steel steel iron elements primarily carbon widely construction applications high strength low cost steel base metal iron able forms forms body centered cubic face centered cubic depending temperature interaction elements primarily carbon gives steel cast iron range unique properties body centred cubic arrangement iron centre cube face centred cubic center faces cube carbon elements iron act agents prevent movement occur crystal iron carbon typical steel contribute weight varying elements presence steel elements precipitated phases movement iron comparatively weak controls qualities strength resulting steel steel strength compared pure iron possible expense iron iron excess steel produced thousands years extensive use began efficient production methods devised 17th century production steel steel invention process mid-19th century new era mass produced steel began followed martin process thomas process refined quality steel introductions mild steel replaced wrought iron process basic oxygen largely replaced earlier methods lowering cost production increasing quality product today steel common materials world billion tons produced annually major component buildings infrastructure tools ships automobiles machines weapons modern steel generally identified grades defined standards organizations definitions related materials steel originates steel related standing firm carbon content steel weight plain iron carbon values vary depending elements iron carbon basically steel iron carbon undergo reaction contrast cast iron undergo reaction little carbon content leaves pure iron soft weak carbon contents higher steel commonly called pig iron iron carbon called carbon steel steel steel elements intentionally added modify characteristics steel common elements include additional elements important steel traces oxygen nitrogen copper frequently considered undesirable higher carbon content depending element content possibly processing known cast iron cast iron hot formed casting lower melting point steel good properties certain compositions cast iron retaining economies melting casting heat treated casting iron iron objects steel distinguishable wrought iron largely obsolete contain small carbon large amounts material properties iron commonly found earth crust form ore usually iron etc iron extracted iron ore removing oxygen combination preferred chemical partner carbon lost atmosphere carbon dioxide process known applied metals lower melting points tin copper combination bronze liquid comparison cast iron small quantities iron ancient times solid state heating ore fire hammer care carbon content controlled moving fire temperatures reached ancient methods bronze age rate iron increases rapidly important place low oxygen environment unlike copper tin liquid solid iron carbon readily carbon reduce iron results pig iron retains carbon called steel excess carbon removed subsequent step materials added iron carbon mixture produce steel desired properties steel add strength form iron carbon solution stable increases melting temperature increases making prone metal fatigue added steel hard forms metal surface known steel formation allowing form slower rates resulting high speed steel hand nitrogen steel commonly found elements removed steel melt processing density steel varies based constituents usually ranges narrow range concentrations carbon iron steel number different structures different properties form understanding properties essential making quality steel room temperature stable form pure iron body centered cubic structure called alpha iron iron fairly soft metal dissolve small concentration carbon inclusion carbon alpha iron called pure iron transforms face centered cubic structure called gamma iron iron inclusion carbon gamma iron called structure dissolve considerably carbon times carbon reflects upper carbon content steel cast iron carbon moves solution iron forms hard material called exactly carbon known steel cooled phase mixture attempts revert phase carbon longer fits structure resulting excess carbon way carbon leave solution leaving surrounding phase iron called able hold carbon solution simultaneously producing layered structure called named resemblance mother pearl composition greater carbon carbon large grain boundaries composition left structure forms carbon form remaining composition point structure form large form boundaries assumes cooling process slow allowing time carbon migrate rate cooling increased carbon time migrate form grain boundaries increasingly large amounts finer finer structure grains widely dispersed acts prevent slip defects grains resulting steel high cooling rates produced carbon time migrate locked face center forms highly strained stressed form carbon iron hard depending carbon content phase takes different forms carbon takes crystal form higher carbon content takes body centered structure thermal activation energy transformation change generally retain neighbors lower density expands transformation results change volume case expansion occurs internal stresses expansion generally form compression crystals tension remaining fair shear constituents internal stresses cause cause internal work microscopic common cracks form steel water visible heat treatment types heat treating processes available steel common heat treatment effective compositions compositions steel heat treatment process heating steel sufficiently high temperature relieve local internal stresses create general product locally strains stresses locked material process goes phases recovery grain growth temperature required particular steel depends type achieved constituents involves heating steel phase water oil rapid cooling results hard structure steel tempered specialized type reduce application process transforms reduces internal stresses defects result fracture resistant steel steel production iron ore contains carbon desirable steel reduce carbon correct point elements added past steel facilities cast raw cast iron product stored use processes resulted finished product modern facilities initial product close final composition continuously cast long cut shaped bars heat treated produce final product today small fraction cast approximately steel continuously cast produced heated pit hot rolled hot cold rolled sheet metal plates hot cold rolled bars rods wire hot cold rolled structural steel beams rails modern steel mills processes occur assembly line ore coming finished steel products coming steel final rolling heat treated strength relatively rare history ancient steel steel known antiquity possibly produced earliest known production steel pieces excavated archaeological site nearly years old dating identifies steel weapons like peninsula steel roman military reputation iron south india steel rest world grew considerably south indian mediterranean sources including alexander great 3rd presentation export greeks talents worth steel metal production sites sri_lanka employed wind driven monsoon winds capable producing high carbon steel large scale steel production carbon sources plant occurred sixth century pioneering precursor modern steel production chinese states period hardened steel chinese han dynasty created steel melting wrought iron cast iron gaining ultimate product carbon intermediate steel 1st century people east africa invented type carbon steel nearly years ago east african steel suggested richard date steel damascus steel evidence earliest production high carbon steel indian found tamil area area areas sri_lanka came known steel produced south india sixth century exported globally steel technology existed prior region mentioned literature tamil arabic latin finest steel world exported romans egyptian chinese arab worlds time called iron tamil trade guild south east sri_lanka brought oldest iron steel artifacts production processes island classical period chinese locals sri_lanka adopted production methods creating steel dynasty south india 5th century sri_lanka early steel making method employed unique wind driven monsoon winds capable producing high carbon steel technology acquired south india origin steel technology india estimated known damascus steel famous ability hold edge originally created number different materials including trace elements apparently ultimately writings steel old technology india king presented steel sword emperor alexander essentially complicated iron main component recent studies suggested carbon included structure explain legendary qualities given technology time qualities produced chance design natural wind soil containing iron heated use wood ancient managed extract ton steel tons soil remarkable feat time found archaeologists able produce steel steel formed slowly heating cooling pure iron carbon typically form produced 9th 10th century 11th century evidence production steel song china techniques method produced inferior steel precursor modern process partial repeated cold blast modern 17th century step european steel production iron ore pig iron blast originally employing modern methods use proven economical processes starting bar iron processes pig iron refined fined forge produce bar iron steel making production steel process described treatise published prague use similar process case armour files described book published naples process introduced england produce steel sir raw material process bars iron 17th century realized best steel came iron region north stockholm sweden usual raw material source 19th century long process steel steel melted having forged result previous reach high temperatures melt steel early modern steel industry resulted invention benjamin steel melted cast usually processes starting pig iron modern era began introduction henry process raw material pig iron method let produce steel large quantities mild steel came purposes wrought iron thomas process basic process improvement process lining basic material remove 19th century process martin process complemented process consisted melting bar iron steel scrap pig iron methods steel production rendered obsolete process basic oxygen developed 1950s oxygen steel making methods basic oxygen superior previous methods oxygen pumped limited primarily nitrogen previously entered air today electric arc common method scrap metal create new steel converting pig iron steel use lot electrical energy metric ton generally economical plentiful supply cheap electricity steel industry common today talk iron steel industry single entity historically separate products steel industry considered indicator economic progress critical role played steel overall economic development number fell economic boom china india caused massive increase demand steel recent years world steel demand increased indian chinese steel firms risen prominence steel bought group shanghai group corporation group world largest steel producer british geological survey stated china steel producer world share japan russia followed respectively steel began trading london metal exchange end steel industry faced sharp led cut backs world steel industry peaked year spent billion build modern mills world alabama rio_de_janeiro brazil worldwide great recession starting sharply lowered demand new construction prices fell lost billion new plants sold steel cost production recycling steel world recycled materials recycling rate globally united_states metric tons long tons recycled year overall recycling rate contemporary steel carbon modern varying combinations metals fulfill purposes carbon steel composed simply iron carbon accounts steel production low steel elements usually amounts weight improve thick sections high strength low steel small additions usually weight elements typically provide additional strength modest price increase recent corporate average fuel economy cafe regulations given rise new variety steel known advanced high strength steel material strong vehicle structures maintain current safety levels material commercially available grades dual phase steel heat treated contain produce high strength steel transformation induced trip steel involves special heat treatments stabilize amounts room temperature normally free low applying strain undergoes phase