catherine court festivals catherine court festivals series lavish spectacular called laid catherine queen consort france queen mother death queen consort henry_ii france catherine showed interest arts theatre attained real political financial power queen mother began series tournaments contemporaries continue scholars biographer suggests catherine inaugurated fantastic later french monarchs renowned catherine served political purpose worth expense presided royal government time french monarchy steep decline sons throne succession country torn religious civil war catherine set french people foreign courts monarchy prestigious magnificent reigns francis husband henry_ii time believed elaborate court rituals incorporated martial sports tournaments kinds occupy feuding nobles distract fighting country royal authority clear catherine regarded festivals political pragmatic exercises vehicle creative gifts highly talented artistic woman catherine took lead planning musical mythological shows contemporary commentator called studied modern scholars works art historian called catherine great creative artist festivals employed leading artists architects day create necessary dramas music scenic effects events usually dedicated ideal peace based mythological themes difficult scholars piece exact form clues written accounts scripts artworks derived famous occasions sources treated caution contain contradictions provide evidence scale catherine court festivals catherine investment magnificent conscious political programme recalled belief father law king francis court needed physically active constantly entertained declared intention imitate roman emperors kept subjects occupying games adopted policy distracting nobles fighting laying irresistible sports court catherine maintained eighty ladies waiting court allegedly tools seduce political ends women known flying squadron catherine use ladies attraction court example threw banquet food served women queen wrote court warn son henry catherine presided vicious corrupt atmosphere women sexual advances men fact charlotte notorious members flying squadron mistress henry catherine orders hand memoirs praised catherine court school honesty virtue tradition sixteenth century royal festivals catherine took place days different entertainment day individual nobles members royal family responsible preparing particular entertainment spectators participants including involved martial sports dress costumes representing mythological romantic themes catherine gradually introduced changes traditional form forbade heavy sort led death husband developed increased prominence dance shows series result distinctive new art form emerged creative advances court entertainment devised catherine january catherine young charles embarked royal progress nearly half years accompanied described city including king council foreign ambassadors catherine hoped report governments train idea french monarchy verge bankruptcy royal household included catherine flying squadron musicians essential travelled miniature coaches party carried equipment required festivals planned place route included portable arches royal barges catherine ordered important noble host ball held banquet meadow dairy dressed evening court watched comedy great ballroom followed ball dressed gold silver cloth performed choreographed dance catherine arranged lasted days including fancy dress events settings day banquet meadow knights dressed greeks fought clad trapped giant dwarf tower enchanted island fighting tower losing magical properties flames spectacle singing swam past king neptune floated drawn high point royal progress catherine scheduled meeting daughter wife philip spain catherine determined magnificent impression spanish court spending extravagant standards help pay planned borrowed bank catherine assumed meeting king philip early tour sent word attending outraged catherine called madame received embassy sultan turkey objected offered concessions short french religious policy disgusted place sent severe ferocious duke orders convince catherine way deal making treaties event catherine left mind found far interested discussing marriage alliances showing french court lay way fabulous spanish entourage arrived river spanish border huge escort french catholic nobles june rode saint jean catherine greeted kisses reception ceremonies catherine soldiers dropped dead standing long heat armour day dazzling entry horse harness gems worth encounter courts marked ritual exchanges costly gifts sustained display mock battles decorative arts accounts survive spectacle mounted river particularly famous example catherine works art began banquet guests ferried decorated boats island passed riding artificial whale red wine sitting giant turtle blowing shells charles transported barge dressed look like floating fortress banquet followed ballet reported save swore seen finer day king charles brother henry took tournament leading teams dressed british irish knights theme tournament virtue love represented containing ladies dressed virtues carrying venus mini tournament little balls fire horses crossed royal hung gold silk illustrating triumph designed francis recalled memoirs spanish lords ladies greatly admired having seen like possession king french spectator recorded strangers nations forced recognise things france surpassed nations catherine believed showed spain french monarchy far financially ruined war nobles remained glorious force capable financing displays stunning scale backed unified court point lost grim duke letters reveal frustration catherine kept business discussing war end spanish decided meeting waste time catherine refused change policy believed talks negotiating teams meant catherine struck secret deal spanish royal wedding celebrations following marriage catherine daughter protestant henry paris august based themes match controversial marrying pope refused grant marriage different couple unusual wedding service lunch days balls ensued despite tension catholic forces city festivities proceeded good fashion themes near bone retrospect night wedding magnificent masked ball held included performance called paradise love king charles brothers defended led henry hell according observer great number making infinite noise danced ballet followed combat knights accompanied explosions gunpowder king brothers proceedings rescuing hell separated paradise river floated boat remaining festivities called assassination attempt leader admiral shot house august wounded elbow hand day king brothers dressed fight friends wore golden robes role turks fighting broke real catholics day massacre began august charles ordered slaughter leaders paris provoking france henry given choice death life imprisonment conversion catholicism chose catholicism spared year massacre august catherine hosted lavish set time polish ambassadors arrived offer throne poland son henry duke sports laid including tournaments mock running ring catherine held grand ball palace jean described illustrated sixteen representing french provinces danced intricate ballet distributing devices spectators process called performance finest ballet given world praised catherine bringing france prestige chronicler recorded poles ballet pointed italian influence french ballet owed catherine invented context court italian queen mother poets artists musicians contributed result inventor producer ladies court trained perform settings spectacular held reign catherine son henry iii celebrate marriage sister law favourite anne duke september laid day weeks wedding art historian roy strong called climax festival art chief artist employed design aided sculptor writers music written programme entertainment sun moon theme announced torch men women disguised trees golden fruits carry lamps visual decorations included arcades shining sun represent king moon represent arcades linked artificial heavens planets allusions catherine personal emblem rainbow king enter dressed sun ballet devised presented queen directed team writers musicians text music sets overall director theme entertainment invocation cosmic forces come aid monarchy time threatened rebellion catholic nobles men shown reduced held court garden end hall ladies danced cardinal virtues appealed gods descend earth defeat powers descended sitting eagle accompanied learned excellent music sung heard transferred power royal family protected france civil war blessed king henry wisdom govern end catherine queen henry gold medal depicting gesture expressed catherine desire couple male heir continue dynasty


