princess victoria princess victoria edinburgh november march child second daughter alfred duke grand maria russia granddaughter queen_victoria alexander russia born british princess victoria spent early life england lived malta years father serving royal_navy family moved victoria father reigning duke teens victoria fell love maternal cousin grand duke russia marriage cousins faith orthodox christianity discouraged romance instead family pressure victoria married paternal cousin louis grand duke following wishes shared grandmother queen_victoria marriage failure victoria royal families europe divorced husband couple child princess died fever victoria married grand duke formal approval britain king edward vii required royal marriages act defiance nicholas retaliation stripped offices honours initially couple russia daughters settled paris allowed visit russia moved russia nicholas recognized grand victoria fall russian monarchy escaped finland gave birth son exile lived years relatives germany late 1920s estate bought saint proclaimed emperor exile victoria supported husband claims victoria died suffering stroke visiting daughter maria early life victoria born november san palace malta second father stationed island officer royal_navy prince alfred duke edinburgh second son queen_victoria mother grand marie surviving daughter alexander russia marie british monarch styled royal princess victoria edinburgh family known time birth 10th line succession british throne princess christened january san_antonio palace royal_navy chaplain included paternal grandmother queen_victoria represented duke service malta returned england family lived years divided time park country home kent house residence london facing buckingham palace large estate acres near forest park children favorite residence january shortly princess victoria turned family left england father appointed commander chief mediterranean naval squadron based malta years family lived san palace malta victoria birthplace marriage parents unhappy duke prone drinking emotionally detached family victoria mother independent minded strict devoted mother important person children lives child victoria difficult temperament shy sensitive judgment sister marie passionate child misunderstood princess victoria talented drawing painting learned play piano particularly close marie sisters remain close lives contrasted appearance personality victoria dark moody marie blond easy going year younger victoria taller older youth son queen_victoria deceased prince consort albert victoria father prince alfred line succession sovereign german ruled albert elder brother death alfred heir older brother prince wales later edward vii deferred saxon succession rights favour younger brothers alfred family moved mother immediately began attempting daughters installing new buying plain clothing having confirmed german lutheran church previously raised children rebelled new restrictions eased victoria ties british royal family nonetheless emphasised served wedding prince george duke york princess mary teenage victoria tall dark girl violet eyes empress high spirits according observer victoria little chin conventionally beautiful opinion biographers good figure deep blue eyes dark victoria travelled mother funeral grand russia wife mother brother grand duke paul victoria met cousin grand duke deeply attracted victoria mother reluctant allow marry russian orthodox faith marriage cousins suspicious morality men teenage daughters impressed handsome cousins mother warned russian grand good husbands soon sister marie married crown prince ferdinand romania search suitable husband victoria visit grandmother queen_victoria castle autumn coincided visit cousin prince louis heir grand throne artistic fun loving got shared birthday queen observing keen grandchildren marry grand eventually victoria families pressure married april wedding large affair royal families europe attending including queen_victoria empress frederick kaiser prince wales victoria titled grand rhine wedding significant time official engagement future nicholas russia younger sister proclaimed victoria children daughter princess rhine nicknamed born march son born victoria proved incompatible victoria husband lack affection devoted attention daughter physically resembled mother preferred company father victoria victoria enjoyed entertaining frequently held house parties young friends rule thirty old royal house guests referred nicknames encouraged wished victoria cultivated friends progressive artists intellectuals enjoyed fun victoria cousin prince nicholas greece denmark remembered stay house party life victoria enthusiastic fulfilling public role avoided answering letters visits elderly relations company enjoy talked people official functions ignoring people higher standing found boring victoria duties provoked young couple loud physical fights volatile victoria shouted threw tea smashed china wall tossed arguments victoria sought relief love horses long countryside hard control stallion named russia coronation nicholas victoria affection enjoyed flirting balls celebrations marked coronation divorce marriage suffered blow victoria returned home visit sister queen marie romania reportedly caught bed male servant accusation public told niece boy safe stable hands kitchen help slept openly queen_victoria heard trouble marriage sir george refused consider permitting grandchildren divorce daughter efforts marriage failed queen_victoria died january significant opposition end marriage removed supreme_court dissolved marriage december resisted divorce came believe possible step absolute going leading life killing driving nearly mad wrote elder sister princess louis spirits laughing face ruin staring eyes misery tearing heart pieces struggle fruitless tried sake loved given long ago princess louis later wrote surprised divorce best success marriage failure heir characters noticed gradually drifting apart divorce reigning grand duke grand caused scandal royal circles europe nicholas wrote mother death better general disgrace divorce divorce victoria went live mother house french shared custody spent months year parent blamed victoria divorce victoria difficult time daughter wrote memoirs hid crying visit mother assured child mother loved responded mama says loves love remained silent didn correct child impression died age half fever november visit nicholas family polish hunting lodge doctor advised family child mother illness delayed sending telegram victoria received final telegram child death preparing travel poland funeral victoria removed order placed daughter coffin final gesture final break old home victoria divorce grand duke victoria seen subsequent visits russia discouraged parents trying close relationship grand maria told victoria mistress marry months later war broke russia japan senior member navy sent active service russo japanese war ship blown japanese entering port arthur survivors sent home recover finally allowed permission leave russia left victoria narrow escape death hardened determination marry victoria shadow death passed life new meaning wrote memoirs like daylight visible reach dream life cheat gone future lay couple married october simple ceremony victoria mother sister friend count attendance servants couple uncle grand duke russia invited told reason arrive ceremony nicholas responded marriage stripping imperial russian navy outraged sister law said receive victoria woman behaved couple retired paris purchased house lived income provided parents victoria matured entered decided convert russian orthodox church decision thrilled mother husband year children maria born named grandmother nicknamed second daughter born paris victoria hoped son disappointed girl named daughter father grand russia nicholas reinstated deaths russian imperial family promoted line succession russian throne victoria allowed russia victoria granted title grand couple arrived new grand enjoyed entertaining evening lavish balls attended cream saint_petersburg society victoria artistic talent applied home decoration elaborate residences arranged decorated rode enjoyed painting particularly victoria fit russian aristocracy circle mother law grand maria french frequently spoken high circles victoria completely mastered russian language cousin nicholas mother empress father relationship close warm keen auto couple took trips car favorite traveling baltic provinces victoria long russian winter short days traveled abroad frequently visiting sister marie romania mother south france victoria husband close relationship daughters maria family spending summer yacht gulf finland war broke war world war victoria worked red_cross nurse organized ambulance unit known efficiency victoria frequently visited near warsaw occasionally carried duties enemy fire poland assigned naval department admiral member staff grand duke nicholas commander chief russian army victoria shared relatives friendship believed healed son attacks prayers victoria told sister queen marie romania court looked sick man refusing doctor help murdered december victoria signed letter relatives asking grand duke russia implicated murder denied request twice war victoria visited romania sister marie queen aid war victims victoria returned saint_petersburg february appointed commander naval guards saint_petersburg family time publicly loyal victoria began meet private relatives discuss best way save monarchy revolution end february revolution nicholas forced political turmoil followed victoria wrote queen marie romania february home surrounded mob heart soul movement freedom time probably signs death warrant personally losing lives changed blow leading movement march revolution spread saint_petersburg period victoria years old discovered pregnant worried previous difficult led naval unit provisional government march obliged share headquarters new soviet swore loyalty leadership hoping restore order preserve monarchy action later provoked criticism members family viewed treason victoria supported husband felt right thing people wanted reform government forced resign command naval guards men remained faithful continued guard victoria palace street close despair victoria wrote sister marie romania pride hope money future dear past present left anxious safety victoria decided best thing leave russia chose finland best possible place territory russian_empire finland possessed government constitution way like russia time invited beautiful estate near small town south coast finland far away provisional government permitted leave allowed value family clothing hoping discovered authorities permitted board train incident week june exile weeks family moved rented house august victoria gave birth grand duke russia son heir dynasty family remained finland grand russian rule declared independence december hoped white russians prevail gradually ran supplies help family july victoria wrote cousin crown princess margaret sweden begging send baby food feed alienated england felt english relatives help pleaded cousin george help white russians retake country letter king lord british minister noted toll revolution taken victoria looked aged battered lost beauty astonishing considering gone years living strained conditions autumn victoria left finland went germany munich reunited victoria mother family group moved september death victoria mother inherited villa nice residence following years exiled family divided time places germany victoria showed interest nazi party appealed anti stance hope movement help restore russian monarchy attended nazi rally victoria donated money party likely unaware sinister aspects nazi party claims russian throne suffered nervous breakdown victoria health encouraged dreams restoring monarchy russia saint aware murders nicholas son officially declared guardian throne victoria went trip united_states hoping raise american support restoration monarchy efforts evoked little response prevalent united_states 1920s continued efforts help restore monarchy sold