croatian alongside croatia proper historical regions croatia taking east country roughly corresponds croatian counties territory counties includes definition western extent region varies counties cover square kilometres square miles croatia inhabited croatia population largest city region followed located basin largely bordered danube rivers west region consists valleys mountains surrounding valley plains east enjoys moderate continental climate relatively low precipitation fall rome ruled area modern day 5th century controlled area arrival croatia established 7th century later incorporated kingdom croatia decline kingdom ruled personal union hungary ottoman conquest took place great turkish war transferred reform empire compromise assigned hungarian realm year later kingdom croatia austria-hungary dissolved short lived state serbs turn kingdom later renamed yugoslavia croatian war independence saw fierce fighting including battle economy largely based processing industry trade transport civil engineering agriculture significant component economy contains croatia agricultural land accounts significant proportion croatia livestock farming production permanent crops gross domestic product counties worth million euro euro capita national average counties represents croatia cultural heritage blend historical influences especially end 17th century started recovering ottoman wars traditional culture contributed culture croatia art writers poets art patronage traditional music distinct region croatia traditional culture preserved folklore festivals prominence given music form traditional song recognized cultural heritage cuisine reflects diverse influences blend traditional foreign elements croatia areas recognized centres wine production history originated early middle ages area named settled called root appeared languages spoken people inhabiting area west river rivers south living area area bounded rivers called slavic language word subsequently evolved present forms slavic languages languages adopted term antiquity remnants cultures found regions croatia sites found river valleys northern croatia including significant cultures presence found include culture finds discovered near dated cultures finds attributed cultures discovered area extending culture sites dated culture finds dated iron age left traces early culture celtic culture later region settled tribes including controlled present day archaeological finds settlements areas closer adriatic_sea significant discoveries instance near came contact roman republic romans conquered modern day conquest completed roman province established encompassing modern day vast territory right bank danube province renamed divided decades middle ages collapse western roman empire included territory occupied modern day area kingdom end 5th century control area proved significant task given increasing control 6th century ended withdrawal arrival established control year according work written 10th century byzantine emperor constantine vii arrived early 7th century croatia disputed competing date event 6th 9th centuries eventually formed ruled attested chronicles starting year record represents document croatian realms vassal states time ended reign decades later ruler croatia styled king occurred letter pope john dating kingdom croatia defeated hungarian bulgarian invasions spreading influence croatian kings northward medieval croatian kingdom reached peak 11th century reigns died ending dynasty hungary claimed croatian crown opposition claim led war personal union croatia hungary ruled centuries ruled kingdom croatia parliament ban appointed king period saw increasing territorial losses ottoman conquest ottoman conquests led battle field battle ending decisive ottoman victories king louis hungary died ferdinand house elected new ruler croatia condition provide protection croatia ottoman_empire political rights period saw rise prominence native nobility ultimately numerous families present coat arms official capacity coat arms croatia dates period granted king december ottoman conquest following battle ottomans expanded possessions seizing defeating army led attempting retake september firm control ottomans regular administration introduced establishing ottoman control expanded surrendered year turkish conquest continued seized day siege ottoman forces conquered hostilities brought year truce temporary border ottoman significant defensive fortress significant ottoman centre ottoman advances including brief occupation cities westward efforts turkish forces presented significant threat rest croatia hungarian kingdom prompting greater defensive commitment empire year truce ended devised system fortifications troops border areas forerunner croatian military frontier nonetheless ottoman conquest completed captured ottoman advances croatian territory continued battle decisive ottoman defeat lasting frontier great turkish war regained ottomans abandoned region unlike western bosnia croatia ottoman conquest present day southern border border croatia bosnia remnant outcome ottoman wars instigated great demographic changes migrated austria present day direct descendants settlers replace fleeing called orthodox populations bosnia serbia provide military service croatian military frontier migration region peaked great monarchy austria-hungary areas acquired treaty assigned croatia union hungary union ruled border area danube rivers military frontier time took role administrative military centre newly formed kingdom 1830s 1840s saw romantic nationalism inspire croatian national revival political cultural campaign advocating unity south empire primary focus establishment standard language hungarian promotion croatian literature culture hungarian revolution croatia sided austrians ban helping defeat hungarian forces period policy 1860s failure policy apparent leading austro hungarian compromise creation personal union crowns austrian empire kingdom hungary treaty left issue croatia status hungary status resolved croatian hungarian settlement kingdoms croatia united kingdom croatia austria-hungary occupied bosnia following treaty berlin military abolished croatian military frontier territory returned croatia provisions croatian hungarian settlement time easternmost point croatia encompassed kingdom kingdom yugoslavia world war october croatian declared independence decided join newly formed state serbs turn entered union kingdom serbia december form kingdom serbs treaty signed end world war allies world war hungary successor states austria-hungary treaty established southern border hungary rivers northern county kept hungary territorial acquisition adjacent administrative divisions new kingdom political situation new kingdom deteriorated leading dictatorship king alexander january dictatorship formally ended king imposed constitution transferring executive power king changed country yugoslavia agreement august created autonomous croatia incorporating agreement yugoslav government retained control defence internal security foreign affairs trade transport matters left croatian crown appointed ban april yugoslavia occupied germany italy following invasion territory incorporated independent state croatia nazi backed puppet state assigned zone german occupation duration world war regime introduced anti semitic laws conducted campaign ethnic genocide populations exemplified concentration camps armed resistance soon developed region controlled substantial territories especially mountainous parts yugoslav partisans led took control april federal yugoslavia independence croatia world war croatia including single party socialist federal unit socialist federal republic yugoslavia ruled communists enjoying degree autonomy federation autonomy effectively increased yugoslav constitution basically fulfilling goal croatian spring movement providing legal basis independence constituents borders yugoslav constituent defined commissions decisions federal organization yugoslav defined croatian territory allowing integration commissions set present day kilometre border serbia croatia danube river mouth north hungarian border section south confluence matching border kingdom croatia county existed end world war 1980s political situation yugoslavia deteriorated national tension serbian memorandum montenegro january communist_party fragmented national lines croatian faction demanding federation year multi party elections held croatia win raising nationalist tensions serbs croatia intent achieving independence croatia left declared autonomy areas soon republic serbian tensions rose croatia declared independence june declaration came effect october tensions escalated croatian war independence yugoslav national army attacked croatia end high intensity war fought wide reduced croatia controlling thirds territory armed conflicts clashes near western occupied august following advance yugoslav forces north river partially pushed croatian army operations named established line south hold virtually unchanged years operation flash armed conflict eastern culminating battle subsequent massacre included heavy fighting successful defence line stabilized agreed january coming force day united_nations protection force deployed occupied areas intermittent artillery rocket attacks launched held areas bosnia continued areas especially war effectively ended croatia achieving decisive victory august remaining occupied areas eastern restored croatia agreement november process concluded january geography political geography croatian counties established borders changed instances latest revision taking place consists counties counties largely cover territory historically associated western borders county territory lie area western boundary generally located ottoman conquest remaining borders international borders croatia places croatian counties eastern croatia terms eastern croatia increasingly synonyms county comprises cities nova municipalities croatia county consists seven cities municipalities county comprises cities municipalities county covers cities municipalities county encompasses cities municipalities eastern half central eastern croatia statistical unit croatia areas central croatia statistical units correspond counties cities municipalities counties combined cover area size square kilometres square miles representing territory croatia physical geography boundaries geographical region necessarily coincide borders counties south east danube rivers define international borders croatia boundaries common definitions region north boundaries largely coincide river considered northern border geographic region geographic region definition territory county associated western boundary geographic region specifically defined variously defined history depending political divisions croatia eastern croatia geographic term largely overlaps definitions defined territory counties including topography entirely located basin major parts croatia basin took shape crust structures formed late structures visible mountains processes led formation chain basin million years ago intensified observed flood contemporary mountains prevented water flowing black_sea sea formed basin sediments transported basin uplifting mountains particularly deep sediments deposited pleistocene mountains ultimately metres feet sediment deposited basin sea eventually drained iron gate gorge southern basin sediment depth normally lower averaging metres feet