moral moral role catholic_church holocaust duty repair book daniel previously author hitler willing examines roman_catholic_church role holocaust offers review scholarship english addressing argues history church claims contributed substantially persecution jews world war recommends significant steps taken church alleged role moral received mixed reviews subject considerable controversy allegations anti catholic bias background son holocaust survivor engaged academic discourse concerning holocaust following lecture attended student harvard_university gained prominence field publication hitler willing met acclaim controversy particularly germany journal german international politics awarded democracy prize awarding prize time journal wrote penetrating quality moral power presentation daniel greatly stirred consciousness german public invited new republic review books concerning pope holocaust inspired write review literature concerning question culture catholic_church prior vatican impact holocaust impressions appeared lengthy essay january edition new republic entitled jesus pope catholic_church holocaust publication extended book form moral overview new_york_times book reviewer said moral presents indictment roman_catholic_church comparable indictment germany hitler willing saying international institution leadership pope national levels european countries church deeply implicated genocide germans carefully taught hate jews point readily kill catholics author sees deep vein jew hatred catholic tradition think difference kind old religious jew hatred racial twentieth century atlantic magazine interviewer quoted saying moral issues principal substance moral concern consideration repair letter editor new_york_times said book real content setting forth general principles moral repair derive concrete proposals church author god humanity jewish christian relations sanctioned murder boston college professor theology specializing holocaust studies said asks catholic_church question religion love goodness confront history hatred harm victims right longer source hatred harm past longer endorse attempted analyze moral catholics leaders judge actors today catholics material political moral book suggests church owes financial support jews state israel change doctrine accepted biblical canon statements labels indicate jews way god legitimate christian way failing author proposes christian bible passages acknowledge having led injury jews legal controversy book german publisher sister company random house sued munich result photograph falsely asserting presence michael cardinal von david calls famous opponent nazis nazi rally picture actually depicted germany participating day labor parade munich nazi rally berlin october district court munich required publisher withdraw book correct copies spite disclosure error germany book released english error intact representative said regards photograph cardinal associate nazis writes things precise truth acknowledged photo identified figure location described lawsuit crude tactic displace focus real issues stated photograph united_states holocaust memorial museum picture obtained religious commentator priest paul collins characterized photograph new_york_times reported historians agreed single photo page book minor error critical reception moral favorably reviewed spectator reviews san_francisco_chronicle given generally favorable overview ahead interview atlantic subject substantial criticism reviewers found aspects work international social science review described book seminal work valuable introduction synthesis literature church state holocaust indicated message book stylistic problems new_york_times reviewer praised assembly impressive body evidence criticized record use promote particular view appropriate advocate historian review lauded asking proper seminal questions mirrored concerns specifically suggesting sure review cases book claims john author hitler pope secret history praised daniel excellent job exposing recent defenders especially tendency confuse diplomatic eulogy historical fact said identifying key vatican figure thinks provide ammunition lobby journalist noted criticisms church diplomatic language philosophy professor john favorably reviewed moral los_angeles_times said moderate patient come mind reading book review new_york_times said moral impressive disturbing bill indictment roman_catholic_church perspective results turning history kind summer publication author hitler war pope incorrect releasing lengthy catalog essay jesus book publication published review journal movements political religions pointing factual errors criticizing book tone conclusions following book publication joseph later authors william war responses critics separate articles weekly standard denounced failing meet minimum standards scholarship filled factual errors review paul collins indicated purpose book undermined poor editing mark national review described admirer book called moral page exercise intellectual bad manners intellectual reply charge historical daniel said central moral role catholic_church holocaust duty repair accurate book title page communicate purpose moral analysis historical analysis stated invited avail european church representatives present historical account discussing morality opponents labelled anti catholic promoting anti catholic agenda wrote errors fact combine create set historical nazis catholic_church determined assert final chapters bad historical unite form complete anti catholicism likes haven seen elderly wells decided catholicism root evil catholic news service eugene fisher associate director affairs conference catholic bishops said avoided original research factual considerations definitely way demonic portrait church seeks paint book new anti catholicism acceptable prejudice philip said moral anti catholic conspiracy theories anti church historical belongs category books anti catholic history historical manipulation national black legend spain said publishers publish books sell copies mean destroy catholicism furthermore catholic league religious civil rights president william said daniel hasn clue catholicism separates critics pope demanding catholic_church wants church teachings practices extent recognize trace catholicism new construction simply pope anti catholic accused engaging holocaust advance anti catholic agenda partial publication history daniel october moral alfred isbn 1st edition hardcover daniel november moral little brown isbn hardcover daniel december moral isbn paperback daniel december moral vintage books isbn paperback


geography scotland early modern era geography scotland early modern era covers aspects land scotland including physical human sixteenth century beginnings agricultural revolution eighteenth century defining factor geography scotland distinction highlands islands north west south east highlands subdivided great fertile central southern highlands relatively short growing season exacerbated little ice age peaked end seventeenth century network roads developed period roads highlands north east england established end seventeenth century series military roads built maintained response eighteenth century beginning period farming based lowland highland system land ownership based large estates emerged beginning process create landscape rectangular fields carefully located farm complexes roads attempt improve agriculture resulting new crops techniques began displace run rig system free pasture reliable sources track population scotland late seventeenth century probably grew period reaching census compared situation population result industrial revolution began eighteenth century numbers evenly spread kingdom roughly half north river housed small isolated dwellings little ice age saw abandonment marginal land new settlements created result opening hunting reserves like forest desirable low lying land settled population expanded settlements sub divided create new cent population lived grown later medieval period mainly east south country suburbs edinburgh reached population early modern era geographical decline centuries begun second class language confined highlands islands gradually replaced middle scots mid sixteenth century written scots increasingly influenced developing standard english southern england came dominate elite discourse union use scots discouraged authority education notion extent borders kingdom fixed modern form beginning sixteenth century exception lands settled french led commission accession james english throne borders significant military terms phrase middle great_britain remained boundary act union edinburgh emerged capital fifteenth century continued major administrative centre seventeenth century responsibilities expanded judicial functions wider local administration parish important unit local government mid seventeenth century system largely rolled limited highlands greater awareness geography political boundaries period scotland extensively mapped time physical defining factor geography scotland distinction highlands islands north west south east highlands divided northwest highlands mountains fault line great divided fertile belt central higher terrain southern included hills border england runs central lowland belt averages miles width contains good quality agricultural land easier communications support elements conventional government southern particularly highlands economically productive difficult govern highlands relatively short growing season extreme case upper ice free season months highlands seven months early modern era saw impact little ice age worldwide colder weather peaked end seventeenth century thirty days continual frost rivers marked lowest point leading seven ill years famine roads maintained justices monetary levy work levy tenants development national grain prices indicates network improved considerably early eighteenth century end seventeenth century roads stretching highlands south west scotland north east england transport highland cattle english meat market firmly established highlands early eighteenth century series military roads built maintained