north yorkshire village civil parish district north yorkshire england villages ecclesiastical parish lies near reservoir yorkshire national park population church chapel hotel public house tea room community hall small general store associated pub served buses primary school cross roads east west road connects miles west south market town miles east road crosses bridge gill built watershed bridge miles distant main street village high street continues south mill lane bank river villages miles away road north runs small hamlet hole continuing track layout village largely originates times 19th century village grew substantial industrial community lead mining cotton mill main sources employment reverted rural community focal point wishing enjoy local countryside history derived old english rose hip old english old english valley scandinavian description ridge forming elevated site small valley bronze age stone circles remnants village area settled earliest times silver dating found local field indicates romans presence display museum gallery iron age british settlement tentatively identified banks gate gill north west village place names scale indicate norse left influence documentary record area mention book settlement referred held arch time conquest land held medieval times important east west route sheep winter abbey summer crossed broadly followed line north fault avoiding busy route traders property village older early 17th century layout reflects development medieval times planned village compartments west main street outline surrounding common fields divided identified pattern dry stone walls fields largely providing village food requirements farmed exclusively pasture hay village manor house land occupied hall south end main street stretch reaches river power corn mill middle ages corn survived middle 19th century 14th century abbey mill village storey cotton mill built alongside corn mill housed spinning frames productive driven business efficient stream driven machinery industrial revolution peak mill employed men women children building purposes including roller skating demolished lead mining important 18th century result mines success number owners promoted provision bridge road begun provided weather route wagons early 19th century dormitory village miners contributing population rising 1830s early 1850s profitable mines established parish north village veins associated helped sustain population activity continued sporadically decade century accessible ore largely exhausted population declined low shared mineral royalties mines brought prosperity gave rise redevelopment village green terrace includes old post office built 1870s main street transformed lane high street village school working clock bell tower built community stone built institute community hall completed coming yorkshire railway opened destination day visitors holiday makers purpose built timber guest house opened south end village operative holiday association founded thomas arthur passed private hands continued holiday centre mainly catering school parties village stores post office shut end years trading new store associated public house opened beginning currently run community shop gold painted george type wall post box removed outside wall post office replaced modern gold painted lamp box metres away tudor crown phone box decommissioned set cross roads street number second homes holiday cottages working farms fish farm coach companies remains working thriving community governance township parish east division historic county west riding yorkshire separate civil parish rural district result enactment poor law amendment act transferred district north yorkshire result enactment local government act lies parliamentary constituency seat held julian smith conservative mid electoral division north yorkshire county council represented conservative party member marshall ward district non metropolitan district represented richard foster conservative party located yorkshire national park yorkshire national park authority local planning authority area parish council independent members supported parish clerk elections held years recent council meetings held weeks parish council activities largely funded income parish lands form rent grants geography south east boundary parish river feet sea level north east boundary runs watershed reaching height feet upper section eastern boundary gate gill main reservoir parish shape averaging miles width miles length north land rises away feet summit great miles distant main farming areas largely confined valley rest parish mainly rough pasture village branches north fault emerges steep sided valley valley ancient east west route rises miles village main valley continues north dry valley reaches upper flanks great geology dominated rocks age parish complex section north fault varied north east village rocks predominantly south east largely massive river runs limestone impressive gorge mineral veins series exploited lead ore population change landmarks centre walking cycling upper inn shop tea room cater visitors walking distance villages gold post box near old post office commemorates olympic games rowing gold medal won andrew grew village reservoir wind sailing bird watching miles east miles cross cave cycle way passes way proximity fault scenery varied way passes parish banks river mainly limestone occasionally falls limestone past crosses wrapped steel cable suspension bridge yards upstream reconstructed course medieval stepping stones bridge built local william bell paid public subscription recycled materials originally central supporting pier base seen low water conditions removed span raised damaged heavy flood bridge landmark river path flows dominated long abandoned remains lead mining industry rugged wooded gill past hamlet hole famous william riley novel jerry ben feet falls popular walk miles circuit returning river south edge limestone heralded number text book examples reef including hill hill hill conical remnants limestone reef structures reef large fell fell walking enjoyed especially edges conservation area yorkshire national park authority designated conservation area proposal stated special character defined historic settlement pattern great significance collection important listed buildings group buildings essentially vernacular humble architectural terms combine create generally high quality environment buildings open spaces tree cover addition setting distinctive natural topography surrounding hills adjacent steep sided valley combining man agricultural landscape age significance right sport sports day held annually august bank holiday dating nineteenth century sports provides variety running races novelty races age groups hosted professional fell race regular feature british open fell runners association calendar village cricket team plays league league set rules rugby union football crown green bowling facilities available religion ecclesiastical parish diocese church built chapel ease michael angels church dedicated peter attended church distance church path fields stepping stones crossing peter church built land donated henry bailey designed john gothic revival style grade listed building pipe organ built harrison harrison durham dedicated refurbished carter granted grade historic organ certificate methodist church built methodist circuit congregations small share single service sundays alternating venues public services transport local medical facilities provided medical centre hospital facilities provided trust general hospital miles away ambulance services provided yorkshire ambulance service trust ambulance station fire fighting services provided north yorkshire fire rescue services maintain retained fire station cave mountain rescue services provided upper fell rescue association based police services provided north yorkshire police nearest manned police station team officers based regional television services provided bbc yorkshire yorkshire television cable internet access available village speed fast available infinity electricity distribution responsibility northern yorkshire wholly owned energy holdings company domestic gas supply water supplied yorkshire water reservoir yorkshire water responsible disposal small scale treatment plant located adjacent river south refuse collection handled district council north yorkshire county council provides household waste recycling centre abbey village served buses services destinations nearest railway station services leeds nearest international airport leeds airport


canterbury canterbury historic english cathedral city world heritage site lies heart city canterbury local government district kent england lies river archbishop_of_canterbury church_of_england worldwide anglican communion owing importance served pagan kingdom kent turn 7th century city cathedral major focus pilgrimage following thomas journey pilgrims shrine served frame 14th century classic canterbury tales canterbury popular tourist destination consistently visited cities united_kingdom city economy heavily reliant tourism city occupied times served capital celtic kingdom kent historical structures fill area including city wall founded roman times rebuilt 14th century ruins abbey norman castle oldest extant school world king school modern additions include theatre lawrence ground home kent county cricket club substantial student population brought presence university kent canterbury christ church university university creative arts american university canterbury campus canterbury remains relatively small city terms geographical size compared british cities roman settlement occupied location earlier british town ancient british reconstructed stronghold grove supposed derived british names medieval variants roman include sub roman britain known old welsh fortress kent occupied known old english stronghold developed present history early history canterbury area inhabited prehistoric times lower axes bronze age found area canterbury recorded main settlement celtic tribe inhabited modern day kent 1st century romans captured settlement named romans rebuilt city new streets grid pattern theatre temple forum public maintain major military garrison position street relative major ports dover gave considerable strategic importance late 3rd century defend attack romans built earth bank city wall seven gates enclosed area acres despite counted cities sub roman britain romans left britain abandoned farmers gradually decayed years anglo saxon community formed city walls refugees arrived possibly locals pope gregory great sent convert king christianity conversion canterbury roman town chosen centre episcopal kent abbey cathedral built archbishop_of_canterbury town new importance led revival trades developed pottery leather gold coins struck canterbury mint gave canterbury authority entire english church canterbury suffered great loss life danish raids archbishop abbey built named abbey second wave danish attacks began cathedral burnt archbishop killed remembering destruction caused inhabitants canterbury resist william invasion william immediately ordered wooden bailey castle built roman city wall early 12th century castle rebuilt stone murder archbishop thomas cathedral canterbury notable towns europe pilgrims parts came visit shrine pilgrimage provided framework 14th century collection stories canterbury tales canterbury castle captured french prince louis invasion england death john caused english supporters desert cause support young henry iii canterbury associated saints period lived canterbury saint canterbury saint canterbury saint thomas saint saint saint saint adrian canterbury saint saint kent 14th 17th centuries black death hit canterbury canterbury 10th largest population england early 16th century population fallen years war commission inquiry found disrepair stone ditch filling led roman wall eroded wall virtually rebuilt new wall towers added tyler peasants revolt castle archbishop palace sacked archbishop beheaded london remembered annually christmas mayoral procession tomb canterbury cathedral henry sovereign buried cathedral canterbury granted city charter gave mayor high sheriff city lord mayor sheriff cathedral main tower bell harry tower completed ending years building dissolution