expedition indian_ocean expedition indian_ocean commerce raiding operation launched french_navy napoleonic wars admiral charles ordered indian_ocean flagship march accompanied squadron frigates shortly end peace war britain france broke september frigates escaped british squadron sent intercept reached isle france mauritius large distances naval bases indian_ocean limited resources available british commanders region difficult concentrate sufficient forces combat squadron size subsequently able sustain campaign years isle france frigates began series attacks british commerce eastern indian_ocean specifically targeting large convoys east vital maintenance trade british_empire british economy number successes individual merchant ships small british trading post military test squadron came battle february attacked british china fleet consisting valuable east vessels failed press military superiority withdrew capturing single ship september attacked small british convoy bay captured ship driven inferior british forces damage suffered return isle france severe overhauled grand port subsequent cruises red_sea central indian_ocean driven away large british convoy inferior british forces attempted return europe cape good hope return journey ships sailed cruising ground british squadron participating atlantic campaign captured overwhelming forces action march exactly years leaving france activities indian_ocean caused panic disruption region actual damage inflicted british shipping cruise known failures successes france napoleon furious refused exchange captured british officers years leaving crew prisoners war background early nineteenth century indian_ocean vital british trade connecting britain colonies trading posts far_east convoys merchant ships including large east sailed ports china south east asia new colony bay australia portuguese colonies pacific_ocean entering indian_ocean joined large convoys ships british india carried millions pounds trade goods britain year ships crossed indian_ocean rounded cape good hope sailing north eventually reaching european waters docking principal british ports ships goods took cargo return journey consisted military reinforcements army honourable east india company holdings india constantly expanding expense neighbouring states french revolutionary wars french frigates operated french indian_ocean colonies isle france british trade routes protected royal_navy fleet number losses individually sailing ships particularly country ships smaller weaker local vessels able defend large east losses inflicted particular ships robert captured east kent retired profits losses formed tiny percentage british merchant ships crossing indian_ocean trade convoys continued conflict short lived peace brought end wars allowing france reinforce colonies indian_ocean including indian port city bay feature french revolutionary wars effect british blockade french movements royal_navy maintained active close blockade major french ports conflict resulted french ship left port facing attack squadrons individual ships patrolling french allied coasts losses french_navy suffered result strategy high blockade effective movement ports french coasts restricted indian_ocean huge distances french bases isle france british bases india meant close blockade ineffective strategy scale forces required maintain effective constant blockade islands dutch ports cape good hope dutch_east_indies large worth deployment distant world result french raiders operating indian_ocean bases able travel freedom risk interception atlantic mediterranean tensions rose britain france country rule consul napoleon aware return war inevitable napoleon ordered french_navy prepare force extended service indian_ocean force capable inflicting significant losses british trade region flagship squadron fast ship line gun vessel commanded admiral charles highly experienced officer engaged british number occasions french revolutionary wars captured frigate run mid-atlantic hms rapidly exchanged ship formidable captured fierce defence battle following year captured new frigate subsequently participated disastrous ship line prisoner exchange important battle july commanded french squadron victory battle hms captured partial command defeat second battle days later action enhanced reputation french_navy successful commander accompanied frigates transports marie ostensibly squadron indian_ocean possession install new governor french indian_ocean colonies general charles convoy carried soldiers significant quantity supplies month journey india anticipated extended operations follow movements squadron departed brest march month journey interrupted fierce storm april caused separate squadron shelter madagascar days transports marie detached high winds way separately destination bad weather delayed arrival main squadron arrived india june napoleon believed assured war britain likely september relations broke faster expected britain began issuing formal declaration war days later news travel speed fast ship arrived indian_ocean time arrival expected moment colonel louis sailed frigate called british officials operating factories turn french stipulated treaty refused factory owners orders governor general lord turn orders lord deny french access commercial assets french position weakened large british squadron consisting ships line hms tremendous hms hms lancaster fourth rate hms frigates hms hms hms hms fox anchored miles south squadron sent bombay rear admiral peter watch french movements july received word bombay madras war imminent declared moved ships anchorage sight anticipation outbreak war arrived july find ships anchored nearby city financial institutions british hands brig hms victor anchored roads arrival sailed join squadron following day sent captain joseph marie nephew board flagship invitation breakfast following morning accepted transport marie arrived having separated storm followed brig sent brest march carrying papers copies speech british parliament king george iii threatened conflict orders napoleon immediately sail isle france anticipation declaration war instructed deliver island prepare ships indian_ocean island lengthy raiding operation british commerce region dawn rose july embarked gun brig hms breakfast appointment discover ships slipped away night escaped swiftly anchors boats left bay abandoned draw attention movements drawing missed transport soldiers arrived evening july swiftly surrounded squadron madras waited french movements july spotted coast detached frigate investigate anchorage madras intercepted followed frigate hms forced captain marie return exchange signals morning transport suddenly raised sails departed anchorage pursuing closely early july overtook transport fired shots bow forcing captain surrender distraction sail isle france pursuit returned news war europe released july condition sail isle france destination detached ensure transport followed conditions returned madras joined following day transport course ensured immediately ordered ships military supplies preparation military operations news declaration war reach september time learned outbreak war isle france ships arrived incident august installed governor troops disembarked reinforce garrison retained rest board squadron journey india fallen effects repeated feature following campaign britain declaration war reached isle france end august aboard corvette added squadron october preparations complete french admiral issued orders squadron sail detached raid shipping area important portuguese trading post rest squadron sail soon renamed garrison reinforced sailed eastwards dutch_east_indies raid british shipping lanes merchant ships unaware outbreak war combat cruise successful captured number prizes country ships encountered route east indies early december shortly reached java stopped minor british trading town local maritime pilot believed squadron british brought harbour outside range port defensive battery range small merchant ships bay merchant ships recognised french warships fled pursued closely scuttled crews miles south burnt french landing parties grounding french destroyed large warehouses containing rice captured ships losing men killed cannon shot shore struck december squadron arrived winter remaining soldiers augment dutch garrison december carrying provisions months cruising squadron left sailing northwards south china sea sought intercept china fleet large convoy east carrying trade goods worth million equivalent britain annual convoy sailed south china sea straits gathering ships destinations route usually protection escort formed royal_navy ships line fleet escort outbreak war delayed vessels squadron convoy approached straits consisted east country ships vessels guarded small armed brig february close island commodore convoy dance notified sails sighted approaching south west suspicious dance sent number east investigate rapidly discovered strange ships french squadron dance knew convoy unable resist french combat instead decided bluff french pretending number large east disguised ships line dance formed ships line battle ordered raise blue red giving impression heavy escort implying ships blue warships ruse provoked cautious response ordered squadron shadow convoy closing night dance held position remained distance unsure strength british convoy dance reformed force sailing formation distance forces took opportunity attack threatening cut british ships dance lead vessels came support rear engaging long range sudden british turned retreated convinced convoy defended overwhelming force continuing illusion supported warships dance ordered