norse mythology goddess associated skiing winter mountains attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century works sources daughter deceased married god compensation provided gods killing father described having split later having married god produced children poetic prose responsible placing venom bound alternately referred old norse ski god old norse ski translated lady etymology uncertain connected original form scandinavia place names scandinavia particularly sweden refer scholars potential connection god associated skiing appears frequently place names sweden particular relationship scandinavia related potentially meaning island connected old norse meaning harm inspired works art etymology old norse related gothic old english old saxon old high german meaning shadow scholar john comments etymology suggests geographical region scandinavia associated underworld notion island goddess comments element connection darkness sure says derives geographical region time longer completely understood connection points parallel goddess ireland appears irish texts says comes ireland way alternatively connected old norse harm source harm damage obsolete english survives unscathed scathing attested poems found poetic books prose book poetic poetic poem god disguised reveals young existence locations mentions location sixth single stanza stanza details lived daughter describes consisting ancient courts refers shining bride gods prose introduction poem god fair girl spotted god asks servant talk stanza poem tells ask upset responds harsh words son prose introduction poem referred wife cited attending feast exchange god tells light hearted playing tail free longer soon gods sharp rock ice cold son responds foremost killing responds advice flow plains responds friendly speech bed accusation makes poem attested turns goddess prose section end gods catch son turn son wolf places snake face venom snake wife sits holds basin beneath catching venom basin time snake venom falls face causing tremendous fury earthquakes stem poem female tells goddess mythological stanza notes loved shoot daughter prose prose attested books chapter prose book figure high details wife daughter recounts tale involving high recalls wanted live home owned father called wanted live nearer sea subsequently agreement spend nights nights sea home winters according manuscript returned mountains said mountains long nights wolves sounded ugly song responded sleep sea beds bird wakes wide sea comes morning sources provided prose high says afterward went mountains lived travels bow shoots wild animals high notes referred ski god old norse ski lady support mentioned stanza poetic poem cited chapter high says children mother children provided end chapter high describes gods caught bound described having taken snake bound venom face wife sat held bowl bowl catches venom bowl extreme pain causing earth shake resulting know earthquake chapter prose book recounts gods killed daughter took helmet coat mail weapons war traveled home gods arrival gods wished loss offered compensation provides terms settlement gods agree choose husband choose husband looking solely feet saw pair feet found particularly attractive said choose little ugly owner feet turned included terms settlement gods thought impossible laugh tied end cord beard goat end goat drew forth loudly dropped lap laughed completing finally compensation took eyes sky eyes stars work quoted poem refers wise god bride notes love van prose quote reference leaving chapter names given including chapter referenced 10th century poem refers bow string var whale chapter refers father ski chapter listed attend party held chapter included list names chapter book saga appears account account details married sex later married sons names sons provided king norway presented reference stanza described fair maiden portion second stanza missing second stanza reads sea bones sons ski goddess lee explains bones sea rocks believes stanza undoubtedly referred rocks connection association mountains skiing theories saga figure appears chapter saga chapter male owner man son went hunting winter hunted day evening compared kills saw kills killed buried corpse night returned home claimed ridden forest lost sight furthermore know doubted explanation suspected lying instead killed gathered men look group eventually found corpse declared henceforth called drift people referred large snow fact murdered evident considered outlaw led leaves land mentioned saga scholar notes goddess associated winter hunting episode saga involving male stemming lost myth scholar john comments episode detailing antics goat associations ritual involving making goddess laugh notes appear special relationship example placement snake face shared association skiing fact place names referring appear frequently sweden scholars proposed particular connection gods hand potentially masculine form result scholars originally male deity scholar proposes cult province northern norway shows characteristics people renowned skiing shooting bow hunting separation point split cult region close contact modern influence modern works art depicting include und illustration appears poem art depictions god appear covers swedish ski annual skiing wielding bows john allen notes deities portrayed manner historical authority important swedish ski journals began publication moon planet saturn takes goddess taking goddess main character web comic rice luke weekly site comics eye item real time action strategy game valve corporation summoned persona empress persona series series rowing club named mountain venus named goddess skiing alpine club primary school new_zealand named god sun ski goddess


norse mythology old norse legged horse attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century sources child described best horses ridden location prose contains extended information circumstances birth details grey color additionally mentioned found 13th century legendary saga saga 13th century legendary saga saga ancestor horse book written 12th century contains episode considered scholars involve generally accepted depicted 8th century image stones image stone viii image stone scholarly theories proposed potential connection practices norse modern times appears folklore creator works art literature software names ships poetic poetic appears mentioned poems disguise having revealed identity tells boy verse best horses best horses tells hero cut teeth bands god bad dreams places saddle ride location section says produced wolf produced monster thought descended brother prose prose book mentioned chapter figure high says day ride bridge provides list horses list begins best legs chapter high quotes stanza mentions chapter origins described described earlier book king disguise asks high horse belongs tell high expresses surprise lack knowledge origin high tells story set right beginning gods settlement gods established built hall unnamed builder offered build fortification gods seasons invaders exchange goddess sun moon debate gods agree place number restrictions builder including complete work seasons help man builder makes single request help stallion influence allowed stallion performs twice deeds strength builder enormous rocks surprise gods builder makes fast progress wall days deadline summer builder nearly entrance fortification gods figured responsible resulting unanimous agreement trouble blame gods declare deserve horrible death find scheme cause builder payment threatened attack afraid swore scheme cause builder payment cost night builder drove stone stallion wood ran mare mare realizing kind horse frantic tore apart tackle ran mare mare ran wood followed builder chased horses ran night causing building work held night previous momentum building work builder able maintain continued realize builder disregard previous builder arrives kills builder smashing builder skull hammer dealings somewhat later gave birth grey legs horse best horse gods men chapter high describes death god agrees ride offer ransom return horse led forward mounts rides away rides nights deep dark valleys arrive river continue bridge encountering maiden guarding bridge named dialogue occurs including notes recently ridden battalions dead men bridge sound continue downwards northwards road arrive gates mounts spurs jumped hard gate came near rides hall pleas return accepted condition path backward return chapter book given relative chapter story provided rides land arrives residence asks sort person wearing golden helmet riding sky sea says stranger good horse head horse good found admitted fine horse states owns longer paced horse leaps atop intending attack hard ahead fury finds having rushed gates chapter mentioned list horses splendid horses addition occurs twice ship appearing chapter work sea appearing chapter work 10th century saga saga poem contains mentions said feet run eyes tail guess said good riding saga chapter saga hero way wood meets long old man seen tells old man going choose horse asks old man come help decide old man says drive horses river drive horses horses swim land large young handsome grey horse mounted grey old man says horse raised carefully better horse old man names horse narrative adds old man god generally considered appearing sequence events described book book young encounters certain man great age lost eye allies set wage war ruler meeting defeat old man takes horse flee old man house drink drought old man sings prophecy takes found horse ride beneath old man mantle peers holes realizes flying air saw steps horse lay sea told steal glimpse forbidden thing turned amazed eyes spectacle roads additionally book mentions look awful husband covered white shield guide tall shall way safe lay low war war god archaeological record 8th century picture stones island sweden depict legged horses thought scholars depict image stone viii image stone stones feature rider sitting atop legged horse scholars view rider image stone horizontal figure holding spear female figure rider cup scene interpreted rider arriving world dead century stone bearing old norse army god interpreted depicting theories john connection world dead grants special turns horse word referring usage sea describes funeral continues use role failed recovery known time place iceland certainly indicates active participant mythology decades adds legs interpreted indication great speed connected unclear way cult activity says legged horse typical journeys heavens underworld usually represented riding bird animal says creature vary horse fairly common lands horses general use ability bear god air typical cites example study legged story says attempts connect hobby horses feet appear resemblance dead man carried funeral procession borne described riding legs example cites funeral people india recorded stating contains references horse legs clear song dead man says song sung distinguished dies provides verse horse horse legs horse legs heads horse heads catch mount horse adds representation legged arise naturally image accordance picture horse bear rider land dead cites flying horse prime examples horses norse mythology able earth sky world mortal men underworld encyclopedia european culture legs remnants horse associated divine twins found european cultures ultimately stemming european religion encyclopedia states born extra set legs representing original pair horses like responsible carrying dead encyclopedia cites parallels birth myths originally pointing celtic goddess gave birth divine horse twins elements include demand goddess unwanted demanding goddess builders modern influence according folklore shaped canyon located national park northern iceland formed depicted wooden relief exterior oslo city hall oslo norway remains popular ships northern europe short story entitled late features horse named statue stands england town takes anglo saxon version


