north civil war north civil war arabic fought north royalist partisans kingdom supporters arab republic war began coup état carried revolutionary republicans led army command newly crowned muhammad declared republic presidency escaped arabian border rallied popular support northern tribes retake power escalating shortly scale civil war royalist jordan saudi_arabia supplied military aid britain gave covert support republicans supported egypt supplied soviet_union foreign irregular conventional forces involved egyptian president supported republicans egyptian troops weapons despite military moves peace conferences war sank stalemate mid-1960s egypt commitment war considered detrimental performance day war june found increasingly difficult maintain army involvement began pull forces surprising removal november supported republican resulted internal shift power capital approached north new republic government headed ali shortly resigned fled country leaving capital control prime minister siege turning point war remaining republican prime minister succeeded keeping control february lifted siege clashes continued parallel peace talks sides saudi_arabia recognized republic came effect egyptian military historians refer war vietnam historian michael israeli ambassador wrote egypt military adventure disastrous imminent vietnam war easily dubbed america background inherited throne iraq trained colonel led revolt group soldiers command surrounded royal palace fortified stronghold lived royal treasure arsenal modern weapons strong palace guard demanded agreed demanded son muhammad succeed refused preferring king half brother islam year old foreign minister began forming new government opened treasury secretly began buying besieging soldiers days number reduced came palace wearing devil mask wielding long terrifying dead exchanging sword sub machine gun leading guards roof palace begin direct attack rebels hours rebels palace guard dead gave later reported executed publicly march arrived damascus tell adherence throne absolute power arrangement constituted close alliance went rome treat heart trouble reportedly drug addiction fights tribal erupted unsuccessfully tried buy promising reforms including appointment representative council army pay promotions return swore crush agents christians ordered subjects left hand right foot punishment murder high official previous june radio stopped broadcasting army officers speeches talks reforms june recovering assassination attempt months earlier moved capital pleasure palace defense foreign minister acting prime minister interior minister despite crown prince needed picked san popular association refused request title died september succeeded son muhammad acts appoint colonel known socialist commander palace guard egypt looked regime change finally desires practice january giving free movement office space financial support radio air time anthony biography identifies factors led egyptian president send expeditionary forces included union syria dissolved united arab republic damaging prestige quick decisive victory help recover leadership arab world reputation anti colonial force setting sights south strategic port city british forces chronicler egyptian national policy decision making wrote egypt engaged subject supporting coup argued revolution absorb massive number egyptian personnel arrive prop regime wise consider sending arab nationalist volunteers middle_east fight alongside republican forces suggesting spanish civil war template conduct events refused ideas insisting need protect arab nationalist movement convinced regiment egyptian special forces wing fighter bombers able secure republican coup état considerations sending troops included following impact support war independence syria breaking united arab republic taking advantage breach british french relations strained support algeria primarily efforts undermine central treaty organization caused downfall iraqi monarchy confronting saw egypt destiny dominance red_sea suez_canal retribution royal family felt undermined union syria history coup état plot plots going san headed lieutenant ali conceived plot merged conspiracy tribal confederation revenge execution paramount son fourth plot shaped young princes sought rid men knew plots egyptian day death minister london sent telegram urging san attend father funeral egyptian officers plotting private secretary pass message pretending understand code saved gathering thousands men funeral learned telegram later day coup claimed information egyptian intelligence service warned officers including planning revolution purpose cover egypt case coup failed prompt immediate action drive single conspiracy got permission bring armed forces went told discovered plot act immediately officers arrested told hold san radio airport days europe recognize ordered military academy san alert opening issuing weapons junior officers troops evening september gathered known leaders nationalist movement officers participated military protests officer cell given orders commence soon palace began key areas secured included palace palace palace reception area dignitaries radio station telephone exchange main central security headquarters intelligence internal security execution heard tanks moving nearby streets ones asked army began palace seized machine gun began firing tanks range sent armored car house invited headquarters asked join revolution agreed condition president agreed coup état carried tanks brigade armored cars mobile artillery cannons anti air guns command control forces loyal coup place military academy unit revolutionary officers accompanied tanks headed palace microphone voiced appeal guard tribal solidarity surrender muhammad sent peacefully exile guard refused surrender opened fire prompting revolutionary leaders respond tank artillery shells rebels planned deploy tanks artillery coup battle palace continued guards surrendered revolutionaries following morning radio station fall secured loyalist officer killed resistance collapsed easiest target written order sufficient open storage facility beat secure rifles artillery ammunition revolutionaries telephone exchange likewise fell resistance palace revolutionary units remained secure guise granting protecting diplomats dignitaries staying greet new late morning september areas san secure radio broadcast muhammad overthrown new revolutionary government power revolutionary cells cities port city began securing airports port facilities coup aftermath personal servants managed escape door garden wall palace declared avoid main streets decided escape individually meet village reunited minute walk defeat fellow revolutionary intellectual holding doctorate degree share vision september radio announced death gathered san proclaimed corrupt monarchy ruled thousand years disgrace arab nation humanity tries restore enemy god man learned alive way saudi_arabia egyptian general ali dispatched plane arrived september assess situation needs revolutionary command council egypt sent battalion special forces mission act personal guards arrived october days left san sent man ahead saudi_arabia announce alive went crossing border near north eastern edge kingdom diplomatic attempts saudi_arabia fearing moved troops border monarch dispatched army chief staff discussions uncle prince october cargo planes left saudi_arabia loaded arms military material royalist pilots defected ambassadors london washington supported ambassadors cairo rome belgrade declared support republican revolution ussr nation recognize new republic act aggression considered act aggression soviet_union united_states concerned conflict spread parts middle_east president john kennedy rushed notes plan troops withdraw saudi_arabia jordan halted aid agreed pull forces jordan saudi_arabia stop aggressive operations rejected kennedy plan involve recognition rebels insisted recognition presidency regain control intention pulling argued wanted oil fields hoping use revolt rest arabian peninsula king jordan convinced target saudi_arabia oil went declared warn america recognize arab republic shall recognize robert reported republican regime control country border areas british government insisting strength tribal support letter written president kennedy dated october kept confidential january said assured support maintenance arabian integrity american jet aircraft twice staged shows force saudi_arabia involved jets staging stunt flying demonstrations second jet bombers giant jet transport returning base near paris visit pakistan demonstration proclaimed firm policy honor international obligations including treaty respect britain promised start gradual withdrawal man force provided forces retire border regions leave technicians advisers december 34th nation recognize arab republic united_nations recognition followed day continued consider republic authority land completely ignored britain commitment south base considered egyptian invasion real threat recognition republic posed problem treaties britain signed south arabian federation saudi_arabia urged british identify hand british foreign office believed britain buy security recognizing republic britain eventually decided recognize iran turkey western_europe withheld recognition republic receive recognition west_germany italy canada australia remaining arab governments entire communist week american recognition boasted military parade republic rockets strike palaces saudi_arabia early january bombed arabian city near border responded aerial demonstration destroyer joined january reportedly agreed send batteries radar control equipment addition sent met egyptian field marshal march cairo reportedly assured withdraw troops stop supporting operation hard surface reporting secretary general united_states department state sought help ambassador bunker mission based decision national security council conceived robert idea known operation hard surface trade american protection appearance commitment halt aid basis americans withdraw troops operation consist little planes bunker arrived march refused bunker offer reform original instructions operation hard surface american planes attack destroy air space later changed read defend attacked bunker evidently stuck original formula stressed halt aid able pressure withdraw eventually accepted offer bunker went meet egyptian president repeated assurance given bunker mission gave birth idea observer mission eventually united_nations observation mission observer team set commander swedish major general von horn agreement called establishment zone extending kilometers arabian border military equipment excluded observers zone sides border observe report prevent continued attempt supply royalist forces april von horn sent discover kind force required days later met cairo found egypt intention drawing troops days told deputy minister foreign affairs accept attempt egypt leave security forces withdrawal saudi_arabia cutting support egypt projected plan unity syria iraq dangerous time war cost egypt day nearly casualties promising remove troops egypt privilege leaving unspecified number training republican army june von horn went san unsuccessfully trying achieve objective ending aid creating mile strip border supervising phased withdrawal egyptian troops september von horn resignation announced mission continue oral assurances egypt saudi_arabia continue financing number egyptian troops increased end january hard surface squadron withdrawn september admitted failure withdrew mission egyptian egyptian general staff divided war operational objectives air phase began jet trainers modified carry bombs ended wings fighter bombers stationed near border egyptian sorties went coast towns designed attack royalist ground formations substitute lack egyptian formations ground high tech air power combination egyptian air strikes second operational phase involved securing major routes leading san secure key towns largest offensive based operational tactic march offensive lasted february focused opening securing roads san north san east success egyptian forces meant royalist resistance refuge hills mountains carry hit run republican egyptian units controlling towns roads strategic offensive tribes republican government meaning expenditures massive amounts