artwork raise money household victoria worried prospects children maria eldest daughter married head germany families hereditary prince november victoria 49th birthday victoria daughter gave birth child father russian throne prince attended subsequent maria children german government established relations moscow presence wife russian throne embarrassment government rejected pressures expel russian victoria decided establish permanent residence france summer moved saint coast spent summer brittany provided privacy security bought large house outskirts town gave villa victoria resort town saint favorite spot retired british citizens wanted live limited income victoria friends french foreign residents town manner residents soon discovered victoria husband friends treated calling imperial titles lived country life finding victoria protective son hopes future rested let attend school worried safety wanted brought grand prior revolution instead hired tutor refused let educated future career return devotion loved respected mother parents love infinite wrote deaths hardships bitterness endure years fully covered mutual love proud years saint summer played golf victoria joined social life community going play bridge organizing winter victoria husband enjoyed visiting nearby invited friends home parties games rumored town went paris occasional victoria devoted life devastated discovered husband according correspondence sister marie romania kept façade sake children including teenage son unable forgive betrayal victoria suffered stroke soon attending fifth february family friends arrived closest sister reached victoria asked glad marie come victoria replied makes difference away touch wrote marie died march queen marie sister letter death thing tragic imagination tragic end tragic life carried tragedy tragic eyes little girl loved enormously mighty conscience victoria buried family remains transferred grand peter paul fortress saint_petersburg march husband intensely lonely death marriage daughter louis ferdinand prince prussia bright spot saw joining died years wife loved missed wife depended passed remaining years writing memoirs life person combine best soul mind body wrote fortunate having woman partner lives privileged titles styles honours arms titles styles november april royal princess victoria edinburgh princess april december royal grand rhine december october royal princess victoria october march imperial royal grand russia honours national honours united_kingdom companion order imperial crown india united_kingdom dame royal order victoria albert 1st class united_kingdom dame grand cross order saint john united_kingdom royal red_cross russian imperial family grand mistress dame grand cross order saint catherine foreign honours german empire germany prussia dame order grand knight grand cross order golden lion grand medal order philip romania dame grand cross order crown romania spain dame grand cross order queen maria british arms male line british monarch victoria bore royal arms label points outer pair bearing hearts inner pair anchors central point cross dropped royal warrant arms point arms princess honourable lady ancestry

Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha


robert 1st earl leicester robert 1st earl leicester june september english nobleman favourite close friend elizabeth year throne death queen gave reason hope hand years youth overshadowed downfall family father duke northumberland unsuccessfully tried establish lady jane grey english throne robert condemned death released took battle philip spain led rehabilitation elizabeth accession november appointed master horse october councillor appointed lord steward royal household earl leicester greatest landowners north wales english west royal grants robert earl leicester elizabeth leading involved domestic foreign politics alongside william cecil francis refused married mary queen scots long time relatively sympathetic strongly advocated execution patron movement supported non tried bishops church_of_england champion international protestant cause led english campaign support dutch revolt acceptance post governor general united provinces infuriated queen elizabeth expedition military political failure ruined earl financially leicester engaged large scale business ventures main francis drake explorers spanish earl command english land forces function invited queen elizabeth visit troops events organised years spectacular festival seat castle occasion week visit queen principal patron arts literature theatre robert private life interfered court career vice versa wife amy fell flight stairs died free marry queen resulting scandal reduced chances respect popular rumours arranged wife death continued life despite jury verdict accident years queen elizabeth sake finally new wife permanently banished court death legitimate son heir heavy blows shortly child death libel known leicester commonwealth circulated england laid foundation literary tradition depicted earl master figure elizabeth recent research led place government society youth education marriage robert fifth son john duke northumberland wife jane daughter sir edward john jane children known happy family life siblings figured john thomas wilson roger roger believed robert possessed rare talent languages writing pupil harm preferring mathematics craft robert learnt courts henry_viii especially edward companions served robert participated crushing rebellion probably met amy june presence young king edward age daughter sir john gentleman farmer norfolk love match young couple depending heavily fathers gifts especially robert john early effectively ruled england pleased strengthen influence norfolk son marriage lord robert styled duke son important local gentleman member parliament court career went parallel condemned pardoned july king edward died duke northumberland attempted transfer english crown lady jane grey daughter law married second youngest son robert led force norfolk mary tudor assembling followers days county securing towns jane took king proclaimed market place day july jane reign london soon king seized robert rest small troop sent castle mary imprisoned tower london condemned death father brothers father went tower stay coincided imprisonment childhood friend mary half sister elizabeth sent suspicion involvement rebellion executed february surviving brothers released autumn working release mother died january brother law henry befriended incoming spanish nobles philip spain mary husband december robert took tournament held celebrate anglo spanish friendship brothers welcome court long king philip suspected people mary regime january robert amy allowed lands march year chosen deliver personally queen mary happy news philip return england robert henry youngest brother fought philip battle august henry killed following siege according robert eyes surviving children robert sisters mary restored blood mary parliament royal favourite robert counted elizabeth special friends philip envoy english court week queen mary death november morning elizabeth accession witnessed surrender great seal master horse day important court position close attendance sovereign suited excellent showed great professional interest royal transport accommodation horse breeding supply horses occasions entrusted organising overseeing large queen coronation festivities april elected knight shortly philip informed lord robert come favour likes affairs said majesty visits chamber day night people talk freely far wife breasts queen waiting die marry lord robert matters reached pass approach lord robert majesty behalf majesty attract confirm friendship month spanish ambassador count counted robert persons ran country visiting foreigners rank bidding goodwill acted official host state occasions frequent guest autumn foreign princes queen hand envoys came impression elizabeth keeping lord robert enemies country engaged words wicked deed killing wife lord robert new spanish ambassador convinced man easy recognise king marry favoured robert nobility brook new prominence king plans kill favourite took wearing light coat mail clothes classes england abroad gossip got way queen children rumours ended rest life amy death april court observers noted elizabeth let favour extend wife lady amy lived different parts country ancestral manor house husband visited days easter spent month london early summer year saw queen windsor castle possibly planning visit wife found dead residence place near oxford september came understand wife dead fall pair stairs little understanding greatness hear matter evil light considering world rest retiring house away court crime scene pressed inquiry begun form jury found accident lady staying certain chamber fallen adjoining stairs sustaining head injuries breaking neck widely suspected arranged wife death able marry queen scandal played hands nobles politicians desperately tried prevent elizabeth marrying like william cecil nicholas use believe involved tragedy affected rest life historians considered murder unlikely report came light national archives compatible accidental fall suicide violence absence forensic findings assumed simple accident explanation basis near contemporary tales amy found short flight stairs broken neck standing head detail appeared satirical remark libel leicester commonwealth repeated fact account evidence ill suggested professor medicine amy suffered breast cancer deposits spine caused neck break limited strain short fall coming stairs explanation widely accepted suicide considered option motives amy depression mortal illness marriage hopes proposals elizabeth remained close blessing prompting pursued suit hand atmosphere diplomatic intrigue wife father shadows haunted prospects pope explained cardinals greater nobility island ill marriage said queen designs enter lord robert fear king want avenge death father nobility kingdom elizabeth countered notions saying lord robert good disposition nature given means seek revenge matters past efforts leading spring offered leave england seek military adventures abroad elizabeth remained october queen fell ill smallpox believing life danger asked council robert protector realm suitable title thousand pounds year universal relief recovered health councillor deeply involved foreign politics including scotland elizabeth suggested consort widowed mary queen scots idea achieve firm england scotland diminish influence foreign powers elizabeth preferred solution live english court favourite company mary scotland elizabeth wanting know chances english crown elizabeth repeatedly declared prepared acknowledge mary heir condition marry robert mary protestant advisors warmed prospect having prince september created earl leicester designed acceptable mary january thomas english ambassador scotland told scottish queen accept proposal moved comply man nature found happy possession kingdom lay naked arms fair lady good shall unto know find clear scots beginning candidate mary hand behaved passive resistance worked interest henry stuart lord mary eventual choice husband elizabeth declaring mary heir march decided bring finally told spanish ambassador proposal fell earl leicester refused cooperate realised chances elizabeth consort small time consider great said chose husband confronted marriage projects elizabeth continued like marry seen candidate later remove threat german french leicester giving elizabeth resistance foreign marriage projects continue sabotage formed opinion elizabeth marry recalling said years old hopeful assured choice case changed mind married englishman life court male favourite virgin queen robert found unprecedented situation apartments court perceived knowing queen nature best man influence matched privileges elizabeth jealousy company essential years hardly allowed leave sir christopher reported growing emergency earl away weeks court presence majesty assure chambers ceremonial occasions acted unofficial consort queen personal letter earl old friend leicester elizabeth said considered