col november december rugby union player soldier captained australia test matches age playing club sydney shield serving second australian imperial force pacific theatre second world war resumed rugby career selected australia tour new_zealand year despite losing tests tour impressed play selected australia tour europe north_america played matches played tests tour scotland ireland wales england france match england australia won dominant display included tries appointed vice captain tour new_zealand australia won test matches win cup new_zealand time captained country matches touring new career ended injury interrupted tour south_africa test tries australian 1980s named australian rugby team century honoured inaugural australian rugby union hall_of_fame named inaugural inside rugby early life sporting family attended public school sydney grammar mediocre rugby player progressed lower grades showed promise young cricketer grammar selected combined representative cricket father stan foundation member surf life saving club played rugby club sydney brother keith inherited father love rugby keith played australia career interrupted second world war according author max keith football genius star south african tour australia watching brother play australia decided wanted play australia time struggling school rugby father said son don think play australia keith ill fated tour england team docked plymouth day war declared returned australia playing game keith manage briefly resume career war touring new_zealand diagnosed tour forced retire club rugby playing style col joined age started playing fourth grade progressed grade aged went play grade matches club played earned breeze according max ran like wind obituary described rugged hard elusive runner gift scoring tries according max fellow claimed best coach brother keith order opponents look ball fed war service enlisting second australian imperial force december basic training posted infantry battalion 6th division saw service owen stanley ranges new_guinea contracted malaria returned new_guinea recovered action campaign runner avoid enemy fire discharged army august representative rugby career col debut australia tour new_zealand brother keith player squad toured new_zealand previously captained bill col played australia matches tour played test matches new_zealand test played new_zealand won despite loss new_zealand rugby described outstanding forward second test affair played new_zealand scored try win according rugby writer mccarthy new_zealand bob scott boot prevented australia winning following year new_zealand toured australia played twice new_south_wales touring blacks test matches tour treated trial australia tour europe north_america commenced later year played matches match tour test matches scotland ireland wales england france try home nations matches scored tries fourth highest try scorer tour quarters john charlie debuted australian captain tour matches leicester test england dominated match journalist said saw single destroy england scored tries half second coming england fly half tommy ball collected running metres score try converted australia lead went win new_zealand toured australia played test matches tour organised new_zealand rugby football union players excluded blacks tour south_africa appeared tests playing new_south_wales tourists scored try tests won second draw won australia later year selected vice captain tour new_zealand match tour included tests blacks series new_zealand cup considered players guilt selecting black tour south_africa occurring time played tour matches scored tries captained defeated blacks test series winning second scored matches despite weakened opposition history australian team win cup new_zealand soil test blacks tour australia keith winning captained test series broke jaw australian match replaced captain second tests tests captain tests lost new_zealand went undefeated tour series got engaged celebrated inviting entire new_zealand house selected domestic series fiji later year toured new_zealand played australia tour matches new_zealand lost matches game second test blacks test harassed new_zealand fly half aggressive defence loose ball score try ball dropped following blacks line new adjusted australia tactics win second test try tour south_africa fully recovered injury suffered prior tour appearances announced retirement immediately following tour early retirement coached club records accolades following tour new_zealand selected new_zealand rugby players year magazine sporting life picked australian team years named australian rugby team century given plaque sydney cricket ground walk honour honoured inaugural australian rugby union hall_of_fame named inaugural inside rugby thirty years australia leading test try scorer record overtaken moon 1980s induction australian rugby union president paul referred talent try scoring machine tour teammate sir nicholas described follows row forwards best try scoring machine superb attacker speed quarter man nicknamed breeze simply supporting play personal life married couple daughters kate lived nearly life living near eventually elected city_council sporting hall_of_fame involved supporting sporting pursuits children later grandchildren died cancer short birthday


rugby league team australian rugby league foundation club played new_south_wales rugby football league sydney major competition sport sydney exit end formed january sources suggesting sydney rugby league club created nicknamed known dirty reds colour playing based new_south_wales playing home matches local oval remained highly competitive team years came close times club able secure title struggling end 1920s club eventually voted history turn 20th century working class suburb sydney situated kilometres west city centre team played sydney second grade rugby competition number years high popularity promoted new grade competition started immediately big impact district competition winning grades inaugural season taking grade titles seven years push formation new professional rugby league competition began areas considered formation new team district rugby league football club formed result january possibly rugby league club formed australia support players locals new team considered achievement new_south_wales rugby league local rugby team new rugby league club chose play coloured tradition established sporting clubs area years club got nicknamed dirty reds reference jersey colour moniker previously label sporting identities arrival rugby league team club began campaign victory newcastle april season remained close ladder round remaining equal points south sydney eastern suburbs lead competition regular season match went sixth placed ended running overall match ended having impact play finals week later semi final went minor south sydney knocked competition club lost final regular season match ended missing possible finals berth virtue loss club mediocre season little chance taking season arguably successful club history taking minor outright points winning matches way secured victory local rivals winning second regular season match season came eastern suburbs led messenger won matches straight final chance away eastern suburbs won forcing grand final played minor right challenge lose final match leading way eastern suburbs fought took lead final minutes giving following failure convert minor new_south_wales rugby football league decided finals played teams tied equal points end season round faced eastern suburbs record crowd royal agricultural society grounds going rounds trailed eastern suburbs points face following week rounds match certainly win stay contention eastern suburbs won close match record crowd sydney sports ground ended taking away points end season proved mediocre seasons despite winning games lost year club managed finish fourth fifth respectively came close taking rounds remaining equal local rivals face undefeated sydney sports ground failed win crucial game losing people allowed match lead teams winning remaining games ended taking overall won matches club best losing twice involved dispute fielding player reside district result newcastle player dan davies received life ban rugby league entire 1st grade squad disagreed went strike 1st grade players suspended brothers including frank banned till start season eighteen month suspension subsequently overturned shortened implications came newcastle rugby league competition split finished decade continuing win games lost season regularly finished finals system place unable relatively strong position finally gained shot north sydney finished equal points end season ensuing final north sydney easily accounted denying elusive title onwards club form started decline time lost games won given shot finals series reinstated finishing second runaway leaders south sydney face fourth placed university place final lost decisive match sent finals final seasons struggled departure long time player frank teams finished eighth seventh eighth end season reasons unknown new_south_wales rugby football league general committee voted expel competition theory deal south sydney remove means consolidating local territories suggest local area changing way club probably road demise played match statistics records individual frank holds records try tally match university june club record standing australian record tries game game managed claim club record points game kicking goals addition tries total points month earlier scored goals match club record later jack frank scored club record tries season broke club record points season overall scored tries goals club career spanning seasons games club records forward record tally tries including later scored george remained steve managed seasons retired team biggest victory victory north sydney oval july biggest loss eastern suburbs went overall successful clubs played teams appearance years fifth best winning percentage games played won drawn lost winning percentage notable players year presence new_south_wales rugby football league club managed produce players alex frank probably best player peter albert gray arthur charlie jack tom chris peter les brother tourist albert dirty red alex chris honour country respectively les captained celebrate centenary rugby league australia panel commissioned australian rugby league national rugby league voted players group rugby league greatest players players frank les arthur chris played new_south_wales rugby football league grand final shown played new_south_wales rugby football league grand final shown honours new_south_wales rugby football league grade runners new_south_wales rugby football league minor city cup city cup runners reserve grade grade

