campaign campaign known invasion series military operations conducted eastern united_states republic vietnam south vietnam vietnam war invasions result policy president richard_nixon total major operations conducted army republic vietnam april july forces june objective campaign defeat approximately troops people army vietnam national liberation south vietnam known eastern border regions official neutrality military weakness territory effectively safe zone vietnamese communist forces establish bases operations border shifting policy withdrawal sought shore south vietnamese government security eliminating cross border threat change government allowed window opportunity destruction base areas prince deposed replaced pro general allied military operations failed eliminate communist troops capture elusive headquarters known central office south vietnam haul captured material prompted claims success background people army vietnam utilizing large sections relatively eastern withdraw struggle south vietnam rest attacked base areas utilized vietnamese communists store weapons material transported large scale region trail forces begun moving territory early prince ruler convinced eventual communist victory southeast_asia fearful future rule concluded agreement people republic china allowed establishment permanent communist bases soil use port resupply indigenous communist movement labeled red began overthrow government received limited material help north vietnamese time government incentive overthrow satisfied continued neutrality able shelter forces areas controlled troops government aware activities taking overt military action hopes convincing alter position accomplish president johnson authorized covert cross border reconnaissance operations conducted secret studies observations group order gather intelligence activities border regions project intelligence data presented prince effort change mind menu coup north vietnamese offensive new commander military assistance command vietnam general recommended president richard nixon shortly inauguration base areas attacked aerial bombardment utilizing bombers president initially refused breaking point came launching mini offensive south vietnam nixon angered perceived violation agreement cessation bombing north vietnam authorized covert air campaign mission operation menu dispatched march time completed months later sorties flown tons ordnance dropped eastern abroad france rest cure january government sponsored anti vietnamese demonstrations held continued unrest spurred prime minister defense minister close port communist supplies issue ultimatum march north vietnamese withdraw forces hours prince outraged communists disturbed immediately arranged trip moscow beijing attempt gain agreement apply pressure forces march national assembly deposed named provisional head state led immediately establish government exile beijing ally north vietnam lent popularity rural areas movement little control north vietnamese response coup swift began directly supplying large amounts weapons advisors civil war saw population ethnic vietnamese possible hostages prevent attacks ordered soldiers civilians reign terror murdering thousands vietnamese civilians april example vietnamese men rounded village tied executed bodies dumped river floated downstream south vietnam actions denounced north south vietnamese governments supply shut begun expanding logistical system southeastern trail northeastern launched offensive campaign army quickly seizing large portions eastern northeastern parts country besieging number cities including communist forces approached miles capital president nixon action march north vietnamese taken matters hands launched offensive army documents uncovered soviet archives revealing offensive launched explicit request following negotiations force north vietnamese quickly overran large parts eastern reaching miles defeating forces north vietnamese turned newly won territories local insurgents established liberated areas south southwestern parts country operated independently north vietnamese planning response events president nixon believed distinct possibilities response gone conditions strong measures base areas adamant action taken support government years pro western stand president proposals actions joint chiefs staff presented series options naval coast launching south vietnamese american expansion hot pursuit border forces ground invasion forces televised address april nixon announced withdrawal troops south vietnam year planned withdrawal implied restrictions offensive action spring maintained army marine_corps troops south vietnam concentrated infantry tank battalions preparing leave country expected leave near future available immediate combat operations april nixon authorized planning south vietnamese named perceived shape map believing giving south vietnamese operation major boost morale provide practical demonstration success following day secretary state william rogers testified house administration intentions war recognize involved ground troops program defeated south vietnamese forces operation late march april ranger battalion advanced province destroy communist base days later south vietnamese troops drove kilometers territory initially attempted follow policy requested military aid assistance government april day south vietnamese forces conducted brief cross border operations operation complete victory sending armored cavalry units regions province nicknamed angel wing crow nest april south vietnamese troops advanced killing troops april nixon authorized american air support south vietnamese operations incursions territory simply reconnaissance missions preparation larger scale effort planned counterparts subject authorization nixon president nixon authorized general begin planning operation region preliminary operational plan actually completed march kept tightly handed task general michael commander field force informed previous planning started new scratch seventy hours later plan submitted white_house national security advisor henry asked aides review april appalled main problems pressure time desire president secrecy monsoon heavy rains operations months away order president state department desk embassy embassy planning operational security tight general prior logistical build border regions serve signal communists brigade commanders informed week advance offensive battalion commanders got days notice decisions members administration agreed invasion militarily politically secretary defense secretary rogers opposed operation belief intense domestic opposition possibly ongoing peace negotiations paris opposed menu bombings reasons henry bureaucratic foot dragging result bypassed joint chiefs advising white_house planning preparations operation evening april nixon friend afterward screened nixon favorite movies biographical portrayal controversial general george seen times previously later commented pressed wall nixon romantic streak surfaced military commander tradition following evening nixon decided broke gave authorization joint campaign begin stated goals reducing allied casualties south vietnam assuring continued withdrawal forces enhancing government position peace negotiations paris order campaign low key possible general suggested commencement routinely announced april president nixon appeared television networks announce power character tested tonight time come action announced decision launch american forces special objective capturing headquarters entire communist military operation south vietnam single headquarters control operations south vietnam probably exist found operations previous attacks coordinating forces attacked complexes moving border march elements surrounded south vietnamese forces flown helicopter surrounded awaited till nightfall security provided 7th division broke fled north unite province come known escape provisional revolutionary government minister justice recounts march northern bases day day forced marches broken bombing raids column crossed route way north received word april 9th division fought won battle near city forces years later recall close south vietnamese capturing core southern resistance elite units fighters civilian military leadership days hard marches reached northern bases relative safety region casualties light march saw birth baby deputy minister health provisional revolutionary government column needed days recover require weeks recover long march south vietnamese forces crossed border april launching operation battalions approximately troops armored cavalry squadrons iii corps 25th division 5th infantry divisions infantry regiment 25th infantry division ranger battalions attached armored cavalry 3rd ranger group crossed region province offensive command lieutenant general commander iii corps reputation aggressive competent generals days units sharp encounters forces north vietnamese previous incursions conducted delaying actions order allow bulk forces escape west operation soon settled search destroy mission south vietnamese troops countryside small patrols looking supply phase operation began arrival elements 9th infantry division tank infantry task forces attacked south days operations claimed troops killed prisoners taken loss dead wounded larger operation known operation operation got underway dropped tons bombs southern edge followed hour artillery fire hour strikes tactical fighter bombers 1st air division 11th armored cavalry regiment 1st armoured cavalry regiment 3rd airborne brigade entered province known task force general robert assistant division commander 1st cavalry division force attacked long time communist stronghold south vietnamese troops operation utilized infantry armored units drive deep province link airborne units lifted helicopter opposition expected heavy forces begun moving westward days advance began reported