central government aim movement troops event rebellion beginning period farming based lowland highland settlements handful families jointly farmed area suitable teams allocated run runs furrows ridges tenant farmers usually ran downhill included wet dry land helping offset problems extreme weather conditions era system land ownership based large estates emerged dominant form scottish society largely divided large estate holders large number workers major impact landscape feudal systems ownership abandoned land holdings reorganised process facilitated scottish agricultural revolution changed scottish landscape half eighteenth century beginning process create landscape rectangular fields carefully located farm complexes roads increasing contacts england union led conscious attempt improve agriculture gentry nobility society founded including members introduced english foreign grasses grass introduced lands enclosed marshes drained lime roads built woods planted drilling crop rotation introduced introduction potato scotland greatly improved diet began displace run rig system free pasture new farm buildings based designs patterns books replaced regional diversity replaced building forms smaller farms retained linear outline dwelling house barn row larger farms sided layout common separating dwelling house servants quarters increasing regional major centre grain cattle borders sheep estate holders improved quality life displaced workers led unemployment forced abroad settlement reliable sources track population scotland late seventeenth century estimates based english records suggest end middle ages black death subsequent recurring plague caused population scotland fall low half million people price inflation generally reflects growing demand food suggests probably expanded half sixteenth century famine prices relatively stable early seventeenth century calculations based tax returns indicate population level seriously effected reliable information available national population census conducted reverend alexander showed inhabitants scotland persons compared situation population result industrial revolution began eighteenth century population evenly spread kingdom roughly half living north early modern population highlands housed small isolated dwellings result little ice age abandonment marginal land early period impossible sustain agriculture regions particularly new settlements created result opening hunting reserves like forest desirable low lying land settled incorporating features names marsh population expanded settlements sub divided create new marginal land settled clusters occupied summer pasture grazing permanent settlements cent population lived grown later medieval period mainly east south country mean population largest edinburgh probably population beginning era smaller seventeenth century number people living capital grew rapidly expanded city walls suburbs suburbs reached population towns end period glasgow language early modern era geographical decline centuries begun second class language confined highlands islands gradually replaced middle scots language nobility majority population scots derived substantially old english french influences called fifteenth century close language spoken northern england sixteenth century established literary norms largely independent developing england mid sixteenth century written scots increasingly influenced developing standard english southern england developments royal political interactions england increasing influence availability books printed england writing scotland came english fashion unlike predecessors james generally despised culture having virtues scots accession english throne increasingly favoured language southern england adopted authorized king james version bible declared longer necessary port london scots far different describes james creating tier system english union shift political power england use scots discouraged authority education scottish society promoting christian knowledge established aimed teach english language end attachment roman catholicism associated rebellious partly cultural intending wear learn people english tongue schools eventually taught overall effect contributed erosion highland culture leading scots period david considered northern british scottish attempted rid scots bid establish standard english official language newly formed union scots took learning english activities thomas gave series lectures english charging guinea time today money attended men freeman city edinburgh following city intellectuals formed select society promoting reading speaking english language scotland scots remained vernacular rural communities growing number urban working class scots political extent borders kingdom fixed modern form beginning sixteenth century exception lands western end border england settled french led commission scots built mark boundary scottish administration borders divided marches east west middle accession james english throne border significant military terms phrase middle great_britain established single commission men drawn equally scotland england bring law order region continued remained boundary act union edinburgh emerged capital fifteenth century wealthiest largest city kingdom held central law courts parliament royal residence palace james left london union crowns continued centre government acts union removed parliament retained law courts seventeenth century responsibilities expanded judicial functions wider local administration commissioners supply appointed collect land tax parish important unit local government major pieces legislation established known old poor law pressured justices parish responsible taking care periods famine prevent impoverished taking roads causing general disorder mid seventeenth century system largely rolled limited highlands growing awareness geography political boundaries period scotland extensively mapped time quarter sixteenth century created series sketch maps scotland recorded names details places visited noted work basis set maps scotland published following century eighteenth century armed forces took business mapping response ordnance survey military plans survive scotland new generation engineers military

Geography of Scotland in the early modern era


prison helicopter escape prison helicopter escape occurred october provisional irish republican army volunteers escaped prison dublin ireland aboard helicopter briefly landed prison exercise yard escape headlines world embarrassment irish coalition government time led fine criticised opposition party involving thousand members irish defence forces launched recaptured december tones wrote song celebrating escape called helicopter song topped irish popular music charts despite banned government background following outbreak troubles provisional conducted armed campaign sought create united ireland ending northern_ireland status united_kingdom result increasing levels violence northern_ireland trial introduced august republic ireland coalition government led fine attempting curb activity fine come power law order ticket policy getting tough crime suspected members arrested accused membership superintendent crime offences state act tried special criminal court dublin traditional policy recognising court resulted defence offered membership carried minimum mandatory year sentence resulting september chief staff appeared special criminal court charged membership stated refuse recognise british court found guilty received year sentence october command structure seriously senior republicans kevin held prison planning escape immediately began making plans break prison attempt involved explosives smuggled prison blow hole door prisoners access exercise yard scale rope ladder thrown exterior wall members dublin brigade car waiting complete escape plan failed prisoners gain access exercise yard rope ladder spotted began making new escape plans idea helicopter escape discussed idea break adams long camp ruled faster sophisticated british_army helicopters stationed nearby base staff approved plan break arrangements obtain helicopter man american accent calling approached manager irish helicopters dublin airport view hiring helicopter aerial photographic shoot county shown company fleet helicopters arranged hire october escape arrived irish helicopters october introduced pilot helicopter captain thompson instructed fly field order pick photographic equipment landing saw armed masked men approaching helicopter nearby trees held gunpoint told harmed followed instructions left climbed aboard helicopter armed pistol rifle instructed fly dublin following path railway lines royal canal ordered register flight path air traffic control helicopter approached dublin informed escape plan instructed land exercise yard prison prison exercise yard prisoners watching football match shortly helicopter swung land prison yard kevin directing pilot prison officer duty initially took action believed helicopter contained minister defence prisoners surrounded prison officers yard fights broke officers realised escape attempt progress prisoners restrained officers boarded helicopter helicopter took confusion officer shouted close gates close fucking gates helicopter flew north landed disused area dublin met members dublin brigade transferred taxi earlier transported safe