Australian rules, rugby, and other football


peter peter born april manager played inter county football decorated players game history winning ireland senior football championship medals stars awards player joint overall provincial titles national leagues age club championship medals represented ireland international rules series occasions considered great players years commentators john bbc named sunday list influential people history scoring record points second highest time senior football championship early high scoring rate best performer particularly ireland senior football championship final scored points led claims man team dependent particularly early career retiring player managed inter county football team personal life near county tenth children older brother played panel 1990s married sister team mate children claire physical education teacher holy trinity college career games amateur sports taught point taking technique pair known media master student particularly television commentators writes column games magazine stand northern_ireland edition daily_mirror joined football year broadcasting live matches week final appearance father died came shock thought father hospital getting better decided play match stating knew going playing final daddy certainly wouldn wanted play suffered child battled career control told society ireland thought going later years improved medication afforded described better quality life age career play inter county team work athletic association dispute parish clubs claimed represent parish established club newly formed club called players team recognised members club failed register correctly registered member club didn play sport eligible selection minors prior played legitimate club football forged way age teams performances school level clubs united banner years later won minor championship tournament lost ireland semi final team including adrian stay senior team captained ireland football championships titles having team lost final years player scored goals points goal equals points points scoring rules time automatic choice senior panel early senior career known exploits team started impact senior football championship lost eventual ireland champions scorer province earning star age ireland final championship spearheaded march final round round massive scoring exploits semi final scored ireland semi final scored reached second ireland final dublin hadn won championship 1980s match scored points ended losing game remembered contentious fans fact point match dying seconds blind sided referee deemed touched ball ground referee russell stated autobiography certain ball ground contested book managed elevation ball punched difficult touching ground scorer ireland year total earning inaugural year title fact scoring tally far ahead peers team led suggestions depending heavily injury championship handed leading scorer year row subsequently awarded successive star reached ireland semi final players sustain injuries day fans attribute heavy injury severe feeling effects year speculation playing broken foot international stage weak period seniors late 1990s represented ireland inaugural international rules series australia named vice captain team tour australia ireland came away convincing winners scoring points test adelaide south_australia test australia jason gave bloody nose seconds game sent second test fighting banned match wouldn played year ruled series tests scored points irish players leave mark australian supporters late senior career favourites ireland having won national_football_league spring ended losing qualifying match scored points day particular defeat stunned considered retiring inter county football despite won fourth star year player represented player star roll honour overtaking eugene manager time championship glory shook tag greatest player win ireland ireland senior football championship approached podium park stand final visible handed trophy emotional speech watch teams lift sam cup eventually win appearance final remarkable fact scorer day points despite having suffered ankle injury previous match expected advised play started final taken half time break way second half receiving treatment ankle including pain killing minutes remaining reintroduced manager likely experience member team played ireland final time happened blood sporadically example seen greatest moments years drawn final playing week death father remarked autobiography feared going lose biggest margins championship history didn stem flow attack awarded penalty stepped stephen choice penalty bench took kick managed find net later describing important kick career citing fact heavily beaten probably wouldn able pick play door series course championship amassed total total points won national_league spring earned fifth star notable performances year included point haul round match final scored points star gain honorary doctorate university voted bbc northern_ireland sports personality year regional award bbc sports personality year following email campaign ireland early forerunner national award despite fact games little exposure great_britain following final relinquished year old died shortly taking position tragedy adversely affected mindset team unable defend ireland championship swan song impact substitute championship brought opposition rally teammates sent minute coming substitute final replay replay ireland semi final meeting time year scored kick game winning match kevin player described point season despite free kick relatively straightforward position chose starting line ireland final went score goal winning retired inter county football following performance sixth star ending sixteen year tenure senior championship football said decision spent time treatment table referring instances played carrying potentially career threatening injuries appearance final game ninth championship match successes sides won national_football_league title years row competed final success competitions include railway cups schools titles cup club career retiring inter county football continued play club level seventeen years played won senior club titles club championships won star performances club championship december moved management time taking charge leading win county league final disciplinary problems career features examples including pitch players times threatened achievements jack connor manager ireland final suggested autobiography tackled cooper ball preventing getting goal scoring position claim backed sunday journalist shannon management career appointed manager november year term reviewed annually trainer joining game winning stepped manager september management appointed manager december guided 1st senior championship years october beat stars final huge success club delivering oliver trophy town club peter went panel management team consisted logan manager brian guided final victory celtic park subsequently ireland title defeating final


rugby union known pulse energy sponsorship reasons known new_zealand professional rugby union team based compete super rugby team represents north unions scottish immigrants helped found north regions 1840s 1850s main ground super rugby season home games occasionally played moved replacement stadium university plaza season stadium opened time rugby world cup super rugby season team formed represent lower south island newly formed super competition finished inaugural season eighth following season finished winning matches seasons qualified semi finals hosting competition final fellow south island team lost match following year knocked time semi final following seasons finish crowned super rugby champions oliver played record games thirteen players played games team highest career points scorer tony brown points highest career try scorer jeff wilson currently coached joseph captained shane ben smith history franchise created new_zealand teams super originally named franchise area encompassed lower south island new_zealand formed north provincial rugby unions team captained john coached gordon hunter super match queensland reds march defeated matches undefeated leading competition following week stadium south_africa defeated northern won games season canterbury lancaster park finished season eighth table successful season finished competition managed wins coached ross captained defeats season included loss points scored included points competition record following place season tony gilbert appointed coach game guidance upset win queensland reds eventually new_zealand defeat south african teams season defeating needed queensland reds defeat large margin queensland defeated finished fourth qualifying semi finals semi final faced defending champions blues park blues leading halftime leading