ships pursue hours eventually reforming reaching straits safely met days later ships line sent india engagement embarrassment insisted convoy defended ships line maintained actions saved squadron certain destruction version events widely ridiculed officers authorities britain france criticised failure press attack valuable prize reach dance contrast lauded defence rewarded large financial gifts including divided officers men convoy engagement prompted furious napoleon write minister marine enterprises sea undertaken head government missed fire double discovered know war running risks tell shown want courage mind kind courage consider highest quality leader operations indian_ocean arriving aftermath engagement subject criticism dutch governors failure defeat china convoy refused requests use dutch squadron stationed port future operations rejoined sold captured country ships squadron sailing isle france arriving april return journey detached frigates captured number valuable merchant ships sailing independently joining admiral port louis renamed port napoleon arrival questioned engagement china fleet found answers unsatisfactory governor wrote scathing letter napoleon france remained isle france half months eventually departing late june detached cruise independently second cruise initially sailed madagascar seeking prey british trade rounding cape good hope bad weather forced shelter saint month taking fresh provisions departing ceylon coast captured number valuable prizes including rice ships sent isle france provide ready store food squadron force gradually moved northwards bay late august passed madras remaining nautical miles coast avoid unequal encounter squadron investigated making number small captures subsequently cruising coastal search valuable convoys prisoners ships taken september informed valuable british convoy anchored harbour consisting frigate hms east arriving early september discovered concerned french indian coast substituted larger heavier hms gun fourth rate anchored harbour roads small east princess charlotte captain james ashore command rested lieutenant james robert phillips suspicious new arrivals fired came range raising french flags frigates closed anchored ships coming fire gun battery shore remained marked harbour entrance long range unwilling risk grounding flagship shallow waters phillips issued urgent orders provide assistance ignored drifted ashore wrecked captain cut anchor cables princess charlotte refused participate engagement remaining anchor making use cannon french ships temporarily withdrew repairs severely damaged drifting support shore batteries french returned attack harbour exposed princess charlotte surrendered continued engage british ship badly damaged prize secure decided withdraw easily british pursuit subsequently came criticism failure british warship napoleon later commenting france cared honour pieces wood damaged actively hunting squadron withdrew bay returned isle france knew chances discovering open indian_ocean insignificant instead decided watch principal base port napoleon squadron detached port scouts discovered blockade arrived able safely reach grand port instead october entering reefs protected anchorage deeper keel coral ship hull badly damaged rudder torn requiring extensive repairs later joined captain captured valuable merchant ship individual cruise bay flagship severely damaged began extensive series repairs overhauled beached rudder replaced repairs lasted expense feeding hundreds sailors squadron placed significant strain resources despite captured food supplies sent alleviate pressure ordered captain cruise independently trade routes passed cape good hope march detached squadron entirely sending captain bernard mission philippines ordered sail pacific mexico spanish officials returning europe cape horn mission americas brought end august encountered hms hms captain john wood san pacific voyage san sharp engagement british ships inflicted severe damage driven spanish fort overlooking damage severe abandoned plans sail mexico returning indian_ocean continuing operate isle france british trade routes cruise departing isle france final time initially sailed northwest mouth red_sea finding targets turned eastwards july raiding shipping coast ceylon accompanied july discovered richest prize ton east discovered command captain james grant ton country ship sarah captain french advancing rapidly heavily laden merchant ships grant ordered sarah separate attempt shelter ceylon coast detached chase sarah ran sarah beach avoid capture crew ashore sarah broke heavy surf slower sarah grant opened fire engagement brief rapidly surrendering larger french vessel grant taken aboard observed french ship close quarters developing negative opinion crew sails fast ship company strong number men board possess effective seamen appear order discipline people equal man equally conscious superiority sad state condition safety sea hulk early replaced command madras rear admiral sir edward aggressive officer reputation success french_navy learning ceylon immediately squadron search discovered impending arrival ships captured prisoners departed westwards successfully avoiding encounter british force cruising entrance red_sea success sailed southwards intersect trade routes cape good hope madras journey squadron caught heavy storm lost able replace incident left spare masts ships lose sailing rig ships vulnerable capture faster british vessels decided protecting masts important priority august encountered significant prize discovered convoy large ships sailing eastwards trade route cape madras closing investigate convoy fog cautious unwilling engage certain royal_navy ships lay east nautical miles distance clear ships certainly large warship flying pennant indicating presence admiral board ship hms ship line built gun second rate recently cut guns commanded captain flew flag rear admiral sir thomas prominent officer sent indian_ocean assume command half responsibilities political compromise admiralty flagship convoy escort leading east indian_ocean madras formed line preparation attack refused engage directly powerful ship capable inflicting fatal damage french managed defeat uncertain outcome given presence heavily armed merchant ships instead swung convoy hoping cut complex poorly manned fell french formation soon left disappearing horizon pulled range east opened long range fire joined rear ship cumberland veteran battle returned fire held position convoy passed ahead french ships rapidly came opening heavy fire main deck guns able drive french ships lower deck guns service heavy seas threatened flood lower concerned safety masts pressed sail gone range guns overtaken convoy remaining sight nightfall midnight french ships crossed bows convoy morning nautical miles south maintained line night august prepared receive french bore convoy retaining formation combined batteries pressing attack nautical miles distance holding position rest day turning southwards disappearing wanted pursue presence attack convoy ships line engaged expressed confidence successful engagement wrote trust shall good fortune fall convoy withdrawal mainmast struck brief risk collapse engagement continued losses crew light suffering men wounded british casualties slightly heavier passenger named cook killed shot sailor killed british ships suffered superficial damage combat convoy continued journey arriving madras august return atlantic retiring encounter sailed westwards arrived simon bay dutch colony cape_town september hoping join dutch squadron maintained cape discovered significant dutch warship port ship line stripped unfit service sea repairing damage suffered august engagement food naval stores months joined october november gale swept bay dragged anchors captain powerless prevent frigate driving ashore rapidly total wreck crew able escape shore small boats divided men left augment garrison cape_town prize wrecked near simon bay leaving simon bay november slowly sailed west african coast investigating bays british shipping succeeding capturing small merchant vessels passed cape negro cape obtained fresh water cruising region saint learned january american merchant ship british squadron captured cape_town safe harbour reach enemy hands desperate need repair resupply decided return europe slowly passed north following trade routes search british merchant shipping february crossed equator march position atlantic campaign unknown squadron sailing directly path major naval campaign atlantic campaign aftermath battle october subsequent end campaign battle cape november british relaxed blockade french atlantic ports french spanish losses severe campaign believed british lord admiralty lord french_navy unable respond following winter consequently withdrew blockade fleet britain spring strategy strength french brest fleet engaged campaign strength taking advantage absence british squadrons principal atlantic port napoleon ordered squadrons sea december forces ordered cruise atlantic shipping lanes search british merchant convoys avoid confrontations equivalent british forces squadron vice admiral ordered caribbean admiral jean ordered south atlantic discovering december french squadrons broken brest squadrons pursuit led rear admiral sir richard rear admiral sir john warren squadron detached blockade orders commander rear admiral sir john thomas british forces cruising mid-atlantic search french following brief encounter sailed caribbean discovered destroyed squadron battle san domingo february french squadrons eliminated warren remained mid-atlantic anticipating return operations south warren