battle battle march april battle second world war fought australian japanese forces island campaign battle occurred force japanese japanese 6th division supported concentration artillery launched counterattack main australian offensive pushing south concentrating attacks near river australian troops belonged 7th brigade 25th infantry battalion heavily engaged 9th infantry battalion 61st infantry battalion took fighting japanese tactics included attacks australians utilised armour artillery end proved telling commencing late march australian advance halted wet weather course days japanese launched raids following heavy attacks australians final assault came night april men company 25th infantry battalion repulsed attack force japanese killing proved 7th brigade final involvement campaign relieved 15th brigade shortly overall japanese killed battle estimated wounded australians suffered casualties background beginning south eastern occupied japanese 6th division command lieutenant general 13th 23rd infantry regiments strong respectively 6th field artillery regiment 6th engineer regiment 6th transport regiment 4th field heavy artillery regiment division consisted men previous november australian corps lieutenant general stanley taken responsibility island corps transferred fight philippines incorrect time allies believed japanese forces island numbered men forces considered capable carrying effective combat operations order counter decided australian corps consisting militia australian imperial force troops 3rd division 11th 23rd brigades offensive campaign planned northern central southern sectors island result australian campaign island developed separate drives north planned japanese forces forced narrow peninsula contained centre seizure pearl ridge australians control east west protection opening way drive east_coast main campaign place south bulk japanese forces concentrated consequently january directed 3rd division major general william swift vigorous action destroy japanese forces southern division immediate task advance south send patrols considered japanese division weak balance casualties disease shortage supplies brigadier 29th brigade opened campaign south mid december crossing river conducting series landings barge coast empress bay rivers dubbed battle swamps australians fighting time resulted japanese killed australian casualties relieved command late january 7th brigade brigadier john field patrolling river protect 29th brigade rear pushed south subsequently tasked clear enemy area patrol brigade infantry battalions marginally strength time personnel start battle prelude late january company australian 25th infantry battalion lieutenant colonel john subsequently carried amphibious landing south point solomon sea coast cleared february battalion carried landing advanced northeast west bank road east 9th infantry battalion moved truck river moved barge empress bay coast landing advanced 61st infantry battalion proceeded setting junction rivers 8th commando squadron provided flank security east elements 1st new_guinea infantry battalion conducted landing coast 25th battalion left flank north advanced march company 25th infantry battalion crossed river southward point road crossed north facing bend later known crossing following day japanese forced small close river road south crossing march japanese wounded australian private held post relieved casualty period named result march 25th infantry battalion continued expand perimeter north south road 9th moved west link 61st east late march heavy rain temporarily stopped australian advance main road impassable thick mud japanese sporadically shelled march australian casualties 25th infantry battalion established headquarters main defensive position river sent patrols day march reported having killed japanese soldiers loss japanese began making dawn attacks light machine gunners approach stealth set fire australian positions retire lines away advance halted australians began expect major attack area japanese launched number attacks australians march fire sides danger march australians launched attack road success clearing forward japanese positions encountered system trenches road junction 25th infantry battalion commander ordered led lieutenant dick attack supported section machine guns anti tank weapons hour fire fight bayonet charge followed attack ultimately beaten defenders loss australians killed wounded second attack launched march supported heavy artillery mortar machine gun support proved successful largely individual efforts corporal single australians began prepare stage offensive important intelligence confirmed japanese planning large scale counterattack area believing australian forces area surrounding limited men observing australians time japanese army commander lieutenant general ordered 6th division commander delay australian advance south assessed counterattack australian forces point entire weight division successful time consequently gave order division begin attack planned commit men assault held act ammunition carriers according james detailed orders produced attack deliberate planning hastily completed little attacking infantry regiments addition increase size infantry force troops field artillery regiment quickly meantime australians having alerted possibility large scale attack began adjusting defences soldiers cleared fields fire set clear engagement areas north northwest south allow maximum effectiveness supporting vickers medium machine guns light machine guns barbed wire laid traps set battle raids main attack planned april japanese units moved position number minor elements japanese 6th engineer regiment australian rear areas line communications raid came night march force japanese exploited gap 25th infantry battalion main defensive position included transport logistics elements protected company 61st infantry battalion fixed assaulted rear australian perimeter australians alerted approach communication line positions cut attack began men weapons pits fully manned result attack failed turned number japanese survivors managed dig near perimeter later fired australian clearing patrol sent following morning company defending position australians counted dead japanese position managed capture wounded 25th infantry battalion lost killed seven wounded probe early morning march positions australian 5th field battery guns located east west bank river provide defensive fires support 25th infantry battalion main positions shortly dawn traps australians set perimeter provide early warning set opened fire believed japanese probe short time later small section japanese forward positions fire exchanged later team sent remaining traps team fired sporadic fighting continued midday evening 9th infantry battalion rear road came attack command battalion second command possessing light machine guns direct fire support able hold initial attack following sporadic fighting continued early morning march force japanese attacked position supported sustained machine gun rifle fire rushing australian position beaten stiff defence fell position leaving dead taking wounded australians wounded encounter march japanese continued tactic small scale attacks test australian defences 25th infantry battalion forward companies headquarters rear course morning afternoon companies headquarters came attack company 61st infantry battalion protecting 25th infantry battalion line communications came attack japanese believed entrenched 25th main positions suffering killed wounded later clear australians japanese preparing major attack following capture japanese sergeant confirmed words long prelude scale offensive intensified march 25th infantry battalion companies strongly attacked japanese australian position weakened having strength patrol time attack unable return perimeter company fire forced link companies north company attacked times day attacks repulsed attack came preceded heavy mortar bombardment japanese killed attack australian killed missing action australian position forced withdraw link company north left mortars quantity ammunition japanese later brought action communications brigade battalion headquarters forward company positions broke stage runners pass message asking artillery support supply situation australians desperate consumed rations run water water situation solved digging perimeter clear reinforcements required australian divisional commander subsequently placed squadron tanks major kenneth 4th armoured regiment 7th brigade commander disposal course day tanks brought 25th position ashore landing craft engineers bridge number creeks streams employed improve terrain pull tanks unable power time tanks campaign going slow march reached position early march tanks moved battalion headquarters escorted platoon headquarters company moved improve ground japanese launched attack isolated companies forward positions infantry deployed left right tanks began advance contact arriving time help defeat japanese attack forward companies began main defensive position sent collect wounded led force tanks perimeter junction able reclaim mortars earlier abandoned destroyed australians carrying wounded ran japanese ambush australians killed organised quick counterattack taking force road tanks subsequently attacking force killing forming harbour tanks night major assault morning april australians extended creek advanced north established perimeter south japanese 6th field artillery regiment gunners converted role infantry set form position australian company holding perimeter south location japanese called pain lay road attack launched australians detected movement japanese began firing shortly japanese gunners launched assault firing weapons hip rushed australian position forcing defenders withdraw leaving number dead wounded evening australians launched