stanley plan stanley plan package statutes adopted september state virginia designed ensure racial segregation state public schools despite unanimous ruling supreme_court united_states brown board education school segregation unconstitutional legislative program named governor thomas stanley proposed program successfully pushed enactment stanley plan critical element policy massive resistance brown ruling advocated senator harry plan included measures designed curb virginia state chapter national association advancement colored people virginia believed responsible stirring litigation integrate public schools plan enacted virginia assembly september signed law governor stanley september federal court struck portion stanley plan unconstitutional january nearly major elements plan including litigation aimed struck supreme_court federal state courts constitutional stanley plan led new governor virginia james propose passive resistance school integration supreme_court declared portions passive resistance unconstitutional background supreme_court handed ruling brown board education unanimous court held separate public schools black white students unconstitutional end racial segregation schools society large building united_states end world war brown sparked modern american civil rights movement initial reaction virginia politicians newspapers brown decision restrained 1920s late 1960s virginia politics dominated organization political machine led senator harry governor virginia leaders organization governor thomas stanley attorney general james reserved reaction brown ruling changed james editor richmond news leader richmond virginia quickly adopted defiant opposition racial integration public schools adopted pre american_civil_war constitutional theory began publicly pushing state virginia actively oppose supreme_court position historian joseph written likely helped resolve key figures especially june political leaders virginia collection counties south central region state met agreed ask vigorous state opposition brown began calling defenders state sovereignty civil liberties members included william state senators charles moses gray selected businessman robert president stanley deeply influenced strong sentiments expressed meeting days later governor stanley announced use legal means command continue segregated schools virginia gray commission august governor stanley announced appointment commission chaired state senator gray recommend legislative response brown officially titled virginia public education commission popularly known gray commission october pro segregation group called defenders state sovereignty individual liberties widely known defenders formed defenders demanded state legislators pledge support racial integration june called legislation enacted barred state funds spent school limited primarily numbering members defenders proved highly influential state politics crisis school worsened supreme_court brown board education known brown ordered school occur deliberate speed weeks later governor stanley virginia state board education announced state policy continue operate state public schools segregated basis seemingly unrelated case supreme_court virginia ruled november day providing state funds private schools violated article state constitution virginia general_assembly enacted legislation providing educational veterans wounded died world war virginia political leaders supported way decision struck directly proposal gray commission issued report days virginia supreme_court decision report supported racial segregation schools denounced supreme_court brown decision number recommendations stood commission proposed state constitution amended permit education given parents want children attending integrated schools children lived counties public schools abolished second commission advised state education law permit local school boards assign students schools basis factors availability facilities health transportation needs race stanley proposed proposals recommended gray commission exception pupil assignment provision governor sought amendment state law authorizing directing governor state funding public school district public interest safety welfare required plan permit local school district close public schools case child tuition attend private school opt state funding legislative maneuvering rise massive resistance governor stanley called general_assembly special session november consider adopting gray commission report actual recommendations newspaper called hasty day session general_assembly adopted gray commission recommendations enact law legislature approve referendum january state constitutional convention number individuals organizations came gray commission proposals moderate representative governor william virginia house speaker moore close friend defenders gray nearly weeks late november early december wrote daily pages richmond news leader favor near record numbers virginia voters turned january approve constitutional convention margin referendum began pressing stronger legislative response based constitutional justification virginia general_assembly opened day legislative session january immediately supporters legislature demanded assembly support resolution adopt legal theory state policy passed february february called massive resistance southern states brown ruling fracture pro segregation movement prevented legislation moving forward remainder regular legislative session hopes initially high march virginia constitutional convention voted approve constitutional amendment permit educational days later members united_states congress sponsored resolution introduced senator called southern manifesto denounced brown decision encouraged states resist forced integration means moderate forces supported gray commission plan opposed extreme believed public opinion brown cautioned virginia state legislators slow famous political phrase extreme hoped public opinion continue brown allowing political leaders adopt moderate response moderate early successes resolution declaring brown decision void defeated state house january battled general_assembly time wore state legislators began feel school budgets days time pass gray commission plan sides began fight delay year passing new school legislation moderate began worry public education destroyed tuition willing implement plan meant saving segregation house speaker moore introduced resolution require school districts remain segregated coming school year legislature worked legislative end run brown state attorney general argued bill left state legally exposed advocated instead special session legislature summer order meet good faith requirement brown decision moore resolution defeated gray commission proposal allow local school boards assign students schools factors race days legislature governor stanley proposed plan deny state funds school district integrated plan defeated legislative session ended march stanley plan calls special session legislature february march governor stanley initially receptive idea beginning april mid april virginia lieutenant governor stevens urged stanley special session general_assembly reconsider gray commission proposals state delegate urged general_assembly special session spring summer stanley began meeting senator state senator gray course action concerned local school districts integrate creating effect lead integration entire south preventing happening concern stanley stanley called gray commission session late group unable immediately come new recommendations attorney general publicly urged stanley special session legislature house speaker moore demanded know proposals felt legislature pass special session called june gray commission reported governor able improve november proposals advised