies continued years supported washington taiwan subsequently funded involvement golden triangle drug trade refuge thailand led battle weary troops burma mountainous sanctuary thailand exchange asylum thai government allowed stay understanding assist area communist result village inhabitants today ethnic chinese direct descendants soldiers time general lee 3rd regiment established headquarters north west army renamed chinese irregular forces placed directly control special task force code named commanded soldiers reached china thailand struck agreement transfer administration group thai government provincial governor southern thailand reassigned governor oversee division taking position killed communist insurgents soon division ordered assist thai government counter advancing armies thailand northern borders internal threat communist_party thailand fierce battles fought mountains communist uprising successfully countered operation launched december year long campaign claimed lives soldiers able arms discharged settle normal life reward service thai government gave citizenship soldiers families despite thai government attempts integrate division families thai nation inhabitants preferred years engage illegal trade alongside drug united army said interview british journalist continue fight evil communism fight army army guns buy guns money mountains money according cia report largest heroin south east asia late 1980s army finally routed pushed border thai military thai government able region involved crop plans giving area new meaning hill peace introduced thai government effort area image established zone king members royal family regular visits sign support old soldiers fought country thailand today late mid-1970s strictly limits outsiders unique history developed tourist attraction narrow winding streets lined shops result thailand destinations today soldiers settled having married ethnic chinese crossed border fighting stopped having married local old soldiers carry normal lives peacefully retain chinese identity main language spoken remains local born descendants adopted thai identity longer identify chinese ancestry general aged right hand man leader group taking leadership death crop programs successfully encouraged cultivation tea coffee corn fruit trees replacing previously grown new fruit tea factories set followed production facilities fruit chinese herbs particularly popular tourists china taiwan ethnic chinese communities south east asia chosen filming location subplot film narrative supposed set rural southern province director stated difficulties obtaining permission censorship authority resulted decision shoot segment instead segment stars heavily pregnant blood merchant depicts blood selling scandals china hundreds thousands people rural poor contracted hiv government sponsored campaigns increase blood supplies traditional costume people features heavily segment blood selling scandals impacted rural villagers province geography climate village district thailand province kilometres highest peak range mountains elevation metres sea level alpine like climate crisp cool air year round winter months november february accessible routes route ban route south paved accessible pack horses regular services running available long home hill tribes karen originated southern china tribe language follows customs practices living native inhabitants ethnic chinese form majority estimated population landmarks attractions noted high mountain high grade traditional chinese tea makes tea production province produces tonnes long tons short tons tea year combination climate soil conditions ideal growing high quality black dragon chinese cultivated elevations ranging metres selected tourism sports ministry product tourism village recognition fine tea goals stimulate economy increase number tourists develop thailand products services experts work alongside local farmers tea processing plants produce quality tea local export markets number tea plantations village increased significantly mid-1990s includes choke tea tan tea december january year hosts annual cherry festival organised nok administration organisation association district festival celebrates culture hill tribe people area includes sale light sound parade tribes people beauty contest general died buried like tomb reached metre climb view village memorial soldiers died fight communism memorial museum wooden panels bear names dead set altar main building constructed style large chinese shrine like national revolutionary shrine museum features exhibits describing struggles soldiers development valley built hill near village honour late princess mother excellent view frontier area limits control


major city cultural headquarters state tamil southern india administrative headquarters district 31st largest urban india largest city area largest city population tamil located banks river major settlement oldest continuously inhabited cities world closely associated tamil language tamil major congregation tamil scholars said held city recorded history city goes 3rd century bce mentioned greek ambassador india minister emperor signs human settlements roman trade links dating evident excavations survey india city believed significant antiquity ruled different times empire kingdom british city number historical monuments temple palace prominent important industrial educational hub south tamil city home automobile rubber chemical granite manufacturing industries developed second tier city information technology software companies opened offices tamil government planned satellite town near important government educational like medical college medical college law college agricultural college research institute city administered municipal corporation established municipal corporation act second corporation tamil corporation city covers area km2 population city seat bench madras high_court courts outside state capitals india etymology city referred names including word derived sweetness arising divine city hindu god hair theory derivative word refers type landscape age town neighbouring district called north district called different names city referred historically listed 