controversial try adrian pushed blues lead illegally taken stanley ball following season improved season record reaching hosting tournament final opened season victory blues followed victory northern cats loss season sharks returned new_zealand defeat chiefs defeating reds lost new_south_wales week defeated venue match despite leading wellington hurricanes half time lost hurricanes half jason scored corner hurricanes victory won finished table hosted semi final instead travel south_africa defeated travelled super final south island rivals canterbury billed party tony brown house eighth tony brown scored led half time decisive try wing ball blacks jeff wilson collect ball score scored try minutes remaining won opened season victory queensland reds won matches sharks hurricanes cats lost following blues played jade stadium semi final defeated scored tries minutes season opened victory blues defeat april defeat new_south_wales based provincial team defeated new_south_wales narrowly lost hurricanes defeating april went undefeated home second consecutive season finished fifth wins season returned south_africa coach national provincial championship appointed coach season started narrow loss jade stadium year achieved win south african teams gordon hunter memorial trophy introduced season contested blues gordon hunter coached teams dying cancer match played park ahead half time eventually won home match season reds win meant gone seasons undefeated finished fourth played lost jeff wilson score try match franchise season started win chiefs hamilton defeated losing cats second loss occurred defeated gone seasons games unbeaten loss defeated blues retain gordon hunter memorial trophy april year revealed rift developed coach senior players squad oliver branded final game season resigned replaced assistant cooper contrast previous season conceded tries scored tries new head coach thirteen new players squad contributed finishing season ninth season season started loss blues following won games time franchise draw bye gone unbeaten weeks weeks end round robin losing remaining matches fell eighth season years super expanded include extra teams western force australia central south_africa expanded competition renamed super continued cooper losing match won won games finished season ranked ninth ended similar result finished ninth table worst new_zealand teams finished season wins losses thirteen matches fortunes franchise declining years player exodus following rugby world cup squad entire black row oliver clarke left lucrative contracts europe star nick evans moved north play blues hugely talented young lock james ryan forced retire age injury problems joining exodus veteran starters coach cooper left franchise assistant coaching position blues coach season moore appointed august moore left weak young inexperienced players franchise worst record wins losses super season finished lowest placed new_zealand team table jimmy team bright spots period appointed team captain things improve little following seasons team worst record new_zealand clubs moore released coach following season franchise compiled record wins losses seasons leadership black joseph hired coach super rugby season replaced team captain campaign prove franchise successful years raced start including monumental away win remained playoff contention entire season sitting injury cloud end year finish 8th table won super rugby season defeating hurricanes wellington called win greatest super rugby comeback century colours chosen early scottish settlers lower south island scottish settlers founders known edinburgh south city based according official website image visions fierce independence pride roots loyalty strength honesty hard work colours encompassed provincial colours north yellow blue blue predominant colour flag scotland sports teams country june introduced new predominantly lime green home kit debuted final home match super rugby season despite negative feedback fans kit initially confirmed season september club announced change heart returning traditional blue strip home matches lime green kit away matches super rugby season franchise area franchise area consists region controlled north rugby unions compete semi professional cup air new_zealand cup north amateur championship given lack success cup looked sign players reflection historically large influx people distant lands early settlement period particularly celtic countries scotland ireland grounds starting season moved stadium opened august built replace original home longer suitable international rugby venue rugby world cup stadium trust established manage planning construction new stadium new stadium current site instead near university harbour weather stadium rectangular configuration permanent seating capacity expanded necessary original home ground capacity known brook house pain reputation difficult venue visit stadium known large student population known occupied uncovered concrete embankment eastern end ground usually play regular season match outside rugby park events centre prior regular season match usually played rugby park played match events centre played pre season matches centennial park march played home game stadium north game attracted crowd biggest season development team fielded development team competitions pacific rugby cup matches representative teams seasons known development squad selected best emerging rugby talent area composed contracted players wider training group members selected club players records achievements season standings team records season set new records team stood seasons scored points tries season set franchise record points season score points game year saw greatest victory win setting records points match tries match largest winning margin eighth tony brown holds record career points career points included conversions penalties drop goals points single match held ben blair scored sharks career tries held player jeff wilson wilson blair share record tries single match israel ryan nicholas stanley honours champions runners playoff appearances current squad squad super rugby season current internationally capped players ben smith vice captain blacks notable players players played games john tony brown jimmy tom chris king simon oliver ben smith adam jeff wilson coaches management season coached gordon hunter joined blacks selection panel ross took season tony gilbert appointed season coached team appointed coach blacks peter appointed gilbert successor season coached moving coach blues returned new_zealand south_africa replace season resigned following season rift senior players cooper replaced coached team left franchise assistant coaches position blues moore coached club relieved duties club posted wins losses years charge replacement black joseph coach start season tony brown appointed job attack coach seasons head coach leading finals fixtures head coach joseph assistant coaches jon preston scott tony brown


sam sam born march english professional rugby league currently plays warriors super league england national representative previously played national rugby league new_zealand warriors won super league grand finals challenge cup finals younger brother older brother logan born family moved north early 1990s started playing amateur club aged seven develop career family moved played patrick receiving scholarship signed time contract end debut challenge cup match rugby league player score tries grade debut prove breakthrough year league debut appearances season scoring tries established choice stand named super league dream team receiving club player year super league young player year awards switched stand new head coach michael appearing occasionally half season won league title honour player appearing game season retained place dream team received rugby league international federation rookie year award scored hat trick wales international debut appeared times england nations played tournament final test match mid way season record tries scored single match england player scored france nations later year appeared england matches team failed progress past round participated england inaugural international origin early life born march england following birth sam older brother family moved father work early 1990s family moved younger brother charles second born experience rugby league came seven years old father introduced sam amateur club time older brother moved involved amateur patrick club team professional club aid careers family decided remained playing club mid teens reflecting time patrick bill club chairman remarked special sam came club different aged obtained place warriors scholarship scheme turned sixteen offered time contract club academy featuring regularly academy sides year featured win england academy france cadets early try helped establish early england lead completed second half sin high tackle end year rewarded time contract giving opportunity train alongside players club team professional playing career warriors debut season agreed release eighth trent contract club looked find long term replacement offered year extension contract club end season year optional signing extension head coach brian noble commented teammate mark ability impact super league years come pre season unofficial friendly match provided experience flight opposition came bench lee match loss noble followed providing aged team debut fifth round challenge cup match player rugby league history score tries grade debut scoring complete hat trick minutes scored eighteen tries total way victory despite thomas replaced team match meaning wait super league debut played rest season reserves highlights including hat trick try performance scoring tries hull reserves tipped super