governor special session legislature following day governor stanley announced legislature special session late august governor stanley reversal position special session especially light lack new legislative proposals events changed mind stanley come massive resistance viewpoint court decisions previous spring convinced federal courts federal government compromise issue segregation additionally stanley felt change status organization initially senator kept stanley inner circle legislative discussions late spring began including stanley talks close political allies pressing extreme measures closing schools response integration stanley realized action taken soon integration occur measures enacted regard stanley going organization believed public opinion extreme summer organization greater political capital freedom movement crafting stanley plan changes legislative approach taken changes occurred closed doors gray commission public claim new report fact secret meeting gray commission executive committee occurred representative howard smith representative representative harrison outsiders attended group approved stanley march proposal cut state funds school district integrated discussed number proposals including pupil assignment plan require local approval integration local approval taxes support integration repeal state laws permitting school districts sued gray commission met publicly following day secretly joined executive session governor stanley stanley announced going support special session legislature gray commission come new proposals craft bills general_assembly consider plan formally agreed gray commission asked counsel david craft proposals lines cutting state funds school district integrated allowing local veto appropriation local funds integration repeal state laws allowing school districts sued allowing state police power prevent integration assumption integration lead public unrest disorder pupil assignment plan implemented solely governor assumption court jail governor pupil assignment plan implemented solely general_assembly assumption court jail entire legislature action taken proposals gray commission meeting june discussions legislative program june gray called seven members gray commission favor massive resistance agreed support legislative program favor massive resistance met governor stanley night stanley said willing extreme necessary prevent integration virginia basic legislative proposals stanley plan washington_post reported worked secret meeting july united_states house committee rules hearing room united_states capitol meeting gray smith stanley seven state legislators group agreed point legislative program public school integration tolerated virginia school districts integrated lose state funding state law permitting school districts sued repealed power assign students schools taken away local school boards transferred governor governor power close school district integrated despite group public statements supporting local control schools later remarked purpose plan prevent integration virginia virginia areas won stand compromise let integrate state integrated short time particular vocal supporter school closing proposal helped draft proposals plan stanley plan support extreme virginia week july defenders promoted plan withdraw legal basis lawsuits school districts permit state school districts integrated deny state funds school districts integrated defenders opposed pupil assignment plan moderate response sentiment pupil assignment plan approved july meeting fairly weak meeting gray independently asked draft stronger pupil assignment proposal events soon state virginia school segregation issue july judge john paul western district court virginia ordered racial integration public schools virginia july eastern district court virginia judge albert ordered racial integration public schools arlington county virginia sparked additional lawsuits segregated school districts virginia widened split pro segregation forces supporters arguing gray commission proposals longer option massive resistance plan implementing governor stanley released legislative proposal implement massive resistance july set august start general_assembly special session clear permit shall mixing races public schools virginia said july drafting legislation stanley plan split executive committee gray commission attorney general organization insider privately seeking governorship drafted substitute school closing bill july limited conditions governor close schools thought likely pass constitutional muster july politicians attempted force vote gray commission endorsed stanley plan vote failed commission vote draft legislation implement proposals contained gray commission report governor recommendations spent july drafting legislation associate henry commission john george director division statutory research drafting general_assembly considered number different ways implement pupil assignment plan decided bring alternatives gray commission given task putting legislative language decisions group day judge ordered arlington county public schools told drafting group decision invited pupil assignment program suggested pass constitutional muster agreed august told press judge decision left open possibility implementing pupil assignment plan neutral face schools segregated spent august engaged additional legislative drafting day governor stanley withdrew school funding bill consideration drafting committee asked draft stronger version permitted funding cut district integrated voluntarily kenneth assistant attorney general ended drafting revised bill governor days work finished draft funding cut legislation august august governor stanley announced publicly main thrust legislative proposal funds local school district integrated response gray called meeting gray commission consider governor proposal stanley said oppose gray commission proposal assign students basis factors race lead integration stanley concession washington_post reported widely assumed gray commission assumed strongly favor pupil assignment plan tuition grant proposal intense pressure stanley good concession august closed door meeting assembly delegates attending democratic national convention stanley insisted authority state funds school district integrated delegate davis norfolk state largest city said city likely operate schools state funds ordered integrate mid august local school districts placed budgets month month basis close schools short notice ordered wealthy districts arlington norfolk let known state control integrate outside little support stanley plan lack support led shift stanley legislative proposals originally governor sought authority funds integrated school districts goal automatic cut revised stanley plan presented gray commission august commission proposals stanley plan legislators plans descriptions vote governor stanley said insist provision funding cut bill deny funds public schools statewide single local jurisdiction integrated speaking group attorney general said plan stop integration lawsuits probably violate state constitution end meeting gray commission voted abandon original proposals support stanley plan meeting vote contentious according local news media commission tremendous pressure state leaders pupil assignment plan commission approved program provide tuition grants students school districts attend school choice original gray commission plan awarded tuition grants parents integrated school system want child attending integrated school parents voluntarily closed school system avoid integration thirteen legislators gray commission voted stanley plan commissioners voted stanley plan arlington county richmond norfolk end session arlington state senator charles delegate harrison proposed series bills designed