leicester largely assumed charge court ceremonial organised hundreds small large festivities lord steward responsible royal household supply food displayed strong sense reform function facto occupied long official appointment situation palaces perennial problem talk leicester issues inspired john construct water closet leicester lifelong hunting tennis player queen regular dancing partner ancestral territorial ambition duke northumberland entire inheritance disappeared sons start scratch rebuilding family fortunes renounced rights father possessions titles lifted january robert financed lifestyle expected royal favourite large loans city london merchants april elizabeth granted export licence worth received father lands family heir matter difficulty find suitable estate intended june queen granted manor castle park north wales grants follow leicester elder brother earl came greatest aristocratic interest west north wales time robert entered new welsh possessions existed chaos half century leading local families benefited crown revenue remedy situation increase income effected compositions tenants simon adams called ambitious resolution long standing problem parallel elizabeth reign tenants far raised status exchange newly agreed likewise tenants rights common secured boundaries striking balance property rights protection enclosure landlord leicester baron regarded integral territorial base revived house set developing town large building projects church planned finished ambitious largest post reformation church england wales built according plan preacher centre instead altar stressing importance preaching protestant church vain leicester tried nearby episcopal transferred encouraged supported translation bible common prayer book welsh robert close matters business personally paternal grandmother descended years war heroes john 1st earl richard earl robert especially fascinated descent brother adopted ancient device bear ragged staff aspects west held special significance town felt magnificent visit earl celebrate feast order saint michael leicester invested french king shortly founded lord hospital charity aged injured soldiers functioning today castle centre leicester ambitions plant region substantially transformed site appearance comprehensive alterations added 15th century style gatehouse castle medieval structures formal garden residential wing featured thin walls windows architecture later decades works completed earl staged spectacular day festival july final bid queen hand request leave marry lady lake swimming little orchestra belly fireworks hunts popular like bear scenery landscape artificial lake castle renaissance garden entertainment love affairs confronted friend rumours life defended stand hill smallest slip fall fall ways witnesses thereof saints faults lie doubt cancel shall sorry douglas sheffield young widow howard family relationship explained marry order heir utter overthrow think cause cause ruin house brother long married like children occasions marry sure queen favour letter leicester said loved beginning offered help find husband reasons wished affair continued douglas gave birth son called robert wife walter 1st earl essex cousin removed queen elizabeth mother leicester summer causing outbreak jealousy queen lord essex went ireland possibly lovers talk essex homecoming december great earl leicester earl essex expected july essex returned ireland died september rumours poison administered earl leicester means soon abroad lord deputy ireland sir henry conducted official investigation find indications foul play disease appropriate country died rumours continued prospect marriage essex horizon leicester finally drew line relationship douglas sheffield contrary later claimed came agreement son custody young robert grew friends houses leave mother left england leicester fond son gave excellent education left bulk estate brother death including castle douglas sheffield remarried death elizabeth younger robert tried unsuccessfully prove parents married years earlier secret ceremony case able claim leicester mother supported maintained strongly raising issue possibly pressured son leicester considered boy illegitimate september leicester secretly married lady essex country house handful relatives friends present dare tell queen marriage months later leicester enemies court acquainted situation causing furious aware marriage plans year earlier leicester hope heir fulfilled robert styled lord born child died aged leaving parents leicester found comfort god wrote princes seldom pity according rules charity earl turned devoted husband french ambassador wrote earl leicester lady attached influence leicester concerned parent respect worked advancement robert 2nd earl essex regarded political heir marriage favourite hurt queen deeply accepted leicester public open great delivered majesty mouth fond informed ambassadors wolf husband traitor lady leicester social life curtailed movements pose political problem francis explained majesty disposed use services lord leicester great offence taken conveying lady earl stood wife asking colleagues hope queen occasion marriage withdraw good leicester wrote seven years marriage colleagues politics years elizabeth reign leicester death lord powerful important political figures working queen robert councillor frequently attending diplomat nicholas advocated marrying queen won henceforth political advisor intimate death quickly evolved political alliance earl leicester sir francis soon secretary state worked militant protestant foreign policy existed family relationship daughter married philip leicester favourite nephew leicester initial jealousy good friend sir christopher elizabeth favourites robert relationship william cecil lord complicated traditionally seen enemies cecil scenes obtain queen hand hand friendly terms efficient working relationship broke vacant post lord high treasurer offered leicester declined proposed stating suitable candidate later years odds felt like reminding cecil thirty years friendship cecil concord policies fundamentally issues queen marriage areas foreign policy cecil favoured suit duke elizabeth hand leicester strongest opponents contemplating exile letters courtship end leicester dozen gentlemen escorted french prince antwerp touched question english intervention netherlands help rebellious provinces debate stretched decade earl leicester foremost cautious military engagement dilemma protestant supported mary stuart succession rights english throne early best terms protestant lords scotland supporting english saw protestant interest mary stuart flight england leicester unlike cecil favour restoring scottish queen english control protestant english husband duke norfolk leicester personal meeting mary listened complaints captivity early mary come fear leicester influence james son chamber english earl placed spy spread stories supposed lust english throne catholic anti leicester libel leicester commonwealth published believed mary involved conception bond association council gave october originated ideas circulated country document subscribers swore elizabeth assassinated william silent months earlier killer royal person benefit executed leicester relations james scotland grew closer gained confidence king favourite patrick master gray negotiations master basis treaty defensive alliance british states european powers uncovered plot plot plot scheme assassinate elizabeth mary stuart involved following conviction leicester netherlands urged execution letters elizabeth security plots leicester having returned england february elizabeth signed mary death warrant carried gave green light sign leicester handful decided proceed mary execution interest state queen wrath news mary death terrifying leicester went bath bristol health unlike escaped elizabeth personal wrath patronage exploration business robert pioneer new industries interested things mining engaged joint stock companies english history earl concerned relieving unemployment poor personal level gave poor people prisons daily basis interests trade exploration debts contacts london city fathers intense enthusiastic investor company merchant english relations morocco handled leicester manner private business affairs patriotic missionary zeal commercially relations losing business took interest careers john francis drake early principal drake world robert principal patrons martin search northwest passage later leicester acquired ship leicester employed expedition edward drake profit english mind accordingly leicester friend leading supporter exiled portuguese throne learning theatre arts literature apart legal function court tudor gentlemen clubs grateful inner temple admitted privileged member lord governor allowed build apartments premises organised grand festivities performances temple chancellor oxford_university highly committed enforced thirty articles oath royal supremacy oxford obtained queen incorporation act parliament university leicester instrumental founding official oxford_university press installed pioneer international law exotic theologian del oxford del controversial case sacked university vice chancellor books dedicated robert elizabeth reign arthur dedicated popular translation earl took special interest translations seen means learning read history suggested tailor john chronicler recalled robert interest theatre academic plays oxford protection children paul royal chapel respective masters hostile bishops company players obtained royal patent issued actors tour country local authorities earl kept separate company musicians played king denmark travelled william lord leicester player leicester possessed largest collections paintings england great private collector principal patron nicholas interested aspects italian culture earl circle scholars men letters included nephew philip john edward jean john harvey harvey found employment leicester house strand earl town house wrote works poetry years leicester death recalled time remembered late earl poem ruins time religion infancy robert grew protestant presumably public mary tudor counted philip agent elizabeth accession immediately major patron returning helped mary servants maintained catholic contacts advocated supported cause french ambassador described totally religion day massacre trait pronounced continued chief patron english champion international hand household leicester employed catholics like sir christopher held position trust personally fond earl patronage reliance individuals matter old family personal relationships religious leicester especially interested preaching main concern moderate went great lengths support non warning radical positions argued reforms hitherto achieved overthrow existing church model said thank god persuaded religion find set forth universal church_of_england accordingly tried smooth things moves initiated radical elements church episcopal influence ecclesiastical matters considerable declined archbishop john governor general united provinces leicester built special relationship prince william orange held high esteem earl generally popular netherlands pressed english military expedition led dutch strongly wished rebels prince orange murdered political chaos ensued august antwerp fell duke english intervention inevitable decided leicester netherlands chief treated august recently signed treaty position authority governor general netherlands defined earl prepared god cause majesty recruiting expedition cavalry friends estate sum end december leicester received netherlands according correspondent manner second charles dutch town official noted minute book earl going absolute power authority progress cities festivals arrived january urged accept title governor general states general united provinces leicester wrote explaining believed dutch answered favourably accepted elevation january having received communications england constant adverse winds earl rule government general council state support members nominated remained subject elizabeth making possible