series determined order establish contact forward companies turned japanese 23rd infantry regiment advanced right flank attempted north finding way blocked wire obstacles lacking equipment necessary remove forced halt advance cover flank colonel 13th infantry regiment attempting launch assault point river deep opposite bank high crossing began april battalions heavy work halfway forward battalions spotted australians engaged machine gun rifle fire japanese quickly deployed attempted launch attack confusion 1st battalion 23rd infantry regiment cut rest assault force daylight came australians able mortar fire japanese causing considerable casualties running low ammunition having suffered considerable losses 23rd infantry forced withdraw 1st battalion remained cut evening april able establish contact battalions report divisional commander attack unsuccessful battle secondary attack april japanese divisional commander called 13th 23rd infantry regiments position south west pain feature point decision launch fresh attack aimed taking eliminating australian forces area surrounding ford attack scheduled april course following days contact minimal time minor skirmishes small groups japanese seen australians intelligence reports came clear australian commanders japanese deliver main attack night april japanese heavily shelled australian artillery battery communications brigade headquarters 25th infantry battalion headquarters severed lines 25th infantry battalion headquarters forward companies attack commence runners sent men defending consisting force men company stood april japanese launched attack north followed simultaneously stronger attack south west minutes japanese 13th 23rd infantry regiments attacked small australian force waves overwhelmed australian forward positions finding way blocked wire obstacles lacking equipment deal japanese attack stalled quickly situation turned favour australians japanese cut heavy defensive artillery fire sited machine guns attack launched smaller force road aimed forward companies positioned attack beaten surviving members 13th infantry regiment began preparing final charge determined fight man commander final act defiance wrapped unit banner waist armed grenade blow assault remaining officers 23rd infantry pact australians time charge realising assaults futile finally dispatched order cancel attack australians realised japanese decided midday tanks dispatched perimeter escorted company 61st infantry battalion arriving fire support australians began carry operations small groups survivors position aftermath day final japanese assault dead japanese counted company perimeter total course battle australians counted japanese killed estimated probably wounded information obtained captured japanese clarified australians come force troops commander 23rd infantry regiment lieutenant colonel dead senior divisional staff officer lieutenant colonel wounded japanese taken prisoner war casualties australians included officers ranks killed wounded australians evacuated non combat related issues wartime japanese casualty estimates vary figures claiming killed australians placing losses killed wounded long argues figures problematic based report japanese believed australians region battle claimed killed times number result battle profound effect japanese commanders according james certain victory developed plans subsequent activities battle japanese forces area pulled river reorganised heavy losses infantry engineer artillery units amalgamated lacking food suffering effects disease isolated home morale japanese troops fell heavily realising war lost increase time vast majority continued fight orders operationally battle proved australian high command effective armour close operation infantry protecting lines communication use machine gun carriers carry wounded effective japanese soldiers officers ground fought continuing assault clear failed ultimately battle proved decisive australian victory james notes poor planning unreliable communications contributed result long goes argue japanese commander flexible tactics result different australian right flank vulnerable exploit opportunity tactical deficiencies particularly cutting australian signals lines attack tight groups assault allowing australians toll machine guns australian commander 25th infantry battalion spread companies effectively went forward direct fighting points fields fire cleared set patrolling maintained australians failed seize opportunities arose battle follow success immediately failure final assault japanese possessed forces immediate vicinity capable resisting follow forces australians able bring possible advance carried way river australian line supply stretched necessary pause advance continue earnest days immediately battle australians continued carry patrolling operations april patrol 9th infantry battalion clashed japanese force men ensuing engagement japanese killed patrol 61st infantry battalion april killed april order given 7th brigade gradually withdrawn relieved 15th shortly infantry battalion replaced 25th occupation 24th infantry battalion resumed advance road april subsequently taking fighting river 9th infantry battalion withdrawn immediately remained northern area handed 57th 60th infantry battalion early fighting continued april japanese resisted australian advance went july fighting heavy rain flooding war battle honour awarded 25th infantry battalion 4th armoured regiment 9th 61st infantry battalions similarly credited according gordon explanation actions attack japanese march later received victoria_cross initially battalion commander nominated lesser distinguished conduct medal review field brigade commander nomination elevated subsequently announced london gazette july


black hawk war black hawk war brief conflict united_states native americans led black hawk leader war erupted soon black hawk group known british band crossed mississippi_river state illinois iowa indian territory april black hawk motives ambiguous apparently hoping avoid tribal land ceded united_states disputed treaty louis officials convinced british band hostile mobilized frontier militia opened fire delegation native americans black hawk responded successfully attacking militia battle run led band secure location southern wisconsin pursued forces native americans conducted raids forts settlements largely unprotected absence troops warriors grievances european americans took raids tribe members tried avoid conflict tribes odds supported commanded general henry troops tracked british band militia colonel henry dodge caught british band july defeated battle wisconsin heights black hawk band weakened hunger death native survivors retreated mississippi august soldiers attacked remnants british band battle bad axe killing capturing remained alive black hawk leaders escaped later surrendered imprisoned year black hawk war gave young captain abraham_lincoln brief military service participants later famous included scott taylor jefferson davis war gave impetus policy indian removal native american tribes pressured sell lands west mississippi_river stay background 18th century fox native american tribes lived mississippi_river states illinois iowa tribes closely connected having displaced great lakes region conflicts new france native american tribes particularly called fox wars ended time black hawk war population tribes people disputed treaty united_states expanded westward early 19th century government officials sought buy native american land possible territorial governor william henry harrison negotiated treaty louis group leaders supposedly sold lands east mississippi goods annual payments goods treaty controversial native leaders authorized tribal councils lands historian robert argued chiefs probably intend ownership land sold valuable territory modest price historian patrick concluded chiefs intended little land americans included territory treaty language natives realized according learn true extent years later treaty allowed tribes continue ceded land sold american settlers government decades continued live primary village located near confluence mississippi rock rivers government finally began ceded land surveyed white settlement indian agent thomas informed vacate settlements east mississippi divided divided resist implementation disputed treaty decided relocate west mississippi involved confrontation united_states leader group helped defend americans war chief skilled spoke behalf civil chiefs negotiations americans regarded treaty fraud having seen size american cities east_coast think successfully oppose united_states majority tribe decided follow lead roughly sixth tribe chose instead resist american expansion black hawk war captain fought united_states war 60s emerged leader faction like black hawk civil chief primary rival influence tribe black hawk actually signed treaty affirmed disputed land insisted written different spoken treaty conference according black hawk whites habit saying thing indians putting thing paper black hawk determined hold lived born returned village annual winter hunt west found occupied white anticipating sale land months clashes left september winter hunt hoping avoid confrontations told followers return advice black hawk faction returned spring time joined people allied black hawk followers known british band flew british flag claims sovereignty hoped gain support british fort canada british band returned black hawk following grown people included people close ties american officials determined force british band state general commander western department united_states_army assembled troops hope intimidating black hawk leaving army cavalry pursue flee illinois horseback june requested state militia provide mounted battalion illinois governor john alerted militia volunteers turned convinced