doctrine english law doctrine english law element law dealing charitable doctrine provides trust failed purposes impossible fulfilled high_court justice charity commission order trust funds nearest possible purpose charities worth land trustees thirds majority decision trust funds doctrine initially element ecclesiastical law coming norman french possible close possible similar possibly ancestral provisions found roman law corpus later byzantine law doctrine applicable divided groups subsequent failure trust purpose failed came operation initial failure trust purposes immediately invalid subsequent failure cases simply require funds nearest possible purpose question allowing inherit money initial failure cases require decision purpose failed funds subject returned estate resulting trust decided based charitable intention determined facts individual case definition origin doctrine idea charitable trust purposes impossible fulfilled reason funds purposes close possible trust original goals formal application trustees high_court justice charity commission doctrine originated ecclesiastical law coming norman french possible close possible originally justified ecclesiastical way charitable gifts provided secure entry heaven charitable gift failed guaranteed entry granted local bishop usually simply apply gift nearest possible purpose original goals evidence suggests doctrine descends roman law corpus mentions process money collected celebrate person life way violated law purpose law gives similar justification destined end revert heirs let investigation trust employed memory deceased preserved manner byzantine_empire system similar dealing charitable corporations corporation fell possessions transferred papal treasury spent purpose close possible original corporation requirements prior charities act situations doctrine applied limited cases trust purpose impossible act provides section charities act apply original purposes far fulfilled carried according directions given spirit gift original purposes provide use property available virtue gift property available virtue gift property applicable similar purposes effectively conjunction end suitably regard spirit gift applicable common purposes original purposes laid reference area ceased unit purpose reference class persons area reason ceased suitable regard spirit gift practical gift original purposes laid adequately provided means ceased useless harmful community reasons law charitable ceased way provide suitable effective method property available virtue gift spirit gift definition amended charities act replace spirit gift appropriate considerations defined hand spirit gift concerned social economic circumstances prevailing time proposed alteration original purposes case extremely small charitable charity income holds land trustees agree thirds majority transfer property charity involving high_court commission contained sections act decision reached public notice given commission informed powers enacted charities act subsequent failure doctrine applies types situations subsequent failures initial failures subsequent failures money applied charitable purpose purpose failed allow original donor recover money said wright money dedicated charity general particular charitable intent forever excluded courts instead simply determine reason failure falls section based basic intention underlying original gift initial failure cases initial failure established charitable trust failing gift failed moment creation having invalid purpose raises different questions matter deciding original charitable gift failed money applied resulting trust estate deciding gift failed attention turned wording trust instrument terms documents taken literally particular organisation purpose given intention considered wider narrower different approach dealing cases like dealt situation charity named gift amalgamated court appeal held amalgamated charities entitled gift charity named effectively continued amalgamated wrote cases consider means end charitable end view long charitable end established means machinery alteration machinery destroy charitable trust benefit machinery provided finger distinction gifts incorporated bodies gifts unincorporated bodies gift unincorporated body treated wording gift body purpose unincorporated bodies possess things body ceased exist purpose continues gift failed incorporated bodies hand possess property said trust corporate body takes effect simply gift body circumstances recipient gift trustee decided gift failed courts consider gift applied gift charitable intention intended gift particular failed purpose organisation general charitable intention decided facts individual case general principles place external evidence interpretation gift non charitable purposes charitable intention found cases non existent charity recipient gift


trustee investments act trustee investments act act parliament united_kingdom covers trustees invest trust funds given royal august removed statutory lists system replaced sets specific investment areas act heavily criticised way set areas particularly requirement trying invest multiple areas need permanently divided law commission paper called terms overly cautious restrictive suggesting result passing trustee act effectively act terms relation trustee investment act principal piece legislation area background prior act areas trustees invest based trustee act set statutory lists system list contained investments available post office land account currency inflation meaning trustees invested stocks shares risk losing money simply falling value pound sterling result income trust remain nominally constant real value income reduced lifetime trust recognised lawyers advising clients structure way allow trustees invest wider areas statutory lists report committee advocated reform government published white paper government policy charitable england wales proposed reform statutory lists system came variation act allowed trustees apply courts widen investment powers process expensive slow statement house_of_lords promised reform detailed white paper published december november bill based report introduced house_of_lords particularly committee stage owing complexity bill received royal august passed law trustee investments act act act replaced old statutory lists system investments sets narrow range investments set wide range investments covered schedule act set narrow range investments included defence bonds national savings certificates similar small investments bought post office require trustee seek advice investing second set included certain british companies edged trustee expected seek written advice person believed qualified investing wide range investments included unit shares certain british companies shares building societies trustees wished invest wide range investments required trust fund valued divided parts quarters value quarter quarter invested wide range investments remainder restricted narrow range investments person reasonably believed trustee qualified division funds permanent quarter quarters distinct units division act controversial section aftermath act considered bad required conservative investment policy trustees powers given investment trustees restrictive narrow trustees expected expensive complicated procedures exercise act criticised immediately complexity paper law commission called overly cautious restrictive suggested difficulty act provisions trustee act repealed act serves principal piece guidance trustee investments


born august american woman sentenced years prison product poisoned lethal resulting deaths husband bruce susan snow conviction prison sentence federal product laws instituted chicago murders early life born oregon georgia née duncan later changed lee george grew poor age sixteen pregnant daughter moved southern_california married daughter began legal troubles including conviction fraud charge following year beating curtain rod conviction served months jail fraud charge ordered counseling abuse charge met bruce heavy equipment operator drinking habit suited lifestyle married course year marriage bruce entered rehab gave drinking reportedly resented bar visits curtailed bruce cultivated home new hobby deaths june couple living auburn washington bruce came home work according took extra strength bottle home collapsed minutes later died shortly medical center treatment failed revive death initially ruled natural causes attending physicians citing second death week later forced authorities reconsider cause death june susan snow year old auburn bank manager took extra strength early morning snow husband paul took bottle left house work year old daughter found susan snow collapsed floor bathroom faint pulse called transported snow medical center died later day regaining consciousness investigation initial investigation autopsy susan snow assistant medical miller detected scent bitter odor distinctive tests verified snow died acute poisoning investigators examined contents snow household discovered source bottle extra strength snow morning snow death remained capsule bottle found laced toxic quantities murder sensational news washington bottle lot found grocery store nearby kent washington manufacturers bristol responded discovery heavily publicized recall extra strength products seattle washington area group drug companies came offer reward capture person responsible response publicity came forward june told police husband recently died suddenly taking pills capsule bottle extra strength lot number killed susan snow tests confirmed presence bruce remains bottles turned police initial suspicions directed manufacturers paul filed death lawsuits bristol inspected north_carolina plant extra strength lot packaged found traces explain presence washington bottles june bristol recalled united_states pulling store shelves warning consumers use bought days later company announced recall non capsule products june contaminated bottle extra strength found store susan snow bought contaminated june washington state effect day ban sale non medication examination contaminated bottles fbi crime lab found addition containing powder poisoned contained unknown green substance tests showed substance home sold brand algae destroyer focusing investigation contamination source having ruled investigators began focus investigation end users product fbi began investigation possible product having source poison time packaged plastic bottles mouth bottle sealed foil lid secured bottle plastic wrap paul asked examinations complained subsequent press treatment fbi declined exam lawyer representing death suit filed told reporters shaken subjected examination investigators suspicions began turn discovered claimed contaminated bottles turned police purchased different times different locations total bottles found contaminated entire country regarded suspicious happen acquired purely chance focus turned detectives uncovered evidence pointing culprit taken total insurance coverage husband life additional death accidental known susan snow death repeatedly disputed doctors ruling husband died natural causes fbi investigation showed bruce purported signatures insurance policies forged investigators able verify purchased algae destroyer local fish store speculated mixed container crush substances washing uses finally examination november failed investigators narrowed focus concrete evidence proving purchased lacking despite relative certainty orchestrated elaborate cover insurance motivated murder husband desperate attempt force husband death ruled accident increase insurance unable build strong case support arrest breaking case january adult daughter hamilton approached police information spoken daughter repeatedly wanting husband dead bore said having gotten sober preferred stay home watch television bars hamilton claimed told tried poison bruce previously failed begun library research methods hit claimed spoken insurance money bruce dead records auburn public library showed checked numerous books including human native cultivated plants deadly harvest marked library records indicating borrowed returned fbi identified related pages number works checked library period summer attorneys acknowledged prime suspect case arrest trial december indicted federal grand jury counts product including resulted deaths susan snow bruce arrested day went trial april found guilty charges days jury despite legal team claims jury judicial misconduct having occurred motion denied sentenced ninety year terms charges relating deaths snow bruce year terms product charges sentences run concurrently judge ordered pay small fine remaining assets families victims eligible parole years old appeals subsequent petitions continued maintain innocence trial appeal based jury judicial misconduct issues rejected united_states court appeals ninth circuit august second appeal beginning assistance innocence project private detectives paul requested new trial basis new evidence having discovered fbi withheld documents defense appeal denied team continue assert innocence claims daughter lied involvement case order reward money offered hamilton eventually collected money testimony smaller case store owner testified having purchased algae destroyer influenced promises payment regulations murders regulations went effect federal state local crime consumer products local state authorities prevented filing charges cases law crime federal product case state murder case convicted murder product caused death possibility state charges actual murders susan snow bruce continues exist media film case cancelled shortly production began based strong objections including johnson johnson owner brand featured chicago murders prior product case film aired usa network directed jeff starring seattle author wrote case book bitter true story mothers daughters seattle murders case featured episodes hbo autopsy forensic files new detectives snapped episodes deadly women murders discussed novel house rules