norse mythology old norse goddess wife god attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century poetry poetic prose sees distance deeply sight beauty servant father reside gain love poetic initially refuses series threats finally agrees prose mention threats sources agrees meet fixed time location returns response meeting occur sooner poetic prose described daughter mountain recorded wife having beloved king sweden source couple founders dynasty produced son rose passing continued line commonly goddess associated earth inspired works art literature attested poems poetic books prose books poetic poetic poem god sat high seat looked worlds saw beautiful girl walking hall father girl page named father verse goddess tells find troubles exchange occurs verse tells seen girl shining arms home father gods wish requests horse sword sword fights cover darkness rides horse nations covered mountains reaches home proceeds courts ferocious dogs tied wooden fence surrounds hall rides unnamed sitting mound asks speak maiden dogs exchange occurs tells speak girl hearing terrible noise dwellings asks coming noting earth courts shake serving maid unnamed notes outside man horse let tells serving maid invite man come hall famous expresses fear man outside brother slayer asks stranger comes wild fire seek company responds groups sought offers golden eternal life common gain favor rejects matter offers adds long live offers ring unnamed produces gold rings ninth night burned young son responds interested ring shares father property lack gold threats turns threats points holds sword hand threatens cut head neck agrees refuses says endure man says encounters battle expected reminds blade father meet doom warns strike desires says seen sons men early morning sit eagle mound looking outward world facing food shall man shining men declares comes spectacle famous gods bars experience madness tearing desire grief tears flow tells sit fate worse harassed weary days court halls shall everyday crawl choice hope choice feel joy suffering live rest life misery headed man altogether commands mind seized waste away end harvest crushed says wood potent branch found declares gods angry hate brought potent wrath gods declares sons troops denied pleasure benefit men details gates roots world finest thing given drink goats character unnamed desire comments carved wishes responds welcome tells crystal cup containing ancient noting thought love asks meet says shall meet location called nights grant love rides home standing outside immediately asks news tells says meet comments night long nights questions bear noting frequently month shorter half night stanza poem refers poem accuses god having purchased daughter gold comments process gave away sword referring intends fight sons ride wood event servant poem continues poem ancestry recounted information provided gods stanza actually belongs relates married daughter mother related nature specified father goddess prose chapter prose book introduced figure high daughter mountain described beautiful women high reports went looked worlds looked north saw distant homestead large magnificent building woman went building lifted arms opened door building light shed arms sky sea worlds bright punishment great having sat holy seat went away filled grief arrives home sleeps drinks remaining silence speak god sends servant speak tells saw beautiful woman beautiful filled grief soon die tells gain hand behalf woman father agrees rewarded replies accepts mission exchange sword fight gives sword sets asks woman hand receives promise nights later meet location called delivers news responds final stanza poetic poem wait beginning prose book listed attending feast held island denmark including chapter different ways referring goddess provided names rival probably error theories section chapter listed including chapter saga collected prose account relates loved king sweden wife son fate provided death son goes king family line continues verse stanza found chapter saga mentioned woman gold rings archaeological record small pieces gold foil featuring dating migration period early viking age known discovered locations scandinavia location foil pieces found largely sites buildings rarely graves figures single occasionally animal man woman facing embracing human figures clothed depicted knees bent scholar says suggested figures dance connected weddings linked group gods representing notion divine marriage poetic poem coming theories rival chapter prose book listed rivals goddess list sexual partners husband instead mother son according prose probably intended manuscript corrected andy orchard notes nonetheless intentional inclusion view notorious earth fertility scholar john comments associated earth wedding commonly seen divine sky earth fertility god representative soil adds time situation read simply gods getting want comments role parallels goddess greek mythology clear remains dark kingdom underworld hope famine bride underworld upper world meet modern influence inspired works art literature danish poet adam wrote series poems referencing collected unfinished epic poem references goddess depicted goddess illustration und und


sanskrit avatar hindu god form listed principal demon stole earth goddess hid waters appeared rescue demon retrieved earth ocean lifting restored place universe depicted completely anthropomorphic form head human body consort earth depicted young woman lifted earth depicted mass land like fish turtle avatar depicted form animal wild main difference anthropomorphic form portrayal depicted man half animal animal head human body portrayal anthropomorphic similar fourth avatar portrayed lion headed man avatar completely animal form depicted free standing example sculpture sandstone metres long metres high sculpture resemble features altered stylistic purposes earth goddess decorated miniature gods world creatures appearing body creation sculptures found anthropomorphic form stylized face like models snout shorter position size altered ears eyes generally based human ones early faced issue attach head human body human neck problem resolved including human neck sculptures dropped replaced high conical crown typical sculptures generally look right rare instances left facing depictions arms hold hold sword lotus makes gesture blessing depicted attributes hands lotus carry attributes female called shown muscular physique heroic pose depicted emerging ocean rescues earth earth goddess indian sculpture shown small figure icon seated seated corner folded elbow shoulder supports snout lifted waters later indian paintings earth depicted lifted rare portrayal shows looking carries arms earth portrayed globe flat stretch mountainous land elaborate forest landscape buildings temples humans birds animals defeated demon depicted feet killed combat snake gods snake residents underworld depicted swimming ocean hands folded mark devotion depicted standing snake minor creatures denoting cosmic waters forms popular denoting sacrifice seated lion throne flanked indicative lifting earth stage dissolution universe dedicated depicted sculptures depicted identical terms attributes head identifying icon seated thigh portrayals features major portrayed surrounding headed images shown left head energy consort mother goddess depicted head like god legends earliest versions legend found universe filled waters earth size hand trapped god creator god form waters brings earth marries earth calls epic considered oldest scriptures associate scriptures including legend variations gate keepers cursed world form children born demons born earth sage wife race demons originating demon brothers pure evil create havoc universe elder brother blessed makes animal human brother inhabitants earth gods engage war takes earth goddess hides waters versions tale earth gives loud cry distress kidnapped demon assumes form cow appeals rescue demon variants distressed gods led help versions kidnap earth dropped instead earth underworld weight mountains torture demons included list animals able kill assumes form huge goes ocean emerges tiny beast size thumb nostrils soon starts grow size increases elephant enormous mountain scriptures emphasize gigantic size describes range disputed ranges kilometres width height large mountain like sun dark like rain cloud white sharp body size space earth sky frightening instance fiery god waters requests save ocean encounters path challenges duel versions demon beast warns touch earth ignoring demon threats lifts earth charges rage fiercely fight finally demon thousand year duel rises ocean earth places gently original position gods sing praises earth goddess falls love form marries making narrative vigorous result sinking little ocean form rescues original position waters scriptures state gives birth son called scripture believed narrated devoted myths connected worship tale god defeats sons create world form kill scriptures story texts speak eventually killing evolution originally described form later avatar earliest images found dating 1st 2nd century cult popular era century central india considering large number sculptures inscriptions found red sandstone sculpture form inscription traced reign late 5th early 6th century early sculptures generally depict form anthropomorphic depictions human body head popular later period early sculptures exist cave temples 6th century cave temple 7th century south india caves 7th century western india caves cave image rescuing earth sculpted sandstone dated seen image 8th century museum 7th century images found regions india 10th century temples dedicated established existent worship ceased ruins etc millennium symbol dynasty dynasty adopt crest coins king assumed title coins depicting image adopted royal insignia 4th century bce south india image found carving pillar interpreted emblem seen signs cross marked sun disc relative pig started seen 12th century muslim influence india muslims consider pig meat led decline worship certain extent symbolism represents sacrifice eternal earth feet represent scriptures represent stakes teeth offerings mouth altar tongue fire hair head denotes grass eyes represent day night coarse hair represents sexual prowess head represents seat priest represents hymns nostrils joints represent ceremonies ears said indicate rites voluntary embodiment supreme brings order amidst chaos world sacrifice resurrection earth dissolution universe establishment new symbolism attributes evolution water relate geological phenomenon age represent rescue earth false temples oldest temple located built 11th century named temple means means pillars temple gets said tunnel beneath temple goes fort come tunnel worship deity temple prominent temple temple located shores temple pond called near north temple temple form region called legend place follows end cycle present fourth requested stay earth ordered mount bring divine garden hills described having taken permission reside hills chief temple temple stands pilgrims prescribed worship described forms image important temple temple town northeast tamil built late 16th century ruler image considered self manifested image self manifested inscription passage main shrine quoting legend local legend mentions derives observing festivals months year sun enters particular sign temple muslims alike communities festival image procession annual temple festival tamil month february march deity credited called muslims included list include shrine located temple complex west worship offered metres image 8th century earliest known images 7th century anthropomorphic image relatively modern temple temples dedicated located india states temple temple tamil