americans killed wounded low casualties large operation scattered sporadic contact delaying forces experienced elements 11th armoured cavalry kilometers inside troops opened fire small arms rockets tank fire tactical smoke cleared dead soldiers counted battlefield troops killed action 1st battalion 7th cavalry 3rd brigade 1st cavalry division early june crossed river vietnam extremely heavy combat period american losses heavy units relying heavy replacements try maintain half strength field company men entered left june rest having killed wounded evacuated unit awarded unit award equivalent individual silver stars combat performance north vietnamese ample notice impending attack march directive headquarters captured ordered forces break away avoid shooting purpose conserve forces surprised party participants informed washington concerning impending invasion country discovered fact telephone conversation head mission found radio broadcast conventional battle fought american troops occurred town suspected terminus trail junction routes elements 11th armored cavalry supporting helicopters came fire approaching town airfield american attack met heavy resistance americans backed called air support town days reducing rubble action brigadier general commander 11th armored cavalry wounded grenade fragments evacuated hunting supply following day elements 1st air cavalry division entered came known city southwest square mile complex contained storage sheds packed food weapons ammunition truck repair facilities hospitals lumber yard mess halls pig farm swimming pool kilometers northeast 1st cavalry division elements discovered larger base nicknamed rock island east army rock island arsenal illinois area contained million rounds anti aircraft ammunition rifle rounds thousands rockets general motors trucks large quantities communications equipment patrol kilometers northeast rock island east point man nicknamed chris 5th battalion 7th cavalry metal plate buried surface ground later killed defenders uncovered buried storage site known hill contained thousands cases weapons ammunition turned army captured enemy material turned special support group maintained issued forces group commanded lieutenant colonel horn thing found tape nixon announcement played general heard president state capture headquarters major objectives operation intelligence knew mobile dispersed headquarters difficult locate response white_house fact replied major elements dispersed approximately square kilometers jungle feasibility capturing major elements appears remote week operations additional battalion brigade units committed operation total allied troops including maneuver battalions conducting operations inside increasing political domestic president nixon issued directive limiting distance duration operations depth kilometers setting deadline june withdrawal forces south vietnam south vietnamese forces constrained time geographic limitations placed units provincial capital elements pressed westward 8th 15th armored cavalry regiments defeated infantry regiment south vietnamese pushed deepest attacked town long corps area operation operation west launched 1st 2nd brigades 4th infantry division 40th infantry regiment base area traditional headquarters communist northeastern following initial american forces assaulting helicopter driven intense anti aircraft fire following day 3rd battalion infantry loan airborne division landed opposition sister unit 1st battalion 14th infantry unopposed 3rd battalion 8th infantry inserted men intense fire shot helicopter damaged shut landing zone leaving stranded surrounded overnight following morning forces left area 7th division 2nd brigade inserted battalions unopposed days significant american troops returned south vietnam leaving area historian noted noted lack combat assault division suffering total combat operation 22nd division moved base area second phase operation carried forces base area june elements 22nd division conducted operations base area company 3rd battalion regiment airborne division ambushed larger north vietnamese force san valley soldiers killed wounded killed posthumously promoted sergeant recommended medal honor went missing awarded medal honor president barack_obama iii corps tactical zone operation operation bold conducted 1st 2nd brigades 25th infantry division june targets operation base areas located north northeast south vietnam hunt units conducted time town search futile operations 25th infantry killed troops losing men killed simultaneous launching battalions 3rd brigade 9th infantry division crossed border kilometers southwest area known dog face significant contact forces took place near hamlet north vietnamese killed captured operation brigade lost men killed wounded late thousands ethnic vietnamese murdered persecution tens thousands vietnamese country evacuated safety south vietnamese president arranged willing leave new relationship prevent government stripping vietnamese homes personal property left authorized operation long ground forces including armoured units drove west northwest eastern river july combined force vietnamese navy vessels proceeded prey permitting corps ground forces westward aid ethnic vietnamese seeking flight south vietnam wish repatriated forcibly expelled surprisingly north vietnamese forces oppose evacuation easily operations conducted corps included operation long continued actions western requested help town route southwest miles inside man armoured task force linked ground troops retook town operation long iii june evolution previous operations forces left rescuing vietnamese tasked saving north vietnamese goal relieve city kilometers northwest capital site headquarters military region general tri led column troops route acre km2 rubber plantation resistance expected heavy surprisingly battle ensued siege lifted cost troops killed air support logistics aerial operations got slow start reconnaissance flights operational area restricted believed serve signal intention role air_force planning minimal best preserve secrecy menu considered thrust border april general requested president approve operation covert tactical support studies observations group elements fence authorization given allowing aircraft penetrate miles northeastern boundary extended miles entire frontier april terminated sorties flown menu mission flown ground units supported aerial sorties vietnamese air_force average day operations example flew sorties south vietnamese air_force tactical supplemented missions border regions supporting operations operations long saw inauguration operation freedom deal named june continuous aerial campaign conducted missions limited depth kilometers south vietnamese border river months limit operational area extended past tactical aircraft soon directly supporting forces field missions officially denied false coordinates given official reports hide existence defense department records indicated combat sorties flown july february approximately percent flown outside authorized freedom deal boundary real struggle forces effort keeping units supplied need security operations units transferred border regions detailed planning preparation situation exacerbated poor road network border regions possibility ambush nighttime road convoys demanded deliveries place daylight aerial resupply chief method logistical forward units military engineers kept constant motion zone rapid pace operations deployment coordination artillery units fires operations problematic confusion generated lack adequate communications systems rapidly advancing units joint nature operation added level complexity communications network regardless ability supplies food water ammunition spare parts arrived destinations shortages combat operations communications system complicated functioned short duration operations aftermath north vietnamese response avoid contact allied forces possible fall westward forces aware planned attack military units far north west conducting operations offensive began logistical units begun largest expansion trail conducted entire conflict response loss supply route north vietnamese forces seized towns year pushing mile corridor width miles opening entire length river system new logistical command transportation group created handle logistics new liberation route ran reached secretary fallout quick coming campuses america universities protests erupted perceived expansion conflict country unrest escalated violence ohio national shot killed unarmed students protesters kent state days later university buffalo police wounded protesters gathered washington san_francisco days notice nationwide buildings went flames bombed schools witnessed violent clashes students police national_guard units mobilized campuses states student strike spread nationwide involving million students universities colleges high schools peaceful protests simultaneously public opinion polls second week showed percent american public approved president nixon actions percent blamed students occurred kent state sides emotions ran high instance new_york_city pro administration construction workers attacked demonstrating students violence demonstrations anti war peaceful construction workers office workers marched peacefully new_york_city support president policies reaction congress swift senators frank church democratic_party idaho john cooper republican_party kentucky proposed amendment foreign military sales act cut funding ground operations advisors ended air support forces june united_states senate passed act amendment included bill defeated house_of_representatives forces withdrawn scheduled newly amended act southeast_asia resolution better known gulf resolution presidents johnson nixon conducted military operations seven years declaration war cooper church amendment resurrected winter incorporated foreign assistance act time measure houses