central parts depressions formed metres feet depression metres feet depression nearly metres feet depression deepest sediment found results processes large plains eastern river valleys especially plains interspersed structures believed broken sea surface islands tallest metre metre flanking valley west north adjacent consist rocks million years old east valley south consist recent rocks contains upper cretaceous sediments rocks forming main kilometre ridge hill representing largest croatia smaller present near mountains west possible remnants volcanic arc related alpine uplifting alps plain extending eastward representing watershed rivers gradually rises south climate largest rivers found near borders danube length danube flowing eastern border cities kilometres miles main tributaries kilometre danube near east mouth located major tributaries flowing southern border cities kilometre flowing kilometre course takes large lakes largest ones lake surface area varies square kilometres square miles reservoir covering square kilometres square miles lake connected danube canal situated wetland lake artificial lake created upper course river entire belongs danube basin black_sea area divided sub basins drains danube tributary directly danube drainage divide sub basins runs mountains effect tracing southern boundary county northern boundary county cuts county north finally county running reach southwest entire county located sub basin croatia including moderately warm rainy continental climate defined climate classification mean annual temperature averages month july averaging temperature peaks pronounced continental areas lowest temperature recorded january highest temperature recorded july precipitation recorded eastern parts millimetres inches year case occurs growing season western parts receive millimetres inches precipitation low winter temperatures distribution precipitation year normally result snow cover freezing rivers requiring use extreme cases explosives maintain flow water navigation receives hours sunshine year average prevailing winds light moderate northeasterly southwesterly demographics according census total population counties accounting population croatia largest portion total population lives county followed county county populous county overall population density stands persons square kilometre population density ranges persons square kilometre highest density recorded county lowest county largest city followed cities populations according census account percent population significant ethnic minorities serbs hungarians comprising percent percent population respectively largest portion minority recorded county percent largest hungarian minority relative absolute terms observed county census recorded population declaring catholic belonging serbian orthodox church muslims declared non religious declined declare religion widely language region croatian declared language total population followed serbian hungarian language demographic history characterised significant croatia starting arrival 6th 9th centuries following establishment personal union croatia hungary joining empire hungarian german speaking population croatia began gradually increasing number processes varied intensity persisted beginning 20th century ottoman conquests initiated westward migration parts croatian population direct descendants settlers replace fleeing called orthodox populations bosnia serbia provide military service croatian military frontier migration region peaked great following collapse austria-hungary hungarian population declined emigration ethnic bias changes especially significant areas north river county represented majority world war end 19th century substantial economic emigration abroad croatia general world war yugoslav regime confiscated percent properties encouraged settlement land volunteers war veterans evicted replaced new settlers regime world war world war period immediately following war significant demographic changes german speaking population forced compelled leave reducing number german population yugoslavia living parts present day croatia serbia figure recorded census 1940s 1950s yugoslavia marked settlements displaced germans live people mountainous parts bosnia serbia montenegro larger cities spurred development industry 1960s 1970s wave economic migrants left largely moving canada australia new_zealand western_europe recent changes ethnic composition counties occurred conducted census recorded population consisting serbs percent percent total population respectively croatian war independence ethnic yugoslavia preceded caused exodus population followed exodus serbs return refugees end hostilities complete majority refugees returned fewer serbs addition ethnic moved bosnia serbia economy transport economy largely based wholesale retail trade processing industry food processing significant types processing industries region supporting agricultural production area encompassing meat packing fruit vegetable processing sugar dairy industry addition region significant economy croatia types processing industry significant wood processing including production furniture paper cardboard textile industry glass production transport civil engineering significant economic activities largest industrial centre followed county seats cities especially gross domestic product counties combined year amounted million euro euro capita croatia national average counties represented croatia pan european transport corridors run corridor motorway corridor motorway double track railway spanning west east corridor vii danube river accessed port largest croatian river port situated danube port river kilometres miles away confluence rivers major sector economy agriculture provides raw materials processing industry hectares acres utilized agricultural land croatia hectares acres found largest portion land situated counties largest areas production covering hectares acres hectares acres respectively share croatia productive land greatest production sugar tobacco plants industry flowers seeds plants textile industry contributes cattle pigs stock croatia hectares acres representing total area croatia production fruit nuts takes significant agricultural area apple cover hectares acres representing croatia apple plantations produced encompassing hectares acres croatia plantations cover hectares acres account plantations croatia significant permanent crops companies headquartered ranked croatian companies agricultural industry owned paper mill paper packaging material factory headquartered respectively county ranks 44th largest croatian company income significant businesses county include civil engineering company rank personal care product factory rank retail business rank cement plant rank construction product manufacturing company sugar company ranked headquartered largest company county metal processing industry holding ranks croatian companies largest business county agricultural industry company headquartered largest company county ranks croatia business income finally largest company income county owned agricultural production company headquartered ranking companies headquartered croatia culture cultural heritage represents blend social influences history especially end 17th century traditional culture particular impact baroque art architecture 18th century cities started developing ottoman wars ended stability restored area period saw great prominence nobility awarded estates imperial court return service wars included prince eugene house house von house house house turn encouraged influx contemporary european culture region subsequent development cities society saw influence especially art heritage region includes numerous landmarks especially manor houses built nobility largely 18th 19th centuries include manor houses respectively manor houses estate built residences representative ones manor house manor house east danube manor house manor house sustained extensive damage battle reconstructed southeast region prominent jesuit manor house manor house located respectively period saw construction fortifications older medieval fortifications preserved ruins largest castle near landmark dating 19th century cathedral hailed pope john beautiful church situated venice istanbul significantly contributed culture croatia works artists patrons arts notable instrumental establishment yugoslav academy sciences arts later renamed croatian academy sciences arts university number artists especially writers considerable contributions croatian culture nineteenth century writers significant croatian literature include author croatian novel significant twentieth century poets writers painters associated contributed greatly croatian art distinct region croatia terms factors traditional music region traditional culture preserved folklore festivals typical traditional music instruments belong family representative musical instrument associated traditional culture developed music instruments brought ottomans rule integral traditional music use surpassing replacing use distinct form traditional song originating recognized cultural heritage croatia universities institutions higher education home university university college set run government university established institution higher education city founded active historical institution higher education operating extension gymnasium operating city continuously opened secondary education school cuisine cuisine reflects cultural influences region diversity influences significant hungarian central european turkish arab brought series conquests accompanying social influences ingredients traditional dishes vegetables dairy products smoked famous traditional preserved meat product handful croatian products protected indigenous products croatia sub regions continental region best known areas centered predominant increasingly present past decades increasing quantity wine production accompanied increasing quality growing recognition home abroad grown region early 3rd century oldest wine cellar continuous use located built