squadron ordered cruise eastern atlantic region island directly line advance capture march spotted sails distance southeast ignoring arguments sails british battle squadron insisted merchant convoy ordered ships advance night dark visibility consequently extremely limited unaware nature quarry gun second rate hms london night immediately ahead london captain sir harry sighted sails distance sailed investigate hanging signals blue lights notified rest warren squadron ahead slow sailing london intentions ship accompanied frigate hms amazon captain william parker enemy followed london wake anticipation action determined efforts turn away large british ship flagship slow london opened fierce fire responded kind battle commenced ships suffered serve damage masts rigging assisted arrival amazon french admiral gave orders escape turning northeast pulled away amazon gaining rapidly tried open distance opponent found flagship badly damaged manoeuvre fire london continuing parker reached frigate opened fire inflicting damage rigging clear french position hopeless nearly men killed wounded including ships badly damaged ships line hms hms hms coming range close recognising defeat inevitable senior remaining officer surrendered following suit soon warren returned britain prizes squadron storm april british losses engagement totalled dead wounded french casualties dead wounded warren highly praised victory french ships taken british service french names battle marked end cruise years seven days left brest indian_ocean contrast criticism attracted earlier engagements final battle warren won praise face larger powerful opposition british naval historian william james claimed london met independently victor battle aftermath operations indian_ocean compared captain von sms years later like von raids caused significant concern british merchant houses british authorities indian_ocean case principally threat posed east convoys encountered practical effects raiding insignificant years took east handful country ships briefly coast failing cause major economic disruption british trade achievement cruise force squadron operate defence british convoys ports preventing offensive operations time indian_ocean vast distances friendly ports lack sufficient food supplies naval stores strength british naval escorts initial months war played fully exploit opportunity blame inadequate achievements consistently placed personal leadership contemporaries historians battle refused place ships danger avoided spent considerable periods cruise french presented target reluctant press advantage men remained prisoners britain end war napoleon refusing exchange british prisoners anger failure appointments returned france governor guadeloupe king louis return napoleon days declared emperor french colonial governor days small british expeditionary force ousted july napoleon surrendered career died performing military service indian_ocean remained active theatre warfare years campaign british merchant shipping region conducted frigate squadrons operating isle france initially led proved successful commerce commander ship retired service old battered remain commission command later passed commodore squadron caused damage year managed capturing seven east eventually british forces capture island mauritius campaign culminating invasion isle france december final defeat french indian_ocean order battle


operation operation british 1st airborne division acted police military force allied occupation norway immediately victory europe second world war division maintained law order arrival remainder force occupation force time norway division tasked supervising surrender german forces norway preventing sabotage vital military civilian facilities german instrument surrender delivered general commander german forces stationed norway 1st airborne division landed near oslo majority transport aircraft carrying division landed safely planes crashed number fatalities division encountered little expected german resistance operational duties included welcoming king vii norway looking allied prisoners war arresting war criminals supervising clearing minefields division able confirm deaths british airborne troops taken operation freshman unsuccessful attempt disrupt german atomic weapons programme november division returned britain end august disbanded months later background western allies developing plans occupation norway code named operation germany surrender force occupation force composed norwegian troops stationed scotland british contingent initially 52nd lowland infantry division american troops norwegian police troops currently stationed neutral sweden event emergency supreme headquarters allied expeditionary force deploy troops norway germany entire operation came headquarters scottish command commanded general andrew reasons appointment scottish command regarded banished scotland acquaintance adolf_hitler met times british military berlin hitler held military abilities high regard wake british commando raids norway hitler ordered substantial reinforcements norway british high command hoped head scottish command help focus attention threat posed scandinavia norway particular separate scenarios considered planning operation known norway based assumption german forces occupying norway surrender general surrender germany second known assumed surrender parts norway abandoned germans order reinforce troops stationed north western_europe allied advances scenario force encounter heavy german resistance development plans liberation administration norway complicated difficult predict landings opposed german forces extent damage resulting allied german earth result planning administration norway detailed flexible scenarios difficult accomplish troops allocated force late onwards majority military resources dedicated campaign north west europe september deprived 52nd lowland division attached 1st allied airborne army war office operation market garden instead later given 1st airborne division command major general roy owing heavy casualties division suffered market garden combat ready heavily reinforced order bolster forces rely norwegian resistance allied civil affairs planners maintained close contact norwegian government exile based london result end war preparing arrival allied force time members armed trained led special operations executive agents norway prepared prevent sabotage key communication centres important facilities german troops resisted allied forces prelude allied preparations early 1st airborne division brought strength albeit mainly inexperienced replacements 4th parachute brigade disbanded battalions merged 1st parachute brigade aftermath battle replaced 1st independent polish parachute brigade norwegian parachute company attached 1st airborne division ordered 1st independent polish brigade 1st parachute brigade division brigade battalions immediately transported denmark occupation duties rest brigade remaining britain reserve formation time rest division warned soon transported air norway occupation force special air service brigade temporarily attached division replace 1st parachute brigade informed division ready deployment hours far time staff expected entered norway division responsible maintaining law order areas occupied ensuring german units followed terms surrender securing protecting captured airfields finally preventing sabotage essential military civilian structures achieve division formed brigades 1st brigade special air service brigade hoc artillery brigade formed divisional troops 1st brigade land near norwegian capital oslo occupy city alongside elements force brigade commander brigadier commander oslo area duration division time norway oslo chosen norwegian capital centre norwegian german administration similarly artillery brigade land commanding officer brigadier commander area closest airfield britain useful fighter base finally special air service brigade land advance occupy area important port royal_navy sweep surrounding waters mines division operations divided phases consecutive days transport aircraft carry advance parties airfields near oslo airfield completed evening second phase seventy page transport 1st brigade elements headquarters 1st airborne division airfields seventy land artillery brigade phase special air service brigade land finally stores vehicles landed airfields division began land norway specially selected allied representatives known accompany german diplomatic delegates norway signaled airfields clear land transport aircraft britain axis preparations german forces started gradual withdrawal northernmost finland early september operation value region decreased germans decided early october abandon finland northern norway begun operation northern light retreat prepared positions northern norway operation come end beginning january miles finnish territory remaining german hands isolated garrisons norwegian soviet forces occupied eastern ussr asked western allied forces landed support single company norwegian mountain infantry spared duty british norwegian governments provided food supplies civilian population area failure recent offensive fact new types boat ready deployed german positions norway great value grand admiral commander chief naval high command way continue submarine warfare allies adolf_hitler denied requests general divisions withdrawn norway use defence germany march northern norway abandoned construction submarine come halt lack materials feared withdrawal sweden enter war support allies withdrawal northern norway boat bases southern parts country days war believed norway kept order deploy submarines