7th century poem written means assembly congregation scholarly people referring tamil held meaning junction towers refers major temples known 8th century tamil compositions prominent address city 2nd century bce tamil inscription refers city old tamil word meaning walled city derived older source history inhabited 3rd century bce visited 3rd century bce city referred accounts view contested scholars believe refers north indian city large established city empire mentioned bce literature like records importance capital city dynasty mentioned works roman historians younger greek bce sea age present day tamil including came rule dynasty ousted dynasty early 9th century city remained control early 13th century second empire established capital death came rule delhi delhi functioned independent kingdom gradual annexation empire independent rule ended repeatedly captured times khan middle 18th century came direct control british east india company annexed madras presidency british government donations temple participated hindu festivals early rule city evolved political industrial complex 19th 20th centuries district headquarters larger district fortifications temple demolished british moat drained debris construct new streets streets city constituted municipality british government faced initial earlier period establishment municipality land ceiling tax collection districts direct administration officers government city district subsequently municipalities constituted districts boards set local administration police stations established city housing headquarters district superintendent pre eminent leader indian nationalism british ruled india adopted cloth mode dress seeing agricultural labourers wearing leaders independence movement included temple entry authorization act passed government madras presidency removed restrictions prohibiting entering hindu temples temple entry movement led temple independence activist architecture built temple acted geographic ritual centre ancient city city divided number concentric streets temple king redesigned city accordance principles laid sanskrit meaning rules architecture related urban planning squares retain traditional names streets corresponding tamil month names festivals associated temple outer temple streets accommodate festival calendar dramatic varying distances centre temple progressively larger size based size concentric streets ancient tamil classics record temple centre city surrounding streets appearing lotus city axes aligned quarters compass temple provided access wealthy higher society placed streets close temple placed fringe streets advent british rule 19th century headquarters large colonial political complex industrial town social classes unified geography climate located average elevation metres city lies flat fertile plain river runs northwest southeast direction city dividing equal halves hills lie north west land utilised largely agricultural activity fostered dam lies southeast western surrounding region occupies plains south india contains mountain spurs soil type central predominantly clay red black cotton types widely prevalent outer fringes city major crop followed oil seed cotton municipal corporation area km2 hot dry months year cold winds experienced february march neighbouring hottest months march july city experiences moderate climate august october tempered heavy rain slightly cooler climate november february fog rare occurring winter season mountains sea experiences similar monsoon pattern northeast monsoon southwest monsoon providing rain october december average annual rainfall district temperatures summer generally reach maximum minimum temperatures uncommon winter temperatures range study based data available indian meteorological department period years indicate rising trend atmospheric temperature city attributed growth vehicles industrial activity maximum temperature decade recorded demographics according census based expansion limits area covered municipal corporation population sex ratio females males national average total age males females scheduled scheduled tribes accounted population respectively average literacy city compared national average total workers comprising main agricultural labourers house hold industries workers marginal workers marginal marginal agricultural labourers marginal workers household industries marginal workers metropolitan area urban population metropolitan area constitutes largest metropolitan area tamil 31st india according religious census muslims christians tamil spoken standard dialect tamil dialect mother tongue migrated 16th century roman catholics affiliated roman catholic diocese affiliated diocese church south india comprise cent total population higher national average cent increase growth rate cent city upgrade municipal corporation subsequent inclusion corporation limits decline population growth rate district subsequently city district compounded annual growth rate dropped cent cent administration politics municipality constituted november town improvement act municipality headed elections regularly conducted post period elections held violent early years independent india municipality dominated indian national congress upgraded municipal corporation city municipal corporation act second oldest municipal corporation tamil functions municipality departments general engineering revenue public health town planning computer wing departments control municipal commissioner supreme executive head legislative powers body members legislative body headed elected mayor assisted deputy mayor corporation received awards implementing development works city represented tamil legislative assembly elected members east west north central south constituency member lower house parliament india years parliament seat held indian national congress seven times elections communist_party india won seat times general elections communist_party india tamil congress party india anna won law order enforced tamil police administrative purposes constituted city separate district district divided sub divisions anna town total police stations city police force headed commissioner police assisted deputy commissioners