hindu epic sanskrit assigned duty guarding kidnapped princess goddess heroine epic consort prince avatar god abducted demon king serves appears wise old dreams destruction victory accompanies survey battlefield war sees husband unconscious dead later adaptations daughter brother sides plays greater role later versions especially southeast asian ones barring exceptions cast agent generally portrayed friend loyal companion numerous occasions offers brings news outside world committing suicide victory death richly rewarded adaptations mention southeast asian versions depict wife monkey general bears son local goddess india names indian versions known thai original described aged prominently featured incidents takes place epic fifth book kidnapped princess imprisoned demon king ordered guard convince marry means possible refuses faithful husband leaves start harass change aged narrates dream doom victory dream sees brother riding elephant takes lap rises high sky allowing touch sun moon trio ride aerial fly north oil red lies ground heads south falls pit black woman red south members family like brother son face similar brother seen white riding elephant near city ocean monkey messenger burns city advises refuge apologize turn promises dream protect guards second incident found sixth book brother come monkey army rescue demon king day war son brothers weapon brothers lose consciousness sends battlefield thinking husband dead brothers alive expresses love tells captive moral character gentle nature compelled love monkey general tasked find meets tells wife brother sides war sent daughter known intention surrender despite advice wise minister friend consoles shows severed head informs entry army versions mentions tells burning meeting wife described rescued versions tries kill later centric literature identified wife regarded daughter tamil epic commentary accord status daughter trend generally followed post literature commentary states daughter epic considers strange given advanced age original epic works relate position daughter regard wife sister sister respectively version says sister commentary describes sister later literature plays roles attributed original important character southeast asian versions particularly indonesian narrative epic informs brought message soon come rescue assumes role assigned original replace episode truth head revealed inform burning instead makes stops killing role originally assigned saves life rushes captive son killed war minister stops adaptations attribute act variously acts attributed original epic later literature adds new elements grant bigger role meeting thought suicide crosses mind attempts engage friendly conversation comes meet departure tells intent commit suicide urges help create wood refuses saying narrates sees severed heads prepares ready die wants inform father returns news later seeing bound instructs create holds confirm truth father returns news alive adaptations friendship developed important objectives constantly updates war welfare describes grief hear wounded second time employs bring news battlefield narrates hearing sound urges find happened learns death passes news depicts breaking news death inquiry episode text discuss impending duel final day war concerned headed invincible severed heads shooting arrow demon king heart text emphasizes feature found says guards comes rescue offers keeping company playing games called charge custody tells consider marriage proposal husband alive believe dead sees head hands trick visits heads belong stops asks return day presents heads decides commit suicide asks wait verify truth carrying dagger meets return receives woven carried arrives day deception informs met previous day enraged tries kill runs seeks refuge takes blame duties transferred iron castle guarded army commanded ministers agent generally portrayed positive light early versions ignore agent meets shows ring reports master emphasizes job behest possibly influenced narratives portrays appealing rule queen functions friend version war numerous adaptations record gratitude reward richly version rewarded honoured end war mentions war accompanies kingdom uses return journey later visits tells treat mentions honoured rich gifts loyal companion saved life twice oldest indian manuscript mention presence suggest exile subsequent battle sons called suggest ordeal convince world purity thai helps called kill demon marries union results birth son demon monkey head version great war requests daughter agrees condition remain month leaves gives birth son puppet tradition portrays wife remembrance assessment remembered friend loyal companion time need expert literature character centuries poets story dealt friendship conquered heart poets heart acquainted story poets conferred humble dream better known india dream live hearts millions ideal true friend hour friend need friend temple dedicated called region situated near temple prominent temple local lore wanted accompany said allowed suggested visit attain emancipation blessed goddess enjoys daily worship local goddess flowers green vegetables offered women worship shrine seven consecutive believed blessed goddess protective family flock shrine day hindu month day day month believed goddess fulfill wishes worship shrine paying temple day observed fast previous month conclude bathing local lore holds granted honour observing lose merit gained fast temple exists temple complex temple special worship rituals offered goddess days starting telugu portrays daughter half labelled traitor uncle helps betrayal brother blamed wife


norse mythology alternate spelling goddess associated danish island zealand legendary swedish king legendary danish king attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century works appears roman old norse translations latin works prose report away lake sweden land formed island zealand denmark addition prose describes virgin die virgin records married legendary danish king denmark scholars proposed theories etymology goddess connections fertility practices implications references virgin potential mentions goddess old english poem potential connections mother etymology etymology matter dispute modern scholarship element jon generally related element numerous names goddess likely means gives prosperity happiness connection names resulted results meaning giving names related groups albert notes feminine personal contains recorded stem represents addition exact parallel finnish word bride outfit derive poetic poetic appears solely poem exchange occurs dinner feast god comes defense exchange occurs goddess questions wants bring hall assembled gods lines stanza differ greatly translation henry adams comments manuscript text lines result freely amended stanza follows responds commenting youthful male gave necklace youth slept stating insane wrath knows mankind prose prose book begins prose account stating king ruler called sweden said given certain woman reward entertainment land kingdom day night woman race took north sons provided cut hard deep uprooted land drew land sea west halted certain sound placed land bestowed zealand land taken lake stands according lake known lake located sweden lake parallel zealand true lake myth probably originally reference prose account presents stanza work attributed 9th century dragged land value denmark increase steam rising swift bore forehead heads hauling went grassy isle wide chapter figure high presents list high presents fourth says virgin die attend relation high notes like goddess virgin beginning prose book listed attend banquet island modern denmark chapter listed attend party held chapter included list names addition appears employed composition quoted chapter chapter saga collected prose account relates sent north sound seek land encountered king gave went land bore sons provided transformed sons attached drew forth land westward sea opposite saga adds land called zealand married described son took land formed zealand lake left saga bays lake correspond zealand followed stanza composed sworn daughter reluctantly severed horse appears old norse translations latin works names roman mythology works including based goddess diana appears goddess works theories folk customs parallels fertility theme legend consists man woman challenged gain land traveled limited time motif attested 5th century bce greek historian northern europe tales jutland denmark germany similarly account conditions met walking riding points tale iceland features female husband died voyage establishing claim piece land driving young round notes recorded recognized method woman claim land work details possess way sunrise sunset spring day comments sounds like ritual taking land legal requirement like custom men lighting fires taking new land possible women custom linked fertility goddess addition notes zealand fertile region denmark links folk customs recorded 19th century involving northern eastern_europe practices involving period points eastern_europe custom recorded russia women hair clad white assemble drag times village disease western_europe yearly rituals occurring england denmark preparation spring eastern england held monday christmas break gangs young men dragged round taking names states giant sons transformed fitting ceremonies kind finds similar elements parallels non traditions lady lake wales recorded 19th century tale lady brings forth herd cattle water marrying local farmer years later breaks conditions laid result lady returns dwelling beneath lake calls cattle accompany calling version tale lady calls forth gray field miles away responding dragged land produced said clearly visible woman recorded having claimed recall people gathered lake sunday august waiting water indication lady appearance notes supernatural woman linked water land states areas europe traditions exist supernatural women travel countryside examples including western central regions germany traditions upper germany switzerland austria explains frequently said travel countryside way reminiscent journey fertility goddess land pre christian times occasions accompanied host tiny children suggested children died human offspring replaced possibility souls details local tales feature breaking supernatural woman gaining assistance supernatural woman giving wooden chips chips later turn gold concludes idea taking round countryside brought good fortune prosperity gifts goddess fit large framework cult goddess associated fertility land water possible manuscript alteration questions proposed seemingly contradictory description virgin attested having sexual relations marrying john says story absent branch manuscripts work fact reintroduced directly manuscripts suggests author prose original text added later says write possibility exists added story aware association greek goddess diana section took view pagan gods demons adds reference suggest notion sexual activity widespread mentions appear passages line line line line line scholar frank refers passages passages asks oppose earth goddess ancient religion possibility interpretation follows discovery early called female deity occur old english poem times passages highlight new order antagonistic goddess worship light appears elaborate thematic statement poem new order entailed change systems mother stand types earlier tribes hall object struggle monsters symbolize consolidation new social organization northern peoples says passages taken represent mentioned line refers directly sadness described having death confidence conclude poem funeral anglo danish audience word probably translations line realm line waves line ground line race giants scholar richard north old english old norse descend common origin goddess connected sea means giving scholars proposed connection perceived similarities simply aspect white youth accused sleeping god says ample indication represents aspect powerful goddess north figure representing scandinavian myths wife sister fertility god desired gods giants alike acted bounty sexual love men women like greek addition says pointed long ago know little possible identified prose associate realm dead claims given jewel lover traditions fit know parallels drawn proposed exchange found says late composition stereotype carry weight says regardless shouldn identified considered fertility protective meaning giving modern influence appears prominently mother norway sweden denmark page swedish romantic poem poem fountain depicting driving sons pull fountain stands copenhagen denmark island zealand myth family family discovered derive names goddess highest mountain queen land danish land greenland named danish expedition queen land led