kent large village civil parish district kent england village miles miles east west parish long narrow old dover london road farmland south industry north lies valley northern edge kent ancient parishes history origins village traced stream runs parish gave rise number corn mills length earliest recorded mention village book village contains number listed buildings include 12th century church old mill house houses recently industries developed important sources local employment population village grew rapidly housing nearby town today mixed agricultural industrial economy wide range social leisure facilities population comes saxon meaning village situated trench water derives stream rises near east passes village stream supplied defunct site largest paper recycling factory europe water supply evidence early occupation axe blades found exact site find unknown flint iron age pottery pit dwellings reported hill area anglo saxon found july cutting natural sand reed playing fields possible came grave destroyed making widening cutting recorded mention book entry dated time village dwellings book states sheriff holds bishop land having church servants mill shillings acres meadow acres pasture wood time king edward worth pounds received shillings pounds held king edward estate manor parish time called belonged bishop entered book holds bishop land half having half servants mill acres meadow thirty acres pasture time worth shillings received pounds shillings time king edward men held land turn land parish manor manor owned bishop time bishop earl kent half brother william discovered planned military expedition italy imprisoned estates including confiscated crown following manor appears held gloucester family assumed surname likewise confiscated went family took surname ford peter church situated conservation area west large green church dated 12th century later 14th century tower bell church hung parish register opening words register book beginning william rector inducted rector 1st august commencement recorded august acre woodland parish custom pays rector recorded ecclesiastical jurisdiction diocese rochester parish obliged contribute repair fifth pier rochester bridge church restored sir george gilbert scott north nave window fragments fourteenth century glass nave good selection hanging wall monuments board lead plaque nave wall removed tower roof picture ship nelson time mill recorded book church mills located close ford closed parish described following terms high road london crosses middle thirty mile stone village stands church quarter mile southward ascent parish reaches large tract woods extends far stream park runs parish village road having turned mills runs river northern boundary parish near north west road leading far distant hamlet river borough court parish obscure place worthy notice estates common ownership reign henry vii belonged thomas subsequent history follows manor included mansion named court place built 16th century stood present site house beginning king james reign residence family lie buried churchyard remained beginning 18th century mortgage purchase came possession sheriff thomas bequeathed nephew thomas sold john law niece west conveyed thomas son john inherited reference organ built renowned organ builder john moved late 18th century west parish church hall court described manor house area owned family place destroyed fire today modern apartment block named house built site place shown map lies centre modern housing estate roads estate takes original house manor probably stood site new road industrial estate manor destroyed site known field 18th century streets housing estate covers site today named field manor estate parish appears incorporated manor stage 19th century manor house borough court known court stood northernmost parish longer exists probably stood vicinity modern site family owned house reign king edward iii high sheriff kent walter owner house heirs eventually passing richard later sir richard owned manor house sir richard died issue house divided daughters daughter catherine howard fifth wife king henry_viii house sold francis hailed kent notable people william sued absent parish taking saying prayers souls dead prohibited statute admitted absent claimed chaplain baron john entitled receive william native remained london great plague plague medical practice expanded stayed city epidemic treating account patients day end year reputation sufficient attract offers corporation tried employ infection reached wrote book experience printed time subsequently published society london title account great plague london year later life fortunes appear declined afford company died september aged conveyed london buried churchyard thomas rector correspondence protestant richard letter described woman rochester gone father house west died june death bed clock morning appeared nurse rochester miles away children looked dying woman wish children died persuaded travel ill health included account subsequent book certainty worlds spirits published year died memorial peter church records poor money yearly produce distributed annually saints wood wheat inscription photograph reverend samuel bishop poet merchant school rector posthumously published book entitled poems admired times reprinted complimentary bishop verses character bishop intellectual mean expression mouth looks little qualified insist discipline necessary observed merchant tailor sic school weapons suppose occasionally writing composing verses wife bishop lady sings like tea thomas sheriff kent living nearby parish bought court start 18th century arms cross lions red hollow cross lions lying heads white silver background left court nephew thomas sold bought surname synonymous variety hop known certain discovered hop john died time great nephew thomas owner court son john died place col joint managing senior director paper manufacturer connected firm associated companies death age years gave club house converted house subsequently manor current runs village probably established connect london dover act required set roads series cast iron appear stretch road shown ordnance survey map post shown similar map posts classed class listed buildings population population recorded dictionary described parish containing inhabitants population population houses parish education church school founded place education children enlarged family jubilee queen_victoria separate infant school opened infant school today boys girls years age shares site church_of_england junior school children infant school roll time recent inspection church_of_england junior school primary school catering mixed pupils aged adjacent infant school children school roll inspected school sports college secondary school situated lane modern buildings area western includes pupils school mixed gender pupils years sixth form years school gained specialist status sports college result curriculum includes element sports education aspect pupils school roll inspected year college mid kent college higher education nearest education college campuses situated cater students aged courses offered cover number academic subjects starting pre entry level finishing degree level heritage centre established old victorian building village teach children style victorian school classroom fully restored represent typical classroom victorian era war memorial year remembrance sunday parade takes place starting village commemorate military personnel died world war names world war names parade war memorial stands eastern junction road new road laid monument members local groups parish council monument designed gilbert scott gifted land monument stands village records names military personnel fell world wars design unique war memorials united_kingdom account roof cross monument dedicated unveiled september ceremony attended bishop rochester general murray monument granted listed building status result parish council approaching war memorial society assistance repair listed buildings geography history shaped availability natural resources area especially water soil rocks position relation transport links london notably main roads railways tend capital city contributed village development parish characterised industrial units north middle residential estates south fields woodland parish lies valley borders river north south kent principal river rises near east sussex flowing eastwards passing parish turns north cuts north downs rochester joining estuary river_thames final tributary near kilometres long availability water transport products raw materials resource manufacture paper essential historical development paper mills area stream parish south east north west direction rises east crosses road motorway joins river near site historically availability running water essential early settlements grew kent establishment industries area providing power drive mills ground grain situated lower chalk north downs parish encompasses lower strata formation hard sandy limestone known beds abundant formation obtained historically important building material south east england romans construction london south east medieval builders build churches civic buildings houses bridges local rivers beds locality gave legacy continues today governance chatham parliamentary constituency parliamentary constituency chatham member parliament conservative party general election conservatives won majority vote constituency labour won vote liberal democrats british national party united_kingdom independence party kent county council elected kent county council seven represent residents remaining councils kent represented members borough divided county council divisions division having councillor elected represent division county council division rural north east includes borough council ward local government borough seats council residents elected tom cannon ben walker represent borough council years parish council created result legislation requiring parish council council presently consists members responsible variety aspects parish life general maintenance recreation grounds village green war memorial community centre parish churchyard council funds church magazine gazette published quarterly basis circulated households parish february council awarded quality parish council status census electoral ward population ethnic breakdown white mixed race asian black place birth residents united_kingdom republic ireland member countries later accession countries religion recorded christian buddhist hindu muslim recorded having religion alternative religion state religion economic activity residents aged time employment time employment self employed unemployed students jobs students jobs retired looking home family permanently sick disabled economically inactive reasons main industries employed residents retail health social work construction education manufacturing compared national figures ward relatively high proportion workers construction retail relatively low proportion hotels restaurants ward residents aged higher education qualification equivalent compared nationwide economy parish contains number agricultural small commercial industrial businesses marking historical shift farming based community modern mixed economy valley long associated industry february confirmed major paper mill parish close loss jobs connection industry goes factory built reed international banks river reed international major paper manufacturer height region employees business seriously hampered advent world war caused shortage pulp newspapers led different material waste paper place waste paper replaced recycled fully utilised process producing acre plant belonged paper manufacturers sweden partnership million invested developing site world leading manufacturers recycling tonnes material produce tonnes final product media organisations europe america far_east relied recycled plant publications stream vital water supply processes carried plant opposite end parish acre east research station began acres response need kent farmers assistance fruit growing activities fruit important kent economy station performed valuable role carrying research experiments advising farmers fruit production land forms research station grounds growing fruit good water retention drainage properties station placed terms transport links nearby railway connected london direction agricultural college indication importance research station government fruit producers prepared financial support work acre house estate added site result research work carried site station established reputation world centre research perennial crops research international operated site april research station owned east trust station fully engaged local business contains lecture hall delegates laboratory short distance research station opened empire