contend sovereign netherlands according leicester dutch desired start position implied dutch english instructions leicester consistent dutch understanding treaty english queen instructions leicester declined accept offers sovereignty united provinces demanding states follow advice lieutenant general matters government ministers sides channel hoped accept situation persuaded add rebellious provinces possessions instead fury knew bounds elizabeth sent sir thomas read letters disapproval states general leicester having stand nearby elizabeth governor general immediately resign post formal ceremony place taken pleading dutch governor bestowed sovereign states general people damage credit cracked majesty sent sir thomas leicester october elizabeth demanded lieutenant general refrain cost decisive action opposite leicester wished dutch expected initial successes unexpected surrender strategically important town grave blow english morale leicester fury turned town governor baron executed despite dutch nobility prince orange outrage leicester warned wrote intimidated fact good house leicester forces small seriously outset faced formidable army europe unity ranks risk leicester officers sir john commanded previous english contingents netherlands earl deputy elizabeth angry war cost anticipated months delayed sending money troops forced raise funds account aggravated soldiers lot penny credit spent want clothing great numbers assure death long soldiers case help leicester wrote home dutch essentially soon earl enthusiastic called religion loyal friends provinces constant opposition holland rich provinces engaged lucrative trade spain helpful war effort elizabeth orders leicester enforced ban trade enemy wealthy dutch merchants effected fiscal reform order finances replace highly corrupt tax farming direct taxation new council finances established supervision council state dutch members council state outraged bold steps english peace talks spain leicester started days left england undermined position september skirmish philip wounded died weeks later uncle grief great december leicester returned england absence william stanley york catholic officers leicester placed command fort respectively went key fortresses disaster anglo dutch coalition respect dutch friends english critics pressed leicester return netherlands shortly arrival june english held port lost leicester unable assert authority dutch allies refused cooperate relieving town blow elizabeth ascribed foul error states happy enter peace negotiations duke december differences elizabeth dutch politicians leicester asked recalled queen gave post debt personal financing war death july spanish came nearer earl leicester appointed lieutenant captain general queen armies companies thames erected camp defence london land leicester vigorously found having sudden wrote council considering disbanding camp save money leicester held setting plan queen visit troops day gave famous speech walked horse bare headed earl seen riding london king past weeks usually queen unique favour way died park near oxford september leicester health good time historians considered malaria stomach cancer death causes death came unexpectedly week earlier said farewell queen elizabeth deeply affected locked apartment days lord door broken nickname eyes sign letters elizabeth kept letter sent days death treasure box endorsing letter outside died years later leicester buried requested chapel collegiate church mary chapel richard ancestor noble little son buried died alongside best husbands commissioned says treatment book later known leicester commonwealth written catholic paris printed anonymously published shortly death leicester son alluded stop press marginal note children shall consumed seed wicked bed shall rooted smuggled england libel best seller underground year translated french underlying political agenda succession mary queen scots english throne outstanding feature attack earl leicester presented dictator queen country engaged long term conspiracy crown elizabeth order settle brother law earl ultimately details monstrous private life revealed appears expert high profile personalities influential classic origin aspects leicester historical reputation early 17th century william saw secret stars work elizabeth favourite firmly established legend perfect sinister influence quoted leicester pocket nickname gypsy elizabeth mistress master contributed sir henry sir robert half century earl death victorian historian james anthony saw robert elizabeth soft combining worst qualities sexes courage talent virtue habit comparing william cecil continued read leicester selfish wise patriotic statesman widely read england saw handsome vigorous man little sense 1950s academic assessment earl leicester undergone considerable changes leicester importance literary patronage established eleanor thoroughly 1960s patrick outlined earl place religion better understood simply brand importance councillor statesman overlooked reason letters scattered private collections easily accessible print colleagues cecil describes strangely elizabeth circle close advisers simon adams early 1970s researched aspects leicester life career concludes leicester central figure reign elizabeth ancestry


prince russian october september october october russian military leader statesman nobleman favourite catherine great died negotiations treaty ended war ottoman_empire overseen born family middle income noble landowners attracted catherine favor helping coup distinguished military commander russo turkish war catherine lover favorite possibly consort passion cooled remained lifelong friend favored statesman catherine obtained title prince holy roman empire gave title prince russian_empire grand admiral head russia land irregular forces defining achievements include peaceful annexation successful second russo turkish war fall ottoman stronghold orchestrated prompted write russia national anthem let thunder victory sound governor general russia new southern provinces absolute ruler worked wild dealing firmly lived founded towns ports region bases new black_sea fleet rule south associated village largely fictional method ruse involving construction painted mimic real villages happy fed people visiting officials known love women gambling material wealth oversaw construction historically significant buildings including palace century death given battleship featured russian revolution fictionalized battleship silent film biography early life descendant diplomat born village near family middle income noble landowners family claimed polish ancestry father alexander decorated war veteran mother good looking capable intelligent marriage proved ultimately unhappy received honour father cousin civil servant godfather suggested fathered centre attention heir village son children son albeit petty noble family grew expectation serve russian_empire alexander died took charge family order achieve career son aided family moved moscow enrolled gymnasium school attached university moscow young adept languages interested russian orthodox church enlisted army age accordance custom noble children second inspection placed horse guards regiment having graduated university school students university talented greek theology won university gold medal student delegation sent saint_petersburg later year trip affected studied little soon expelled faced isolation family rejoined guards excelled time net worth amounted souls equivalent poorer gentry time taken drinking gambling fell deep debt catherine lovers led palace coup june ousted emperor peter iii catherine sergeant represented regiment revolt allegedly catherine reviewed troops winter palace march lacked sword knot possibly hat plumage quickly supplied horse appeared refuse leave minutes horse returned ranks coup catherine singled reward ensured promotion second lieutenant guarding appears direct involvement peter murder july catherine promoted gentleman retained post guards soon formally presented empress talented mimic imitation received general catherine taken lover likely actively encouraged behaviour including regular practice kissing hand declaring love encouragement expected trouble catherine lover brothers dominated court entered catherine circle advisers took foreign assignment sweden bearing news coup return appointed won reputation lover unclear circumstances lost left eye fell depression confidence shattered withdrew court religious eighteen months later reappeared probably summoned catherine army oversaw uniform production shortly guardian exotic peoples new russian legislative commission significant political post september chamberlain months later catherine military commission revoked fully court interval ottoman_empire started russo turkish war eager prove writing catherine way express gratitude majesty shed blood glory war provides excellent opportunity live allow sovereign appeal majesty feet request majesty send rank majesty wishes serve duration war served major general cavalry distinguished engagement helping band turkish horsemen fought russia victory battle taking town saw action virtually day particularly battle commander recommended catherine army continued advance fought capture display courage skill received order anna battle won order george class fought rout main turkish force followed leave empress invited times won military acclaim fell ill rejecting medicine recovered slowly hostilities movements unclear returned recorded catherine closest advisers replaced favourite benefited alexander horse replaced queen lover returned war lieutenant general fight appears catherine missed took december letter summons case returned war hero favorite catherine returned court january expecting walk catherine arms political situation complex arisen throne commanded rebel army thirty thousand strong addition catherine son paul turned eighteen began gain support late january tired effected encouragement catherine melodramatic retreat alexander monastery catherine relented brought early february relationship intimate weeks later catherine favorite given title adjutant general catherine friend friedrich baron von objected dismissal wrote dismiss meaning extremely boring favour greatest comical amusing characters iron century behavior shocked court showed capable suitable necessary frequent letters pair sent survive revealing affair laughter sex mutually admired intelligence power centered basement winter palace soon grew jealous catherine detail prior love life rose political stature particularly strength military advice march lieutenant colonel guards post previously held captain quick succession won appointment governor general member state council general chief vice president college war commander chief posts rich lived improve social standing awarded prestigious order alexander order andrew polish order white eagle prussian order black eagle danish order elephant swedish royal order catherine married certain according simon biographer virginia rounding expresses doubt december catherine explicitly referred husband correspondence suggested possible dates catherine letters suggested consort secretly actions treatment later life fit acted husband wife late relationship changing uncertain exactly catherine took secretary lover january adjutant general empress official favorite moved command troop division signs potential golden include appointment catherine request title prince holy roman empire bored catherine separation relatively peaceful prince sent tour contrary expectations catherine returned weeks later gift palace took new apartments winter palace retaining posts longer catherine favorite remained favored minister love affair appeared end catherine maintained particularly close friendship continued dominate lives time meant court pair catherine latest favorite high pressure position came late alexander alexander alexander checked candidates appears tended relationships filled favorites arranged catherine walk position woman catherine comparatively long relationship