sanskrit group seven mother hindu religion head feminine energy consort avatar god called major schools goddess worship followers god devotion usually night according secretive practices buddhist believed origins hindu goddess hindu legends according myth religious texts appear feminine powers bodies gods scriptures created form fights sword battle described myth dance drunk victim blood according episode deals killing demon warrior goddess creates help demon army demon challenges single combat arise different parts divine mother arises praises regent northern direction hymn declared directions instance described riding buffalo says created supreme mother mother promises gods fight demons needed episode described having form fighting demons seated corpse story appears body appears seated god sleeps posterior said represent vice tells different story origin created help kill demon ability like blood associations calls mother emerges means death attribute direct reference god death scripture called described drinking skull cup pal means clearly identified known holds staff rides buffalo attributes described assuming form creator gods context association sanskrit alphabet said govern collection names divine mother calls destroyer demon context identified wife fifth responsible regeneration universe gods charge creation protection destruction dissolution respectively context called detachment soul matter final form salvation believed reside person body described residing person book images study suggests goddess speech described like text mentions forms gods described resemble gods form jewellery mount face usually depicted characteristic face human body black comparable storm cloud scholar informs association woman seen association protect land invaders new rulers rarely described holding earth similar wears conical basket shaped crown depicted standing seated dancing depicted pot breasts depicted slender beautiful belief suggests identified holds universe shown pot theory suggests pot belly reflects maternal aspect describes curious best terrible aspect divine mother notable exception depiction human faced slender sixth century cave cave caves depicted group seven eye crescent moon described forehead armed mention armed form says carries bell tail mention fourth weapon mentions holds bow fourth hand held protection gesture blessing gesture mentions attributes sword iron club description says hair adorned red flowers holds staff drinking skull cup describes attributes skull cup describes seated holding describes holding sword mentions carries sword shield images associated depicted holding attributes lotus describes holding club skull bell water pot describes armed holding staff punishment shield sword hands remaining hands held blessing gesture holds sculpture found depicted dancing depicted holding child sitting lap like depicted depicted armed spiral hair holding fish fish wine cup special characteristics images fish exclusive descriptions vehicle usually described buffalo images depicted standing seated lotus buffalo head lion eagle man images specifically buffalo corpse elephant depicted goddess described riding horse depicted attendant depicted seated tree depicted group seven mothers fifth position row called fifth flanked fierce form elephant headed son wisdom god worship worship temples group worship group seven mothers associated night goddess called dark goddess darkness according sunset sunrise explicitly states time worship middle night worship secretive practices particularly associated worship wine fish grain meat ritual practices observed temple bank worship offered night shrine closed day consider manifestation goddess commander general army tradition status knowledge suggests longevity thirty thirty prescribed worship acquire favour according scholar indicates power texts detailing compare supreme prayers dedicated include blessing destruction enemies composed tamil temples apart temples notable temples chief deity india 9th century temple exists installed rites famous temple associated sends offerings temple centre activities temple bigger temple built near hindu month june july celebrated day festival honour shrine temple temple goddess decorated different types ornaments day moon days considered sacred ancient temple situated district temple village named goddess surname temple located town district idol goddess brought village near idol goddess found digging river area temple located tamil temple goddess commander chief goddess army temple run trust happens temple performs cosmic forms goddess goddess goddess new moon moon temple situated middle lake known form incarnation grandmother goddess usually sacrifice male animals goddess saturdays dedicated countries temple michigan usa new moon night installed temple february installed temple february temple malaysia buddhism buddhist common form buddhist goddess originated hindu known buddhism fierce character wrath invoked destroy enemies head seen right head attached main head common forms head described scriptures represent ignorance according elizabeth english enters buddhist described initially mother located hell converted buddhist assuming face enters attendant goddess form appears faced attendant face effect hindu


sanskrit literally sixth hindu folk goddess protector children especially male child deity vegetation reproduction believed children assist pictured figure riding cat nursing symbolically represented variety forms including pitcher tree red stone beneath tree outdoor spaces termed consecrated worship worship occur sixth day lunar month hindu calendar sixth day child birth barren women conceive mothers seeking ensure protection children worship request aid especially eastern india scholars believe roots traced hindu folk traditions references goddess appear hindu scriptures early 8th 9th century bce associated children hindu war god early references consider foster mother later texts identified consort early texts appears attendant said cause diseases mother child needed sixth day time goddess seen children portrayed figure nursing carrying arms usually depicted yellow golden hymn describing deity describes fair young woman pleasant appearance divine jewellery laying lap cat mount rides older depictions cat faced reference describes bird faced era representations centuries depicted armed headed like significant number coins sculptures inscriptions produced bce picture headed reverse coin headed observe pictured era region surrounded images shown arms heads arranged tiers heads images central head surrounded female heads attached female era figures goddess heads folk worship representation red coloured stone size human head typically placed beneath tree usually found outskirts villages decorated flowers rice offerings commonly represented planting tree small branch soil family home garden common representations goddess include stone water pitcher water arrangement leaves generally set beneath tree evolution references general consensus scholars traces origins like ancient folk traditions course early centuries bce fertility goddess new moon gradually fused folk deity merger created new associated ways known origins folk goddess gradually hindu ultimately came known great mother fifth century text includes list text calls worship mother long standing worship led scholar david gordon white challenge classification folk goddess observing sixth day rural urban people era references depicted closely connected early reference dating 8th 9th century bce relates regarded aspect goddess identified mother called mother 3rd 5th century text describes foster mother protector later texts identified consort including epic daughter god king identified text scripture describes wife 7th century text images said painted wall palace lying chamber queen scriptures folk traditions connect numerous indirect ways finalised 4th century describes relationship infant mothers group female deities children age sixteen identifies account source modern day practice mothers child reaches age sixteen described attendant causing disease furthermore said spirit followers collectively known given epithet association reiterated 5th century text identified sixth form sister deities like occasionally depicted heads form known epithet headed historically associated variety deities second century bce composition identifies goddess wealth beauty describes rite performed sixth lunar day fortnight provide sons cattle treasures corn wishes scripture composed 8th 11th centuries describes daughter texts written years describe daughter creator god addition associated universal female energy said composed aspects typically sixth aspect said time characterisation underwent gradual evolution aforementioned folk traditions originating 10th 5th centuries bce associated goddess positive negative elements fertility birth childhood 4th century bce 5th century shift occurred increasingly depicted deity associated mothers children fifth century text calls epithet steals born provides list activities believed engage including practice stealing children sixth day following birth reason text recommends worship honour day lying room sixth day fortnight eventually came represent forces responsible causing diseases children mothers needed sixth day prevent illnesses consequently came sixth day child life sixth day lunar fortnight called derived goddess composed rule 3rd 5th centuries describes rites sixth day ensure protection newborn baby according explanation worship day folk belief associates critical time infant life great diseases related fever worship performed help ward diseases past years characterisation gradually shifted protective figure 7th century work called mother born author calls meaning having children evolution mirrors similar buddhist goddess characterised early texts course time deities transform children legends chapter entitled texts narrates tale king son mankind wife performed fire sacrifice ritual gain son effort conceive years pregnancy born son delivered set grounds corpse son way saw woman dressed white silk riding heavenly declared daughter wife said foremost mothers power grant children held child hand resurrected infant began leave heavenly taking child stopped goddess praising pleading return son goddess agreed condition initiate worship worlds heaven earth returned child king naming declaring famous great learned ruler decreed sixth day month sixth days occasions child form stone tree image wall folk tale tells youngest seven daughters law prosperous household secretly steal food blame black cat punishment black cat happened mount complained goddess pledged avenge youngest daughter law gave birth son cat stole child night gave goddess sons neighbours accused young mother began believe witch ate children finally daughter born young mother decided remain awake night resolve mystery managed catch cat act robbery wounded cat escaped child leaving trail blood mother followed trail saw sons playing goddess held mother infant daughter arms explained reason mother ordeal told ask pardon cat mother asked cat pardon granted promised goddess offer worship ritual dedicated come known mother returned home children spread worship goddess blessed family children wealth happiness different version tale narrates youngest daughter law pregnant secretly ate food offerings dedicated blamed theft black cat angered mistress accusation theft cat pledged teach young mother lesson version tale cat stole children ate seventh child born mother caught cat fleeing child followed middle chase cat took infant told goddess tale insult goddess annoyed cat rushed aid mother goddess explained reason suffering mother cat forgiveness sworn worship days seven children returned legends appear texts especially section work folk tales describe closely related goddess furthermore appears ally famous folk tale describing activities festival worship widely regarded protector children deity household children childless regarded foremost goddess blessing children earliest sources describe ritual honour second century bce composition written 14th 10th centuries bce describes ritual called rite described performed sixth lunar day fortnight invoked provide sons cattle treasures corn wishes today continues sixth day lunar months hindu calendar sixth day lying chamber birth taken place different form lunar months deities anna north india marriage rites pregnant woman isolated lying chamber cow figure goddess traditionally kept room birth living child considered blessing birth infant early death child considered wrath protect welfare expecting mother invoked sixth day month child reaches especially child sick south india sixth day called sixth day bright fortnight hindu month worship performed house pitcher outdoors natural open space consecrated termed honour women tie stone small branch tree mother ask long life child barren woman goddess aid ritual performed day prescribed performed pregnant women monday tuesday friday saturday month images black cat prepared water pitcher tree branch near nuts leaves fruits offered units north india form tree sacred night sixth day number items placed lying chamber pitcher water covered offerings rice cooked rice pieces gold silver pen paper kept room believed according traditions comes home asleep writes child fortune paper invisible ink sixth day ceremony called sixth known epithet mother cow dressed red cloth paper covered goddess kept lying room new born baby dressed new clothes rings named feast follows ceremony childless people perform ritual worship called effort conceive goddess lying room sixth day 21st day subsequent birthday child reaches age sixteen prescribed sixth day lunar occurring month rites worship occurring bright fortnight month important holds status ritual rites believed childless woman gain offspring mother secure longevity welfare child grace goddess north india women worship sixth lunar day month region women drink water flower tree secure children women observe month ensure longevity children