congress law december result ground troops advisors barred participating military actions air war conducted countries air_force ignored conclusion president nixon proclaimed successful military operation entire war general like mind believing time bought south vietnamese countryside forces safe attack decent interval obtained final american withdrawal general skeptical despite spectacular results recognized proved long run pose little temporary disruption north vietnam march domination south vietnam john historians military civilian based conclusions work premise north vietnamese logistical system badly damaged rendered ineffective large scale north vietnamese offensive offensive called easter offensive west launched southern north vietnam western cited proof positive operations succeeded fact forces occupied offensive plan far known seemingly irrelevant fact northern offensive especially conventional backed armour heavy artillery launched closer source manpower supply little consequence logistical haul discovered removed destroyed eastern operations individual crew served weapons tons rice tons ammunition including mortar shells rockets rifle rounds tons communications equipment vehicles tons medical supplies intelligence estimated forces southern vietnam required tons supplies month normal pace operations loss supply system continued aerial estimated tons sent south trail ton reached destination true loss rate probably percent general claimed enemy soldiers killed captured figures disputed cia insisted civilians death figured total south vietnamese forces performed leadership uneven general tri proved inspiring commander earning american media general praised skill general commander corps operation unfortunately anti communists officers killed helicopter crashes tri february commanders performed late date conflict appointment general officers prompted political loyalty professional test praised american generals politicians alike vietnamese performed participation ground air forces claim called conduct solo offensive operations operation son continued weaknesses apparent government informed way argued scholars heated civil war helped gather recruits cause unpublished government documents military assistance command vietnam command history annex published government documents air war southeast_asia case studies selected campaigns air_force base air university press bernard air war south vietnam washington air_force history museums program bernard war trucks aerial southern washington air_force history museums program war long southeast_asia foreign relations series vietnam july january vietnam january july secondary accounts david tragedy history new haven yale_university press road killing fields civil war college station texas university david south vietnam trial boston boston publishing company years hope days rage new_york books stanley vietnam history new_york viking books kennedy tracks jungle army war boston boston publishing company samuel edward fighting time boston boston publishing company morocco john operation menu war shadows boston boston publishing company morocco john rain fire air war boston boston publishing company keith spring campaign summer offensive press dave richard summons trumpet history vietnam war military man viewpoint new_york john blood road trail vietnam war new_york john sons john campaign offensive america vietnam war lawrence university kansas press william nixon destruction new_york washington square books lewis better war victories final tragedy america years vietnam new_york harvest books isbn rise fall american army ground forces vietnam new_york isbn david van memoir isbn total pages time coverage balance time march retrieved april danger opportunity time march retrieved april royal southeast_asia time march retrieved april mounting southeast_asia time april retrieved april nixon doctrine test time april retrieved april theater war time april retrieved april time april retrieved april new horror time april retrieved april communists time retrieved april lines time retrieved april new war time retrieved april war war time retrieved april search elusive foe time retrieved april days years time retrieved april congress president time retrieved april operation buy time time retrieved april exodus time retrieved april nixon campaign confidence time retrieved april war time june retrieved april senate acts time june retrieved april widening cracks nixon cabinet time june retrieved april new time june retrieved april fighters time june retrieved april confidence time june retrieved april rising tide war time june retrieved april new dangers time june retrieved april venture assessment time july retrieved april struggle survival time july retrieved april winding hard sell time july retrieved april land time july retrieved april presence time august retrieved april


expedition expedition french naval operation launched napoleonic wars operation intended commerce raiding operation british trading posts west_africa diversion campaign sailing october ship line frigates corvette commodore jean orders intercept destroy british traders slave ships west african coast await reinforcements invasion capture british trading forts use permanent french naval base raiding operations conducted hoped french naval command draw large british fleet maintained away blockade allow french spanish allied fleet trapped harbour escape achieved minor successes individual british shipping force small impact british trade region promised reinforcements failed aftermath destruction fleet battle october days sailed news battle reached early january managed capture small british naval brig unable significant impact british trade operations spring withdrew atlantic taking supplies repairs neutral brazil return journey france august squadron caught major hurricane frigate severely damaged port united_states repairs rest squadron continued france reaching brest flagship frigate intercepted british blockade squadron september captured bay background summer napoleonic wars years old major campaign sea campaign nearing climax french fleet departed toulon march vice admiral charles gathered spanish ships spanish mediterranean ports crossed atlantic orders disrupt british trade region seize british colonies closely pursuing allied fleet equivalent british_royal_navy force vice admiral lord nelson reached caribbean june found begun return journey europe july allied fleet fought battle cape british force sir robert forced divert south seeking shelter spanish fleet anchorage appearing days arrival nelson began blockade allied fleet awaiting emergence preparing battle french atlantic fleet principally based major brest played significant campaign decided order relieve pressure fleet minor squadrons sent prey british trade atlantic hopefully drawing nelson ships pursuit squadron force admiral consisting ships line frigates sailed brest operations north_atlantic july second squadron placed commodore jean ship line frigates corvette ordered sail west_africa raiding merchant vessels slave ships operated numerous british trading posts coastline point cruise joined larger squadron captain emperor napoleon brother reinforced squadron include french soldiers attack british west african trading posts post successfully captured turned naval base use french commerce raiders force british deploy squadron channel_fleet response time ship line needed campaign expedition squadron sailed october avoiding contact british blockading squadron heading west african coast news reached brittany fleet destroyed battle days earlier role diversion main campaign longer required cruising gulf guinea november december succeeded capturing burning number small merchant vessels slave ships intended reinforcements appeared aftermath napoleon diverted resources atlantic campaign major raiding operation caribbean south atlantic launched december vessels detailed operation ship cruised squadron vice admiral jean reinforcements significant impact british trade west_africa attempt capture british trading fort january achieved minor success seized gun british sloop hms favourite commander john prize fitted squadron sent france despatches spring supplies running low left african coast crossed atlantic seeking fresh supplies brazil colony neutral portugal months taking stores crossed caribbean_sea july passing area operating meeting handful small merchant ships passing atlantic early august favourite left west_indies january recaptured british frigate hms jason august caught hurricane storm dispersed badly damaged squadron days earlier damage severe suffering loss rendering slower rest squadron concerned frigate weakness ordered separate sail harbour neutral united_states arriving roads september later repaired returned france joining squadron based capture ships survived hurricane relatively intact able continue journey europe british squadrons area dispersed summer storms late september squadron broke sailing brest arriving october french ship line enter leave port year successful september sailing bay captain sighted ships line overwhelming force squadron rear admiral sir thomas louis sent bay await return caribbean immediately giving chase louis found ships line fast catch french frigate began main body squadron small gun attached squadron hms captain edward able pace frigate coming firing range small guns bear frigate kept steady rate fire hour avoiding fire frigate bow guns chase obvious fire successfully delaying frigate turned approaching squadron moving attack nearest british frigate hms sir thomas seeing french ship change direction louis ordered flagship hms fire gun extreme range alerted rapidly approaching squadron decided surrender destroyed combined firepower british ships man hurt exchange fire suffered severe damage rigging shot hull french ship suffered minor damage engagement subsequently taken royal_navy hms renamed hms frigate admired royal_navy number later frigates built similar design order battle