act act act parliament united_kingdom covers criminal law relating introduced parliament queen speech decades reports draft bills act received royal april following cross party support initially scheduled enter force april changed july act previous statutory common law provisions relation instead replacing crimes foreign public officials failure commercial organisation prevent behalf penalties committing crime act maximum years imprisonment unlimited fine potential property proceeds crime act disqualification directors company directors disqualification act act near universal jurisdiction allowing prosecution individual company links united_kingdom regardless crime occurred described toughest anti corruption legislation world concerns raised act provisions behaviour acceptable global market puts british business competitive disadvantage background prior act british anti law based public bodies corrupt practices act prevention corruption act prevention corruption act body law described inconsistent inadequate following affair salmon committee standards public life recommended statutes government time took action similar suggestions brought report committee standards public life established john major home office published draft consultation paper discussing extending anti anti corruption law followed law commission report criminal code corruption consultation paper report coincided mounting criticism organisation economic operation development felt despite united_kingdom ratification anti convention laws inadequate draft bill announced queen speech rejected joint committee examining second consultation paper issued examining committee concerns government announced march broad support reform current law consensus achieved following white paper march bill based law commission report reforming announced queen speech initially given party support introduction jack straw bill according guardian subject attempted members parliament conservative party followed pressure confederation british industry worried bill original form british industry bill given royal april act expected come force immediately government instead chose hold rounds public announcing come force april following publication guidance ministry justice act came effect july ministry justice released quick start guide highlights key points act quick start guide suggests companies consult relevant bodies advice including trade investment government sponsored business anti corruption portal october clerk court person convicted act misconduct public office act general offences sections act cover general offences crime described section occurring person offers gives promises financial advantage individual exchange performing relevant function activity section covers offence defined requesting accepting agreeing accept advantage exchange performing function activity financial advantage defined act according scots law times potentially encompass items contracts non monetary gifts offers employment relevant function activity element explained section covers function public nature activity connected business trade profession activity performed course person employment activity performed behalf body persons corporate unincorporated applies private public industry encompasses activities performed outside activities link country conditions attached person performing function expected performing good faith element trust person role section activity considered performed expectation good faith breached function performed way expected person position trust section provides standard deciding expected reasonable person expect person position breach occurred jurisdiction outside local customs disregarded deciding form written law jurisdiction written law given mean constitution statute judicial opinion set writing general offences cover situations mere acceptance advantage constitute performing relevant functions activities foreign public officials foreign public officials distinct crime section line anti convention person guilty offence promise offer financial advantage foreign public official directly party advantage legitimately foreign public official defined section individual holding legislative administrative judicial posts carrying public function foreign country country public agencies official agent public international organisation inclusion party intended prevent use avoid committing crime written law country foreign public official allows requires official accept advantage offered crime committed unlike general offences requirement public official acted result distinction act anti convention offence section applies official receives agrees receive bribe failure commercial organisations prevent section creates broad offence failure commercial organisations prevent behalf applies commercial organisations business unlike corporate apply organisation individuals employees found guilty offence strict liability need prove kind intention positive action liability commercial organisation guilty offence carried employee agent subsidiary party found section location party irrelevant prosecution according david review german business retail outlets pays bribe spain theory face prosecution section commercial organisation defence place commercial organisation place adequate procedures designed prevent persons associated organisation undertaking conduct act explanatory notes burden proof situation organisation standard proof balance guidance published secretary state months act came force guidance sets principles followed business cover topics procedures level commitment risk assessment communication including training monitoring review firm conclusion drawn guidance commercial organisation subject act needs code conduct place appropriately reflects guidance ensure personnel fully risks adequately trained charged offence failing prevent able evidence adequate procedures need order defend prosecution penalties section requires prosecution director appropriate prosecution agency case ahead shift old regime required consent attorney general england wales section explains penalties individuals companies found guilty committing crime individual found guilty offence tried summary offence imprisoned months fined found guilty indictment faces years imprisonment unlimited fine crime commercial organisation failing prevent unlimited fine addition convicted individual organisation subject order proceeds crime act company director convicted disqualified company directors disqualification act provisions scope act provisions set section fall act committed crime inside united_kingdom acted outside united_kingdom way constituted crime happened prosecution case person close connection includes british citizen resident protected person company incorporated scottish partnership section provides defence available general offences conduct necessary proper functioning intelligence services engaged active service armed forces section senior officers directors company commits general offence liable purposes act case offence committed partnership section provides prosecution brought partnership partners section act applies servants crown section previous common law statutory offences relating replacing provisions act section provides act applies england wales scotland northern_ireland separate consent scottish parliament usually required cases clear section legislative consent motion passed february allowing application act scotland assessment act described toughest anti corruption legislation world raising bar standard set united_states foreign corrupt practices act despite widely drafted far reaching scope ways improvement earlier corruption legislation significant concerns raised mainly fact act harm british industry global market david writing review argue section particularly potential include actions problematic seen legally scots law times similar line highlighting particularly problematic areas corporate payments described essentially form common feature commonplace international jurisdictions fall scope act despite commercial world


decision court england established doctrine fair later evolve concept fair use case heard opinion written philip 1st earl concerned published copy matthew pleas crown soon initial publication publishers hired writer named book modern crown law sued stay book publishing claiming rights statute anne main issues case work inherently constituted copyright infringement qualify separate new work lord ruled fell categories true coloured true presented true effort editor effort constituted new work copyright original leaving literary legal experts decide ruled modern crown law true merely intending law case set legal precedent shaped copyright law present day established common law doctrine fair cited cases ultimately building idea fair use opinion recognised author right work nature labour took produce shifting copyright away publishing rights idea serving greater good encouraging production new useful works facts english previously published book entitled matthew pleas crown purchased exclusive publishing rights time publishers paid writer named book circulating title modern crown law alleged modern crown law near copy publication minor alterations including translation latin french passages english cutting old obsolete laws seeking protect printing rights sued stay publication arguments case involved violated publishing rights defined statute anne particularly section stating author author shall sole liberty printing book books term teen years philip 1st earl presided decided case attorney cited case appeared read case publisher attempted rights author peter great including volumes cutting pages rejected argument declaring case decided merely motion given decision statements thought given normal hearing took contention attorney general england wales assertion statute anne provided publishing monopoly instead interpreting act meant promote public education public good decided interpret statute anne public good main question case book books act referred protected defendants argued considered separate original work published defendant lawyers pushed court try case recorded register action given right publish book lawsuit brought second unique book question court second book differentiated sufficiently attorneys defendants argued book direct chapters omitted original sections added publication pointed fact publication consisted sheets contained sheets judgment opinion written found true published book considered entirely separate new work showed labour originality education judgement editor new book run risk rights author owned publishing rights lord drew distinction works fairly shortened refused compare books determine modern crown law fair force judge jury sit hear books read instead opting legal experts literary master read books report findings court parties allowed choose way leaving case arbitration week parties given chance outside court book question ruled shortening created law infringement printing rights decision went counter prevailing view statute anne interpreted strictly proclaiming different opinion ought receive liberal construction far monopoly intended secure property books authors copy pains labour works use learned world consequences case established doctrine fair allowed displaying fair labour editor differed original published work significant way copyright violations effect raised level author decision define exact parameters qualify work valid distinction came later case involving decision written lord chancellor concept fair eventually evolved common law initiated current concept fair use decision added exercise personal judgement list defences charge copyright infringement adding growing case law establishing british copyright based labour originality opinion advanced position copyright law serve public interest promoting creation new educational useful works focusing publishing rights case played significant role development english copyright law united_states federal courts cited case recently 1980s