allied vessels kriegsmarine naval warfare command informed boat staff germany occupied submarines sail norway orders issued der german troops norway avoid actions provoke allied forces german troops norway came command twentieth mountain army absorbed army norway december commanded general succeeded general armed forces commander norway january beginning informed grand admiral commander chief naval high command new german president death adolf_hitler forces norway consisted divisions brigades total combined strength troops number boats stationed naval bases norway including mark mark models allied forces entered germany rumours speculation possible invasion norway twentieth mountain army peace time status complained january units army took sunday holiday little stop occupation arrival early hours gave order german military forces surrender german instrument surrender delivered general germans withdraw norwegian towns swedish border gradually areas pre designated simultaneously senior nazi party officials security personnel immediately arrested force greatly outnumbered task total allied troops supervise german troops fears german forces refuse surrender instead resist allied occupation forces particular concerns large detachment kriegsmarine personnel port trondheim phase operation scheduled word received postponed hours contact successfully established units force arrived norway begin occupation including elements 1st airborne division norwegian parachute company transport aircraft belonging phase took landed norway incident phase accelerated compensate delay aircraft scheduled leave britain unfortunately approximately poor weather oslo caused transport aircraft heading airfield return britain destined landed successfully crash landed reported missing remaining aircraft took crashing takeoff going missing missing aircraft landed airfield norway crashed killing occupants including air vice marshal aircraft belonging phases suffered casualties number delayed weather norwegian airfields 1st airborne division suffered officer thirty ranks killed rank wounded royal_air_force killed seven injured losses occurred general surrender declared occupation duties original plan division called airborne battalions march oslo delay meant troops arrived date instead 2nd battalion south regiment military policemen accompanied rode german staff car soldiers somewhat nervous given small size group greeted enthusiastically norwegian population oslo resistance came captains boats trondheim apart 1st airborne division encountered trouble german forces norway operated fully airborne troops disarmed problem allowed transferred collection camps assisted clearing numerous minefields occupation resulted german casualties arrival units force headquarters allied forces norway major general headquarters staff complete control norwegian activities meant welcomed crown prince norway ministers representing norwegian government arrived royal_navy cruiser division took celebrations king vii norway returned country exile duties division included rounding war criminals ensuring german troops confined camps reservations royal engineer assistance clearing buildings mines given responsibility assisting allied personnel german surrender prisoners war norway large number russian russian prisoners war needed medical treatment conditions camps imprisoned parade held late june celebrate allied liberation russians participated wearing uniforms red star division time norway command major frederick temporarily transferred netherlands helped theirs glory documentary battle norwegian resistance operated fully 1st airborne division providing performing guard duties norwegian population gave warm welcome airborne troops british forces initially control oslo resistance commonly local norwegian authorities taking control rest country germans resistance helped division discover fate 1st airborne division troops assigned operation freshman failed attempt november sabotage chemical plant produced heavy water nazi_germany atomic weapons programme assigned operation crash landed released aircraft men survived crashes executed shortly captured local norwegian population prevent prisoners executed later recovered remains marked graves arrived 1st airborne division informed fate operation norwegian government memorial erected fallen men buried military honours oslo aftermath remaining units force entered norway rest gradually reinforcing airborne troops elements strong norwegian police force began enter country sweden having raised young fled sweden norway occupied general arrived rest headquarters took position commander chief allied liberation forces weeks elements force arrived including composite american regiment norwegian brigade british infantry brigades composed trained anti aircraft gunners replaced special air service brigade facto head government norway june king returned departure end october commander chief military forces norway 1st airborne division stationed norway end summer returned britain end august personnel sent leave initial plans called division imperial strategic reserve believed 6th airborne division required far eastern theatre japan surrendered august need 6th airborne division transferred created problem airborne divisions existed included planned post war british regular army tradition called 6th airborne division disbanded junior airborne formation 1st airborne division operation market garden fully trained division spent months training transferring troops 6th airborne division disbanded november


massacre massacre racially motivated massacre took place mexican city chinese residents killed revolutionary forces francisco large number chinese homes establishments looted destroyed major city taken mexican revolution government forces withdrew rebels entered city early morning began hour massacre chinese community event touched diplomatic crisis china mexico demanding million point rumored china dispatched warship mexican waters cruiser anchored cuba time investigation massacre concluded act racial hatred background chinese immigration mexico began early 17th century number settling mexico_city immigration increased mexican president attempted encourage foreign investment tourism boost country economy countries signed treaty commerce time chinese began establish profitable businesses wholesale retail chinese immigrants country living baja california attractive destination immigrants turn nineteenth century located intersection major railroads mexican central railway mexican international railroad river surrounding area making suitable location growing cotton chinese probably began arrive 1880s 1890s time immigrants recorded coming city city residents chinese chinese community easily largest notable group immigrants city formed largest branch protect emperor society mexico mexico countries visited exile china recently founded china reform association restore emperor power visiting chinese colonies worldwide fund association arrived purchased blocks real estate later chinese immigrants profit investment spurred association establish bank began selling stock real estate chinese businessmen bank built city line visited suggested city served test case chinese immigration mexico brazil believed solve problems chinese pearl river delta soon chinese living city number mexican businessman gathered form chamber commerce protect businesses foreigners instead targeting chinese specifically wrote compete foreigners commercial ventures sad fact national commerce created situation replaced foreign individuals companies commerce behave manner conquered land tensions resentment chinese ran high mexican populace stemming immigrants prosperity monopoly grocery trade nationwide resentment chinese conversely attributed fact chinese represented source cheap labor central economic program opposing chinese indirect way oppose dictatorship anti chinese sentiments apparent independence day speeches demonstrations september weeks number chinese establishments events events leading massacre revolutionary leader named public speech nearby claimed chinese putting mexican women jobs grocery businesses accumulating vast amounts money send china affection local women concluded demanding people chinese origin expelled mexico witness recalled stating necessary patriotic duty finish branch reform association heard speech society secretary manager bank circulated letter chinese leaders community warning violence brothers attention attention acts happened revolution notice sic received clock today unite forces attack city probable battle mob spring sack stores reason advise people crowds assemble close door hide circumstances open places business outside fighting stores broken offer resistance allow lives important trouble try arrange settlement siege morning saturday forces mexican revolution led francisco brother attacked city railroads key strategic point necessary seizing complete control surrounding region major city targeted rebels surrounded city general overran chinese gardens surrounding city killing people working chinese houses fortifications advancing rebels people living forced prepare food fighting continued began run low munitions sunday evening ordered retreat forces abandoned city cover darkness morning monday heavy retreat sudden troops left evacuation rebels entered city witnesses reported speeches accompanying mob foreigners present speech calling chinese dangerous competitors concluded best massacre rebel forces entered city clock accompanied mob men women children municipality municipality san municipality municipality municipality joined citizens began