transition addition heat induced steel uses specific type strain increase effectiveness work carbon hot dip protection contain minimum combined resist magnetic resistant abbreviated modern include tool large amounts elements maximize solution allows use precipitation improves temperature resistance tool steel generally axes drills devices need sharp long lasting cutting edge special purpose include weather acquiring stable surface painted steel elements unlike steel contains little carbon creates strong steel steel uses combination dozen different elements varying amounts create relatively low cost steel use bunker weapons steel sir robert steel contains strain form incredibly hard skin wearing examples include tank tracks blade edges cutting blades jaws life breakthrough creating strong light aluminium steel suitable applications aircraft announced researchers university science technology adding small amounts found result precipitation particles compounds previously resulted weakness result cheap strong light steel nearly strong percent cost slated trial production industrial scale korean standards commonly steel categorized grades standards organizations example society automotive engineers series grades defining types steel american society testing materials separate set standards define steel commonly structural steel united_states uses iron steel widely construction roads railways infrastructure buildings large modern structures bridges airports supported steel skeleton concrete structure employ steel reinforcing addition sees widespread use major cars despite growth usage aluminium main material car bodies steel variety construction materials bolts nails screws household products cooking common applications include mining offshore construction white goods washing machines heavy equipment office furniture steel wool tools armour form personal vehicle armour better known rolled armour role historical introduction process modern production techniques steel expensive cheaper alternative existed particularly cutting edge knives swords items hard sharp edge needed springs including watches advent production methods steel easier obtain cheaper replaced wrought iron multitude purposes availability 20th century allowed materials replace steel applications lower cost weight carbon fiber replacing steel cost applications aircraft sports equipment high end automobiles long steel reinforcing bars reinforced concrete railroad tracks structural steel modern buildings bridges wires input applications flat carbon steel major magnetic inside outside body automobiles trains ships steel containers outdoor sculptures architecture train cars steel rulers surgical instruments watches guns rail passenger vehicles trash cans low background steel steel manufactured world war contaminated nuclear weapons testing low background steel steel manufactured prior certain radiation sensitive applications radiation


debate molecular debate molecular public dispute conceptual basis molecular richard recipient nobel prize chemistry discovery dispute feasibility constructing molecular molecular machines assemble molecular materials devices manipulating individual molecules concept molecular central conception molecular argued fundamental physical principles prevent possible traded accusations conception harmful public perception field threatened continued public support research debate carried series published articles open letters began article scientific american followed published later year open letters early debate concluded late point feature chemical engineering news parties participated debate cited history fame participants commentary technical social aspects widely criticized tone accusing publicly work accusing failing understand basic science causing commentators far characterize tone debate similar match reminiscent saturday night live sketch participants generally considered written scholarly paper topic key figure concepts publications advocacy work trained engineer inspired obscure talk physicist richard called plenty room physically possible manipulate individual engineering inspired recent advances molecular biology dna technology publication proceedings national academy sciences considered journal article argued biological systems capable building molecules artificial machines capability constructed went publish books engines creation intended public technical work founded institute public interest group devoted increasing public awareness information molecular vision called molecular based concept molecular molecular machine manufacture molecules molecular devices drew distinction wet based biological systems second generation dry based control molecules principles related mechanical engineering followers focused exclusively form molecular stated valid pathways creating molecular machine systems richard richard chemist rice university best known form carbon known harry robert james heath sean brien discovered class molecules known includes carbon study application forms significant fields awarded nobel prize chemistry discovery taken prominent public policy role relation outspoken advocate develop solutions world energy health problems example raising possibility efficient energy storage transmission developing based drugs targeted drug delivery active academic research carbon having founded carbon inc serving scientific advisory board died october conclusion debate debate scientific american article wrote article chemistry love september issue popular science magazine scientific american special issue topic opened comparing chemical reaction intricate dance boy girl fall love said chemistry good common use word chemistry human relations comes close subtlety actually happens mundane molecules chemical reaction molecules bonds form usually complex dance involving motion multiple dimensions chemistry good molecules react produce exact product required referenced idea molecular capable manipulating individual build desired product posing question long produce meaningful material estimated working millions years produce mole material self minute produce large ensemble capable producing mole product fraction discussed fear reproduce indefinitely causing grey scenario referring bill joy previous article future doesn need develop intelligence alive sense considered realistic concept self noted chemical reaction chemical bonds placement sensitive position vicinity asserted molecular control simultaneously order work arms led raise objections concept molecular calls fat fingers problem sticky fingers problem fingers arm certain size isn room size reaction region accommodate fingers necessary complete control chemistry hands adhere moved impossible release building block precisely right spot problems fundamental avoided self mechanical simply possible world closed article returning analogy chemistry dance love remarking don girl boy fall love pushing response responded publishing later institute molecular manufacturing authored including robert hall authors discussed fat fingers argument attacking notion chemical reaction involve stating reactions involve attached single finger cited evidence experimental theoretical results indicating scanning microscope tips related technologies structure control interaction surface bound molecules noted precise final products require precise control aspects chemical reaction authors noted sticky fingers problem valid reactions argue conclude reactions problem authors forth example natural molecular machine suffers problem fundamental saying biological molecular suffers fat finger sticky finger problem argues problems fundamental prevent development mechanical biological class molecular structures known proteins synthesized techniques expect classes molecular structures synthesized techniques authors questioned figures time instead figure atomic placement frequency point suggested frequency thousand times slower higher frequency authors called straw man argument writing scientific discussion orders magnitude proposed literature criticized suggests best inadequate grasp proposal authors closed stating best way find molecular feasible experimental theoretical work worthy molecular systems engineering challenges overcome far credible argument devices followed open letters april july april letter began written open letter correct public work accused continuing dismiss work publicly describing molecular requiring calls fingers stated unlike like systems actually proposed asserted fingers raised concern research community fingers solve problems appear proposals reliance straw man attack lead thoughtful observer suspect identified valid criticism work thank compared debate importance discussions theoretical work nuclear chemistry manhattan_project disputed arguments fear grey scenario hinder continued funding research arguing potential long term risks research important conclusion stated arguments confused public discussion genuine long term security concerns july letter referenced note promising respond gone mentions inconsistencies previous public statements construction ended stating raise issue question ultimately achieve fundamental issue field today shapes basic objectives expectations words remarkably effective changing issue perceived exchange letters chemical engineering news debate concluded point feature december cover story chemical engineering news american chemical society feature reproduced april open letter response began offense september article caused stating book engines creation triggered interest agreed fingers work asserted reasons atomic control reactions manipulation larger building blocks multiple need controlled agreed like capable precise chemistry asked able obtain control repair noted reactions water based biological systems stating biology vast diversity build crystal steel copper aluminum virtually key materials modern technology built asked kind chemistry molecular operate calling vast area chemistry centuries began returning talk stating inspired biology vision fundamentally mechanical biological characterized challenges systems engineering solely chemistry referred vision mechanical control chemical reactions reliance thermal motion stated control naturally avoids reactions preventing unwanted encounters potential transition state theory indicates suitably chosen control enable synthetic steps frequencies reliability digital switching operations computer supporting analysis conclusion appears decade scientific scrutiny reiterated molecular require impossible fingers augment solution phase chemistry produce products precise arrangements chemical building blocks solution phase molecular construction sophisticated concluded writing progress molecular manufacturing dangerous illusion hope agree actual physical principles molecular manufacturing sound unlike notions widespread press correctly rejected invite join augment today research systems engineering effort aimed achieving grand vision articulated richard began concluding letter walked room led talk real chemistry mechanical world sorry ended like moment thought making progress appear understand impact short piece scientific american like boy girl fall love simply pushing precise chemistry occur desired molecular objects simple mechanical motion degrees freedom fixed frame reference chemistry like love subtle stated belief reactions simply wrong product reactions target molecules likely compatible approach asserted robotic arm need like tool end require liquid medium known use water medium range products limited meat bone biology accused creating pretend world want computer program directs lastly recounted recent experience reading essays written middle high school students outreach visit saying nearly half thought self possible worried results spreading world called deeply story best concluded letter people scared children don expect stop hope chemical community join turning light showing children future real world challenging real risks monster self mechanical dreams critical response tone debate widely criticized tone david hype truth buzz characterized people talking reasonable quoted blogger journalist howard saying tenor debate personal pride reputation place founder james von remarked didn favors getting match nobel prize winner article new_york_times called debate reminiscent old saturday night live sketch dan jane insults ostensibly debating political issue referring version long running weekend update segment technical commentary debate received technical criticism edwards pioneers noted ambiguity specifications definition molecular makes evaluation argument difficult scientific implications remarked contain blueprint molecular told instance arm involve told concludes debate far huge participants mainly entertaining academic diversion hand ray book near declared winner debate view distorted ideas calling responses short specific current research long metaphors asserting ignoring past decade research alternative means positioning molecular fragments precisely guided molecular reactions extensively studied quoted experimental results function solutions pointed modern non biological technology computers exceeded capabilities natural biological systems noted earlier critics expressed skepticism worldwide communication networks software spread feasible today obtaining far gain harm latest example promise commentary public perception debate focus public perception received commentary political blogger stated business community afraid advanced worse discussions potentially implications lead public fears way bringing products market lawrence criticized scientific establishment represented arguing called dangerous relegated summer sci movies forgotten labor day work continue supported billion dollar funding example stem cell research wrote approach public denied benefits risks molecular