black hawk followers leave illinois june launched assault find black hawk followers abandoned village mississippi june black hawk leaders met signed agreement promised remain west mississippi break contact british canada black hawk return black hawk remain west mississippi long late civil chief returned fort told black hawk british illinois tribes prepared support united_states claims prove unclear historians described report black hawk thinking product fertile imagination black hawk welcomed information later criticize misleading spent winter unsuccessful attempt recruit additional allies tribes followers according erroneous report white cloud known americans prophet claimed tribes ready support black hawk mother father belonged clan provided tribe civil leaders joined british band ranking civil chief group village thirty miles rock river village inhabited dissatisfied tribal leaders refused stand american expansion americans later characterize primary black hawk war prophet according historian john hall actually discouraged followers armed conflict whites april british band entered illinois numbering warriors non combatants crossed near mouth iowa river yellow banks present day illinois headed north black hawk intentions illinois entirely clear reports white indian sources conflicting said british band intended said destination according historian black hawk sure going intended british band moved illinois american officials urged advise black hawk turn previously prophet encouraged black hawk come arguing agreement general prohibited return moving instead telling black hawk turn told long british band remained peaceful americans choice let settle especially british area tribes supported band british band traveled armed guards security precaution black hawk probably hoping avoid war illinois presence women children elderly indicated band war party war american policy return black hawk band worried officials time concerned possibility war native american tribes region accounts black hawk war focus conflict black hawk united_states historian john hall argues perspective native american participants according hall black hawk war involved conflict decades tribes upper mississippi long fought control diminishing hunting grounds black hawk war provided opportunity natives resume war black hawk having displaced british dominant outside power following war united_states assumed role disputes black hawk war policy discouraged warfare strictly humanitarian reasons warfare difficult united_states acquire indian land tribes west policy known indian removal primary goal late 1820s efforts included multi tribal treaty councils prairie tribal boundaries drawn native americans resented american especially young men warfare important avenue social advancement situation complicated american system andrew jackson assumed presidency march competent indian agents replaced jackson loyalists argues historian john hall men like thomas john marsh thomas replaced qualified men 19th century historian argued black hawk war avoided remained agent violence threatened american attempts preventing warfare killed attending treaty conference prairie retaliation party killed including women children prairie july american officials discouraged seeking revenge western bands tribe formed coalition strike hoping prevent outbreak wider war american officials ordered army arrest general ill subordinate brigadier general henry received assignment middle aged officer handled administrative diplomatic tasks notably war seen combat april set jefferson barracks missouri moving mississippi_river soldiers chance black hawk british band crossed illinois realize boats passed black hawk band arrived fort armstrong rock island april learned british band illinois wanted arrest band like american officials convinced british band intended start war troops disposal hoped support illinois state militia wrote governor april describing purposely threat british band posed eager war drive indians state responded hoped called militia volunteers assemble april begin thirty day men volunteered organized brigade regiments brigadier general samuel year old abraham_lincoln elected captain company initial diplomacy arrival rock island april chief sent british band ascending rock river black hawk rejected messages advising turn colonel taylor regular army officer served later stated attempt stop british band force historians agreed arguing prevented outbreak war decisive action diplomacy cecil charged paper general unwilling proceed risk eliminated argued correct believing troops stop british band according patrick leaders sides little chance avoiding point black hawk warriors fight black hawk learned tribes supportive anticipated tribes different bands tribes pursued different policies lived rock river illinois family ties supported british band trying provoke americans wisconsin divided bands remembering loss americans war decided stay clear conflict ties notably brothers eager fight british band wanted remain neutral conflict found difficult white settlers recalling fort massacre assumed join black hawk uprising leaders worried tribe punished supported black hawk council outside chicago leaders including billy passed resolution declaring supported black hawk traitor tribe mid chiefs told black hawk british come aid british supplies adequate provisions native allies black hawk realized band trouble accounts ready negotiate end crisis ill fated encounter illinois end possibility peaceful resolution run general militia brigade mustered federal service days later militia regulars began marching rock river pursuit british band governor accompanying expedition major general militia allowed lead brought rear regular soldiers historian patrick calls lapse judgment directed militia trained disciplined men indians striking distance waiting arrival learned black hawk band miles away wanted send scouting force cautious insisted waiting militia army command orders battalions mounted militia major prove controversial decision sent amateur citizen soldiers forward british band known battle run battalions militia came contact black hawk warriors near present day valley accounts battle began varied black hawk later stated sent men white flag americans imprisoned opened fire second group observers followed reported seeing white flag believed flag ruse indians set ambush accounts agree black hawk warriors attacked militia camp dusk black hawk surprise warriors completely routed larger militia force illinois killed defeat british band suffered fatalities battle run turning point prior battle black hawk committed war determined avenge saw killing warriors flag truce defeat american leaders like president jackson secretary war lewis consider diplomatic solution wanted victory black hawk serve example native americans consider similar uprisings initial raids hostilities underway allies depend black hawk sought place refuge women children elderly band accepting offer rock river band traveled lake michigan territory camped isolated place known island non combatants secure members british band number allies began raiding white settlers native americans region supported turn events notably chief rode settlements warning whites impending attacks initial raiding parties consisted primarily warriors attack came ambushed men near buffalo grove illinois killing man named william mutilated body found indian agent indian agent killed mutilated men days later grove took war motivated grievances directly related black hawk objectives incident indian creek massacre spring living indian creek upset named william davis creek preventing fish reaching village davis ignored protests assaulted man tried dam black hawk war provided indian creek opportunity revenge british band attacked davis settlement killing men women children teenage girls settlement kidnapped taken black hawk camp chief named white crow negotiated release weeks later like rock river white crow trying americans aiding british band american reorganization news defeat indian creek massacre smaller attacks triggered panic white population settlers fled chicago small town hungry refugees fled chicago wanting caught conflict mistaken region settlers organized militia units built small forts defeat regulars militia continued rock river search black hawk discouraged able find british band heard indian raids deserted return home defend families morale governor asked militia officers vote continue campaign general disgusted performance men cast tie breaking vote favor disbanding brigade disbanded ottawa illinois men including abraham_lincoln agreed remain field days new militia force organized brigade disbanded organized new force june dubbed army frontier army consisted regular army mounted militia volunteers militia divided brigades commanded brigadier generals alexander alexander james henry men assigned local patrols guard duties regulars available campaigning served units army frontier brigades abraham_lincoln example private independent company taken federal service henry dodge michigan territorial militia colonel prove best commanders war fielded battalion mounted volunteers numbered men strongest overall number took war precisely known total illinois estimated seven thousand addition organizing new militia army began recruit native american allies reversing previous american policy trying prevent warfare bands eager war british band june agent joseph street assembled natives prairie force included eighty arc bands indian warriors followed leaders placed force nominal command william hamilton militia colonel son alexander hamilton hamilton prove unfortunate choice lead force historian john hall characterized long indians frustrated marching hamilton seeing action scouts remained natives eventually left hamilton fought war terms june raids