business district mob released prisoners jail looted stores attacked people street soon moved chinese district men horses drove chinese gardens town dragging shooting fell men women children killed fell way mob bodies robbed mutilated reported instance head severed body thrown window street instance soldier took little boy heels battered brains lamp post instances ropes tied bodies dragged streets men horseback instance pulled pieces street horses arms legs mob finally reached bank killed employees severed body parts streets contemporary newspaper reported heads murdered chinese rolled streets bodies tied tails horses number residents attempts save chinese mob seventy immigrants saved tailor stood atop roof building hiding mob hunting saved daughter leader told soldiers wanted home enter house dead body saved second tailor stood rain laundry worked lied rebels presence hours massacre begun clock arrived horseback issued proclamation death penalty killed chinese ended massacre massacre collected surviving chinese building posted hand picked group soldiers protect dead buried city cemetery bodies slain chinese stripped naked buried trench day massacre convened military tribunal hear testimony killings tribunal came conclusion committed atrocities soldiers defended asserting chinese armed massacre act self defense united_states local relief committee began collecting donations locals support chinese june relief committee collected dollars distributed rate day provide food shelter survivors aftermath events following massacre massacre large numbers chinese fled daily newspaper mexico_city reporting people chinese began arrive seeking passage china property stolen continued appear black market san months following massacre looting casualties killed massacre chinese japanese according british vice consul japanese killed owing similarity features chinese estimated dead nearly half chinese population dead employees sam estate restaurant lost employees estate railroad hotel operated laundry lost workers gardens employees bank killed rebels killed according contemporary reports included including german dead apparently killed attempting free machine gun abandoned government forces property damage estimate total damage equivalent chinese properties dealt damage businesses destroyed bank chinese club restaurants vegetable stands food stands chinese homes businesses destroyed total destroyed number chinese owned gardens outside town addition businesses commercial establishments unknown number residential buildings robbed destroyed american agent named described destruction june report massacre went chinese laundry killed laundry practically demolished bombs thrown roof windows doors destroyed stolen machinery broken pieces away stolen puerto shanghai building visited doors windows building destroyed chinese bank moved building months demolished blown open contents taken furniture destroyed papers stolen american arabian german spanish turkish establishments damaged destroyed contrast chinese properties dealt today damage properties destroyed included casino city courthouse jail police headquarters inferior court court letters municipal treasury response month afterward chinese government hired american attorney conduct investigation massacre owned law firm mexico_city previously served united_states attorney general philippines judge united_states court china june dispatched partner arthur carry investigation month china demanded mexico seeking payment money chinese killed massacre total thirty million country demanded official apology mexican government followed diplomatic crisis rumor began china dispatched carrying investigators mexican waters ambassador mexico henry lane wilson sent telegram secretary state claiming chinese korea route mexico chinese diplomat washington sought support united_states department state told approve act attempt halt failing support china announced rumor false stated cruiser dock mexico attending coronation george london event docked cuba visiting united_states halted diplomatic crisis played mexico july consul george reported number foreigners received letters telling leave city ordered soldiers killings arrested trial july suspicion connection massacre captured arthur report chinese minister mexico july conducting interviews number chinese mexican witnesses massacre concluded claims fired chinese false citing circular reform society dismissed claim immigrants armed general retreating pointing reason evacuation ammunition furthermore witnesses reported form resistance chinese report called incident massacre conceived race hatred concluded clear violation treaty countries collaboration king representative china representing mexican president francisco second report august attempting assess chinese prompted massacre resisting troops editor local paper stated authorized deny allegations armed chinese inquiry owners local stores testified sold weapons chinese patrons massacre report concluded contention chinese offered resistance pure invented officers revolutionary army sole purpose escaping punishment commission crime naturally failing gain support united_states china reduced demanded thirty million million continued demand official apology guarantee safety chinese citizens mexico punishment soldiers responsible massacre mexican independence day approached foreign community restless remembering violence broken time previous year prevent outbreak violence francisco sent troops city china mexico came agreement november treaty signed mexico granted damages china extended official apology deadline payment later extended february february assassination francisco mexico entered period economic collapse proposed pay china bonds dutch ambassador warned believing mexico unable obtain foreign loans necessary payment mexican senate debated number ways pay including considering payment silver bonds approved unrest massacre instance race violence chinese revolution year rebels mexican citizens contributed deaths chinese killed mexico_city persecution violence chinese mexico finally culminated expulsion remaining chinese


attack attack force british_empire egyptian expeditionary force took place september ottoman_empire fourth army army group units operations took place battle battle began september final months palestine campaign world war fought right flank subsidiary battle attack began northwards assault following day section force attacked captured ottoman_empire 53rd division seventh army main eastwards line retreat hills jordan river retreating columns army group attacked battle bridge south captured closing line retreat leaving detachments hold captured bridge force began eastwards advance attacking capturing fourth army garrison way capture salt time fourth army viii corps retreat force continued advance attack capture september second battle days later south fourth army corps garrisoned southern railway surrendered force effectively ending military operations area british_empire victories attack resulted occupation miles ottoman territory capture equivalent ottoman corps remnants fourth army forced retreat disarray north damascus remnants seventh eighth armies victories battle battle fighting extended mediterranean_sea seven days battle resulting capture thousands prisoners extensive territory days pursuing remnant columns desert mounted corps captured damascus october surviving remnants army group escaped damascus pursued north pursuit occupied captured prince army force soon october armistice signed allies ottoman_empire ending palestine campaign background following victory battle jerusalem end capture february egyptian expeditionary force crossed jordan river establishing march prior attack remained second attacks salt second withdrawal jordan valley took place marked end major operations area september general commander decided occupy jordan valley summer number reasons retreat valley enhance morale german ottoman forces standing peoples living region following victories important consider support arabs defence right flank substantially think shall manage required extra require northern operations urging additional route australia sure represent importance delay payment arab road railway station remained threat occupation jordan valley large german ottoman force quickly moved line communication mount major attack jordan valley explains strong holding attacks flanks turks transfer reserves flank flank required turks vii army viii army reserve maintain hold bridges jordan control dead sea cause turks considerable force watching ease pressure forces absolutely essential continue active sensible informed man fully alive limitations imposed close touch lawrence valley mounted divisions indian infantry brigade number july anxious september aimed capture bridge jordan river stated possession turks road salt great advantage occupy salt troops arabs hoped capture important ottoman line communication jordan river salt encourage new indian troops arab allies line departure australian mounted division august steps taken appear valley fully garrisoned september 10th cavalry brigade included horse left jordan valley marched miles miles reaching september preparation beginning battle force held right flank junction corps hills miles north west jordan valley southwards dead sea area overlooked sited ottoman german long range guns observation post ottoman line ottoman line strengthened second attack began south ottoman cavalry guarded tracks continuing strongly wired advanced posts extended foothills opposite ford jordan river miles north salt road road cut bridge attack vicinity line strengthened advanced