taylor taylor case heard supreme_court united_states april decide outcome disputed kentucky gubernatorial election republican gubernatorial candidate william taylor democratic lieutenant gubernatorial candidate november election taylor received votes democrat william result certified decision state board elections challenged election results basis alleged voting irregularities democrat controlled kentucky general_assembly formed committee investigate claims shot january day general_assembly approved committee report declaring taylor votes invalid swing election lay dying wounds sworn office january died february ascended governorship claiming general_assembly decision invalid taylor sued prevent exercising authority governor office taylor possession state capitol governor mansion suits consolidated heard jefferson county circuit court claimed authority interfere method deciding contested elections prescribed state constitution outcome favored kentucky court appeals upheld circuit court decision appeal rejected taylor claim deprived property process stating office property protected fourteenth amendment injection taylor claim fourteenth amendment gave grounds appeal decision supreme_court majority opinion delivered chief justice fuller supreme_court rejected taylor claim loss property process refused intervene taylor behalf claiming federal issues question court lacked jurisdiction justices gray white concurred majority opinion justice joseph concurred decision dismiss expressed reservations determination elected office property justice david joined justice henry brown contended supreme_court jurisdiction concurred result favor john marshall authored lone dissent majority opinion claiming court jurisdiction found favor taylor based claim loss property process argued office fell definition liberty fourteenth amendment protected process background history kentucky general_assembly enacted law created board election commissioners appointed general_assembly responsible choosing election commissioners kentucky counties board empowered examine election returns results power decide outcome disputed elections remained general_assembly section state constitution law commonly referred election law reference sponsor president pro kentucky senate william general_assembly heavily democratic considered likely democratic governorship election law attacked partisan self serving republicans organized test case law kentucky court appeals upheld constitutional secured democratic nomination governor contentious convention despite nominations minor party candidates including governor john brown faction democrats race centered republican opponent attorney general william taylor results election close days official results announced charges voting irregularities began nelson county ballots listed republican candidate taylor instead taylor democrats claimed votes johnson counties voters complained thin tissue ballots allowed voter choices seen city louisville democrats charged militia intimidated voters entire city vote official tally announced taylor won vote board elections thought controlled allies voted announced vote tally board majority opinion claimed judicial power unable hear proof swear witnesses taylor inaugurated december announced decision contest board decision general_assembly assembly appointed committee investigate allegations contained challenges members committee drawn random drawing likely rigged republican joined democrats committee chance dictated committee contained republicans rules general_assembly adopted contest committee committee report pleasure general_assembly debate limited findings presented report voted joint session assembly rules provided speaker house joint session instead lieutenant governor customary republican minority fought provisions democratic majority passed despite opposition republicans state expected committee recommend disqualification ballots governor armed men heavily republican eastern kentucky filled capital morning january friends walked capitol building shots fired fell wounded denied entrance state capitol armed men contest committee met city hall strict party line vote adopted majority report claimed received legitimate votes installed respective offices democratic legislators attempted approve committee report found doors state capitol public locations blocked armed citizens january convened secretly hotel republicans present voted findings contest committee votes governor lying sick bed took oath office died wounds february leaders parties drafted agreement taylor lieutenant governor john marshall step respective offices allowing lieutenant governor assume governorship exchange taylor marshall receive immunity prosecution actions taken regard assassination militia withdraw election law repealed replaced election law despite allies insistence taylor refused sign agreement lower court decisions negotiations peaceful resolution elections governor lieutenant governor ongoing republican candidates state minor offices filed suit federal court cincinnati ohio prevent removal office case filed federal court louisville kentucky judge walter evans asked case republican officers represented governor william bradley future governor argued election law deprived citizens right vote right vote claimed inherent fourteenth amendment guarantee liberty taken citizen process case argued judge later president william howard held federal court prevent removal officers injunction advised republicans seek remedy quo state courts opined federal question raised proceedings officers seek remedy federal court appeal republicans encouraged decision cleared way appeal way federal supreme_court federal question raised republican minor returned state courts case franklin county circuit court justice james ruled kentucky court appeals state court resort sustained ruling vote republican attorney general continued legal challenges finally allowed serve term decision based louisville vote votes counties eastern kentucky legislators areas ruling bearing cases governor taylor lieutenant governor marshall spell means cases federal courts necessary day ruling issued taylor filed suit jefferson county circuit court adjutant general john prevent exercising authority offices claimed unaware taylor suit filed suit taylor possession capitol executive building franklin county circuit court court believed favorable democratic cause marshall filed suit state senator carter prevent exercising authority state senate lieutenant governor presiding officer republicans claimed taylor suit virtue having filed hours gave case precedence louisville mutual consent parties consolidated suits heard judge field jefferson county circuit court sides knew field decision appealed agreed outcome final court decision case heard march taylor attorney contended general_assembly acted quasi judicial manner violating principle separation powers contest committee report specify votes invalid republicans argued votes cast contested counties general_assembly vote consequently voters counties illegally assembly able claimed entire election finally contended alleged illegal activities general_assembly deprived taylor marshall property rights property question offices claimed liberty hold elected office attorneys contended legislative actions historically subject judicial review subject provision state constitution march field sided democrats ruling opined legislative actions taken absolute court authority legislative record republicans appealed decision kentucky court appeals appeal careful raise federal issue judge field ruling correct board elections general_assembly right state constitution absolute review elections assembly given absolute arbitrary power elections conflict federal constitution april court appeals upheld judge field decision vote majority opinion held elected office property subject guaranteed fourteenth amendment creation kentucky constitution court held office conferred held subject provisions constitution matter reach judicial review according court democratic judges concurred majority opinion republican judges separate opinion concurred majority opinion declared taylor marshall injustice lone dissent authored court republican held contest board acted outside legal authority republicans turned supreme_court united_states final option supreme_court louisville attorney helm bruce opened republicans case supreme_court april maintained taylor election certified board elections legally governor kentucky attempt legislature office amounted arbitrary use power process federal constitution required addressing complaints dismissal ballots justified intimidation voters jefferson county state militia use thin ballots kentucky counties bruce maintained allegations true fault state taylor marshall sufficient grounds deny right offices claimed bruce followed lawrence counsel reiterated general_assembly acted powers state constitution deciding outcome disputed election claimed decision state court appeals clear taylor legally elected governor possessed property claiming taken process asserted disposed federal questions regard case supreme_court claim jurisdiction decision state court appeals allowed stand concluded lewis argued behalf taylor claim governorship legitimate investigation decision general_assembly contest committee represented sufficient process acknowledged election law provision legislature contested gubernatorial election differed little provisions states election law constitutional declared supreme_court jurisdiction administered concluded argument governor bradley spoke taylor behalf taylor legal claim office governor answered question jurisdiction citing similar case court assumed jurisdiction quoted authorities opined elected office property contend taylor rights fourteenth amendment violated giving court jurisdiction bradley asserted election members assembly contest committee decision committee member committee known election outcome facts decision committee assembly grounds left members judges cases finally bradley cited irregularities proceedings contest committee including insufficient time given review testimony provided written form taylor marshall legal representation following bradley argument court opinion court chief justice fuller delivered opinion court opinion held federal issues question case court lacked jurisdiction opinion affirmed state court appeals assertion office property justices gray white concurred majority opinion book constitutional law united_states noted court ruling office property odds previous decisions assumed jurisdiction cases contestants office determine process granted assuming jurisdiction cases claimed court given offices standing property accordingly justice joseph issued separate opinion stated agree fully decisions referred majority opinion hold state office holder contract right term office salary legislature restrained constitutional provisions abolish office reduce salary office disturbed salary changed constitution state legislature question simply shall deprived office salary given different question presented case hold incumbent property office accompanying salary judgment dissent justice justice david issued dissent stating believed process observed majority opinion affirmed lower court dismissing case opinion stated understand law court jurisdiction review judgment highest court state office giving right judgment right wrong respect federal question process law think writ error dismissed judgment court appeals kentucky affirmed justice henry brown concurred dissent justice dissent came john marshall opined court jurisdiction sustained writ error grounds general_assembly actions deprived taylor marshall property process violation fourteenth amendment going claim office property wrote right hold office fell definition liberty fourteenth amendment claim wrote directly involves liberty citizen able enter discharge duties office elected fellow citizens majority opinion wholly ignored proceedings general_assembly irrelevant court lacking jurisdiction brown affirmed legislature dissent looking record find action taken body claiming organized legislature kentucky degree free people professed represent composed body shut eyes proof fear respect popular expressed polls expressed disbelief majority opinion public expressed ballot box evidence evidence order accomplish partisan ends crime free government deserves lovers liberty believe judiciary helpless presence crime subsequent developments taylor established judicial principle public offices mere agencies property protected fourteenth amendment court appeals second circuit stated supreme_court subsequently adopted expansive approach identifying property meaning fourteenth amendment supreme_court