houses reaction escape headlines world embarrassment government criticised incompetence security matters opposition party emergency debate security held november leader opposition jack lynch stated poetic justice helicopter heart government embarrassment centre dilemma hard blame prison officer observed thought minister defence paying informal visit prison yesterday course know minister defence use helicopters somebody observed ministers use state cars released statement escape read republican prisoners rescued special unit prison wednesday operation complete success men safe despite massive hunt free state forces shortly escape gave exclusive interview german magazine der reporter said people europe incident escape century irish rebel band tones wrote song celebrating escape called helicopter song immediately banned government topped irish popular music charts selling thousand copies single week aftermath escape resulted prisoners held prison camp transferred maximum security prison order prevent escapes perimeter prison guarded members irish army wires erected prison yard prevent future helicopter escape stated hiding place involving thousand members irish defence forces ensued recaptured athletic association dance hotel near december imprisoned prison escaped mass break august nineteen prisoners escaped guards blast gates recaptured january returned prison recaptured dublin early imprisoned prison end original month sentence immediately arrested sentenced years imprisonment escaping evaded recapture december spotted sitting car members special branch investigating arms shipment tip police belgium drove away spotting officers recaptured centre dublin high speed car chase imprisoned prison release


partition partition polish lasting polish lithuanian commonwealth convened neighbours russian_empire prussia austria order partition poland days session site famous gesture protest partition passed legislation notably establishing permanent council commission national education cardinal laws confirmed new legislation guaranteed russian_empire giving excuse interfere commonwealth politics legislation favored changed russia party determined form permanent council saw means control commonwealth creation commission national education commonwealth europe ministry education seen achievement partition background late 17th early 18th centuries polish lithuanian commonwealth reduced status major european power russian vassal satellite state russian effectively chose polish lithuanian monarchs utilizing free elections decided outcome poland internal politics example named russian ambassador unofficially presided proceedings partition partition occurred balance power europe shifted russian victories ottomans russo turkish war strengthening russia interests region particularly point austria considered war russia france friendly russia austria suggested series territorial adjustments austria compensated parts prussian prussia turn receive polish parts polish baltic german king frederick prussia intention giving gained recently wars interested finding peaceful solution alliance russia draw potential war austria seven years war left prussia treasury army weakened interested protecting weakening ottoman_empire utilized event prussian war russia austria frederick brother prince henry spent winter representative prussian court saint_petersburg austria annexed towns hungarian region violating treaty catherine russia advisor general suggested henry prussia claim polish land henry informed frederick proposal prussian monarch suggested partition polish austria prussia russia largest share going party weakened recent changes balance power austria frederick attempted encourage russia direct expansion weak dysfunctional poland instead ottomans austrian statesman counter proposed prussia lands poland return austria plan rejected frederick decades times silent russia seen weak poland poland devastated civil war forces bar confederation attempted disrupt russian control poland recent peasant uprising ukraine weakened poland position russian supported polish king august seen weak independent minded eventually russian court decided poland diminished powers officially justified actions compensation dealing troublesome neighbor restoring order poland military intervention bar confederation provided convenient excuse fact interested territorial gains russia occupied henry convinced frederick maria austria balance power maintained division polish lithuanian commonwealth instead russia taking land ottomans pressure prussia long time wanted annex northern polish province royal prussia powers agreed partition poland proposed threat possible austrian ottoman alliance token objections raised austria instead preferred receive ottoman territories balkans region long time russians withdrew away austrian border attempt bar kidnap king november gave courts pretext showcase polish anarchy need neighbors step save country citizens austria prussia annexed border territories belonging commonwealth february agreement partition signed vienna previous agreement prussia russia saint_petersburg february early august russian prussian austrian troops simultaneously entered commonwealth occupied provinces agreed august parties signed treaty respective territorial gains commonwealth expense partition treaty ratified signatories september having occupied respective territories powers demanded king approve action king appealed nations western_europe help european powers reacted partition indifference voices like raised protest polish king senate poland debating course action patience foreign powers running eventually prominent opponents agreeing foreign demands bishop adam abducted transported warsaw foreign ambassadors demanded king senate entire polish parliament partition sign influence meeting senate saw senators annexed territories denied participation denied participation included bishop help forthcoming armies combined nations occupied warsaw force arms calling assembly alternative available save passive submission warsaw facto garrison foreign powers forces commanded austrian russian sources vary general april senate agreed preparations preparations easy bishops argued vocally regional elect deputies disrupted eventually half regular number representatives sources vary deputies lowest number history commonwealth arrived warsaw joined senators ministers deputies grand lithuania attend russia represented von prussia austria partition treaty began april preliminary discussions took place days took place warsaw deputies senators service foreign powers declared decisions decided majority prevent veto right deputy force immediate end current session legislation passed stop adam nobles russian service crown poland grand lithuania half deputies foreign powers threatened deputies samuel jan tried protest caused delays gesture said barred doors torn shirt asked deputies murder poland widely known painting jan april vocal opponents lost confederation joined king elected committee thirty deal matters presented primarily demands reforms government committee deliberate september rest meantime despite protests september committee formally signed treaty claims commonwealth occupied territories september accepted partition treaty partition polish lithuanian commonwealth lost territory amounting time population million people population million treaty major success frederick prussia prussia share smallest significantly developed strategically important russia received largest economically important area northeast notable supporters partition addition included bishops poland occupied high positions senate poland senators protested threatened russians represented ambassador von declared face refusal capital warsaw destroyed threats included executions estates increase territory subjected partition senators arrested exiled siberia legislation powers particular russia demanded pass reforms intent strengthening power commonwealth original commission allowed work till january extending commission unable carry changes period allowed extend ultimately seven extensions cardinal laws quasi constitution endorsing conservative laws responsible inefficient functioning commonwealth confirmed guaranteed powers continued laws reducing religious tolerance commonwealth passive electoral rights orthodox diminished restriction limiting number non roman catholic deputies greater poland lesser poland grand lithuania banned election senate ministerial positions royal power restricted king lost power titles positions military officers ministers senators territories crown lands awarded auction return king received personal possession royal free election confirmed future kings come polish nobility sons king succeed throne till held interim trade treaty signed commonwealth prussia unfavorable commonwealth partition cut commonwealth access baltic_sea state choice accept high imposed prussia created notable institutions permanent council main governmental body continuous operation commission national education council intended institution easier control remained influence russian_empire nonetheless significant improvement commonwealth governance council committees foreign affairs treasury defense justice interior police able interpret existing laws sphere administration provided commonwealth continuous governing body operated affected veto permanent council led king members elected half chamber ruled majority vote king decided case tie previously powerful ministers placed control new council supervised parallel departments council council addition administrative duties present king candidates nomination senate main offices commission national education type newly created ministry central state institution structure great commissions treasury army took possessions recently disbanded jesuit order ministry education europe creation universally seen achievement partition fiscal policy reformed tax introduced reintroduced military reformed held size army ordered increased goal met polish noble class officially allowed deal trade crafts previously engaging urban losing noble status severity discussed significant reforms passed field new legislation guaranteed russian_empire giving pretext interfere commonwealth politics legislation changed corruption rampant deputies awarded privileges fraudulent deals funds intended government institutions commission national education pockets deputies allies commission ended march resumed accepting new acts finally ended april