funds humanitarian needs outright tribal leaders offensive offensive began february arrived san asked cairo double men early february reinforcement arrived february task force tanks armored cars eighteen trucks numerous took san moving northwards heading garrison troops followed days later task force spearheaded men tanks armored cars struck desert territory built headed westwards february occupied march took royalist force men ordered failed stop way royalist commander fled british protected border battle miles southeast san prince command attacked egyptian position sheer sided hill fortified soviet tanks dozen armored cars entrenched machine guns advanced thin skirmish line artillery mortars planes replied rifles mortar rounds rounds battle lasted week cost tanks seven armored cars dead positions hope royalist movement supplies mountains north east san beginning april held conference decided adopt new tactics including attempts supplies positions held instead trucks cross mountains reach positions east san swing enter north decided strengthen operations west mountains armies end april began recover contended regained positions taken particularly small strategic towns mountains able freely eastern desert claimed cleaned egyptian strong points west town offensive june egyptian infantry numbering reinforced republican army mercenaries invaded town thirty miles west san prince held extending road province southern days attackers advanced miles repelled counter attack admitted casualties attacked miles north west san local royalist commander bribe local occupied town unopposed month sent asking guns money fight sent new forces managed regain surroundings town august launched offensive major north western base troops republicans plan interpreted british intelligence cut thirty mile track southward mountains border headquarters mountains near split task forces moving east headquarters north eastwards track border mountains began saturday morning moving saturday sunday caught heavy rain vehicles including tanks armored cars sank axle deep mud defenders left monday dawn left headquarters morning men direct counterattack attacked planned coordinated drive southwest mountains hoping link force coming counting local forces supposed join egyptian failed deliver way suffering losses way sent radio messages runner directions calling reinforcement asked reserve forces training arrive trucks mounting millimeter cannon millimeter mortars heavy machine guns arrived hours time face attackers egyptian columns stuck mud later announced knocked egyptian tanks half armored cars claimed shot bomber carried supporting movements raid staff officers killed second attempt involving british advisors french belgian mercenaries bombard san nearby mountain peak operations included raids egyptian aircraft tanks south airport san mortar egyptian republican residence suburb managed drive headquarters cave close border declared victory radio press obliged agree upcoming conference november alexandria summit september met arab summit alexandria time egypt troops suffered estimated casualties official leaders promised cooperate fully solve existing differences factions work preventing armed clashes reach solution peaceful agreement widely hailed arab world washington called action major step eventual peaceful settlement long civil war warmly embraced alexandria airport called brother said leaving egypt heart love president november secret conference republicans declared effective monday november sides celebrated decision day days went effect places november republicans egyptian observer worked terms conference tribal leaders planned november conference embryo national assembly provisional national executive republicans neutral administer country plan decide monarchy republic step aside end days resumed bombing royalist positions conference planned november postponed 30th indefinitely republicans blamed arriving blamed egyptian bombings royalist offensive december february egyptian attempts drive directly mountains intensity gradually diminished estimated lost men killed wounded taken prisoner building offensive egyptian line communications went san branched north eastwards turned south south eastwards led south eastwards military convoy went route twice month closed direct route mountains san way command prince objective cut line force withdraw intended garrisons line establish positions egyptian movement prepared attack help tribe tricked believing allies care mountain pass known royalist deal entitled ambushed suspected sent reconnaissance aircraft area day attack occupied mountains known installed guns mortars overlooking april day egyptian convoy went launched surprise attack forces numbered couple thousands guns positioned opened fire came rocks finally prince troops followed time operation fully coordinated radio surrendered resistance fled yards north sides brought reinforcements battle shifted prince began raid egyptian positions north east san prince attacking men west prince struck near prince moved west mortar firing distance egyptian airfield west surrendered near eventually allowed evacuate san arms policy officers prisoners exchange allow soldiers return arms thousand egyptian troops garrisons eastern slopes mountains desert supplied entirely air stalemate royalist radio tried widen split republican ranks promising amnesty non withdrawn promised new form government democratic system ruled national assembly elected people request provided ammunition troop reinforcements transport plane cairo august seven armies varying strength men total times armed royal regular force prince early june moved eastern june entered july occupied according official egyptian army figures killed war costing egypt day lost estimated dead late august decided soviets involved conflict convinced cancel million debt incurred provide military aid republicans early fired premier general appointed place considered moderate believed compromise resigned president republican council december protest failure fulfill people aspirations act new man cabinet maintaining balance main tribal mountain royalist republican long breath strategy egypt run foreign debt nearly billion gap exports imports widened record million victory day port said conceded facing difficulties work harder sacrifices magic button push produce things want premier raised egypt income tax added defense tax sales boosted imports cost luxury goods set low price ceilings sent cairo arrest price violations march egyptian forces numbering launched biggest offensive stalemate resumed egyptian supported groups executed sabotage bombings saudi_arabia speech day said war entering new phase launched called long breath strategy plan army men withdraw exposed positions eastern northern hold particular parts red_sea coastline northern boundary takes fortified town san border south arabian federation independent insisted attacks bases aggression continue arguing originally towns assistant secretary state near east south asia flew talks alexandria refused pull troops despite risk losing new million food distribution program million worth industrial development aid later month risk food peace program russia afford pay bill russians willing aid arms equipment feared widening conflict saudi_arabia lead hot war confrontation middle_east warned soviet_union displeased attack saudi_arabia october palace san attacked insurgents began targeting egyptian army camp outside city setting fire egyptian installations killing reported egyptian troops arrested suspects including minister tribal affairs colonel deputy chief staff armed forces accused organizing subversive network seeking country terrorism panic planning campaign assassination financed saudi_arabia britain israel executed received prison sentences ranging years life february vowed stay years necessary prince said prepared fight years ottoman turks tunisia broke diplomatic relations republic saying government longer power govern country czechoslovakia flew announced way offer services said situation stands arab finished forever chemical warfare use gas took place june village inhabitants northern killing seven people damaging eyes lungs incident considered experimental bombs described home relatively ineffective egyptian authorities suggested reported incidents probably caused gas israeli foreign minister suggested interview use gas israel reports gas reported reports grew frequent late december gas bombs killed people injured thirty january biggest gas attack came village causing casualties including fatalities target prince installed headquarters nearby egyptian government denied poison gas claiming britain reports psychological warfare egypt february said welcome investigation march said powerless deal matter twin villages prince command gas bombed killing seventy red_cross alerted june issued statement geneva expressing concern institute forensic medicine university statement based red_cross report gas likely derivatives gas gas attacks stopped weeks day war june resumed july parts royalist casualty estimates vary assumption considered conservative filled aerial bombs caused approximately fatalities injuries egyptian withdrawal egyptian forces relied exclusively defending triangle linking san striking southern saudi_arabia north air sorties august order egyptian killed captured missing result day war recalled troops egypt imposed higher taxes middle upper classes raised workers compulsory monthly savings reduced overtime pay cut sugar curtailed practically major industrial programs military expenditures increased million estimated billion increased price beer cigarettes long distance bus railroad admission movies egypt losing week revenues closing suez_canal sitting wells produced half egypt oil supply egypt hard currency debt approaching billion foreign exchange reserves million resolution august egypt announced ready end war egyptian foreign minister proposed egypt saudi_arabia revive agreement expressed satisfaction offer promised send troops fight egypt israel live agreement signed treaty pull troops stop sending arms neutral arab states send observers accused betrayal million worth assets egypt egyptian owned banks taken earlier year saudi_arabia libya kuwait agreed provide egypt annual million million paid saudi_arabia popularity troops declined attacks home soldiers took egyptian guards ordered execution security chief colonel police fired mob attacking egyptian command post san refused recognize committee arab leaders appointed arrange peace terms fired entire cabinet formed new installing army men key took army ministry foreign ministry announced release republican leaders held prisoner egypt year favor peace general met cairo early november advised resign exile refused went baghdad hoping support arab soon left cairo sent cable san instructing troops block attempt coup siege november supported republican called san moved tanks city dusty squares took presidential palace announced government radio station removed positions authority coup went unopposed baghdad asked political asylum saying revolutionary obstacles difficult situations iraqi government offered home monthly grant new republican government headed ali prime minister remained doubtful colleagues reluctance negotiate family preferring expel instead november resigned place taken prince told country chiefs money share join chiefs agreed tribes royalist regulars armed known fighting rifles surrounded san captured main airport severed highway port main route russian supplies battle miles east capital soldiers sides killed entire republican regiment reportedly deserted gave ultimatum surrender city annihilated went cairo egyptian official press agency called medical foreign minister left leaving government charge declared ordered civilians form militia units defend republic liberation square suspected royalist publicly executed firing squad bodies later poles republicans boasted new air_force claimed shot fighter russian pilot state department said claim reports soviet technicians pilots arrived correct january republicans defending san regulars plus armed tanks backing score fighter aircraft piloted russians passed crash course soviet_union city feed immediately surrounding countryside suffered republican air