reed town gilbert reed town gilbert case united_states supreme_court clarified municipalities impose content based restrictions signage case clarified level constitutional scrutiny applied content based restrictions speech gilbert arizona adopted municipal sign ordinance regulated manner signs displayed public areas ordinance imposed limitations signs advertising religious services signs displayed political ideological messages town sign code compliance manager cited local church violating ordinance church filed lawsuit argued town sign regulations violated amendment right freedom speech writing majority court justice thomas held town sign ordinance imposed content based restrictions survive strict scrutiny ordinance narrowly tailored compelling government interest justice thomas clarified strict scrutiny applied law content based face justice stephen justice wrote opinions judgment argued content based regulations automatically trigger strict scrutiny commentators praised court decision victory individual liberty commentators criticized court analysts suggested case left open important questions amendment future years background content based restrictions speech amendment united_states_constitution prohibits states laws freedom speech municipal governments restrict expression message ideas subject matter content laws regulate speech based expressive content speech unconstitutional restrictions narrowly tailored serve compelling state interest purposes amendment government regulation speech considered content based targets speech ideas messages expressed furthermore laws considered content based appear content neutral laws considered content based justified reference content regulated speech adopted disagreement message speech conveys gilbert arizona municipal sign ordinance town gilbert arizona adopted municipal sign ordinance regulated manner signs displayed public areas ordinance banned display outdoor signs permit categories signs exempt permit requirement categories relevant case ideological signs contained message ideas purposes square feet size placed district length time second political signs included content designed influence outcome election called public body larger thirty square feet property sixteen square feet residential property additionally political signs displayed days primary election days following general election temporary directional signs relating qualifying event directed pedestrians motorists events hosted non profit organizations larger square feet additionally temporary directional signs relating qualifying event displayed earlier hours start qualifying event later hour end event signs displayed private property public rights way signs placed single property time good news community church named clyde reed pastor good news community church church small cash entity building held services elementary schools buildings gilbert arizona original good news presbyterian church according reed church actually good news community church community district court advertise services church placed temporary signs locations gilbert signs typically include church location time services members church post signs early day saturday remove midday sunday town sign code compliance manager cited church occasions exceeding time limits displaying signs failing include date event sign respectively initial lawsuit church filed suit united_states district court district arizona march claimed town freedom speech violation fourteenth amendments district court denied church request preliminary injunction church appealed united_states court appeals ninth circuit ninth circuit analyzing likelihood success merits requirement preliminary injunction affirmed decision district court holding town restrictions temporary directional signs regulate speech basis content ninth circuit conceded enforcement officers need read sign determine portions sign ordinance applied sign ninth circuit concluded examination equivalent expressive content sign ninth circuit case district court determine instance sign code temporary directional signs political signs ideological signs constituted content based regulation speech appeal supreme_court united_states subsequent status conference court decision parties decided resolve issues summary judgment new preliminary injunction motions united_states district court district arizona granted town motion summary judgment church appealed ruling united_states court appeals ninth circuit ninth circuit affirmed judgment district court holding town ordinance content neutral citing hill colorado ninth circuit ruled gilbert adopt regulation speech disagreed message conveyed town interests ing temporary signs unrelated content sign additionally ninth circuit concluded ideological signs political signs temporary directional signs based objective factors relevant gilbert creation specific exemption permit requirement consider substance sign based determination ordinance content neutral ninth circuit applied lower level scrutiny sign code held violate amendment church appealed supreme_court united_states granted july opinion court writing majority court justice thomas held town sign ordinance content based face light fact restrictions sign code apply given sign depend entirely content sign church signs treated differently signs conveying types ideas need consider government purposes code determine subject strict scrutiny justice thomas rejected ninth circuit conclusion ordinance content neutral regulations based disagree message conveyed reasons regulating categories signs unrelated content sign emphasized law content based face subject strict scrutiny regardless government motive content neutral justification lack ideas contained regulated speech justice thomas explained innocent motives eliminate danger censorship governments day use content based laws regulate speech additionally justice thomas rejected town assertion law content based censor favor specific viewpoints ideas town argued sign code unconstitutional endorsed suppressed particular viewpoints ideas justice thomas clarified statute content based singles specific subject target ideas viewpoints subject matter furthermore rejected ninth circuit conclusion ordinance content neutral targeted specific classes speakers content speech recognized speaker based restrictions beginning end inquiry justice thomas held laws favoring speakers demand strict scrutiny legislature speaker preference reflects content preference ordinance imposed content based restrictions free speech justice thomas held ordinance constitutional survived strict scrutiny assuming town interests preserving aesthetic appeal traffic safety compelling concluded ordinance allowed unlimited number larger ideological signs pose threats aesthetics traffic directional signs fact justice thomas suggested sharply ideological sign likely distract drivers directional sign justice thomas suggested directional signs essential vehicles pedestrians guide traffic identify hazards ensure safety justice thomas case light court opinion justice opinion justice samuel wrote separate opinion joined justice anthony kennedy justice agreed content based regulations present dangers viewpoint based regulations content based regulations interfere democratic self government search truth agreed town ordinance content based subject strict scrutiny justice wrote separately emphasize court opinion prevent cities regulating signs way fully protects public safety serves legitimate objectives support argument justice provided list examples content neutral sign regulations including regulations target size signs regulations target locations signs placed regulations distinguishing signs regulations distinguish placement signs public private property rules restrict total number signs mile roadway rules distinguish signs signs attached buildings justice opinion judgment justice stephen wrote opinion judgment argued content based discrimination considered rule thumb automatic strict scrutiny trigger leading certain legal condemnation justice conceded content based regulations reveal weaknesses government rationale limiting speech content based regulations interfere free marketplace idea argued virtually government activities involve speech involve content based regulations speech concluded rule triggering strict scrutiny cases involving content based restrictions recipe judicial management ordinary government regulatory activity justice argued instead automatic trigger courts determine content based regulations examining seriousness harm speech importance objectives extent law achieve objectives restrictive ways believe strict scrutiny applied town sign ordinance agreed town ordinance unconstitutional town provide rational justification treating signs differently justice opinion judgment justice wrote opinion judgment joined justice justice stephen like justice justice argued necessary apply strict scrutiny content based restrictions speech argued majority opinion entirely reasonable existing sign country light court opinion justice suggested municipalities forced choose allow helpful signs streets lifting sign restrictions altogether resign ing resulting instead applying strict scrutiny case justice claimed strict scrutiny appropriate realistic possibility official suppression ideas likewise claimed strict scrutiny necessary risk regulations public debate ideas applying principles case justice held ordinance pass strict scrutiny intermediate scrutiny laugh test town provide sensible basis content based sign ordinance analysis commentary court issued decision commentators praised court ruling ing individual liberty striking government censorship protected speech david counsel good news community church said court ruling important victory little guys found speech strong arm government likewise reported consequence court decision government power regulate people speak commentators criticized majority opinion example wrote court decision revealed spectacle conservatives talking deeper genuine moral regulation speech analysts claimed majority opinion left open unanswered questions court amendment example suggested court issued decisions reed walker texas division sons confederate veterans meaning amendment general somewhat confusing eugene suggested court opinion likely lower courts