battle battle known battle chinese pinyin series engagements korean war took place october november near north province present day north_korea chinese phase campaign people republic china people volunteer army repeated attacks republic korea 1st infantry division near beginning october attempt advancing united_nations forces surprise accidental encounter united_states military korean war chinese 39th corps attacked unprepared 8th cavalry regiment november resulting devastating losses korean war background october united_nations forces successfully broken perimeter extreme south korea begun aggressive northward advance sino korean border chasing retreating korean people army kpa 1st cavalry division entered october republic korea army rushing river directions thanksgiving offensive end war major general frank commander corps ordered 1st infantry division secure dam river advancing alarmed rapid collapse kpa china chairman ordered people liberation army north east frontier force reorganized people volunteer army upcoming intervention korea despite determination save north_korea capitulation chinese military leadership expressed doubts ability chinese army fight modernized forces compromise authorized phase campaign building operation limited south korean forces avoiding contacts forces strict secrecy entered korea october prelude locations terrain town northwest korea located river mouth korean west_coast hilly sino korean border access points river area town surrounded hills north river west river east south town road junction controls road ridge dubbed hill controls road roads formed retreat routes forces forces strategy acting instruction 1st infantry division advanced north october 6th infantry division right 24th infantry division left morning october 1st infantry division captured forces spread korea gap left 24th division 1st division leaving korean left flank unprotected noticing held chinese decided launch movement south phase campaign division 40th corps block hold 1st infantry division simultaneously bulk 40th corps 38th corps division 42nd corps attack destroy 6th 8th infantry divisions east finally 39th corps destroy 1st infantry division gap 24th division 1st infantry division west intelligence division arrived blocking position october regiment heavily fortified hills north obscure troop movements prevent air raids chinese started forest fires end october battle initial skirmish october 1st infantry division attacked north 12th regiment western bank river 15th regiment trying reach eastern bank 15th regiment cross river division intercepted south heavy artillery fire south believed resistance remnants kpa perception soon changed capture chinese prisoner korean war prisoner revealed chinese soldiers waiting join fight north faced sudden appearance overwhelming chinese forces 1st infantry division tried establish defensive positions capturing hills south soon found battle regiment night october day 39th corps arrived west cutting road completely surrounding 1st infantry division aided 6th medium tank battalion 10th anti aircraft artillery group 1st infantry division reopened road october attempts advance north little progress fighting stopped october despite warnings given brigadier general sun commander 1st infantry division general feeling optimism outcome war prevented warnings taken seriously fighting reached stalemate general walker eighth united_states_army ordered 8th cavalry regiment 1st cavalry division resume north relieving 12th regiment time 8th cavalry regiment reached october 11th infantry regiment 1st infantry division pulling time chinese destroyed 6th infantry division east northern line containing 8th cavalry regiment 15th infantry regiment chinese counterattack believing 1st infantry division tied commander gave ahead 39th corps destroy garrison november chinese plan called division attack northeast division attack northwest division attack southwest time 8th cavalry regiment taken positions town 1st battalion defending north river 2nd 3rd battalions defending areas west river lack manpower created gap 1st 2nd battalions 15th infantry regiment hand dug northeast river 1st battalion early afternoon november combat patrol 5th cavalry regiment rear guard 8th cavalry regiment intercepted regiment division hill trap discovered chinese immediately launched attacks supported rocket artillery division attacked 15th infantry regiment force chinese battalions division struck gap 1st 2nd battalions 8th cavalry regiment heavy fighting destroyed 15th infantry regiment 1st 2nd battalions running ammunition forces began finally ordered garrison withdraw learning destruction 6th infantry division right flank withdrawal carried regiment division entered town gap american battalions soon afterward appeared 1st 2nd battalions attacks gaining momentum regiment division advanced southward forces road junction roads blocked 8th cavalry regiment 1st 2nd battalions escape chinese lines small groups abandoning vehicles heavy weapons way surviving soldiers reached lines november 8th cavalry regiment 1st 2nd battalions heavy attack 3rd battalion left night company chinese division managed infiltrate battalion command post disguised soldiers following surprise attack set vehicles fire causing numerous casualties americans sleeping time confusing fighting ended 3rd battalion wide perimeter regiment division 5th cavalry regiment repeated attempts rescue 3rd battalion attacking regiment hill suffering casualties 5th cavalry forced withdraw orders major general gay commander 1st cavalry division trapped 3rd battalion endured days constant attacks surviving soldiers managed break perimeter november end battle survivors 3rd battalion managed return line aftermath immediately success rest chinese forces advanced lines intending push forces river food ammunition shortages soon forced chinese november ending chinese phase campaign victory chinese phase campaign destroyed 6th infantry division regiment 8th infantry division battle return chinese suffered casualties end chinese phase campaign battle considered devastating losses korean war chinese victory surprise chinese leadership forces accidental encounter chinese forces eased fear chinese leadership intervening korea performance 1st cavalry division studied great detail chinese commanders forces hand despite heavy losses suffered eighth army unexpected chinese withdrawal united_nations command believe china intervene korea large scale commander incorporated lessons upcoming second phase campaign general douglas launched home christmas offensive assumption weak chinese force present korea resulting decisive battles river reservoir later year


battle battle fought early december second sino japanese war national revolutionary army china imperial japanese army control capital republic china following outbreak war japan china july japanese government attempting contain fighting sought negotiated settlement war victory battle shanghai prevailed japanese military december campaign capture officially authorized task occupying given general commander japan central china area army believed capture force china surrender end war chinese leader ultimately decided defend city appointed command garrison force hastily assembled army local remnants chinese units fought shanghai japanese soldiers marched shanghai pace rapidly defeating pockets chinese resistance december reached line defense line lay fortified walls december ordered attack days intense fighting decided abandon city fleeing ordered men launch breakout japanese siege time largely surrounded defenses breaking point units simply collapsed soldiers casting weapons uniforms streets hopes hiding city civilian population following capture city japanese soldiers chinese prisoners war murdered civilians committed acts looting rape event known massacre japan military victory excited subsequent massacre reputation eyes world contrary expectations china surrender second sino japanese war continued years prelude battle japan decision capture conflict known second sino japanese war started july skirmish polo bridge escalated rapidly scale war northern china armies china japan china wanted avoid decisive confrontation north instead opened second attacking japanese units shanghai central china japanese responded shanghai expeditionary army sea commanded general drive chinese army shanghai intense fighting shanghai forced japan army general staff charge military operations repeatedly reinforce sea finally november entirely new army 10th army commanded lieutenant general landed bay south shanghai arrival 10th army succeeded forcing chinese army retreat shanghai japanese army general staff decided adopt policy non expansion hostilities aim ending war november facto leader deputy chief staff laid operation restriction line preventing forces leaving vicinity shanghai specifically going west chinese cites city kilometers miles west shanghai major rift opinion existed japanese government field armies sea 10th army november nominally control central china area army led sea commander clear superiors left shanghai wanted march convinced conquest chinese capital city provoke fall entire nationalist government china hand japan quick complete victory war china likewise eager conquer men operation restriction line imposed army general staff november ordered 10th army pursue retreating chinese forces operation restriction line act discovered day ordered stop immediately ignored effort told send advance units line fact highly sympathetic actions days later november issued urgent telegram army general staff insisting resolve crisis prompt manner need advantage enemy present declining fortunes conquer staying operation restriction line point letting chance advance