enforcement law order suburban areas handled district police crime rate city people accounting cent crimes reported major cities india ranked 19th major cities india recorded second highest special local laws crimes cities tamil second lowest crime rate cities tamil city seat bench madras high_court outside state capitals india started functioning july transport road national highways pass state highways passing city connect parts district seven circles tamil state highway network headquarters tamil state transport corporation provides local inter city bus transport districts bus bus terminus inter city buses bus stand city buses registered wheeled vehicles called auto commercially available renting city addition government operated city buses registered private mini buses support local transportation rail junction major railway station serving city important railway junction southern tamil booking stations indian railways headquarters division southern railway direct trains connecting major cities towns india state government announced rail project planning stages sub urban railway stations serving city air airfield royal_air_force world war passenger flight friendship aircraft madras airport established located kilometres city airport declared customs airport allowing limited number international flights offers domestic flight services cities india international services busiest airport state tamil carriers operating airport air india jet air airport handled passengers april march airport identified non metro airports new integrated terminal building inaugurated september international flight services extended education academic centre learning tamil culture literature art music dance centuries assemblies tamil language tamil 3rd century bce 3rd century held tamil poets different participated assemblies compositions referred literature tamil comparative merit poets decided letting works float lotus tank temple believed divine force cause work superior merit float surface inferior ones sink american college oldest college established american christian missionaries lady college established oldest women college college established college established college established board college established oldest educational institutions city university originally called university established state run university affiliated arts science colleges neighbouring districts approved institutions university city consisting autonomous colleges aided colleges self financing colleges constituent colleges evening colleges approved institutions seven schools industrial training government government women prominent government medical medical college medical college seven engineering colleges affiliated anna university college engineering oldest law college established seven government law colleges state administered tamil government department legal studies affiliated tamil law university teacher training music colleges management arts sciences colleges agricultural college research institute started state government provides agricultural education southern districts tamil total primary secondary higher secondary schools city economy traditionally society rice main crop cotton crop cultivation regions black soil district introduced rule 16th century increase revenue agriculture fields cultivated delta north known double crop belts farmers district supplement income subsidiary like dairy farming farming pottery brick making mat weaving famed plantations called primarily carried foothills hills traded morning flower market average farmers sell flowers daily flower market advent small scale industries increased employment sector district persons rubber growing areas south india rubber based industries gloves sporting goods utility products automobile rubber components produced items industries automobile manufacturers major consumers rubber components produced city numerous textile granite chemical industries operating promoted second tier city software companies opened offices software technology parks india agency government india authorised companies receive benefits national information technology development program state government proposed based special economic zones fully occupied companies religious sites temple historic hindu temple located south river prominent landmarks city dedicated consort complex houses gateway towers ranging metres height tallest southern tower metres high golden main deities temple significant symbol mentioned antiquity tamil literature present structure built temple attracts average visitors day grows estimated sculptures temple list nominees world temple temple located city idols planet deities found temples celebrated temple kilometres northeast situated foothills deity believed brother presiding deity temple festival temples overlap festival hindu god located atop hill hill kilometres away hindu god said married temple visited tourist spots temple temple wide range hindu gods carved walls big mosque oldest islamic place worship city constructed supervision descendant islamic prophet muhammad located inside mosque came received piece land gift ruler 13th century construction mosque mosque located derived persian word grave graves delhi ruled shorter reign found located hill cemetery sultan ruler travelled india 12th century located mary cathedral seat roman catholic csi church south gate falling csi diocese headquarters csi christians city culture tourism entertainment popularly called meaning city sleeps account active night life city attracts large number tourists country abroad tourists visited including foreigners attracting medical tourism palace complex palace constructed style national monument maintained tamil archaeological department daily sound light organised department explains virtues king features palace palace renovated house memorial museum country includes apart blood stained worn assassinated visit martin king museum inspired lead peaceful protests discrimination park situated features lighting trees optical children park maintained municipal corporation situated museum grounds visitor average day holidays working days theme park situated main road race course stadium