rhode_island route route known colonel highway mile long numbered state highway located washington county southern kent county rhode_island united_states route major north south freeway southern providence metropolitan area directly linking providence eastern washington county beaches south city newport route begins lane divided highway intersection route town north limited access freeway miles route numbered interchanges terminating city northbound lanes merge interstate origins route date construction began short arterial modern location exit routes rhode_island department public works began work mile freeway modern exit north merge freeway designated route completed time route designation applied arterial missing link route exits completed opened rhode_island department transportation long term plans upgrade southernmost portion route freeway status constructing oak hill road west road grade separation project originally scheduled completed million project postponed indefinitely route description route begins fork alignment route community north left lanes default route north right hand lane carrying tower hill road north village route heads northwestern direction lane divided highway crossing west road grade intersection traffic signal approximately miles highway continues northwesterly projection passing northeast hole pond southwest secret lake heavily forested region secret lake highway curves north crossing oak hill road grade intersection shortly intersection oak hill road route transitions divided arterial highway lane limited access freeway freeway passes west belleville pond begins parallel alignment route rod road near community route passes amtrak northeast corridor railroad entering business district junction freeway interchanges routes exit partial cloverleaf interchange interchange route bends northeast beginning parallel alignment route continues northern terminus route crosses town east passing south road route exit partial cloverleaf interchange exit route passes rhode_island army national_guard base east hunt river west route northbound interchanges route exit route freeway lane limited access freeway spur route route serves business park village heading southbound exit split exit serves freeway exit serves route road spur route connecting highway route exit route continues northward lane expressway passing west entering suburban region east highway crosses middle road route freeway final spur partial cloverleaf interchange exit access route south direct freeway connection route north shortly exit route designation ends mainline highway north history rhode_island general_assembly passed million equivalent million bond issue fund construction mile lane divided arterial bypass route construction highway began completed time roadway opened state highway leading routes late 1950s years completion arterial rhode_island department public works proposed relocation route time major area action taken introduced study relocated route proposal study drivers colonel highway arterial bound state capital providence route accident prone lane undivided highway near modern exit planned route freeway given new number route leaving route existing alignment public hearing held state rhode_island proposed freeway lanes divided grassy median proposal later accepted construction began years later construction mile long section route exit east began completed year mile arterial south modern exit designated route divided highway remains largely intact date stretch route routes exit piece arterial significantly altered construction bridge amtrak northeast corridor line early 1970s route complete north exit south exit missing piece highway exits 1970s state rhode_island faced budget problems environmental concerns delayed construction missing link nearly years environmental studies missing link began state estimated mile long section freeway cost million equivalent million construct rhode_island department transportation began construction new segment route exits project ultimately went budget million equivalent million financed million federal grant excavation new right way department transportation found items indians dating years prior findings centralized area caused delays extension freeway august completed construction performed ribbon cutting ceremony new highway january police cruisers severely damaged chase route driver speeding southbound lanes route near exit driver exited route road police officers got accidents attempts pursue vehicle crashes american civil liberties union restarted efforts amend police chase policy avoid crash related injuries officers line duty construction began freeway relocated route serves business park route project included reconstruction reworking exit route southbound exit serving route route constructed exit converted trumpet interchange new ramps route route route completed december year ahead schedule project included construction new northbound exit serving route east future rhode_island department transportation laid long term plans improvements southern northern termini route 1980s 1990s announced plans eliminate traffic lights southern end highway department planned replace existing route merge converting grade separated interchange extensive cut access local roads intersect near signal plan included replacement signaled intersections west road oak hill road west road planned constructed new exit 1990s state purchased demolished houses region allow expanded route right way vicinity west road upgrade proposal proved unpopular north residents lived affected local roads additionally laid highway route cross wetlands area sparked environmental concerns large wetlands affected marsh deemed high value rhode_island despite local environmental concerns considers route upgrade way improve traffic flow region department transportation considered upgrading nearby route freeway standards potential alternative plan ultimately rejected effects wells area project originally scheduled completed million project postponed indefinitely long range plans construct direct freeway connections linking route north south north route south november environmental studies prepared interchange exit list denote future exit numbers

Road infrastructure: Northeastern United States


new_york state route new_york state route state highway county new_york united_states shortest routes county extending miles town known halfway road hamlet served near route assigned 1930s removed highway maintenance swap state new_york county route description began intersection adjacent carpenter brook fish town route headed north halfway road passing farmland headed rural area county small hamlet halfway served small number homes crossed railroad line finger lakes railway center community outside halfway route turned northwest village avoiding area directly north halfway lynch road campbell road turning slightly northward following carpenter brook undeveloped area intersection east village ended history assigned 1930s connector town way hamlet halfway remained unchanged april ownership maintenance route transferred state new_york county highway maintenance swap levels government county assumed ownership maintenance county portion exchange redesignated county route following swap major intersections entire route county


new_jersey route route state highway city newark new_jersey route went miles port street avenue industrial districts city route began intersection route near newark liberty international airport route crossed new_jersey port street intersection avenue turned northward rest distance terminating intersection route truck route originally planned spur route route newark connect route route route truck route lasted years january new_jersey state highway renumbering occurred route decommissioned day parent route route route redesigned route removed state highway system roads maintained city newark route description route began intersection route area newark liberty international airport city newark route progressed eastward port street divided highway short distance route crossed access road airport crossing newly constructed new_jersey south interchange route continued port street roadway industrial districts newark route progressed railroad intersecting avenue route turned northward port street port street avenue dead end right respective intersection avenue south port street east route headed northward avenue crossing newark bay extension interstate north intersection route continued industrial district reaching higher elevation bridge central railroad new_jersey shared assets operations route paralleled mainline avenue intersection boulevard route divided highway terminating intersection route truck city newark history route originally designated state highway route spur state highway route route traffic circle near newark metropolitan airport newark liberty international airport route commence port street avenue intersection state highway route route truck route remained intact alignment port street avenue january day new_jersey state highway department renumbered routes state eliminated route entirely route route renumbered route eliminating relation route route route remained port street avenue alignment short time completely eliminated state system port street avenue maintained city newark national_highway_system bridge line reconstructed major intersections entire route newark essex county


new_york state route new_york state route short state highway located entirely town northeastern county new_york united_states short lane road pass major populated areas serves primarily connector allows faster passage interstate lake area route originally designated 1930s later established january following current eastern terminus route description west splits short distance east crosses metro north tracks times including lane limited sight passes northern base small mountain turns slightly southward highway turns eastward intersects county route hamlet north pond route makes series erratic turns small mountains passing south cornwall hill turns south southeast ends east east branch river history entirety modern day originally designated renumbering state highways new_york designation shifted south current location town southeast routing extended connected current routing way modern truncated current length january portion alignment redesignated major intersections entire route county


new_york state route new_york state route east west state highway essex county new_york united_states serves connector crown point lake bridge highway enters vermont vermont route named bridge road passes crown point state historic site runs entire length crown point peninsula protruding lake assigned april signed replacement new_york state route unsigned reference route signed designation bridge road carried preceded new_york state route early 1930s 1930s 1960s originally connected bridge east end structure closed demolished late replacement opened traffic november route description begins intersection crown point route progresses eastward lane highway named bridge road heading away western terminus fork road left right road housing development runs lake making curves intersections heading relatively flat elevations highway approaches lake makes curve north intersects county route lake road begins follow lake shore highway passes east crown point state historic site ascending approach lake bridge making final curve northeast begins cross lake way bridge route ends vermont state line bridge roadway continues vermont history bridge built connecting crown point new_york chimney point vermont short connector highway bridge connected vermont crown point named bridge road originally designated renumbering state highways new_york extended truncated south eliminating lengthy overlap routing bridge road unsigned reference route designation later replaced new numbering system reference routes adopted new_york state department transportation redesignated signed april october bridge closed traffic structural concerns bridge demolished december result concerns temporarily reducing purpose spur route linking crown point replacement lake bridge opened traffic november major intersections entire route crown point essex county