marketing board cambridge_university low temperature research station purpose laboratory carry experiments shipping fruit high seas order extend life long journeys led experiment carried simulate far possible conditions board cargo ship called ship land experiment focus research cox orange apple reputation difficult fruit transport long distances laboratory incorporated east research station fruit storage section today building boarded appears deserted fish farm fruit distribution business continue rear important local industry limited operate quarry situated kilometres south village employees work quarry subsidiary functions according firm estimates left quarry years result new sources production sought important material construction industry roads buildings applied extend quarry wood parish planning committee kent county council granted permission woodland decision referred secretary state planning committee chairman richard king said local residents environmental groups argued loss ancient woodland impact local wildlife site unacceptable balance members felt job prospects economic need support construction county future benefits project objections application subsequently approved appeal communities secretary observed economic benefits able produce crushed rock site loss wood miles centre county town important source employment area travel links number bus services pass main frequent reliable routes provided southern counties service town centre passes minutes monday saturday minutes sunday sister service kings hill town centre passes minutes monday saturday service town centre shopping centre passes intermittent service runs times day monday friday railway station connecting trains london walking distance east railway station miles village main london london line trains leaving london victoria hourly intervals journey london takes approximately hour west railway station miles new high speed service began station international trial basis service consists departures west morning departures international late afternoon early evening service calls international international journey times seven minutes service morning departing international west evening service departing west international passengers travel twice hour west international minutes changing option open passengers boarding motorway easily accessible junctions situated kent excellent connections mainland europe farther kent major transport seven freight passenger ports including port dover international high speed railway stations london city airport approximately miles away london miles away railway stations miles away miles away connections paris brussels extensive transport links close motorway national railway network regular connections london channel tunnel easy driving distance village department region france nature reserve officially recognised nature reserve quarry road natural england declared local nature reserve partnership formed parish council local residents borough council abandoned exhausted quarry closed operations left legacy lime rich soil formed foundation thriving habitat plants wildlife wild flowers including rare kent butterfly species bird species recorded home rabbits frogs quarry site nature conservation importance public access free quarry prime location geological research provides opportunities field studies variety disciplines geography industrial features unique location study rock formations visitors examine extensively exposed rock faces primarily study changes vertical lateral shell debris etc present quarry important future research gamma ray rock beds relation changes sea level climate social leisure activities open spaces urban open spaces new road acre recreation ground acquired second measuring acres provided early 1970s prior building community centre community centre acres recreational land handed parish following cessation court quarry nature reserve small section land leased club sports council grants loans parish council provided thriving member club kept green looked parish council staff club recently added pavilion use members parish community centre pike army opened centre subsequently extended providing important focal point local community centre hall capacity people rooms include meetings room functions room people activities week include club fit class table tennis indoor dances roller skating indoor tennis craft markets weekend centre provides sporting activities grounds tennis courts football pitches cricket pitch showers changing rooms inside building centre owned parish council holds regular meetings sports social club set grounds park sports social club evolved social club international paper maker new built reed international sports social club club sports social club taken club members remained members club activities club opened general public new activities added sports form important activities club important local centre wide range facilities cater groups organisations schools businesses membership open sports teams wish use club facilities include bar pool tables board big screen major sporting events dedicated function room social business events accommodate maximum people seated public house working men club located western new road opened house took historic connection parish acknowledged large slab entrance photograph world pie throwing championship 1980s home world pie throwing championship councillor mike founded championships moved bringing championships competition died revived held annually


village wear england bordered hill west lane estate east north sheriff hill south lies steep sloping land miles south miles south newcastle miles north durham ward population incorporated newly formed metropolitan borough april long industrial history evidence pottery area principal industry stone initial settlement grew industry flourished turn 20th century operated largest quarry provided sandstone build church grade listed building principal landmark village consecrated august decline industry 20th century saw population fall pre industrial levels today urban suburb large commercial areas new store largest employer remains large areas green space popular high demand place live residents compare favourably borough terms income employment levels educational qualifications nature reserve protected wildlife area largest environmental sculptures europe mary elizabeth wilson serial killer known merry widow joseph founder aged scheme john prominent historian hailed village history derives exposed nature situation occupies richard began shore business expanded quickly turn 19th century family established second quarry known quarry number pre existing smaller provided work early settlers existed modern populous village renowned described equally important yorkshire producing sandstone newcastle sufficient quality stones quarry build church local buildings prospered village continued grow account described populous hamlet chiefly inhabited employed adjoining public houses corn mill mechanics national school built subscription years building mills pottery saw population increase inhabitants continued produce high quality stone quarry build exchange building newcastle spite residents able enjoy wildly romantic scenery ordnance survey maps remained isolated neighbouring villages hill sheriff hill principal road road established junction road hill road church national school evidenced cluster residential dwellings little save dominated formative years houses inhabitants increased turn 20th century slowly fell 1960s remaining industrial areas closed sandstone properties place operative terrace stand reminder industrial history decrease employment opportunities led steady decline population housing developed stone street lane urban outlying settlements early 20th century reached remained largely unchanged location size despite housing built park gardens character suburb today remains suburban land split residential properties open green space residential properties today council housing result high demand area privately owned social housing economy decline heavy industry 20th century left major employer little terms economic activity major commercial area residents usually travel neighbouring town centre shop use small shopping area junction road hill road street november planning permission approved conversion black house inn junction hill road lane extra store approval granted spite complaints concerns noise traffic raised local residents store largest employer employing staff overall wholly outside lowest residents terms income unemployment rate ward measured claim overall average whilst youth unemployment average income residents ward residents self employed compares borough average geography topography latitude lies miles south east miles london sits bed coal sandstone known locally post occupies elevated position steep slope running north south maximum natural height metres sea level distinctive steep topography provides residents fantastic views especially north places views team valley west north_sea east land green space combination urban green space natural fields wildlife corridors nature reserve combine improve quality feel area official documents indicate boundaries road north road west stone street adjoining streets south public house east county durham incorporated metropolitan borough local government act bordered settlements metropolitan borough sheriff hill south hill west north lane estate east according united_kingdom census population population female slightly national average whilst male population black minority ethnic group opposed national population low proportion lone parent households households lowest figures compares borough average households dependent children opposed nationally index multiple divides england areas measures quality life indicate splits halves lists eastern half deprived areas england western half considered deprived population compared population non white british compared ward town ethnic minorities resident low compared districts like population change population rose steadily 19th century decreased industry declined lowest level governance initially ecclesiastical district parish local government act today wholly council ward metropolitan borough approximately square kilometres area represented june jim tom graham pat westminster parliamentary constituency previously east washington west constituency abolished boundary changes general election years retired april awarded life house_of_lords june present member labour_party office replaced successfully campaigned newly formed constituency washington west general election elected majority frank swing labour liberal democrats safe labour seat success followed general election polled votes cast whilst returned majority education primary school street students aged years larger average sized school number students eligible free school means average standard provision declining school named successful schools england subsequent seen school rating decline recent inspection school rated satisfactory overall inconsistent levels teaching noted primary school village children primary school age attend community primary school located fringe west neighbouring lane satisfactory school suffers inconsistent pupils nearest roman catholic school primary good school lane estate secondary school provision thomas hepburn community academy road satisfactory improving school number pupils entitled