Drexler–Smalley debate on molecular nanotechnology


video game stylized space combat video game developed games created early history video games initially designed steve russell collaboration martin wayne programmed russell assistance including bob steve newly installed digital equipment corporation massachusetts institute technology initial creation expanded students employees universities area including dan edwards peter spread dozen primarily academic installations computer making known video game played multiple computer installations game features needle wedge engaged maneuvering gravity star ships controlled human players ship limited fuel maneuvering limited number torpedoes ships follow physics remaining motion player accelerating ships destroyed hit torpedo star flying near star provide gravity assist player time player engage feature new random location screen use increasing chance destroying ship instead game initially controlled switches bob built early reduce difficulty controlling game extremely popular small programming community 1960s widely ported computer systems time recreated modern programming languages directly inspired electronic games commercial arcade games galaxy game computer space later games named list important video games time formed start game canon library congress background 1950s computer games created context academic computer programming research demonstrations computing power especially introduction later decade smaller faster computers programs created run real time opposed executed programs showcase power computer ran intended entertainment products generally created undergraduate graduate students university employees massachusetts institute technology mit allowed occasion develop programs experimental computer interactive graphical games created community programmers students university employees affiliated tech model railroad club led peter bob games included toe light pen play simple game crosses computer mouse maze light pen set maze walls virtual mouse traverse fall digital equipment corporation installed room mit electrical engineering department complement older arrival group students university employees ideas programs demonstrate new computer capabilities compelling way steve russell employee harvard_university research assistant mit martin research assistant student mit wayne research assistant harvard employee student mit referring collaboration institute living building street cambridge massachusetts came idea brand new steve russell told rolling_stone interview somebody built little pattern generating programs interesting patterns like good demonstration display sorts good things started talking interesting displays decided probably dimensional maneuvering sort thing decided naturally obvious thing gameplay gameplay involves called needle wedge controlled player attempting shoot maneuvering dimensional plane gravity star set backdrop ships fire torpedoes affected pull star ships limited number torpedoes limited supply fuel player fires torpedoes fired time switch computer pressing button control pad period launches ships follow physics remaining motion player accelerating ships rotate constant rate player controls ships attempt shoot ship avoiding collision star flying near star provide gravity assist player risk trajectory falling star ship moves past edge screen reappears effect feature panic button ditch means evade enemy torpedoes moving player ship location screen disappearing seconds occurs random location increasing probability ship exploding use player controls include clockwise rotation forward thrust firing torpedoes initially controlled panel test switches switches player proved awkward use wore quickly normal gameplay causing players accidentally flip computer control power switches location switches left player display limited space computer left disadvantage alleviate problems created detached control device essentially early switch turning left right forward thrust torpedo launch button button silent opposing player warning player attempting fire torpedo period development fall ideas program russell finished reading series smith thought stories good basis program heroes strong tendency pursued villain galaxy way problem pursued sort action thing suggested glowing descriptions spaceship encounters space fleet maneuvers influences cited fellow programmer martin include smith novels japanese pulp fiction movies months installation programming community mit focused simpler programs work create software computer community heard concept understood russell development members community began feel time right start work game russell nicknamed tendency began providing start programming game lack function routine needed spacecraft prompted informed routine written drove pick tape containing code slammed russell asked russell later explaining looked didn find excuse settle started writing code december game developed meet russell developed creating program functioned equally entertainment experience players demonstration spectators use computer resources possible consistently interesting run different entertaining game took russell assistance programmers including bob steve including called united_states_army reserve man hours write version weeks develop basic game russell program dot january early operational game february designed evoke spaceship rogers stories rocket early version contained randomly generated background initially added russell blank background difficult tell relative motion slow speeds programming community area including institute developed later termed ethic programs freely shared modified programmers collaborative environment concern ownership copyright led group effort elaborate russell initial game consequently lack realism annoyed member peter wrote program based real star charts slowly night sky including star band fifth magnitude displayed relative program called expensive referring high price computer compared analog series expensive programs like expensive quickly incorporated game march russell served primary version game initial version game include central star gravity feature written mit graduate student member dan edwards respectively add elements strategy initially shooter game pure initial version function limited jumps carried risk save possibly entering game dangerous position later versions removed limit added increasing risk destroying ship instead moving additionally development period created game game multiplayer game computer resources left handle controlling ship similarly proposed additions game refined explosion display destruction spaceship having torpedoes affected gravity abandoned computer resources handle smoothly running game added features changes essentially complete late april russell programmers shifted focus developing game preparing mit science open house group added time limit larger second screen viewers demonstration month presented paper game real time capability meeting digital equipment computer users society demonstration success game proved popular mit laboratory hosted soon banned play lunch working hours beginning summer continuing years members programming community mit including russell institute members began spread schools employers stanford_university spread game universities institutions computer result video game available outside single research institute decade programmers institutions began variants including features allowing ships players replacing feature device space mines person perspective version played screens pilot view cockpit installations replicated according second hand account heard russell working reportedly smoke test technicians new systems shipping available program exercised aspect hardware game widespread era limited direct reach priced sold monitor remainder secure military locations research free computer time prevented original reaching narrow academic audience legacy extremely popular small programming community 1960s widely recreated computers time migrating early systems 1970s early computer scientist noted game spontaneously graphics display connected computer recalled game initially spread found research computer majority spread took place years initial development game early anecdotes players game variants handful locations primarily near mit stanford computers hooked monitors capable playing began allowing game began reach wider audience influence later video game designers estimated computers monitors dozen time majority game variants created computer systems later systems game known programming community rolling_stone sponsored olympics possibly video game tournament early 1970s migrated large computer systems commercial setting formed basis coin operated video games playing stanford college student hugh remarked coin operated version game successful high price prevented game feasible bill created prototype coin operated computer game galaxy game time second prototype coin operated game based computer space developed commercially sold arcade video game widely available video game kind felt computer space poor imitation game superior adaptation players believed games upgraded variants magazine published assembly language version ran based graphical display table dimensional variant written tiny basic modern game computers emulated version original game based original source code publicly available martin running available play internet working known exist kept computer history museum mountain view california demonstrations machine held include playing addition galaxy game computer space numerous games directly inspired include network computers space wars arcade space war additionally designer elements button shape player ship products late computer game star control drew direct inspiration russell quoted saying aspect game pleased number programmers inspired write games feeling restricted russell code design march new_york_times reported named list important video games time called game canon proposed archived library congress library congress took video game preservation proposal began games list