harass virginia believed instigated lawsuits meeting governor stanley told press plan virginia school systems immune litigation school said african americans force school race days start special session clear major battle moderate extreme delegates northern virginia openly opposed stanley plan calls radical legislation moderate joined initially supporting gray commission plan constitutional convention largely support moderate joined leading urban leaders northern virginia state superintendent public schools lancaster general_assembly delegates gray commission vice chairman harry davis felt tuition proposal undermine public education state legislators unsure support stanley plan press poll state house committee showed split plan members support stanley plan came exclusively counties counties portions southwest virginia lack support focused plan actually pass court muster halt delegate james ardent said believed stanley plan pass pupil assignment program august gray position moved abandoned support pupil assignment plan permitted limited integration governor stanley adamant assembly enact legislative program implementing massive resistance accept admission negro child white school said august stanley plan plans stanley plan legislative package introduced special session assembly july state senator offered proposal plan place public schools control virginia assembly authorize virginia state board education operate schools assembly local county school personnel employees assembly bar lawsuits local school districts initiated state attorney general require school district immediately taken assembly current school district school board member subject lawsuit time assembly desires local school system vest power admit assign students schools hands assembly require assembly assign pupils schools currently attend require assignment new pupils changes assignments approved assembly time estimated pupil assignments year state legislative package introduced state senators plan ambitious scope proposed plan student school assignments factors race parents unhappy child school assignment access administrative appeals system teachers transfer schools conditions key element plan differed gray commission student assignment plan gray commission plan assigned students basis student welfare availability facilities transportation health plan expanded list factors include school attendance areas academic background student personality student needs additionally plan provided administrative appeal process gray commission plan identified specific time consuming process assignment appeals local school board state board education state circuit courts state supreme_court eventually supreme_court finally contained local option allow racial integration public schools ready according plan sponsored arlington delegate harrison senator charles major proposal plan established member school assignment board school district members appointed governor plan adopted assignment factors listed gray commission borrowed language supreme_court ruling brown board education legislators felt help statute pass court scrutiny plan permitted parent protest assignment new pupil school process designed white parents legal right protest assignment black student white school opening special session governor stanley opened assembly special session august declaring virginia faced problem stanley said goal legislature declare mixing races public schools posed clear present danger operation efficient public school system required virginia constitution asserted order protect health welfare people integration opposed clear intended stop integration said believed school integrated integration sweep virginia stanley plan main aspects governor stated funds provision pointed plan modified late august cut funds portions school districts example elementary school district integrated legislation require funds cut elementary schools district secondary schools noted portion legislative program june stanley said second major provision program tuition grant plan offered parents districts schools closed governor provision tuition grant plan require school districts lost state funds provide tuition grants legislators legislative program massive resistance stanley concluded races concluded past months mixing races state bills school filed consideration virginia assembly administration immediately entered negotiations amend stanley plan allow parents sue school district force accept state funds plans filed gray commission plan filed bills implement commission proposals gray plan supporters said abandon pupil assignment plan favor pupil assignment plan delegate introduced bill prohibit school districts raising private money operate integrated schools senator eugene introduced bill allow residents vote integrated schools closed closed schools reopened segregated delegate introduced bill require statewide referendum november school segregation state policy assembly august labor day holiday come session september day governor stanley conferred smith delegate gray house speaker moore discussion focused stanley plan lack appeals process pupil assignments stanley agreed compromise allow administrative appeal worked process followed required appeal state courts lower federal courts appeal taken supreme_court stanley plan suffer blow following day virginia state board education voted endorse plan members strongly opposed state funds integrated schools led negative vote board voted publicly support original gray commission plan meeting board vote governor stanley discussed possibility merging plan sort pupil assignment plan pupil assignment permitted funds withheld assignment failed schools blow stanley plan came governor virginia president university virginia announced opposed stanley plan supported gray commission original proposals post maneuvering time special session resumed september number bills filed consideration assembly risen stanley supporters led debate chambers assembly stanley political position weakened media observers felt close program september stanley introduced new bill assembly governor power pupil assignments new bill expanded limited criteria previously proposed governor declaring pupil assignment order ensure efficient operation schools reduce clear present danger public safety citizens districts integrated effort strengthen stanley plan elements bill authorized circuit courts file school district violated assignment invited prospect pitting state courts federal ones delegate introduced bill establish seven member assembly committee investigate group seeking influence public opinion state teacher quality courses curriculum public schools effects integration public education september assembly heard numerous witnesses testify plans state senator harry son senator harry endorsed stanley plan said struck organization intended plans forever plans members northern virginia legislators hearings ended delegates lucas frank introduced bill bar virginia state board education denying private school building meet state standards legislators believed public schools closed white spring offer segregated private education schools forced occupy buildings meet state educational codes bill intended solve problem september clear stanley plan holding minority legislative voters anti bills september delegate harrison introduced bills aimed virginia bills expanded state definitions maintenance bills collectively required following groups file financial report membership list annually state group promotes opposes state legislation aimed race organization attempting influence public opinion behalf race group raising funds employ legal counsel connection racial litigation compromise passage september state senators formed oppose plan contain option local school districts