june hearing forming new army black hawk began sending raiding parties hoping lead americans away camp lake targeted areas west major attack occurred june near present day south wayne wisconsin band warriors attacked group farmers killing responding attack militia colonel henry dodge gathered force mounted volunteers set pursuit attackers june dodge men raiders bend river brief battle americans killed natives battle bend battle real american victory war helped restore public confidence volunteer militia force day dodge victory skirmish took place grove present day county illinois american forces occupied grove effort intercept war parties raiding west battle grove militia commanded adam pursued british band raiding party thirty warriors illinois native warriors died fighting days later june militia james encountered probably war party near yellow creek battle grove hard fought hand hand melee indians killed action june civilian killed raiders near village blue michigan territory residents began fear rock river joining war june raiding party estimated eyewitness large warriors attacked fort blue killed attack badly mutilated june black hawk warriors attacked hastily constructed apple river fort near present day elizabeth illinois local settlers warned black hawk approach took refuge fort defended battle apple river fort lasted minutes women girls inside fort direction elizabeth armstrong loaded muskets bullets losing men black hawk broke siege looted nearby homes headed camp day june black hawk party encountered militia battalion commanded major john second battle grove black hawk warriors drove inside fort commenced hour siege losing warriors killing black hawk broke siege returned main camp lake prove black hawk military success war band running low food decided mississippi final campaign june president andrew jackson displeased handling war appointed general scott command scott gathered troops eastern army posts cholera spread eastern north_america scott troops traveled buffalo new_york great lakes chicago men started getting sick cholera dying place vessels landed sick deposited soldiers deserted time landed chicago scott effective soldiers left july scott began journey west ahead troops eager command certain war final campaign late combat general learned early july scott taking command hoped bring war successful conclusion scott arrival americans difficulty locating british band thanks false intelligence given area native americans illinois sought remain neutral war decided cooperate americans tribal leaders knew warriors aided british band hoped highly visible support americans dissuade officials tribes conflict wearing white distinguish hostile natives served guides army sympathetic plight black hawk people thinking british band lake men swamps running low provisions british band fact relocated miles north billy managed demonstrate support americans avoiding battle mid july colonel dodge learned trader british band camped near rock river present wisconsin dodge james henry set pursuit fort july british band reduced fewer people death headed mississippi_river militia approached americans pursued killing native way wisconsin heights july caught british band near present day city wisconsin buy time cross wisconsin river black hawk confronted americans rear guard action known battle wisconsin heights black hawk desperately outnumbered leading battle victory lost man killing black hawk warriors despite high casualties battle allowed british band including women children escape river black hawk managed hold larger force allowing people escape difficult military operation impressed army officers learned battle wisconsin heights victory militia regular soldiers army present regulars joined volunteers days battle force regulars americans crossed wisconsin river july resumed pursuit british band british band moving slow wounded warriors people dying starvation americans followed trail dead bodies cast equipment remains horses hungry natives eaten bad axe battle wisconsin heights messenger black hawk shouted british band going mississippi fight american camp understood message guides present interpret black hawk believed americans gotten message pursued battle wisconsin heights apparently expected americans going let band mississippi americans intentions letting british band escape warrior outfitted artillery piece patrolled mississippi_river american allied watched banks august warrior arrived mouth bad axe river told americans find black hawk people black hawk raised white flag attempt surrender intentions translation americans mood accept surrender thought indians white flag set ambush certain natives land british band opened fire natives killed exchange gunfire soldier warrior injured warrior left black hawk decided seek refuge north people including agreed remained determined cross mississippi return territory morning august black hawk heading north learned american army closed members british band trying cross mississippi tried rejoin main body skirmish american troops near present day victory wisconsin gave attempt chief later criticized black hawk abandoning people final battle war battle bad axe began august americans caught remnants british band miles downstream mouth bad axe river british band reduced roughly people time including warriors warriors fought americans native tried cross river nearby islands warrior returned noon carrying regulars allied americans battle victory americans lost men including died friendly fire buried honors alongside white soldiers members british band killed including drowned trying cross river regular soldiers army generally tried avoid intentionally killed native cold blood encounter words historian patrick battle massacre green bay mobilized battalion nearly men arrived late battle upset having missed chance fight old enemies august general scott sent british band escaped indian agent samuel accompanied urged chief bear insisted prohibition enforced group tracked warriors killed warriors spared women children volunteered warriors fight arrived late participate battle bad axe pursued members british band mississippi iowa august final engagement war attacked remnants british band cedar river killing taking prisoners hunted survivors british band taking aftermath black hawk war resulted deaths white settlers regular soldiers figure included deaths cholera suffered relief force general scott estimates members british band died conflict range half people entered illinois black hawk number american men political ambitions fought black hawk war seven future senators took future illinois governors future governors michigan nebraska wisconsin territory black hawk war demonstrated american officials need mounted troops fight mounted foe war army cavalry mounted soldiers time volunteers war congress created mounted ranger battalion command henry dodge expanded 1st cavalry regiment black hawk imprisonment legacy battle bad axe black hawk followers traveled northeast seek refuge american officials offered reward horses black hawk capture camping near present day wisconsin black hawk party seen passing man alerted village chief village council sent delegation black hawk camp convinced surrender americans august black hawk surrendered prairie indian agent joseph street colonel taylor took custody prisoners sent jefferson barracks escorted jefferson davis robert anderson war end black hawk nineteen leaders british band incarcerated jefferson barracks prisoners released succeeding months april black hawk transferred fort monroe virginia better equipped hold prisoners american public eager catch glimpse captured indians large crowds gathered louisville cincinnati watch pass april prisoners met briefly president jackson washington taken fort monroe prison treated celebrities posed portraits artists charles bird king john dinner held honor left american officials decided release prisoners weeks natives required visit large cities east_coast tactic native american leaders came east thought demonstration size power united_states discourage future resistance expansion beginning june black hawk companions taken tour baltimore philadelphia new_york_city attended plays shown battleship public buildings military parade huge crowds gathered black hawk handsome son thunder particular favorite reaction west welcoming prisoners traveled detroit way home crowd burned hanged indians according historian black hawk fellow prisoners treated like celebrities indians served living embodiment noble savage myth popular eastern united_states later argues white americans native americans expressing admiration sympathy defeated indians like black hawk black hawk continued argues plaques memorials later erected honor writes reconstructed memory black hawk war designed white people feel good black hawk admired symbol resistance native americans descendants opposed treaties black hawk war marked end native armed resistance expansion old northwest war provided opportunity american officials andrew jackson lewis john native american tribes sell lands east mississippi_river west policy known indian removal officials conducted number treaties war purchase remaining native american land claims old northwest won approval american officials role war largely avoided postwar removal pressure later decades war american officials learned aided black hawk previously known briefly imprisoned fort role war charges eventually dropped lack witnesses september general scott governor conducted treaty rock island ceded land south wisconsin river exchange mile strip land iowa annual payments seven years land iowa known neutral ground designated zone enemies south scott hoped settlement neutral ground help peace remaining wisconsin pressured sign removal treaty leaders allies black hawk war general assigned use army forcibly relocate refused iowa following september treaty scott conducted serving primary representatives tribes scott told assembled chiefs particular nation goes country makes war nation responsible tribes sold million acres land eastern iowa united_states payments year thirty years provisions granted reservation recognized americans primary chief tribes sold reservation united_states additional land iowa following year lands iowa sold natives moved reservation kansas thanks decision leaders aid war american officials seize tribal land war instead individuals accused leading indian creek massacre tried court acquitted drive purchase land west mississippi began october commissioners indiana bought large land bands represented treaty tribe compelled sell remaining land west mississippi treaty held chicago september