monasteries city closed abbey 14th richest england time surrendered crown church rest abbey dismantled years site converted palace thomas shrine cathedral demolished gold silver removed tower london images kingdom ending 17th century canterbury population french speaking protestant begun fleeing persecution war spanish netherlands century introduced silk weaving city wool weaving robert negotiated lease palace street purpose transporting pilgrims america english civil war riots broke canterbury mayor banned church services christmas day trial following year led kent revolt forces contributing start second phase war canterbury surrendered peacefully victory battle 18th century present city newspaper post founded merged newly founded gazette castle fallen disrepair parts demolished late 18th century early 19th century gates city wall city jail demolished result commission found new coach travel canterbury prison opened outside city boundary city silk industry killed imported indian trade limited wheat canterbury railway world passenger railway opened bankrupt purchased south eastern railway connected town larger network london chatham dover arrived competition cost cutting lines resolved merging south eastern chatham abbey refurbished use missionary college church_of_england representatives british colonies city population grew world war number barracks voluntary hospitals set city german bomber crash landed near broad oak road second world war bombs dropped separate raids destroyed homes buildings city including missionary college simon girls grammar schools people killed devastating raid june blitz end war architect charles drew plans city centre locals opposed citizens defence association formed swept power municipal elections rebuilding city centre eventually began years war ring road constructed stages outside city walls time alleviate growing traffic problems city centre later biggest expansion city occurred 1960s arrival university kent canterbury christ church college 1980s saw visits pope john paul queen elizabeth_ii beginning annual canterbury festival canterbury received radio station canterbury shopping centre underwent major redevelopment redevelopment major archaeological project undertaken canterbury archaeological trust known big dig supported channel time team famous visitor came city october met johnson dean canterbury governance member parliament canterbury constituency includes conservative julian general election conservatives won majority vote canterbury constituency labour won vote liberal democrats green party united_kingdom independence party alliance canterbury bay city canterbury local government district city urban area consists electoral forest seats canterbury city_council seats held liberal democrats conservatives labour city county corporate later county borough local government act lost status smallest county borough england local government act came control kent county council geography canterbury located east kent miles east southeast london coastal towns bay miles north miles northwest nearby villages include rough common tyler hill civil parish southwest rest city place suburbs city city river great flowing source north east english channel sandwich river divides south east city branch flowing city position walls branches rejoin linked times finally town edge north east city tidal section point small craft rowed river boats available hire canterbury geology area consists mainly chalk sands london clay form thomas hill stephen hill mile northwest city centre census total population city urban area residents city average age years younger average district average england households person households couples lone parents aged city higher education qualification higher national average compared rest england city average proportion foreign born residents ninety percent residents recorded white largest minority group recorded asian population religion recorded christian muslim buddhist hindu jewish rest religion alternative religion state religion economy canterbury district retains approximately businesses time employees worth billion makes district second largest economy kent unemployment city dropped significantly owing opening shopping complex introduced thousands job opportunities april archbishop_of_canterbury williams strong speech arguing salary caps implemented curb pay rich attempt manage growth economy city economy benefits mainly significant economic projects canterbury enterprise hub international business park retail development tourism contributes canterbury economy cornerstone local economy number years canterbury cathedral generates million visitors year canterbury high capita higher kent average making wealthiest towns south east registered unemployment rate september stands culture landmarks canterbury cathedral mother church anglican communion seat archbishop_of_canterbury founded forms world heritage site saxon martin church ruins abbey million visitors year visited places country services held cathedral times day roman museum houses mosaic pavement dating surviving structures roman times include blocked gate city wall john mound roman cemetery john gardens built mound 18th century memorial placed mound summit mound ruins norman canterbury castle abbey open public medieval margaret church houses canterbury tales life sized character models reconstruct stories museum relating history jail medieval church redundant new lease life canterbury urban studies centre later renamed canterbury environment centre building king school old king school music room egyptian revival standing city centre contains timber framed 16th 17th century houses far fewer second world war damaged blitz standing including old house martin mill surviving mill known stood canterbury built worked house conversion thomas canterbury church roman_catholic_church city contains relics thomas canterbury heritage museum houses exhibits including bear museum bay times reported heritage risk register includes listed buildings canterbury need urgent repair council insufficient funds theatres city theatre concert hall theatre named christopher born city times baptised city george church destroyed second world war old theatre located margaret street housed theatre theatre university kent serves city housing cinema café theatre completely rebuilt reopened october theatres theatrical performances place areas city instance cathedral abbey premiere murder cathedral took place canterbury cathedral oldest surviving tudor theatre canterbury shakespeare known theatre groups based canterbury including university kent students union drama society canterbury players kent youth theatre theatre redeveloped theatre time writing largest theatre region offering touring productions concerts programme includes musicals drama ballet contemporary dance classical opera children shows stand comedy concerts second performance space called studio dedicated creative activity programming new work theatre seen points city centre considering modern tall structure music cathedral medieval music written monks christ church cathedral survives 13th century cathedral organ early 12th century names recorded early 15th century earliest named composers associated canterbury cathedral power appointed master new lady chapel choir formed post reformation reformation brought period decline cathedral music revived dean thomas early 17th century introduced cathedral music played probably members city band waits cathedral acquired sets use choir boys lay city early modern common english cities middle ages canterbury employed town band known waits records payments waits starting probably existed earlier waits disbanded city authorities reinstated played visit king charles_ii return exile waits eventually abolished nationally municipal corporations act modern early music group called canterbury waits revived canterbury catch club musical social club met city club male met weekly winter employed orchestra assist performances half evening interval members sang catches club extensive music library deposited cathedral archives canterbury contemporary city gave musical genre known canterbury sound canterbury scene group progressive rock avant garde jazz musicians established city late 1960s early 1970s notable canterbury bands soft machine matching mole egg north national health soft khan years band membership changes new bands evolving term describe musical style regional group musicians canterbury site new played host punk new wave bands era including clash magazine attractions university kent hosted concerts bands including led late early canterbury hosted number major acts including cure joy division theatre musical performances don convention regular music dance venue hall canterbury choral society gives regular concerts canterbury cathedral large scale choral works classical canterbury orchestra founded thriving group enthusiastic players regularly tackle major works symphonic repertoire musical groups include canterbury singers founded city canterbury chamber choir university kent symphony orchestra university choir chamber choir university concert band big band canterbury festival takes place weeks october year canterbury surrounding towns includes wide range musical events ranging opera symphony concerts world music jazz folk etc festival club fringe umbrella events canterbury hosts annual lounge farm festival july mainly sees performances rock indie dance artists reggae musician judge played gig penny theatre final words let hear band went suffered major heart attack died despite help ambulance crews audience composers composers association canterbury include thomas lay clerk singing man canterbury cathedral subsequently appointed gentleman chapel royal john ward born canterbury canterbury cathedral composed works consort services anthems orlando composer gentleman chapel royal died canterbury buried cathedral william born canterbury canterbury cathedral viola player composer john marsh lawyer amateur composer concert wrote canterbury orchestra moving thomas clark methodist church canterbury composer west gallery hymns tunes sir george job composer born canterbury trained cathedral educator broadcaster composer church orchestral chamber music sir peter davies appointed honorary fellow canterbury christ church university ceremony canterbury cathedral canterbury cathedral composed services anthems hymns etc stray ghost british neo classical composer anthony lived city period years finishing numerous albums including death sport lawrence ground notable grounds regularly class cricket tree boundary city oval south_africa home ground kent county cricket club hosted day including england match cricket world cup canterbury city reformed community interest company currently compete southern counties east football league previous incarnation club folded canterbury founded east kent club achieve national_league status currently play fourth tier national_league south tour france visited city twice tour passed held finish stage canterbury hockey club largest clubs country men 1st women 1st compete england hockey league olympic gold medal winner sean member club sporting activities public provided leisure centre metre swimming pool sports hall football basketball public transport railway canterbury terminus canterbury railway known locally crab line pioneer line opened closed canterbury regular passenger steam railway world station canterbury north lane canterbury railway stations called canterbury west canterbury east despite stations west city centre canterbury west northwest canterbury east southwest stations operated southeastern canterbury west station south eastern railway opened february april line completed canterbury west served high speed minutes trains london slower stopping services london cross london victoria trains canterbury east central stations opened london chatham dover railway july services london victoria stop canterbury east journey time minutes continue dover canterbury served stations north lane station southern terminus canterbury railway canterbury south valley railway opened closed high speed train service london international started december road canterbury passed london dover road miles london motorway miles central london road main road canterbury