plan plan proposed basis negotiations end croatian war independence political settlement drafted peter behalf mini contact group comprising united_nations envoys diplomats united_states russia european_union chairs international conference yugoslavia david owen closely involved political process surrounding plan document prepared final months early presented croatian president leaders republic serbian january displeased proposal authorities influenced serbian president refused receive document let discuss concerned plan force settlement crisis serbia province attempts revive plan operation flash early croatia captured portion western previously controlled initiative begun later month failed demanded croatian forces pull western croatia declined second attempt failed simply party wanted negotiate final round negotiations plan proposed international diplomats occurred early august major croatian attack imminent despite ditch efforts persuade leadership accept plan disagreement leaders allowed croatia claim intention negotiating croatian delegation little interest negotiations wanted lay diplomatic imminent military operation presented demands rejected august croatia launched operation storm defeated effectively ended political process led creation plan elements plan way proposals resolving crisis war status process accepted parties conflict background august known log revolution took place croatia centred predominantly populated areas city parts regions settlements eastern croatia significant populations areas subsequently named republic serbian declared intention unite serbia government croatia declared state march conflict escalated resulting croatian war independence june croatia declared independence yugoslavia month croatia followed decisions implemented october yugoslav people army increasingly supported croatian police unable cope situation croatian national_guard formed renamed croatian army november establishment croatian military hampered september arms final months saw advances fighting war culminating siege battle november negotiated pending political settlement known plan implemented early january collapsed january launched operation small scale clashes continued year march russian envoy negotiations croatia produced new march negotiations produced agreements reopening section belgrade motorway crossing held western oil pipeline water supply lines end development creation plan drafted united_states ambassador croatia peter russian ambassador croatia german diplomat representing european_union mini contact group plan stood croatia capital represented involvement united_states russia plan product process begun march considering principal author developed legal document intended basis negotiations according designed commit croatia internationally agreed settlement prevent turning military resolution war generous croatian serbs according plan actually generous serbs essence created legal foundation permanent state croatia heart plan constitutional agreement defined autonomous region croatia borders based results croatian census identified municipalities absolute majority areas enjoy high level autonomy authority transferred central government region president cabinet legislation courts police force emblem flag currency right levy taxes international agreements provided autonomous area plan agreements concerning southern western areas related areas croatian serbs form majority including eastern western contained transitional provisions plan spelled human rights fundamental freedoms prosecution war crimes human rights court international judges provisions allowing dual croatian yugoslav citizenship croatian serbs plan envisaged western restored croatian control followed eastern transitional administration set proposed changes draft plan prepared september developed amended occasions following months period international conference yugoslavia chairs david owen requested amendments plan opposed presentation croatian authorities set changes requested include provision croatia territory city north bank river federal republic yugoslavia allowing better communication belgrade territory request submitted september turned plan authors day owen requested plan allow form confederation serbia yugoslavia owen sought create network yugoslav authors plan deemed impossible german foreign minister behalf german presidency cautioned owen serbs formed percent croatia population confederation albania natural october russia declared opposition confederation owen regained country support idea days later shortly abandoned group requested amendments eastern owen requested status left unresolved instead gradually croatian control year period applying postwar ethnic composition area formula ethnic mix local police establishing joint croatian yugoslav company extract crude oil proposal turned led local autonomy villages area reduced transitional period years fourth group proposed amendments owen included proposal continued armed presence additional authority concerning mineral resources international treaties proposals text plan subject lengthy discussions contact group countries chairs chairs began drafting version plan stalled plan norwegian diplomat ambassador creating conflict news plan october informed croatian president plan providing details similarly informed president milan early plan negotiations planned actually plan croatia elements plan leaked belgrade newspapers mid october according florence october representatives serbian president met austria discuss proposed croatia opposition plan disliked plan envisaged state croatia saw dangerous precedent applied majority non mixed regions yugoslavia agreed deliver plan croatia october opposed owen owen asked envoy oppose delivery instructed moscow pulled accused owen plan final version page final version plan prepared january entitled draft agreement southern western consisted documents provisional maps maps considered provisional concerns inclusion contested croatia portion municipality predominantly inhabited adriatic coast territorial issue municipality included omission effectively cut possible solution problem split municipality award areas east anticipation planning began road bypassing despite unresolved issues delivery plan croatia scheduled january january shortly plan final version drafted announced letter croatia grant extension mandate march united_nations protection force troops deployed leave presentation january plan presented french ambassador croatia accompanied italian ambassador replacing hide displeasure plan receiving draft knowledge opposition plan concerns allow implemented accepted plan croatia considered unacceptable base negotiations hoping dismiss diplomats travelled present plan leadership met prime minister foreign minister milan refused receive draft security council issued written statement extending mandate protect suggested acknowledge plan negotiate issue resolved refused diplomats attempted meet belgrade matter refused group returned day described events january reactions noted croatia satisfied outcome owen expressed understanding rejection plan provoking sharp reaction parliament convened february plan sole item agenda speeches described plan provocative saw support refusing plan greatly encouraging number influential serbian politicians rejected plan addition including close ally considered strong militarily resist croatia considered plan totally unacceptable opposition politicians serbia split said refused plan serbia accept favoured plan historic opportunity views ultimately prevailed serbian media late august official reaction croatia chief said croatia endorsed restoration croatian rule return refugees local self government croatian serbs dismissed plan solutions incompatible constitution croatia croatia plan authors especially strongly criticised described vicious campaign attempts june attempts advocate plan basis political settlement croatian war independence croatia captured western operation flash early owen invited croatian officials geneva effort revive plan initiative endorsed security council preparing summit halifax time meeting attended owen international diplomats represented croatian delegation led accepted invitation