operation leader operation leader successful attack conducted united_states_navy aircraft german shipping vicinity norway october world war carried aircraft flying aircraft carrier uss ranger time attached british home_fleet american airmen located german norwegian ships area destroying damaging seven german aircraft searching allied fleet shot american aircraft destroyed combat operation crashed landing background mid late home_fleet royal_navy main striking force stationed united_kingdom augmented forces united_states_navy warships replace british ships dispatched mediterranean pacific reinforcements considered necessary ensure fleet remained able counter german battle group based norway built battleships heavy cruiser initial navy task force arrived comprised battleships uss alabama south heavy cruiser uss destroyers force came command rear admiral conducted number patrols norwegian sea british home_fleet warships contact german forces battleships destroyers withdrawn august proceeded pacific second task force built aircraft carrier uss ranger replaced battleships september elements force heavy cruisers uss destroyers rear admiral remaining command ranger air wing squadrons equipped fighters douglas dive bombers operated torpedo bombers prior ranger arrival home_fleet single aircraft carrier elderly hms furious unavailable operations undergoing refit ranger seen combat french forces supporting operation torch landings morocco november subsequently ferry aircraft north_africa train united_states east_coast september main body home_fleet including american task force sortied response reports destroyers sea allied force returned home_fleet main base scapa_flow day learned german ships returned port briefly attacking allied positions september german battle group norway attacked british submarines attack inflicted significant damage leaving battleship unable proceed sea repairs complete known allies commander home_fleet admiral bruce judged changed balance forces allow force offensive role attacking german shipping norway arctic convoys soviet_union attack followed submarine attack deciding dispatch main body home_fleet conduct air attack ports german shipping northern norway ranger assigned responsibility attacking port important rendezvous point german german controlled norwegian shipping initially planned use aircraft carrier hms formidable attack shipping port south element operation cancelled unfavourable weather luftwaffe german air_force bases located near aircraft previously stationed northern norway transferred remained posed little threat allied fleet home_fleet plans informed considerable intelligence german shipping movements forces northern norway royal_navy operational intelligence centre information topics regularly provided assessments home_fleet commands choice area target attack basis ultra intelligence obtained german radio signals allies learned ships region included large oil tanker carrying fuel german battle group addition time operation leader groups norwegian secret intelligence service agents operated radio coast iii island groups provided reports allies weather shipping movements target area lead attack october onwards iii weather reports half hour home_fleet sailed scapa_flow october british elements force battleships hms duke york flagship light cruiser hms belfast seven destroyers navy component comprised ranger destroyers allied ships detected german forces voyage north arrived flying position ranger air wing approximately miles shortly dawn october navy attack force organised groups aircraft northern attack group strike shipping southern attack group target ships near town nearly miles south groups norwegian navigator squadron raf lead aircraft providing knowledge local geography northern attack group comprised dive bombers escorted fighters began aircraft flew low altitude crews sighted lighthouse turned north climbed neared target area weather conditions clear air crews having good visibility pair detached force shortly passed lighthouse search german shipping near island soon sighted grt german freighter dive bombers attacked ship americans believed badly damaged aircraft rejoined main body northern attack group meantime american aircraft continued north sighting attacking small cargo ships fishing boats located german convoy comprising steamer tanker escort attacked pair targeted inflicting significant damage ships escorting damaged gunfire attack returned ranger beached avoid sinking later salvaged brought repairs following engagement drop bombs continued attacked small german cargo ships vessels hit grt ore carrier sunk cap badly damaged bomb nearly struck inflicted minor damage small steamer machine dive bombers shot anti aircraft guns located shore ships crew aircraft survived taken prisoner sea men killed southern attack group began launching ranger torpedo bombers attacked grt norwegian cargo ship island south resulting ship set fire beached avoid sinking norwegian crew members killed attack german soldiers manning anti aircraft guns board ship attacking aircraft shot anti aircraft fire shore pilot surviving carrying cargo cement timber previous evening sailing escorted german convoy local fishermen way burning vessel help rescue board following attack american aircraft continued north bombed sank grt norwegian cargo liner loss life crew observed bombing brought unarmed ship close shore lowered preparation possible attack carrying cargo food civilian consumption sinking led shortage parts northern norway force subsequently bombed causing beached island ammunition board exploded burned days aircraft bombed grt kriegsmarine troop ship norwegian cargo ship crew german occupying authorities german soldiers embarked protected escorts severely damaged beached burning days according sources troops killed norwegian sources state norwegian sailor small number german soldiers killed according norwegian sources norwegian resistance movement claimed report attack germans killed bombing germans admitted reports deaths soldiers american aircraft german cargo ship attacked ammunition barge hit bomb beached aircraft completed attacks force returned ranger shortly addition aircraft lost suffered damage anti aircraft artillery german response attack hampered capacity problems military lines communication following attacks german report described channels communications constantly noisy attack prevented germans sending warnings attack begun aftermath october home_fleet sailing westwards german reconnaissance aircraft approached ranger time providing combat air patrol fleet guided intercept german aircraft ranger fighter director fighters shot bomber miles carrier pair downed float plane miles ranger remaining aircraft sighted fighter pilots managed escape german aircraft shot navy aircraft involved engagement crashed landing pilot survived elements home_fleet dispatched operation leader returned scapa_flow october wartime allied military commanders post war historians deemed operation leader success rear admiral believed best result attack demonstrated american british ships work effectiveness mutual understanding complete cooperation admiral patrick air commander navy atlantic fleet pleased performance involved operation following operation commander southern attack group commander decorated distinguished flying cross servicemen taking operation awarded air medal purple heart british official historian stephen judged attack outstanding success especially combat mission percent involved writing historian robert stern claimed difficult determine ships sunk operation leader vessels run ashore possibly refloated repaired assessed ships cap probably destroyed vessels having total approximately gross register carrying capacity contrast norwegian sources pre dating stern claims decades state ships sunk ships damaged repair cap assessed stern probably destroyed survived damage inflicted american aircraft sunk soviet torpedo bombers baltic april stern written disruption convoys norway caused operation leader caused greater damage german war effort shipping losses line wartime assessment british ministry economic warfare estimated raid main factor responsible percent decrease iron ore shipped northern norwegian port october operation leader offensive operation undertaken navy northern european waters world war major american operation theatre war ranger remained home_fleet replaced british aircraft carriers late november time took patrol norwegian sea carrier departed scapa_flow november arrived boston december ranger train transport aircraft remainder war combat german forces norway taken surprise operation leader area raided carrier borne aircraft years leading inadequate preparations attack precautions raids subsequently place british carrier forces repeatedly attacked norway end war encounter concentrations shipping like ranger airmen located following attack germans launched search area radio arresting local narrowly missing agents group members team evacuated united_kingdom consolidated flying boat november agents group evacuated squadron raf june island continued sending reports united_kingdom duration war manned local volunteer trained agents works consulted skip oslo brown david david carrier operations world war south yorkshire isbn land norwegian oslo isbn marcus war sea naval maryland naval institute press isbn norwegian 2nd revised oslo isbn british intelligence second world war influence strategy operations volume london majesty office isbn norwegian oslo isbn samuel atlantic battle won new_jersey castle books isbn tore norwegian bergen isbn folk norwegian bergen isbn norwegian oslo isbn secret service norwegian oslo isbn war sea volume iii offensive london majesty office stern robert navy war europe maryland naval institute press isbn thomas torpedo squadron cockpit view world war las publications isbn aces world war london isbn norwegian oslo isbn