posts wired left flank said right flank foothills wired line trenches facing south ran yards north jordan valley jordan river yards south ford line continued west river series individual wired good fields fire series trenches northern left bank followed series trenches ridge entrenched wired strong advanced position built sic wired held ridge hills situated west held ottoman line supported entrenched positions red hill jordan river site main artillery observation point battle september hours battle september september german ottoman line cut infantry corps allowed cavalry desert mounted corps pass gap begin ride objectives ottoman armies left effective communications organize combined action continuing onslaught british_empire infantry hills ottoman seventh eighth armies forced withdraw northwards main roads railways run pass plain retreating columns ottoman armies captured evening september 3rd light horse brigade occupied town von escapes von commander army group forced headquarters battle morning september elements 5th cavalry division drove alerted garrisons arrive morning september way damascus von received report fourth army ordered withdraw line waiting troops garrisoned southern prelude force battles taking place necessary deploy strong force defend right flank desert mounted corps corps fighting mediterranean coast hills right flank jordan valley protected force threat flanking attack ottoman fourth army composite force commanded major general edward described nearly equivalent divisions reinforced mounted infantry division men end operations september force consisted british indian egyptian transport corps troops medical support addition mounted division medical units 1st welsh indian field field laboratory new operating unit formed personnel 14th australian general 2nd stationary hospitals attached force receiving station formed sections light horse mounted rifle brigades field section 1st welsh indian field operating unit field laboratory detachment egyptian hospital receiving station took site near occupied main dressing station attacks accommodate patients mud patients tents patients abandoned desert mounted corps headquarters air support royal_air_force raf 5th corps wing headquartered deployed flight squadron raf september force flight based jerusalem responsibility cooperation artillery contact patrols tactical reconnaissance yards advance force squadron australian flying corps operating bristol fighters carry bombing strategic reconnaissance missions provide general oversight battlefield report developments nos squadrons equipped aircraft constantly patrol day bomb machine gun targets area prevent aircraft taking aircraft squadron bomb telephone exchange railway station junction railway lines ottoman seventh army headquarters telephone exchange newly arrived page bomber armed pound bombs piloted australian ross smith support squadron bombing jordan valley deployments took command jordan valley garrison september right sector command brigadier general held 2nd light horse brigade 20th indian brigade left sector command brigadier general held new_zealand mounted rifles brigade 38th battalion royal 1st 2nd battalions british west_indies regiment supported field artillery battery indian mountain battery 39th battalion royal formed sector reserve 1st light horse brigade force reserve ottoman fourth army continued hold eastern jordan valley salt railway smaller force continue occupation jordan valley soon possible force advance northwards capture bridge cut main line retreat ottoman seventh eighth armies main line communication armies west jordan river hills fourth army east expectation attacks eighth army desert mounted corps start battle attacks seventh army force fourth army withdraw northwards railway conform seventh eighth armies preliminary operations lieutenant general harry australian commander desert mounted corps instructed hold ground present closely watch ottoman forces clock patrolling immediately occupy abandoned enemy positions september ottoman line closely monitored new_zealand mounted rifles brigade british west_indies regiment infantry battalions carried demonstrations north western jordan river force prepared exploit fourth ottoman army including occupation salt second battle addition close patrol work demonstrations ottoman defences nights september 1st light horse brigade regiment 2nd light horse brigade rode jordan valley ottoman heavy high velocity gun firing shells north town headquarters army group army group commanded von consisted line armed rifles light machine guns heavy machine guns august high number machine guns reflected ottoman army new tables organization machine gun component german asia corps infantry organised divisions deployed kilometres line mediterranean dead sea eighth army coast hills seventh army hills jordan fourth army east jordan river operational reserve formed 2nd cavalry division eighth army area 3rd cavalry division fourth army area fourth army ottoman fourth army consisting infantry cavalry supported guns commanded general army headquartered army composed viii corps 48th infantry division composite division german battalion group cavalry brigade division sized group 24th 62nd infantry divisions 3rd cavalry division reserve ottoman soldiers guns corps known group jordan group garrisoned railway line southwards deployment seventh fourth armies touched miles west north west sides jordan river defended 24th infantry division 3rd cavalry division sides salt road held viii corps 48th division composite division left cavalry brigade mounted infantry regiment held outposts extending southwards dead sea corps responsible miles railway strong detachment seven battalions battalions deployed fourth army reserve formed german regiment 3rd cavalry division 12th regiment salt fourth army strongly garrisoned entrenched area foothills repulsed attack april second attack end april second attack fourth army held substantial forces guarding tunnels railway near battle eastern flank september force continued vigorously patrol eastern flank battles developed opposed western jordan river ottoman 53rd division seventh army west units fourth army held ottoman line east mounted rifle wellington mounted rifle regiments carried patrols north west dawn september compelled withdraw heavy artillery machine gun fire progress brigade 53rd division corps hills enabled mountain batteries direct fire ottoman line position ridge afternoon companies 2nd battalion british west_indies regiment force supported brigade battery drove ottoman outposts captured ridge south ridge despite intense enemy artillery machine gun fire heavily shelled dug held position british west_indies regiment advances ridge consolidated continued dawn september 2nd battalion captured ridge attack 38th battalion royal force opposed machine gun rifle fire successful advance 1st 2nd battalions british west_indies regiment captured grant ridge chalk ridge large ottoman force seen south late morning western jordan river new_zealand mounted rifle brigade begun advance shelled mid afternoon 2nd light horse brigade infantry force advanced september eastwards jordan valley strongly entrenched position ottoman left flank 6th light horse 7th light horse regiments company infantry shelled guns foothills moved valley positions east jordan river including continued strongly held fourth army units aircraft reconnaissance second dawn patrol september reported area quiet bridge north bridge east jordan valley salt bristol fighters attacked vehicles elbow seen withdrawing aerial reconnaissance day reported seeing brigade desert mounted corps cavalry entering plain reported large fires burning railway station fires reported ottoman line jordan appeared alarmed according fourth army remained intact september successful attacks battle battle priority destruction fourth army begun conform seventh eighth armies force advance eastwards capture salt intercept capture strong southern garrison days battle fourth army remained position force carried demonstrations asia corps retreat von contact armies reached afternoon september soon able placed 16th 19th infantry divisions asia corps eighth army direct orders divisions contact asia corps commander von west morning september asia corps reorganised remnants battalions asia corps amalgamated battalion battalion remained intact morning von informed approaching road blocked attempted retreat jordan bridge miles east south east found way blocked force ordered retreat mount leaving guns baggage asia corps 16th 19th divisions evening september unaware desert mounted corps occupied capture september seventh fourth armies begun withdraw dawn september ordered mounted rifles regiment advance capture miles north road bridge regiment supported section brigade machine gun squadron guns 29th indian mountain battery advanced old roman road western bank jordan river patrols pushed captured prisoners machine guns shortly regiment discovered ottoman defensive line stretching ford jordan river miles north west defending bridge units seventh army seen withdrawing road bridge ottoman defensive line reported strongly held movement rear detected mounted rifles regiment reported withdrawing force commanded brigadier general formed new_zealand mounted rifles brigade machine gun squadron mounted sections 1st 2nd battalions british west_indies regiment 29th indian mountain battery battery force concentrated half hour later east begin advance arrived midnight time commander royal artillery pushed guns forward attack ottoman guns red hill eastern bank jordan river 1st light horse brigade took new_zealand mounted