computing built united_kingdom festival britain early computer custom built play computer game games developed early history video games foot computer designed john bennett built engineer stuart williams allowed exhibition attendees play game artificial intelligence player pressed buttons raised panel corresponding lights machine select moves moved calculations represented lights speed calculations slowed allow presenter demonstrate exactly computer lights showing state calculations intended demonstrate computer design programming skills entertain festival attendees interested playing game logic initial exhibition shown weeks october berlin industrial dismantled game running candidate video games computer games sort visual display game appeared years invention ray tube amusement device earliest known interactive electronic game use electronic display year brain computer similar played toe canadian national exhibition use screen real time visual graphics moving graphics meet definitions video game development summer united_kingdom held festival britain national exhibition held promote british contribution science technology industrial design architecture arts commemorate centenary great exhibition british engineering firm nascent computer developer promised develop exhibit festival late john bennett australian employee firm recent phd graduate university_of_cambridge proposed company create computer play game players turns removing object set objects goal player removes object gameplay options modeled bennett suggestion supposedly inspired earlier playing machine displayed new_york world fair machine designed edward constructed electric weighed ton bennett suggestion game goal computer ability mathematical calculations based mathematical principles showcase computer design programming skills entertain began work building computer december engineer stuart williams adapting design bennett working machine development completed april resulting device feet wide feet deep feet tall majority volume taken vacuum tubes displayed state game actual computer taking percent total volume machine took form large box panels lights raised stand buttons corresponding lights turn represented objects player remove player sit stand press buttons moves panel lights showed state game showed computer calculations computer set calculations speeds slowing describe exactly computer real time visual guide attached explained computer turn showing possible game states represented lights signs stating player turn won light appropriate gameplay presentation computer presented festival digital computer advertised faster thought electronic brain exclusively played game moves players seated raised stand sitting stand computer play traditional reverse form game short sold visitors explaining computers worked worked advertising developments explained use game demonstrate power machine mean meant entertainment compared mathematical modeling economics countries players festival included computer science pioneer intended technology demonstration festival britain interested playing game programming engineering logic bennett claimed public happy flashing lights impressed bbc radio journalist paul claimed festival attendees came reaching tremendous gray festival showcased weeks october berlin industrial drew crowds including west_germany economics minister served purpose dismantled intended entertainment product followed future games continued work designing general purpose computers created years invention ray tube amusement device earliest known interactive electronic game year similar purpose built game playing machine brain computer based game feature visual display sort considered definitions video games possibly second definitions vary prior ray tube amusement device purely analog electrical game feature electronic screen game running computer software based toe game program christopher programmed year later computer games display visuals electronic screen light


ray tube amusement device ray tube amusement device earliest known interactive electronic game device artillery shell targets ray tube screen controlled player adjusting change trajectory beam spot display order reach plastic targets screen thomas ray constructed game analog electronics filed patent issued following year gaming device manufactured marketed public effect future video game industry definitions device considered video game electronic display run computing device despite relevance early history video games generally considered candidate title video game gameplay ray tube amusement device consists ray tube connected set switches device uses purely analog electronics use digital computer memory device execute program projects spot display screen traces arc screen switch activated player beam spot represents trajectory artillery shell screen transparent plastic targets representing objects end spot trajectory beam resulting spot expanding represents shell exploding detonated time goal game beam bounds target prior beam spot beginning arc player turn control direct beam spot trajectory adjust delay shell burst machine set fire shell regular interval player gives player goal hitting targets shell burst time limit player recommended trajectory far removed straight line require increased skill care history ray tube amusement device invented thomas ray pair worked television designer laboratories specializing development ray tubes electronic signal project signal television screens received physics university focus design time device invention director research laboratories new_jersey inspired radar displays world war worked war patent device filed january issued december patent electronic game laboratories device manufactured original prototype institute electrical electronics engineers historian alex speculated prototype intent basis future production designed device demonstration kind commercial opportunities pursue work games invention device promoted vice president left split sold firms professor physics university kept device brought interview fellow physics professor bill recalled demonstrating game despite game graphical display ray tube amusement device generally considered definitions candidate video game purely analog hardware run computing device loose definitions consider video game usually disqualified device manufactured earliest known interactive electronic game incorporate electronic display making forerunner games early history video games device manufactured widely shown directly inspire games impact future video game industry


brain brain early computer game games developed early history video games built toronto canadian national exhibition meter tall computer allowed exhibition attendees play game toe artificial intelligence player entered lit form grid game played grid lights overhead machine difficulty level weeks display rogers majestic machine end exhibition largely forgotten curiosity built game showcase tube miniature version vacuum tube overtook computer development shortly patent issues prevented tube computers longer useful brain candidate video game potentially computer game sort visual display game appeared years invention ray tube amusement device earliest known interactive electronic game use electronic display use screen real time visual graphics moving graphics meet definitions video game history brain computer game toe built canadian national exhibition previously worked rogers majestic designing building radar tubes world war war pursued graduate studies computing center university toronto continuing work rogers majestic helped build university toronto electronic computer working computers world designed miniature version vacuum tube called tube registered radio electronics television manufacturers association march type filing patent tube rogers majestic pushed create device showcase tube potential buyers designed specialized computer incorporating technology built assistance engineers rogers majestic large meter tall metal computer play toe installed engineering building canadian national exhibition august september based computer labeled brain subtitled electronic wonder rogers majestic success week exhibition attendees lining play stayed machine possible adjusting difficulty adults children comedian photographed defeating machine attempts life magazine gameplay brain game toe player select position grid lit buttons raised panel moves appear grid large squares set vertically machine buttons shaped light turning corresponding space computer shortly pair signs right alternately lit electronic brain human brain marked player turn light win player won set difficulty levels computer responded instantly player moves highest difficulty level legacy exhibition dismantled largely forgotten novelty said working projects time energy spare preserving despite significance despite implemented computer game preceded chess programs featured life magazine article game largely forgotten video game history books primary purpose promote tube went completed application technology time rogers majestic pushed develop working model exhibition working tubes year developing revisions university toronto team felt development slow attempt integrate firms expressed interest rogers majestic tubes issues acquiring patents prevented rogers majestic university toronto tubes outside canada patent application accepted united_states march years filing research use vacuum tubes heavily face rise superior preventing similar machines went distinguished career canadian engineering return working vacuum tubes computer games created years invention ray tube amusement device earliest known interactive electronic game non visual games developed research computers chess program mark university manchester computer based game feature visual display sort considered definitions contention title video game definitions vary prior ray tube amusement device purely analog electrical game feature electronic screen run computer special purpose computer based game built software based toe game program christopher computer games display visuals electronic screen light


video game created alexander douglas electronic delay storage automatic computer game crosses called toe games developed early history video games douglas programmed game thesis human computer interaction university_of_cambridge stored program computers memory read written small ray tube screens display state memory douglas screen demonstrate portraying information user state crosses game game served purpose discarded game christopher completed time earliest known games display visuals electronic screen definitions qualify video game definitions exclude lack moving real time graphics history electronic delay storage automatic computer built university_of_cambridge mathematical laboratory ran program remained use july stored program computers memory read written filled entire room included dot matrix ray tubes display state computer memory thesis human computer interaction alexander douglas doctoral candidate mathematics university screens portray information user chose displaying current state game douglas simulate game crosses called toe display state game screen like early video games serving douglas purpose game discarded douglas game crosses appeared simulation file created computer historian martin campbell kelly creating simulation decades later time completed christopher expanded program originally written ported mark showed state game display program earliest known games display visuals electronic screen unclear games displayed ran computing device graphical display considered definitions contender video game lack moving graphics graphics update continuously interaction game played user artificially intelligent opponent play perfect game player entered input telephone controller selecting squares board wished appear screen computer follow game display updated game state changed available general public played university_of_cambridge mathematical laboratory special permission moved computer game intended academic research purposes