battle battle vietnamese began evening february concluded early hours february province south vietnam end tank battalion vietnam people army armored regiment received instructions north vietnamese ministry defense reinforce division route campaign journey trail january tank battalion linked division major offensive highway stretched border province january 24th regiment attacked small outpost control royal army elephant battalion battle tank battalion failed reach battle time tank crews struggled navigate tank equipment rough local terrain soon tanks tank battalion turned soldiers families panicked retreated south vietnam captured 24th regiment prepared attack targeted special forces camp manned detachment 5th special forces group february north vietnamese 24th regiment supported tank battalion launched assault despite fighting air artillery support forces conceded ground north vietnamese quickly dominated positions early hours february command bunker position held allied forces besieged north vietnamese soldiers ground entire ordeal indigenous civilian irregular defense group forces trapped inside command bunker endure north vietnamese harassment came form tear gas grenades rescue american survivors inside camp counter attack mounted soldiers formed bulk attack formation refused fight north vietnamese later special forces personnel able escape camp rescued marine task force rise fall american army background north vietnam task capturing entrusted 24th regiment vietnam people army division led colonel regiment supported 2nd battalion regiment division 2nd artillery battalion artillery regiment tank company tank battalion armored regiment companies anti aircraft gun company platoon important features north vietnamese formation elements armoured regiment route campaign marked time vietnam people army deployed armored forces battlefield soldiers north vietnam armored unit armored regiment sent south vietnam main battle tanks prime mission learn enemy armor tactics order prepare future missions june north vietnamese ministry defense passed resolution establish armored regiment resolution create armored force command north vietnamese commanders creation independent armored force command represented significant milestone development army enabled respond circumstances battlefield modern armored force prepare upcoming mission armored regiment undertook series combined arms training infantry artillery units different types terrain order operate vietnam rough mountainous jungle conditions august ministry defense ordered armored regiment form sub unit tank battalion equipped amphibious tanks bolster strength division south vietnam base son province tank battalion began kilometers journey trail constant air strikes january tank battalion arrived field joined division attack outpost ban united_states special forces camp placed control united_states_army detachment company 5th special forces group train equip locally recruited vietnamese civilian irregular defense group program detachment originally established july detachment moved site area near village united_states marines took control american military build south vietnam northern provinces camp proved temporary north vietnamese army attacked camp north vietnamese attack repelled damage camp extensive original camp site lacked good observation fields fire barbed wire perimeter 5th special forces group commander decided camp suitable area meters west new camp situated highway kilometers west completed captain franklin assumed command detachment tactical area responsibility square kilometers operational camps corps tactical zone special forces personnel worked jointly man south vietnamese special forces contingent responsible border surveillance enemy assistance revolutionary development program accomplish tasks company south vietnamese rifle companies combat reconnaissance disposal early january detachment received reinforcements form mobile strike force company consisting special forces advisors elements mobile strike force company operated fortified bunker meters west camp served observation post day mobile strike force conducted patrols night took ambush positions vicinity camp prior battle placed company northeastern flank camp 3rd combat reconnaissance platoon positioned company placed southern end camp company consisting men positioned opposite end meters west man company positioned south 1st 2nd combat reconnaissance placed northern southern respectively meters apart individually personnel carried nearly rounds ammunition company equipped mortar heavy weapons rifles inch mortars nineteen mortars positioned camp close support personnel furnished anti tank weapons necessary request support rifle companies united_states 24th marines regiment based artillery support locations range prelude following construction new camp site west soldiers concentrated efforts strengthening camp defenses relatively contacts north vietnamese north vietnamese division assembled battlefield reinforced tank battalion following orders regiment given task capturing village district begin route campaign 24th regiment ordered destroy enemy strongholds ban 9th regiment ordered destroy reinforcements try relieve bases areas december soldiers operating began report frequent contacts north vietnamese mid january military intelligence reported movements north vietnamese formations river south vietnam time north vietnamese began harass special forces camp mortar artillery fire times week north vietnamese patrols camp january north vietnamese regiment began attack village seat local government time village defended south vietnamese regional force company marines combined action company oscar night combined south vietnamese forces held position daylight soldiers ground called air strikes artillery support combat base fighting village continued day following night finally captured january colonel david ordered delta company 26th marines regiment relieve defenders inside village reversed orders second thoughts north vietnamese later south vietnamese regional force company destroyed enemies 9th regiment marched village north vietnamese regiment paid heavy price victory killed wounded evening january day fall village north vietnamese division moved target small outpost ban prior forces ban played important role war watching north vietnamese south vietnam section trail running outpost manned soldiers elephant battalion royal army led lieutenant colonel night fell north vietnamese 3rd battalion 24th regiment began attacking outpost tank battalion tasked supporting 24th regiment delayed tank crews tried navigate amphibious tanks rough local terrain confusion quickly descended defenders north vietnamese tanks turned outside outpost hours fighting decided abandon outpost special forces camp requested helicopters evacuate men families helicopters unavailable decided eastward foot highway attempt reach border south vietnam following collapse village ban thousands civilian refugees way village special forces camp estimated non combatants thousand meters camp assistance arrived january form food medical supplies man special forces team soldiers assistance new special forces team given materials restore old camp remain orders issued soldiers families brought stories north vietnamese attack supported tanks cause concern ban kilometers away border january fears confirmed north vietnamese private surrendered special forces interrogation private revealed tracked vehicles positioned near unit planned attack canceled twice unknown reasons battle response threat posed north vietnamese stepped daytime patrols night camp afternoon february lieutenant colonel daniel commander company 5th special forces flew diplomatic gesture commander north vietnamese artillery started pounding special forces camp covered movement 24th regiment 3rd battalion regiment observation post tactical operations centre sergeant saw north vietnamese tanks moving road attempting breach barbed wires company immediately went tactical operations center described witnessed advised concentrate available artillery air support north vietnamese formation company soon north vietnamese tanks knocked rifle manned sergeant class james barbed wire company quickly overcome combined north vietnamese tank infantry attack inside tactical operations center busy calling air artillery support 26th marines regiment request deployment rifle companies reinforcement plan request denied believing attack company enemy main effort concentrated artillery support early stages battle minutes artillery begun firing air_force forward air controller arrived shadow requested air strikes located north camp road areas west early warning outpost manned soldiers mobile strike force despite air strikes artillery fire north vietnamese managed break company area forcing defenders retreat 2nd 3rd combat reconnaissance platoon positions north vietnamese captured entire eastern end special forces camp company area