rifles brigade position half way bridge waiting sections force arrive consolidated force advanced attack 2nd battalion british west_indies regiment remained garrison occupying position protect right flank rear necessary block track aerial reconnaissance flights evening september confirmed rear force strongly garrisoned roads tracks running west carrying normal traffic battle jordan river crossings september ordered cut road salt west jordan river occupy headquarters ottoman 53rd division capture road jordan river force left midnight september mounted rifles regiment vanguard followed 1st battalion british west_indies regiment dumped kits blankets bridge wellington mounted rifles regiments advanced north roman road narrow plain hills west exposed artillery fire eastern jordan river mounted rifle regiment objective capture crossing north east wellington mounted rifle regiment objectives frontal attack capture headquarters ottoman 53rd division cut road wellington mounted rifles regiment section machine gun squadron attached reached road early morning september captured objectives canterbury mounted rifles regiments supported 1st battalion british west_indies regiment advanced attack ottoman garrison holding hot fight infantry mounted forced defenders withdraw disorder bridge captured intact south ford captured 38th battalion royal force september took advantage absence ottoman defenders advance occupy trenches overlooking ford captured shortly ford captured 2nd battalion british west_indies regiment reinforced 3rd light horse regiment 1st light horse brigade despite encountering strong resistance force attacked drove rearguard defending ford ottoman column withdrawing ford captured september prisoners bridge destroyed ford remaining ottoman defences western bank jordan south bridge captured ottoman defenders managed escape captures included prisoners machine guns automatic rifles transport horses stores air support september squadron patrols found garrison place morning september camp east half way jordan river railway broken fires burned west railway station ain sir camp south east salt half way jordan river found ottoman troops midday ottoman garrison salt hastily packing australian airmen reported area east jordan bristol fighters bombed mass traffic half way salt fired nearly machine gun rounds asia corps withdrawal continues von battalions german ottoman soldiers 16th 19th infantry divisions moving north september learned captured planned continue withdrawal north night september correctly von order strong rearguard action commander eighth army included asia corps ordered von eastwards jordan river von got german ottoman soldiers jordan river 11th cavalry brigade attacked closed line retreat fighting close jordan river gaps crossed river captured fourth army withdrawal september withdrawal damascus von ordered fourth army withdraw waiting corps southern force begun withdraw north southern railway army general moving northwards railway september ordered form rearguard line aerial reconnaissance aircraft spotted ottoman army withdrawal ottoman units hills south west column arms seen moving salt area aircraft bombed machine column flew report advance salt september force issued orders midnight attacks retreat fourth army apparent september attacks carried 2nd light horse brigade mobile sections 20th indian brigade armed rifles supported sections machine guns lewis guns force moved eastwards main road jordan river salt section remained defence right sector occupied jordan valley support advance targeting mediterranean coast captured 14th cavalry brigade battle force crossed jordan river september climb plateau way capture salt evening map force entered hills stretching north south miles new_zealand mounted rifles brigade northernmost left squadron 1st battalion british west_indies regiment hold bridge brigade advanced south east road bridge miles jordan valley foothills patrols east north feet climb salt 1st light horse brigade centre advanced jordan river ford met opposition rode track known track arrive salt midnight south 2nd light horse brigade moved round southern flank position captured climbing salt village ain sir wheeled transport vehicles moved road salt mounted division headquarters moved crossing jordan river main road salt evening 20th indian brigade reached squadron 2nd light horse brigade advance guard found long range naval gun jane known abandoned road column formed september 38th 39th battalions royal force command lieutenant colonel concentrated jordan river north ready follow 20th indian brigade capture salt new_zealand mounted rifles brigade advanced guard opposed line outposts strongly wired ottoman located main salt road mile west salt extensive rearguard position attacked new_zealand mounted rifles brigade advanced guard consisting canterbury mounted rifles regiment ottoman defended officers ranks armed rifles machine guns defenders captured september salt occupied new_zealand mounted rifles brigade establishing outpost lines searching prisoners intelligence brigade night east ain north western road total captures day prisoners machine guns automatic rifles inch gun supplies stores ammunition brigade reinforced 1st light horse brigade reached salt column 38th royal moved time salt captured months 3rd light horse regiment 1st light horse brigade captured salt march 8th light horse regiment 3rd light horse brigade captured salt april air support september dawn september aircraft observed column fairly orderly traffic arms streaming road salt subsequently bombed machine groups retreating ottoman soldiers seen moving hills south west bombing formations attacked columns bombs machine gun rounds shortly direct hits wagons blocked road retreat rout time airmen reported camps burning long trains steam facing east north arrive railway lines cut retreating german ottoman forces seen approaching refuge fourth army making retreat consolidation force salt night september general headquarters instructed force continue harassment fourth army cut retreat north gain touch arab army maintain detachment guarding bridge main road salt wheeled transport supplies force travelled severely damaged retreating fourth army 20th indian brigade marching road ordered provide working parties completed september 20th indian brigade continued march salt took garrison duties new_zealand mounted rifles brigade 2nd light horse brigade continued advance salt sir reaching ain sir forward patrols cross roads north east village advance brigade fired ottoman guns located near guns fired shells withdrew light horse patrols approached brigade night road ain sir ain strong line maintained night falls sketch map detail land west cleared enemy forces afternoon september evening force 2nd light horse brigade 38th royal detachment concentrated salt mounted troops raid railway officers men mounted rifles regiment carried successful raid railway line north night september force carrying tools weapons advanced miles railway destroyed railway line miles north near station returned morning loss man rejoin regiment hours miles later assessment battle turks east jordan retreating north sending available troops jordan valley salt going round hospitals today sick wounded cheerful content told biggest thing war having totally destroyed armies hours vii viii armies non existent best troops turkish empire strongly backed germans austrians heard cavalry taken acre today bit fight details think jordan troops probably reach salt tomorrow won catch turks retreating turks locality battle september important city ottoman lines communication supplies reinforcements ottoman army force defending line eastern edge jordan valley passed city main line retreat defences greatly strengthened attack construction series defended machine guns ground limited movement attack march early autumn firm favoured rapid mounted attack orders issued new_zealand mounted rifles 2nd light horse brigades advance september capture followed 1st light horse brigade left strongly assault defenders town lightly held found held strength assault town deferred infantry reinforce mounted infantry outlying forward trenches attacked artillery fire town lines retreat northwards cut aerial bombing requested 1st battalion british west_indies regiment arrived garrison duties new_zealand mounted rifles brigade hours light horse mounted rifle brigades sight attack begun movement ottoman units seen hill batteries small guns number machine guns opened fire ottoman posts miles attacked captured 2nd light horse brigade prisoners machine guns regiment 1st light horse brigade sent reinforce left flank new_zealand mounted rifles brigade came command mounted rifles regiment advanced half hour later right wellington mounted rifles regiment 2nd light horse brigade left eventually forced ottoman line defenders retire main line defence strongly supported machine guns noon canterbury mounted rifles regiment advanced main entrance stopped fire concealed machine guns fighting streets town underway mounted rifles regiment continued steady advance 5th light horse regiment entered southern town second regiment 1st light horse brigade ordered reinforce new_zealand mounted rifles brigade left canterbury mounted rifles regiment advanced position able defenders citadel shortly 10th squadron troop 8th squadron attacked stormed citadel canterbury mounted rifles regiment 5th light horse regiment hunting capturing prisoners september mounted division captured prisoners sick guns heavy machine guns mounted infantry method systematically points bringing fire bear flanks machine gun nests combined quick machine guns