league appearances season reserve coach received endorsement club chairman said think sam going world class half want chance named reserve team player year inaugural awards evening awarded albert rookie year medal season club played christmas holidays pre season friendly season claimed hat trick team swept aside young inexperienced featured club fixtures pre season firstly given number jersey faced worst start season losing opening matches brought squad came bench league debut fourth match season break early second half allowed george claim try took tim smith starting place team match scoring twice earned league tries scored fourth round cup match round fixture celtic relegated bench smith start games came substitute score second season scored final try match fifth round cup win trinity found guilty charge kicking tackle player escaped match ban smith expressing desire return home australia following season tipped long term replacement stand named train squad england friendly test match france play dropped round match returned bench scored hull kingston round played game final regular round fixture season team knocked super league play offs included run appearances hat trick drop goal round year league debut named super league dream team stand voted journalists rugby league writers association super league young player year awards evening named player year young player year play england nations ended domestic season seven grade appearances league tries doubled league games previous season given year contract club season following play loss noble announced departure club offered new contract days later michael revealed new head coach squad position choice stand confirmed received number jersey departed smith club signed born paul pre season intention having mentor assistant coaching role played match season started cup matches scoring hat tricks sheffield eagles featured fixtures super league regular season team finishing league table winning league leader shield virtue team qualified play offs appearances way grand final victory club league title super league iii honour player played half round fixture sean covering position stand instead round marked league appearance game score try saving tackle daily_mirror reported saying sam wanted played quality kid position remained position rest season including grand final match round reverted stand total appearances improved record tries goals league claimed total stand hull times hull leeds scored try grand final despite finishing season regular maintained place super league dream team stand position team second row time super league dream team featured brothers super league awards evening teammate pat richards voted fellow super league players man steel having biggest impact season retained young player year title received albert medal best player season named rookie year rugby league international federation nations played england season previous season transition permanent club inherited number jersey cameron season injury offered new contract speculation national rugby league switch codes rugby union offered new year contract keeping club end season appearances season super league challenge cup world club challenge scored drop goal loss george dragons received match ban round joining fight previous match hull meaning time final regular round fixture missed grade match involvement england inaugural international origin rested away game scoring record started opening round kicked goal missed drop goal won game try came game match tying penalty kicked salvaged draw leeds april june scored thirteen tries seven games including league cup hat trick hull kingston scored second hat trick season taking career total fifth round cup win high tackle left unconscious scoring try incident ended involvement match sending head injury respectively despite missing away match hull shoulder injury returned bench scored tries victory match sky sports reported strong favourite season man steel award followed week later try scoring man match performance won cup semi final returned league action win home scoring tries scored match challenge cup final played final victorious team giving challenge cup honour jeff given lance trophy award pre match favourite win final rugby football league investigated found guilty gesture aimed fans opposing leeds team given suspended fine points tally season totalled tries goals drop goal season signed new contract play shortly brother agreed switch codes play rugby union according guardian deal sam highest paid player super league year rule cross code transfer years season june sydney morning herald published news impending departure join new_zealand warriors australia competition speculation sparked mother seen july looking residential properties september confirmed join warriors year deal starting signed world record fee new_zealand warriors games warriors inaugural tournament held pre season official game came round new season warriors lost second game george dragons scored try warriors loss scored second try season warriors tigers round season breakout game new_zealand club round victory scored tries directly lock position win feed play short broke tackles fantastic individual effort set brilliant try captain simon half recorded tackle breaks try assist line breaks running metres tries half performance truly map national rugby league debate previous game worth big money presence warriors saw long term club new_zealand kevin favour cup consequence good form released club mid season join english alongside warriors announced leave club end representative career world cup hosted australia new_zealand england campaign ended loss new_zealand semi final stage england responded exit tournament replacing number veterans younger players nations playing stand included new look squad featured quarter players aged october having played thirty games international debut tony smith england team wales brewery field warm match nations tournament year old scored hat trick victory harris welsh head coach dual code rugby international praising contribution winning england team despite left squad faced france opening nations fixture replaced england defeat australia stadium impressed australian captain stating match honest didn know young smith showing confidence young half pairing kyle maintained place squad won win match new_zealand place tournament final hosting england playing road leeds overcome australia closing thirty minutes final despite leading point pairing according sky sports impressive smith resigned england coach following nations steve announced team new head coach kept place england team played france mid season friendly responded scoring tries england way win record tally england player single match appeared england matches nations firstly defeat new_zealand kevin brown try scored kick video referee pushing process comprehensive defeat australia ended england hopes reaching final match international switch halves stayed position england final match new_guinea victory tony try record featured inaugural international origin england lost thanks teammate george minute try england supporters opposing clubs crowd leeds incident criticised england captain leeds forward head coach michael claimed affected abuse following completion rugby league domestic season included pre nations test france england opening match nations wales scored tries second time international career record tries player representing england playing australia stadium match england ended losing scored try new_zealand england victory meant second time years featured england nations final australia ended runners australia losing playing unhappy night high ball road week final played right wing scored try british based rugby union australian lost match match professional rugby union admitted prior training know numbers allocated position rugby union experience sport quoted bbc saying glad chance play rugby league player international test caps official england rugby league website including international origin matches international tries career statistics awards achievements honours grand final league leaders shield challenge cup


social identity theory social identity portion individual self concept derived perceived membership relevant social group originally formulated john turner 1970s 1980s social identity theory introduced concept social identity way explain behaviour social identity theory best described theory certain basis perceived group status differences perceived legitimacy stability status differences perceived ability group contrasts occasions term social identity theory refer general human social researchers treated social identity theory intended general theory social awareness limited scope social identity theory led john turner colleagues develop cousin theory form self theory built insights social identity theory produce general account self group processes term social identity approach social identity perspective suggested describing joint contributions social identity theory self theory aspects social identity theory states social behavior vary behavior behaviour completely behaviour behaviour determined solely individual characteristics relationships exists people completely behaviour behaviour determined solely social category apply people authors social identity theory state purely purely behaviour unlikely found realistic social situations behaviour expected driven compromise extremes nature personal social identities relationship fully developed self theory social identity theory instead focuses social structural factors predict end spectrum influence individual behaviour forms behavior positive key assumption social identity theory individuals motivated achieve positive