space travel video game space travel early video game developed thompson travel solar system player flies ship dimensional scale model solar system objectives attempt land planets player turn ship adjust overall speed adjusting scale simulation ship affected single strongest pull astronomical bodies game developed bell rise commercial video game industry early history video games ported operating system operating system computer computer game thompson developed operating system later formed core operating system space travel spread bell effect future games leaving primary legacy original push development gameplay space travel simulation video game presented dimensional view graphics consisting white lines black background player controls spaceship flies representation solar system game specific objectives attempt land planets system planets solar system represented scale size distance simplified circles land body player ship cross line representing surface moving low speed player able control ship forwards backwards turn ship moves constant level acceleration relative scale screen player control scaling screen high allows player travel solar system seconds risk target unable find solar system scaling allows player moving slowly land ship center screen facing turning ship right left solar system ship instead planet moon mass pull affect single strongest pull affects player ship results odd behavior example effect mars stronger moon means player attempting land needs allow ship fall moon surface close center pull dominant force point ship landed surface planet moon current strongest pull displayed screen players able edit program change conditions popular variations original players increasing gravity level difficulty adjustment coordinate display system ship staying center screen planets moving relative current dominant planet screen ship moving relative development programmer thompson worked bell operating system work developed space travel computer bell pulled project adapted code program run operating system present thompson bell employees dennis played game system computer run interactive batch model meaning computer attached central computer terminal program jobs submitted queue resulting long game worked jobs company tracked computer usage internally cost system meaning game cost internal balance sheet play game run system additionally system required user type commands press buttons resulting ship difficult control wanting find better solution thompson initially petitioned bell purchase computer purposes writing new operating system turned bell spending money operating system project previous thompson learned neighboring department older little purpose thompson began game new system decided base code existing software computer instead write result implemented base code libraries programs use including packages graphics initial coded assembly language system assembled output physically punched tapes carried inserted thompson wrote avoid process game ran slowly new machine causing thompson branch design file system based ideas dennis rooted experience file system ran space travel legacy time space travel fully ported thompson expanded software suite basic operating system way unable project operating system designed spread users company formed core named operating system space travel early games developed rise commercial video game industry early history video games distributed initial locations result effect future video games primary legacy sparking creation


tennis tennis sports video game developed game tennis games developed early history video games american physicist william designed game display national laboratory annual public exhibition learning government research institution model analog computer simulate wind resistance designed game displayed played custom aluminum controllers hours technician robert dvorak built weeks game visuals representation tennis court viewed players adjust angle shots controller try hit ball net pressing button game popular day exhibition players lining game especially high school students shown following year larger screen complicated design simulate different gravity levels dismantled largely forgotten late 1970s testified court game lawsuits video game patents celebrated earliest video games original device definitions tennis considered video game include technological innovations prior games computer game created purely entertainment product academic research commercial technology promotion development american physicist william worked national laboratory new_york head instrumentation division bachelor degree physics williams college previously worked technician physics department university unsuccessfully pursuing phd served head electronics division manhattan_project began working focused researching peaceful uses atomic power year government research facility held exhibition public day high school students college students general public exhibition largely consisted tours static displays attempts making displays action exhibition decided interactive display entertain visitors reading instruction manual computers model analog computer learned computer missile bouncing ball wind resistance decided use ability form foundation game later recalled intentions place game people play convey message scientific endeavors relevance society designed game display path simulated ball tennis court viewed attached computer calculated path ball reversed path hit ground game simulated ball hitting net achieve high arc changes velocity drag air resistance aluminum controllers attached computer consisting button pressing button hit ball turning controlled angle shot originally considered having second control velocity shot decided controller complicated device designed hours help colleague dave potter assembled weeks help technician robert dvorak based vacuum tubes circuits display graphics beginning replace vacuum tubes electronics industry excluding controller game approximately took space microwave oven presentation tennis shown october game rendered horizontal line representing tennis court short vertical line center representing tennis net player press button controller send ball point light net hit net reach court fly bounds second player hit ball controller bounced ground hundreds visitors lined play new game debut claimed later high liked best couldn pull away game popularity upgraded version shown following year enhancements including larger screen different levels simulated gravity players set game simulate gravity levels moon referred game tennis attached version titled computer tennis exhibition game dismantled components uses legacy dismantled tennis largely forgotten remained virtually unknown late 1970s early 1980s called testify court cases defendants sued video game patents having discovered game lawyers defense unsuccessfully attempted game declared prior art patents television video games resulting attention given nearly year old game possibly video game received attention subject articles creative computing video replay highlighting possible status video game editor creative computing david played tennis dubbed grandfather video games felt game obvious extension model bouncing ball program worthy large legacy preferred remembered post world war nuclear work team recreated game 50th anniversary reconstruction took months partially parts readily available recreation displayed celebration 50th anniversary original game replica implemented analog computer solid state operational devices instead vacuum tubes original model replaced restored model analog computer brook university founded william game studies collection dedicated documenting material culture screen based game media collecting preserving texts artifacts document history work early game national laboratory scientist william invented interactive analog computer game tennis tennis considered definitions video game candidates stronger technological standpoint include ray tube amusement device earliest known interactive electronic game run computing device brain earliest known game run computer display game christopher earliest digital computer games display visuals electronic screen tennis contained technological developments separate earlier games distinction earliest known computer game visuals created purely entertainment purposes prior games created primarily academic research purposes demonstrate computing power underlying machine exception non computer based ray tube amusement device makes tennis video game definitions philosophical viewpoint technical distinctive moment early history video games


text based strategy video game land resource management developed developed digital equipment corporation game rise commercial video game industry early history video games computer game fellow employee richard newly invented focal programming language game consists rounds player ancient king manages grain spend crops round feeding people purchasing additional land dealing random variations crop yields game possibly inspired game depth text based economic simulation intended children multiple versions game created focal languages david released basic computer games book games written basic programming language million selling computer book included version game expanded version game titled quickly prominent version popularity book programming language influenced later strategy simulation games city building genre gameplay text based strategy video game centered resource management player identified text ancient king enters numbers response questions posed game resources player manage people acres land grain managed course rounds represents year person farm set land produces grain grain turn feed people die following round planted following year crop player buy sell land neighbors turn exchange grain round begins adviser stating report current status city including prior year harvest change population followed series questions grain spend land seeds feeding people game variations driven random numbers price land randomly decided round acre generated round randomly decided random amounts eaten rats new people come city year random amounts year presents possibility plague reducing population half game ends rounds earlier entire population city dies percent people single round end game added version game compares player historical rulers heavy handed performance development digital equipment corporation employee richard invented focal programming language early program language fellow employee developed game programming game erroneously attributed program catalog digital equipment computer users society lists original developer game originally described simulation program game run minimal system economy city year simulated fashion modern day business game business games text based business management simulation games management game business schools university different business economic simulation games use graphical capabilities employee william developed business simulation called game board cooperative educational services northern county new_york known game inspired prior game depth text based economic simulation intended children developed consultation ancient middle_east history experts multiple versions game created catalog additionally lists french language version version language catalog adds james howard modification king game additional features french version game despite listed french described translation original game translation game version game released employee david written version game basic programming language unlike focal basic run computers personal computers termed making popular language published basic computer games best selling book games written basic edition million selling computer book included version game expanded version renamed added end game performance popularity book programming language meant version game widely known version relatively obscure original evidenced french focal version considering prominent basic computer games noted game modification game written focal listed author unknown edition book noted game intended correct spelling king dropped file fit character limit consistently inside game leading generally accepted game legacy addition multiple versions simulation games created expansions core game include kingdom lee expanded include king james santa george blank santa added concept city building management basic structure making city building genre early strategy game held status forerunner economic simulation games creation complicated descendants late critics described games similar systems terms similar