particularly able turn matters embarked long series including borne child diplomat task period foreign policy helped negotiate english ambassador sir james harris catherine initiative armed neutrality south remained passion plan known greek project build new byzantine_empire turkish capital constantinople ottoman_empire require austria technically monarchy ruler joseph met russian town ensuing alliance represented triumph approach catherine son paul favored alliance prussia defensive treaty remained secret years ottomans said unaware declared war russia scheme develop russian presence rapidly state persia failed plans scale invasion previously cut small unit sent establish trading post quickly turned away focused instead russia southern provinces busy founding cities including creating personal kingdom including brand new black_sea fleet kingdom expand treaty ended previous russo turkish war independent effectively russian control june descending anarchy july engineered peaceful annexation fact britain france fighting kingdom georgia accepted russian protection days later treaty searching protection persia aim georgia persia initially looked eventually declined russian help exhausted collapsed fever barely survived catherine rewarded thousand construct palace governor general city builder returned november promoted field marshal formally annexed following february president college war province added state lit new russia moved south mid march prince russia southern provinces including repeatedly expanding military action kept court catherine operated minister oversee day day affairs favored associate criminal breaking hosts particularly helped define rule argues given location wake rebellion likely doomed case time death threat revolt controlled known builder embarked period city founding construction started effort base new black_sea fleet intended build approved plan construction slow city proved costly vulnerable plague port annexed built capital biggest failure effort build city lit glory catherine second successful city rule better known founded initiated redesign capture turks turn greatest black_sea fleet massive undertaking time british ambassador reported seven battleships russia naval spain far british navy period represented peak russia naval power relative european states rewarded hundreds thousands settlers moved territories estimated populations doubled period exceptionally rapid development immigrants included russians foreigners british diverted australia jews immigrants happy new surroundings occasion intervened directly ensure families received cattle entitled outside drew defensive line constructing forts ensured line settled died needed court console catherine alexander installed new favorite catherine cruised upper attempted attracted support critics found replaced count alexander summer returned south having arranged catherine visit summer reached late january travel ice melted journey catherine great lovers time including leaving april royal party arrived month later visiting austria joseph traveling moved note empress totally prince moment powerful village notion village coined german critical biographer von german arose catherine visit south critics accused painted fool catherine thinking area far richer thousands peasants alleged stage managed purpose certainly arranged catherine best offer organising numerous exotic cities officials conceal poverty building false houses unlikely fraud approached scale alleged prince member austrian delegation explored trip later proclaimed allegations false commander chief remained south gradually sinking depression inactivity problematic given russia commander chief august russo turkish war broke second lifetime opponents anxious reclaim lands lost war pressure prussia britain sweden hostile attitude russia probably contributed hostility deliberately accidentally way creation new fleet catherine trip south certainly helped matters center army west lay smaller ukraine army command field marshal water black_sea fleet responsible coordinating military actions russia austrian allies catherine agreed primarily defensive strategy spring turks repelled early skirmishes russian fortress news loss beloved fleet storm sent deep depression week later kind words catherine rallied news fleet fact destroyed damaged general alexander won important victory early october winter approaching confident port safe spring turning attention established headquarters planned future operations assembled army thousand including newly formed divided time military preparation creating fleet fight shallow chasing wives soldiers command austrians remained defensive central europe manage hold lines despite advice contrary pursued equally defensive strategy generals making early summer fighting intensified forces won naval confrontation turks losses began siege turkish stronghold main russian war aim promising exposed russia best forces departed threat sweden russo swedish war refused write regularly news war south catherine anxiety argued catherine anxious assault turks twice managed supply sea finally december assault began hours later city taken coup nearly thousand turks killed cost half thousand russians catherine wrote shut mouths blind headed critics visited naval yard founded traveled arriving february left having agreed plans catherine russia forced war prussia poland recently successfully demanded withdrawal russian troops territory catherine change favorites final time replacing turkish advanced fortress river summer autumn saw numerous victories turks including battle july early september battle capture modern day finally surrender turkish fortress late september massive fortress surrendered november fight opened lavish court capital winter like sultan build towns create regiments negotiate peace turks emperor surveyed established newspaper preferred lover time affair continued renamed ships honor diplomatic given new title grand black_sea hosts march assumed personal control black_sea fleet grand admiral july russian baltic fleet defeated swedish battle despite damage silver lining russians felt able negotiate peace soon signed based status quo ending threat invasion peace freed military resources war turks moved lavish court soon successes turkey including capture second attempt danube end november major target remained turkish fortress request general commanded assault proved costly effective victory commemorated russia albeit unofficial national anthem let thunder victory sound written years returned face threat war anglo prussian coalition addition war turkey return widely celebrated carnival prince prince came charming latest mistress princess appeared sidelined found embroiled court intrigue whilst trying force catherine fought military strategy empress wanted compromise wanted buy time fortunately russians anglo prussian alliance collapsed british ultimatum russia accept status quo withdrawn way threat wider war russia war ottomans focus poland conservative allies including schemes diverse fully example idea declare king success turkish continued opportunity confront turks peace mean leaving catherine catherine attitude situation compounded choice married princess née latest mistress end given authority negotiate turks pursue polish ambitions dispatched catherine south sent note reading goodbye friend kiss death fell ill fever ridden city kept busy overseeing peace talks planning assault poland preparing army renewed war south briefly recovered strength refused medicine began feast consuming slated chickens october october felt better dictated letter catherine collapsing later dispatched entourage october october died open miles picking contemporary rumor historians polish suggested poisoned madness liability rejected suggests succumbed pneumonia instead funeral held days death buried catherine distraught ordered social life hold ode lamented death likewise military establishment looked father figure especially death polish contemporary claimed von niece wife magnate prominent leader confederation worried fate poland death man planned polish state new head state treasury personal bank preventing resolution financial affairs day catherine purchased palace art collection estate paid debts consequently left relative fortune catherine son paul succeeded throne attempted reforms possible palace turned barracks city named honor renamed grave survived destruction order issued paul eventually displayed remains appear lie tomb catherine cathedral exact whereabouts internal organs including heart brain kept monastery remain unknown personality reputation menace welcome arrogant demanding moods fascinating warm kind generally agreed female companions endowed sex appeal louis described like russia mixture activity bravery ambition internal contrast evident life frequented church numerous example view tendency attribute catherine successes period failures eccentric vain great lover jewelry taste remember pay disliked sensitive appearance particularly lost eye agreed having portraits twice times baptist von angle disguised injury intellectual prince noted natural abilities excellent memory interested history generally loved classical music period opera liked food peasant fine particular favorites included beef potatoes meant english gardens prepared went practical politician political ideas russian believed superiority described french revolutionaries pack habits included biting nails point developed evening height power declared dinner guests wanted wanted high rank wanted medals loved gambling lost vast sums liked giving parties given magnificent ones enjoy building houses raised palaces liked buying estates diamonds beautiful things individual europe owns exquisite stones word entirely happy ultimately proved controversial figure criticisms include corruption military incompetence vast scale supporters hold devotion luxury truly justified stressing intelligence force personality spectacular vision courage great achievements military genius seriously able military matters contemporary quick writing thought plan swiftly carried slowly abandoned easily contemporary sir john added great abilities ultimately worthless dangerous character russian opponents agreed prince lots intelligence intrigue credit lacked knowledge application virtue family legitimate descendants probable illegitimate issue sisters lived long bear children daughters sister rendered helen received special attention unmarried sisters arrived court direction recently widowed father legend suggests soon girls thirteen time affair eldest verified subsided formed close probably relationships second eldest fifth influential relatives sister maria example married russian senator son alexander decorated service army daughter married family wealthy landowner children husbands including highly decorated general great nephew wider family included distant cousins count decorated military figure brother married niece distant nephew helped murder legacy despite attempts paul play role russian history found way numerous items common phrase village entered common usage russia globally despite fictional origin century death battleship named honour ship famous involvement russian revolution subsequent battleship soviet movie point named greatest film time giant seaside staircase featured movie eventually known stairs