individuals positive self concept individuals varying degrees defined informed respective social identities derived social identity theory individuals achieve maintain positive social identity noted precise nature positive self concept matter debate self esteem hypothesis assumption positive motivation arose outcomes findings minimal group studies particular found certain conditions individuals endorse resource maximize positive contrast expense personal self interest positive strategies building components social identity theory details variety strategies invoked order achieve positive individual choice behaviour dictated largely perceived relationship particular choice strategy outcome perceived group boundaries group member pass low status group high status group perceived stability legitimacy status hierarchy self enhancing strategies detailed social identity theory detailed importantly viewed perspective low status group member comparable adopted high status group members individual mobility predicted conditions group boundaries considered individuals likely engage individual mobility strategies individuals group pursue individual goals designed improve personal lot social creativity group boundaries considered status relations considered reasonably stable individuals predicted engage social creativity low status members able increase positive necessarily changing objective resources achieved comparing new dimension changing values assigned attributes group choosing alternative compare social competition seeks positive direct competition form considered competitive case occurs value dimension shared relevant social groups contrast social creativity scenarios social competition predicted occur group boundaries considered status relations considered reasonably unstable privileged theory positive strategy received greatest attention development historical background late 1920s perspective disappeared mainstream social psychology time formal statement social identity theory wrote state social psychology social conceived floating independent variable strikes random spirit moves links attempted conditions determining presence mode operation outcomes widely social behaviour social kind shared constructions social reality social lead social climate large masses people feel long term conflict masses example psychological transitions stable unstable social system original emphasis social identity theory reflects desire approach social psychology self social groups implications group known bias despite turner objections term effect people treatment perceived social identity attributes cause psychological need positive describes situations likely occur function perceived group status legitimacy stability shown minimal group studies occur arbitrary coin toss split participants heads group tails group non arbitrary based cultures sexual orientation languages continued study relationship social explored relative discrimination explored different explored relationship psychological constraints threat controversies self esteem hypothesis social identity theory proposes people motivated achieve maintain positive concepts researchers including michael propose fairly direct relationship positive social identity self esteem known self esteem hypothesis self esteem predicted relate group bias ways firstly successful discrimination self esteem secondly depressed threatened self esteem promotes discrimination support predictions mixed social identity including john turner consider self esteem hypothesis canonical social identity theory fact self esteem hypothesis argued theory argued self esteem hypothesis distinction social identity personal identity lines john turner penny argue interpretation positive straight forward need self esteem quasi biological drive prejudice instead favour somewhat complex conception positive self concept reflection social values additionally argued self esteem hypothesis alternative strategies maintaining positive self concept articulated social identity theory individual mobility social creativity positive negative dubbed positive negative phenomenon researchers shown group benefits self esteem rewarding group finding social identity theory unable deal bias negative dimensions social identity point occur social identity psychologically negative dimensions experienced fitting basis self definition important qualification subtly present social identity theory developed self theory support perspective exist shown experiment participants self select negative dimensions define positive negative found similarity social identity theory suggests similar groups increased motivation differentiate subsequently findings similar groups shown possess increased levels attraction decreased levels group bias interpreted problematic theory suggested apparent resolved attending social identity theory emphasis importance perceived stability legitimacy status hierarchy power social identity theory criticised having far greater explanatory power power relationship independent resulting behaviour consistent theory retrospect particular outcome predicted outset charge theory advertised definitive answer understanding relationships instead stated social identity theory hand hand sufficient understanding specific social context consideration argument consistent explicit importance authors social identity theory placed role objective factors stating particular situation effects social identity theory determined previous social economic political processes sit researchers interpret social identity theory drawing direct link identification social group example charles john state main premise social identity theory members favour group groups interpretation rejected researchers example alex states versions social identity theory argue social identification leads automatically discrimination bias fact discrimination conflict anticipated limited set circumstances social identity theory social competition partly fact early statements theory included examples alternative positive strategies social creativity stage theoretical regardless circles prediction straightforward identification bias earned title social identity theory


december june american professor psychology devoted career study written books publications created academic program united_states won awards prize research highest award american psychiatric association psychiatric research lastly professor psychology department university minnesota received native ohio studied psychology undergraduate graduate degrees faculty member universities spent career university virginia university minnesota known researching identical twins document contributions family social cultural economic environment onset progress inter transmission disorder worked researchers analyze hospital records conduct follow interviews twins researched effects environment human violence variations human intelligence researcher james shields introduced word control genes signals modified environment parts field psychiatric written written series books work publications include raw data studies statistical interpretation possible conclusions presented necessary background material books include hand accounts patients relatives tending giving insight thoughts disorder primary shields built models explain cause transmission progression disorder controlled genes acting concert environment cause sufficient background born cleveland ohio bernard virginia née hungarian romanian jewish immigrants educated miles elementary public school cleveland heights leaving school joined united_states_navy given scholarship rank assigned naval reserve officers training corps illinois institute technology chicago specialized physics changed psychology receiving degree graduate work university minnesota patterned clinical psychology program boulder model emphasized research theory clinical practice joined graduate program years navy supported korean war bill began investigating personality traits identical twins filled minnesota personality inventory thesis submitted psychological rejected review grounds nature issue addressed settled favor appeal thesis reviewed accepted publication began career harvard_university social relations psychology lecturer non tenure track position ended years worked researcher james shields hospital complex london twin registry analyze traits identical twins lab met rome second international congress human return university minnesota created program received fellowship work denmark left join washington university school medicine moved university virginia started clinical psychology training program continued london collaborating shields wrote series books spending years university virginia retired active role years research continues research time psychology till death professor endowed chair adult senior fellow psychology university minnesota fellow american association advancement science academy clinical psychology center advanced study sciences stanford_university fellow university copenhagen emeritus psychology chair university virginia honorary fellow london royal college advised graduate students annual lecture behavior established university virginia married carol december sons died june scientific contributions studies studied large scale register twin years later worked psychiatric twin cities study thesis found high levels inheritance scales related depression anti social personality disorder social genes strongly influenced social aggressive tendencies led studies personality traits identical twins minnesota study identical twins apart analyzing results study shields devised multi element model modeling recently introduced liability threshold model book summarized expanded study twin study