integrate faced defeat senate governor stanley introduced new version plan september local school district employees agents assembly require school official assigned black pupil white school official suspended governor agent assembly governor authority investigate assignment black pupils white schools ask black students return original black school allow closure single classroom white school entire school integration occurred governor authority students new schools school ordered integrate voluntarily integrated create tuition grants encourage black students leave white schools permit governor state funds school district segregation failed new plan drew extensive criticism legislators feared white schools close stanley asserted plan permit close black schools white ones white school forced integrate able find provision newly introduced bills attorney general voiced opinion new plan stop lawsuits making governor agent legislature clearly unconstitutional speaker moore later day proposed pupil assignment plan permit local integration stanley abandoned new plan supported moore proposal stanley suffered significant setback house committee september supporters local option won narrow vote amend stanley plan permit local districts integrate amended plan reported house floor stanley immediately proposed new plan automatically cut funds portions school district integrated new stanley plan school board petition schools reopened require assembly district governor act assembly agent governor implement pupil assignment plan governor opponents countered plan school board retain right pupil assignments pupil assignments appealed member pupil assignment board parents children school challenge assignment child school appeals required state court system leaving pupil assignment board meantime child remain original school process intended delay assignment black student white school ensure plan local option school board local pupil assignment board need adopt pupil assignment plan state funds cut cut avoided percent school district voters signed petition calling referendum voters approved implementation pupil assignment plan process intended allow voters bypass school board local communities permitted drop pupil assignment plan percent school district voters signed petition calling referendum issue voters approved referendum debate competing proposals house began september highly contentious house subsequently passed governor latest proposal senate governor proposal amended establish statewide pupil assignment board appointed governor conference committee reconcile different bills collapsed second conference committee won house members approval member statewide pupil assignment committee senate members agreed allow appeals directly governor heading state courts conference bill came house senate floors legislators districts court order integrate legislators districts small african american populations tried amend bill include local pupil assignment option failed conference bill passed virginia house hours debate late evening september virginia senate defeated local option amendment conference bill passed senate vote virginia senate seats senators present time senator recently died senator ill ready leave hospital cast deciding vote stanley plan needed final vote taken september virginia assembly bills passed final hours session legal business bills designed curb significantly amended committee meet constitutional concerns number legislators bills merged reported committee passed assembly final bill passed day special session created racial issues investigative committee legislation established member assembly committee composed delegates senators committee charged investigating effect integration public schools racial matters state general effectiveness racial legislation committee issue report recommendations assembly november number minute changes hour final votes assembly held cleaning day saturday september technical final bills session assembly die governor stanley signed school segregation legal business bills law september funding cut bill legal business bills went effect immediately remaining school segregation bills took effect days later stanley plan enacted stanley plan designed governor assembly focus courts local school districts school district officials employees concept local officials felt powerless face federal courts risk fines jail believed federal courts reluctant fine jail governor assembly allowing state effectively federal government elements stanley plan enacted pupil assignment maintain racially segregated schools pupil assignment longer local matter new legislation pupil assignment authority state level member pupil assignment board members appointed governor state board assignments basis race wide range factors including psychological like social scientific factors prevent nearly possible condition socio economic class consciousness pupils appeals pupil assignment directly governor students parents required appeal governor decision state courts seeking appeal federal courts automatic closure public schools racially integrate legislation required school integrated voluntarily immediately automatically closed governor given discretion integrated school reopen school segregated basis close entire district integrated schools stay closed school district petition governor schools entire district closed reopen segregated schools exercising discretion acting petition school district governor authorized act agent assembly governor required try persuade african american child return racially segregated school schools reopen segregated basis state reopening public schools governor unsuccessful african american children return racially integrated school governor authorized student racially segregated black school time school district request governor stop local public schools schools reopened integrated basis state funding cut constituted local option funding cut cut state funding occurred school district exercised local option governor discretion area virginia constitution required state operate efficient public schools legislature defined efficient mean segregated schools funds cut automatic funds cut integrated elementary secondary schools entire school district tuition grants school districts required offer tuition grants students closed schools schools integrated school district required offer tuition grant pupil objected educated integrated school grant unclear bill passed final hours special session limited grant semester required grant average school district spent pupil funds tuition grants come withheld state school funds local funds oddly restriction use grants education meant tuition grant attend integrated school aftermath stanley plan december governor stanley appointments state pupil assignment board members hugh white superintendent county public school system charles city county lawyer later richmond delegate andrew owner register bee virginia local democratic_party leader men resided days later pupil assignment board delegated powers local school local school boards right approve assignments deal special cases appeals legal blow stanley plan came january district court eastern district virginia held school board city newport news pupil assignment plan unconstitutional numerous federal courts struck pupil assignment law years pupil assignment board continued claim jurisdiction legal authority pupil assignments leading widespread confusion virginia school boards november elected governor virginia convinced massive resistance doomed failure pushed abolish statewide pupil assignment board april won passage new law returned control pupil assignment local school districts angry new law members assignment board quit february june fourth circuit court appeals affirmed ruled state pupil