claiming venue croatian concession croatian authorities considered issue internal matter normally dealt croatia hand delegation insisted croatian withdrawal territory captured earlier month negotiations proceed withdrawal requested security council croatia rejected demand initiative collapsed second attempt revive plan arose talks french foreign minister june proposed establishing zones separation enforce monitoring external borders specific guarantees safety croatian serbs confidence building measures economic cooperation croatia initiative gain ground refused negotiate august effort involving plan came asked united_states stop imminent croatian attack july request indicated negotiations held based plan refused meet wanted pressure accepting august instead met belgrade effort persuade accept plan told expect international sympathy involvement siege accept croatian terms avoid war alternative advised accept negotiations based plan complied invited croatian talks august near geneva selected location avoid media attention delegation headed major general mile army republic croatian delegation headed advisor meeting insisted withdrawal western gradual implementation followed economic cooperation political settlement discussed croatian delegation intend negotiate prepare military resolution war proposed seven point compromise including negotiations based plan beginning august proposal initially accepted expressed reservations plan political settlement asked publicly declare support proposal delegation follow lead asked accept croatia seven demands including immediate replacement croatian civilian government refused proposal indicating accepted proposal instead declared declined croatian offer negotiate croatia consider powerful secure support initiative unable commit agreement view supported told august meeting belgrade obey august croatia launched operation storm according effectively terminated plan associated political process final attempt organised revive plan august initiative called negotiating point plan extending autonomous areas eastern considered talks croatia exiled leaders impossible consulted initiative dismissed possibility negotiation september following croatian military success operation storm august bosnia operation september president bill_clinton announced new peace initiative bosnia initiative aimed restore eastern croatia based croatian sovereignty plan sought reconcile plan new circumstances field example limited self government croatian serbs eastern municipalities comprised majority population croatia objected proposal replaced provisions constitution croatia early october process led agreement establishing framework restoring eastern croatian rule agreement implemented concerns croatia process result covert implementation plan eastern political autonomy region plan resurrected template agreement proposed peace treaty negotiated yugoslavia ethnic living war serbia montenegro attempted resolve status process peace plan offering broad autonomy according foreign minister serbia montenegro plan mirror image plan year government exile set belgrade demanding revival plan croatia condemned serbian president idea forward refugee organisation led


women classical athens study lives women classical athens significant classical scholarship 1970s knowledge women lives comes variety ancient sources literary evidence genres tragedy comedy pieces evidence archaeological instance pottery links evidence produced largely men direct ancient testimony classical women lives classical girls formally educated mothers taught skills need run household married young older men married women main roles bear children run household elite families ideology wealthy women permitted unrelated men families ideology impractical women needed carry tasks going market drawing water required taking time outside house interactions men possible legally women rights limited barred political participation women permitted represent law women resident alien free rights privileges citizen forbidden conducting economic transactions worth nominal restriction especially poorer families women worked earn money responsible household tasks cooking washing clothes women limited capacity property significant inherit area civic life women free participate religious ritual sphere important festivals reserved solely women participated mixed sex ritual activities particular importance athens cult held considerable influence women played important role annual festival honour city level religious rituals women played important role domestic religious ritual historiography approaches 20th century cases late 1940s historians largely took ancient literary sources face value evidence lives women ancient world middle 20th century began change early innovations study women ancient history began france school began greater interest groups robert influential early author women greece feminist philosophy examined women classical world second sex influential early work field influenced second wave feminism study women antiquity widespread english speaking world 1970s scholarship women ancient world increased dramatically major publication field special issue journal aimed look women ancient world feminist perspective edition sarah wives slaves published described inauguration women studies classics called book revolutionary major step forward previous english language scholarship ancient women according work study greek roman women ancient times classics characterised conservative field initially women history slow adopted articles ancient women published major journals single review covered entire field recent scholarship women classical antiquity writing women classical athens called positively women studies described exciting growth points classics feminist theory work influenced post significant impact study gender classical antiquity praised looking gender lens social systems according approach impact scholarship gender second wave feminism virtually canonical quarters work criticised shallow discussion women historical subjects scholarly interest lives women ancient world continued increase review books focused women ancient greece published year period cover eighteen works range subjects covered women historians increased substantially question women status important topic historians women scholars working gender body sexuality topics 1980s scholars women classical athens primarily interested status women viewed men early feminist scholarship aimed assert women significant ancient history demonstrate oppressed early scholars held women place position challenged arnold according women high social status despite limited legal rights view reinforced position attributes variety viewpoints types evidence scholars arguing high status women predominantly citing tragedy arguing increased interest women history classical scholars number related disciplines significant interested family second world war family classical greece particularly influential history childhood emerged sub discipline history 1960s disciplines study ancient medicine influenced feminist approaches classics childhood infant mortality common classical athens percent children dying soon birth addition natural risks ancient practiced according sarah girls likely killed boys argued high rate female impossible scholars largely dismissed argument scholars tried determine rate female rejects approach asking wrong questions suggests scholars instead consider social importance impact practice writes girls appear commemorated frequently boys surviving attic previous scholars suggested boys commemorated twice survived children named ceremony days birth ceremonies celebrating seven days birth observed later rites passage apparently common elaborate boys girls classical girls probably reached age fourteen married girls died marriage failure reach maturity memorial dead girls classical athens portrayed dressed shaped like held water wedding day girls formally educated instead mothers taught domestic skills necessary running household formal education boys consisted rhetoric necessary effective political participation physical education preparation military service skills considered necessary women barred learning classical art indicates girls boys played toys spinning tops played games girl aged museum munich shows holding doll set hangs wall background known role children religion aspect lives played prominent role religious ceremonies girls offerings eve marriage pregnancy girls boys appear wine connected early spring festival depictions boys far common family life marriage primary role free women classical athens marry bear children emphasis marriage way family changed archaic athens powerful marriages making beneficial connections family women typically married older men age fourteen looked closest male relative responsible choosing husband bride little choice classical marriage concerned production children inherit parents property women married relatives especially case women brothers nearest male relative given option marrying women married intended provide depending family percent family wealth daughters families apparently worth rich families provide larger sister instance talents usually consisted goods cash land occasionally included exceptional circumstances lack interpreted proof legitimate marriage occurred