power advantage high ground ammunition halted arms deliveries agreement stopped financing december final february siege lifted republicans essentially won war british withdrawn federation south south remained active talks sides commenced fighting went foreign minister said better years talk day fighting saudi_arabia recognized republic effected gave republic grant million later repeated intermittently received aftermath egypt saudi_arabia south formed connection soviet_union september resigned murdering photographer san power given effective president integrated new republic family council established clashes border states rose small war broke war tribes better represented republican government brought national assembly council particularly ones fought republicans close attempt end war breach older liberal politicians republican certain army activists south summer border war broke ended declaration north south reunite complaints north foreign influence saudi_arabia opposing forces muhammad led campaign princes house included come new_york oldest distinguished prince prime minister commander chief joined childhood pen pal american bruce set post office later rise rank general royalist forces spent million equip royalist tribes hire hundreds european mercenaries establish radio station pakistan saw chance money conflict extended rifles remnants army elements national_guard fight alongside ranks iran royalist forces felt compelled provide financing british allowed convoys arms flow allies northern sheriff protected british administration british military planes conducted night operations resupply forces responsible contacting services private company belonging colonel david founder special air service recruited dozens men advisors britain participated million british air defense program saudi_arabia johnson administration willing kennedy support long range plans support army authorized agreement corps engineers supervise construction military facilities sponsored million program provided forces combat vehicles trucks initiated islamic alignment called islamic conference counter arab socialism tribes southern saudi_arabia northern closely linked thousands workers saudi_arabia assist royalist cause addition british sent plane loads undermine regime fought despite father said ruled thousand years good bad killed bad ones sooner later prospered good ones hill tribes like coast south president mountain fighting lowland convinced biggest target saying getting reward brothers refused stop fighting exile win lose grave formed royalist armies uncle prince east control west armies controlled north east including towns provincial capital northern given key strategic road main capital san controlled republicans areas like town controlled mountains republicans controlled town fortress mercenaries france belgium england fought malaya algeria sent assist planning training giving irregular forces ability communicate trained use weapons gun mining techniques numbers mercenaries estimated hundreds egyptian sources time reported royalist tactics confined warfare conventional egyptian republican forces conducting attacks supply lines british involvement britain engaged covert operations support royalist forces fighting egyptian backed republican regime seized power capital september end british presence considered high interest united_kingdom linked realization oil assets middle_east means secure presence involved bitter argument british government decision making issue objective british mainly keeping base federation south complicated british relations global regional players rulers south british involvement executed mainly british mercenary organization capable stage covert operations independent london away view sponsor saudi_arabia specifically formed train support course war according hart davis british mercenary leader jim johnson originally considered buying aircraft lockheed flew try persuade air drop hurt davis claims success finally achieved adviser mercenaries billy privately british government knowledge flew meet defense minister head according newspaper tony contacted david head middle_east department section met commander officers decided suggested crew british according hart davis crew israeli including pilot named tony board observer decades war director said israel involved remained vague concerning nature scale involvement originally operation later renamed operation largest transport plane recruited british operation according jones clear mercenary air drops code named organized british aircraft contracted privately british mercenary operation israeli air bases israeli transport planes making drops flight took march weapons drop witnessed ground british mercenary lieutenant colonel johnny cooper provided morale old rifles rounds rounds rifle ammunition pounder shells pounds plastic explosive according hart davis systematically concealed source weapons delivered mercenaries serial numbers italian ensuring packaging consisted wood cyprus contracted aircraft flew coastline radar systems later state aware planes drops refuel french return bases israel sixth flight suggested aircraft bomb san supported idea plans israel defense forces chief staff israeli prime minister denied operation went period slightly years carried nighttime sorties british support remained covert prime minister douglas home replied michael foot parliamentary question having according hart davis thin ice saying policy non intervention affairs country policy supply arms government requested forms aid question george douglas home said time eighteen months british arms supplied government hart davis notes strictly true great weapons non british spirited jim johnson british mercenary involvement public knowledge letters addressed johnny cooper captured november content published broadcast cairo radio quoted estimate british french foreigners officers directed britain probably command british intelligence july sunday_times published letters connecting cooper team tony british government able continue denying knowledge mercenary activity july douglas home replied parliamentary question saying present high commissioner predecessor assured aware person question tony involved way following day july douglas home sent memorandum foreign secretary butler decreed united_kingdom life money arms possible result secret joint action committee created handle british policy british support continued kingdom decided abandon colony support provided active support years war september coup état perceived threat saudi_arabia jordan prompting shipments weapons beginning october support quickly countered egyptian aid republicans rapidly country scale war republicans called general troops november war expanding north radio reported egyptian air_force attacks villages day military alliance saudi_arabia jordan widely known following egyptian raids saudi_arabia official joint defense pact formed egypt republicans decided launch attacks republicans north withdrew war recognizing republicans support continued point border towns airfields attacked egyptian forces order prevent supplies ammunition reaching royalist held areas egyptian deployment convinced regiment reinforced aircraft firmly secure free officer movement months sending troops realized require larger commitment anticipated little troops sent october months later egypt regular troops deployed late number increased late number rose egyptian troops late egyptian troop commitment troops broken infantry regiments artillery division tank division special forces regiments served egypt ambassador royalist sent numerous reports reach ministry defense officials warned egyptian officials cairo including defense minister tribes difficult sense loyalty opposed sending egyptian combat forces arguing money equipment sent free officers warned finance egyptian field commanders complained total lack maps causing real problem months war commanders difficulty planning military operations effectively sending routine casualty reports accurate coordinates field units given maps use aerial navigation chief egyptian intelligence admitted information egypt embassy cairo requested information ambassador provided economic report country squadrons aircraft airfields near san engined fighters jet fighters twin engined bombers twin engined transports transport helicopters flying engined bombers bases egypt air crew egyptian bombers thought mixed egyptian russian personnel transports flying egypt russian crews war relied january royalist forces placed san siege egyptian heavy lift cargo planes tons food region estimate hundreds millions dollars spent equip egyptian republican forces addition moscow refurbished airfield outside san saw chance gain arabian peninsula accepted hundreds egyptian officers trained pilots service war egyptian air naval forces began bombing raids southwestern city coastal town staging points royalist forces response purchased british air defense system developed airfield attempted convince washington respond behalf president kennedy sent wing jet fighters bombers demonstrating seriousness american commitment defending interests saudi_arabia peace attempts conferences spoke radio san offering reconciliation inviting tribes meet following week miles north san achieve thing prize peace nation order convince come conference announced personally head republican delegation stay san ranking chiefs attend conference handful pro royalist present conference named committee tribal religious leaders charged seeking brothers friends effort including private promise reach withdrawal egyptian troops backed radio cairo hailed conference dawn new era called talks complete success stated essential conflict devastated beloved country brought end peaceful negotiations people early june said egypt troops replaced joint royalist republican peace force lost interest deal flew cairo protest directly threw seven civilian cabinet ministers jail resigned saying obvious interested war peace soon named new cabinet replace military men civilians august war costing day arrived harbor aboard presidential yacht freedom negotiate visit saudi_arabia request assassination rumors banners flags normally celebrate visiting omitted cleared people car special model evening arrival welcomed banquet reception guests hours reached agreement agreement signed embraced kissed agreement provided gradual withdrawal egyptian force month period cessation help formation congress representing factions charged forming transitional regime establishing procedures national determine future government november sides met issue transition state supposed exist held following year wanted kingdom willing settle neutral title like state republicans insisted having word republic republican title agreed suspend conference month long fast begin following week conference reached possibly tactical decision encouraged republicans stand