athletic stadium synthetic track swimming pool national meets held hosts international national level championships people celebrate numerous festivals including festival car festival annual day festival called festival celebrated april year attracts million visitors legend hindu god rode golden horse attend wedding cradle festival idols taken procession mirror chamber set rocking swing days festival celebrated september sacred games recited festival float festival celebrated moon day tamil month thai falls january february celebrate birth anniversary king decorated icons consort taken procession temple icons floated tank flowers lamps popular historical sport tamil festival harvest festival celebrated january bull event held villages surrounding people neighbouring villages open grounds watch man bull pitting strength event banned years following order supreme_court india festivals celebrated days islamic calendar year commemorate islamic saints consider important hub indian film industry film media utility services city hosts radio stations including state owned india radio private channels like hello radio hindu new indian express times_of_india principal english language daily newspapers editions chronicle printed city english language daily newspaper available city read tamil language daily morning newspapers include newspapers editions daily tamil evening newspapers like tamil published television broadcasting tamil started august direct home cable television services provided direct plus private service providers electricity supply city regulated distributed tamil electricity board city headquarters region suburbs forms metro electricity distribution circle divided divisions water supply provided city corporation overhead tanks power pumps period total litres water supplied connections households metric tonnes solid waste collected city day door door collection subsequent source segregation dumping carried department municipal corporation major channels linked corporation receive flood water primary secondary drains constructed dispose rain water sewer system established british cover core city area covers cent present city area expanded corporation plan national urban renewal mission covered cent households underground drainage system comes district limited india state owned internet services provider global system mobile communications code division multiple access mobile services available apart provides internet service line identification based internet service regional passport office opened december needs districts city served government hospital


town municipality district indian state tamil town known fire match printing industries industries employ people estimated turn billion million established 15th century reign king town empire ruled times later empire kingdom british major riot british took place dry weather making suitable dry crops like cotton temple prominent landmarks town constituency member legislative assembly years constituency member parliament locally administered special grade municipality covers area km2 roadways major mode transport town railroad population history established early 15th century king ruled southern region comprising modern day surroundings hindu legend wanted construct temple hindu god went bring iconic representation returning palace prized rested grove tree favourite tree cow carrying refused point king realised wishes different placed place cow halted place brought installed came known region 16th century independent empire rule ended repeatedly captured times khan middle 18th century came direct control british east india company annexed madras presidency 1800s aspiring business community established commercial base town end 19th century rapid rise business community pursuit higher social status caused resentment higher mutual confrontation reached peak leading series riots known riots total people killed houses big center city temple festival burnt riots eventually riots came end intervention military mid july municipality established india independence british continued municipality madras state later tamil state split linguistic lines renamed promoted second grade municipality grade selection grade special grade decades independence grew industrial town match printing industries incidents fire occurred factories geography located average elevation metres feet town located district south indian state tamil distance located east western west topography plain major geological formation notable mineral resources available town soil types black red cotton crops predominant poor ground water supply soil type experiences hot dry weather year temperature ranges maximum minimum like rest state april june hottest months december january receives rainfall average annually lesser state average south west monsoon onset june lasting august brings rainfall bulk rainfall received north east monsoon months october november december average humidity town varies municipality covers area km2 demographics according census population sex ratio females males national average total age males females scheduled scheduled tribes accounted population respectively average literacy town compared national average town total households total workers comprising main agricultural labourers house hold industries workers marginal workers marginal marginal agricultural labourers marginal workers household industries marginal workers religious census muslims christians following religions following religion indicate religious preference identified town total people resided population increased period high growth population period attributed high level period density population increased persons km2 persons km2 corridors registered increased commercial residential activity majority residents engaged secondary sector involving match works fireworks printing industry census pattern indicated increasing presence sector agricultural output town limited lack favourable geographical climatic conditions municipal administration politics municipality elected councillor functions municipality departments general administration personnel engineering revenue public health city planning information