norse mythology old norse goddess associated goddess appears poem poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century found poetry possibly poetic poem receives mention death god immense battle waged fulfilled second sorrow goes fight wolf slayer bright shall sweet friend fall chapter prose book cited twelfth series sixteen high tells earlier book described king disguise given function protecting people wishes save danger high continues escapes finds refuge chapter mentioned stanza quoted chapter book appears list names poetry frequent women examples include rings velvet arm arm frequently way 10th century poet remains current poetry following centuries employed poets remained frequently woman poetry verse saga phrase fallen occurs editors line accepted reading taken refer earth theories andy orchard says appears adds numerous occurrences poetry poetic women confusion agrees appear poetry known mythological figure 10th century states likely simply misunderstood goddess right reading stanza work says considered defined figures seen female protective responsible specific areas private sphere clear differences ways similar john observes means second sorrow death death


norse mythology old norse possibly meaning goddess associated wisdom old norse sunken bank sunken bench treasure bank god drink cool waves flow attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century scholars proposed theories implications goddess associated location including location connected goddess residence etymology etymology generally held connected old norse meaning mean understood referred poem etymology led theories connecting says etymology raises problems link saga meaning tell likely identification problematic poetic poem presented fourth series describing residences gods poem disguised tells young happily drink golden cups waves poetic poem hero references location found stanza location nes variously translated saga saga cape saga stanza missing editors joined stanza prior mentioned prose books mentioned chapter high tells described king disguise high follows description dwelling second saga big place chapter book present list information provided theories john says similarity open drinking potential basis led scholars understand states words forms respectively purpose composing verse role fertility goddess revealed names imply sic living water recall fertility goddess adds subterranean water alludes hidden roots function manifest character says considered closer defined seen female protective adds responsible specific areas private sphere clear differences ways similar 19th century scholar jacob comments gods share power influence heroes priests wise women notes described place cool waters rush day day drink golden cups liquid cups drink time saga taken wife daughter case identical god poetry greeks daughter hear resemble wise women destiny springs wells cool flood daughters wish saga sage saw tale


norse mythology old norse help mercy goddess associated medical skill attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century poetry including inscription bergen norway scholars sources refer figure debate originally healing goddess addition form goddess compared greek goddess poetic poetic poem presents list attend lady includes states sit hill old norse hill healing healing mountain exchange hero mentioning follows exchange asks figures aid responds correct prose chapter prose book figure high provides brief descriptions high lists says noting extremely good physician chapter prose book appears list names included list chapter poetry inscription poetry frequent women sample construction occurring saga way 10th century poets similarly woman inscription inscribed stick bergen norway year stick records common transaction followed verse displeased edits applied translator notes wise var wire woman meaning wise woman makes sit unhappy woman ground likely gold takes sleep bernard line inscription essentially means women miserable potentially marriage makes miserable second line means women lot sleep remained frequently woman poetry theories seemingly different seemingly conflicting mentions andy orchard says etymology appear fit role goddess servant best consider ability dead john skeptical having belief goddess stating trust imagine existence goddess problematic says originally simply goddess lists servant separate figure comments virtually known outside association healing points singled shape lives children adds satisfactory conclusions drawn considers mentions figure says reference appearance names suggest guardian spirits said shelter save offerings akin protective spirits house guarding men women additionally draws link spirits goddess sits surrounded helpful spirits healing goddess god left little mark norse myths come doubt healing power enormous importance daily life pre christian period women saints christian times goddess presided held possess power life death revered family home courts kings pass sentence death henry adams proposes relationship place translates hill healing notes manuscripts vary spelling place like followed 19th century scholar choice states stanza mentioning implies goddess healing stanza appears according norse compare stanza stanza popular culture portrayed alice marvel studios film dark world imagined physician


according ancient songs form recorded history germans celebrate earth born god assign son author race sons figure remains subject scholarly discussion largely focused connections comparisons figures later particularly norse mythology larger european etymology manuscript corpus contains primary variant readings frequently occurring commonly connected root derivative twice doubled allusions entirely roots roots number concepts words languages instance twist english primary meaning dispute conflict second variant occurring originally manuscript rendered proposed etymology variant connects yielded meaning son interpretation implies son sky god european earth goddess connections proposed 1st century figure later norse mythology attested 13th century sources based functional similarity sees connection strong considers identical possible connection notes essential functional difference portrayed essentially negative figure described celebrated early peoples song reporting negative jacob attempts establish relationship based etymology comparison indian mythology daughter husband said grandfather twins jacob argues assuming connection originally grandfather incidentally indian mythology places mankind son making brother relates ancient songs latin peoples celebrated god born earth ancient greece songs attributed son turn sons offspring referred living near ocean interior remaining parts geographical region respectively theories interpretations report falls tradition classical world fused synthetic succession father son sons parallels occurs non european areas essential characteristics myth ultimately originating european society bce according fact ancient peoples claimed descent earth born god support contention indigenous population latin word sense greek meaning literally born earth earth notes claim judged simple ignorance facts entirely wrong judgement based comparison relatively turbulent mediterranean region day sequence god son famous sons resemblance son sons tradition occurs expansion legend later influence monk named published fragments known pseudo considered claiming records shown fourth son ruler germany following peoples succeeded son second king later historians managed numerous details including assertion james anderson fact biblical son following centuries celebrated mythological founding father german nation forms art mentions work origins german kings princes von daniel von opera von poetry featured joseph martin german friedrich refers early poem written mythological figure form belonging spirit magic era long