free school meals twice national average children achieve better average results key stages compared overall borough average approximately children leave secondary school grade higher national averages respectively overall total number residents holding qualifications residents hold levels compared local average national average culture religion grade listed buildings church designed thomas son politician built completed building cost consecrated august bishop durham attendance local clergy built locally sandstone named martyr anglican church neat structure early english style welsh slate roof satisfactory interior decoration church extended today grade listed building gates gate piers designed built time church tall sandstone structures wrought iron grade listed buildings addition residential properties east view terrace locally listed council buildings special interest panel hearing committee elected list chapel methodist chapel stone street new chapel evidenced chapel stone street opened year later beautiful little gothic church opened primitive street cost new amalgamated primitive services held street chapel hosted sunday school new building erected alongside old chapel new building stands methodist church places interest venues venues planning permission sought june reopen near derelict social club stone street approval granted hotel opened later year run helen today hotel thriving venue december successfully applied certification allowing marriage civil partnerships performed upper tree house suite venues bay horse older stone building corner east street stone street catering facilities large car park whilst open business bay horse currently available long term lease public house located street older stone building modern catering facilities black house inn evidenced coal inn ordnance survey maps junction hill road operative terrace partially demolished way extra store title local landmark created sculptor richard cole drive sculpture appears old fortification walls pathways sitting atop pit hill local children refer artwork simply fortress fact hill ruins tons granite blocks salvaged old bridge unveiled sculpture week today popular installation walking recreation metres height covers square metres area remains largest environmental sculptures europe matured home animal life considered ordinary landscape nature reserve nature park opened north west corner collaborative enterprise local conservation volunteers council seeking turn hectares urban nature park trees planted local school children today reserve large open space offering views parts area acid heath grassland woodland small spring fed pond reserve site nature conservation importance council invested reserve safer stronger communities fund improvements area money led removal track reserve installation extensive network improved access points planting trees woodland undertaken recent budget cuts council seen local authority transfer management park community despite local petition raised protest reserve remains popular residents dozens volunteers cleared rubbish engaged wildlife festival face painting traditional activities local police continue targeted patrols reserve maintain downward trend anti social behaviour area november green gym opened reserve saw fitness equipment installed clusters machines available use public free charge outdoor public opened simultaneously park notable residents joseph local councillor methodist preacher lived creator aged home scheme provided housing miners retired longer eligible tenure employment organisation created durham aged homes association today registered charity owns properties turnover million pounds celebration work produced death john born born renowned local historian traveled new_zealand returned publish texts including village inhabitants operative store served variety roles council sufficient distinction freeman died years later arguably notable resident mary elizabeth wilson serial killer achieved worldwide notoriety merry widow wilson born lived husband john lover john russell house years died married russell months later died years later attributed natural causes wilson remarried marriage oliver lasted days died leaving wife short time later wilson married fourth time wilson wedding reception wilson joked guest left saved funeral died soon wilson joked funeral director offered trade trade passed way local residents heard comment began deaths police eventually oliver wilson found traces caused rat poison despite claiming sexual pills source wilson convicted murders leeds sentenced hang durham woman sentenced age execution life sentence died prison later husbands resulted found wilson died tried transport principle roads road road housing developments lack cohesive road links streets lead dead ends journey time car bus town centre approximately minutes minutes centre newcastle residents comparatively high level car ownership compared borough average nearest metro station nearest british rail station interchange bus route newcastle served bus services orbit travels interchange terminates terminates park pulse terminates loop travels team valley buses serving operated north east administration texts academic sources primitive methodist magazine richard davies london bailey brian england wales robert ltd isbn john british isles cox charles july june ecclesiastical gazette monthly register affairs church_of_england religious societies institutions library society lewis samuel dictionary england lewis isbn lewis samuel dictionary england lewis isbn john district aged workers homes birth movement tribute memory joseph etc illustrations including portrait unknown john inhabitants operative store jubilee tribute historical sketch operative wholesale society printing works ross historical descriptive view county durham ross isbn buildings england county durham yale_university press isbn robert history county durham chester ward london institute historical research watson british foreign building stone institute civil engineers isbn william history topography northumberland manchester wilson john imperial england wales journals reports sources references indicated end source source available online link included mike december application approved premises status venue council davies september fears new cause chaos newcastle evening chronicle davies february countryside cuts spark protest newcastle evening chronicle paul november planning development committee planning applications consideration council lloyd chris november cold northern echo northern lee march thomas hepburn community comprehensive school inspection report potter gordon november primary school inspection report kate november community primary school inspection report quinn david february report local lists buildings parks gardens special interest council sarah november laugh sunday sun david october deep roots inside housing october catholic primary school nursery inspection report ward july neighbourhood matters east area forum index multiple relevant data inform future priorities work programme east area council unknown achieving excellent outcomes children young people council unknown achieving excellent outcomes economy skills transport housing council unknown november neighbourhood profile east council unknown april report strategic partnership steering group council unknown september lady killers daily_mirror unknown urban character assessment council unknown ward council


portuguese pronunciation medium sized city western central portugal historical province district city serves seat larger municipality community west census municipality population area square kilometres residing city city lies kilometres inland municipality civil parishes lie atlantic_ocean best known hot springs pottery settlement founded 15th century queen established hospital church site hot springs hospital queen spring water hospital thermal hospital oldest purpose built institution kind world centuries history city shortened simply translated queen hot springs queen spa queen home cultural institutions city museums cover art history cycling cultural sports venues include cultural cultural conference centre centre performing arts exhibitions conferences exhibition centre west hosts exhibitions festivals football soccer pitches multi sport municipal complex hosts professional higher educational institutions including major arts design school school devoted best public secondary school portugal based national test scores history early years ancient region inhabited ancient romans took advantage waters region invasions destroyed roman built 13th century springs known nearby town time order looked needs poor cared sought healing waters disbandment order 15th century area fell disrepair queen portuguese wife king credited founder day traveling happened group peasants bathing foul waters queen stopped told waters possessed powers decided try pleased find quickly relieved unknown suffering site queen ordered hospital built enjoy relief construction began following year patients admitted works completed finance hospital adjoining church queen sold income settlement grew site refers founder reason existence city translated queen hot springs queen spa queen settlement waters remain major claim fame march king brother queen conferred status town municipality twentieth century welcomed boer men women children sought refuge second boer war south african homeland initially housed thermal hospital refugees transferred park onset bathing season rented rooms town low rates world war portugal joined allies camps country germans portugal deported men aged imprisoned prevent joining german military originally approximately prisoners shipped island azores held fortress reduce fortress moved stayed military barracks located prisoners released following year end war april president granted town title dame military order tower sword loyalty merit unlike places similarly honoured add honour collar coat arms town elevated status city august world war portugal remained neutral hundreds jewish refugees came escape served home british american airmen landed crashed portugal coast january resident axis power italy evacuated expected stay end war years age resided italy long time prelude revolution early morning march fifth infantry regiment based school army attempted stage coup état country authoritarian regime thirty officers enlisted men regiment left quarters heading lisbon planned occupy airport approaching capital regiment found realizing units supposed participate coup joined regiment turned reached quarters locking awaiting siege compound surrounded forces penetrated base arrested sent military prisons held revolution april days later symbols coat arms granted queen municipal coats arms typically portugal centre city arms consist queen personal arms flanked right net commemorate fishermen rescued drowning son prince left feeding young symbol husband king early introduction elements arms violate portuguese standards municipal flag consists coat arms purple yellow municipality adopted logo marketing purposes project image relevant historical tradition current enormous potential culture economy commerce tourism logo shows outline queen crowned head blue tones representing city historical connection water queen image municipality appears caps eras light municipal written gill geography shortened located western central portugal city lies approximately kilometres