city_council invested heavily park ride systems city outskirts sites new dover road road plans build direct access london directions meets present slips direction dover allow direct access canterbury currently subject local discussion junction constructed linking northbound leaves southbound exit missing cut park ride car park meet complicated junction expected added near term hourly national express coach service victoria coach station leaves main bus station typically scheduled hours coaches run bus station london paris east kent bus company canterbury company run local routes city long distance services group runs special service buses running fuel city centre university kent education universities colleges city estimated students highest student permanent resident ratio home universities higher education institutions colleges census population aged time students compared england city host universities university kent canterbury christ church university university creative arts recently american university canterbury branch american university university kent main campus situated acres stephen hill mile north canterbury city centre called university kent canterbury founded smaller campus opened town chatham students canterbury christ church university founded teacher training college church_of_england range courses began expand subjects given power university college granted university status students university creative arts oldest higher education institution city having founded thomas cooper cooper school art near university kent international study centre place study worldwide order college independent college japanese students campus university kent canterbury college canterbury college technology offers mixture higher education courses school adults primary secondary schools independent secondary schools include kent college school oldest school england king school established school shortly arrival canterbury king school grew documented history school began dissolution monasteries 16th century school acquired present referring henry_viii kings school canterbury public schools united_kingdom regularly featuring expensive school fees lists city secondary grammar schools court grammar school simon grammar school boys simon girls grammar school pupils gain grades including english non selective state secondary schools canterbury high school catholic school church_of_england archbishop school pupils gain grades including english weekend education kent japanese school weekend japanese educational programme held saturday campus school canterbury local media newspapers canterbury newspaper post founded changed gazette published claiming country second oldest surviving newspaper currently produced paid newspaper produced group based nearby newspaper covers east kent area circulation free weekly newspapers provide news canterbury district canterbury times canterbury extra canterbury times owned daily_mail general trust circulation canterbury extra owned group circulation published media prints popular county paper kent sunday runs website giving daily updated news events city radio television canterbury served local radio stations canterbury canterbury broadcasts known group took control known based local previously based city station studios moved acronym community student radio broadcasts studios university kent canterbury christ church university station run collaboration education establishments city including universities based university kent offering good coverage city replaced existing radio stations radio served canterbury christ church university radio served university kent stations cover parts city canterbury hospital radio serves patients kent canterbury hospital simon boys school radio station picked school grounds city receives bbc south east itv main dover local relay situated notable people people born canterbury include detective christopher presenter phillips actor thomas james bbc radio music presenter itv news journalist television presenter bbc radio presenter airline entrepreneur sir boy singer actor joseph comic book artist jack lawrence actor orlando bloom mary creator bear victorian animal painter taught thomas cooper born lived city cricketer david physician william harvey actress singer writer somerset film director michael pupils king school canterbury notable alumni university kent include comedian davies singer ellie newspaper editor boycott actor tom booker prize winning novelist actor chris november williams awarded freedom city work archbishop_of_canterbury grave author joseph canterbury cemetery gardens grade listed building international relations canterbury following cities france city city partnership hungary protocol accord saint france france italy russia sweden belgium


stock lithuanian russian largest city northeastern poland capital located polish plain polish banks river ranks second terms population density eleventh population thirteenth area cities poland historically attracted migrants poland particularly central eastern_europe facilitated fact nearby border eastern border european_union area city adjacent municipalities constitute metropolitan city warm summer continental climate characterized warm summers long winters forests important character occupy acres administrative area city places fifth forested city poland settlers arrived 14th century town grew received municipal charter traditionally leading centers academic cultural artistic life important economic center northeastern poland nineteenth century important center light industry reason substantial growth city population fall communism factories faced severe problems subsequently closed investment funds city continues work modern metropolis short list ultimately lost competition finalist european capital culture centuries produced number people provided unique contributions fields science language politics religion sports visual arts performing arts environment created mid eighteenth century patronage jan arts sciences include president republic poland creator albert developer etymology english translation white slope changing borders centuries city known ukrainian lithuanian russian proposes language source names second element localized basin upper history archaeological discoveries settlements area present day occurred stone age tombs ancient settlers found district early iron age mix culture people settled area producing tombs chiefs area located current village area crossroads cultures trade routes linking baltic black_sea favored development settlements polish cultural characteristics city existed centuries time fate city affected political economic forces surviving documents representative family coat arms received michael son duke lithuania wilderness area river marked beginning settlement brick church castle built floor castle designed rectangular plan gothic renaissance style work job extension castle continued grand marshal lithuania husband died childless result came management widow death estate including passed commonwealth cover costs maintaining castle years managed governors grand lithuania given reward service victory years later given daughter married jan passing hands family son jan marshal crown court obtained city rights king john iii constructed palace foundations castle family second half eighteenth century ownership city inherited field crown jan transformed palace built father magnificent residence great noble end eighteenth century saw division polish lithuanian commonwealth steps neighboring states kingdom prussia acquired surrounding region partition city capital new east prussia province prussia lost territory following napoleon victory war fourth coalition resultant treaties awarded area russian_empire organized region city regional center end nineteenth century majority city population jewish according russian census total population jews constituted percent heritage seen jewish heritage trail groups attract significant following russian workers peasants communist groups founded occurred june city people killed people wounded world war district administrative division german controlled territory comprised city capital surrounding region roughly corresponding territory earlier end world war city newly independent second polish republic capital polish soviet war possession city red army provisional polish revolutionary committee occurred lead battle warsaw resultant city returned polish control battle beginning world war poland invaded nazi_germany soviet_union initially city came soviet control result pact incorporated capital nazi attack soviet_union occupied german_army june battle city capital separate region german occupied poland great burnt germans june estimated number jews inside beginning nazis pursued ruthless policy removal non german population jewish residents town confined august uprising began polish jews members anti fascist military organisation polish started armed struggle german troops carrying planned camp city liberated red army july september transferred poland war city capital initial people republic poland administrative reorganization city capital smaller capital republic poland geography situated polish plain polish known collectively green lungs poland river left tributary river passes city landscape diverse high hills excess sea level vast areas glacial plain formed sediments deposited terminus covered forests forests important city character currently occupy approximately acres administrative area city places fifth wooded city poland forest preserved city limits nature reserves total area acres forest nature reserve polish las contained city limits fragment acres forest dominant oak nature reserve polish acres park city preserves natural state forest fragment characteristic dominant mixed forest spruce acres forests lying vicinity ponds administered central sports recreation center polish ponds recreation area includes public beach walking trails fishing climate city mild summer continental climate according climate classification system characterized warm temperatures summer long winters substantially different polish region poland average temperature january average temperature year number frost days ranges frost days duration snow cover days mean annual rainfall values vegetation period lasts days source source districts metropolitan region districts city divided administrative units known polish created october 28th created october settlements incorporated city center city surrounds street main street city street extends corner street corner street centuries exclusive elegant street taken number different names joseph adolf_hitler joseph return end world war original street city covers acres acres agricultural land acres areas acres surface waters acres composition districts vary residential near city center combination multi story apartment buildings individual houses small parcels industrial agricultural city edges metropolitan metropolitan designated regulation help develop region economically metropolitan area population inhabitants municipalities adjacent slowly losing agricultural character residential suburban neighborhoods single family housing small businesses demographics june population city cities poland second terms population density eleventh population thirteenth area historically destination internal foreign immigration especially central eastern_europe addition polish minority significant jewish majority according russian census total population jews constituted percent pre world war jewish population constituted percent city total population world war changed people lived day ethnic diversity previous years city history currently city population polish number minorities including russians modern day population growth based internal migration poland surrounding areas governance city government like major cities poland city county polish legislative power city city_council polish members council members elected directly years mayor president polish like legislative bodies city_council divides committees oversight functions city government bills passed simple majority sent mayor sign law mayor bill council days veto thirds majority vote current president elected term won elections civic platform candidate official connection party round elections