began pouring fire company opposite end camp north vietnamese tanks rolled barbed wire barrier company point blank north vietnamese tank crews destroyed guns forcing soldiers company abandon positions survived onslaught retreated reconnaissance positions highway east meters west sergeant class charles adviser mobile strike force reported early warning outpost danger overrun save directed artillery strikes north vietnamese troops moving outpost later died gunshot wound stomach north vietnamese overran outpost hastily organized tank killer teams busy engaging north vietnamese tanks company area occasions rockets fired americans missed completely jammed simply failed knock enemy tanks north vietnamese broken inner perimeter camp began soldiers trapped inside tactical operations center included seven americans south vietnamese special forces soldiers ground american vietnamese soldiers escaped death capture tried escape north vietnamese team house group americans soldiers held quick conference decided leave camp northern perimeter visible sign north vietnamese difficulty americans soldiers able barbed wire barrier north vietnamese soldiers eastern camp detected movement began firing group ultimately americans vietnamese soldiers managed escape camp taking refuge dry creek bed offered cover request marines send reinforcements request turned attempt save defenders company headquarters tried reinforcements marines request turned finally company headquarters placed mobile strike force company company sized unit standby alert battle soon helicopters available north vietnamese continued harass small force soldiers trapped command bunker hand grenades explosives bursts gunfire led bunker shortly north vietnamese threw grenades tear gas grenades causing panic defenders voice called vietnamese demanding american led forces following quick discussion soldiers south vietnamese special forces commander led troops surrender killed north vietnamese soldiers leaving american counterparts south vietnamese gone short verbal exchange americans bunker north vietnamese english followed fire fight americans refused surrender north vietnamese successfully hole northern wall gaining direct access command bunker instead launching direct attack american stronghold north vietnamese continued throw grenades wall dawn sergeant class eugene assembled soldiers old camp order launch rescue operation possible recapture special forces camp north vietnamese initially refused operation americans held earlier promise providing troops formed soldiers skirmish line forward air controllers overhead direct runs special forces camp enemy killed making attempts rescue soldiers trapped command bunker awarded congressional medal honor general william learned north vietnamese attack refusal send relief force ordered marines supply helicopters man strike force aim rescuing survivors subsequently colonel commanding officer 5th special forces group major general norman anderson commander 1st marine aircraft wing directed rescue plan men waited help command bunker contingent entered special forces camp soldiers evidently reluctant advance enemy forward americans ordered attempt break north vietnamese lines men beaten american led forces tried penetrate north vietnamese positions times stopped shot chest later killed exploding artillery round feared north vietnamese fight fled final attack failed men decision abandon position specialist james mortally wounded captain decided leave bunker remaining americans physical condition carry wounded man cover air strikes american survivors ran old camp evacuated marine lifted man reaction force february known survivors evacuated aftermath fight short duration costly endeavor sides efforts hold camp combined south vietnamese soldiers suffered killed wounded captured original americans took battle seven killed action sustained injuries captured nearly camp weaponry equipment destroyed captured enemy forces contrast north vietnam battle marked successful use armor war terms human casualties north vietnamese claimed lost soldiers killed action wounded evening february fight military forces ordeal continued civilians caught fighting estimated survivors old camp included south vietnamese soldiers families followed americans descended combat base reached american compound refused entry feared north vietnamese soldiers crowd instead ordered soldiers herd civilians bomb disarmed local soldiers kept guard north vietnamese artillery shells continued rain base food medical aid given civilians kept outside wires american compound frustrated lack support poor treatment americans complained people treated like enemy february civilian refugees started walking highway feared lives preferred die country february arrangements embassy commander soldiers flown country royal air_force transport aircraft video battle vietnamese youtube special forces stories green battle


siege barracks siege barracks known operation croatian blockade capture yugoslav people army barracks facilities city 32nd corps croatian war independence general blockade facilities croatia ordered september continued september garrison captured croatian forces capture occurred week bulk 32nd corps surrendered battle barracks effort croatian armed forces units based barracks croatia capture barracks provide arms croatia nascent army fighting resulted capture substantial stock weapons including tanks infantry fighting vehicles artillery pieces greater millimetre caliber clash caused considerable damage city surroundings artillery fire explosion ammunition storage depot outskirts city fighting erupted despite arranged days caused general withdraw negotiations implementation subsequently issued ultimatum croatian authorities warning capture facilities background ethnic tensions serbs worsened electoral defeat government socialist republic croatia croatian democratic union croatian yugoslav people army serbian confiscated croatia territorial defence croatian weapons minimize resistance august tensions escalated open revolt croatian serbs centred predominantly populated areas approximately kilometres miles north east split parts eastern croatia january serbia supported montenegro serbia provinces unsuccessfully tried obtain yugoslav presidency approval operation croatian security forces request denied skirmish insurgents croatian special police march prompted ask federal presidency wartime authority declare state emergency request backed serbia allies request refused march serbian president preferring campaign expand serbia preserve yugoslavia croatia federal unit publicly threatened replace serbian army declared longer recognized authority federal presidency threat caused abandon plans preserve yugoslavia favour expansion serbia came control end march conflict escalated fatalities early april leaders revolt croatia declared intention areas control serbia viewed government croatia regions beginning croatia regular army bolster defence croatia doubled police numbers effective croatian police force strong special police comprising battalions organised military lines organised reserve police battalions companies lacked weapons response deteriorating situation croatian government established croatian national_guard croatian garde expanding special police battalions professional guards brigades ministry defence control commanded retired general martin guards brigades comprised approximately troops reserve police expanded attached reorganised brigades independent battalions guards brigades units fully equipped small arms lack heavier weapons poor command control structure brigade level shortage heavy weapons severe resorted world war weapons taken museums film studios time croatian weapon consisted small arms purchased abroad previously owned police replace personnel lost guards brigades new strong special police established prelude views croatian leadership deal role croatian revolt gradually evolved january september croatian president initial plan win european community united_states support dismissed advice seize barracks storage facilities croatia late day war june july urged act fought calls echoed succeeded defence minister july remained command initial stance based belief croatia win war limited conducting defensive operations actions appeared coordinated croatian forces impression reinforced zones established fighting croatian militia intervened lost territory leaving croatian serbs control areas captured stepped provided weapons croatian serbs weaponry sourced serbia serbian ministry internal affairs july advice supported number croatian parliament members response dismissed month appointed defence minister resigned command august deteriorating situation eastern croatia including expulsion troops intermittent fighting increasing losses growing conviction actively supporting croatian revolt forced act august issued ultimatum federal yugoslav authorities demanding withdrawal barracks end month ultimatum stated failed comply croatia consider army occupation corresponding action september proposed peace conference accepted yugoslav presidency despite earlier ultimatum conference started september days later croatian member chair presidency ordered return barracks hours order motivated concern conference drag lost territory order opposed members presidency gave croatia justification openly confront prime minister advised implement plan according general ordered capture barracks september rescinded order day order reinstated september pleaded authorize action arguing running time day croatian police blockaded cut utilities facilities access beginning battle barracks action comprised large garrisons croatia numerous smaller facilities including border posts weapons ammunition storage depots order battle garrison included 32nd corps headquartered second largest corps croatia