point argued product genes acting introduced techniques precise analysis field shields introduced terms reaction ranges surface puzzle sciences threshold model genetic environmental risks combined produce pushed individual condition influence grew strong reaction range concept idea genes environment control behavior separate upper lower limits strength control case concept basic psychology study prevailing opinion originated bad parental relationships researchers showed identical twins likely concluding disorder outcome genetically determined developmental study caused mixture small traits working diagnosis interpreted link genes final behavior acted environment chance elements influences changing passed children molecular biological studies referred explain genetic causes researchers examined mild like personality disorders linked shields extended term classes mild psychological disorders twins relatives researchers twin carrier gene non passing genetic risk expressed twin study confirm denmark study researchers evaluated extent genes twin studies found genetic disposition poor self control caused identical twins studied identical twins twin found children twins equal genetic vulnerability disease later study mid-1980s resulting paper awarded kurt prize concluded children identical twins higher risk twins indicating non identical twin passed genetic disposition expressed denmark study introduced concepts genetic risk control regulation genes work new field studies violence review research juvenile violence found continuous genes contributed continuous type authors published critique prevalent idea transmitted generations child abuse families stated review studies cited missed element children families targets genes influenced committing acts attracting treatment parents conference institute maryland strongly genes controlled person leaning violence crime presented results studies influence genes stating identical twins separated birth likely similar levels criminal behavior indicated genes influenced behavior point patterns strongly influenced environment set genes conference funded national health contentious detractors arguing studies lead minority groups likely criminals lower social status poor targeted gene therapy violence protesters disrupted conference auditorium belief scientists proceed research waiting humanity ethical work called united_states senate senator walter discuss point gap separating african americans white americans testified genes influenced conjunction elements schooling money food childhood onwards colleagues published study showing higher differences high status people low people genes influenced differences test scores high children low children said genes weaker influence poverty views researched published abuse genetic research nazi_germany provided expert testimony chinese human rights case involving family scholarly books focused human costs disorder genesis origins madness provided chapters patients describe experiences disease families emphasized influences patients behavior concert family social economic cultural contexts according random events element determining behavior destiny interaction elements known level fixed precise quantities books authored books related psychiatric twin study point shields published document twin study research hospital london work earned prize research highest award psychiatric research american psychiatric association study expanded earlier hospital covering identical twins pair treated hospital study contemporary literature book detailed detail chapters comprise book core identical twins classified blood groups follow interviews recorded monitor progress patients twins psychological tests object test test concept formation measure mental traits functioning case prepared scandinavian psychiatrist sent data identical twin status diagnosis removed judges japan judges independently evaluated patients results studies comprise core data showed genes person likely develop environmental pressures study designed find genes responsible authors acting tandem elements responsible identified overly protective mother birth order weight social economic elements ruled shields found roughly half identical twins shared non status eleventh twins shared diagnosis scales coincided identical twin pairs twin pairs object test showed useful relations twins liable develop genes risk book presents case histories twin pairs studied raw data analyses chapters results context existing studies presented new theory model explain causes disorder environmental aspects researchers checked drew existing literature multiple compare mutually cancel differing criteria theory book genes work dispose person disorder certain environmental pressures model provided specific insight useful study puzzle puzzle outlined approaches conclusions models study wrote book james shields died published book introduces methods research setting taking account national differences disorder defined myths mother introduced concepts threshold model reaction range book provided material self contained family adoption twin studies investigated determine ways vulnerability disorder changed genetic similarity patient supported presence genetic contribution cause progress elements birth problems incidents analyzed help authors build combined model explain disorder researchers analyzed populations determine role genes simplified mathematical models influence genes environment signal disorder guide writing wrote approach lacked role genes emphasized results earlier studies researchers investigated specifically possible route genes influence functioning brain produce symptoms disorder authors investigated psychiatric disorders children found little relation adult genetic influence covered social implications disease concluding poor disorder eroded resources abilities chapter devoted social issues violence illnesses death rates sexual aspects ability father bear children affecting authors provided data chance episode disorder book covered new methods new models studying disorder unanimously accepted criteria researchers asked colleagues provide analyses reports twins found agreement averaging criteria produced set close adapted genesis origins madness genesis origins madness written won william james award american psychological association extensively reviewed science looked book presented vulnerability stress model explain causes disorder cause gene model explain passed parents children book translated japanese german genesis written lay person clinical professional provides data methods interpreting data introduction genetic analysis analyze role inheritance behavior book contains accounts artist depicting suffering saying know laugh newspapers suddenly contain light demon eyes genesis starts history takes view disease industrial world mentioned bible ancient greeks ancient physicians authors including shakespeare saw mentioned physicians short story showing disorder recognized defined symptoms student began genetic study transmission book noted existed cultures rates stayed steady years chapter devoted criteria determining preferring developed american psychiatric association statistical manual mental disorders version iii international classification diseases kurt method diagnosis based ways person spoke acted standard measures emotional thought sudden changes person mentioned diagnosis world war atlantic psychiatric british family studies reviewed disorder runs families suggest genetically inherited cultural transmission occurs parents children twin adoption studies presented standard methods contributions genes environment computer based method calculating odds based causes book examines problems caused relatives patients society large larger scale ones exemplified policies states nazi_germany final chapters cover molecular biology briefly newer methods researched time publication analysis likelihood neighboring genes inherited covered committees organizations society study social biology conference princeton_university laid behavior association president elect program chair american psychological association member fellow fellow american psychiatric association fellow american psychological society vice president society study social biology president behavior association member american society human president society research fellow american academy arts sciences awards recognized professional organizations united_states britain japan received following awards prize research american psychiatric association lifetime achievement award behavior association william james book award division general psychology kurt prize university germany non german win prize distinguished scientific contributions award highest honor previous include jean skinner gold medal award life achievement science psychology american psychological foundation outstanding achievement research mental health disorders national alliance research disorders award brain behavior research foundation university louisville award psychology james fellow award association psychological science books differential reproduction individuals mental physical disorders conference sponsored american society division population council held university chicago university press shields james twin study point boston academic press isbn shields james personality boston academic press isbn cambridge cambridge_university press isbn shields james puzzle cambridge cambridge_university press isbn genesis origins madness san_francisco freeman isbn shields james man mind selected papers university press isbn fuller bowler ann taylor edward disorder biological roots mental illness revealed landmark study identical twins basic books isbn peter owen michael psychiatric oxford_university press isbn multiple names authors list link