received votes votes altogether later runoff defeated rival candidate law justice polish receiving votes cast votes fiscal year city received revenue taxes levied investments expended leaving budget deficit deficit covered short term borrowing issuance million municipal bonds levels governmental representation seat government city represented members houses polish parliament constituency represented constituency european parliament international relations general romania honorary city member organizations union polish polish polish green lungs foundation headquarters poland france netherlands russia lithuania milwaukee county wisconsin usa estonia military units 18th reconnaissance regiment polish polish land forces based heritage unit 18th territorial defense battalion polish prior 18th brigade december result restructuring armed forces 18th brigade polish disbanded place created 18th territorial defense battalion polish historical military units december order chief general staff polish armed forces created 18th brigade polish garrison unit formed 3rd regiment polish commander 1st warsaw division polish december result restructuring armed forces 18th brigade disbanded place created 18th territorial defense battalion cavalry brigade polish military unit polish army created april headquarters located operated independent operational group formed cavalry brigade existed february march soviet invasion poland remnants brigade fought red army troops october cavalry brigade polish army second republic formed february april renamed cavalry brigade economy nineteenth century important center light industry reason substantial growth city population tradition continued factories established twentieth century district fall communism factories faced severe problems subsequently closed unemployment rate february average household monthly capita income monthly capita expenses city number nearby border crossings border away nearest border crossings located road crossing located city limits road rail crossing located city limits railway freight traffic road railway border eastern border european_union area city center trade mainly east industry leading industries city economy food processing production meat products fruit vegetable products production spirits production frozen food grain processing electrical engineering production tools equipment machine tools production electric manufacture production household developed machine industry electronics machinery metal plastic processing production household manufacture underwear clothing accessories wood production furniture building materials notable major employers based include brewery district produces second popular beer poland biggest manufacturer poland located city district company produces grass major exports abroad standard motor products poland headquartered began manufacturing original equipment manufacturers years ago leading polish producer fire fighting equipment manufacturer stationary mobile concrete mixing equipment based large manufacture household including vacuum coffee makers led lighting located major polish producer similar products located district provided years precision injection products world leading brands established produces mouth blown glass related products belongs elite group glass works europe lighting glass mouth blown cold store established largest polish producers frozen vegetables fruits ready heat meals established july result regional establishment corn industry leading firms region department preservation processing grain elevators culture tourism largest cultural centers attractions include performing arts groups art museums historical museums walking tours architectural cultural aspects wide variety parks green spaces short list ultimately lost competition finalist european capital culture performing arts city number performing arts facilities including puppet theater polish established oldest polish puppet theaters facility located repertoire includes performances children puppet adaptations world literature adults high artistic level productions theater recognized best arts centers poland drama theatre housed building designed built years opera european art centre largest institute arts northeastern poland modern cultural center region europe year end june halfway festival takes place museums number museums city including historical museum polish museum facility rich collection archival materials illustrating history number middle class cultural relics especially field craft utility cabinet collection coins medals museum possession collections country memorabilia connected settlement polish lithuanian region army museum polish established september branch museum house research collections people connected military history north eastern poland centre polish offers visitors permanent exhibition young temporary exhibitions concerts film projections theatre performances centre branch library dedicated language parks green spaces city occupied parks squares forest preserves creates unique healthy climate green spaces include palace polish historical acres park developed site earlier building half eighteenth century jan wealthy polish lithuanian commonwealth residence suitable man ambition elected king poland palace complex gardens sculptures structures city churches city hall monastery built time according french models reason city known eighteenth century versailles polish acres park created auspices areas adjacent palace modernist composition park designed architecture historically driven changes significant influence architectural space city polish cities suffered similarly processes particularly intense course numerous historic works architecture longer exist rebuilt original configuration historic buildings city preserved sights merely echo old historical shape main sights include palaces palace guest palace palace palace palace town hall catholic cathedral church church orthodox cathedral daughters charity monastery arsenal lodge sports city professional amateur sports teams number venues based polish football club based league plays city stadium won polish cup super cup qualified play round qualification league new seat stadium completed beginning known polish football club based play division 4th league football club based plays polish american football league polish conference champions conference perfect season wins meetings win advanced upper conference media wide variety media outlets serving city surrounding region locally published daily newspapers market share market share addition national papers local number national locally produced television radio channels available air nearby mast seventh highest structure poland addition sites city locally produced regional branches poland public television broadcaster cable television system available city city campus radio stations medical university radio technical university religion early 1900s reputed largest concentration jews cities world jews lived city nearly half city inhabitants city seat roman catholic pope john paul june visit announced establishment ended period temporary church administration portion world war remained polish borders city seat diocese polish orthodox church largest concentration orthodox believers poland following protestant churches exist lutheran parish churches baptist church congregation church god christ seventh day church home thousand muslims mainly islamic centre house prayer organisations magazine issued memory persistence transport city centuries main hub transportation entire northeastern section poland major city european_union roadways railways rail baltic finland main gateway trade proximity border current longstanding relationship railways passenger trains connect lithuania warsaw rest european passenger network passenger services provided rail service providers provides passengers trains express hotel operates regional passenger trains financed passenger trains run electrical multiple units electrified lines rail buses buses extensive bus network covers entire city bus services subway exists bus operators partially owned city shares approximately lines bus fleet roads highways national roads polish running polish border russia polish border polish border polish lithuania border warsaw czech polish border airports civil airport airport lies city limits provide regularly scheduled service plans build new regional airport airport provided flights europe education higher education city traced second half eighteenth century ownership city inherited field crown jan patron arts sciences encouraged numerous artists scientists settle advantage patronage established poland military college school civil military engineering city fall communism privately funded institutions higher founded number increasing currently home principal public university university public specialist universities technical university medical university institutions musical academy branches parent institutions cities usually warsaw notable residents centuries produced number persons provided unique contributions fields science language politics religion sports visual arts performing arts environment created mid eighteenth century patronage jan arts sciences list recent notable persons includes limited president republic poland creator albert developer actress max painter illustrator animator director oscar nominee cathedral


town civil parish district mid devon county devon england locally known miles miles north east exeter lies river parish population built area town population earliest evidence occupation roman period fort hill town occupation current town centre mentioned alfred great past town economy large component wool cloth manufacture later leather working paper manufacture large proportion town inhabitants local manufacturing including flour paper mills monthly farmers market held second saturday month oldest event kind south west home grade listed buildings fifteenth century andrew parish church seventeenth century house known centre town conservation area mid devon seven grade listed buildings ninety grade listed buildings parish history disputed town means river probably meaning knot tie referring river twists loops theory named saint preached west states parish church probably dedicated years dedicated andrew tradition records ancient figure image recorded recorded use present day late mid nineteenth century use post office spelled edition ordnance survey map railway station sign said railway station sign changed ordnance survey edition map published known roman period andrew hill north west town centre roman forts discovered aerial photography carried devon county council earlier smaller fort boundary ditches showed later replaced second larger fort second fort preserved sides modern field boundaries substantial banks banks sides removed shortly site recognised roman site scheduled monument aerial photography revealed subsidiary military fort survey fort areas east west followed trial excavation west site confirmed existence forts ditch second fort excavated pottery site dated consistent previous date based finds roman settlement near lane excavated large quantity roman pottery burial remains fragments tile second century found saxon period eighteenth century saxon settlers moved valley seventh century site alfred great bequeathed lands son time norman conquest held lady widow earl william passed villa way exeter living william gave manor baldwin wife favourite nephew subsequently held earl devon years devon abbot convent dissolution monasteries sold sir john presented william battle abbey sussex later held nicholas exeter nicholas dissolved prior gained appointment vicar patronage passed family town granted market held thursday town gained water supply deed gift abbot water known town lake came stream rising farm flowed pond near flowed open channels parts town water employed protect interests town tradition took place ceremony took place seven years group inspect channel ensure abused recorded mid nineteenth century water courses boiling vegetables surface drainage board health inspector concluded epidemic diseases prevalent parish union eventually streets clean continued flow town council decided willing pay english civil war royalist earl bath tried raise troops met resistance