new_york state route new_york state route north south state highway finger lakes region new_york united_states southern terminus intersection town county northern terminus junction town sterling county lane local road length route main access road parts auburn newark valley port passes mountainous terrain counties terrain levels heads finger lakes area county route intersects long distance highways including route auburn port passes new_york state interstate north port connection routes alternate route auburn simple east west connector southern tier runs western shore lake travels auburn routing east lake passes near length southern end town route parallels creek branch said creek runs aforementioned lake inlet south lake outlet north lake comes miles lake ontario northern end 1920s portion designated new_york state route segment southern new_york state route highway continued north syracuse assigned renumbering state highways new_york utilizing portion previously highway north sterling originally extended south village way overlap truncated current southern terminus route description save sections city auburn maintained new_york state department transportation auburn route city maintained north south route meets downtown auburn portion runs overlaps routes state maintained counties begins intersection miles north village limits town road heads northeastward lane highway paralleling creek proceeds base valley surrounding county portion passes rural forested areas small scattered pockets development route continues hamlet creek splits western eastern branches enter community instead bypasses southeast follows eastern branch creek town newark valley homes route begins increase approaches village newark valley south village limits intersects spur leading maine route continues small village south main street passes blocks homes commercial buildings water street north main street point north village situated opposite bank creek result continues village limits passes buildings seamlessly exiting community entering rural area route continues crossing creek passing newark valley country club mile north newark valley village entering town serves hamlet small community situated directly highway route continues creek valley town hamlet meets community center valley continues narrow miles reversing course route heads county town clips extreme southwestern corner county result miles route located county north county line route meets hamlet mills little alternate route meets hamlet miles northeast mills east branch creek separates heads north follow instead continues northwest hamlet county county entering border town emerges valley road heads northwestward low lying undeveloped area highway gradually curves north village route changes names south street entering village limits continues north creek past blocks homes commercial village center intersects begins heads east joins north street overlap ends northern village line point continues north west running village limits road mile area handful homes route passes south middle high school complex heads onward open undeveloped area curving northwest eventually north approaches village serves william george agency children services southern village line remains road railroad street turns west proceeds densely populated village center intersects eastern terminus junction situated adjacent fall creek proceeds passing fall creek heading north road lightly populated area town route passes mixture open fields forests isolated homes way town line meets southern terminus southeast hamlet parallels inlet village peru road southern village line continues north following south main streets densely populated village intersection western terminus street point street winds way northward inlet village known road heads northwest rural largely undeveloped area county county county located finger lakes region new_york highly unorthodox shape county miles wide western border eastern edge north south extends north lake ontario shoreline distance miles passes county ending miles south shoreline sterling result half routing located county located near city auburn county line auburn route heads northwest county line following inlet open fields past small patches trees large hamlet heads north south residential community main street intersects center hamlet north community highway crosses inlet enters rural area dominated fields situated forests crossing town development highway increases passes state park approaches village highly developed village comprising blocks homes businesses known main street heads north village center street intersects second routes heads eastward point turns follow west street inlet village past inlet curves north runs western edge flats wide flat undeveloped valley foot lake flats way lake cascade hamlet town venice point begins climb western edge lake valley reaches lip valley miles later town miles route passes open fields lake east route gradually descends valley heads northward town runs serves long line homes passes series fields west development route begins increase northern end lake hamlet park meets way traffic circle point primary highway lane divided highway heads northwest lake avenue city auburn enters auburn passes auburn high school heading north densely populated blocks filled homes divided highway ends abruptly swift street turns west follow lane undivided swift street west seven blocks south street leaves swift street joins south street routes follow south street past william house downtown auburn homes replaced businesses lincoln street blocks later south street intersects east arterial eastbound overlap ends block later west arterial westbound turns follow arterial block west state street leaves heads north city north crossing outlet serving auburn facility route passes blocks commercial residential development grant street begins entirely near northern city line york street homes highway sporadic spaced apart north auburn town follows outlet open flat areas houses fields trees serves small hamlet corners meets road county route north junction houses way dense forests route continues town village port short distance north town line follows main street commercial industrial portion village village center intersects rochester streets turns west overlapping rochester street routes cross outlet enter residential area community splits continues north canal street route crosses new_york state leaves village limits heads north largely undeveloped area forests fields north port sparsely populated hamlet miles north port passes csx transportation owned rochester subdivision railroad line highway continues conquest road crossing river canal point near outlet flows river enters town conquest traversing continues north unnamed highway hamlet conquest small community built intersection fuller roads continues town victory undeveloped fields way cultivated fields farmland route heads surroundings hamlet victory slightly larger community centered route proceeds hamlet passing homes way junction north community past point homes cease presses fields forests town sterling north town line small hamlet north victory intersects past point route heads undeveloped forested areas way hamlet corners north forests slightly fields highway increases highway continues hamlet sterling ends intersection trail south hamlet center miles south lake ontario shoreline history old roads portions modern originally roads 1800s april new_york state legislature passed law incorporating company company tasked building highway north village roughly followed north vicinity turned north access continued way modern april legislature chartered auburn port company auburn port began auburn state prison auburn proceeded northward routing meet north branch town continued port river ended bridge crossing river point auburn road company incorporated tasked connecting auburn way road western lake designation set posted routes new_york assigned portion north south highway extending syracuse segment current designated renumbering state highways new_york entirety portion south incorporated new extended north modern sterling section route adjacent lake constructed time assignment completed originally overlapped designated terminus modern junction south village overlap extended slightly drive exit 1960s following construction southern tier expressway area removed altogether truncated northern end overlap routes miles kilometres runs near southwestern county auburn assigned renumbering state highways new_york miles kilometres short spur counties connecting newark valley west maine east assigned early 1950s major intersections


new_york state route new_york state route mile long state highway western county new_york united_states route begins village hollow route goes northeast direction hills community mount pleasant ends mount pleasant near junction saw mill river road state parkway early 1970s route description begins intersection new broadway north broadway village hollow heads residential area road avenue intersection turns northeast passes athletic fields hollow high school intersects hollow road leads residential development parallels northeastward short distance near southern edge state park preserve turns east enters estate family hamlet hills highway intersects lake road turns northeast passing residential areas leaves estate passes hills central school way continuing northeast way road continues vacant area heads northward mount pleasant terminates intersection road continues east point history entirety originally designated renumbering state highways new_york john offered short section passed family estate citing safety concerns state expressed similar sentiments deeming stretch unsafe commercial traffic 1960s annual average daily traffic count grown vehicles day far road originally built serve led new_york state legislature approve plans new alignment new road located north existing road relieving traffic congestion albany post road providing access state parkway proposed hudson_river expressway north area different routes considered alignment path ultimately selected state lane limited access highway mile north current alignment cost million usd proposed route cost million usd containing additional grades curves coming closer estate construction new expected begin end reaction area residents mixed believing realigned family rumors family wanted moved existed early 1930s representative richard believed nelson governor new_york political power away cost state aide denied charge hollow valley committee comprising members homes right way new alignment protested route destroy countryside opposed hills residents committee residents hills supported new alignment committee filed lawsuit new_york state supreme_court block new roadway joined efforts groups village north june case heard court engineers new_york state department highways accused showing unprecedented working project stop state attorney general joseph countered state provide special benefits saying dangerous years opponents project thinking little arguments ethereal ideas court request state dismiss suit denied august case eventually heard state court appeals highest court state meantime state built easternmost mile new alignment affected lawsuit july court ruled favor hollow valley committee result western half new road moved additional mile north bypassing north completely new alignment completed early 1970s alignment road redesignated major intersections entire route county