slip having effect encouraging enemy fighting strength recover fighting spirit risk harder completely break war japanese units continued slip past operation restriction line coming pressure army general staff colleagues subordinates including powerful chief general staff operations division come viewpoint wanted approve attack november finally relented abolished operation restriction line owing circumstances control days later reluctantly approved operation capture flew shanghai person december deliver order armies field way china decision defend november near end battle shanghai convened meeting military affairs commission supreme national defense council undertake strategic planning including decision case japanese attack insisted mounting sustained defense argued battle shanghai china likely receive aid great powers possibly ongoing power treaty conference prove battlefield capacity resist japanese noted holding strengthen china hand peace talks wanted german ambassador ran stiff opposition officers including powerful chief staff military affairs commission deputy chief staff head fifth war zone german advisor alexander von argued chinese army needed time recover losses shanghai pointed highly gently sloping terrain easy attackers advance city river cut defenders retreat increasingly agitated course battle shanghai angrily declaring stay command defense personally believed completely isolated general ambitious senior member military affairs commission spoke defense position accounts vary jumped aid reluctantly seizing opportunity given responded organizing garrison force november officially making commander november orders received november defend established defense lines cost destroy enemy besieging force men publicly declared defend man aware situation day garrison force established officially moved capital china deep china interior times contradictory instructions subordinates mission defend death merely delay japanese advance road china defense preparations november chinese army teams laborers began bolster defenses inside outside city surrounded formidable stone walls stretching kilometers miles entire city walls constructed hundreds years earlier dynasty rose meters feet height meters feet thick machine gun december gates city closed additional layer concrete meters feet thick outside walls series defense lines constructed path japanese advance notably outer sixteen kilometers miles city inner directly outside city known line multiple positions line line network trenches barbed wire fields gun final defense line outside city walls key high points land line peaks northeast plateau south fortification especially dense order deny japanese invaders shelter supplies area adopted strategy earth december ordering homes structures path japanese kilometers miles city homes structures near roadways sixteen kilometers miles city defending army garrison force paper formidable army thirteen divisions including elite german trained divisions plus super elite training brigade reality units severely fighting shanghai time reached physically exhausted low equipment badly depleted total troop strength order units young men teenagers rural villages surrounding pressed service new recruits additional fresh soldiers brought fill ranks 2nd army unexpected japanese advance new received rudimentary training fire guns way arrival definitive statistics exist soldiers garrison force managed time battle leading estimates david says estimates argues favor period japan navy air service launching frequent air raids city eventually totaling raids according navy records navy air service struck time august winning air supremacy city september began bombing city night day hitting military civilian targets face japanese bombs ongoing advance japanese army large majority citizens fled city early december population dropped total million figure included chinese refugees rural villages burned government earth policies city poor foreign residents repeatedly asked leave city chaotic strain bombings fires looting criminals electrical outages foreigners brave stay find way help chinese civilians unable leave late november group led german citizen john established safety zone center city self proclaimed zone civilian refugees order hopefully escape fighting safety zone recognized chinese government december demanded civilians evacuate chinese manage escape wife flown private plane crack dawn december mayor municipal government left day management city garrison force japan march start december japan central china area army swollen strength men ultimately participate fighting plan attack movement japanese called central china area army shanghai expeditionary army sea advancing eastern 10th army advancing southern north west lay river japanese planned plug possible escape route squadron ships river deploying special detachments circle city detachment cross south ultimate aim occupying river bank west detachment sent far north route ultimate aim taking north general army general staff envisaged making slow steady march subordinates refused play instead raced city soon units pace kilometers miles day instance 10th army captured key town november days supposed start planned advance sea captured december days ahead schedule order achieve speeds japanese soldiers carried little weaponry ammunition marching ahead supply lines purchase food chinese civilians way advance japanese overcame initially light resistance battered chinese forces pursued japanese shanghai running battle japanese aided complete air supremacy abundance tanks improvised hastily constructed nature chinese defenses chinese strategy concentrating defending forces small patches relatively high ground easy surround december paid visit defensive near men fight forced beat hasty retreat japanese army burst battlefield guns day rapidly moving forward contingents sea occupied arrived key point outer line defense japanese artillery range city china 51st division main force fighting repeatedly repulsed japanese attacks cracking december main force sea arrived sea took fortress spa town day south defense line armored vehicles japan 10th army charged chinese position defended china division chinese soldiers armed jumped vehicles repeatedly roofs shouting darkness fell battlefield division finally overwhelmed december suffering according records casualties december japan forces reached line defense line point general summons surrender drawn chinese send military envoys gate discuss terms peaceful occupation city thousands copies message city december group senior staff officers waited gate opened intention responding later day proclaimed men army entered final battle defend line unit shall firmly defend post resolve live die allowed retreat causing defense collapse american journalist reporting site battle saw small group chinese soldiers set assemble promise die stood final battle december general ordered units launch scale attack day sea assaulted china super elite training brigade peaks dominate northeast horizon ridges mountain men sea control chinese bloody infantry charges advancing south easier general forbidden men artillery deep conviction damage come famous historical sites sun eastern south units sea faced difficult task large moat standing city gates gate gate gate speed japan earlier advance played favor key chinese units slated deployed position evening japanese engineers closing gate managed blow hole wall japanese battalion launched daring attack gap planted japanese flag portion gate immediately pinned series determined chinese chinese brought reinforcements including tanks poured grenades gasoline soaked lumber japanese battalion saved timely bursts concentrated artillery fire rest division battalion succeeded holding position rest battle despite losing eighty eighty men time japan 10th army rugged plateau situated directly gate southern 10th army progress slow casualties heavy built like fortress trenches manned chinese divisions including german trained division chinese counterattack japanese units forced spend time defending attacking close single man division deployed killed action including regimental commanders brigade commanders process japanese suffer casualties including dead finally overrun noon december division stationed barely trained new recruits atop gate japanese tried previous night infiltrate suicide squadron bearing explosive acid gate blow hole got lost morning fog failed reach wall noon december team japanese soldiers moat small boat succeeded scaling wall gate bamboo ladder raising japanese flag killed gunfire man grabbed chinese machine gun held position soon japanese team set fire gate create japanese troops crossing moat gate makeshift bridges engineers hold aloft bodies help aimed japanese artillery fire atop parts wall finally west gate soldiers japan 10th army punched hole chinese lines wetlands south gate launching violent drive gate support fleet tanks height battle complained casualties naturally heavy fighting metal merely flesh blood chinese lacked equipment sheer fought partially strict orders man unit retreat step permission course battle roughly chinese soldiers shot dead members army attempting retreat japanese soldiers noticed chinese outside prevent occupants fleeing nonetheless japanese gaining upper hand hard pressed surrounded chinese defenders december sea captured peak point artillery fire gate large portion wall suddenly gave way sunset fires control visible gate south completely occupied japan 10th army night december collapse garrison force unbeknownst japanese ordered abandon defense spite earlier talk holding bitter end order december abandon city prepared day december japan intensified onslaught frantic minute bid conclude temporary japanese german citizens john clear negotiations completed time finally finish drawing plan calling units launch coordinated breakout japanese