local people troops passed occasions civil war sir rode small troop town way cornwall royalist forces marched way join prince earl essex thomas troops streets uprising local john barnes hanged found guilty highway robbery help coach travelling exeter london recognised guards exeter local man called tom austin hanged august wealthy spent money turned highway robbery killed sir robbery single day killed aunt children wife children company volunteers voluntary body soldiers raised continued volunteer companies formed following britain entry french revolutionary wars continued exist napoleonic wars inland town offer raise volunteer company june volunteers accepted commander captain marine officer company formed battalion volunteer companies called later regiment men companies based barracks new cut died succeeded henry skinner company cavalry troop disbanded reformed hostilities france resumed men fought war battle congregation began vicar william ejected established church continued preach protestant meeting house built chapel eighteenth century prevalence dissent local vicar recording population baptist chapel built john journal records preaching near town nineteenth century present bull town took place july severe fire destroyed houses thirds town burnt houses buildings destroyed subscription rebuilding set donations son riot occurred town high price wheat houses attacked including pound square belonging owner local accused buying corn house attacked windows broken furniture damaged police stations town police station rented cells petty session courtroom new police station built underwent major refurbishment police force hub mid devon staff members town acquired steam driven fire engine cost paid voluntary subscription april petition renewal alcohol local signed people presented sessions court meetings england pub renewed granted sent session explained number licensed houses large proportion population cattle market moved higher field near station cinema opened victoria hall bill terry town brittany france public company formed provide electricity supply merged electricity company form valley electricity supply ltd set gas light taken devon gas association closed supplied exeter fire occurred october exeter street fire site subsequently series run gateway store closing opened site april following major refurbishment store town saw major expansion 1970s construction bypass conversion popular commuter town continued expand closing years 20th century years 21st century mid devon local development framework proposals include plans erect new dwellings year build square metres new employment year start plan town website set new website created installed main street march announced town court closed poor facilities lack rooms suggested site developed town hall site car park plan prevented group formed oppose proposal purchase site new town hall elected thirds council seats june announced local purchased site building demolished march space car park town got permanent library building exeter hill september new library opened new site times size old cost million pounds followed shortly december opening community centre costing million pounds dramatic society new venue stage performed years economic history long history manufacturing wool cloth manufacture later leather working light industry cloth trade 15th century weaving fine later introduced area continent largely cottage industry merchants premises john lane best known local cloth merchants lane aisle section andrew church seventeenth century higher lower king mills mills local industry employed wellington based firm fox brothers branch factory built high quality cloth world war entire output cloth employing people wife set hand weaving enterprise stables house aim giving employment servicemen disabled people manage appointed women granddaughter bishop later business evolved machine mills powered town runs east town main street uncertain constructed early seventeenth century southern end mill shown map main mills higher mill lower mill middle mill higher mill appears corn mill continued produce animal feed converted housing water turbine remains middle mill mill nineteenth century associated bell mill steam powered boiler delivered labelled axle works second edition ordnance survey map remains middle mill walls chimney base lower mill ceased working building residential use seen water wheel goes sixteenth century nineteenth century crow green lower king mill court higher king mill active employed labourers decade later court established closed located north end town court house residence owners employed men probably steam powered local james george john davis patented improved bark mill grind bark producing process crow green situated south west end town existence water powered bark mill tan pits date owned family 19th 20th centuries probably purchased james referred suffered fires employed people local workforce time major products factory nineteenth century high quality sole leather second world war poor quality hides buffalo allocated firm business badly damaged invention rubber stick shoe reduced demand sole leather shoe finally finished operation leather business sold yorkshire firm building north west exeter hill housed water powered bark mill warehouse remains tail race seen site location lime yard half site south east exeter hill location tan yard site supermarket addition leather industry included leather dressing works founded closed glove maker brown paper making paper mill dates mills set near higher lower small water powered mills paper hand generally women children records mill owned simon mills taken followed number different owners significant albert reed purchased mill brother william reed established partnership king smith reed smith group acquired new mill biggest machine installed continued paper higher kings new machine built blue sugar bags products modified years different grades paper card acquired higher kings early 1980s mill making wide range recycled coloured papers boards owned asia file corporation cabinet making cabinet makers founded grew employed people workshops cockpit hill duke street world war retail shop opened firm fore street kept going repairs mid-1960s employee william started cabinet making business employed 1930s great depression meant start second world war william worker firm war firm concentrated repair work restoration firm closed retirement taken firm william retired mark founded early 1900s carrying timber horse cart world war company carried coal gas works local paper mills bought sentinel steam carried paper bristol returning animal feed second world war run ministry transport war british road services brothers owned company moved setting new firm went 1970s bought wild transport exeter bell clock making man called travelled widely repair bells reign james meeting determined order reduce cost having church bells repaired bells cast bell founder found work thomas somerset created new bell west england church town paying annual rent premises building recast bells church new ones thomas eldest son called thomas moved bell period years cast bells majority churches devon died aged son thomas took business cast bells business sold moved exeter michael angel bells cast cost shillings family involved clock making thomas senior asked set church thomas worked clock mechanisms play tunes church bells east thomas recorded having clock church cost industries jam factory devon jam 1930s government town civil parish north south outer town council met december took committee town mayor elected mid devon district council district council north south outer councillor total population census devon county council represented rural ward saxon times rural district prior district poor law union borough 17th century status sustained constituency parish northern parliamentary division devon north division north eastern division division geography miles south east miles north north east exeter miles west south west london sea level parish covers nearly acres km2 stretches miles valley census parish population north south contain urban area combined population people aged economically active employed economically inactive economically inactive unemployed figures ethnic composition mid devon white british white white irish religious composition christian religion population parish changed little start 19th century 1970s remaining chart increased rapidly 20th century start 21st population growth looks set continue mid devon core strategy new dwellings built year period population town including urban parts parish estimated 10th largest town devon cornwall town population grew meaning 8th largest town fell rapidly 23rd largest town devon cornwall fall population period towns grew rapidly probably decline importance cloth trade period economy proportion people living working town working population employed exeter retail retail sector met fairly local needs town currently opened september opened april mole valley farmers store town sells wide range goods including farm requirements garden supplies hardware street market came end late 1950s revived trial period seven weeks starting saturday june initial weeks trading good overall traders disappointing town indoor market town hall wednesday farmers market held oldest event kind south west idea work market held june later consulted producers long running radio soap opera farmers market mentioned episodes held monthly second saturday month active traders group traders association holds range events market continues wednesday saturday industrial estate mid devon district council owns industrial units industrial estate let variety businesses business based estate include gregory distribution square feet temperature controlled storage use contract deliver frozen goods stores southwest flour mill milk depot marketing advertising agency industrial clothing shop higher kings mill culture community town annual christmas parade celebrate switching town christmas lights festival week summer includes annual town known town picnic classic car community facilities improved completion projects community hub called opened september facility open days week public lending library cafe free access conference facilities office space adult community learning previously based local secondary school adult community learning run devon county council offers range courses adult ranging indian head french courses run learning floor second major project completed community centre opened december square foot building created community use sponsorship andrew church grants devon county council environmental fund donations church members money south west england regional development agency main meeting area seating capacity people meeting rooms offices toilets major recreational area town community association fields cover acres centre town fields variety events include circus racing display association registered charity formed provide recreation area town purchased fields riverside walk site chosen water meadows needed maintained help prevent flooding close cricket bowling clubs youth activities provided youth centre called john centre opened february valley integrated centre health opened services provided site include college surgery partnership large general practice doctors provided valley natural health self care groups health food café garden run alliance boots health care provided brain injury rehabilitation trust run residential centre called southerly residential assessment rehabilitation centre run trust united_kingdom provides rehabilitation adults acquired brain injury united charities provides number charitable services residents majority funds come parish seventeenth century onwards thirteen separate charities combined amalgamation went john lanes charity charity george combining form current united charities local available local residents age offer alpha emergency services elderly school spent money tools books training education offer financial help individuals resident parish help purchase specific items building called community house town centre local organisations hire meeting rooms landmarks street plan town reflects medieval layout town shops lie fore street courts linked length high street reflects prosperity town sixteenth