occasionally overlooked bride family connections favorable reportedly married daughter noble join family sufficiently wealthy lack concern married women responsible day day running household marriage assumed responsibility prosperity husband household health members primary responsibilities bearing raising caring children weaving cloth making clothes responsible caring ill household members supervising slaves ensuring household sufficient food classical marriages husband wife legally initiate divorce woman closest male relative married apparently couple wishes divorce husband required return pay percent interest annually woman continue children time divorce remained father house remained responsible upbringing woman committed adultery husband legally required divorce married divorced marry nearest relative classical athens women remained apart men ideology separation strong party lawsuit simon claim sister ashamed presence male relatives evidence respectable women tended live remote rooms house farther windows doors historians accepted ideology accurate description women lived lives example said outer door house boundary free women antiquity recognised ideology separation practiced politics aristotle asked possible prevent wives poor going doors ideal respectable women remain public eye entrenched classical athens simply naming citizen woman source shame group women exempt rule wrote history war great honour reputation males praise blame women identified terms male relatives create confusion sisters referred son brother man law court speeches woman position key point especially inheritance cases deliberately avoided naming speaks mother sister extant speeches relating inheritance named body extant work women compared men named use woman case speech interpreted implying respectable john written women named classical divided groups women low status speaker opponents deceased practice wealthy families able implement ideology women responsibilities forced leave house frequently water wash clothing example wealthy families slaves enable free women remain house slaves prevent free women leaving according women forced work outside home economic reasons conceptual physical boundary preventing interacting unrelated men contrast areas athens free spaces women men interact respectable citizen women emerged ritual occasions primarily festivals sacrifices interacted men important festival restricted women organised conducted citizen women women ventured outdoors socially david writes important activities women included visiting helping friends relatives wealthy women afford spend entire lives indoors probably interacted socially women outside addition religious ritual occasions seen public according citing ideology separation classical athens encouraged women remain indoors necessary outside activities legal rights status women athens beautifully indicated single entry women index harrison law athens reads simply women disabilities residents athens divided classes slaves classes different rights obligations instance slaves writes women considered citizens universally accepted arguing greek words denote citizenship refer women argues military political service citizenship instead says participation life person citizen according men women considered citizens similarly says english word citizen sharing political judicial rights equivalent classical concepts member family argues english words citizen citizenship best avoided discussing classical concepts cases women rights responsibilities men women significant disabilities law compared male counterparts like slaves denied political freedom excluded law courts assembly rights women closer men women paid year poll tax compared paid male counterparts perform military service legal rights responsibilities male law courts male women appear represented dispute man wished according simon court remarkably unwilling allow female presence civic space law court women apparently appear court cases behalf initiate legal action political sphere men assembly held political office women formally prevented participating democratic process writes exposed political debate additionally women involved public affairs despite formal political arena life tells stories public actions says criticised making war greek cities occasion pleaded prosecute brother charges treason law citizenship child father considered citizen suggests period legally possible child considered citizen mother non citizen father exceptional historians disagree instance explicitly dismisses possibility arguing citizen father child way gaining entry suggests child instead enrolled maternal grandfather passage citizenship law importance women increased gained legal rights religion religion area public life women participate freely according christopher carey area greek life woman approach like influence man women religious activities including responsibility mourning involvement female mixed sex cult activity society non women participated public religious activities state controlled mysteries instance open greek speaking people men women free alike cult cult city eponymous goddess central society reinforcing morality maintaining societal structure women played key role cult position great importance use influence support political positions according battle encouraged evacuation athens telling snake sacred lived left important festival athens lesser held annually open sexes men women apparently segregated procession leading animals sacrificed altar festival significant men women role procession subordinate role procession young noble girls carried sacred girls required prevent candidate selected according question good sister reportedly rejected sons assassination year women athens new wooden statue years great larger statue sail task begun girls chosen ages seven finished women women festivals important women festival fertility rite observed married festival women stayed days sanctuary conducting rites celebrating specific rituals unknown pigs sacrificed buried remains sacrificed previous year offered goddess women festivals dedicated festivals including honoured festivals rites passage girls adult women virgin girls consecrated marriage girls spent previous year serving left passage near carrying filled items unknown theatre festival great included days dramatic performances theatre dramatic competition festival women permitted attend theatre festivals subject lengthy debate largely revolving theatre considered religious civic event henderson writes women present theatre citing laws saying drama addressed men women children henderson mentions later stories theatre tale frightened women audience evidence presence women theatre athens includes absence surviving attendance importance women rituals especially associated according simon evidence fundamentally inconclusive writes theatre seen social political event analogous assembly courtroom women excluded david writes perspective valuable sufficiently consider theatre ritual purpose women attend theatre sat separately men private religion major community based religious rituals women played important role domestic religion women took number private rituals prepare celebrate marriage played major role funeral mourning rituals marriage girls childhood toys locks hair girls pre marital sacrifices ancestors customary bride wedding called draw water dedicated instance shrine south slope athens fragments discovered word inscribed classical period laws designated women funeral cousins closely related deceased women influenced funeral arrangements speaker estate explaining grandmother wishes grandfather buried responsibility continued funeral women regularly visited graves family members present offerings tomb visited thirty days year funeral images attic women bringing offerings grave economic activity economic power women legally constrained historians traditionally considered ancient greek women particularly classical athens lacked economic influence women forbidden entering contract worth feed average family days instance woman dealt significantly larger sum writes existence law recently come question despite evidence women owned land slaves valuable forms property women legally permitted dispose large sums money frequently large supported lives income significant larger woman relative husband wealth influence likely household retained couple divorced women acquire property inheritance closest surviving relative acquire dispose property respectable women remained separate unrelated men citizens considered citizen women work women free attested working number capacities women engaged extension household jobs textile work washing unrelated household tasks net citizen women merchants law forbade criticism male female selling marketplace women gone market purchase goods wealthy women owned slaves send poorer women went market prostitution classical athens female prostitution legal albeit prostitution prostitutes athens companions higher class prostitution slaves state run staffed slaves said reforms born women worked sex trade athens apparently charged sexual act likely receive gifts clients enabling maintain fiction paid sex prostitutes hired hosts entertainment guests seen red figure paintings prostitutes drawn drinking cups male entertainment dancing girls musicians entertaining sexually assaulted comedy dancing girl treated prostitute charges guard sex independent wealthy influential women athens form long term relationships rich powerful men successful free choose clients clients prostitutes probably committed frequently married citizen women sarah suggests preferred daughters prostitutes sons prostitutes bought slaves trained abandoned children work profession