queen land queen land norwegian land million square kilometre million region antarctica claimed dependent territory norway territory lies west east british territory west australian territory east maps area queen land borders south pole june norway formally annexed area positioned east antarctica territory comprises fifth total area antarctica claim named queen norway norwegian person known set foot territory january territory claimed norway nazi_germany claimed new consisted queen land june queen land treaty system making zone claims norway peter island polar affairs department norwegian ministry justice public security oslo territory covered ice sheet tall ice wall stretches coast areas ice sheet mountain ranges breach ice allowing birds breed growth limited flora region divided princess martha coast princess coast princess coast prince coast prince coast waters coast called king vii sea permanent population active research stations housing maximum average scientists numbers fluctuating depending season occupied year round remainder seasonal summer stations main intercontinental flights corresponding cape_town south_africa airfield near norwegian research station runway russian station geography queen land extends boundary coats land west boundary land east divided princess martha coast princess coast princess coast prince coast prince coast territory estimated cover square kilometres limits claim forth fix northern southern limits mainland beach antarctica land lies beach sea sea extends coast limits queen land generally called king vii sea ice free land coast coast consists metre high wall ice entire territory possible ship places kilometres coast rocky peaks pierce ice cap mean height metres sea level highest point metres feet mountains major mountain ranges range mountains mountains mountains ground queen land dominated formed creation mountains consist rocks formed pan african assembly western parts territory younger volcanic rocks research thickness ice revealed ice coast similar norway greenland deep islands history early activity queen land antarctica sighted january von explored required aircraft combination ships undertake systematic exploration early norwegian research activities antarctica rested entirely sealing expeditions funded ship owners particularly son norwegian expeditions carried sealing ships primarily sent exploring sealing possibilities performed scientific research norwegian expeditions mounted decades 20th century plateau claimed norway king vii plateau expedition reach south pole december mapped circular territory comprising plateau south pole including land latitude roughly area claimed british king edward vii plateau conflict norwegian claim claim officially claimed norwegian government queen land initially applied january land discovered finn expedition named norwegian queen wales wife reigning king vii territory explored expedition season total ships norwegian worked coast queen land season discovered prince coast princess martha coast princess coast air captain discovered princess coast independently time years later expedition flew discovered prince coast negotiations british government resulted western border queen land set norway claim disputed germany dispatched german expedition led alfred fly possible ship reached pack ice antarctica january expedition area square kilometres photographed air dropped inscribed kilometres germany eventually attempted claim territory surveyed new lost claim land following defeat second world war january days prior german arrival queen land annexed norway royal decree announced land bordering islands west australian east brought norwegian sovereignty primary bases annexation norwegian need secure norwegian industry access region scientific operations basis norwegian contributions international polar science extending late 19th century norway addition forced contend competing claims united_kingdom countries years prior norwegian claim including new threat german claims queen land norwegian claim referred sector drawing previously annexed island vast areas queen land photographed richard expedition norway united_kingdom agreed limit queen land bruce coast coats land incorporated norwegian territory later developments norwegian british swedish expedition international scientific expedition antarctica expedition established winter quarters base called mapped western queen land international year year round stations established queen land norway soviet_union belgium japan norwegian expedition continued mapping started geological research norway norway station lent south_africa following withdrawal norwegian expedition south_africa later built station near defunct norway station soviet_union later russia maintained continual operations moved station station japan based station hiatus years belgium closed station mounted limited operations cooperation netherlands united_states established temporary plateau station newly created norwegian polar institute assigned administration norwegian territories arctic including queen land norway sent major expeditions territory 1940s 1950s efforts declined june queen land subject norwegian sovereignty treaty officially came force june norwegian activity 1960s limited minor expeditions united_states gradually picked following larger expedition western queen land eastern sea norwegian polar institute founded polar affairs department norwegian ministry justice police headquartered oslo assigned administration norwegian polar areas including queen land norwegian polar institute ministry environment expedition mountains including tallest norway established summer station minister environment norwegian minister visit queen land soon allocated funds expand station upgraded year round station centenary norway independence guests minister foreign affairs jan minister environment officially opened queen norway queen visit antarctica prime minister accompanied officials scientists reporters norwegian prime minister visit queen land personally named mountains station based chose sleep outdoors tent bed inside said purposes visit claim norway possessions antarctica learn climate research said key better understanding global climate change king world reigning monarch visit antarctica went queen land legal status like territorial claims antarctica norwegian claim queen land claim peter island subject treaty system treaty makes clear antarctica peaceful purposes assures freedom scientific activity promotes international scientific cooperation nuclear related activities territorial claims treaty claims effectively suspended long treaty force norway australia france new_zealand united_kingdom mutually recognised claims antarctica norwegian administration queen land controlled polar affairs department ministry justice police located oslo annexation territory regulated act march queen land added june establishes norwegian criminal law private law procedural law applies territory addition laws explicitly state valid territory furthermore establishes land belongs state prohibits nuclear storage nuclear waste norwegian law required norwegian activity antarctica follow international environmental law antarctica norwegian citizens plan activities queen land report norwegian polar institute prohibit non activity visit queen land follow laws protection nature treatment waste pollution insurance search rescue operations fauna flora types birds snow queen land south polar lives sea ice year exception breeding season antarctica november february moves inland mountains square kilometre area ice free cliffs princess coast called mountain hosts antarctica largest known inland colony breeding million pairs snow south polar breed area snow generally spread smaller colonies mountainous areas queen land breeding season south polar feeds exclusively eggs young adult birds species emperor breeding places concentrated queen land true seals seal leopard seal seal ross seal found king vii sea queen land ross seal notably found greatest numbers king vii sea areas flora limited algae flowering plants found norwegian polar institute registered occurrence threatened rare plants animals queen land known ones existing healthy populations research stations queen land currently home research stations norwegian stations russia station south_africa swedish finnish german station iii station japanese station dome station belgium princess base stations connected land air network project cooperative agreement transportation nations research stations east antarctica long range aircraft fly cape_town south_africa airfield located research station runway station main airfields smaller aircraft fly destinations norway station serves major hub network airfield research include air atmospheric measurements monitoring greenhouse gases bird colonies meteorological climate research norwegian station established researching birds breeding colony mountain activities conducted russia station include environmental monitoring mapping meteorological observations biology observations geology south_africa station successor stations completed research include invasion biology ecology geology atmospheric sciences facilities include small hospital helicopter hangar swedish station finnish station base cooperate research logistics research carried includes mapping human biology meteorological observations geology german station iii finished succeeded stations buried snow ice conducts meteorological research air chemistry measurements atmospheric monitoring germany station opened major ice drilling project station succeeded station india base research focus geology study india antarctica belonged includes low temperature engineering research relevant conditions station japan main research station antarctica vast array research conducted including upper atmosphere physics mapping geology marine terrestrial biology medical research japan station dome station opened major ice project mainly studies climate change conducts deep drilling atmospheric observations belgium princess base established project promote polar sciences demonstrate possibility building zero station research conducted international team scientists studying


tiger woods tiger woods born december american professional successful time highest paid athletes world years following outstanding amateur year college golf career woods turned professional age late summer april won major masters record breaking performance winning tournament strokes reached number position world rankings june 2000s woods dominant force golf spending weeks august september weeks june october world number december early april woods took leave professional golf focus marriage admitted infidelity wife eventually divorced revealed different women worldwide media sources followed loss golf form ranking gradually fell low november ended career high streak weeks captured world challenge december winning arnold march ascended ranking holding spot woods surgery april september struggled regain dominant form march woods fallen outside time week prior tour title win woods dropped world time professional career woods broken numerous golf records world number consecutive weeks greatest total number weeks awarded player year record times nelson award lowest adjusted scoring average record times record leading money list different seasons won professional major golf championships second highest player jack leads tour events second time sam wins career major wins career tour wins active youngest player achieve career grand slam youngest fastest win tournaments tour additionally woods second achieved career grand slam times woods won world golf championships won events years began woods win silver medal gold medal open championship background family woods born california earl woods born child marriage half brothers earl born kevin born half sister born year marriage earl woods wife barbara woods gray née originally thailand earl met tour duty mixed thai chinese dutch ancestry making asian american earl retired lieutenant colonel vietnam war veteran african american traces european descent earl grandmother blonde saw earl mother carter light skin suggest possible native american chinese