eighteenth century centre cloth trade street plan fundamentally shown map wider area north end markets held roads small lane leading mill known lower mill map buildings roofs coloured blue conventionally meaning slate andrew church grade listed buildings fifteenth century parish church andrew fore street seven grade listed buildings ninety grade listed buildings centre town conservation area mid devon area house victorian manor house near town centre parish probably built date hall fireplace john peter lawyer acquired property marriage paris family initials fireplace plan traditional ground floor hall divided entrance passage screen main range storeys wings storeys high upper south east room barrel shaped ceiling second fireplace date association family dates eighteenth century owned preservation trust registered charity private company limited guarantee spring inherited half building miss june bought half building building mid devon english_heritage buildings risk register received devon county council mid devon district council restoration work emergency repairs costing carried july heritage lottery fund announced provide grant million help complete restoration work began erection august restoration including restoring rendering house removed causing water penetrate fabric building house opened public following restoration march display cloth costumes costume making group upper floors house inner garden car park leased trust holiday trust retain rooms adjoining path fore street public use comprise meeting room kitchen additionally trust plans convert garden stretches lane park people town andrew church andrew church dates fifteenth century set main street despite tower landmark highly visible surrounding area tower feet tall add feet height west face badly damaged remains scene figures edward george tower large clock face norman dating despite church seen approaching main street recent church built tower built local red sandstone carved parts beer hill stone nave chancel carried pairs piers interior boarded wagon roof coloured blue crimson gold stretches length church time construction bristol exeter railway william engineer given responsibility section line kingdom inserted iron prevent walls spreading result vibrations trains screen runs width church end nave gallery oak pillars feet tall dates sixteen figures carved figures typical stuart period represent meaning matthew mark appear twice centre saint andrew cross saint peter key saint john central window north aisle world war memorial world war memorial bay north aisle contains original box rear church large pieces oak rested screen carved rocks bones probably removed church cut pieces years remained graveyard south church major addition church lane aisle built local cloth merchant john lane fan vaulted style inspired aisle mary carvings similar john chapel john lane wife buried east end aisle manor house manor house grade listed building sections built dated panel initials thomas corner house lead head letters date originally private residence forms manor house hotel half stone end walls upper windows carved probably built sixteenth century refurbished thomas original structure consisted rooms passage ground floor rooms opening floor room left hall large oak panels queen anne period ceiling earlier descended hall kitchen survives staircase house william building shell porch early 18th century supported house early 18th century red blue brick windows thick bars beneath slate roof given manor house owned property time world war army officers adjacent house originally separate residence bought owners manor house hotel incorporated hotel 1980s building currently heritage risk register following deterioration condition led concerns public safety issuing repairs notice section planning listed buildings conservation areas act mid devon district council running parallel main high street public running runs head north takes water stream flows past upper middle lower mill near bridge uncertain south end lower mill shown early seventeenth century map longer use mills environment agency interested managing keeping flowing board formed restore maintain transport junction lies parish short distance town centre major road links exeter runs town people living travelled work car van households car october bypass completed years upgraded form time traffic coming south junction pass centre town problems air quality town mid devon district council built area air quality management area traffic exit slip road leaving northbound backed motorway highways agency devon county council junction improvements widening roads introducing traffic lights reopening left hand lane northbound slip road cost cost covered businesses moving routes relief roads considered mid devon district council western route eastern route lower growth option chosen proposed western route constructed alternative outer eastern relief road crossing old hill rejected existing bridges need rebuilding making cost opposition routes group called western relief road formed oppose route opposition eastern route passes community fields bristol exeter railway opened station railway opened lines widened provide passing loops new goods shed waiting room constructed closed passengers october site motorway services nearest railway station parkway devon county council travel transport plan includes opening railway station july mid devon district council announced spend engineering design work test viability concept new station matched previous commitment borough council contributions town councils wellington buses run provide regular bus services exeter town circular bus run express bus run somerset runs exeter stops education primary schools primary school medium sized primary school approximately pupils key stages classes primary school secondary school community college opened present site fully comprehensive educational comprehensive school students aged approximately students roll december secured sponsorship operative group enable business enterprise college religious sites parish church andrew landmarks religious sites roman_catholic_church saint built las descended uncle las methodist church new cut chapel site started current building built following fire damage chapel built chapel pound square dates following collapse previous building oldest congregation evangelical church built baptist church site meeting house erected high street sports leisure local teams clubs rugby club formed played thirteen different grounds town current ground park purchased senior 1st team won western counties west league finishing season unbeaten saturday won energy senior beating exeter chiefs prop ben moon played played england ladies rugby started team qualified coaches currently play national challenge south west south league smith currently playing bristol capped england local football team rangers formed play premier division south west peninsula league ground called speeds meadow women football team rangers formed exeter city amalgamated rangers women team folded manager forced leave replacement found cricket club established play meadow community association fields variety clubs including clubs running martial arts clubs sports leisure facilities town sports centre valley sports centre currently run mid devon district council opened facilities include fitness studio weather pitch sports hall courts town home park golf course sporting recreational centre opened march facilities include golf course golf school bedroom hotel conference health fitness centre indoor fishing lake beauty salon restaurants sports bar notable people painter architect john born architect charles born richard painter born hamlet parish clergyman thomas town lecturer engineer william lived died town january singer stone lives near


welsh pronunciation preserved county wales situated north east corner country named river runs county north lies irish sea east south east england welsh counties lie south west respectively additionally shares maritime border metropolitan county river county county council counties wales divided subdivided districts county abolished new authorities county borough created reorganisation preserved county retained certain ceremonial functions area northeastern wales settled prehistoric times romans built fort ford river welsh disputed territory built castles strategic locations advanced retreated end england prevailed edward conquered country following centuries welsh people numerous uprisings rebellions english rule act union incorporated wales english crown subject english law traditionally agriculture economy wales industrial revolution north wales developed parts eastern estuary advent railway running chester north wales coast mid nineteenth century easy urban lancashire visit seaside towns north wales tourism main source income history north wales human settlements prehistoric times time romans reached britain area occupied celtic tribe lived chain hill forts running range tribal capital important river crossing river fell romans built fort wales soon control roman departure britain successor states controlled onwards series marriages led kingdoms death kingdom divided sons strife followed welsh battles fought raids conquest england little effect north wales change city chester river base successive campaigns country thirteenth century coastal plain main invasion route number castles built facilitate advances castles flint date period built edward england north wales successful conquest rule welsh princes end wales annexed england country known wales period crown lands north west wales including formed england heir apparent given title prince wales time repression welsh people numerous uprisings rebellions english rule act union wales permanently incorporated english crown subject english law industrial revolution affect rural parts considerable industrial activity north wales north east county particularly area forefront technological advances famous original working site industrialist john invented new processes boring cannons williams family rich dissolution monasteries owned vast estates resources including lead tin copper corn timber geography county northeastern corner wales bounded irish sea north welsh counties west south english counties southeast east respectively eastern boundary follows course river estuary large rivers county include river tributary river river west northern coastal strip county heavily developed tourism resorts including bay northeast lies coastal plain estuary heavily developed industry area commuter settlements close chester heavily built west ridge mountains steep slope west range highest point hills north central county broad best agricultural land lies south land higher rugged range central western parts county rural coastal area east national park lying western county population estimated based figures component authority areas bordered preserved counties west south south east east river boundary changes coastline extended estuary consists historic county included district lies historic county rural district previously historic county economy economy depends mixture industrial agricultural tourism activities tourism land uses region depend underlying geology influences soil types range lead minerals mined past limestone mountain mountain mountain near largest lime workings north wales later road building stone extracted closed coal mining north wales ceased second half twentieth century large source employment area main products manufactured industrial east include aircraft components engines toyota paper paper steel processing port builds supports offshore agriculture largely based livestock traditionally main occupation central western parts county mix large small farm businesses thriving dairy sector towns livestock markets farming industry supports farm machinery merchants feed merchants contractors trades connected agriculture decline farmers found opportunities tourism rural crafts specialist food shops farmers markets value added food products tourism main source income areas sheep farms small stone walled fields attractive visitors redundant farm buildings converted self catering accommodation supply bed breakfast opportunities arrival railway coast mid nineteenth century opened travel caused boom