battle gates battle gates bulgarian greek battle byzantine bulgarian forces year took place pass modern province bulgaria largest defeat byzantines emperor unsuccessful siege retreated surrounded bulgarian army command mountains byzantine army annihilated barely escaped years fall bulgarian capital victory gates extended bulgarian successes achieved later moved capital northeast southwest memory great victory preserved thirty years later inscription son historical sources addition inscription victory commander bulgarian army mentioned summary form medieval historians written accounts battle leo eyewitness direct participant campaign john historians george repeat work byzantine historians wrote accounts battle recorded arab chronicler stephen known matthew details found commended sermon saint origins conflict byzantine emperor john forced captured bulgarian emperor constantinople following fall bulgarian capital byzantines occupied eastern parts bulgaria west sons count david moses continued rule western bulgaria ruled free territories residing separate cities order fight byzantines higher efficiency war bulgaria major undertaking carried ascension throne bulgarian attacks begun year reasons years policy strongest nobles byzantium facto ruled byzantine_empire years namesake time main objective government constantinople crush rebellion military commander asia minor local byzantine governors left cope bulgarian threat unable stop positions brothers eldest brothers david moses died soon beginning great offensive strengthened rebellion neglect byzantine emperor john southwestern bulgarian lands fall north eastern areas bulgarian empire main priority war arabs syria gave time prepare long struggle center remaining parts empire lakes decade offensive achieved major successes managed liberate north eastern bulgaria occupied main city modern greece constant bulgarian attacks forced actions siege led campaign soldiers commanders eastern armies campaign fighting arabs byzantines marched reach according leo objective emperor subdue strike capture strategic fortress northeastern southwestern bulgarian lands intended continue campaign main strongholds macedonia way byzantine today capital city modern day bulgaria left strong company guard rear byzantine army finally reached walls city built fortified camp besieged fortress siege lasted days fruitless assaults shortage food occurred byzantine army attempts find provisions surrounding country stopped burned crops took cattle byzantines end city garrison broke walls killing enemy soldiers burning siege equipment inexperienced byzantine generals placed close city walls battle result successful bulgarian actions byzantines longer capable taking city direct assault exhaust defenders hunger supplies cut byzantines deal problem addition army led marched mountains byzantines rear meantime instead securing way retreat pulled action additional reason lift siege commander western armies persuaded set constantinople throne byzantine army retreated valley stopped night rumours barred nearby mountain routes stirred soldiers following day retreat continued growing disorder probably roman saw rushed enemy camp retreat turned flight byzantine advance guard managed squeeze slopes taken bulgarian attackers rest army surrounded elite armenian unit infantry managed break heavy casualties lead emperor safety secondary routes enormous numbers byzantine soldiers perished battle rest captured imperial insignia aftermath disaster campaign bulgaria blow consolidation soon battle gates nobility asia minor led general rebelled years according historian battle control balkans according historians northeastern parts bulgarian empire liberated years battle according sources liberated years prior battle firmly took initiative launched continuous attacks adriatic coast serbs defeated state incorporated bulgaria


raid raid july attack british_royal_navy force defended french anchorage english channel french revolutionary wars french naval forces blockaded conflict method attacking cutting expeditions boats carry boarding parties harbour night seize ships anchor bring attack combination types operation aimed powerful french frigate squadron anchor harbour assault use variety experimental weaponry tested combat time mixed success assault heavily armed sloop hms proved successful achieved little british craft involved operation little effect eventual outcome french response losing frigate captured destroyed escaping cutting anchor cables fleeing coastal ran aground frigates refloated returned service operation cost french heavy casualties british force suffered minimal losses exact totals uncertain british officers involved highly praised rewarded promotions prize money background late french revolutionary wars string victories sea ensured royal_navy dominant french_navy particular suffered heavy losses northern european waters forced british blockade squadrons large ports watched fleets ships line small ports blockade squadrons including shallow french ports english channel accommodate ships line situated frigates attacked shipping british waters escape blockade port french flanders contained squadron french frigates gun commodore jean joseph gun gun defended gun batteries overlooking harbour addition port surrounded complicated coastal frigates retreat attacked port closely watched determined attack squadron smaller vessels frigates stood chance success number ships instructed gather coast captain henry frigate hms overall command force included hms nemesis captain thomas baker smaller vessels small craft included small designed operate minor warships time deemed attack anchored target sloop hms commander patrick campbell highly unusual ship size meant armament included pounder mounted new design faster easier load squadron assembled june days winds tides prevented operation french prepared attack frigates line running harbour east west supported patrolled harbour western ships positioned escape channels sands came attack knew largest ships nemesis prove narrow harbour remained offshore crews dispersed smaller ships lead attack including hms wasp hms falcon hms hms hms hms boxer hired ships kent ann sailed entire squadron led campbell target eastern end french line frigate battle squadron entered harbour late evening july slowly leading way rest squadron sailing line heavily armed sloop hired ships men impressed ships men acted guides british force midnight shapes french frigates appeared darkness ahead gradually passed line hail frigates demanded know come french speaking officer replied asked little ships officer replied know apparently satisfied reply questions frigate continued passage came alongside french frigate ship recognised shape strange vessel appeared night immediately opened fire swiftly responded campbell knew heavy devastating close range ordered double meaning carried twice ordinary number missiles effect immediate heavy casualties severe damage inflicted french vessel fast loading abilities allowed sloop guns steady fire swept ship line anchor steady ship campbell placed alongside french frigate bows french ship masts allowed boarding party led lieutenant james leap aboard drive french frigate deck hand hand combat wounded fighting called reinforcements french stern ship campbell anchors swing alongside french frigate second boarding party lieutenant william charged aboard routing french reinforcements emerging decks upper deck secure severed anchor cables steered harbour rapidly exposed tide target captured campbell turned second british attack head french line fought southern end line british attacked van stripped useful materials converted original role small crews volunteers set vessels bore northern french ships supporting fire coming smaller vessels accompanied number ship boats british frigates outside harbour attended removed crews handled french prepared tactic squadron severed anchor cables sailed channels sands manoeuvre took past boxer exposed continued fire despite damage safety channel british follow fear grounding french ships stuck low tide range british ships suffered damage drifted exploding succeeding wounding british sailors boat close frigates fought host small french emerged met hired ships armed sharp engagement hired ships lost wounded successfully held battle aftermath principal targets reach called attack early morning withdrew ships lost man killed wounded coming sources record men wounded total french casualties far severe men killed wounded taken attack recognising room prisoners french wounded required urgent treatment ordered wounded men sent appears amnesty subsequently extended prisoners midday july british squadron returned position coast sent britain later commissioned royal_navy hms command captain prize money paid captured frigate head money award enemy servicemen killed wounded captured paid probably return prisoners services commander lieutenant promoted transferring smaller sixth rate hms french ships returned sand morning repairs conducted admiralty awarded naval general service medal capture surviving action


raid raid operation august allied prisoners war rescued partisans majority liberated work site village german der kilometres west railway line german modern day northern liberated separated group engagement germans days liberation following day trek kilometres flown partisan airfield italy successful consisted new australians british background allied working camps purposes beneficial german june working camps administered located german der prisoners held work camps maintenance railway german continued valley austria work camp believed work camp time railways regularly partisans rescued allied personnel including escaped germans work party consisting british transported camp morning railway maintenance work returned camp evening work camps vicinity agricultural work late august partisan 14th division including 2nd brigade deployed strength mountains south river escape raid preceded escape seven august organisers escape private frederick churches australian_army infantry soldier 48th battalion temporary duty headquarters corps captured allied withdrawal greece april driver arthur laws british_army soldier electrical mechanical engineers royal engineers august churches attempted escape occasions learned surroundings experiences realised escape prisoners environment hostile germans churches learned speak german captivity camp leader work camp eighteen months resigned role involved escape family provided water food prisoners working railway laws managed contact agent 2nd brigade discussing churches agreed include members man accommodation work camp escape plans mid afternoon august seven walked away work site met partisan agent led group village temporarily liberated german control remaining member unable away work crew join comprised british australian new_zealand soldiers raid churches managed convince commander brigade conduct operation free rest work party following day giving crucial information work site guards morning churches laws returned partisans await arrival work party usual train soon work begun partisans disarmed guards captured civilian short time guards civilian escorted south different route seven previous afternoon altogether working camp freed morning french additional british freed partisan brigade smaller working camps closer churches provided details working camps farm single guard partisans freed french raided different camp error corrected error released british camp churches mentioned groups partisan assembled hills altogether including churches laws original group total liberated partisans escape subsequent raids trek aftermath progress evacuation route south difficult german patrols active night ambush patrol caused loss prisoners french eventually marching approximately kilometres days ferried boat reached white partisan base airfield communication allies days delay waiting aircraft available weather conditions suitable flown italy september churches les laws decorated actions escaping assisting partisans planning raid laws awarded distinguished conduct medal churches british_empire medal churches repatriated australia november months leave posted staff prisoner war camp victoria interpreter subsequently promoted sergeant discharged november laws movements arrival italy unknown churches returned site raid accompanied laws visit visits churches laws reunited partisans escorted conflicting accounts events known primary sources details raid secondary sources drew largely accounts churches laws passing mention raid prisoner war volume official history new_zealand second world war varies significantly sources primary source book written churches decorated involvement planning conduct escape raid churches book titled miles crow flies written relieved obligation secrecy australian_army book details events prior escape course escape evacuation book translated let crow flight freedom churches known nickname crow soldier australian state south_australia camp south australians colloquially known australia crow churches version events published secondary sources including australian television programs aired newspaper articles australian freed raid private walter 15th battalion provided extremely detailed account experiences group freed partisans location near gives date raid september weeks date given churches account posted internet family states arrived days raid account varies significantly churches known dates details account differ markedly churches account official history new_zealand second world war states raid occurred german raid planned british officers varies significantly sources unknown case