irish texts scandinavian texts norse king dublin possibly restored began restored dynasty caught abortive revolt forced submit king brian family conducted double marriage alliance later realigned main leaders revolt prominent role 12th century irish 13th century saga main norse leader battle long reign spanned years period armies saw action irish provinces time particular conducted long series raids territories coast wales came conflict rival norse kings especially went pilgrimage rome associated foundation christ church cathedral dublin dublin underwent fortune reign trade city flourished died life family norse irish ancestry son called king york dublin daughter king mac finn sister successor king previously married king high king ireland husbands beautiful powerful intriguing irish woman according 13th century saga women best gifted power talk men things ill power paternal half brother iron knee ruled king dublin incident involving ransom sons late reign seven score british horse mentioned list demands suggests dublin main ports horses 11th century ireland family personally involved animal king dublin succeeded paternal half brother king dublin likely rival came power city irish annals record little information family dublin years reign benjamin hudson claims arrival future king norway took residence dublin years marrying sister met raiding coasts irish sea presence powerful viking leader dublin irish raids weakened foes hudson argues return norway coincided temporary expulsion dublin rival ruled forced depends interpretation way year nephew attacked church county retaliation entered dublin took ring sword attacked king brian forced recognise giving hostages realised dublin wealth target city needed powerful allies walls dublin countryside provide sufficient resources competition powerful irish princes allied maternal uncle mac king north defeated cousin king mac imprisoned dublin revolt brian late historically hostile domination king allied norse dublin revolted brian provided opportunity second alliance mac brian forces inflicted crushing defeat united dublin army battle followed victory attack city dublin 12th century gives accounts occupation brian remained dublin christmas day january christmas day day february later annals date battle december annals date brian capture city january case brian plundered city burned norse fortress expelled according flight city took north tribes refused help find refuge ireland eventually returned submitted brian gave hostages restored dublin months brian ended occupation february meantime temporarily turned pirate responsible raid david wales brian daughter wife married brian turn took mother married second wife years revolts dublin enjoyed sustained period peace men served armies brian forgot refusal aid fled dublin revenge soldiers served brian campaign ravaged lands fleet raided plundered taking prisoners served brian northern northern kingdoms submitted brian formally recognised high king ireland remembrance reign years preserved late medieval saga tongue fragments survive verses composed visiting court verses praise royal ancestry describe dublin busy thriving port archaeological excavations ships gold clothing pieces games time confirm description according prose considered rewarding poet ships gold instead granted new suit clothes second revolt brian time brian divorced queen began engineer opposition high king relations brian strained revolt broke aligned forces leader revolt chiefs defeated brian ally near town swords brian moment unable render assistance sent son lead fleet south burn viking settlement fleet attacked cape clear brian naval power concentrated according saga son kill king brian sending win support earl man price arrived feast sat high seat brothers law earl earl southern isles saga records interested burning happened war brian despite initial advice men eventually agreed arrive dublin palm sunday men condition brian slain marry king ireland went man persuaded dublin palm sunday promised successful allowed marry king ireland terms agreement kept secret dissatisfied arrangement refused fight good king forces met battle good friday battle claimed lives main commanders sides brian son norse according irish sources battle held garrison reserve dublin records able observe progress battle movement battle standards fortress modern irish historian notes kept city lived tell tale earlier scandinavian sources saga saga composed soon battle contend actually fight showing persistence dublin describes following young king battle saga records wing opposite man battle eventually king flight reign immediately fortunes appear declined emerged kingdom intact recognised high king undoubtedly battle main plague struck dublin seized opportunity march south burn dublin suburbs able ally attack alliance dissolved blinded cousin son heir dublin plundered carried prisoners persons middle church captives sold dublin lucrative slave trade raided south defeated county new king mac slaughter foreigners kingdom dublin fleet sailed north destroyed naval battle mac norse crews ships taken prisoner according american historian benjamin hudson matters went bad worse death great irish princes began compete high political situation ireland chaotic clear choice supremacy accordingly dublin prize rule ireland wanted town wealth finance ambitions hostages taken king mac respectively support bids high hostages brought security dublin raided mac revenge naval attack formed new alliance men son joined raid county army defeated men king rallied fight slain son taken prisoner new lord forced pay ransom cows british horses gold silver sword irish hostages hostages security peace value life hostage additional cows word paid man release incident illustrates importance noble captives means political manipulation increasing revenues exhausting resources foes fortunes improved allied king england fleets raided wales dublin colony established following years height power allies won victory estuary type previously unseen dynasty decades coalition kingdoms members captured killed battle plundered celebrated stone church burned men inside carried captivity revenge church swords plundered burned took away cattle captives renewal ancient feuds year executed king dublin grandson earliest rival contested dublin decades mac king isles forced died exile unknown place issue legacy married brian daughter son according annals masters slain way pilgrimage rome survived kings descended separately children annals record death son lord foreigners killed revenge burning killed people south killed wales son common viking settlers half brother making killer cousins daughter died month father according oxford dictionary national biography patron arts church economic established ireland mint dublin established dublin pilgrimage rome possible attribute origins establishment territorial ireland roman model important results 11th century irish church reform went found christ church cathedral dublin today oldest building dublin relatively young comparison monastic rest ireland like coastal ireland norse origin cathedral initially wooden building rebuilt stone following arrival anglo ireland led richard 2nd earl


thomas 1st earl leicester seventh creation thomas william 1st earl leicester june known norfolk british politician agricultural reformer born member parliament derby wife elizabeth educated schools including college undertaking grand tour europe returning britain married father died leaving owner acre norfolk estate returned parliament norfolk close friend charles james fox joined william support american colonists american revolutionary war supporter fox mps lost seats general election returned norfolk work farming hunting maintenance expansion hall ancestral home returned parliament sitting continuously primarily spoke matters local interest corn laws second focus civil liberties spoke government response massacre similar events described greatest england chose passage great reform act moment retire later earl leicester july short illness died june succeeded earl son thomas main legacy agricultural reformer politician historically credited sparking british agricultural revolution reforms farming estates later historians questioned noting developments credited likely work individuals described real hero norfolk agriculture early life education born london elizabeth family originally norfolk representing derby members parliament born wealthy estate owning family memories held window watch fox killed little known father described shy person saw little company lived world habits country gentleman bending mind agriculture moderately addicted field sports reading passed hours firm principles old whig disposition mild manners beloved friends family prospects improved significantly uncle thomas 1st earl leicester died cause thomas death certain chances duel result death thomas wife margaret inherit substantial norfolk estate including hall masterpiece margaret avoided rest family simply ensure inherit estate records exist thomas early years known educated going school run french refugees sent college joined william close friend later life apparently happy excellent field sports occasion killed found room narrowly avoiding punished shooting windsor park particularly interested academic studies time left developed close circle friends connections class practical skills deal future estates leaving school undertook grand tour europe financed father great aunt offered university vice visited france italy witnessed marriage young princess apparently fell love preferring similarly aged englishman year old alcoholic husband career time returned britain plans way enter parliament election called stood seat norfolk son asked stand place derby particularly enthusiastic withdrew opponent discovered age stand parliament father elected travelled london meeting members british high society sister elizabeth husband james visiting sister jane fell love impressed asked let married picked daughter son friend finally marriage occurred october new couple lived manor peace disturbed health began fail finally died april medicine remove leaving charge acre estate age soon father death senior visited asked stand norfolk father enthusiastic seeing politician hoping enjoy new estates wealth visitors pointed replace blood head foot came forward april issued manifesto norfolk electorate soon returning campaign unanimously nominated april elected entry parliament little known early career parliament spoke relatively parliamentary session dissolved soon election summer struck relationship charles james fox soon famous whig politician noted outspoken flamboyant lifestyle later recounted went parliament attached fox life lived closest bond friendship period economic stability political calm lord north ended american revolution resulting american revolutionary war noted support american colonists strong supporter glorious revolution resulting bill rights felt support espoused principles justice tolerance britain overseas duty british subject saw conflict position supporter colonists patriotism following battles clear victory america long expensive attempt raise funds king george iii asked subjects donate meeting held january purpose raised hour attended meeting making speech pointing campaign far resulted disappointment shame peace reconciliation america option supporters withdrew nearby pub drafted petition king nobility gentry clergy inhabitants county norfolk presented parliament february signed people norfolk george iii took personal insult result disliked death brought issue hunting game late 18th century series laws passed protecting landowner right hunt giving severe penalties february enthusiastic hunter suggested parliament laws relaxed combinations formed country execution laws lives lost motion brought laws revised situation america came february henry conway brought motion asking king listen humble prayer advice faithful war continent north_america longer pursued impractical purpose reducing inhabitants country obedience force motion failed brought february passed conway moved humble address presented majesty george iii replied march james palace important symbolic act political career occurred knight right appear court dressed boots opposed formal court dress appearing george iii dressed leather boots spurs eventually king began negotiations american colonies accepted resignation lord north action eventually lead leaving parliament new government formed april lord prime minister fox lord state disagreed constantly particularly situation north_america death july prime minister rest government resigned period political chaos short lived fox north coalition formed april disgusted arrangement