ancestry tiger refers ethnic coined black american indian asian woods coined mother began earl ended middle traditional thai nicknamed tiger honor father friend col known tiger woods niece woods played wake forest university golf team turned professional making pro debut championship early life amateur golf career woods grew orange county california child introduced golf age athletic father earl single figure handicap amateur earliest african american college baseball players kansas state university tiger comedian bob hope television appearance mike douglas age shot holes navy course age appeared golf digest abc incredible turning seven tiger won age section drive pitch competition held navy golf course california age won boys event youngest age group available junior world golf championships broke age went win junior world championships times including consecutive wins woods father earl wrote tiger defeated age years earl trying best earl lost tiger time woods broke regulation golf course age woods major national junior tournament big years old woods paired pro john relatively unknown final round event format placed professional group qualified holes beat woods stroke young teenager woods met jack los_angeles air country club performing clinic club members woods impressed crowd skills potential earl woods researched detail career accomplishments set young son goals breaking records attending western high school anaheim age woods youngest junior amateur champion record stood broken jim named southern_california amateur player year second consecutive year golf digest junior amateur player year defended title junior amateur championship multiple winner competed tour event los_angeles open missed hole cut named golf digest amateur player year golf world player year national amateur year following year woods won consecutive junior amateur championship remains event time winner florida youngest winner amateur championship record held broken lee member american team trophy world amateur golf team championships winning walker cup losing woods graduated western high school age voted likely succeed graduating class starred high school golf team coach don woods overcame difficulties boy known wrote letter boy contemplated suicide woods wrote know like different fit child talk dog sit listen fell asleep took class years help finally learned stop college golf career woods recruited heavily college golf powers chose stanford_university ncaa division champions enrolled stanford fall golf scholarship winning collegiate event 40th annual william tucker september selected major economics nicknamed college teammate iii successfully defended amateur title newport country club rhode_island voted player year ncaa team american stanford male freshman year award encompasses sports age woods participated tour major masters tournament tied 41st amateur cut age win consecutive amateur titles won ncaa individual golf championship winning silver medal leading amateur open championship tied record amateur aggregate score left college years turned professional woods moved california stating state tax rate professional career woods professional august immediately signed deals ranked lucrative endorsement contracts golf history time woods named sports_illustrated year tour rookie year april won major masters tournament youngest winner months later set record fastest ascent official world golf rankings lackluster woods finished season wins including championship feat achieved woods achieved consecutive wins longest winning streak ben open broke tied tournament records sports_illustrated called greatest performance golf history woods won tournament stroke margin earned check age youngest achieve career grand slam end woods won tour events entered broken record lowest scoring average tour history named sports_illustrated year athlete honored twice ranked golf digest magazine twelfth best time woods victory masters tournament player hold major professional golf titles time calendar year following stellar woods continued dominate tour woods career hit slump win major september overtook woods official world golf rankings ending woods record streak weeks woods rebounded winning official tour money events spot july forth half year woods began winning tournaments failing capture fifth masters championship april following death father woods took week hiatus tour appeared return open missing cut winged foot quickly returned form ended year winning consecutive tour events season close wins majors wins woods broken tour records total wins total majors wins seasons woods continued april underwent knee surgery missed months tour woods returned open struggled day ultimately claimed dramatic victory said guy things normal stretch imagination kenny perry added beat everybody leg days later woods announced miss remainder season knee surgery knee severely damaged previously revealed prompting greater praise open performance woods called greatest championship woods absence ratings remainder season suffered huge decline woods anticipated return performed including spectacular performance presidents cup failed win major year marital came light received massive media coverage end details woods announced december taking indefinite break competitive golf february delivered televised apology behavior period companies ended endorsement deals woods woods returned competition april masters tournament finished tie fourth place followed masters poor hollow championship players championship withdrew fourth round citing injury shortly afterward hank woods coach resigned position replaced august sean rest season went badly woods failed win single event time turning professional finishing season ranked world woods performance continued suffer taking toll ranking falling march rebounded strong showing masters tournament tied fourth place leg injuries incurred masters missed summer events july fired longtime steve williams replacing temporarily friend bell returning tournament play august woods continued ranking gradually fell low rose mid november place finish australian open broke streak victory december world challenge woods began season tournaments golf championship beach national pro started struggled final rounds following match play championship knocked second round missing foot woods revised putting technique tied second classic lowest final round score tour career short time leg injury woods won arnold win tour championship september following dismal performances woods tour win memorial tournament june tying jack second place tour victories month later woods surpassed win national trail sam wins bring return woods dominating play won farmers insurance open january shots 75th tour win seventh time won event march won championship seventh time giving 17th title weeks later won arnold winning event record tying 8th time win moved world rankings commemorate achievement quick launch tagline winning takes care april woods disqualification masters tournament claims took illegal drop shot 15th hole bounced pin water review woods assessed stroke penalty drop disqualified finished event woods won players championship second career win event fourth win season quickest gotten wins season professional career woods poor showing open result elbow injury sustained players championship finishing recorded worst score professional finished strokes winner rose prolonged break injury missed classic national returned open championship despite contention week beginning final round lee struggled speed manage par left tied 6th place strokes eventual winner weeks later woods returned form recording 5th win season 8th win event year history second round matched record score tour easily short missed closing holes gave seven stroke lead held rest tournament woods contend championship oak hill country club come short winning major 5th season majors slow start woods injured classic unable finish withdrawing holes final round citing pain subsequently competed championship visibly pain round forced skip arnold end march april announced miss masters tournament time undergoing woods returned loans national june stated expectations week low struggle nearly aspect game miss cut played open championship contested woods won years prior woods fired brilliant round contention shot friday eventually finish despite pain played championship failed cut august woods swing coach sean parted ways years won times majors previously won majors woods said currently find replacement swing coach february woods withdrew farmers insurance open injury woods stated website unrelated previous surgery taking break golf healed returned masters tournament finishing tie 17th final round woods injured wrist club hit tree root later stated bone wrist adjusted place finished round woods missed cut open open championship time woods missed cut consecutive majors finishing near times finished tied 18th loans national august late august woods played championship finishing tournament strokes winner tied 10th place woods offered brief comment speculation recovering surgery saying hip offering late march woods announced miss masters tournament recovering surgery took place september missed masters problem absolutely making progress happy far come explained statement return competitive golf attend masters champions dinner april honors august california governor arnold lady maria announced woods inducted california hall_of_fame inducted december california museum history women arts sacramento named athlete decade associated_press december named associated_press male athlete year record tying times person named sports_illustrated year record breaking win masters tournament golf increased popularity commonly attributed woods presence credited sources dramatically increasing prize money golf generating interest new tournament audiences drawing largest ratings golf history endorsements decade professional career woods world athlete shortly 21st birthday began signing endorsement deals numerous companies including general motors general mills american express inc signed year million contract extension largest endorsing deal signed athlete time woods endorsement credited playing significant role taking golf brand start golf company earlier past decade leading golf company world major player equipment golf ball market golf fastest growing brands sport estimated million sales woods described ultimate golf frequently seen wearing gear tournaments advertisements products woods receives percentage sales golf golf equipment golf balls building named headquarters campus oregon woods involved aspect launch rendezvous company spokesman stated happy value woods endorsement pointing rendezvous vehicles sold exceeded forecasts quoted saying recognition tiger february renewed woods endorsement contract years deal reportedly worth million woods collaborated closely tag develop world professional golf watch released april lightweight construction watch designed worn playing game incorporates numerous innovative design features accommodate golf play capable absorbing shock far excess forces generated normal golf swing tag professional golf watch won prestigious product design award leisure lifestyle category woods tiger woods tour series video games signed year contract electronic arts series publisher february roger henry woods ambassador champions marketing campaign disclose financial terms expert estimated deal total million million october announced woods brand sports drink starting march tiger deal company licensing agreement figures officially disclosed magazine reported years pay million company decided early fall drink weak sales july woods appeared second japanese television commercial endorsing heat details deal late disclosed october announced woods signed exclusive endorsement deal fuse science inc sports nutrition firm case initiated bruce owner got golf inc woods fellow arnold effort stop unauthorized sale images alleged signatures memorabilia market associated parties woods company corporation committed acts including breach contract breach implied duty good faith violations florida unfair trade practices act named counter suit accused violating licensing