commence breakout cover darkness night muster december arranged plan transmitted units crossed river escaping city opposite bank river hours occupied japan detachment time slipped city entire garrison force rapidly units open flight furthermore contact lost units received message continued hold positions ordered receive little luck slipping japanese lines china corps bid evade japanese planned gap east immediately ran minefield attacked flight japanese units lost divisional chiefs staff combat corps started battle men strong escaped near dawn december portion china corps annihilated bid break japanese lines river south units manage china 2nd army led situated north received order abandon defense night december heard captured decided withdraw accord night managed evacuate unit river japanese naval units blockaded river contrast massive crowd thousands chinese soldiers civilians south fleeing panic disarray advance japan 10th army night prevented reaching harbor chinese barrier troops fired crowd retreating permission managed hold fleeing chinese tank unit received parting message charged barrier troops burst blockade crowd find hardly boats remaining harbor crowd fought aboard craft available soon sank midway rest chinese soldiers took rough waters logs pieces scrap lumber quickly river furthermore point japanese virtually complete attempting brave soon found fired sides river saw turned city despair tens thousands chinese soldiers escape city responded casting uniforms weaponry switching civilian clothes stealing desperately seeking sanctuary safety zone civilians american journalist witnessed wholesale army comic arms discarded uniforms streets covered guns grenades swords coats shoes helmets ministry communications blocks trucks artillery staff cars wagons machine guns small arms yard operations massacre fighting end entirely night december japanese army took remaining gates entered city operations city japanese continued days beat sporadic resistance chinese north taken japan detachment morning december pockets resistance outside persisted days japanese units duty decided chinese soldiers hiding city possible security risk carried thorough search building frequent incursions safety zone search japanese units attempted distinguish soldiers civilians checking marks shoulders wearing carrying rifle criteria arbitrary case japanese company men shoe face extremely good posture sharp looking eyes reason civilians taken time happened chinese soldiers civilians captured varied greatly unit unit executed event came known massacre foreign residents journalists known internationally days city fall japanese committed random acts murder rape looting arson occupation military historian notes corpses buried fall city women children suggesting large majority victims massacre adult chinese men taken japanese soldiers estimates total death toll massacre vary widely japanese army operations large scale accompanied afternoon december general entered victory parade end december japanese soldiers left units shanghai expeditionary army stayed occupy city self government committee new municipal authority formed local chinese collaborators inaugurated january february restrictions free movement civilians city lifted aftermath assessment news massacre tightly censored japan capture provoked excitement mass celebrations sort spontaneous government sponsored took place country including number remembered decades later noted fallen events field renewed belief japanese people arms conquest quicker easier japanese lost soldiers battle plus wounded japan casualties undoubtedly china precise figures exist chinese killed action japanese claimed killed enemy campaign contemporary chinese source claimed army suffered casualties notes japanese usually inflated opponent body counts chinese reason scale loss estimates chinese soldiers killed combat entire battle jay taylor puts number states size force committed losses greater suffered devastating battle shanghai hand chinese scholar sun estimates chinese combat losses men official report nationalist government argued excess inexperienced troops major cause defeat time bear blame later historians criticized japanese historian instance characterized battlefield leadership incompetent arguing orderly withdrawal possible carried december fled post advance units decision defend controversial believes chose entirely emotion fight battle knew lose fellow historian frederick decision regarded greatest mistakes sino japanese war historian jay taylor notes convinced run capital city fight forever regarded decision spite military accomplishment japan international reputation massacre series international incidents occurred battle notable japanese artillery british steamship river december sinking japanese aircraft american far downstream day incident american consul japanese soldier increased tensions united_states furthermore loss force china japan leaders predicted victory japanese government replaced terms peace relayed ambassador prior battle extremely harsh set demands ultimately rejected china december fiery speech entitled message people withdrawal declared outcome war decided big city decided countryside vast country people end wear enemy time enemy military count assure final victory second sino japanese war drag years ultimately end japan defeat


indian_ocean raid march force imperial_japanese_navy heavy cruisers raided allied shipping indian_ocean cruisers departed japanese held territory march support vessels aircraft march encountered sank british steamer heavy cruiser tone picking survivors fearing detection japanese force subsequently returned netherlands east indies arriving march days later crew passengers murdered board tone following war commander raid rear admiral executed war crime tone captain sentenced seven years imprisonment background february japanese combined fleet withdrew base central pacific singapore appearance powerful japanese naval force singapore concerned allies feared ships potentially conduct raids indian_ocean western_australia response allies strengthened naval air forces area transferring british light cruisers atlantic mediterranean navy warships pacific number air units ceylon bay region increased admiral james commander british eastern fleet feared japanese repeat devastating indian_ocean raid early february requested permission withdraw fleet base risk larger japanese force admiralty rejected request directed fleet remain threatened superior japanese force withdrawal affect morale harm britain prestige region agreed eastern fleet engage superior japanese forces withdraw judged necessary late february vice admiral commander chief southwest area fleet ordered heavy cruisers tone raid allied shipping main route force commanded vice admiral board instructions vice admiral directed force captured allied merchant seamen prisoners radio operators personnel possess useful information killed question order japanese cruisers embarked specialised boarding parties operation hoped capture merchant ships alleviate japan shipping shortage raid japanese heavy cruisers departed combined fleet anchorage islands february light cruisers destroyers escorted force march raiders supported medium bombers based sumatra west java conducted patrols direction ceylon submarines 8th flotilla monitored allied shipping movements near ceylon islands archipelago allies detect japanese force departure reinforced forces western_australia american submarine encountered operating near march presence ships taken indicate hostile force possibly dispatched indian_ocean march directed allied ships travelling east divert south west leaving japanese heavy cruisers sailed south west main route ships spread nmi day nmi night maintained radio silence morning march encountered long tons british steamer midway ship travelling bombay voyage newcastle new_south_wales united_kingdom carrying cargo sighting japanese ships master captain ordered radio operator transmit code order ships allied bases merchant ship attacked surface raiders tone signals room picked message cruiser opened fire japanese cruiser attempt capture steamer judged risky sail japanese territory tone gunners scored hits stern killed crew minutes sighting crew passengers abandoned ship steamer sank shortly survivors rescued tone survivors members tone crew japanese sailors forced survivors hand personal belongings value ropes tie survivors painful positions caused breathing merchant ship chief officer beaten complained treating civilians way violated geneva convention female survivors later ropes removed survivors taken decks imprisoned badly beaten japanese sailors following attack judged dangerous continue raid distress message alerted allies force presence accordingly japanese turned day heavy cruisers escorted destroyers arrived march time survivors held small extremely hot store room board tone given little access food water facilities exercise despite fears allies immediately aware attack distress signal picked single allied merchant ship report arrived march meantime decided march surface raiders longer posed threat shipping indian_ocean allowed allied vessels resume normal routing massacre shortly survivors rescued sent radio message tone commanding officer captain taking non essential personnel prisoner capturing merchant ship message ordered survivors killed unwilling felt violate christian religious beliefs executive officer commander opposed killing prisoners request prisoners ashore rejected captain visited argue case remained told obey orders despite decided kill prisoners march heavy cruisers anchored near java following survivors transferred party sent included chief officer senior officers ship female passengers group later landed cruisers sailed bound singapore march night prisoners board tone beheaded cruiser officers watched killings ship bridge refused aftermath tone arrived singapore march indian_ocean raid operation conducted axis surface raiders world war result final allied merchant ship sunk surface raiders war raid notable chiefly massacre achieved little militarily raid failed disrupt allied traffic region ordered march rescinded 16th result sinking ship contrast axis submarines sank ships indian_ocean period raid successful comparable raids surface ships region admiral japanese attempt capitalize numerical superiority region end month vanished reinforcements eastern fleet enabled start series carrier raids commencing attack april party survivors landed initially interred prisoner war camps java male prisoners sent camp near women held female camp nearby members group interrogated survivors separated sent camps java work slave labourers japan survivors freed end war august following war allies prosecuted officers responsible murders board tone vice admiral died disease september tried british hong_kong sentenced death convicted role killings sentenced seven years imprisonment