death adolf_hitler adolf_hitler killed gunshot april berlin wife née committed suicide taking afternoon accordance hitler prior instructions remains carried stairs bunker emergency exit petrol set garden outside bunker records soviet archives burnt remains recovered interred successive locations cremated ashes scattered accounts differ cause death states died poison died self inflicted gunshot biting capsule contemporary historians rejected accounts soviet propaganda attempted compromise order reconcile different conclusions eye witness recorded body showed signs having shot mouth proven unlikely controversy authenticity skull jaw fragments recovered american researchers performed dna tests skull soviet officials long believed hitler tests examination revealed skull actually woman years old jaw fragments recovered tested preceding events early germany military situation verge total collapse poland fallen advancing soviet forces preparing cross frankfurt objective capturing berlin kilometres west german forces recently lost allies offensive british canadian forces crossing rhine german industrial american forces south captured advancing rhine italy german forces withdrawing north pressed american commonwealth forces spring offensive advance foothills alps parallel military actions allies met february discuss conclusion war europe hitler presiding rapidly retreated berlin january nazi leadership clear battle berlin final battle war europe soldiers germany army group surrounded captured april leaving path open american forces reach berlin april americans crossed kilometres west city april soviet forces east crossed commenced battle heights major defensive line protecting berlin april germans retreat heights leaving line berlin bombarded soviet artillery time april hitler birthday evening april red army tanks reached outskirts city afternoon situation conference april hitler suffered total nervous collapse informed orders issued previous day general army detachment rescue berlin hitler launched incompetence commanders culminating declaration time war lost hitler announced stay berlin end shoot later day asked physician reliable method suicide suggested pistol poison method combining dose gunshot head head luftwaffe learned sent telegram hitler asking permission leadership accordance hitler decree naming successor hitler influential secretary martin convinced hitler threatening coup response hitler informed executed resigned posts later day sacked offices ordered arrest april berlin cut rest germany secure radio communications defending units lost command staff bunker depend telephone lines passing instructions orders public radio news information april bbc report originating picked copy message given hitler report stated offered surrender western allies offer declined implied allies authority negotiate surrender hitler considered treason afternoon anger bitterness escalated rage hitler ordered arrest representative hitler headquarters berlin shot time red army advanced indications preparing storm report combined prompted hitler decisions life midnight april hitler married small civil ceremony map room hitler hosted modest wedding breakfast new wife hitler took secretary room dictated testament signed documents retired bed sources hitler dictated testament immediately wedding sources agree timing signing course april hitler learned death ally executed italian partisans body mistress heels bodies later cut thrown italians probable events strengthened hitler resolve allow wife spectacle earlier recorded testament afternoon hitler expressed doubts received verify hitler ordered test dog animal died result suicide hitler lived husband wife bunker fewer hours april general reported forces hitler depending come rescue berlin encircled forced defensive late morning april soviets metres bunker hitler meeting general commander berlin defence area told garrison probably run ammunition night fighting berlin inevitably come end hours asked hitler permission breakout request unsuccessfully hitler answer went headquarters received hitler permission try breakout night hitler personal cook lunch hitler said farewell members staff fellow occupants including joseph family military officers adolf hitler went hitler personal study witnesses later reported hearing loud gunshot waiting minutes hitler opened study door later stated immediately noted scent burnt common observation presence acid form hydrogen hitler adjutant entered study found bodies legs drawn hitler left away stated hitler sat sunken blood right temple shot pistol gun lay feet according hitler head lying table blood hitler right temple chin large stain right arm carpet according body visible physical wounds face showed died poisoning stated outsiders performing duties work bunker access hitler private living quarters time death left study announced dead bodies carried stairs ground level bunker emergency exit garden petrol eye witness reported shouting hurry upstairs burning boss attempts petrol work went inside bunker returned thick roll papers lit papers threw torch bodies corpses caught fire small group including peter raised arms salute stood inside bunker doorway ordered roll hitler study burn later stated entering study saw pool blood size large dinner plate arm rest noticing spent cartridge case bent picked lay pistol men removed blood stained carried stairs outside garden placed ground burned afternoon soviets shelled area guards brought additional cans petrol burn corpses later noted fire completely destroy remains corpses burned open distribution heat varies burning corpses lasted remains covered shallow bomb crater aftermath outside world hitler dead came germans radio station hamburg interrupted normal program announce important broadcast soon dramatic funeral music wagner grand admiral appointed hitler successor announced hitler dead called german people died hero defending capital hoping save army nation negotiating partial surrender british americans authorized fighting withdrawal west tactic somewhat successful enabled million german soldiers avoid capture soviets came high cost troops continued fight morning thirteen hours event informed hitler suicide general given information soviet general met germans attempted negotiate acceptable surrender terms demanded surrender asked confirmation hitler dead wanted hitler corpse found early morning hours soviets captured general general committed suicide gunshot head later remains hitler dogs thought offspring discovered shell crater unit red army intelligence agency tasked finding hitler body wary believing hitler dead restricted release information public remains hitler repeatedly buried unit relocation berlin new facility bodies remains propaganda minister wife children buried unmarked grave beneath paved section courtyard location kept secret versions hitler fate presented soviet_union according political desires years immediately following soviets maintained hitler dead fled shielded western allies worked time create doubt western authorities chief trial counsel thomas said dead president harry asked conference august hitler dead replied soviets confirmed hitler hugo dental technician dental remains found hitler november dick white head counter intelligence british sector berlin later head succession agent hugh investigate matter counter soviet claims findings written report published book form agents recovered crater hitler buried burned skull fragments gunshot damage remains apparently forgotten russian state archives found dna forensic tests performed skull fragment soviet officials long believed hitler according american researchers tests revealed skull actually woman examination skull plates come placed age years old jaw fragments recovered tested soviet journalist book death hitler published west included autopsy report earlier attempts western historians thought facility controlled scheduled handed east german government fearing known hitler burial site neo nazi shrine director authorised operation destroy remains buried february soviet team given detailed burial charts april secretly wooden boxes containing remains bodies advanced state decay remains thoroughly burned crushed ashes thrown river tributary nearby according corpses hitler thoroughly burned red army found lower jaw dental work identified hitler remains gallery books hitler study new_york books isbn inside hitler bunker days new_york isbn eugene voices bunker new_york sons isbn dave story adolf_hitler british nephew amazing pact sure genes die worcester isbn hitler bunker boy soldier eyewitness account days press isbn berlin memoirs wartime interpreter ryan battle new_york simon hugh days hitler chicago university_of_chicago press isbn robert god adolf_hitler new_york press isbn articles bbc staff april russia displays hitler skull fragment bbc cnn staff december official chief ordered hitler remains destroyed cnn watson peter death hitler story new evidence secret russian archives washington_post