agreement agreement croatian serbian document negotiated croatian republic serbian local authorities united_nations protected area western known sector west february croatian war independence agreement provided improvement water electrical power supply return refugees homes opening transport routes spanning sector west connecting croatian army controlled areas near towns nova provided framework improvement living conditions population controlled portions sector west agreement named site signing agreement head united_nations civil affairs sector west fischer negotiated secrecy central authorities learned arrangement signatories behalf sacked official posts arrested agreement labeled central authorities fischer officials involved agreement criticised excessively matter fischer soon left area background november croatia serbia yugoslav people army agreed plan designed halt combat operations croatian war independence allow negotiation political settlement plan entailed protection civilians specific areas designated united_nations protected areas croatia united_nations protection force came effect january shortly plan accepted european community announced decision grant diplomatic recognition croatia january held areas croatia organised republic serbian despite geneva accord requiring immediate withdrawal personnel equipment croatia stayed seven months troops eventually pulled left equipment consequence problems start deploy march took months fully assemble tasked maintenance monitoring local police creating conditions return internally displaced persons refugees comprised exiled controlled territory serbs fled areas western captured croatian army operations late western encompassing area extending approximately kilometres miles designated western sector west peace plan unlike controlled area approximately located south centred town held area included section belgrade motorway deployed sector west thought attack area control motorway response developed operation aimed defending attack assuming main axis aligned motorway cooperation schemes division sector west controlled areas fragmented market locally grown agricultural produce produce processing plants rendered inaccessible farmers furthermore controlled area sector west suffered severe shortage fuel electricity croatian held cut water supply systems fed springs held area south town situation led head civil affairs sector west fischer argentine general maria commanding officer sector west propose degree cooperation local authorities sides area efforts resulted scheme grain crops grown held sector west croatian controlled areas supply water exchanged electricity supplied croatia southern portion sector west fischer obtained approval limited return refugees local authorities scheme involved refugees allowed rebuild homes funded austrian government funds million dollars obtained michael special assistant director general united_nations office vienna formal agreement fischer attempted gain wider support cooperation schemes place extend scope sector west fischer assured local authorities prevent renewed fighting area result fischer efforts agreement agreement signed february encompassed reconstruction water electrical power supply networks reopening belgrade motorway section sector west non commercial traffic nova railway repair lines establishment joint commission tasked living conditions sector west return refugees homes access property owned civilians line meetings local authorities discuss cooperation behalf local authorities agreement signed milan milan time held position deputy prime minister government minister signatories behalf croatian local authorities fischer signed agreement witness according international criminal tribunal yugoslavia testimony given trial milan present signing agreement representative government croatia accompanied croatian deputy interior minister according effort conceal signing agreement negotiations kept secret aftermath central authorities learned agreement report filed 18th corps army republic february days signed main opposition agreement came milan interior minister leadership ruling democratic_party accused handing territory croatia leadership considered agreement admission economic act treason district council controlled western condemned agreement enacted croatian language failed note existence administrative divisions sacked government positions positions regional authority held western signatories dismissed official posts local elections held fill vacated posts elected serve mayor municipality september arrested taken prison investigation progress december released learn arrest ordered days later order evade arrest fled serbia february abducted belgrade agents taken response agreement ended fischer efforts fischer criticised citing excessive matter fischer left croatia general replaced march belgrade motorway reopened december agreement governments croatia series armed incidents late april led croatian military intervention capture portion sector west previously controlled operation flash early


action october action october minor naval engagement napoleonic wars fought british_royal_navy frigate hms caroline dutch squadron entrance harbour java dutch_east_indies battle dutch frigate maria left remainder squadron isolated forced surrender note captain peter british commander subsequently free remove prize sight dutch port remainder dutch squadron refused engage caroline crews deliberately grounded ships avoid capture returned prisoners taken previously captured brig action earlier action july demonstrated weakness dutch squadron east indies convinced rear admiral sir edward lead operation eliminate remainder dutch squadron november second raid partially successful followed year later raid harbour dutch warships east eliminated background french squadron rear admiral charles departed atlantic_ocean british expeditionary force captured cape good hope rear admiral sir edward commander british_royal_navy eastern half indian_ocean madras british india eastern half indian_ocean able concentrate major threat british shipping region dutch squadron based dutch_east_indies specifically java port dutch squadron consisted number old ships line frigates number smaller warships primarily anti piracy force presence close straits major british trade route concern particularly following battle squadron intercepted vital british convoy base launch operation repair damage determined eliminate dutch squadron frigates region spring orders disrupt trade dutch bases july frigate hms cruised islands captured dutch frigate convoy action july encouraging expeditions october second frigate gun hms caroline captain peter nephew admiral peter replaced cruised java sea caroline successful start operation discovering dutch ships line left harbour sailed eastwards captured number dutch ships mid october crew fifth aboard prizes journey india leaving caroline men large number prisoners carried decks battle october cruising java sea encountered captured small dutch brig sailing prisoners removed ship learned dutch frigate phoenix undergoing repairs small island thousand islands deciding phoenix lying exposed position easily attacked sailed caroline spotted passage amsterdam islands small dutch warships attacked small vessels seizing gun brig shot fired vessel escaped shallow coastal waters deeper drafted frigate follow delay allowed phoenix sail ahead caroline pursuit caroline neared phoenix entered defended harbour making pursuit impossible sighted second frigate lying anchor roads accompanied gun corvette william elusive brig gun ship patriot belonged dutch east india company prisoners identified ship gun maria captain force significantly stronger caroline support approximately anchored closer immediately gave orders advance dutch frigate preparations battle ordered springs placed anchor cables giving ship ability easily turn anchor face new threats engaged maria caroline approached captain ordered men open fire british frigate extreme range calling support dutch vessels anchored nearby response gave orders men hold fire enduring dutch guns frigate yards away broadside responded british fire strong half hour dutch flag struck taking possession dutch frigate lieutenant discovered men aboard killed wounded ship suffered moderate damage masts rigging british casualties engagement killed outright eighteen wounded subsequently died killed dutch prisoners hold boarding maria turned attention ships bay sea shallow crossed prevented advance proper charts caroline lacked fired number shots long range interference smaller dutch vessels battle following surrender maria shipping bay including seven merchant vessels small warships phoenix deliberately beached avoid capture abandoning idea operations risky ordered ships sail placing dutch prisoners including wounded sick brig captured morning ordering ship return officers placed parole restrictions prisoners removed ordered maria return madras aftermath action appeared superior power numbers exposed poor quality dutch squadron determined decisive attack capital dutch_east_indies november led powerful squadron harbour forcing dutch squadron ashore burnt boarding parties led admiral son captain following year admiral returned search missing ships line discovering causing dutch destroy dutch squadron eliminated threat british trade routes removed attention returned french bases indian_ocean british waiting force surrender remaining dutch colonies east indies maria recommissioned royal_navy hms java captain george report battle described dutch frigate launched fast sailing ship nautical miles journey madras revealed fact older unstable sea java hands disappeared months later february hurricane west indian_ocean convoy flagship sir thomas hms hurricane western indian_ocean remained pacific time capturing valuable spanish ship san january ultimately career stalled return europe


battle pole battle pole known breakthrough pole bulgarian bulgarian pole serbian greek world war battle fought september battle fought initial stage offensive balkans theatre september combined force serbian french greek troops attacked bulgarian held trenches pole good field time kingdom serbia present day republic macedonia offensive preceding artillery preparation devastating effects bulgarian morale eventually leading mass despite outnumbered poorly equipped certain bulgarian units offered fierce resistance delaying advance collapse line enabled allies assault bulgarian positions multiple directions eventually quell pockets resistance central powers defeat pole played role bulgarian withdrawal war opened way subsequent capture macedonia prelude june assassination austro hungarian heir ferdinand precipitated austria-hungary declaration war serbia conflict quickly attracted involvement major european countries pitting central powers coalition starting world war serbia ultimately defeated autumn phase serbian campaign prompting france britain transfer troops gallipoli campaign greek macedonia established effort support remnants serbian army conquer macedonia august bulgaria invaded greece easily conquering greek territory east greek army ordered resist pro german king constantine surrender territory recently won difficulty second balkan war straw supporters liberal party politician allied assistance launched coup secured greek macedonia causing national june gained control country immediately declaring war central powers joining allied army orient operating balkan greek entry war division reinforcements army received spring year created strategic advantage late july bulgarian commander chief sent german field marshal general paul von message rumored offensive detailed bulgaria inability adequately defend portion requested germany immediately reinforce balkan austria-hungary required strengthen positions albania august pledged provide bulgaria support situation permits reluctance support bulgaria manifested early september german battalion stationed macedonia germany information escaped prisoners war determined forces engage hostile actions west lake pole human august 2nd 3rd bulgarian divisions stationed pole ordered emergency preparations new evidence indicated frontal assault pole secondary attack human september pole reinforced machine gun company battalions heavy general