eventually won obstacles opposition broken attack force suffered casualties consisting killed missing wounded mounted division suffered men killed wounded 2nd battalion british west_indies regiment suffered casualties historian earl notes mounted division ended fine fighting record taken practically engagement set canal half years previously aftermath evening september 1st light horse brigade held railway station area new_zealand mounted rifles brigade held area south 2nd light horse brigade western slope hill squadron mounted rifles regiment sent captured number prisoners large grain emergency rations supplemented food bought inhabitants 20th indian brigade brigade 1st battalion british west_indies regiment ordered march leaving 39th royal defence salt wrote henry wilson chief imperial general staff war office plans mounted division shall leave cavalry division area operate cut enemy retreating northwards proceed damascus rejoin desert mounted corps pursuit fourth army north rearguard fourth army captured remainder garrison retreating northwards following orders received von september days attack escaped train line cut force night september forced south found railway line cut arab forces retreating column infantry cavalry horse transport guns seen withdrawing northwards early morning september australian aircraft bombed railway station long train destroyed railway completely blocked number trains continued arrive day attacked aircraft squadron bombed area times dropping tons bombs firing machine gun rounds survivors forced abandon wheeled transport thousand managed escape foot horse damascus 1st light horse brigade ordered capture nearest water miles north deny retreating columns regiment brigade captured railway station miles north east short action september captured prisoners gun aircraft guided 1st light horse brigade location ottoman force september aircraft machine subsequently light horsemen captured prisoners machine guns evening captured water regiment occupied day 1st light horse regiment advanced miles north north east captured trains red crescent train wounded officers ranks found sick claims red crescent train looted sick wounded killed total retreating soldiers ottoman armies fourth army escaped combined corps corps desert mounted corps force retreat damascus capture fourth army units south force blocked road railway prepared intercept ottoman corps fourth army retreating north large ottoman force garrisoned towns railway stations southern railway reported miles south evening september advancing quickly north force consisting ottoman arab soldiers corps options pass east direct damascus water problem desert region attack force westwards try jordan valley column ordered salt case moved westwards royal right 2nd light horse brigade closely guarded country south particular ain road plateau strong detachment occupying ain sir new_zealand mounted rifles brigade sent detachment midday september investigate report ottoman german soldiers guns found subsequently sent second detachment east watch 20th indian brigade infantry arrived dark september garrison duties 2nd light horse brigade ordered blow railway line far south order delay northward movement ottoman corps cut railway line north station september captured ottoman soldiers south station miles south prisoners said advanced guard strong retreating column reached miles south aircraft located ottoman southern force september miles south trains station message dropped called surrender warned water north hands bombed day refused surrender answer received september arrangements bombing carried afternoon 5th light horse regiment 2nd light horse brigade reached miles north ottoman officer delivered letter commander corps 5th light horse regimental commander informed 2nd light horse brigade headquarters ottoman force surrendered bombed negotiations surrender began 5th light horse regiment moved railway yards ottoman force surrounded reports received ottoman force surrender bombing raid cancelled remainder 2nd light horse brigade ordered forced march new_zealand mounted rifles brigade ordered follow dawn day 7th light horse regiment 2nd light horse brigade arrived late afternoon remainder 2nd light horse brigade details patrols left moved slowly hilly country arrived force surrounded ottoman corps arabs demanded ottoman force handed refused arrival 2nd light horse brigade force openly hostile arrived informed ottoman commander soldiers prepared defend coming night ottoman commander colonel ali agreed hostage exchange cooperation men force left 5th 7th light horse regiments arabs ottoman position placed troops position intervals ottoman line remained morning small clashes arabs ottomans occurred dark round ottoman force arrival 2nd light horse brigade warned attempted raid hospital night attacks arab force driven ottoman machine gun fire light horse rifles new_zealand mounted rifles brigade arrived september position care sick collecting guns machine guns automatic rifles railway engines railway trucks large amounts ammunition stores assurances brigadier general commanding 2nd light horse brigade sick wounded ottoman soldiers cared ottoman force concentrated dawn near railway station light horsemen took bolts ottoman rifles battalions remained armed case attacked march 5th light horse regiment marched prisoners including walking wounded north followed sick prisoners mustered walking sick cases collected shelter station buildings cases transferred 2nd light horse field ambulance prisoners escorted 5th light horse regiment squadron squadron 7th light horse attached moved arms equipment collected railway trucks task finished canterbury mounted rifles regiment remained guard sick transport organised sick walking cases sent new_zealand mounted rifle brigade transport wagons 2nd light horse brigade commenced return journey arrived new_zealand mounted rifles brigade remained charge force total captures beginning operations september prisoners guns including inch gun inch anti aircraft gun guns guns guns inch guns pounder guns machine guns automatic rifles including hotchkiss rifle lewis gun wireless sets railway engines railway rolling stock vehicles large quantities artillery shells small arms ammunition material medical establishments evacuations mobile sections field followed brigades salt transport travelled tracks wheeled transport followed road divisional collecting station established second battle section 1st light horse field ambulance section units arrived jerusalem early september following wheeled supply vehicles road subsequently dressing station opened ruins roman sick wounded light horsemen admitted september evacuated motor ambulance wagons ottoman hospitals town found hold patients number quickly grew patients ottoman medical staff evacuated jerusalem motor british indian sick evacuated days september october large numbers evacuations hours away travelled motor motor reserved severe cases trip broken miles south salt welsh field ambulance fed patients rested hours resumed journey group motor drove welsh field ambulance second group drove welsh field ambulance motor cars motor ambulance convoy evacuated sick mounted division receiving station near casualty clearing station jerusalem sick troops garrisoned jordan valley months summer hot humid jordan valley sits feet sea level troops feet sea level climate nights cold malaria dormant blood change climate caused cases attacks malaria fever returning 2nd light horse new_zealand mounted rifles brigades reached jerusalem way 1st light horse brigade area struck heavy outbreak disease september november men force listed sick division men sick september number following month regiments horses let loose valley like mob cattle mounted division evacuated sick weeks september cases malaria divisional collecting station brought forward september time treated cases majority seriously ill 1st light horse brigade evacuated cases seven days following september cases october new_zealand mounted rifles brigade evacuated cases 2nd light horse brigade cases suffered high fever cases malaria reported days october new_zealand mounted rifles brigade lost strength approximately new hospital depots malaria september light horse new_zealand mounted rifle brigades accompanied 1st 2nd battalions british west_indies regiment advanced surrounding area ground management carried air aggressive blood laden subsequent events proved parasites malaria units advanced salt 2nd battalion remained guard bridge subsequently virtually unit infected malaria october soldiers unit evacuated malaria units force moved salt cases malaria began appear smaller numbers september october light horse brigade area evacuated soldiers compared 1st light horse brigade new_zealand mounted rifle brigade people accustomed ordinary malaria dramatic nature type men attacked suddenly high fever frequently reported occasionally treated immediately efficiently mortality high hundreds sent hospital malaria died recovered hospital later suffered went hospital men home result malaria health badly undermined care horses men sick common man charge horses time horses fed newly resulted death horses seriously ill horses force return new_zealand mounted rifles brigade returned october continued ain sir october returned jordan valley day ain sir wellington mounted rifles regiment captured number suspected involvement attack escorted jerusalem trial brigade left jordan valley days october midday october mount near rode valley time past garden round old walls streets jerusalem past gate road new_zealand mounted rifles brigade rested days near jerusalem returned october rest