bombardment bombardment occurred french german warships attacked september world war german armoured cruisers sms entered port island sank french freighter bombarding town fortifications french shore batteries resisted german intrusion greatly main german objective seize coal piles stored island destroyed french start action german vessels largely undamaged french lost buildings destroyed town economy severely disrupted main strategic consequence engagement disclosure cruisers positions british admiralty led battle entire german east asia squadron defeated royal_navy squadron ammunition contributed subsequent destruction battle background word war reached admiral von german east asia squadron july august concentrated majority squadron pagan island nearby islands steamed pacific class armored cruisers sms class light cruiser sms auxiliary cruiser sms disposal sent gather intelligence hawaii raid cable station island von learned australian new_zealand forces captured german sailed flagship sister ship engage allied forces find failing catch expeditionary force having seen action leaving pagan island men admiral von armored cruisers eager meet enemy battle von decided raid way rendezvous rest squadron easter island french held short tons high quality cardiff coal port von hoped seize coal piles squadron supply additionally von aimed destroying allied shipping find harbour thought raid help raise men morale von intended coal sailing prevented foul weather instead von decided attempt resupply dispatched guard fleet german admiral intended vessels identities secret french ships flying french flags allowing english speaking members crew contact present von managed food stores gold seized raid able discover strength french military region exact size positions coal piles french heavy defenses warned von squadron raid german squadron sighted capital french settlements oceania colonial lacking wireless station having garrison colonial infantry order bolster town defenses lieutenant commander old wooden ranking officer ship stern gun guns removed vessel placed ashore place land batteries ford trucks turned impromptu armored cars mounting guns sailors marines preparation repel german attempt landing retained bow gun men ship second command addition harbor fortifications french unarmed german freighter captured start war despite french preparations german cruisers match forces commanded heavily armed guns guns eighteen guns torpedo tubes von forces outnumbered french sailors aboard vessels form landing party forces oppose battle september french sighted unidentified cruisers approaching harbor alarm raised harbor signal destroyed warning shots fired french batteries signal approaching cruisers identify cruisers replied shot raised german colors signaling town surrender french refused german demands von vessels began shell shore batteries town distance land batteries harbor returned fire scored hits armored cruisers having difficulty discovering exact position french batteries german cruisers soon turned attention french shipping harbor french commander ordered coal piles burned start action smoke began town sighted fired germans french begun vessels action begun afloat began firing finished ships inhabitants fled town caught fire german blocks set coal piles destroyed threat mines harbor von saw meaningful purpose making landing accordingly german admiral withdrew ships harbor leaving ships steamed meet waiting aftermath time von withdrew ships large portions town destroyed entire blocks burnt ground fires finally store market buildings residences destroyed resulting majority civilians fled interior island soon fighting began japanese civilian boy killed german french vessels harbor sunk military casualties german vessels took damage overall bombardment estimated caused million worth property damage seizure german store island addition seizure property local germans interned forced repair damage von squadron caused lasting effect bombardment french dramatic fall prices region local suppliers previously sold majority produce german merchants area interned havoc distress spread island days von squadron left rumors started spread second german bombardment begin withdrawing crews took shore leave moving meet rest squadron easter island germans destroyed shipping havoc town denied primary objective seizing french coal piles stocks von raid allowed british admiralty receive word position heading allowing inform rear admiral christopher german intentions leading battle effect reduction ammunition available german cruisers hundreds shells fired von ships ammunition result action contributed german east asia squadron failure adequately defend battle islands british battlecruisers lieutenant superior officer actions defense loss summoned toulon arrest court died illness trial finally recognized actions posthumously awarded


war war brief conflict took place upper mississippi_river region united_states primarily state wisconsin war hostilities limited attacks american civilians portion native american tribe reacting wave lead miners lands false rumors united_states sent prisoners rival tribe execution native americans region decided joining uprising conflict ended officials responded military force chiefs surrendered men participated violence including red bird american officials believed red bird died prison awaiting trial men convicted murder pardoned president john adams released result war tribe compelled lead mining region united_states americans increased military presence frontier building fort abandoned forts conflict convinced officials americans indians live natives compelled westward policy known indian removal war preceded larger black hawk war involved people concerned similar issues background following war united_states pursued policy trying prevent wars native americans upper mississippi_river region strictly humanitarian reasons warfare difficult united_states acquire indian land tribes west policy known indian removal primary goal late 1820s august officials finalized multi tribal treaty prairie defined boundaries region tribes time white americans begun lands large numbers drawn promise easy lead mining fever later river native americans mined region thousands years lead important economy tried drive away suffered abuse hands aggressive miners officials concerned mining delay saw inevitable american possession mining region worked dissuade indians mining plans family murder march french canadian man named native american wife children gathering maple present day iowa miles north prairie murdered apparently raiding party passing murderers evidently specific victims targets opportunity suspects arrested prairie taken fort escaped army lieutenant colonel morgan seized hostages demanded tribe turn murderers july delivered men morgan fort accordance custom writes historian martin men involved murders surrendered american anger punishment away tribe americans wanted punish personally responsible killings colonel morgan unable determine guilty detained demanded chiefs identify killers colonel commander 5th infantry regiment reinforced fort amid rumors going attempt free prisoners eventually man turned americans indicted murders evacuation rumors rumored attack fort came october colonel moved garrison fort hoped reduce hostilities prisoners moved fort attacked party near fort colonel arrested turned killed angered encouraged help strike americans falsely telling prisoners turned execution false story execution prisoners american convinced arms united_states timing right evacuation fort appeared sign american weakness news women sexually assaulted american crews mississippi_river story like executions false rumor broke diplomatic relations united_states showing scheduled treaty conference prepared war hostilities late june leader named red bird sun sic little buffalo went prairie seek revenge believed executions prisoners unable locate intended victim instead targeted cabin son african american nurse named aunt mary ann welcomed home meal happened inside varies according sources according account red bird shot killed shot killed solomon hired man friend family tried shoot wife wrestled gun away escaping young son settle stabbing infant daughter survived attack account says red bird committed murders red bird companions returned village prairie celebration held june prairie struck allies attacked american mississippi near mouth bad axe river americans killed wounded skirmish seven died attack later wounds according historian patrick attack relatively small significant act war committed united_states indians region war nascent war americans prairie sought recruit allies bands leaders tribes sympathetic grievances urged neutrality participated killing american livestock leaders billy alexander robinson rode settlements urged people stay war years later