friedrich von stated defensive measures defense feasible von failed account departure bulgarian chief staff subsequent replacement widespread plagued bulgarian troops refused participate fortification works poor fatigue contributed low morale day prior offensive general louis laid final plan operation phase consisted combined franco serbian attack positions 2nd 3rd bulgarian divisions expected create breach area pole posing danger bulgarian supply lines river metres pole good field peak dominated region providing excellent observation points defenders pole surrounded developed system trenches combination rough terrain area impassable wheeled transport pole lower steep mountains parts averaged metres second anglo franco force attack 1st bulgarian army lake preventing forming new defensive positions area initial advance allow orient progress support units meantime anglo force strike mount occupying pass expected march allied army orient towns finally seizing units stationed prevent bulgarian flanking maneuver main body force widen breach case collapse pole 1st bulgarian 11th german armies annihilated favorable circumstances perform organised retreat new defensive line river prevention retreat achieved rapid penetrating attack battle september forces commenced gun artillery barrage enemy positions aircraft bombed enemy positions truck column moving day sent telegraph stating indications point enemy offensive target 11th army sides pole bulgarian high command attempt perform attack lacked necessary vehicles pack animals barrage cause significant number casualties severely affected bulgarian corps night september franco serbian patrols reported artillery barrage dealt sufficient damage barbed wire separating trenches september french 17th colonial divisions struck pole serbian division assaulted greek archipelago 3rd 4th divisions acted link serbian french troops entering combat offensive immediately caused wave mass bulgarian units remaining artillery squadrons able hold ground course battle division broke columns suffered heavy casualties left column managed reach position located metres peak end day right column captured pole rushing metres segment steep terrain 17th division seized suppressing signs resistance franco greek regiments attempted storm pushed ensuing counterattack powerful pockets resistance streams facilitated defense greek units focused fall created opening bulgarian rear surrounding units flight dispersed cover soldiers division took western nearby mountain range considerable difficulty elements unit successfully flanked 17th division engaging frontal assault serbian 1st army thrust failed produce intended results attack later night secure peak french divisions ordered remain position serbian yugoslav divisions moved forward end day bulgaria lost approximately percent soldiers involved battle including prisoners war dead initial artillery pieces casualties amounted killed action morning september overran mountain range peak joined 35th greek regiment crossed river later marching franco units stormed second time met heavy artillery machine gun fire attack rebuffed loss greeks roughly number french lives attempts area suspended 1st army orient performed night attack fortified zone suppressing defenders 1st division group moved position river north conjunction division night september gap constituted line extended kilometres width kilometres depth allied command ordered air department continue attacking bridges river september components 1st division group raided mount key position housing bulgarian artillery greeks rapidly descended began climbing cliffs bare hands garrison proceeded abandon positions retreat eastwards having lost artillery cover forces followed comrades retreat division conquered advanced yugoslav divisions overran time danube divisions seized peaks halted september 11th french colonial division 6th greek regiment occupied villages approaching monastery bridge air raid destroyed bridge north bulgarian forces failed putting stop allied offensive abandoning wounded large quantities military equipment end day allied troops advanced kilometres enemy territory seizing strategic importance later enable continue pushing deeper macedonia aftermath immediately following battle forces defeated battle lake september breach defensive line pole enabled allies penetrate macedonia send reinforcements rushed defense homeland abandoning macedonia order prevent future occupation having suffered heavy losses allied forces allowed peacefully withdraw border combination multiple factors including combat fatigue poor supplies led rebellion september band bulgarian previously fled pole arrived looting city putting bulgarian high command flight mass retreating bulgarian railway center bulgaria miles capital city september leaders bulgarian national union took control troops proclaimed establishment bulgarian republic rebellious troops threatened following day chaotic circumstances bulgarian delegation arrived ask armistice september granted armistice general bulgarian downfall turned strategic operational balance war central powers brought end noon september came effect rebellion bulgarian forces october ferdinand bulgaria went exile following day british_army headed east european ottoman_empire french serbian forces continued north british_army neared constantinople force capable stopping advance ottoman government asked armistice armistice october serbia desperate british nicknamed continued advance french army captured country weak german divisions tried block push near november austria-hungary forced sign armistice italian ending war november army crossed danube river enter hungarian request french general count leading hungarian government came belgrade signed armistice


2nd parachute brigade southern france british 2nd parachute brigade operation rugby airborne landings august operation carried hoc airborne formation called 1st airborne task force operation rugby operation invasion southern france american 7th army airborne task force landed river valley objective preventing german reinforcements reaching landing beaches landings mainly american operation brigade british_army formation involved brigade landed accurately set main body brigade landed large area miles away following force problems weather conditions forced brigade anti tank unit turn italy return second wave later day eventually brigade captured primary objectives lack manpower meant secondary objective given american airborne forces airborne landings linked days brigade reserve formation operation british withdrawal france earliest opportunity original intent brigade boarded ships bound italy days landing operation cost brigade casualties hinder mission greece months later replacements required bring brigade strength background 2nd parachute brigade commanded brigadier charles 2nd parachute brigade formed assigned 1st airborne division comprised parachute battalions artillery engineer support brigade involved division operations sicily took operation landing taranto italy end 1st airborne division returned united_kingdom brigade remained fighting italian campaign brigade taken patrols german lines battles river line previously parachute mission operation hasty required men brigade operation allied invasion southern france second world war given code operation place south france cannes toulon august landings undertaken american 7th army free french army landing secure following success normandy airborne landings allied planners wanted use airborne force support invasion airborne divisions europe american participated normandy landings operations support advance france low countries british divisions unavailable 1st airborne division preparing operations northern europe 6th airborne division fighting normandy allied airborne divisions american units 11th airborne division pacific 13th 17th united_states training prelude 1st airborne task force lack available airborne division forced allies assemble hoc formation 1st airborne task force italy july objective land river valley prevent german reinforcements reaching landing beaches task force initially comprised american parachute regimental combat team reinforced 1st parachute infantry battalions infantry battalion command task force given brigadier general robert frederick previously commanded 1st special service force provide additional manpower experienced 2nd parachute brigade attached task force stay france established airborne elements linked initially free french parachute battalions assigned task force withdrawn potential french airborne landing central americans british refused endorse french plan offered support operations normandy french commander general allow landings initial plan operation rugby airborne landings 2nd parachute brigade land west miles coast american regimental combat team land battalions near hold high ground junctions main road valley toulon plan units widely separated german resistance counterattack cut destroy task force help arrived landing beaches revised plan produced july 2nd parachute brigade landing place americans land large drop zone miles west task force staff satisfied mission july proposed plan new plan placed task force drop zones miles wave landings 2nd parachute brigade drop zone north objective capture surrounding area including village time regiment land west battalion southeast shortage aircraft played role transporting task force france divided large groups small group british day large group transported france aircraft eighty second group aircraft arrive afternoon smaller british group consisting 2nd parachute brigade forces arrive shortly group morning total troops vehicles artillery guns delivered france operation rugby german forces german forces area landings command army group divided 1st army west 19th army east june headquarters commanded divisions thirteen infantry divisions smaller formations stage war divisions lacking modern equipment inexperienced trained troops mainly elderly fit service class division divisions complete battalions formed foreigners poland russia divisions static garrison divisions reserve formations internal security role french resistance normandy landings units moved north replacements joined army group came refit fighting normandy eastern strength little equipment august 19th army comprised 11th division infantry divisions reserve divisions strength lacking equipment valley area 2nd parachute brigade landing infantry division commanded operation rugby day august brigade 23rd independent parachute platoon landed drop zone brigade drop zone valley miles long miles wide running north south bordered south river primary objective yards southern edge drop zone cross river reach set landing lights guide transport planes correct drop zone main force aircraft arrived seventy dropped correct drop zone aircraft scattered loads 5th scottish parachute battalion countryside landing miles away cannes brigade headquarters arrived drop zone piece brigadier landing yards 4th parachute battalion cent manpower 6th royal parachute battalion cent brigade headquarters established radio contact american 36th infantry division time transports sea drop zone royal engineers 2nd parachute squadron removing obstacles preparing arrival later day strength parachute battalions headed objectives 4th parachute battalion secured objectives high ground overlooking village north village les men left defending village fight small german day battalion assaulted captured bridge river carried road taking prisoners fighting cost battalion seven dead wounded 5th scottish parachute battalion landed groups distance drop zone large group comprised commanding officer battalion headquarters company second group formed company men including battalion intelligence officer formed smaller group group divided smaller units arrived brigade headquarters day second group occupied village soon attacked german convoy damaging vehicles causing heavy casualties occupants met 3rd battalion parachute infantry regiment units headed south result brigades scattered landing small groups men caused havoc germans men vehicles lone sergeant arrived brigade headquarters eighty prisoners having convinced surrounded surrender 5th scottish parachute battalion company landed correct drop