assignment board unconstitutional year existence state board pupil assignments permitted african american child attend school whites school closure portion stanley plan challenged invoked school occurred september august federal courts nearing decisions integration school systems norfolk warren county september governor stripped local school boards school district state authority assign pupils ordered school boards jurisdictions refuse assign black students white schools day later federal court ordered immediate integration warren county public schools september stanley plan school closure provisions governor closed warren county public school system schools closed september norfolk schools closed september parents african american students immediately sued school closure laws january supreme_court virginia held harrison day school closing law violated section virginia constitution required state maintain efficient system public free schools state day district court eastern district virginia held james school closing statute violated 14th amendment constitution faced overwhelming court opposition stanley plan announced major policy shift signaled intended abandon massive resistance september wave school public opinion massive resistance january virginia courts siding state citizens increasingly angry children education sacrificed maintain segregation concluded stanley plan longer viable january speaking special joint session virginia assembly governor announced virginia powerless prevent school speaking slowly script obvious deep emotion declared virginia surrendered surrender said use police power state try force schools stay segregated obvious reference incident arkansas governor called arkansas national_guard bar african american students little rock central high school students admitted president dwight placed arkansas national_guard federal control students escorted high school united_states_army airborne division asked legislature repeal aspects stanley plan overturned courts repeal state compulsory school attendance law adopt million tuition grant program allow students attend segregated private schools choice strengthen penalty threatening bomb church school meeting place announced study section virginia constitution political gesture seriously pursued program known passive resistance freedom choice called legislative approach intended shift virginia face hostile electorate february governor refused intervene african american students norfolk arlington county peacefully enrolled white schools historians generally list date end massive resistance later said time governor lived hell passive resistance end legal segregation virginia passive resistance greatly slowed pace school virginia legislation enacted assembly placed burden poor african american parents prove child enrolled white school example black family prove white school physically closer black school child enrolled actual physical measurement submitted time left office percent virginia schools integrated risen percent stanley plan swept aside supreme_court case involved prince edward county public school system prince edward county counties filed suit behalf african american children prince edward county demanding racial integration public schools supreme_court consolidated case davis county school board prince edward county brown board education ruling brown ordered prince edward county public schools integrate second lawsuit working way federal court system virginia suit likely force county schools integrate time school term june prince edward county officials voted close public school system school system nation close integrate white parents subsequently contributed funds establish white private school prince edward county free school poor african american parents unable unwilling establish similar school sued public schools reopened january supreme_court finally agreed hear case united_states department justice citing extraordinary history prince edward county case intervened support black parents supreme unanimously held griffin county school board prince edward county prince edward county school closure violated 14th amendment constitution ordered public schools reopened immediately high_court struck tuition grants program concluding providing grants schools closed violated 14th amendment june supreme_court agreed send order district court richmond immediately normal procedures delayed action weeks june federal district court richmond ordered schools opened prince edward county officials refused obey court orders june district court threatened county officials imprisoned prince edward county officials court authority agreed reopen county public schools june pace virginia significantly supreme_court ruling griffin passage federal civil rights act greatly assisted process supreme_court unanimously held green county school board new kent county freedom choice plan violated 14th amendment ruling led collapse passive resistance integration nearly public schools state cases legal business statutes enacted stanley plan survive virginia filed suit federal court maintenance laws thrown unconstitutional infringement 1st amendment rights freedom speech freedom assembly judge panel district court eastern district virginia agreed laws unconstitutional reserved judgment laws pending interpretation state courts ruled laws legality state appealed harrison supreme_court ruled district court withheld judgment state courts considered issue brought suit challenging laws state court state circuit court held laws unconstitutional upheld law law prohibiting advocacy lawsuits state appeal virginia supreme_court struck anti advocacy law upheld law ruling gave broad protection public interest legal organizations supreme_court button held maintenance laws violated 1st 14th amendments constitution committee stanley plan established committee investigate race relations integration virginia committee officially titled virginia committee law reform racial activities publicly known committee chair delegate james david printer virginia began publishing pro integration literature behalf number organizations virginia citizens council group opposed publicized role printing literature appear committee subjected aggressive series questions committee legal charge refused answer questions committee went court force answer state circuit court ruled ordered answer questions refused convicted contempt court appealed conviction supreme_court unanimous ruling high_court held virginia law reform racial activities conviction violated 14th amendment rights process committee inquiry vague confusing tell asked