technology departments control municipal commissioner executive head legislative powers body members legislative body headed elected assisted deputy comes assembly constituency member tamil legislative assembly years elections india anna won assembly seat times elections tamil congress twice seat won party current constituency elections constituency held indian national congress independent elections elections town constituency held forward block party town constituency constituency won times times party inc communist_party india current member parliament constituency law order town maintained sub division tamil police headed deputy superintendent police stations town women police station special units like prohibition enforcement district crime social justice human rights district crime records special branch operate district level police division headed superintendent police education utility services government schools primary schools middle school high school higher secondary school private schools town engineering colleges town engineering college prominent arts science colleges colleges town electricity supply regulated distributed tamil electricity board town suburbs forms electricity distribution circle chief distribution engineer stationed regional headquarters water supply provided municipality river located parts town period total million litres water supplied everyday households town municipal data metric tonnes solid waste collected day door door collection subsequently source segregation dumping carried department municipality coverage solid waste management town municipality efficiency underground drainage system town system disposal tanks open drains public municipality maintained total storm water drains government hospital municipal health centres municipal home private hospitals care health care needs citizens municipality maintained total street lamps lamps mercury lamps tube lights high mast beam lamp municipality operates markets anna daily market municipal meat market cater needs town rural areas economy economy dependent major industries fire match manufacturing printing town registered printing industries match factories chemical factories seven factories flour mills rice oil mills town center manufacturing national level industry employed people private enterprises annual turnover billion million combined estimated turnover match making printing industry town billion million approximately matches produced india hot dry climate town match making industries raw materials industries earlier discontinued high power production cost source raw materials paper printing industry states town major producer diaries contributing total diaries produced india printing industry town initially utilized printing labels later evolved modern machinery grow printing hub industries suffered production loss power shortage escalating labor cost major issues fireworks industry child labour frequent accidents blast factory people killed injured july people killed fire accident unit police traced units irregularities led accident fire accident august seven people killed seriously injured similar fire accident blast private unit september killed people injured common reasons cited accidents inadequate training workers involved different stages production marketing items reasons found explosives raw material finished goods employment workers excess permitted strength child labour industries especially match making factories peak 1970s 1980s child work force age group total work force girls national child labour project estimated child labour match making industries children estimates indicated child labour belonging scheduled centuries cheap labour poverty lack farm produce stated main reason child labour employers preferred children ease management discipline lack labour unions children industries suffered neck disorders respiratory disorders exhaustion burn injuries water borne diseases exposure harmful chemicals work environment situation child labour came light accident bus transporting children central government appointed man committee reported child labour seriously impact economy region national policy child labour formulated central government august aiming rehabilitation children withdrawn factories union labour ministry initiated programme providing informal education free health care free lunch children working factories supreme_court india judgement ruled december indicating provisions preventing child labour like compensation child employed employment adult members family contribution corpus fund state government establishment child labour act till child labour conducted factories cases registered results indicated small child labour cottage house hold industries transportation municipality maintains road town concrete road road total state highways maintained state highways department major roads connect town bypass roads town major intersections located different parts major roads served town bus service provides town suburbs service operated private companies cater local transport needs town bus routes surrounding villages main bus stand covers area acres located heart town tamil state transport corporation operates daily services connecting cities state express transport corporation operates long distance buses connecting town important cities like major inter city bus routes town cities like industrial town significant truck transport trucks entering town loading unloading activities daily called common public transport system railway station located rail head connects tamil express connects directions express trains station passenger trains running culture temple prominent landmark tower temple breadth width height annual festivals celebrated deities april respectively celebrated days located road temple hindu temple dedicated attracting lot pilgrims falls located eastern slopes western popular picnic spot residents temple located away town attracts pilgrims southern tamil mosque mosque prominent town csi memorial church prominent church town indoor stadium road coaching center table tennis basketball major sporting venue district state national level championship matches held stadium