zone ambushed convoy trucks killing germans assaulted killing thirty men surviving surrendered 6th royal parachute battalion lost men german fire descended ground fight way battalion rendezvous headed objectives capturing village liberated south france taken objectives capturing prisoners brigade units carrying light battery royal artillery pack landed thirty larger transporting anti tank battery equipment failed arrive turning italy overcast sky landing zone returned afternoon second wave landing brigade secured day objectives missing men arrived brigade area 4th parachute battalion numbered men heavy weapons 6th royal parachute battalion men men 5th scottish parachute battalion guard approach roads leading drop zone north link landings scattered nature airborne landings caused confusion german high command corps headquarters reports landings exaggerated strength causing germans believe faced far greater force dummy landed north west toulon allied deception plan convinced germans landing taken place 2nd parachute brigade secondary objective capturing supposed assaulted 4th parachute battalion 5th scottish parachute battalion providing fire support forces hand unable carry task objective given infantry battalion arrived second wave aircraft august american battalion moved british positions assaulted village village defended strength germans attack failed causing casualties americans second attempt successful killing wounding germans taking prisoners north missing men 5th scottish parachute battalion trying reach brigade area smaller group commanded battalion intelligence officer observed german convoy heading south quickly set ambush destroyed vehicles forced withdraw hills stronger german force august leading units 36th infantry division reached effectively ended brigade participation operation brigade companies defending roads area attacked retreating germans forced withdraw high ground brigade sent reinforcements successfully germans taking ninety seven prisoners early august brigade elements north east relieved 36th infantry division brigade operation reserve formation problems far right landings cannes resulted brigade sent area having transport small number tow artillery guns brigade trucks buses horse drawn wagons place hours cannes liberated august day brigade left france return italy aftermath 2nd parachute brigade arrived sea naples august moved rome september september camp near taranto preparation mission operation rugby 2nd parachute brigade recorded casualties dead wounded missing missing eventually returned brigade replacements required bring brigade strength brigade mission operation time landing greece soviet red army advance east forced germans withdraw country risk cut support reinforcements night october brigade units airfield near athens prepare landing zone follow waves rest brigade brigade moved athens months fought way border bulgaria brigade left 1st airborne task force 1st special service force replaced task force advanced eastwards reached franco italian border area french alps line halted defensive position months pulled task force surplus requirements disbanded november surviving manpower reinforcements american airborne formations brigade order battle brigade headquarters 4th parachute battalion 5th scottish parachute battalion 6th royal parachute battalion parachute field ambulance light battery royal artillery anti tank battery royal artillery 2nd parachute squadron royal engineers parachute brigade company royal army service corps 2nd parachute brigade group workshop royal electrical mechanical engineers 2nd parachute brigade group signals royal corps signals 1st independent pilot squadron army air corps 23rd independent parachute platoon

2nd Parachute Brigade in Southern France


johnson county war johnson county war known war powder river wyoming range war series range conflicts took place johnson wyoming conflicts started cattle companies persecuted supposed grazing lands wyoming tensions large established smaller settlers state violence finally culminated powder river country hired armed gunmen invade county scare competition settlers word came gunmen initial territory small farmers state formed men fight led stand war ended united_states cavalry orders president benjamin harrison relieved forces events highly symbolic story wild west years variations storyline come include famous historical figures addition known range wars american frontier themes especially theme class warfare served basis numerous popular novels films television shows western genre background conflict land common occurrence development american west particularly prevalent late 19th century large portions west settled white americans time act period historian richard brown called western civil war incorporation johnson county war early days wyoming land public domain open stock raising open range large numbers cattle turned loose open range large spring round ups held separate cattle belonging different orphan stray branded common way identify cow owners lands water rights usually distributed settled property farmers respect boundaries doctrine known prior appropriation moved wyoming competition land water soon state cattle companies reacted large areas open range prevent newcomers forbade employees owning cattle fear additional competition threatened suspected uneasy relationship larger smaller ranch settlers steadily worse harsh winter series temperatures degrees followed extremely hot dry summer ravaged frontier thousands cattle lost large companies began land water supply area tactics included forcing settlers land setting fire properties excluding participating annual justified public land catch allegation hostilities worsened wyoming legislature passed act stated cattle open range automatically belonged association held firm grip wyoming stock interests limiting number small participate wyoming stock association large outfits wyoming organized wyoming stock association gathered socially club wyoming comprising state wealthiest influential residents organization held great deal political sway state region organized cattle industry scheduling cattle shipments employed agency detectives investigate cases cattle theft members holdings local area likely increasing harsh grazing conditions illegal exploits organized groups publicized late 1880s armed outfits horse cattle portions wyoming montana montana infamous stuart declaring war taking refuge infamous hideout known hole wall frank sheriff johnson county early 1880s better known detective prominent figure eliminating criminals wyoming events johnson county developed reputation lethal young age worked cowboy texas started career robbery cattle killing buffalo soldier october historian harry described killer pay murdered likely men early killings july range detective association named george henderson accused watson local stealing cattle fellow albert john sent riders arrest forced wagon husband jim subsequently hanged tree act rare cases old west woman event appalled local residents paved way conflicts war county sheriff frank arrested men trial date set trial threats sent witnesses testify witnesses young gene mysteriously disappeared unknown circumstances jim nephew frank shoot unknown suspects disappeared county presumed murdered hiding cole nephew died day trial poisoning men working cattle barons weren safe locals enraged george henderson pinned watson murdered near creek october obvious challenge association cattle barons soon control hunted opposed soon double followed tom horse trader newcastle june killings hostilities violence years come war prelude prominent competitors control range undisputed group smaller led local cowboy named champion formed northern wyoming farmers stock association compete hearing immediately viewed champion association threat hold stock interests members round ups order stop operations refused orders instead publicly announced plans hold round spring soon prominent sent assassination squad kill champion morning november champion man named ross sleeping cabin middle fork powder river men armed pistols burst champion immediately awakened intrusion gunmen pointed weapons champion reached pistol hidden shootout commenced champion successfully shot gunmen named billy died month later rest assassination squad subsequently fled champion left facial powder burns subsequent investigation attack gunmen gave names witnesses involved john ranger jones men assassinated december formal trial small farmers county early violence reached peak newspapers big horn county published articles war way invaders led frank member large north hired gunmen intention eliminating alleged johnson county breaking time prominent names wyoming started taking sides acting governor barber supported blamed small criminal activity state cowboy sheriff buffalo county seat johnson county red angus supported believed cattle barons stealing land march sent agents texas idaho recruit gunmen finally carry plans soon gunmen paris texas cattle detectives hired wyoming dignitaries joined expedition state senator bob state water commissioner clarke instrumental organizing wyoming years earlier joined band accompanied surgeon charles reporter sun newspaper reporter chicago herald sam hand accounts later appeared eastern newspapers total expedition men organized consisted range detectives hired guns texas lead expedition hired later found contain list county residents shot hanged contract pay day plus bonus real alleged killed group known invaders alternately john clay prominent wyoming businessman suspected playing major role planning johnson county invasion clay denied saying advised scheme country undertaken later helped invaders avoid punishment surrender group organized proceeded train wyoming johnson county horseback cutting telegraph lines north douglas wyoming order prevent alarm horseback gunmen traveled ahead party officials led followed safe distance battle ranch target champion ranch known time tasked perform assassination failed carry months group traveled ranch late friday april quietly surrounded buildings waited men champion men evidently going spend night way captured emerged cabin early morning collect water nearby powder river nick ray shot standing inside doorway cabin died hours later champion besieged inside log cabin champion held hours killing wounding siege champion kept poignant journal contained number notes wrote friends taking cover inside cabin boys feel pretty wish watch sides wrote journal entry read got house like hail heard splitting wood guess going fire house tonight think break night comes alive shooting night house fired goodbye boys house fire champion signed journal entry pocket running door shooter hand knife emerged men shot dead killers pinned note champion bullet chest read cattle thieves heard saturday afternoon local jack rode buffalo reported champion death sheriff angus raised men hours party set sunday night april ranch group headed north sunday buffalo continue force led sheriff angus caught invaders early monday morning 11th besieged ranch crazy woman creek gunmen took refuge inside log barn ranch sheriff besieged days constant fighting sheriff angus threatened blow ranch dynamite force way improvised ram held rifle fire gunmen tried escape barn beat killed group escaped able contact governor barber day frantic efforts save group ensued days siege governor barber able telegraph president benjamin harrison plea help late night april telegram read harrison immediately ordered secretary war stephen address situation article section clause constitution allows use forces president orders protection invasion domestic violence sixth cavalry fort near buffalo ordered proceed ranch expedition custody 6th cavalry left fort hours later april reached ranch expedition surrendered sixth soon saved finished building series shoot gunpowder log barn shelter set fire distance sixth cavalry took possession men rifles rounds ammunition text barber telegram president printed page new_york_times april hand account siege appeared times chicago herald papers marshal named george appointed deputy marshal marshall ambushed killed locals route small community buffalo incident received national attention marshal die war death large crowd funeral service took