black hawk war distanced actions red bird prairie allies effort widespread war doomed mid july writes historian martin practical purposes red bird uprising american response attacks created panic american population area settlers fearing outbreak wider indian war fled towns chicago sought sanctuary abandoned fort lewis governor michigan territory thomas superintendent indian affairs hosting treaty conference near green bay learned attacks discourage spread uprising promptly invited native americans region come treaty grounds receive gifts food people eventually arrived warned chiefs attendance way avoid american military invasion homeland surrender responsible attacks american officials met native leaders including urged stay war american officials troops prairie organized local militia colonel arrived prairie july bringing regulars fort fort joined july brigadier general henry brought men jefferson barracks days later henry dodge arrived fort mounted miners governor edwards illinois sent mounted north wisconsin east major william organized force regulars fort howard green bay new_york indians august force began moving wisconsin river wisconsin hostile concentrated force location north september force arrived september leaders surrendered red bird americans asked americans red bird request granted offered americans horses exchange prisoners declined turned men involved uprising following weeks aftermath diplomatic talks close war general promised government look grievances lead mining region thomas requested military aid american miners land war settlers poured region unprecedented numbers officials proved unable unwilling stem tide january illegal settlers land including militia general henry dodge established mining camp war boasted army leave having options august signed provisional treaty united_states agreeing sell land occupied miners formal treaty held later detained government fort trial war american officials wanted convict red bird believing leader uprising belief according historian martin based american failure understand nature society red bird known white writes focused resentment mistakenly leadership role deserve red bird tried contracted died prison february trial got underway trials delayed difficulties bringing witnesses prosecutors defense attorneys proceedings finally began august judge james presiding man warriors imprisoned murders family released lack witnesses held attack men prosecuted according historian patrick clear trial red bird committed murders cabin evidence convict despite white jury found guilty judge sentenced hang required law lawyer filed motion new trial arguing jury ignored evidence suspended death sentences november president john adams having told executions likely spark uprising pardoned prisoners exchange land july august treaties signed prairie fires confederacy formally ceded lead mining region united_states annual payments respectively hoping prevent uprisings united_states decided strengthen military presence region war fort fort chicago abandoned new outpost fort built october fox wisconsin rivers conflict helped promote change policy native americans previously americans argued indians white american society war idea indians americans live state union address december outgoing president adams announced civilization policy failure indian removal moving tribes west policy future policy taken adams successor andrew jackson


lakes incident lakes incident croatian translating bloody easter armed clash beginning croatian war independence fought croatian police armed forces croatian established lakes croatia march fighting followed takeover lakes national park resulted croatia area clash resulted killed contributed ethnic tensions fighting prompted presidency yugoslavia order yugoslav people army step create zone opposing forces arrived scene following day presented croatia ultimatum requesting police withdraw special police units captured lakes area pull april newly established croatian police station staffed officers remained place police station blockaded months later captured late august background following electoral defeat government socialist republic croatia ethnic tensions worsened yugoslav people army confiscated croatia territorial defence weapons minimize resistance august tensions escalated open revolt croatian serbs centred predominantly populated areas parts regions eastern croatia established serbian national council july coordinate opposition croatian president policy pursuing independence croatia milan southern town elected president police chief milan established paramilitary militias men eventually political military leaders self declared state incorporating inhabited areas croatia beginning croatia regular army effort bolster defence croatia doubled size police force effective force strong special police deployed battalions adopting military organisation addition organised reserve police reserve police set battalions companies lacked weapons effort consolidate territory control croatian leaders organised political rally lakes march demanding area annexed days later march special police seized area help armed civilians removed croatian management lakes national park force deployed lakes estimated approximately strong region relatively sparsely populated obvious threat serbs journalist tim suggests motivated desire control strategic road ran north south park linking communities regions timeline croatia deployed special police forces specifically special police units based supported additional police forces drawn retake lakes area croatian police force commanded buses passenger cars armoured personnel carrier approach lakes area main strong group special police unit directly commanded arrived dense fog main road river bridge bridge secured unit shortly midnight march auxiliary force approached lakes deployed area lakes captured pass secure right flank main effort total attacking force comprised approximately troops approaching convoy ambushed set force near lakes morning easter sunday march force attacked vehicles carrying croatian police held position fell national park post office half hours later croatian advance additionally hindered deep snow achieved cost wounded attacking force secured objectives attacking operation reached completion croatian military sustained combat fatality croatian war independence killed machine gun covering retreating troops shortly yugoslav air_force dispatched helicopter attend wounded sides left area hour half helicopter dispatched colonel general head yugoslav air_force time following request interior minister croatia fighting ended sporadic gunfire reported near south afternoon croatian police station established lakes appointed commanding officer station staffed approximately police officers presidency yugoslavia met emergency session evening discuss clash insistence serbia representative presidency ordered intervene gain control area prevent combat serbian parliament met emergency session treating clashes virtual voting offer serbs necessary help conflict following day adopted resolution effect territory incorporated serbia constitution laws adopted use held areas croatia croatian authorities accused serbia president stage managing unrest order break croatia resolve declare independence yugoslavia transformed loose confederation accused attempting overthrow croatian government intervention april established zone separate lakes deploying elements 1st 5th military districts armoured battalion armoured brigade based battalion 6th mountain brigade based reconnaissance company battalion 4th armoured brigade based battalion light anti aircraft artillery regiment based signals company signals regiment based company 13th military police battalion based anti aircraft artillery battery drawn 13th brigade based finally 5th military district set forward command post lakes force lakes commanded colonel commanding officer 5th military district major general overall command intervention told media men protecting prevent ethnic confrontations period croatian government reacted aide mario claimed told croatian officials engage police leave radio address said regarded hostile army occupation course action remained unchanged april handed croatian authorities ultimatum requesting police leave special police left day officers newly established police station remained place aftermath police officer croatian fatality incident force suffered killed fighting croatian combat fatality war total people wounded seven croatian police croatian forces captured troops formally charged prisoners later president republic serbian quickly released release explained goodwill gesture authorities claims released collaborating croatian authorities approximately tourists italian evacuated lakes fighting clash lakes worsened overall situation croatia led conflict croatian forces separated lakes situation area continued deteriorate following clash nearby croatian police personnel left local police station replaced officers croatian forces set road summer extended north south croatian authorities established strong police station april vehicles permitted pass brought shortage food medicine electricity area democratic_party ruling party organised protest march lakes political rally demanding croatian police withdraw march led prevented reaching lakes forced return imposed blockade lakes police station july pretext croatian police abducted imprisoned officers july forces commenced attacks pass southeast lakes road driving croatian national_guard capturing pass end month summer continued engage croatian forces units deployed lakes april fighting escalated august captured lakes police station following day battle began largely viewed croatia casualty croatian war independence monument dedicated erected birthplace war monument erected site death annual clash held clash death commemorated annually lakes