tourism seaside towns offering board lodging urban visitors recently sites holiday villages increase ownership second homes initiatives designed boost economy north wales attempted include northern gateway project raf site redevelopment project administrative history late 1950s radical reform local government wales considered pressing england small size existing authorities especially upper tier county councils local government commission wales set recommend wholesale amalgamation administrative counties outside extensive boundary changes minister housing local government sir keith joseph decided accept report noting county england highly unpopular proposed change government secretary state wales hughes published white paper revived idea amalgamation instead boundary changes proposed previous report treated county report recommended single new county incorporating white paper stated need early action particularly urgent wales issue referred royal commission england opponents criticised proposed new county large november new secretary state announced divided revised proposal continued white paper march proposed counties authorities district councils incoming conservative government resurrected tier local government document published february upper tier boundaries minor changes having existing county boundaries special local factors local government act duly created merger rural district white paper introduced reference river range hills new welsh county ancient kingdom second tier local government purposes divided districts operated district borough council abolished county april county council coat arms granted december design shield crest motto includes elements taken arms councils green white wave represents range lying parts county cross come shield incorporated traditional arms black lion princes taken shield motto translated shield justice god county council districts abolished local government wales act local government replaced authorities county borough parts smaller communities moving act abolished county states term county synonymous principal areas created act act created set preserved counties based created act preserved counties similar respect english ceremonial counties retained variety purposes including county council districts ceased operations midnight april local government immediately transferred new principal areas bearing names boundaries substantially different earlier counties happened county records historic retained branch records office historic continued held branch problem records preserved county came effect day county council abolished preserved county identical county minor changes line changes local government boundaries communities transferred boundary review borders changed cover remainder previously wales wide organisation preserved counties boundaries preserved counties contain current principal areas moves met criticism preserved counties created sustain stable continuing layout interim local government reviews affecting principal areas led areas district moving preserved county administered past moves went generally preserved county limited status boundary commission proceeded retain preserved counties modified borders match incumbent principal area boundaries arrangement brings towns preserved county legacy local organisations use word membership covers wider area present authority organisations include based mold largest producing arts centre wales provides young people opportunity involved drama family history society help members access historical documents concerning northeastern wales archaeological trust archaeological covering wales county association tournaments takes inter county matches east football league created represent north east wales area fifth tier welsh football subsequently changed north east wales football league pension fund local government pension scheme inherited county council providing pension schemes authorities districts position lord lieutenant continues monarch personal representative seven preserved counties wales current lord lieutenant henry george appointed landmarks built thomas largest united_kingdom carries canal river world heritage site considered masterpiece civil engineering range valley constitute area outstanding natural beauty wales historic towns hosts international musical july year mound second largest structure britain superseded hill iron age hill forts county human occupation area cross carved 10th century wheel cross depicting celtic viking symbols castles flint built invasion north wales welsh fortress period cathedral dates thirteenth century medieval abbey garden formal garden setting hall home owned national trust fine country houses include hall house historic town houses suspension bridge bridges world transport north wales coast line railway line operated virgin trains trains leaving pass chester cross river wales continue flint junction bay junction ferry service ireland passengers change line links peninsula england valley line links junction constructed mainly use freight line transport slate export sea scenic route number request stops dual road passes chester north wales coast runs parallel railway line conway terminate passes chester coast leaving coast terminating main road london enters passes join terminate crosses southeast northwest links local bus services main centres population services wales run main coast road chester linking coastal resorts routes include chester mold


channel islands parish peter port located english channel north west france south england miles long miles wide north south stretches sand northern coast larger island lies west jersey south east smaller island south west_coast discovered period settlers arrived bronze ages tombs period remain today majority north island island annexed normandy returned english crown division normandy occupied germany second world war scene operation largely bypassed currently managed island ltd formed starboard settlement acquired following fears sale island identity island threat harbour west_coast buildings note vicinity including white_house chapel fisherman cottage pub restaurant small primary school children busy summer season tourists visit island arriving ferries operated charter company cars banned island staff transport respectively allowed history ancient history middle ages found period hunters search food bronze ages settlers arrived remains chamber tombs found island seen today specifically common grand suggested northern end island common set apart year project university durham supported specialists university_of_cambridge university_of_oxford museum stated density tombs suggests northern end place set apart activity records inhabitants historic times 6th century island centre monastic activity followers saint called arrived establishing saint chapel storm washed away strip land connected island important moment political history channel islands annexed normandy remained division normandy crown brother brother francis recorded living annexation gradually lost monastic inhabitants governors hunting ground visiting shoot hunt fish 19th century second world war inn founded industrial revolution roads paths harbour accommodation forge brewery prison built cater largest number inhabitants prehistoric times working new granite seen present common prince princess leased island british government world war introduced colony red island number increased world war decreased numbers remaining captured german occupation channel islands second world war essentially passed island claimed july weeks arrival german troops jersey german soldiers landed island shoot propaganda film invasion isle sandy beaches soon practising landings barges preparation invasion england island saw little germans officers making trips shoot rabbits little german construction war battery placed island weeks mines placed area occasionally german soldiers travel cut wood fuel april german officer von exiled displaying sufficient loyalty operation operation british second world war military operation originally designed raid instead raid undertaken night february following earlier attempt aborted men small scale raiding force commando captain patrick anthony landed yards north west beach unsuccessful attempts climb cliff finally managed climb bed stream pulled rope later reported found sign germans supposed near harbour failed contact civilians island duties included looking sheep states bought crown island enjoyed locals tourists alike island influential tenants major peter wood looked island wife island run arrived manor hidden windows roofs houses having blown sea drifting harbour shortly arrival created school restored chapel major wood daughter wood husband adrian succeeded major wood died early efforts recorded island home written major wood wife wood bbc reported tenants remaining years lease sale asking price days potential buyers led fears residents island identity lost bought wrong owner september announced starboard settlement trust acquired remainder lease considerably asking price trust formed company based island ltd manage island trustees negotiations year extension lease broke tenant offering owner requesting plus improvements infrastructure geography geology miles long half mile wide oriented greatest length runs north south northern island hills north common leading beach northern coast point northwestern corner point northeastern corner east common shell beach west bear beach leading harbour half coastline northern island surrounded sandy beaches southern half rocky bedrock granite adrian time island tenant said metres sand lost annually point northwestern coast like belongs bay eastern island situated point northeast manor village south southeastern coast bay contains near coast south far southwestern point island point bishop cove north north cove south beach harbour white_house steps quarry cottage vicinity reefs offshore known rat island lies metres western coast fisherman beach bear beach north harbour linked low causeway beach isle quarters mile southwest point possible storm washed away strip land connected metres northern coast measures metres metres area hectares west lies channel little east lies big grand tower victorian era fortification little peter port tower created thomas charles granite politics peter port parish belongs electoral district saint peter port south rented tenants unlike largely autonomous islands administered entirely states cars banned order peace allow staff transport respectively economy services tourism main source income busy summer season tourists visit island arriving travel ferries operated charter company money vegetable growing livestock occasional issue stamps residents workers island families volunteer special resident island trained supervised states police service bank holidays augmented visiting time constable crime rates island low medical facilities resident doctor small team community maintained resident population receives regular training ambulance rescue service private company operating charitable basis umbrella order saint john medical evacuation hospital necessary achieved means ambulance launch flying iii operated ambulance rescue service voluntary fire service operates island fire brigade operates tractor hauled fire tender reel pump water tank basic fire fighting equipment use waiting assistance fire brigade provide volunteers training support notable landmarks chapel dates 11th century believed place worship far 6th century hasn confirmed chapel founded followers later date current building norman appears monastery medieval times particular note stained glass windows featuring cows jesus talking fisherman harbour chapel closed restoration work buildings island include white_house hotel pub restaurant self catering cottages notable cottages fisherman cottage north harbour manor cottage common north island white_house phones described charm customer return rate year customers consecrated religious buildings resident professional clergy visiting clergy conducts non weekly services summer months monthly services led local lay people held winter sculptor sculpture installed originally planned removed year received positive reception kept years removed statue number time series education culture number french norman remain period island jurisdiction normandy island map published tenant states main place names including island unclear origins unofficial names example changed point primary present language english primary school pupils taught teacher travels daily children usually won britain bloom categories times won britain bloom gold award author island tenant represented fairy gold albeit fictional representation northern island recognised area international environmental importance convention