commanded 32nd brigade 32nd mixed artillery regiment based 32nd engineer regiment mixed artillery regiment based brigade headquartered brigade based mixed artillery brigade sufficient troops area secure facilities possible 5th corps units deployed attempt relieve garrisons brigade deployed reinforce brigade consisted battalion tanks engineer battalion relocated august boost presence town comprising armoured vehicles drawn brigade commanded lieutenant colonel milan deployed attached 5th corps august prevent croatian special police croatian forces town hosted headquarters 28th partisan division division brigades significant facility immediate surroundings barracks situated western outskirts city barracks housed garrison headquarters bulk weaponry brigade approximately officers soldiers non combat facility centre protected small security detail radar base anti aircraft defence communications hub village adjacent settlement northern outskirts storage depots depot store tanks equipment brigade weapons confiscated guarded approximately troops depot store ammunition unlike depot situated city depot located forest near croatia established company sized special police unit february following deterioration situation western brigade raised city largely equipped small arms plans blockade routes city developed crisis headquarters set coordinate defence city manufacture weapons industrial plants modified production timeline growing tensions blockade significant conflict involving area occurred september officers soldiers disarmed croatian commanding officer garrison colonel demanded weapons returned croatian forces declined request claiming weapons sent tensions greatly increased troops brigade deployed went missing battle september civilian authorities city demanded provide information fate declared knowledge matter september croatian forces besieged captured major garrisons 32nd corps garrisons cities ordered extract territory near control 5th corps based garrison ordered break link brigade proceed time garrison blockaded utilities supplies cut negotiations ensued surrender garrison led civilian crisis headquarters presided negotiations stalled demanded brigade allowed evacuate bosnia time number croatian civilians took refuge barracks fearing safety order croatian authorities preparations attack preparations seize facilities took place september involved placing obstacles facilities setting artillery air defence units drafting plans capture garrison operation 1st battalion brigade deployed villages 2nd battalion village 3rd battalion north city city deployed attack armoured units attempt breakout air defence systems consisting millimetre machine guns millimetre anti aircraft guns set nearby villages battery towed millimetre guns deployed area attempt overall shortage anti tank weapons sent armoured personnel carriers armed anti tank guided missile systems arrived september crisis headquarters coordinate activities croatian armed forces based reinforcements received garrison based surrendered colonel member general staff armed forces republic croatia appointed commanding officer military operation despite agreement signed september croatia provided resumption supplies barracks authorities refused restore utilities claiming agreement allowed supply officers soldiers civilians barracks september croatian general staff directed garrison captured september acting chief general staff ordered clandestine killing caused mass killing civilians great material damage according order based assessment officers present intent carrying acts capture garrison morning september croatian police attacked facilities response contacted 5th military district requested city sources indicate requested carried 5th military district instead pressured central croatian authorities order observe comprehensive previously agreed croatia september order verify european community monitor mission deployed monitoring team city authorities ignored order received general staff stopped team reached city according lieutenant general urged continue attack authenticity account disputed admiral claims attempt discredit croatia captured barracks time facilities near captured depot captured storage structures containing tonnes long tons short tons ammunition blown major milan explosion occurred killing troops blockading depot forest blast knocked trees circle metres feet wide caused damage nearby structures heard kilometres miles away lost soldier area depot killed missile engaging infantry fighting vehicle gun aftermath suffered killed wounded siege capture barracks lost dead civilians killed wounded troops civilians combined troops captured officers soldiers captured troops released november prisoner exchange equipment captured included tanks millimetre multiple rocket launchers infantry fighting vehicles small arms previously confiscated weapons 1st brigade 28th partisan division including assault rifles machine guns approximately trucks fighting residential structures apartments utility structures public commercial buildings damaged destroyed following day remaining major unit 32nd corps brigade based surrendered capture barracks affected agreement reached croatia specifically provision lifting blockade barracks initially dispute general meant achieving normal living conditions barracks complete freedom movement croatia compromise interpretation negotiated dropped specifically events october issued ultimatum croatia threatening destruction civilian facility vital croatian population military post captured ultimatum demonstrated considered croatia enemy territory country responsibility protect considered hero serbia preferred die surrender posthumously awarded order people hero presidency yugoslavia november recipient order authorities serbia subsequently painted actions heroic model soldiers authorities announced file war crime charges unnamed officers charged war crimes specifically killing prisoners war according charges filed county court persons directly commanded killed officers surrendered september trial progress persons tried charges killing prisoners war captured barracks prisoners civilian held custody september taken forest near village shot soldiers killed civilian survived sustained severe injuries accused acquitted chief staff charged orders issued general staff imprisoned spending months custody released formal charges discharged croatian armed forces


action november action november naval battle fought united_states_navy schooner uss squadron coast cuba navy west_indies anti piracy operation leagues cuba large band pirates captured vessels held ransom hearing pirate attacks lieutenant william howard allen rushed scene rescue vessels seize pirates arriving bay pirates said uss dispatched boats engage enemy vessels water shallow warship engage allen personally commanding boats americans assaulted schooner revenge navy able force pirates abandoning revenge managed fight way bay inflict heavy casualties including allen commander mortally wounded boats ceased pursuit pirates managed recover vessels held bay background early november schooner uss command lieutenant william allen cuba intending patrol area united_states_navy west indian anti piracy campaign arriving port allen discovered americans attempting raise order pay ransom band pirates captured vessels ransom delivered pirates threatened destroy ships rough crews learning men pirates leagues away allen took civilians aboard decided attempt recovering ship band pirates relatively large consisting men armed schooner revenge ton vessel armed cannon men second ton schooner guns men vessel displaced tons armed cannon manned men addition armed vessels pirates possession american prizes ship rigged vessel william henry new_york iris sarah boston pair merchant rochester salem allen force outnumbered pirates mounting pounders compared pirates cannons despite outnumbered crew experienced veterans having taken portuguese brig flora year bloody action allen experienced commander taken command uss engagement hms war draft deep chase pirate craft need send cutter gig launch boarding parties engage pirates action revenge nearest pirate vessels americans allen ordered boats lowered run attack men armed small arms boats allen personally taking command launch lieutenant cutter gig revenge underway time sighted attempted escape americans despite lack wind sweeps american boats rowed miles schooner face raised red flag approaching schooner american craft fired american boats returned fire small arms moved board vessel try fight boarding attempt pirates abandoned revenge schooner covered escape gig manned men sent revenge prize allen set boats attempt seize schooner helped revenge crew escape second schooner maintained heavy fire advancing american boats cutter soon taken heavy casualties trouble manning allen attempted rally men standing waving forward allen exposed struck musket fire taking round head chest commander mortally wounded crew taking heavy casualties american boats withdrew allowing second schooner engaged escape vessels pirates seized left recovered americans action ended aftermath end action american boats damaged crews suffered killed wounded allen died hours battle ended despite fact escaped pirates suffered heavy casualties bodies counted americans end action addition presumed drowned returned recovered prizes allen buried escort provided local governor left november escorting prizes united_states following day ran hard aground coral reef florida keys named reef crew failed vessel managed salvage guns papers fearing salvaged pirates burnt sank previously thought location wreck known expedition proved false exact final resting place remains unknown allen regarded navy hero efforts pirates rallying cry following year uss uss engaged defeated band pirates led near area american lieutenant slain