child sexual abuse accusations michael_jackson summer accused michael_jackson sexually year old son jordan relationship jackson begun initially welcomed encouraged friendship connection celebrity friendship known tabloid media reported jackson member family confronted wife june custody jordan suspicions son inappropriate relationship jackson june dismissed worries according sources threatened public evidence claimed jackson asked lawyer fields intervene lawyer barry called psychiatrist reported hypothetical situation sexual son alleged meeting jordan sent letter july stating reasonable suspicion sexual abuse real case required law contact los_angeles county department children services august jordan met jackson anthony jackson private investigator read letter opened negotiations resolve issue financial settlement august days rejected offer jackson camp june attorney notified filing papers morning force return jordan allow asian leg jackson dangerous world tour day jackson began leg tour news allegations broke public received worldwide media attention jackson ultimately cancelled remainder tour health problems arising scandal january jackson reached financial settlement resolve matter september criminal investigation closed lack evidence months jackson death killed november apartment jersey city new_jersey friendship tape recording allegations negotiations summer revealed jackson children sleep bed ranch fact came media scrutiny child sexual abuse allegations brought jackson firm friends jordan family meeting fan jackson friendship close national ran featured story title michael new adopted family implied jackson stolen boy estranged father jealous jackson influence son according celebrity biographer asked look having sex son jackson denied opinion jackson changed jackson invited jordan mother visit weekends trips las_vegas florida weekend trips began interfere jordan scheduled visits father jordan preferring visit jackson jordan stayed urged jackson spend time son house suggested jackson build addition house jackson stay department told suggested jackson build new home month jordan june flew jackson world music awards according june lawyer michael freeman began jealous involvement felt left return pleased day visit jackson jackson slept room jordan claimed suspicions sexual misconduct jackson began admitted jackson jordan clothes saw bed claimed witnessed sexual misconduct july private telephone conversation tape recorded saying reason jackson stop calling picked son bitch find lawyer barry wants public fast big people nasty mean smart hungry publicity going certain plan isn phone guy going destroy everybody sight nasty cruel way given authority jackson evil guy worse evidence prove win big time way lose want destroyed forever michael career conversation asked affect son replied irrelevant massacre don want going bigger man jackson going belief sell record recorded conversation critical aspect jackson defense upcoming allegation supporters argue victim jealous father goal money singer october mary fischer magazine reported initially accused jackson son demanded deal jackson instead going police according forced admit controversial extracted tooth jordan early august news reported claimed drug tooth extraction allegations came jordan influence drug mark dental administered drug told dental purposes puts people hypnotic state injected studies drug truth demonstrated enabled false memories easily noted cleveland psychiatrist said psychiatric medication people things mid county california won lawsuit daughter psychiatrist given psychiatrist claimed drug helped daughter remember specific details sexual court brief written martin university pennsylvania psychiatrist pioneered research stated drug useful truth patient sensitive receptive suggestions context comments successful legal challenge memory phenomenon kenneth san_francisco psychiatrist said absolutely psychiatric drug want use drug person unconscious drug available use equipment case reaction present according john coordinator pain control department ucla school unusual pulling tooth better safer alternatives available according hard copy records administered instead drug enforcement administration investigating administration drugs house calls gave patients credentials board dental indicated restricted law drugs solely dental related procedures adhered restrictions instance given general barry hair procedures introduced needed dental work couple months parties engaged unsuccessful court financial negotiations legal team asking million issue taken criminal court jackson declined offer saying way hell weeks later jackson legal team gave counter offer value million declined said offers said attempt catch negotiating tape recorded telephone calls demonstrate father lowered request million jackson rejected lowered original counter offer sides unable reach agreement decided court took son psychiatrist called hour session doctor jordan said sexual relationship jackson went months included incidents kissing oral sex repeated allegations police gave detailed description alleged jackson allegations public investigation jackson august los_angeles police department sexually exploited child unit began criminal investigation jackson day jordan mother told police believe jackson son august search warrant issued allowing police search jackson ranch police questioned children friends jackson denying singer child police officer involved investigation told los_angeles_times evidence medical photographic video found support criminal filing day allegations public jackson began leg dangerous world tour august jackson investigator held press conference accusing trying million singer investigator failed mention jackson given counter offers august jackson young friends barnes wade held press conference stated slept bed jackson sexual nature occurred jackson family soon held press conference support saying belief michael victim cruel obvious attempt advantage fame wealth police began investigation prior actions found child support payments paid november police searched jackson family home found importance add investigation according internal reports county time story remained largely consistent dates places times details inconsistent according reports investigated jackson beginning august allegation reports find credible evidence abuse sexual misconduct winter despite seeing speaking jackson number years jackson claimed brother proof prepared disclose fee bidding war began fell realized revelations claimed israel stated silent collaborator crimes young children forget superstar forget icon year old man sleeping little boys wouldn like guy claimed checks boys jackson physical abuse child turned later claim jackson tried kidnap kill rest family subsequent years insist forced allegations husband financial gain prior making allegations husband arrested striking face arms legs chair turn millennium jackson sister lisa marie health concerns rehabilitation elizabeth taylor jackson met lisa marie elvis_presley jackson engagement mgm grand november jackson mutual friend staying contact day telephone child sexual abuse accusations public dependent emotional support concerned health addiction drugs explained believed didn wrong accused yes started falling wanted save felt phone described high proposed phone fall saying asked marry marriage words married couple life sexually active divorced fewer years later remaining friendly jackson begun taking deal stress allegations months allegations news lost approximately pounds weight stopped eating according jackson tendency stop eating upset hurt elizabeth taylor eat ordeal took mouth said eventually unconscious fed court deposition unrelated alleged child abuse visibly lacked concentration repeatedly speaking remember dates prior album releases names people worked took minutes recent albums health deteriorated extent canceled remainder tour flew taylor husband london jackson arrived airport held rushed home elton_john manager clinic searched drugs entry medicine found jackson booked fourth floor clinic singer spokesperson told reporters jackson barely able function adequately intellectual level clinic took group therapy sessions strip search december jackson served warrant strip search body police wanted verify jordan description jackson private anatomy order stated officers examine photograph jackson entire body including body warrant stated looking signs previously spoken skin disorder refusal comply court indication guilt strip search took place december jackson ranch present prosecution santa barbara district attorney tom detective photographer doctor present behalf jackson attorneys physician detective bodyguard photographer attorneys agreed leave room examination took place jackson demanded prosecution detective leave subsequently emotional state jackson stood platform middle room took clothes search lasted approximately minutes physically touched reports vary photographs