maya adaptations hindu epic maya sanskrit shadow duplicate goddess heroine texts abducted demon king instead real consort prince avatar god seized imprisoned rescued undergoes ordeal fire proves accepted versions epic fire god creates maya takes place abducted suffers captivity real hides fire maya real exchange places texts mention maya destroyed flames blessed epic heroine goddess scriptures mention previous birth woman tries maya motif saves chief goddess centric falling prey plot abduction purity similar doubles found tales hindu mythology original plot 5th 4th century bce mention maya princess married prince forced year exile accompanied brother demon king plots aided transforms magical golden deer maya deer exile forest goes deer magical deer gives help voice forces help leaving comes disguised kidnaps grove rescued war doubts undergoes trial fire enters burning declaring faithful let fire harm comes unscathed fire god proof purity accepts returns crowned king queen development maya motif considered important instance addition text maya appears key event story kidnapping replaced abduction maya protected refuge fire god important ideological development centric sect protected versions ones 5th 4th century bce 1st century bce 4th century denotes text genre altogether avoid questioning purity contrast device return maya switch places later versions growing popularity movement 12th century numerous works adopted concept maya bear consort chief goddess centric kidnapped demon suffer imprisonment touch maya concept saves suffering custody acquiring deer instead texts create recognize deer deer motif inspired maya concept maya forces leave aid deer tale maya motif found earlier purity 14th century maya plays greater role plot concept maya illusion integral narrative best examples maya maya deer originated north india influenced south india east india renditions importantly influenced expands narrative knows replacement real maya question text explicitly states destroys maya stigma public shame endure harsh words time knows false accusing saved public humiliation proven moral status protected maya motif versions tale knows impending abduction creates maya versions assert divine status departure portrayal human hero motif appears 6th 14th century 14th century works like dramatic folk enactment legend arrives kidnap creates maya exact double takes place abducted demon taken heaven maya confined death maya enters fire real maya destroyed blaze biography saint alludes tale meets devastated learning mother mother universe supreme goddess fortune stained touch gives food saint consoles saying spiritual form touched demon maya taken away feels better accepts food travels authoritative proof comfort returns manuscript leaving centric replaces knows intentions orders place shadow outside inside live hidden fire year death unite creates form maya enters fire maya seizure unclear pretends maya actually kidnapped death maya face fire declares created bring purpose served true returns inspired similar narrative narrative longer maya explicitly stated destroyed fire portrays creating sacred grass grass maya turns ashes true reappears world popular indian television series reveals maya replaced scene uses flashback exchange narratives similar maya life states comes disguised informs sent gods warn future purpose birth earth abducted lead downfall requests hand substitute maya destruction asked prove entering fire maya replaced real creates maya looks perfectly like original maya switch places disappears real promise replacement remains secret know maya deer consequently kidnapped plan maya vanished fire real comes young maya worried uncertain future questions advise perform heaven result pleased promises grant desired maya transformed practising years repeats times husband born princess husbands heroine born flames fire sacrifice king later common wife brothers princes kingdom text declares previous birth maya woman tries rape cause ruin taken birth ages cycle ages believed repeat maya known appears ages tamil text relates maya birth tries destroy clan seeks protection consoles gives shelter opportunity vengeance going kidnapped hides real refuge time enters fire accompanies public seeing real informs abducted place suffered demands marry refuses citing wife birth promises present final age appear earth born marry unlike sanskrit texts plans thing protect interests 16th century disguised appears kitchen fire volunteers kidnapped place advice hides fire lives protection reunited blessed marry replaces maya temporarily narrates monkey god sent seek eventually succeeds discovering whereabouts meets text attributed devoted uses maya motif raises question interact devotion false takes place maya captivity temporarily meet great divine doubles inspiration influences tale maya told adaptations absent original concept maya appears epic battle son creates maya kills monkey general war tactic spirits army reports news soon realise illusion appears later epic end golden image real sacrifices abandonment questioned subjects maya kidnapped called shadow elements abandoned form real remains unseen husband left traditional place hindu wife 12th century narrates sister seduce exposed 14th century drama appearance real appears tests judges real narrates goddess wife god tries test appearing disguised searching kidnapped wife sees disguise angry action adaptations characters use save tamil text narrates asks husband disguised sage believing granted real time gives accepts real returns sets eyes mother transforms frog image sends wife employ meet needs commits suicide insulted consort later sanskrit text creates burns real goddess assumes form wives seven great love later marries cultures employ save protagonists pain christian traditions suggest simon man instead jesus concept deemed unlike christianity divine doubles accepted hindu greek tales war saga phantom helen kidnapped paris brings great war story parallel story abduction maya


japanese god bliss god schools japanese buddhism generally considered japanese buddhist form hindu elephant headed god wisdom identified known sacred god noble god great noble god god aspects names associated buddhist schools depicted elephant head like single male deity popular aspect dual embracing depicted elephant headed male female human couple standing embrace names names characteristics hindu god known derived epithet popular epithet like obstacles material fortunes prosperity success health addition said evil nature creator dispute leading people immoral ways indicates association good luck fortune generally implied embracing deity icons joy prosperity dual icon called dual bodied god bliss unique feature buddhism called japanese chinese sanskrit depictions represented elephant headed male female pair standing embracing sexual union pair explicit hinted female wears crown monk red male wears black cloth shoulder long trunk short ones reddish brown colour white usually rests feet rests head shoulder variant form called smiling form gaze eyes smiling wears loose wears tight ones single variant embracing looking shoulder suggests couple look shoulders represents unity separate figures contrasting share common intimate embrace indicating non dual stressed sexual like feet feet single depicted male deity figure portrayed elephant headed arms images rarely displayed public depicted male generally armed holding sweet hold sword cup arms folded armed aspect described carrying knife fruit bowl left hands club broken right depicted important generally figures elephant headed carry axe seated lotus sign generally positioned guardians directions serve demons evil central figure great incarnation considered configuration depicted symbolically symbolic called symbols umbrella bow arrow origins texts emerged minor deity japanese buddhist eighth ninth centuries possibly influence founder buddhism hindu icon travelled china incorporated buddhism japan early role like hindu deities buddhism minor guardian twin later emerged independent deity appears numerous japanese guides compiled period includes rituals forms like early chinese texts introduces origin myths deity justify buddhist nature hindu early images arms paintings bronze images dual explicit sexual emerged late period influence buddhism sexual imagery common rare japanese sexual hidden public eye ethics important deity origins dual scholars years concrete evidence inception form found chinese texts related chinese buddhism centred propagated great masters translated chinese monk describes ritual worship dual ritual replicated ritual text describes grants desires protector evil details rituals gain favour dual armed text called text highest learn inner secrets middle read text lowest accompany higher rituals describes rituals gain powers protection gain love rituals described gain material things prosperity sufficient food clothing text especially wine water bliss offering minor text ritual describes written texts dated texts teaches host deities demons followed description ritual dedicated dual found demon followers promise deity grant wishes beings repeat longer version previous text story rituals dual armed form deity rituals gain wisdom destroy foes etc usual list rituals descriptions deity early 8th century text post dating composed associates hindu king dual hindu portrayal legends numerous japanese buddhist tales evil nature early chinese text describes king son identified hindu mother buddhist equivalent father produces children left host evil headed right hosts headed manifestation lord army gods identified hindu god war brother elder brother hindu tradition wife defeat text says wife leading icon dual japanese considered brother legend narrates king ate beef rare started human corpses finally living beings turning great demon king commanded army people prayed took form female filling joy union dual tells consort son named banished heaven evil violent nature beautiful goddess named took form terrible married leading good ways tale narrates evil daughter driven heaven took refuge mount married fellow male resulting dual icon japanese variants legend dual emphasize union male female transforms evil obstacle creator reformed individual worship considered endowed great power regarded protector temples generally actors people business pleasure prescribed ritual texts deity drive away obstacle maker rice wine sake bliss dan offered god japan summit mount important active temple temple believed founded sixth century came 17th century monk temple period bronze image dual centre attraction era osaka merchants especially vegetable oil sellers joined cult success worship business people continue worship sanctuary dual found shops temple central dual icon kept cover called worship worship recorded japanese