describing compact east india bill created commissioners oversee india brought chaos coalition commissioners appointed government crown challenged king saw constitutional right defeated house_of_lords bill george iii fox government install government led william younger parliament eventually dissolved march thanks long standing support fox actions ensuing general election led losing seat norfolk work parliamentary work wife maintaining improving estates took possession april cornerstone house temple arts built great uncle knowing understanding classical architecture art mainly left instead focusing park gardens grounds laid design quickly seen old fashioned lake massively expanded shifting total cubic yards earth employed john created large pieces woodland planting trees acres near eastern lodge acres near lake acres woodland expansion undertaken acres trees trees planted acres retired replaced year later james loose continued advise forestry matters library expanded work william bought books including expanded estate incorporating farms house ended estate covered acres samuel employed build new entrance extended estate worked new kitchen garden covered acres employed extend lake proposed building fishing pavilion chain ferry leading cottage evidence proposal approved work completed attention turned hunting game estate explicitly designed mind game books note killed years elizabeth daughter recorded birds shot day jane wife gave birth child daughter named jane daughters followed anne margaret elizabeth jane death jane married charles howard june january died shooting accident estate jane remarried henry children landlord landlord firm believer right moral obligation landowner improve quality life living estates roles landlord tenant clearly set late 18th century landlord provide fields roads buildings tenant provide seed manual labour estate included farms inherited excellent farm output significant debts result uncle work hall interest year difficulties dealing people employed inherited estates steward appointed uncle retired failed replace replacement francis scottish man previously employed estate steward lord paid close attention farms badly better struggled deal lacked financial sense matters agricultural occasion selling land near manchester wasn years later aware receiving new owners mineral rights travelled manchester meet solicitor handled sale finding poorly drafted sold land rich coal early 18th century farmland run open field system commonly trying experimental methods difficult enclosed farms hand higher quality useful experimentation result commanded rent double similarly sized open field problem split strips result ownership unclear rapidly bought strips land near estates enclosed came napoleonic wars grain prices farming profits peaked influenced owned nearby estate promoted crop rotation farm improvement enclosure improved grasses improvements resulted course utterly unlike practised years ago big improvements came areas grasses pioneered use grass feed respectively result claiming sheep opposed kept inherited estates involved comparisons types cow planting scottish good table vegetable norfolk variety prime area experimentation selective breeding sheep common sheep area norfolk horn long legged slow mature promoter english leicester breed noted fast excellent fed cross bred resulting sheep highly superior pure norfolk breed bred cattle horse use winning prize sheep competitions contacts nobility soon spread new ideas breeds initially small events local farmers soon person formal rising people soon american ambassador richard rush attending french consul duke sussex board agriculture formed sitting ordinary members leading vice president board published series county reports united_kingdom describing new farming measures undertaken parts country described real hero norfolk agriculture despite fact land poor critic said remarked thin sandy soil rabbits pocket knife academics writers dispute importance 19th early 20th century historians held crucial figure british agricultural revolution crop rotation describes error parker writing economic history review states innovations supposed introduced attributed predecessors norfolk deny substantial contribution advance farming technique england parliamentary career elected parliament time great political trouble french revolution year earlier torn whig party half fox isolated minority supported revolutionaries acts brutal declaration war impact finally felt britain rise agricultural prices rent led establishment local forces defend country opposed reduced popularity norfolk led suspicions point forced publicly declare republican principles eventually late september raised cavalry commanding major defend invasion unit dissolved peace war broke year later volunteer regiments formed notably absent preparations defence feeling risks invasion exaggerated eventually persuaded public opinion reform cavalry dissolved french revolution split factions progressed fox group support revolutionaries began stuck fox outbreak war split finalised fox refused accept britain need involved conflict parliament spoke conflict debating motion raise money war new tax april supporting anti war motion march felt comfortable local matters main concerns agricultural interest arguing new land tax introducing bill shooting season allowing production corn returned parliament despite anti war anti government address electorate condemned arrogant found return agreed withdraw parliamentary activity parliament dissolved june election saw returned contested election cost candidates death william whig groups agreed alliance took form ministry talents fox confirmed foreign secretary secretary war colonies government apparently offered refused primarily focused abolition slavery accomplished death fox september fox death parliament lose appeal close friends attendance years limited occasion note support corn laws highly unpopular norfolk led physically attacked mob defeat napoleon battle wars europe ended troops returned home result nation underwent dramatic shifts rising unemployment economy shifted government began pay debts incurred years war agricultural prices active opposing tax increases impact farmers february spoke income tax march attacked property tax utterly civil liberty opponent government excess time unemployment high taxation voted army estimates opposed civil list county meeting april spoke king intent democracy country restricting freedom speech press suggesting government needed removed returning parliament argued royal households bill introduced game law amendment bill defeated following massacre government introduction meetings prevention bill accused government strongly implicated events manchester saying meeting peaceful interfered agents authority 1820s saw speak far firstly continued domination parliament secondly age years married anne daughter lord year old anne initially brought partner nephew william lack sons inherit estate failed anne marriage met described absurd despite opposition took place february soon wedding anne pregnant son thomas born december personal friend earl grey prime minister result appearances parliament regular expressed delight great reform act spoke subject chose passage june appropriate moment retire greatest england finally accepted july having offered times earl leicester took pleasure attending house_of_lords describing hospital death remained prime life retirement records killing deer shots age having child years later portrait painted appears man years younger according likeness instead completely accurate short painful illness visiting estate childhood home hall died early hours june age words reported talked body lay state days funeral procession finally setting july travelled king black flags mourning flown thousands came pay respects final leg journey funeral procession miles length led tenants horseback followed hundreds private carriages gentlemen horseback riding abreast lastly long train neighbours tenants eventually buried family july immediately death committee formed create monument thousand subscribers contributed eventual monument found grounds hall designed william finally completed

Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester (seventh creation)


greek died november leading byzantine official second quarter 9th century facto head regency michael iii dismissal murder assisted ascent michael throne rewarded titles later held high posts michael son death member regency council soon managed members establish virtual ruler empire noted administrative political played major role ending byzantine fostered ongoing renaissance education empire continued persecution mixed success wars arabs michael iii came age uncle persuaded throw mother empress november assassinated followers early life known early life called generally accepted modern scholars accusation rival wanting marry empress daughters appears incompatible held unspecified position court emperor leo armenian ruled possibly member imperial guard played major role plot assassinate leo rewarded new emperor michael rank confidential court post secretary ink pot michael son successor apparently continued trusted advisor rose rank appointed effectively empire foreign minister mark imperial confidence appointing member regency council year old son michael iii shortly death january alongside empress armenian regency following death regency council took conduct affairs state brothers relative played important role early days regency regency moved quickly end byzantine dominated byzantine religious political life century effects early assembly selected officials convened house affirmed decisions second council deposed pro patriarch john elected imprisoned beliefs event commemorated triumph eastern orthodox church played major role events credited sources john driving force restoration icons particularly deposition john commemorated saint orthodox church october week sent campaign recover crete conquered expedition went byzantine army landed took control island capital heard absence intended raise brother imperial throne hastily abandoned army returned constantinople find rumours false constantinople news arrived invasion asia minor sent head army confront resulting battle ended byzantine defeat time expeditionary corps left crete defeated annihilated killed despite personal involvement military disasters able use competitors blamed plagued byzantines exiled constantinople forced retire dead undisputed head regency position described byzantine like continued persecution initiated fled arab territory aid established state leader concluded truce arranged exchange prisoners took place september year execution surviving byzantine prisoners arab sack took place capital arab raids east died years winter raid launched defeated new ali launched summer raids successive years albeit little apparent impact byzantines responded naval expedition sacked port egypt year byzantine army invaded arab lands sacked prisoners taken executed orders refused convert christianity probably gesture retaliation execution prisoners north frontier remained quiet raid defeated leading renewal year peace treaty later new khan byzantium enjoyed period peace west byzantine government proved unable halt ongoing muslim conquest sicily fell constantinople relative quiet east send reinforcements island heavily defeated byzantines lost men wake disaster fell muslims attempt byzantine fleet land troops near winter failed years muslims raided byzantine territories eastern half island unopposed capturing minor fortresses securing ransom prisoners evidence survives concerning domestic policies oxford dictionary byzantium credits continuing sound fiscal policies leading accumulation considerable monetary reserves imperial treasury pounds gold pounds silver promoted career constantine met helping acquire good education later find post library constantine rejected offer provincial sponsorship men like constantine leo mathematician contributed revival secular learning byzantium engaged building activity new structures near great palace constantinople installing new iron door gate unspecified buildings suburbs constantinople notably downfall death michael iii turned came nominally age mother young emperor desire free arranged bride selected bride michael attachment mistress brother able use michael resentment high handed manner treated began turn regency michael backing allowed return capital november murdered compelled retire monastery months later bringing regency officially end