somerset large village civil parish district english county somerset situated southern edge hills miles north west wells civil parish includes bradley cross village parish council population parish acres gorge northern edge village largest gorge united_kingdom includes caves including cave gorge centre human settlement times including saxon palace temperate climate provides unique geological biological environment recognised designation sites special scientific interest site limestone village gave cheese centre growing crop transported valley rail line closed late 1960s cycle path village major tourist destination cultural community facilities including caves museum village supports variety community groups including religious sporting cultural organisations based site kings academy largest educational establishment history comes old english word meaning deep dark cavity evidence occupation period britain oldest complete human skeleton man estimated years old found gorge older remains upper late era years ago found evidence bronze age field system quarry site evidence bronze age mound valley man likely field system remains roman villa excavated grounds current village important roman saxon eras royal palace saxon period occasions 10th century host ruins palace excavated 1960s located grounds kings academy 14th century chapel dedicated roman remains uncovered site listed book meaning shear water old english celtic alternate spelling earlier documents common 1850s early gorge recognised wonders england historically source wealth farming cheese making famous early parish manor bishop granted licence king create hunting forest early records river 17th 18th centuries ground corn paper mills peak declining seven victorian era centre production clothing mill shirt factory closed early 1950s william saw poor conditions locals visited inspired hannah work improve conditions miners agricultural workers acres km2 common land enclosed acts tourism gorge caves began opening valley railway surrounding villages specifically gorge subject flooding great flood flow water washed large gorge washed away cars damaged cafe entrance cave government recognised village adjacent settlement population town apparently situation explained relative importance places historic times grew importance centre cloth manufacturing tudor period gained charter king john remained dispersed mining dairy farming village population grew arrival railways victorian era advent tourism parish council members elected years responsible local issues including setting annual local rate cover council operating costs producing annual accounts public scrutiny parish council local planning applications works police district council officers neighbourhood watch groups matters crime security traffic parish council role includes initiating projects maintenance repair parish facilities consulting district council maintenance repair improvement highways drainage public transport street cleaning conservation matters including trees listed buildings environmental issues responsibility council village electoral ward including total population ward taken census village falls non metropolitan district formed april local government act previously rural district responsible local planning building control local roads council housing environmental health markets refuse collection recycling leisure services parks tourism somerset county council responsible running largest expensive local services education social services library roads public transport trading standards waste disposal strategic planning fire police ambulance services provided jointly authorities devon somerset fire rescue service somerset south western ambulance service wells county constituency represented house_of_commons parliament united_kingdom member parliament past post system election south west england constituency european parliament method party list proportional representation international relations germany france active programme exchange visits initially friendship link saint ann parish jamaica geography area black rock slate limestone limestone series contain fossil debris old red sandstone evidence seen rock places strata resulted formation immature soils gorge caves gorge located edge village largest gorge united_kingdom gorge site caves man found older remains upper late era years ago found caves produced activity underground river contain cave discovered leads rock face contains variety large rock chambers formations cox cave discovered smaller contains intricate formations cave houses children entertainment walk known crystal quest gorge including cox cave cave attractions tourist destination attracting visitors year poll radio_times readers following appearance television programme seven natural wonders gorge named second greatest natural wonder britain surpassed dan caves sites special scientific interest large unique sites special scientific interest village reservoir near circular artificial reservoir operated bristol water dating 1930s capacity million gallons cubic metres reservoir supplied water taken rises cave gorge tributary river axe inlet inch water pipe transport water seen sensory garden gorge designated site special scientific interest populations wood smaller wood form biological site special scientific interest remains wood bishops bath wells 13th century king magnificent wood 10th 19th century lower fringes fields allowed revert woodland wood site wide range habitats include ancient secondary semi natural woodland neutral grassland complex mosaic grassland acidic dry dwarf heath wood english stations wood purple nationally rare plant grows wood butterflies include silver washed dark green pearl bordered blue brown restricted distribution south england soldier beetle occur far largest called complex covers hectares acres gorge caves surrounding area important biological geological features includes known gorge august hole partly owned national trust acquired partly managed somerset wildlife trust close village gorge quarry rock quarry active hills limestone extracted operating early 20th century owned operated output tonnes limestone day supplied site lime closed remainder sold coated limestone site close percent calcium quarry finished work limestone quarry 1950s central electricity generating board tower testing station 1970s 1980s test ability containers radioactive material withstand impacts accidents climate rest south west england temperate climate generally rest country annual mean temperature approximately seasonal temperature variation extreme united_kingdom adjacent sea temperature summer months july august mean daily approximately winter mean minimum temperatures common summer azores high pressure system affects south west england convective cloud forms inland reducing number hours sunshine annual sunshine rates slightly regional average hours december days sun recorded rainfall south west caused atlantic depressions convection rainfall autumn winter caused atlantic depressions active seasons summer large proportion rainfall caused sun heating ground leading convection showers thunderstorms average rainfall days snowfall year typical november march highest mean wind speeds june august winds predominant wind direction south west parish population mean age years residents live households vast majority households ethnic status white economy village gave cheese popular type cheese united_kingdom cheese consumed worldwide producer remains village 1880s main produce grown south facing lower slopes hills consequence use transporting market closed valley line known line opened line ran wells rest line closed passenger services ceased section line remained open goods traffic provided fast link main markets birmingham london finally closed valley railway nature reserve small brewery based village producing beer local public houses tourism significant source employment percent employment provided tourism estimated employ people village youth number camping sites culture community number active service clubs including lions club inner wheel club clubs raise money projects local community hold annual events fireworks display duck races gorge dragon boat_race reservoir concerts grounds nearby michael home notable people born lived musician jack bass guitarist band reef grew parents farm matt luke members lived months children time world professional champion currently lives comedian richard herring grew edinburgh festival fringe son based time kings school father keith final performance held school november visited school march perform hitler community radio station called pulse launched landmarks market cross bath street dates 15th century shelter having rebuilt central octagonal pier raised steps shelter arched centred openings shallow stage buttresses angle shaft crowned figures probably late 19th century cross missing rebuilt thomas bath scheduled ancient monument somerset county grade listed building january cross seriously damaged traffic accident cross rebuilt area redesigned protect enhance appearance cross badly damaged march taxi crashed late night sides repair work included addition wooden clad steel posts protect future crashes completed november cost hannah philanthropist educator founded school village late 18th century children miners school located 17th century house named hannah cottage grade listed building local community meeting place transport village situated road runs super mare approximately miles route motorway miles drive junction valley line railway line opened closed known line large volume locally grown carried ran railway station wells tucker street railway station joined east somerset railway route high street railway station sections disused railway opened line trail currently runs valley line survived axe end life passengers diesel branch closed passengers september goods line closed 1960s valley railway nature reserve national cycle network route cycle route intersects west way education schools belonging valley group schools schools provide valley tier education system school classes children years middle school middle school middle deemed secondary school pupils takes children moving school schools valley kings academy comprehensive school rated outstanding students aged including sixth form kings faith school linked church_of_england awarded specialist status technology college enabling develop information technology facilities improve courses science mathematics design technology foundation school giving control finances academy owns runs sports centre swimming pool kings fitness leisure facilities students residents community education project terrified originally set based old cow shed school grounds religious sites church andrew dates 14th century restored william grade listed building contains 15th century stained glass altar table chest tomb chancel believed contain remains sir thomas dated tower rises feet contains bell dating thomas family churches roman catholic methodist denominations including valley community church meet kings school sunday site meeting week baptist chapel built sport kings fitness leisure situated grounds kings school provides venue sports includes metre swimming pool sport courts sports hall dance studios gym youth sports festival held road playing fields built village funded local action team football club founded nicknamed play somerset county football league premier division plans revealed club present home park road new larger site cricket club formed late 19th century moved road playing fields play west england premier league somerset division rugby club playing fields formed club annual rugby tournament lawn tennis club formed play north somerset league social tennis coaching running club organised annual half marathon village route west way way south west