mythology old norse possibly old high german goddess norse mythology described wearing golden band tending box owned goddess addition secrets attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century poetry attested horse cure recorded anonymously 10th century old high german assists healing wounded referred sister scholars proposed theories implications goddess poetic prose introduction poetic poem makes husband god human patrons sends servant maid warn king patron actually disguise visit meets gives warning advises means detecting prose chapter prose book high provides brief descriptions high lists fifth stating like goddess virgin wears hair flowing freely gold band head high describes carries looks secrets chapter high details death deity couple god return underworld location ruler location tells way allow leave deed accomplished allow send gifts living sends ring sends gifts gifts sent specific item high mentions finger ring chapter prose book listed attend evening drinking banquet held chapter poetic ways refer given referring queen chapter poetic expressions gold given includes chapter work cited references golden falling sun gold plain forehead receives final mention prose chapter appears list names horse cure horse cure recorded old high german mentions describes rode wood foot sang sister sang sang sister sang finally sang followed verse describing healing bone charm reads went forest horse foot sang sister sang sister sang bone blood limb bone bone blood blood limb limb theories andy orchard comments appearance intriguing mother wife deceased sends gifts john says point association fertility comments notes sends golden ring prove plays role myth merely shows associated gold gold says appears poetry early 10th century likely late plenty likely identical adds unclear actually says independent deity simply identical goddess john knight says theories proposed time aspect result notion resulted theory similar situation existed figures understood aspects entirely separate figures states represent important early times north little remembered time collecting material hand notes possible aspects single great goddess calls vague uncertain figures emerging odd references noted poets suggest possibility time generations represented fertility harvest scandinavia spelled identified sound stand image events ceremonial force known appearing special goddess mother popular culture new_zealand comedy drama played eve gordon


greek known greek mother greek mythology transformed tree having intercourse father gave birth tree tale semitic roots uncertain myth emerged likely cyprus myth details relationship father falls love father tricks sexual intercourse discovering identity draws sword pursues flees months turns gods help pity transform tree plant form gives birth according legend tree tears familiar form myth recounted story subject famous work lost poet alternate versions appeared major variations depicting father king depicting having engineered tragic liaison critical interpretation myth considered refusal conventional sexual relations provoked ensuing transformation tree punishment suggested taboo marks difference culture nature version showed translation english poet john interpreted critique society day linking mary james post classical times widespread influence western culture mentioned divine comedy inspiration alluded mary play character named appeared critics interpreted symbol dream romantic love myth tales tales english poet hughes art father illustrated german tree french bernard italian painter french chose depict hell series divine comedy music appeared pieces inspiration species scientific names origin etymology myth closely linked son easier trace form word meaning lord believed cult known greeks sixth century came know contact cyprus time cult noted book jerusalem originally god fertility representing spirit vegetation speculated avatar version likely lack clarity concerning called father originated cyprus greeks encountered myth clear greeks added story recorded classical scholars centuries girl linked precious ancient world medicine modern english word old english derives latin synonymous latin words tree substance latin originated ancient greek ultimately word semitic origin roots arabic hebrew meaning bitter referring plant word greek form bible referenced desirable mentioned alongside usually expensive old testament passages refer song solomon according scholars dates tenth century hebrew oral tradition captivity 6th century referenced seven times making song solomon passage old testament referring erotic overtones new testament substance famously associated birth christ presented gifts gold myth version published influential poems latin writers showed interested questioning laws interfered people lives writing epic tales like homer odyssey narrated characters inside stories myth sung tenth book told myth turns tale venus myth longest tale sung lines story corresponds announced theme girls punished forbidden desire considered centerpiece song opens myth warning audience myth great horror especially fathers daughters story going tell horrible daughters fathers hold sing find songs let refuse believe tale suppose happened believe happen believe punishment followed according daughter king queen cyprus stated blame love father comments father crime love greater crime blamed verses depicts psychic struggle faces sexual desire father social shame face acting losing hope attempted suicide discovered nurse nurse tried suppress later agreed help father bed promised try kill festival women including mother touched men nights nurse told girl deeply love giving false affair lasted nights complete darkness conceal identity wanted know identity bringing lamp seeing daughter king attempted kill spot escaped walked exile months past fields reached afraid death tired life pregnant gods solution transformed tree thereof representing tears later freed newborn tree versions myth chronicled works scholars recounted versions differ written 1st century tells possible states arrived cyprus followers founded married eventually king cyprus family children boys daughters daughters point victims wrath intercourse foreigners ultimately dying egypt second possible quotes child phoenix statement option quotes states king daughter called failed honor wrath goddess fall love father aid nurse nights identity discovered fled father later caught prayed gods invisible prompting turn tree named months later tree cracked born written states king daughter wife daughter named mother boasted child excelled venus beauty angered venus punished mother fall love father nurse prevented committing suicide helped engage father sexual intercourse pregnant hid woods shame venus girl fate changing tree born written 2nd 3rd century myth set near mount lebanon king son daughter named great beauty sought men far wide devised tricks order delay parents day choose husband driven mad desire father want anybody hid desires eventually telling nurse secret true feelings told king girl wanted lie secret affair lasted extended period time pregnant point desired know hid light room discovering identity entered shock gave birth prematurely child raised hands said prayer heard took pity turned tree killed wish child brought named interpretation myth interpreted ways transformation version interpreted punishment breaking social rules relationship father like fell love brother transformed rendered making unable break taboo thematically linked story lot daughters live father isolated cave mother dead decide lot mind wine seduce order family alive nancy miller comments myths lot daughters sanctioned reproductive necessity lacks consequences story socially recognized narrative cases lot daughters daughter father covert configurations mother son sibling permit agency father daughter daughter displays sexual desire father appears interpreted developing girl woman course story beginning virgin refusing way denying normally dedicated goddess strikes desire love father woman grip lust marriage father mother set obstacle love forbidden laws divine way daughter father illustrates extreme version union persons social norms laws strictly held apart james richard argued taboo fundamental society building theories shown version myth girl desire humanity father animals bar union transformed tree interpreted influenced character child woman tree split person ancient greece word mean lover likewise drops human lover essay nature allows jealous laws literary critic mary doll compares love male protagonists annie book mountain love father doll suggests main concerns civilization use images nature similar natural comes love subject writing love doll states work love taboo arises need power control widespread instance roman empire practice elite young girls lovers girls young daughters practice considered normal natural relationship girl daughter age unnatural love father doll stating animals mate father daughter problems way express nature father daughter relationship unnatural human society doll concludes nature follows laws thing natural law distances steps story tell story story characters sing second tells audience believe story quote version rome home town far away land story took place cyprus doll writes audience listening begin telling story describing father relationship doll compares mating occurs complete darkness knows identity tree read doll metaphor tree secret effect doll notes idea natural imagination think commenting analysis myth stating suggests father lust universal human experience doll notes stories work like metaphors meant insight human doll states moments people experience moments like father lust unconscious means natural growing grow concludes version use sex power tool blind acceptance sexual male power cultural norm newspaper guardian named relationship father depicted stories love complimented myth disturbing relationships depicted cultural impact literature earliest recordings play inspired myth jews written roman jewish historian tragedy entitled mentioned main character slain daughter great deal fictitious blood shed details given plot play appears divine comedy poem sees soul punished eighth circle hell tenth ditch suffer diseases madness suffering tenth indicates sin diana interprets symbolism sin unnatural unlawful forced abandon human society simultaneously loses identity madness hell prevents basic communication social order life shown familiarity myth prior letter emperor henry vii wrote april compares florence wicked embrace father metaphor claire interprets referring way florence tries seduce pope away henry vii pope father implied city way rejects true husband emperor poem venus written william_shakespeare venus refers mother 34th stanza venus ignoring approaches heart says mother borne hard mind brought forth thee died shakespeare makes subtle reference later venus picks flower crops stalk breach appears green dropping compares tears suggested plant compared tears parallel tears drops tree work shakespeare suggested reference act scene main character compares tree constant stream tears tears reference justified way draws inspiration book like previously written poem venus tragedy written inspired story play falls love father married prince decides leaves altar ending mental breakdown father infuriated prince killed owning loves grabs sword horror kills written mary contains similarities myth mentions left father baby birth causes death mother meet father returns sixteen years later tells love refuses commits suicide chapter makes direct allusion thought best essay entitled knew shame knew desire notes subtle reference spends night father arrival woods returns home morning trees seemingly attempt encompass suggests trees seen parallel tragedy george gordon published produced set king play deals revolt extravagant king relationship favourite slave appear head armies winning successive battles way eventually defeated beaten man persuaded place funeral subsequently leap burning alive play interpreted autobiography alter ego wife anne isabella mistress abstract level desire freedom driving feel trapped bound incarnation dream romantic love knew story mythical directly familiar essay problem dare imitate susan phrases interprets relation play myth play import complicated association means referring red escaped entirely especially story poses potential nightmare sympathy son object mother myth tales english poet hughes work tales work praised directly translating instead retelling story language fresh new audience today texts contemporary audience hughes complimented achievements humour horror describing flood respectively work received critical acclaim winning book year award adapted stage starring american poet frank wrote desire retelling myth presented case critic hammer notes worst possible desire story shows sex lead people destroy comments precious bitter tears changed tastes bitter sweet like desire writes desire makes long story submission kind characters come feel john translation english poet john published translations myths homer volume ancient modern literary critic anthony lee notes essay translation interpreted subtle comment political scene late seventeenth century england translation myth appeared suggested critique political settlement followed glorious revolution wife leader revolution william orange mary daughter james mary william crowned king queen england deeply sympathetic james lost public offices fell political new reign turned translation infused translations political satire response myth translations opening lines poem describes king man father lee suggests direct parallel james counted daughter mary betrayed position describing act uses monster metaphor lines suggested aimed william iii invaded england netherlands presence describes curse punishment according lee little convention parliament indicted lee suggests critiques convention parliament acted constituted legal authority finally daughter mary described civilization greatest sin disrupting natural line succession breaking natural divine statutes resulted fundamental social confusion father bed lee sees parallel mary ascending james throne daughters occupied place belonged fathers reading translation myth comment political scene states lee partly justified characterization historian julian events revolution monarch god representative chosen benefit people men choice divine order inevitable price chaos music music subject band piece john philip wrote titled finished prix rome competition competition required candidates jumped series academic entering final compose prescribed text best musical piece jury praised work melodic charm sincerity dramatic sentiment musical critic andrew writing guardian commented failures winning competition repeated failure win prix rome prize young composers france turn 20th century musical folklore italian composer opera entitled drew legend music inspired richard suffering final showdown father daughter critics commented making impact remains ambitious composition music tended eclectic uneven showed technical enterprise recently created choral orchestration written performed hall stated idea came asked american composers orchestra write love themed concert concert inspired myth includes excerpts volume music dream memory events shaped fate described art illustrated artists time frankfurt german bilingual translation published featuring renowned german illustration depicts father fleeing london latin english edition published translated samuel plates french bernard illustration entitled birth featured tree delivering surrounded women french series illustrations divine comedy depiction showing eighth circle hell italian baroque painter depicted tree delivering birth painting included art exhibition captured emotions baroque painting paul museum center los_angeles california lasted december normally painting exhibited dresden english dresden state art collections germany english old masters picture gallery artist chin created sculpture based illustration divine comedy sculpture titled post industrial world depicted nude woman sitting rectangular pedestal outdoor project park skin sculpture steel inside visible skeleton finished sculpture feet tall science insects scientific names reference myth genus beetles spot club butterfly native india rare species butterfly named found mount south eastern turkey synonym species known married total united_kingdom natural history museum lists butterflies bitter yellow reddish brown obtained small flowering trees genus tree family latin main varieties produced arabian species similar produces grows large measuring kilometres named discovered named january nice mythical inspired son given classical names like naming minor planets standard custom time discovered general opinion numbers instead lead unnecessary confusion