jackson allegations reported unidentified source informed january photos michael_jackson match description given boy reported usa_today january according child sexual abuse consultant bill lead detectives allegations jordan description photos taken michael_jackson richard conducted examination jackson claimed told later photos description absolutely matched according memorandum people jackson photographs reveal mark right defendant relative location dark located jordan drawing defendant erect graphic representation area defendant substantially photographs ended declaration declare penalty true correct statements information belief statements believe true sergeant sheriff photographer claims observed dark spot lower jackson reported jordan claimed jackson jackson autopsy report reveals appeared naturally intact showed signs having restored claims jordan correctly noted colored skin short hair marked pink brown initially investigators claimed said jackson color similar color face pink brown february jackson revealed skin disorder destroyed skin left skin skin live interview watched million viewers aired expert information widely shared media according private investigator anthony questioned jordan july hearing taped phone jordan denied saw jackson body said lift shirt skin behest grand jury investigators probe jackson history including interviews procedures alter body appearance jury felt lack clear match jordan description publicized later internal report los_angeles county showed cleared jackson early charges later jackson response december jackson responded allegations occurred time satellite ranch know tour ended remained country undergoing treatment pain medication statements recently concerning allegations improper conduct statements totally false particularly upset handling mass matter incredible terrible mass media opportunity media manipulated allegations reach conclusions ask wait hear truth label condemn don treat like criminal innocent forced submit examination ordeal life endure prove innocence complete innocence poll time conducted current affair found nearly percent americans believed jackson telling truth response jackson sought medical help health legal team friends taylor took control defense finances jackson legal team meet times week taylor home discuss case taylor called legal professionals jackson behalf eventually taylor jackson team agreed singer settle court opinion entertainer health deteriorated degree endure lengthy trial media reaction civil suit settlement information available allegations released officially unofficially prosecution jackson jackson largely portrayed guilty media media bias evident use sensational headlines draw readers viewers content support headline purchasing stories alleged criminal activity purchasing confidential leaked material police investigation deliberately pictures appearance worst headlines strongly implied guilt general lack new_york_post ran headline peter pan despite minimal information disclosed police weeks allegations reported headline michael_jackson curtain closes reflected attitude tabloid media piece hard copy journalist spend years trying prove jackson ran story stating hard copy obtained new documents criminal investigation michael_jackson chilling contain child movie actor document stated strongly denied harmed jackson tabloid television shows accepted confidential leaked documents los_angeles county department children services number jackson employees worked ranch sold stories alleged prior sexual misconduct jackson instead reporting claims police couple initially asked claiming jackson sexually prepared expand allegation fee jackson hands pants story broke strongly denied allegation court trial michael_jackson security guard allegations jackson saying fired knew alleged ordered jackson destroy photo naked boy instead reporting police hard copy accepted story return jackson maid alleged quit disgust seeing jackson shower child inform police later emerged actually fired sold story hard copy jackson left drug rehabilitation media showed singer little sympathy daily_mirror held spot contest offering readers trip disney world correctly predict entertainer appear daily express headline read drug treatment star faces life run news world headline accused jackson fugitive falsely alleged jackson traveled europe surgery return rivera set mock trial jury audience members jackson charged crime civil lawsuit filed jordan parents september late district attorneys santa barbara los_angeles counties convened grand assess criminal charges filed jackson january million spent prosecution departments california grand questioned witnesses jordan allegations january attorney larry filed motion photos jackson december body search investigators saying jackson attorneys district attorney refused copies weeks later petitioned court allowed access jackson finances concerns singer wealth unfair advantage court adviser jackson stated pictures michael dick gon like start trying figure money stops playing initially jackson lawyers filed motion superior court judge david postpone civil case criminal investigation concluded filed counter motion saying delay hurt jordan chances recovery difficult gather evidence legal postpone civil lawsuit past criminal statute limitations lawsuit filed past date case superior court constitutional right trial applies criminal cases according sixth amendment civil cases november judge accepted motion set march start date civil trial ordered jackson deposition scheduled end january noted reconsider jackson indicted criminal charges jackson agreed deposed january attorneys said eager testify said oppose deposition criminal charges filed consideration deposition date said charges filed want criminal trial authorities notified jackson lawyers expected investigation continue february jackson team failed win delay civil case jackson lawyers lost motion prevent turning information civil deposition prosecutors pursuing possible criminal charges concerns civil trial ongoing criminal investigation prosecutor access information civil trial stemmed jackson fifth amendment rights grand deemed insufficient evidence charges january prosecution able form elements criminal case defense strategy civil trial creating situation akin double jeopardy instance prosecutor tom altered fundamental elements case evidence family allegations appeared jackson initial discovery taped interviews family praised jackson denied abuse introduced conspiracy charge claimed forced lie jackson april conspiracy charge dates alleged charge sheet shifted weeks jackson lawyer mark announced nbc january client concrete iron clad dates charge sheet january prosecutors announced bringing charges attempted jackson camp slow report claim police tried negotiate settlement weeks demand financial settlement august jackson camp filed charges attorney barry late august tape recordings supporting claim released media august lawyer jackson explained gone police earlier hope away tried house jackson experienced years bizarre rumors speculation investigation search warrant sought search homes offices barry grand jury convened men declined interviewed police contrast police searched jackson residences solely based jordan allegations reported psychiatrist particular expertise child sexual abuse increased efforts investigate jackson supporting evidence found raids questioning children jackson seized families said jackson wrong officers flew philippines interview sold story decided lacked credibility parents complained jackson attorneys aggressive investigative techniques police allegedly frightening children lies nude photos pressure accusing jackson telling parents children children denied january lawsuit settled court held trust fund jordan million parents family lawyer