3rd earl december 3rd earl 2nd earl essex english nobleman known primarily opposition king edward active participant welsh wars maintained years private feud earl gloucester father fought rebellious barons barons war father heir grandfather death inherited essex inherited major possessions welsh marches mother eleanor spent early career lands captured welsh war england finally accomplished edward war wales fought wales time private feuds lords conflict gilbert earl gloucester eventually ended personal intervention king edward final years marked opposition roger earl norfolk mounted military fiscal policy edward conflict escalated point civil war threatened resolved war effort turned scotland king signed confirmation agreed serve campaign died succeeded son 4th earl family background inheritance line anglo norman going norman conquest carried grandfather opposition simon later gone royal taken prisoner battle restored favour royalist victory battle year son remained loyal barons war captured august october year died captivity castle injuries sustained battle excluded succession result rebellion died inherited essex served deputy constable england reserved honour younger son henry remainder lands went inheritance received addition land essex wiltshire consisted significant holdings welsh marches mother mother eleanor daughter william wife marshal turn daughter william marshal regent henry iii sixteen years old time father death lands taken king custody inheritance given custody gilbert earl technically regained time lands effectively taken welsh prince taken advantage previous decade political chaos england extend territory marches granted brother gilbert mother lands ireland land england wales welsh wars years focus lost lands marches primarily private warfare henry iii died son edward edward return refused pay homage new king partly military actions lords saw violations treaty montgomery november present royal assembly judgment passed edward declared war welsh prince rebellion lands delayed participation early days welsh war managed suppress rebellion conquer lands west joined royal army served returning received surrender certain welsh lords campaign january received protection king edward pilgrimage spain war wales broke time simply campaign scale war conquest initially king wanted fight war paid forces nobility insisted use feudal summons men like feudal army participants stake war claim conquered land end won paid war effort guarded authority hereditary constable england protested vigorously gilbert earl gloucester appointed commander forces south wales post war settlement gloucester received significant rewards land way fought wales suppression rebellion territory joining king north private war marches parallel welsh wars struggling assert claims lands marches lords edward granted john believed land belonged right conquest started campaign win lands king took problems arose earl gloucester gloucester ward buy right marriage gloucester claimed received sum remaining resentment gloucester campaign conflict came head gloucester started construction castle claimed land crown ordered gloucester cease avail long established custom solve conflicts private warfare problem relative weakness marches facing open conflict different enemies decided issue king instead break tradition king edward ordered gloucester stop earl ignored order initiated raids lands hostilities continued responded arrested brought king real offense private warfare fact respected king injunction cease parliament january gloucester fined marks gloucester liberty declared confiscated crown end fines paid lands soon restored edward demonstrated important point conquest wales strategic position vital english crown liberty awarded lords curtailed edward good opportunity assert royal demonstrate extended marches wales opposition edward french king declared english war broke countries edward embarked wide scale costly project building alliances princes continent preparing invasion king parliament march salisbury demanded military service roger earl norfolk refused capacity marshal england argument king subjects obliged serve abroad company king edward insisted taking army flanders sending time salisbury parliament accompanying king daughters present return constable england joined july refusing perform feudal service joined opposition main reasons defiance heavy burden taxation caused edward continuous warfare wales france scotland joined robert archbishop_of_canterbury midst ongoing dispute king clerical taxation point turned person protest tax claimed consent community realm personal element opposition king humiliation liberties suffered dispute marches meeting outside london gave speech king abuse power demanding restoration ancient liberties grievances summarised document known party showed nation brink civil war conflict coming head external events intervened settle september english suffered heavy defeat scots battle bridge scottish victory exposed north england scottish raids led william wallace war scotland received wider support english homeland threatened war france protect king continental possessions edward abandoned campaign france negotiated truce french king agreed confirm called confirmation charters consequently serve king scotland army won decisive victory scots battle satisfied king upheld charter withdrew battle forcing edward abandon campaign death family married daughter 2nd wife queen eleanor buried essex died castle december buried alongside wife son 4th earl born son given possession father lands titles february young inherited father title constable england common theme actions fierce protection regarded feudal privileges career marked political strife particularly marches wales eventually left legacy consolidated possessions height conflict edward rebellious barons king actively tried undermine authority marches failed good relations earl enjoyed local men


family family powerful noble families kingdom hungary 15th century member family king hungary king ruling lower upper duke austria illegitimate son john ruled including coat arms depicted raven golden ring founder family received eponymous castle present day romania king hungary ethnicity subject scholarly debate modern historians describe romanian describe nobleman according contemporaneous accounts moved oldest son john mentioned contemporaries john talented military commander member family acquire status true baron realm appointed ban granted title perpetual count receiving hereditary title created kingdom hungary death john held lands kingdom john fame fortune led election son king hungary ruled austria neighbouring regions attempted secure hereditary line succession son john happen john able retain family domains hungary died male member family christopher son john died age sister died childhood origins family given land king hungary october day granted castle addition grant lists brothers cousin uncle named son john future regent hungary granted said father named origins family son john bore nickname meaning youth implied romanian stock court historian grandson king explicitly stated john born father holy roman emperor frederick iii likewise knew king born father venetian man referred king people historians 15th 16th centuries perspectives favour family wrote differing reports family status king grant jan described john man unknown origin likewise mentioned birth highly born hand said john descended noble renowned race wrote king fascinated fame took away realm settled suggesting moved homeland kingdom hungary late 15th century historian referred son john white knight accordance sources contemporary historians written family descended according view family origins championed historians pop migrate born family romanian noble region grandfather man named mentioned royal charter fathered son named father according charter established villages region historian offers view ancestry said stock attributes ancestry historian accepts origin family represents fourth perspective origins family said slavic descent paul excluded possibility slavic origin john rapid advance contemporaries gave rise legends origins according stories recorded detail 16th century historian john illegitimate son king woman named elizabeth daughter rich county hand wrote john mother unnamed greek woman related byzantine emperors legends emerged purported romanian origin family wrote john traced roman family story connected coat arms depicts raven latin golden ring coins prince depict raven like bird based similarity historians exclude possibility related ruling dynasty historian wrote theory needed notable members born according nearly contemporaneous historians serving court knight royal court received king suggesting descended prominent family modern historian wrote probably joined year invaded restored vassal old throne mentioned royal charter died february day charter confirming grant issued brother sons john elder john younger john oldest son john born youth served court george king barons married elizabeth father owned properties county john developed military skills journeys italy entourage early younger brother namesake jointly appointed ban present day romania successor king albert appointment acquired status true barons senior john count responsibility defense southern borders hungary ottoman raids defeated ottomans battles long campaign balkan peninsula estates realm elected governor period king hungary minority king bestowed title perpetual count present day romania john resigned governorship example grant hereditary title kingdom hungary john time richest landowner kingdom hungary held fortresses towns villages died august shortly greatest victory ottomans siege belgrade john john younger youngest sons shared john mentioned charter issued members family february king albert hungary appointed ban brother john elder died fighting ottomans brother wrote showing john younger regarded brave soldier older sons john elder elizabeth born age appointed count county true baron ban croatia master horse father death inherited enormous domain ambitious father main opponent count captured murdered november king promised amnesty arrested year sentenced death high treason executed march younger son john elder elizabeth born february arrested orders king hungary march elder brother brother executed days having arrested fearing revolt king fled prague took childless died november diet convened elect new monarch maternal uncle michael arrived armed command diet proclaimed king january returned prague crowned holy crown hungary march spent previous years fighting opponents urged pope paul led crusade czech occupied great parts catholic estates proclaimed king reign recognized proper remained rule opponents kings george till series wars occupied lower austria officially adopted title duke austria married wife catherine died second wife naples married decade life ensured succession illegitimate son john throne hungary died april john john illegitimate son king mistress barbara john born april recognized public john son granted title duke present day slovakia john received number land grants father subsequent years king granted king attempts secure son succession throne proved useless shortly death barons elected king july retained domains new monarch bestowed title duke renounced renounced john married gave birth children elizabeth christopher john died october son died age daughter age family tree following family tree depicts known members family born died wife husband mentioned