new_york state route new_york state route state highway north country new_york united_states southern terminus route intersection lewis county village northern terminus canada united_states border crosses international bridge connects highway ontario passes rural areas north country route serves villages small communities origins date renumbering state highways new_york portion modern segment modern designated northernmost portion new_york state route originally extended far south truncated north edwards 1940s farther north 1970s june leg replaced new route began passed ending near time sections route village line point west maintained counties passed piece village line maintained village state new_york assumed maintenance segment took section route description lewis county begins intersection center village located town concurrent south point leaves follows blocks north state street turns northeast street ends east state street turns begins progression northward largely rural area north country exits village remains town begins parallel western bank black river entities remain close roughly mile crosses river enters new bremen hamlet new bremen intersects county route riverside roadway bypassing beaver falls east bank black river southwest airport continues onward crossing black creek enters village situated new bremen town line center community meets eastern terminus outside traverses beaver river north village line route river continue northward parallel brief distance separate near hamlet high falls river curves east hamlet presses northward rural indian river corners town diana starts parallel west branch river continue north town corners intersects joins route eastward routes cross northeast extreme southwestern lawrence county breaks heads northwest crossing process lawrence county travels north area area contains numerous small lakes rivers predominantly rural nature route serves hamlet located eastern edge lake intersecting hamlet joins northeast southern bank unified river village located town leaves joins route heart community outside village head northeast roughly paralleling village routes quickly exit village separate shortly south hamlet leaving path following heads north serving crossing south intersection connector leading falls begins northwest approaches village village located town known state street intersects traversing final time remains blocks departs village farther north passes international airport meeting interchange south city limits joins following route southern reaches city routes intersect separating near northeastern city limits past continues international bridge lawrence river highway crossing canada united_states border ontario history renumbering state highways new_york southern leg alternate route farther north portion modern route extending edwards russell followed parallel alignment modern hands flats stone roads following current north portion junction concurrent shifted south new highway time routing new road gradually truncated northward time change route southern end came early 1940s moved northeastward eastern terminus overlap edwards moved time west end overlap early 1970s officials new_york state department transportation region proposed eliminating favor new route extend designation south proposed route larger plan connect delaware river deposit international bridge saint lawrence river way numbered routes possible suggested changes implemented june assigned locally maintained diana section route village line maintained village rest locally maintained sections maintained lewis lawrence counties lewis county owned section designated short piece village line road lawrence county existing stone road stone road state new_york assumed ownership maintenance diana april highway maintenance swap state lewis county transferred county ownership transferred state september highway maintenance swap state lawrence county major intersections


new_jersey route route shortest state highway recorded somerset county new_jersey second shortest entire state new_jersey new_jersey route shortest recorded route state mile long route went short miles state maintained portion bridge street state highways somerset county state highway renumbering route decommissioned later highways route south route north short lived designation went route bridge street near old cemetery fifth street state maintenance terminated department transportation turned maintenance short highway borough future use route description route began traffic light intersection route city intersection southbound traffic route use connect route state highway went northeastward progressing south bridge street curve heading northward route passed old cemetery intersecting fifth street state maintenance ended designation route terminated entering downtown south bridge street continued northward large residential community passing east west residential homes south bridge street continued downtown portion crossing current day valley line tracks maintained new_jersey transit served train station couple blocks residential homes businesses south bridge street came intersection new_jersey route switched north bridge street history alignment route alignment state highway route highway route state highway route new_jersey state highway department federal highway administration respectively routes shifted bridge street running partially completed bypass completed route shifted southern terminus bridge street south old cemetery bridge street remained second state highway renumbering january day alignment route running fifth street met alignment route remained intact couple decades state highways somerset county route route route decommissioned turned borough major intersections entire route somerset county


new_york state route new_york state route east west state highway western new_york united_states extends miles monroe county town victor ontario county connects interstate rush serves village falls hamlet town route lane rural highway length intersects north south highways leading southern tier finger lakes respectively sections route south rush western victor follow linear east west miles route located monroe county north south section modern near route unsigned legislative route assigned new_york state legislature portion receive posted designation segment east signed renumbering state highways new_york assigned alignment extending gates victor utilizing modern north current alignment east village truncated begin late 1970s time routing gates extended route description begins intersection center village located town departs south river road crosses creek meeting road rural intersection south village river road continues southward unsigned turns east begin east west trek undeveloped southern portion monroe county roughly miles crosses river town rush rush road process inside town line passes hamlet industry location centered grade crossing railroad adjacent rochester valley railroad museum midway town rush widens lanes meets exit east freeway intersects served exit way pair short collector distributor roads paralleling past route lane highway southeast parallel creek hamlet rush route passes populated area intersects center community point rush road continues follow creek progressively developed areas town creek curves southward falls rochester junction highway turns northeastward meet roundabout northeasterly routing continues center small hamlet near southern tip ponds park turns eastward continues open fields densely populated hamlet junction center community east junction victor road heads miles open surroundings return route crosses ontario county town victor continues virtual east west line miles county heading slightly developed sparsely populated areas phillips road route curves southeastward mile making final turn northeast stretch crosses ontario central railroad grade crossing ends junction northwest village victor history westernmost portion junction river roads south village route unsigned legislative route assigned new_york state legislature route extended northward original terminus river road july realigned march enter modern instead set posted routes assigned new_york piece modern receive designation section portion extending east victor designated renumbering state highways new_york rerouted victor follow current routing victor new highway extending victor gates west routed modern river road section overlapped initially entered monroe county routing legislative route continued north rochester current southwestern end moved shifting location overlap main street concurrency replaced supplanted early 1940s late 1970s truncated begin eastern end overlap routing west end concurrency gates extension simple connector northern gates southern greece prior change major intersections


new_york state route new_york state route mile long state highway rochester new_york united_states formed inner suburbs rochester following west east city surface streets south rochester western terminus route interchange west city limits greece eastern terminus intersection road mere yards lake ontario western eastern met interstate twice limited access highway portions route known rochester outer loop outer loop contrast inner loop downtown rochester originally routed surface streets city assigned began gates followed howard road brooks avenue southeast rochester continued eastward park boulevard avenue remained brighton area known corners point route turned north road followed street eastern fringe city ended junction route outer loop constructed stages beginning portion sea breeze expressway north ridge road early 1950s point construction progressed generally clockwise fashion city late 1960s early 1970s outer loop complete west city modern exit east rochester followed loop south avenue north modern exit north point expressway extended northward remainder sea breeze expressway march designation removed replaced primarily route description followed half circle routing city rochester beginning northwest downtown town greece proceeding generally city ending northeast downtown lake ontario shoreline limited access highway portions named rochester outer loop outer loop contrast inner loop downtown rochester moniker remains use day referring designations replaced loop completes outer loop north city section east river expressway leaving modern veterans memorial bridge grade portion loop grade portion road avenue known rochester bypass prior completion outer loop alignment described section removal western expressway began interchange interchange greece mile west rochester city limits time freeway terminated north interchange interchange roughly complete ramps future north interchange missing followed modern alignment south continued current identical road forced grade level partially constructed interchange modern constructed area southeast grade expressway grade turned north forming short concurrency rochester avenue departed road proceeded eastward avenue blocks east intersection south plymouth avenue split following plymouth avenue downtown rochester remained routed avenue crossing river passing north strong memorial hospital prior intersecting mount hope avenue shadow mount hope cemetery east progressed avenue intersecting local streets entering brighton brighton continued avenue corners intersecting monroe avenue location northbound entrance ramp modern interchange avenue separated entering freeway constructed open road signed designation eastern expressway followed modern northward brighton worms met second time way interchange designed time traffic continuing merge traffic roughly feet exiting portion north followed length brighton rochester road lake ontario shoreline history original alignment commissioned rochester area routed previously roadways northwest terminus located intersection avenue howard road gates took howard road south passing gates center intersecting crossing new_york central railroad main line csx transportation owned rochester subdivision grade route remained howard road intersection howard road avenue included brooks avenue time turned east brooks avenue proceeded greater rochester international airport joining current routing road old road followed entire alignment continued brooks avenue rochester park boulevard route turned south street circles southwestern quadrant city followed length street turned south short distance resuming eastward alignment avenue route remained avenue brighton turned north south road corners highland avenue rochester north road east avenue route remained rochester terminating empire boulevard west bay expressway east rochester early 1950s construction began sea breeze expressway limited access highway linking lake ontario shoreline proposed east rochester portion road divided highway extending east ridge road road west bay outlet opened traffic realignment construction limited access extension south empire boulevard blocks west western terminus began point completed realignment extension highway south partially complete brighton completed largely rerouted following year time left expressway road followed west road rejoined original routing construction underway new expressway leading south worms avenue east corners highway completed time realigned follow sea breeze expressway new expressway south worms end partial interchange avenue exit continued west avenue corners old alignment road west rochester realignment west city occurred rerouted avenues bypass rochester monroe county airport south instead turning east brooks avenue prior route continued south road road turned overlap north avenue time road connected directly road modern old road primary runway southwest airport extended present length construction underway new limited access highway paralleling howard road east years work begun extension highway south canal road farther east construction underway new highway leading south avenue east corners limited access highway opened traffic begin half mile east howard road modern exit follow new highway southeastward temporary end exit east airport point joined routing followed northeastward city limits construction underway northward extension expressway greece completed opened traffic extensions officially extended ends january terminate lake ontario opposite sides rochester greece designation officially followed north lake ontario state parkway portion parkway constructed east stretched northward sea breeze expressway road resulting overlaps time overlap existed empire boulevard street expressway new alignment route completion overlap eliminated entirely following year route realigned new expressway alignment traversed bay newly built bay bridge overlap eliminated truncated current eastern terminus park march designation eliminated split routes greece section south designated connect existing portion south rochester interchange completed segment avenue north worms continued southwest freeway road worms lake ontario redesignated carry designations howard road bypassed 1960s realignment gates maintained new_york state department transportation unsigned reference route miles length road bypassed 1960s current alignment expansion airport section road carried currently maintained monroe county county route county unsigned designation road portion avenue rochester city line maintained monroe county lastly segments road outside rochester city limits remainder route currently locally maintained major intersections entire route monroe county