female avatar hindu god portrayed lovers leading doom introduced hindu mythology narrative epic appears form pot demons gives gods helping retain different legends tell exploits marriages including union tales relate things birth god destruction ash demon main trick encounters indian culture mainly western india temples devoted depicted consort regional avatar etymology comes root meaning literally means culture central india word means erotic magic spell implied essence female beauty legends history earliest reference type goddess appears episode 5th century bce hindu epic produced ocean milk fight possession wise plan assumes form uses trick giving god tries drink sun god moon god quickly inform uses divine leaving head immortal body regarded bodies assume destiny major hindu epic 4th century bce narrates story briefly chapter tale recounted centuries later original text referred simply female form later versions described maya illusion later avatar original phrase describing deliberate false appearance legend popular revised expanded texts tales increased circles regions expanded version story recounted 10th century formal avatar legend simply meditation great goddess form trick slayer demons active history destruction demons hindu texts defeats ash demon god performing severe pleased grants power turn ashes touching head demon decides try power runs terrified witnessing unfortunate turn events transforms taken asks marry agrees condition follows dance course dance places hand head action turn reduces ashes legend buddhist text slight variation tale assumes female form female asks promise leave placing hand head usual practice swear head reduced ashes similar legend related birth demon earns power turn ashes tale mirrors aspects buddhist version tale forced severe fidelity keeping hand head burnt prelude thai version demon killed divine weapon given armed attacks moments demon accuses foul play saying attacked birth born armed demon mortal man called fight defeat lesser known tale wise king rewarded magical crown sun god crown shields harm steals crown demon unprotected killed legend demon associates krishna god demon virtually invincible laid eyes woman extreme krishna takes form beautiful marries days marriage bonds broken krishna kills battle consider krishna deity relationship demons maya female form wishes agrees reveals form runs shame robbed good sense abandoned wife looks overcome love desire god love desire seed escapes falls ground creating silver gold comes true form reveals maya power surpassed power south indian text story giving importance goddess wishes form fears burned ashes like goddess grants half beauty form touches seed indicating loss merit gained wandering sage tells form demons dismisses wife home asks form actual transformation goddess place stands gorgeous overcome lust chases hangs head shame grabs hand runs finally grabs violent leads discharge seed falls short goal suggesting act seed falls ground god great born disappears returns home identified primarily regional deities tamil identified classical hindu gods later story origin gives birth abandon shame legend highlights protests notes born thigh real variant says instead biological origin sprang embracing referred son grows great hero tale says destruction wishes looks union resulting birth narrates birth identified text tells tale wife power male form legend begins request agreement form assumed distribution falls love proposes union declines saying union sex women informs forms union resulted birth dark boy red locks named known enchanted follows drops falls ground symbols generates monkey god helps avatar fight says mere glimpse seed seed collected poured ear gave birth incarnation thai malaysian version strings seed considered combined son buddhist version tale continues asking female seated swing marry asks permission wife home returns consent find female pregnant sends permission bring pregnant woman home returns child born female pregnant requests seek approval bring pregnant woman child home happens times finally brings witness woman returns male form youngest children merging headed eldest named eldest brother remains intact identified plays lesser role legend joins teach lesson arrogant group performing rituals forest start consider gods humble takes form attractive young wife fall women wildly chase regain senses perform black magic sacrifice produces lion elephant tiger dwarf dances dwarf takes form cosmic dancer legend tamil variation legend told related temple dedicated legend says embracing love struck led merging body moment resulting composite deity right body left male form temple near exceptions deity depicted similar composite form right body male left female image female represents union influence traditions ones led development composite images like identified consort like narrative saint identifies female counterpart legends tells hero tamil god married self sacrifice agrees victim sacrifice battlefield ensure victory father sacrificed goddess asks krishna guide married sacrifice right offerings buried found folk fulfill wish cult myth krishna turns marries spends night sacrifice death breaking beating breasts returns original form krishna legend marriage krishna female form krishna sacrifice forms central theme eighteen day annual festival tamil month april marriage ceremony enacted play role krishna cultural interpretations according disguise demon sexual transformation legend maya stories knows true nature interpreted suggest gender sexual attraction writes interpret union homosexual traditional agree interpretation writes focusing miss narrative deeper significance represents material aspect reality attempt induce taking interest matters power demon tried hurt form woman killed attempt interpretation tale suggests maya supernatural beings nature existence beings rounds deaths life independent existence exists temporary absorbed serving purpose legend union written desire common child cosmic worship fifth day dressed grand procession family goddess western southern india including chief temple temples exist states hands carrying sword severed head drinking bowl stands man demon tiger lion blood severed head south identify slayer told called consort local incarnation consort chief temple temple located armed goddess identified depicted arms accompanying horse standing central icon temple discovered buried underground king 11th century represents male icon female world female figure tells flower hair fell fall telugu chased customs ceremonies important dramatic role mythical works south indian drama like son popular dance honored independent dance form named goddess dance meant exclusively women ideal example erotic form origins form unknown popularized 1850s later banned loose women attract customers ban lifted seen renewal legends depicted dances including modern performed area district tale known dance performed occasions especially fair held temple