place church buffalo arrest legal action group taken held barracks fort russell county jail unable hold prisoners received treatment allowed base day long agreed return jail sleep night johnson county officials upset group kept locally general charge 6th cavalry felt tensions high prisoners remain area hundreds armed locals sympathetic sides conflict said gone days mistaken impression invaders held johnson county attorney began gather evidence case details plan emerged found contain list seventy alleged shot hanged list ranch houses invaders burned contract pay dollars day plus bonus person killed invaders plans reportedly included eventually murdering people far away douglas times reported april evidence said prominent names mentioned wealthy compromise men high authority state wyoming charged aiding invasion issued arrest invaders protected friendly judicial system took advantage cattle barons corruption charges men high authority wyoming filed eventually invaders released bail told return wyoming trial fled texas seen end group went free charges dropped excuse johnson county refused pay costs prosecution costs housing men fort russell said exceed sparsely populated johnson county unable pay tensions johnson county remained high 6th cavalry said influenced intense local political social pressure unable peace 9th cavalry buffalo soldiers ordered fort replace 6th fortnight buffalo soldiers moved nebraska rail town wyoming created camp quell local population buffalo soldier killed wounded gun battles locals 9th cavalry remained wyoming november final killings fall stand felt county alleged horse range detectives east big horn river killers escaped law assistance sided large cattle company faction champion brother champion came wyoming looking work shot killed cold blood miles town come ranch mike seeing young man immediately grabbed gun fired inquiry ruled actions self defense acquitted murder left country officials continue investigation year actually met champion near beaver creek canyon fight commenced suspected men attacked cabin threatened demanded names rest assassins event harbor hatred probably brother champion person killed associated johnson county war aftermath emotions ran high years following johnson county cattle war considered large wealthy heroes sought regarded justice violence defend regarded rights range land water rights saw heavy handed outlaw running law number tall tales spun sides attempt actions appear morally justified parties sympathetic invaders painted champion leader vast cattle empire claiming leading member red gang supposedly included likes james gang claims accounts note champion wore red time death common hole wall gang known hide johnson county evidence champion relationship parties sympathetic smaller spun tales included west notorious employ invaders including legends tom horn big nose george horn briefly work detective 1890s little evidence involved war political effects leaders hired force democrats hired group tied republican_party opponents democrats viewed rescue group order president harrison republican failure courts prosecute political scandal overtones class war result scandal democratic_party popular wyoming time winning governorship taking control houses state legislature election wyoming voted democrat william presidential election johnson county counties state largest economic analysis historian daniel argues 1880s centralized range management emerging solution depleted open ranges cattle prices time low larger hurt taking lost responded organizing cooperative lobbying anti laws formed hired gunmen hunt local farmers resented collective political power farmers moved use private winter douglas argue confrontation represented opposing property rights systems result end open range system large scale stock farming popular image war remains aggressive landed interests small individual settlers defending rights end johnson county war marked end open range wyoming finally opened small farmers finally ending monopoly control wyoming business interests legacy johnson county war overtones class warfare coupled intervention ordered president united_states save lives gang hired killers set free reflection american myth west johnson county war best known range wars frontier popular feature western genre fiction includes literature films television shows plains written witness earliest record johnson county war book suppressed years seized destroyed edition copies printing rumored destroyed second printing shipped printer north denver colorado book reprinted times 20th century recently novel took inspiration johnson county war sympathetic perspective small seminal western novel owen took wealthy creating myth johnson county war bore little resemblance factual account actual characters events jack popular novel shane treated themes associated johnson county war took settlers film wyoming starring dealt similar themes scene character told won long calling cattle kate novel true charles main character involved johnson county war early 1890s gone north wyoming hired stock owners thieves people called fear credit called johnson county war films heaven gate johnson county war painted wealthy bad guys heaven gate dramatic romance loosely based historical events johnson county war based novel riders judgment frederick range war portrayed episode jim davis syndicated western television series stories century henry champion jean parker watson american heroes channel presented johnson county war 6th episode blood feuds series documentary story johnson county war point view small chronicled resident chris song johnson county war album powder river song included references burning ranch capture men intervention cavalry release hired guns jim memorial museum buffalo featured exhibits johnson county war foot bronze statue champion wyoming old site ranch erected past museum commemorate war


action september action september naval battle fought british_royal_navy french_navy frigates indian_ocean napoleonic wars engagement rival frigate squadrons control french island base france french frigates raided british trade routes war action came immediate aftermath battle grand port british frigates lost days fifth british frigate captured subsequently recaptured action september consequence heavy losses british force suffered reinforcements hastily rushed area individual targets larger french squadron blockading british base hms ceylon british authorities madras battle grand port reinforce remains squadron commodore searching france ceylon spotted french commodore gave chase flagship supported corvette faster ceylon captain charles gordon reached safety run forced engage french ship night frigates inflicting severe damage wounded gordon surrendered approaching corvette dawn broke flagship hms arrived recaptured ceylon drove corvette forced battered french flagship surrender capturing ship ship action region successful invasion france december french squadron short supplies low morale contest british control region failed attempt disrupt invasion fleet background french indian_ocean island bases france ideal positions french cruisers raid valuable trade routes britain india start war french authorities spared significant force operate region providing squadron frigates commodore early frigates operated british trade routes capturing seven valuable east number smaller merchant ships small warships response british admiral cape good hope provided small force british warships blockade islands commodore knew impossible find defeat french ships wider ocean limited resources able limit french effectiveness attacking bases raiding saint paul harbour capturing renaming august squadron frigates making majority forces command led captain samuel france blockade grand port south eastern coast arrival french squadron captain guy victor august prompted ordering planned attack harbour august vessels wrecked reefs protected harbour entrance unable withdraw remaining ships entire squadron lost leaving flagship hms small conduct campaign large french frigates urgent reinforcements requested french ships captain blockaded ship arrive hms captain robert action september engaged frigates defeated dying wounds shortly battle able recapture later day frigate severely damaged unable provide reinforcement british squadron retired grand port days later repairs blockade duty september hms ceylon arrived ceylon unusual ship constructed honourable east india company bombay east merchant ship designed operate gun frigate wartime purchased british government commissioned royal_navy service indian_ocean commander captain charles gordon ordered sail aid word losses suffered grand port reached madras depart gordon unable obtain royal marines place taken men regiment regiment madras garrison embarked general john staff lead planned assault france pursuit gordon arrived port napoleon september hoping find maintaining blockade port frigates gordon found squadron harbour force consisted frigates corvette victor recognising heavily outnumbered gordon sailed westwards meet pass location squadron french shore spotted ceylon unusual construction sighting rapidly passed immediately gave chase victor ceylon spotted ships pursuit crew increased efforts escape victor carried masts larger ship considering significantly outnumbered night fell gordon slowed ceylon shortening sail hope meeting victor french flagship slowed allow corvette catch gordon increased sail leading southwest morning september caught ceylon began firing larger french frigate passed recognising vessel advantage size weight shot wait victor attacked immediately passing ceylon tuning bows open fire battle hour frigates exchanged realised fighting warship east dropped effect repairs suffering damage rigging ceylon severely damaged french ship returned repairs complete preventing escape battle began frigates suffering damage second encounter lost ceylon lost destroyed ship rigging fell ships unable manoeuvre action continued close range able haul away await arrival victor french corvette struggling catch night arrive dawn approached revealing flagship damaged state british vessel stricken sailing directly ceylon corvette able manoeuvre frigate place position cannon cause heavy damage casualties ceylon reply ship destroyed wounded gordon surrendered clear victor opened fire british surrender victor men boarded ceylon gordon officers including taken prisoners war dawn broke visibility cleared sailors ceylon victor realised sight saint vulnerable counterattack flagship despite hasty repairs ceylon british island spotted ships sent word minutes sea taking volunteers augment crew desperate efforts france ordering victor tow ceylon progress slow strong winds help ceylon repeatedly broke tow rope day continued close victor forced abandon ceylon sail support soon french prize crew removed lieutenant philip remaining officer ceylon british colours assumed control ship allowed sail past recaptured frigate engage french ships directly reaching recognised battered state flagship meant able adequately defend attack ordered victor news defeat port napoleon ship token action fired came forced surrender minutes aftermath assistance hms followed saint able return prize battered ceylon significant difficulty british casualties relatively minor difficult engagement ceylon suffering men killed wounded wounded french losses comparatively light dead wounded victor repaired ceylon restored gordon command repaired entered british service hms replace lost grand port nearly decades later battle actions recognised staunch attached naval general service medal awarded application british participants living british squadron bolstered french commander best frigate british hands campaign french longer able repair maintain ships lack naval stores france remained port prepared inevitable invasion busy preparing troops stores squadron coming attack led admiral november french squadron attempt disrupt invasion forces captured intact credited final defeat france reward successful campaign sending britain despatches court martial held hms aftermath invasion cleared gordon blame defeat ship historian william james criticised gordon assumption battle victor french frigate smaller corvette identified gordon published account ship log