crow flies kilometres motorway north portuguese capital lisbon municipality civil parishes lie atlantic_ocean city proper lies kilometres ocean road municipality comprises area square kilometres municipality extends kilometres north south kilometres east west perimeter measures kilometres lowest point municipality lies sea level highest point reaches metres municipality bordered north east rio south seat community west statistical purposes nuts iii west nuts centre region nuts division called continental mainland portugal municipality regional regional commission coordination development lisbon valley belongs historical province district roman_catholic_church parish belongs lisbon rest continental portugal western european time zone utc observing western european summer time utc late march late october postal code telephone area code civil parishes civil parishes january civil parishes date law came effect causing number civil parishes country reduced seven municipality civil parishes combined new unions civil parishes singular civil parishes remained unchanged minor border adjustments ensure new unions administrative reorganisation seven civil parishes following populations areas based census according national institute statistics statistics portugal city contains entirety santo excluding settlements southernmost portion municipal assembly accept portion city santo separated western line railway line specified law effective january carved santo civil parish called time city named city centre middle heart city shops businesses services government transportation concentrated public squares city centre include republic square october square historic zone adjacent city centre oldest city neighbourhood includes thermal hospital church lady populace king charles park blue neighbourhood west city centre named blue buildings neighbourhood home city storing grain centre innovative start ups shops restaurants drinking establishments services south residential area includes neighbourhood home museum multi museum arts centre contains eating drinking establishments sun hill neighbourhood east city centre residential area businesses hospital lies edge neighbourhood bridge neighbourhood commonly called bridge neighbourhood centre santo lies west railroad tracks divide city civil parishes neighbourhood developed late 19th century home city workers nova new city neighbourhood northern area santo residential home largest exhibition centre neighbourhood home businesses das neighbourhood literally dark skinned southern area santo originally built social housing includes homes dos neighbourhood literally sandy area western santo started social housing estate comprising flats spread storey buildings flats floor built phases predominantly white different colour trim neighbourhood grown initial development numerous businesses climate warm summer mediterranean climate climate classification demographics population municipality increased residents females population males accounted population density inhabitants square kilometre census found municipality contained families average people family municipality buildings dwellings population statistical city grew residents increase resident government municipal city_council literally municipal chamber executive body municipal government council led president municipal mayor members required portuguese law based number registered voters municipality serves president council hugo serves vice president members maria cds prior mayor serves member city_council suburb lisbon municipal municipal assembly body municipal government assembly members presidents civil parish councils serve assembly directly elected members assembly number triple number members city_council minimum required portuguese law president assembly serves secretary maria dos serves second secretary addition executive body civil parish civil parish assembly body body led president respectively following places brazil municipality intentions following places les france spain spain belgium france perth new_jersey united_states cape_verde economy commerce commercial establishments calls capital capital traditional commerce city downtown city centre shopping area contains shops specializing clothing beauty supplies decoration goods main shopping streets include dos dos popularly known das street surrounding streets republic square popularly known fruit square hosts outdoor farmers market morning weekly market selling cheap clothing domestic items held square small indoor shopping centres shops exist city dos das commercial association municipalities founded promotes supports commercial service businesses neighboring international chains locations including claire class mcdonald pull bear staples including super locations locations opened november rebuilt hotel large shopping centre floors contain stores services including fourteen restaurants screen movie theater supermarket building opened december intersection space shops indoor outdoor seating offices thirteen apartments shopping centre built street connected pedestrian bridge existing originally scheduled open stores parking spaces developer sierra planned invest million square metre centre financial crisis caused project statistics lodging establishments hotels star star star guest houses lodging capacity totals hotels guest houses banks municipality average monthly earnings municipality according data nova employees largest employer second largest district portugal employees second largest employer tenth largest district counts firms district portugal 5th 22nd 24th based sales volume largest business firms district rod imp 9th 15th portugal 17th 25th dos 46th franco nova prep arts culture institutions cultural cultural conference centre inaugurated president mayor cultural performing arts conference centre hosts music theatre dance cinema conferences exhibition centre west indoor event space centre hosts events including seasonal festivals fruit car shows animal shows annual summer party popularly called takes place span week half beginning august food civil parishes available purchase site consumption museums covering art painting sculpture local history cycling arts centre multi building complex hosts museums sculpture arts centre contains studios pavilion providing residence active artists exhibiting paintings maria known arts centre hosts international stone sculpture resulting works permanently displayed outdoors municipality museum old manor house exhibits pieces portugal international sources creations factory hospital das museum hospital installed real royal house queen stayed visits features exhibits related thermal hospital city middle displays paintings namesake artist contemporaries sculptures museum building declared property public interest museum cycling opened sited art building contains exhibits history cycling traditions known pottery das new_york_times called capital portuguese pottery city center region rich clay pottery era gained fame brother founded called factory output includes large decorative pieces shaped like fruits vegetables animals peasant character tradition dating late 19th century tradition possibly dating 15th century legend queen seeing monarch usual brilliance selling jewellery appeared golden threads shades brown thread white rare occasion white thread brown known symmetry craft common themes include angles birds hearts crowns shrimp nets traditional das small bowl sized concave flour eggs sugar covering june metre pyramid containing erected city hall das little kisses similar smaller spherical local include eggs egg cake dishes typical include olive oil octopus olive oil style fried meat attractions city church lady populace adjacent thermal hospital late gothic church characteristics serves mother church built order queen designed church declared national monument church lady conception 20th century church located near city hall courthouse surrounded sides john paul cardinal patriarch lisbon broke ground august church inaugurated october saint baroque 16th century chapel located 18th century reconstruction added tiles depicting life chapel namesake saint chapel declared property public interest santo holy spirit baroque chapel located thermal hospital originally built 16th century rebuilt 18th century chapel declared property public interest republic square public square centre town plaza popularly known fruit square hosts portugal daily outdoor farmers market square surrounded buildings containing shops banks ground floor built northern square baroque city hall civil parish council das declared property public interest october square known old fish square hosted city open air fish market moved indoor location plaza outdoor café seating free cultural events statue queen stands middle roundabout count square popularly called queen square large park centre town park contains shaped lake small island middle visitors rent lake museum sits middle park water garden large scale outdoor sculpture combining concrete tiles water century baroque declared properties public interest fountain road nova fountain new street das fountain rural civil parishes civil parish beach atlantic_ocean kilometres centre town border municipality atlantic_ocean near ocean beach beach awarded blue flag foundation environmental education civil parish beach river bay atlantic_ocean natural local paul swamp local natural reserve protected wetland area dos mail coach station dos built 19th century civil parish dos declared property public interest santa saint catherine civil parish santa constructed 16th century declared property public interest chapel saint located civil parish originally built 16th century reconstructed baroque style 18th century chapel declared property public interest transport public transport railway station served western line portugal regional trains frequent local stops run south lisbon suburbs north trains select stops run north civil parish atlantic_ocean station north active train stop municipality train stops municipality bus station terminal located city centre provides express bus service destinations portugal known provides services cities towns villages near provides literally rapid express like limited stop services serving lisbon green rapid pink rapid rio based operations separate company called july municipal holiday city_council inaugurated local bus service called means portuguese commemorates figure image appears buses service consists routes blue line orange line green line blue line uses runs western eastern ends town orange green lines operate single seat loop routes seeks improve bus services busy road civil parish north city municipal government coordination auto undertaken distribute combined schedule services improve bus stops initiative join municipal bus service outside city proper single banner scheme introduced september combines services auto short haul services wholly owned subsidiary operating separate brand combined service promises benefits including use central bus terminal restructuring city centre bus stops frequent service streamlined roads served extensive network roads operated auto serve municipality motorway known goes south lisbon north motorway goes west rio road main route principal connecting rio route runs concurrent including entire length portion road secondary route runs length country north south lisbon north lisbon runs concurrent including entire length national roads older