agreement conjunction company arnold enterprises march florida jury found favor got breach contract related claims rejected awarded got damages award end exceeding million interest ruling appealed accumulated wealth according golf digest woods magazine predicted woods pass billion dollars earnings forbes confirmed woods world athlete earn billion dollars career taxes accounting million bonus woods received cup title year forbes estimated net worth million making second richest african american woods ranked ninth forbes list world highest paid athletes asian americans fourth african americans tiger early woods career small number golf experts expressed concern impact game public appeal professional golf sportswriter bill knight asked column isn tiger woods actually bad golf ultimately concluded feared woods drive spirit competition game golf making existing courses obsolete opponents simply competing second place week related effect measured economist brown university california berkeley found played worse competing woods tournament scores highly skilled exempt nearly stroke higher playing woods effect larger winning streaks disappeared publicized slump brown explains results noting competitors similar skill hope win increasing level effort facing superstar competitor extra significantly raise level winning increasing risk injury exhaustion leading reduced effort courses tour rotation including major championship sites like national added effort reduce advantage long hitters like woods strategy known tiger woods said welcomed change adding courses affect ability win career achievements woods won official tour events including majors going final round major share lead heralded greatest closer history multiple golf experts owns lowest career scoring average career earnings player tour history woods victory players championship marked win tour start won golf tournaments 100th tour starts woods spent consecutive cumulative weeks atop world rankings players gene ben player jack won professional major championships career known career grand slam youngest woods player won professional major championships row feat seasons tour wins european tour wins japan golf tour wins asian tour wins tour wins professional wins amateur wins major championships wins defeated hole playoff stroke woods defeated extra defeated par 1st sudden death hole hole playoff tied par results timeline low amateur play cut missed half way cut withdrew indicates tie place green background wins yellow background summary consecutive cuts open masters longest streak open masters world golf championships wins won hole sudden death won seventh hole sudden death won second hole sudden death won fourth hole sudden death playoff results timeline canceled following september attacks play round player lost match play withdrew tournament tied green background wins yellow background note champions event tour career summary season playing style woods joined professional tour long drives large impact world golf upgrade equipment following years insisting use true temper dynamic gold steel clubs smaller steel promoted accuracy distance opponents caught joke woods inferior equipment sit woods woods finally upgraded driver technology larger shaft coupled speed tour players despite power advantage woods focused developing excellent game recent years typically near tour rankings driving accuracy iron play generally accurate recovery bunker play strong putting especially pressure possibly greatest asset largely responsible shift higher standards professional known putting hours practice amateur woods worked exclusively leading swing coach woods fashioned major redevelopment woods swing achieving greater consistency better distance control better changes began pay march woods coached hank worked swing plane woods continued win tournaments driving accuracy dropped significantly resigned replaced sean mike served woods start professional career tiger fired march replaced steve williams close friend woods credited helping key shots june woods fired williams replaced friend bell interim basis joe fred couples johnson hired woods shortly remained woods equipment driver covert degree white board shaft woods covert wood covert wood shaft pro blades tiger wood iron bag depending course setup conditions degree upright standard size tour velvet true temper dynamic gold shafts pro degree true temper dynamic gold shafts method ball tour tiger imprint golf glove fit tour glove golf shoes driver club cover frank tiger head club cover created mother frank appeared commercials ventures tiger woods foundation tiger woods foundation established woods father earl primary goal promoting golf inner city children foundation conducted junior golf country sponsors tiger woods foundation national junior golf team junior world golf championships december employed approximately people foundation operates tiger woods learning center million square foot facility anaheim california providing college access programs youth opened features seven classrooms extensive multi media facilities outdoor golf teaching area center expanded additional campuses washington philadelphia stuart florida foundation benefits annual world challenge national golf tournaments hosted woods october foundation hosted tiger woods beach annual included concert events block party held anaheim tiger jam held las_vegas year hiatus tiger woods design november woods announced intention begin designing golf courses world new company tiger woods design month later announced company course million square foot development tiger woods golf course initially expected finish construction february seven holes completed april new_york_times reported project shelved permanently partnership tiger woods design holding dissolved tiger woods design taken courses august woods announced cliffs high private course blue ridge mountains near north_carolina groundbreaking november project suffered cash flow problems suspended construction course mexico announced october incurred delays issues permits environmental impact study construction course begun problems encountered projects credited factors including overly optimistic estimates value declines global economy particularly crash home prices decreased appeal woods following infidelity scandal writings woods wrote golf instruction column golf digest magazine february wrote best selling golf instruction book play golf largest print run golf book edition million copies personal life marriage children november woods engaged swedish model daughter minister migration radio journalist thomas introduced open championship swedish employed pair married october sandy lane resort barbados lived community suburb orlando florida purchased million estate island florida began constructing square foot home woods moved following couple divorce finalized august woods child daughter named sam woods born woods chose father called sam son charlie woods born infidelity scandal fallout november national published story claiming woods affair new_york_city nightclub manager rachel claim denied days later november woods left home street collided fire tree treated minor facial received ticket driving following intense media speculation accident woods released statement website taking sole responsibility accident calling private matter wife helping car november woods announced appearing charity golf tournament world challenge tournaments injuries december following weekly prior day reporting purported mistress subsequent release message allegedly left woods woman woods released statement admitted apologized supported years family right privacy days dozen women claimed media outlets affairs woods december released statement admitting infidelity announcing taking indefinite break professional golf days months following woods admission infidelity companies evaluated relationships general motors completely ended sponsorship deals suspended advertising featuring woods tag dropped woods advertising december officially ended deal contract expired august magazine golf digest suspended woods monthly column beginning february issue contrast continued support woods electronic arts working woods game tiger woods tour online december study estimated loss caused woods affairs billion billion february woods gave televised statement said day therapy program end december apologized actions thought away wanted said felt worked hard entire life deserved enjoy felt entitled thanks money fame didn far find wrong said know returning golf announced weeks later march returning masters tournament april woods divorced august childhood woods raised buddhist actively practiced faith childhood adult professional golf career article woods quoted saying believes buddhism aspect attributed infidelity losing track buddhism said buddhism teaches stop following impulse learn restraint obviously lost track taught woods registered vote independent january woods delivered speech commemorating military obama inaugural celebration lincoln memorial april woods visited white_house washington area promoting golf tournament hosts national woods underwent laser eye surgery surgery woods minus considered surgery big help career good alternative glasses contact lenses immediately started winning tour events surgery received money laser eye centers endorse second laser eye surgery vision began deteriorate march woods announced dating split


born october american female amateur currently holds records youngest women amateur women open second youngest women amateur public links youngest advance match play event age group winner inaugural masters drive chip championship georgia currently student jim background born stanford california lives shores father warren san_francisco bay area computer consultant mother amy employee warren amy raised china moved united_states australia warren computer science amy master degree field born lived aunt months year train florida near national miami golf school performs independent study months florida took diving lessons stanford_university platform diving metres age active music sources claim began practicing point golf center age informal coaching mother aunt sources claim began playing golf age watching older brother luke princeton_university student hitting balls driving range likes tell story point head pro ross confirmed years old interest sport point throwing asked leave age parents called jim coaches coached thompson bradley arranged visit meet family summer living arrangements aunt began working practice course hills san career holds record youngest match play women amateur public links history years months days surpassing record mere days second youngest women amateur public links youngest advance match play june lone person younger qualified youngest women amateur surpassing stone record age years months days beginning day tournament age years months days old august drive chip championship sunday preceding edition masters tournament national golf club won girls age division event televised golf channel sponsored united_states golf association professional association america national increase youth participation sport youth sites participated qualification process yielded age gender regions youngest age qualify women open surpassing thompson record years months days open notably qualified won qualifying event seven strokes old course half moon bay golf links thompson missed cut hole total second youngest compete years prior introduction qualification played open age years months days qualification largely heralded state sport sixth qualify prestigious events year reached handicap april handicap better threshold making eligible participate qualifications years months days june opening round women open held course resort country club golf designed custom clubs golf digest described use open round thursday shot highest score cut open tallied followed second friday missed cut seven strokes walked course fan sunday scheduled appearance july women amateur public links washington shot qualify match play lost alice sudden death round posting stroke play equivalent schedule events deciding instead play local events year old qualify women open