george george september october psychologist pioneered study perception vision wearing special glasses inverted images left right studied founders modern psychology started experimental psychology america university california berkeley studies vision inspired later studies subject initial members philosophy department berkeley chair psychology department worked focusing international relations peace presided american psychological association member national academy sciences wrote book experimental psychology methods scope published articles studies perception reviews studies field served psychological committees world war served advisor doctoral students head psychology departments born brought oakland area california family deep roots america spent career berkeley received undergraduate degree university california yale_university phd university leipzig returned philosophy department berkeley teaching psychology promoted associate professor left university early 1900s spent years faculty psychology department returning berkeley period focused studies sensation perception psychological effects sensory different ways involved establishing early regional associations devoted field psychology served army world war developing psychological tests select airmen army aviation exposure war effort prompted interest international relations causes wars anti war believer held psychology aim assist humanity quest future wars optimistic people making nations taught live peace races equal mental capacity belief held scientific later career wrote books looking international relations war differences races emotions scholar classics translated greek philosophers contributions studies perception visual continue influence field psychology death books wrote scholarly look scope experimental psychology remaining including unfinished death international relations issues war findings psychology conflict nations considered issues application psychology real world ideas produce lasting impact field non experimental nature early life education george born september james thompson originally new_york smith parents met married new_york settled clinton east oakland california james california gold rush sailing north_america crossing land panama stretch finding little gold senior traced ancestry early settlers british settlements america smith dutch english james live rest life california pursuing civil engineering career county surveyor county later surveyor general state finally chief deputy state surveyor expert big mexican land grants split spanish deeds sons frederick went university california today berkeley lawyer state senator collector port san_francisco killing november robert thomas doctor oakland died long illness couple daughter later walter good george youngest child lived past early education oakland public schools undergraduate education university california university member beta fraternity editor student news publication graduated degree university california total graduating class students learned latin english taught high school principal school met courted san_francisco born alice miller obtained degree yale fellow philosophy department berkeley chair philosophy department george holmes met undergraduate significant influence life taught philosophy courses march appointed instructor department philosophy instructor began teaching psychology logic courses addition philosophy course obtained fellowship university california study university leipzig married alice miller methodist episcopal church berkeley instructor philosophy department immediately couple left east way europe taking leave absence berkeley spent years institute experimental psychology leipzig received phd received degree cum thesis submitted publication work years spent working years primarily berkeley founded department psychology university left join army world war serving san_francisco san_diego new_york early berkeley returning america rejoined university california instructor promoted assistant professor longer taught philosophy psychology courses years later influence philosophical union year investigating contemporary psychology presented attended lecture series union lively debates end psychological experiments time published papers study lenses people adapt time view world upright vision image vision image mirror limit visible depth psychological review presented report experiments inverted vision science association university member psychology students philosophy department knight later chair university california los_angeles director newly established psychology lab philosophy department associate professor philosophy department headed contributed paper honoring birthday eye movements aesthetics visual form taught series lectures philosophy psychology pacific theological seminary berkeley daughter born son james return berkeley left berkeley end june moved east university professor experimental psychology october time philosophers baltimore formed southern society philosophy psychology charter members meeting presented results experiment fidelity senses san_francisco earthquake struck destroying large city specific suggestions rebuild city resist earthquakes fires water supply cut urged city split districts avenues divisions second daughter florence born baltimore left october replaced professor experimental psychology john watson army world war served army aviation developing psychological recruitment tests worked san_francisco field san_diego field new_york joining captain promoted major transfer presided army aviation examining board san_francisco chaired national research council psychological problems aviation including examination aviation recruits summer headed psychological section medical research lab army medical research board field wing army corps member psychological division research focused developing psychological recruiting tests tests designed tested reaction times ability imagine curves presented visually ability sense gradual body edward results studies analyze weak performance poor flying record research carried spring captain kelly field army thought results allow tests checking recruits new units berkeley war returned berkeley january taught berkeley extension school psychology health san_francisco people medical profession oakland time introductory course psychology demand students split warner brown teaching concurrently wife editor university california volume issued university press berkeley daughter graduated berkeley august married harvard graduate edward russell new_york father house moved city social settlement work following graduation year son attended berkeley berkeley department psychology officially split department philosophy chair july second daughter florence graduated berkeley retirement death retired remained university died october age year wife death kept coming university till end died working book divisive forces community nations poor retirement universities america europe asia survived son physician berkeley daughters divorced married robert new_york florence married albert berkeley grandchildren great personal life brick laying important built brick walls paths garden house house helped design daughter recall decades later living house view san_francisco bay golden gate county hills annual camping summer carried love books writing shade tree recalled night time reading homer children mixing fascinating guests weekend prepared mother family camping latin professor uncle richardson work began career working philosophy department teaching philosophy courses branched experimentation soon tackled problems international relations later career lab inverted glasses experiments went generation psychology lab leipzig experimental programs bringing fields evolutionary biology sensory physiology nervous system studies career generation exposure added graduate work yale influenced psychologist started vision experiments experiments found adapting new perception environment days images eyes saw regular basis wore set glasses images upside left right wore glasses right eye covered left patch day slept night initial movement clumsy adjusting new environment took days tried variations experiment years wore glasses days berkeley day inverted landscape felt second day body position strange day seven things felt normal sense returned glasses taken world looked straight found reaching right hand left way tried experiment outdoors tried experiment disrupting mental link touch sight wore set mirrors attached harness shown figure allowing forcing body found senses adapted similar way days interpretation build association sight touch learning period time certain periods vision touch feel body touch feeling told body experience caused altered normal sensory perception vanished attended issue critically focusing berkeley psychology department berkeley stayed philosophy department second faculty member psychology specialist psychology department broke new department started people chair edward harvard degree experiments rooms philosophy department split psychology division brown earlier student berkeley faculty member onward berkeley psychology phd albeit philosophy department split set berkeley psychology lab philosophy department taught psychology courses brown courses included sensation perception emotion memory applications psychology law medicine schooling clerical work priests continued experiments perception branching studies vision eye movements symmetry visual people perceive depth seeing surroundings eyed eyed limits peripheral vision apparent motion impressed eye person object long looks away problems sight half visual field reviewed earlier studies