maintained main routes serve municipality road municipality main roadway motorway built crosses municipality north south city centre connecting north suburb lisbon south road centre southeast municipality goes rio road centre east municipality connects city centre road south southwest border municipality goes south road crosses municipality southwest northeast city connecting municipality road southwest municipality connects rio numerical designation connects western end city beach serves alternate route lieu education home educational institutions school year students enrolled schools levels higher education compulsory education rest portugal compulsory public education consists basic education taught basic schools secondary education taught secondary schools basic education divided cycles cycle years second cycle years cycle years seven secondary schools teach years public secondary schools include cycle basic education secondary school cycle basic education secondary school cycle basic education neighbourhood santo school ranked best public secondary school country municipality public schools offer second cycles basic education including secondary education king john cycle basic school offers classes cycle students santo santo integrated basic school neighbourhood das offers cycles basic education santa santa integrated basic school offers cycles basic education public schools cycle basic education municipality municipality public private schools offer cycle classes queen college santo offers private cycle basic education years school offers privately managed public education christopher college offers privately managed public education years dos higher professional education superior design upper school arts design founded division institute offers courses plastic arts ambient design industrial design glass design graphic design product design design theatre sound image cultural management institutions higher learning include campus autonomous university lisbon branch superior upper school catholic university portugal institutions offering professional development education technical business school west offers courses business technology training centre industry offers training related industry training centre industry offers courses school army trains portuguese army school tourism west offers training tourism queen special education centre offers special education music school dance offers training dance health safety home hospital district hospital managed multi city hospital centre west hospital serves general emergency needs residents civil parishes plus parts aforementioned municipalities plus emergency needs aforementioned municipalities plus municipality inhabitants physician hospital queen spring water hospital thermal hospital medical spa offering physician prescribed treatment waters managed hospital world oldest purpose built thermal medical institution non medical holdings queen hospital das museum hospital spa churches public park woods adjacent park queen established santa das holy house mercy charitable institution dedicated helping need having expanded cities holy house continues work present day served health centre offers primary non urgent care addition units located main health centre extensions located outlying civil parishes dos santa municipality seven found city following civil parishes dos santa fire protection provided volunteer firefighters police protection urban areas municipality provided public security police rural areas municipality patrolled republican national_guard base located city proper sports municipal sports complex located western edge city santo features rugby field running track field home rugby association football soccer municipality added tennis courts covered adjacent facility municipal pools located nearby multi use sports found city santo hosts park municipality designated cycling routes foot routes western portion municipality crosses municipality inaugurated june octagonal arena originally seated spectators capacity typical year ring hosts arena hosts concerts das amateur group participate phase portuguese attempt bull grabbing tools hands bodies sport founded club sponsors teams levels football soccer team main pitch seat field located wood adjacent portuguese federation headquartered alto high performance centre inaugurated santo february notable people march lisbon january lisbon rendered pre reform spelling illustrator cartoonist editor created enduring character founded factory existence addition factory applied saint house museum public secondary schools april october dos painter museum displays works february march lisbon sixteenth patriarch lisbon march pope john paul cardinal february politician writer journalist intellectual public secondary schools bears


scots scottish town north scotland miles east glasgow city centre set central town neighbouring greater glasgow urban area earliest known settlement area dates stone age era founding town traced 12th century royal charter granted monks abbey king neighbour forms area known years 18th century area developed loose collection town town development growth connected technological advances industrial revolution particular hot blast process major scottish centre iron works coal mining 19th century period described industrial scotland iron notorious reputation air pollution worst industry time 1920s coal exhausted iron industry rapid decline great depression remaining iron works town publication commented modern day coal iron steel heritage scrap today best described working class town anchored glasgow largest city scotland described populated largely people irish descent history explanations origin town place appears number 19th century maps roy map notes hamlet old area older scots cottage brig bridge reflected way locals refer town centre brig going brig source states derived middle english cottage old welsh meaning wood alternative explanation 13th century local area owned family known coats estate generated place names smith suggest derives granting land time 12th century early scots 16th century subsequently modern scots coat modern scots cottage realized early history bronze age middle ages settlement area dates years age circle bronze age stone found estate number bronze age relics found iron age wood dwelling sited present day country park dependent water level remains seen today roman coins unearthed remains roman road fringes town near motorway middle ages late 18th century area inherited area granted monks abbey king appeared time charter monks mined coal farmed land time reformation land taken given private landowners parish divided new present day old present day prince charlie army seized government troops march edinburgh action described described statistical account immense garden extensive luxurious crops rivers salmon 19th century canal constructed end 18th century initially transport coal glasgow rich local deposits invention hot blast process meant deposits exploited maximum canal link hot blast process new advances meant iron produced thirds fuel mid 19th century numerous hot blast operation prosperous industry sprung new iron industry required vast numbers largely workers work blast plants popular destination vast numbers irish especially county arriving scotland iron bars plates produced iron works raw materials needed british_empire railways construction bridge building example uses iron included armour plating british ships fighting war course following years population grew character area changed rural presbyterian landscape small crowded irish catholic industrial town william park wrote contemporary observer time noted famous charming scenery offers visitor long visit large works sights lifetime town population lived tight rows houses built shadow iron works homes owned employers living conditions tuberculosis fortunate fortunes won gains accompanied peru noted observer notable success stories sons farmer alexander family involved coal mining opened iron order exploit new hot blast process iron invented james subsequently constructed numerous iron including famous iron works waste works said large great pyramid egypt son james responsible sixteen blast sons alexander reputed millionaire town described robert 19th century family influence responsible design lay present day town centre land town hall land later came form park given town church built family donated site main street erection patrick catholic_church patronage orange order try undermine local trade union movement 20th 21st centuries plentiful deposits largely exhausted increasing expensive produce iron raw materials imported far spain growth steel industry nearby led start decline demand pig iron produced living conditions remained grim 1920s lloyd george coal power report described living conditions area george book road pier illustrated photograph homes area exodus england local union plant relocated effect hammer blow impact town iron industry end iron production decline industry 1950s meant demand iron finally collapsed legacy devastating unemployment housing conditions worst scotland left stamp early 1930s late place scotland 1930s 1950s massive programmes state sponsored house building saw thousands new homes built worst examples housing cleared away early 1980s homes local authority housing stock blast william famous works closed 1970s initiatives attempt urban aid grants european_union grants recently social inclusion partnership attempted breathe new life despite efforts town population continued fall recent years town dubbed dismal scotland geography situated scotland central town lies metres sea level miles east glasgow miles south miles west major river running north water runs east west south defunct canal run straight centre town glasgow canal route seen today smaller burns run drain north water significant public parks park west end park park country park situated north west edge topography topography important feature towns development industrial revolution rests metres plateau neighbouring sits edge low lying flat ground vital factor towns blast canal route established town local supplies canal link extend higher elevation clyde valley plan described situated flooded buildings built level glasgow danger local centuries local mining geology hill present local authority municipal buildings stand wedge rock probably upwards force extinct fault lines remains spreads glacial sands crest west bank burn modern day bank street sit sandstone capped ridge looking south clyde valley vital black band coal field extended eastern edge town climate like british isles experiences temperate maritime climate relatively cool summers mild winters prevailing wind west regular generally light precipitation occurs year culture home scotland museum heritage park contains insight life industrial row cottages working line real coal experienced site park situated remains historic blast recent years cultural renaissance town largely rooted patrick day festival literature theatre film hamilton nineteenth century poet died present day writers anne orange prize winner brian author novels boy rain dog bites bombs brought award winning author des regularly featured des work books turned plays mark comic book writer wanted comic book series translated feature film starring morgan freeman highly successful graphic novel adapted successful film born dame community correspondence george bernard sydney subject