bridge bridge bridge crossing delaware river connects new_jersey pennsylvania united_states toll crossing tolls abolished joint commission elimination toll bridges bridge feet long holding load short tons traffic county route spur water street pennsylvania route bridge constructed replacing local ferry river board warren county supported replacement ferry bridge safety passengers state created delaware bridge company funded job building bridge new covered bridge built contractor pennsylvania bridge survived large storms sustained major damage times floods destroyed bridges delaware river valley including taking entire covered structure rebuilt structure steel instead wood new span remained certain points history bridge original reports indicate ferry operated doctor went ran alignment bridge ferry crossing dangerous parts delaware reported opened early board chosen ferry permitted raising rate cross river ferry ferry crossing dangerously busy required bridge constructed place year delaware bridge company established states new_jersey pennsylvania constructing bridge company allowed usd construct bridge bridge company designs bridge run contractor pennsylvania construction contractor nearby bridge things start smoothly construction began bridge things went downhill bridge constructed fast completed spring wooden covered bridge length feet days opening bridge april storm blew valley destroying bridges piers rendered new bridge construction later bridge redone piers completed opened january storm dubbed bridges january blew valley destroying bridges area causing major damage structure time bridge survived storm local historian stated constant bridge bridge company paid money society sides bridge began live life money started flowing accounts demise wooden covered bridge seen storm dubbed flood struck october year storm struck communities bridge causing loss lives october toll collector bridge closed gate allow person cross evening crash heard seconds later bridge delaware river remnants bridge swept downstream smashed new street bridge constructed years storm cleared community ferry immediately construction current bridge destruction original wooden bridge plans construct bridge started immediately storm crossing survived strong storm bridge corporation set completion date august day farmer picnic held contractor hired reconstruct bridge new_jersey bridge company new_jersey believed new bridge need new piers completed time instead old wooden bridge piers piers wooden bridge require heightened high flood waters june bridge construction began barge river promises complete set date august august bridge complete usable farmer picnic predecessor warren county fair occurred people allowed cross majority bridge picnic complete success attracting people walked bridge bridge usable work completed new bridge contractor promised bridge corporation bridge finished labor day september bridge corporation local group called red men scheduled festivities official turnover bridge corporation september day transfer chief executive contracting company keepers arrived found bridge unacceptable bolts missing places bridge paint completed violation contract festivities bridge canceled visitors disappointed red men held events turnout light high point events day man named murphy jones stunt jumped foot delaware river bridge stunt got jones total usd event annual work finally came conclusion people beginning cross new structure turnover occurred bridge free charge current bridge present september bridge finally got transfer bridge corporation new toll hired new bridge life went normal communities october charter opening delaware river joint toll bridge commission bridge company asked sell bridge commission usd june commission abolished tolls bridge making free cross end bridge control toll bridge commission extensive repairs began year old structure construction included new beams bridge new extensive repair bridge pier construction taken months complete caused havoc structure pennsylvania approach bridge designated pennsylvania route designation years decommissioned structure face recent strength test massive flooding hurricane havoc area structure received minor damage flood traffic halted day afterward design plan worked structure flood level starting october toll bridge commission began rehabilitation structure rehabilitation helped extend life bridge years shutting bridge constantly years major repairs commission replaced repairing replacing certain steel portions bridge blast cleaning structure


new_york state route new_york state route state highway town red house county new_york united_states highway miles long served connector red house entrance state park connected state park route route assigned early 1930s removed early 1970s highway connection park dismantled hamlet served evacuated southern tier expressway construction designation currently reserved new_york state department transportation replacement ontario wayne counties route description western terminus intersection bay state road abandoned hamlet red house located miles southwest city town red house time routed grade highway paralleled future routing southern tier expressway north west headed southeast junction passing center hamlet red house turning eastward ahead red house brook small stream branched nearby river paralleled red house brook east state park boundary designation ended highway continued east state park route history assigned short roadway linking entrance state park red house route remained intact construction southern tier expressway red house late 1960s early 1970s unwanted tourism town newly built settlement northeast red house prompted leaders seek ways reduce traffic settlement state built trumpet interchange expressway coupled flooding roadway old route west effectively cut town highway system construction highway allowed state claim eminent domain hamlet red house leading hamlet destruction remaining private residences town located southwest route interchange exit constructed disconnected state park route realigned meet new exit designation removed time result roadway runs terminates near end dilapidated bridge exit ramp safety concerns road blocked eastern terminus reopened august old left households unable reach designation reserved new_york state department transportation future use finger lakes region new_york currently numerical designation interstate interstate highway eastern new_york major intersections entire route red house county


new_york state route new_york state route north south state highway western county new_york united_states runs hamlet route western boundary village road currently miles long originally extended south new_jersey state line north willow grove road assigned renumbering state highways new_york route description begins hamlet proceeds north main street business district passing maple avenue jewish village road rest run quickly leaves small village town roughly mile north intersects county route high school located east passes fairly large cemetery called church west cemetery continues north past enters village hills passes small shopping center proceeds residential areas finally enters route ends shortly afterward history assigned renumbering state highways new_york extended new_jersey state line south willow grove road north east saddle river road road hollow road truncated current northern terminus village modern southern end extensions largely maintained county east saddle river road hollow road north town line current southern terminus proposed southwestern terminus spring valley bypass bypass built major intersections entire route county


pennsylvania route pennsylvania route east west state route located northwest pennsylvania western terminus route route township municipality east eastern terminus hamlet sheffield township cuts national forest sparsely populated largest settlement road endeavor official david memorial highway route assigned numbering state routes pennsylvania highway originally ended nebraska extended southward streets route realigned present routing highway remained route description east old pennsylvania route begins intersection banks river east route progresses eastward intersecting east road dead end street old trees homes surrounding highway continues east township highway heads queen intersecting dead end streets turning southeast route quickly leaves queen entering heavily forested area trees highway dense surround highway miles southeastern motion following steady east highway making changes direction intersection local road yellow hammer road access small civilization road loop merges soon route continues farther dense forestry intersecting woods road continues farther southeast entering break dense forestry break forestry short continues fully south break highway approaches intersection road dutch hill road hill road parallels south eastern direction highway turn southward soon afterward turns heavily forested area hill road turns direction parallel ends small break forestry homes highway begins loop north paralleling creek intersects local roads hill salmon creek roads bend route follows short segment old alignment deemed maps old makes steady path northeast dense forests return northeastern progression begins change highway begins northward direction continuing forestry route begins change eastern direction process leaving old sheffield eastern progression begins convert northeastern eventually moving break forestry small area civilization route heads northward running enters small municipality pennsylvania leaves makes shaped turn forestry municipality minister route progression mainly eastward route running turns southward turning eastward route continues howe township quickly leaves turning northeast dense forestry miles later route actually makes northwestern progression short time highway goes normal northeastern progression gaps forestry highway enters barnes barnes intersects northern terminus barnes route highway passes homes nearing end enters forested area leaving quickly highway terminates sheffield township intersection history assigned mass numbering state routes routing barnes nebraska small municipalities forest warren counties remaining intact thirteen years highway extended terminate southern extension road quadrant routes township roads extended westward east extension decommissioned highways numbered experienced high rates sign theft according report appears case spokesperson saying signs stolen major intersections