motion conducted concluding movement sum seeing successive images surveyed reported reviews psychological bulletin experiments including europe matters related sensation perception list special lectures philosophical educational psychology exposed multiple influences life undergraduate student learned philosophy religion yale later lab switched experimental psychology studied perception memory emotion exposure world war serving army focused mind issues war peace international relations later work reflected elements experience scholar classics translated greek philosophers saw humans machines analyzed seating emotion drives analyzed scientifically traditional psychological concepts sensation perception memory believed supreme world registered senses theme published book man creator destroyer completed eighty seven years old book developing mental power foray educational psychology addressing question general versus specific training terms teachers understand use aimed goal simple generally applicable look basic workings mental life john writing journal abnormal psychology found failure saw path psychological concepts emotion intelligence teaching clearly described book applied psychological concepts figure war optimistic possible harness creative destructive individuals nations peacefully saw nations consisting races harmony line prevailing view field races inherently equally intelligent psychology religion emotions contributed psychological study religion founders psychology religion saw religion including personal faith historical traditions religious texts supporting data psychology religious life explored sacred texts large set understand traditions rituals concrete parts understand goals concept religion psychology sought explain need grasp accept live conceptual sublime humble proud energetic led direction religion tied human emotions especially anger religious faith understand collected data religious writings rites traditions considered advanced anger religious moral significance listed studied major religions world classified categories religions islam anger buddhism christianity saw example anger supported love based religion concluded western civilization denying rage good accepting love goodwill desirable cautioned anger times needed fight evil professor berkeley visited philippines china japan hawaii coordinating university philippines study psychology races oriental religions explored anger emotions animals scientists invited attend confirmed attendance conference discuss human emotions feelings conference scheduled october college springfield ohio focus experimental psychology religion articulated beliefs religion view religious feeling primarily social need believing need seeing cause logic world harmony things believer held theory separate biological important aspects lay objective science time sought explore boundaries methods science stop declare unknown limited tools times psychology religious life laid definition religion feeling unseen entity marked best greatest suggested music healing powers address nature training emotions delivered group nurses baltimore hospitals predicted music treat sick future held nurses know sing patients care books wrote books contributed collections honoring writing obituary biography phd thesis die von german published leipzig band book experimental psychology bearing culture covered scope practice experimental psychology later books turned international relations experimental psychology bearing culture wrote experimental psychology bearing culture explain typical psychological experiment results obtained answered philosophical problems book covered experimental results psychology influenced overall social behavior everyday cultural life people looking history experimental psychology surveying experimental methods covering applications limits pointed psychological experiments differed ones physiology survey experiments included studies mental perception including blind noted blind sense space described measurements mental phenomena possible practice believe results interpreted psychic scale different usual physical ones measures lengths weights rejected argument mind studied splitting parts drawing analogy studying tree looking constituent parts trees presumed akin trees split parts book chapters memory imitation suggestion refuted idea experience external environment acting mind working passive recipient saw sensation time analogy perception space simultaneously hear separately multiple mixed tones meant experiences necessarily come single file meant time multiple dimensions simultaneous events distinguished past present future dimension time address dimensions temporal space events indistinguishable begin analyzed poetic measure connected span attention tying arts psychology charles samuel writing nature saw poetry rhythm complex subject reduced attention spans later chapters covered topics unconscious mind mind body connection spiritual aspects psychology attacked standard view separate entity driving biology mental processes concluded observations people aware perception differed sensory reality form theory final chapter author experimental psychology needed ruled idea soul book treatment memory relationship psychology body soul addressing broader aspect culture saw work appealing educated reader specialist experimental topics arenas distraction social psychology international conduct wrote social psychology international conduct social science teachers wanted use psychology analyze international affairs book evaluated races concluded races intelligent enabling build strong cultures stated prejudice people social political advantages brought saw nations individuals possessing national character similar individuals reviewing book american journal objected author concluding northern central europeans intelligent southern eastern europeans noting intelligence measures length stay america chapter taking national profits war author nations went war paid bringing national rewards helping achieve policy goals suggested nations blocked enjoying fruits war instead review political science quarterly walter concluded enforcing position meant international enforcement force judicial police powers formation need appeal reason desire international community saw pushing mind training people control emotions efforts war starts wars intentional starts wars intentional presented nations collections people triggering war held citizens country peace arms defend land fought fought right blaming enemy rounded list war believed stated people freed war integral human nature saw need ways eliminate war individuals ways abstract innate traits florence kelly reviewing book new_york_times saw placing blame responsibility persons identifying roots war men women readers action likely readers legacy member national academy sciences president american psychological association chair division psychology member national research council honorary member national institute psychology corresponding member american institute czechoslovakia published length books papers honorary lecturer yale delivering taylor lectures yale school religion beginning april earlier work sensation perception book based stayed influential researchers psychology books articles dealt philosophical issues treated perspectives exact objective investigation lost appeal psychology researchers time death fields studied experimentation vision perception impact experiment people upside world normal adapt debated long time studies century original experiment shown difference early levels visual processing indicates world stays inverted level research use practical ways mirror experiment experience vision feeling parallels applications researching phantom limb syndrome art exhibit upside mushroom room belgian artist tunnel installation inverted environment builds work provided encouragement students children early berkeley encouraged young students pursue graduate study psychology writing personal letters students scored grade introductory psychology course stamp legacy seen doctoral students knight earliest students berkeley second president american psychological association saw guide mentor early students warner brown chair psychology department berkeley sixteen years serve faculty university california berkeley san_francisco years committees standing committees academic council scholarships university california standing committees graduate council university california group members southern society philosophy psychology president american psychological association committee arrangements prizes instituted regent chair board research university california chair university california meeting october standing committee academic senate administrative committee international relations elected member national academy sciences served capacities member national research council chair division psychology national research council member board foundation biological sciences representative editorial board advisory board bureau public personnel administration institute government research committee interpretation oral speech vocal control deaf committee national child development list books experimental psychology bearing culture new_york psychology religious life new_york new_york double standard regard fighting new_york new_york american association international control fighting instinct new_york new_york american association international greek psychology aristotle new_york new_york london allen developing mental power boston anger religious moral significance new_york new_york social psychology international conduct new_york new_york company starts wars international new_york new_york mifflin company man creator destroyer london allen