film best friends home annual deep fried film festival local filmmakers duncan described list john music thomas alias dean ford lead singer number single cover beatles brothers kane pat kane band cry born pat lead singer canadian group glass tiger burns deceased sisters anna famous duo scottish traditional music scene ireland especially noted historical links ireland largely large scale immigration town especially county 19th century 20th century town called little ireland obvious manifestation links seen annual patrick day festival festival sponsored irish government festival runs fortnight includes lectures film shows dance football competitions music performances festival largest irish celebration scotland accent accent making use scots tongue exhibiting tendency stress differently general scots usage examples seen pronunciation words hair fair chair different attributed impact successive catholic immigrants accent pronunciation diminished surrounding populations especially glasgow sports local football team play scottish football league play home games founded local clubs amalgamated form club bearing club greatest success came reached final scottish cup park noted players past included tony green celtic players john hughes john peter grant scottish football international chris born player went successful entertainer known district local amateur club founded scottish champions club founded jim frank jim club started life central scottish amateur league moved league reaching scottish cup final time went win scottish cup won scottish cup west scotland cup finals played park club managed number managers including jim gordon cox coach rangers celtic successful winning national cups cricket club continuous existence years club ground area racing took town ground racing began december lasted edinburgh monarchs rode monarchs losing track stadium developers commonwealth games glasgow tigers moved park stayed june forced racing indoor bowling club hosted world indoor championships home boxer scotland longest reigning champion home world super champion burns walter world champion hailed golf courses municipal course bordering country park nearby private member club golf course queen scotland number female women european tour coat arms given status granted coat arms lord arms black field tower represent blast industrial tradition crest monk holding stone left hand stone relates old parish legend legend undertaking glasgow carried stone direction carry stone version legend angel spoke laid stone stone came rest build church church present day old stone seen latin motto est translates work pray originates writings commonly associated order monks came 12th century local government represented tiers elected government north council local authority based executive legislative body responsible local governance scottish parliament responsible matters education health justice reserved matters dealt parliament united_kingdom council district council regional council election campaign east accusations favour neighbouring district council east election fact labour roman catholic led seen catholic town subsequent inquiries showed evidence allegations shown true presently constituency member parliament house_of_commons parliament united_kingdom constituency creation lay constituency tom clarke scottish labour_party purposes scottish parliament forms constituency represented smith labour represented seven regional central scotland electoral region small eastern fringes town forms constituency notable politicians secretary state scotland britain high commissioner australia lord secretary state northern_ireland home secretary lord chairman celtic according united_kingdom census census locality total resident population total north figure combined area square miles km2 provides population density figure inhabitants square mile km2 median age males females living years respectively compared years scotland thirty percent married couples lone parent families households individuals place birth town residents follows united_kingdom including scotland republic ireland european_union countries world economic activity residents aged time employment time employment self employed unemployed students jobs students jobs retired looking home family permanently sick disabled economically inactive reasons compared average scotland low proportions people born outside united_kingdom people years age 19th century irish people began arrive large numbers census recorded irish constituted local population significant proportion protestant majority catholic percentage irish born people fallen remained highest major towns scotland census irish ethnicity recorded half population claimed religious roman catholicism population roman catholic port glasgow identified scottish town scotland having highest percentage irish names country reportedly adults names irish origins immigrants included 1880s small number wave immigrants italy settled small number polish people stayed polish tank regiment stationed town town plan forecast population reach local author argued despite population apparently remaining relatively static 1970s population declined emigration economy 21st century site scotland inland container base chosen site proximity rail motorway networks makers systems headquartered foods local products company manufacturers bar william located home depots closed moved new retail park oldest family business funeral directors ltd founded terms housing property prices undergone rapid growth house prices rose reportedly largest increase scotland landmarks built environment town centre characterised mixture late early twentieth century sandstone buildings late twentieth century concrete shops conservation areas west north town centre comprise detached semi detached sandstone residential buildings bulk remaining surrounding areas consist twentieth century local authority housing buildings high rise flats dominate skyline decline industries private housing estates built reclaimed land awarded prospect architecture magazine award dismal town scotland town described scottish comedian like special effects country park set extensive woodlands visitor centre butterfly house canal runs section park time capsule multi purpose leisure centre containing swimming pool adventure pool set prehistoric environment ice skating facility steam room sports complex gym halls facilities showcase leisure park contains screen cinema pin bowling complex numerous restaurants landmarks include leisure centre peter 1970s modernist building sited main road library andrew sponsored pink sandstone structure imposing listed structure sited academy street church buildings built located area red sandstone listed anderson gothic church quadrant shopping centre described article set green new clock tower looks designed beer mat marks town centre gesture compounded addition public art cum street furniture andrew church early victorian gothic church scott stephen gale hill area towers town centre railway bridges listed bridges span bank street west canal street canal bridges underwent specialist restoration mary church listed gothic church designed contains elaborate ornate interior ceiling cattle market building erected listed façade sandstone cattle market building conservation area heritage park extension spaceship style glass metal addition existing building north council house design services team transport canal completed 19th 20th century transport coal iron glasgow town centre section canal interred pipe blair road mid-1970s sections canal seen today adjacent motorway short drive away major cities edinburgh glasgow distance number rail lines running dubbed north railway stations railway lines town line line line north clyde line stations lines central additional passenger stations station stations closed years earliest map showing published districts evident present day old victoria park relatively new area close town centre built site occupied heavy industry conservation area area town centre term years fountain situated town centre corner main street south circular road officially called fountain education college built scotland college late 19th century moved away traditional heavy industries teaching focus shifted traditional industry courses commerce care arts andrew high best known secondary schools serving roman catholic subject follow assessment visit january sports journalist broadcaster bob singer television presenter musician tony pupils school previously mentioned secondary schools andrew opened opened opened andrew staff pupils schools patrick located area new schools demolished date schools opening october staff pupils original primary primary staff pupils located boundary andrew special needs schools including school primary school portland high school school school high school high school public services forms western water regions scotland waste management provided north local authority water supplies provided scottish water government owned corporation scottish government distribution network operator electricity scottish power served hospital sited border board scottish fire rescue service statutory fire rescue service operates provided police service scotland division partnership transport public body scotland direct operational responsibilities supporting cases running local bus services managing integrated areas region transport scotland manages local rail network local authority responsible community based service north council council provides local services related education social work environment housing road maintenance leisure notable people admiral sir james governor western_australia republican brigade commander spanish civil war smith air chief marshal royal_air_force squadron hero pipe ridge bar charlie born union communist united_states imprisoned deported undesirable alien led strike action power station tagged hated man britain anti child sexual abuse bullying activist brown attended high school peter marshall january chaplain united_states senate biography basis oscar nominated film man called peter born robert member wisconsin state senate mcdonald manchester united city burns guitarist scottish folk band james vocalist scottish folk band john football manager led celtic european cup british club win trophy played tommy burns football manager played celtic scotland managed celtic lived james clark specialist fungal diseases human body george graham football manager played villa arsenal manchester united managed arsenal lived singer lived stewart entertainer attended high school cry successful band 1980s brothers pat kane area frank actor river city etc born bill radio host heather radio presenter professor criminal law university edinburgh attended patrick high school walker professor public law law nations university edinburgh attended high school paul honorary professor law university glasgow attended high school mark scottish played glasgow rangers scotland taught high hugh murray rugby union player johnny russell united attended high school joe new_zealand international burns boxer world super champion edward comedy singer reached semi finals britain got talent tony celtic scored celtic win barcelona mark writer wanted kick ass super creator owned marvel titles martin founder deep fried film festival stand comedian media consultant kane intelligence officer editor national tabloid people professional twin towns france italy russia