slated receive million total approximately million source showed receive million based september total million according motion passed judge leading trial initiated settlement jackson jackson insurance company negotiated paid settlement protests jackson personal legal counsel source settlement amounts noted memorandum people jackson noted insurance carrier right settle claims covered insurance decides settlement interfere prevent settlements established number california defeating right involve convincing court power precedent earlier decision decided clearly wrong depending criteria court court convinced distinguish case ruling narrower precedent difference facts current precedent case supporting result reached earlier case jackson attorney thomas people jackson said people intended earn millions dollars record music promotions want negative publicity lawsuits interfering profits michael_jackson regrets making payments settlements entered primary condition condition jackson admitted wrongdoing jackson denied wrong jackson realizes advice received wrong jackson explained tried settle wanted life people hurt want records want sing want perform talent hard work life decision wanted avoid media circus closure criminal investigation perceive settlement admission guilt settlement agreement specifically stated jackson admitted wrongdoing liability legally settlement evidence guilt future civil criminal cases settlement payment alleged personal injuries arising claims claims intentional wrong acts sexual settlement parties agreed speak case details public prevent criminal trial sharing information authorities criminal investigation settlement document states admission wrongdoing jackson admission circumstances shall payment withheld testify jackson lawyer explicitly stated bought anybody silence testify trial according california code receiving bribe according law district attorney stated settlement didn affect criminal prosecution allegations criminal investigation singer michael_jackson ongoing affected announcement civil case settlement jordan interviewed settlement detectives seeking evidence child criminal charges filed result interview santa barbara county grand jury disbanded jackson los_angeles county grand jury continued investigate sexual abuse allegations time stopped operating criminal investigation july police pressed criminal charges citing lack evidence jordan testimony state closed investigation september according grand evidence presented santa barbara police convincing jackson grand accused purely evidence according report variety source contact grand stated witnesses far offered directly singer according report today grand claimed hear damaging testimony hearings aftermath week settlement lawsuit announced january district attorney announced supported law prohibits forcing people sexually assaulted testify criminal proceedings amendment introduced state assembly week february immediately allowed jordan testify time santa barbara police interviewed year old son jackson told son spent time jackson arranged repeatedly denied abused deposition mother stated asked police speak concerns meetings phone conversations son present arranged son separate april grand jury session santa barbara extended additional day term allow gather evidence prosecution sources admitted frustrated grand jury probe failing find direct evidence charges final grand jury ultimately disbanded returning indictment jackson years later jordan alleged account relationship detailed book journalist victor book said based diary boy kept time included details alleged sexual encounters jackson jackson filed civil suit jury found jackson favor awarding million damages suit unrelated book judgement serve allegations contained sued jackson million claiming jackson breached agreement discuss case court ruled jackson favor threw lawsuit case revisited allegations year jackson arrest beginning trial prevented gag order responding stories media leaked documents jordan police statement media eager report allegations tendency allegations sold tabloid shows employees 1990s constantly news similar details family allegations leaked stories reported allegations facts volume frequency stories combined jackson inability devastating impact public opinion lecture harvard jackson trial jackson attorney thomas said following jordan prosecutors tried wouldn witnesses going come told happened talk parents turned gone court got legal emancipation parents jordan accused attacking face charges later dropped november fourteen weeks jackson death found dead following apparent suicide music journalist charles noted continued media bias jackson suicide said contacted british tabloid supply information allegations replace carefully researched information common myths advised avoid article read suicide noted jackson fbi file released following month contents portrayed media giving impression guilt file strongly supported innocence noted gene allegations jackson children received times coverage interview jackson long time guitarist claims effect jackson career jackson commercial appeal public image declined wake case album released prior allegations dangerous album stands world best selling records album appeal meant singles released time allegations jackson traveling world dangerous world tour charting single dangerous ballad gone soon released december dedicated memory jackson friend ryan white teenager indiana came national attention expelled school having hiv aids rumored tenth single release title track dangerous canceled government barred jackson performing response anonymous pamphlet campaign attacked immoral performing shows leg dangerous tour jackson canceled remainder tour seek treatment pain medication stopped promotional activities jackson ending year partnership jackson fans responded company jackson contracted create new horror themed song video cross promoted film family values unable finish shooting video song dropped soundtrack brand canceled jackson drug problems time spokesman marketing group deal called somewhat studio album history released summer jackson produced special cable network hbo titled night recorded special invited audience new_york_city beacon theater december transmission hbo december shows canceled jackson collapsed theater december rehearsals jackson admitted overnight israel medical center north shows hbo special rescheduled following year jackson began history world tour despite success jackson concerts usa shows performed stadium honolulu hawaii jackson performed world tour allegations effect content jackson music history released shortly allegations creates atmosphere paranoia according writer content focuses public struggles jackson went prior production songs scream tabloid ballad jackson directs anger personal hurt media track jackson launches verbal attack character cited tom district attorney requested strip search describes person white wanted ass dead alive song said shall honor listening told ends sound gunshot introspective ballad stranger moscow jackson swift sudden fall grace completed video originally supposed accompany family values released ghosts finished video included framing story eccentric children pursued local official jackson album invincible released years later longest period studio records following conflict jackson record label sony music stopped promoting album invincible seen relative commercial disappointment compared jackson prior solo material sold million copies worldwide jackson contract sony number compilations greatest_hits packaged previously unreleased material released including number ones dvd box set ultimate collection double album essential michael_jackson new agreements sony michael_jackson saw release singles collection visionary video singles 25th anniversary edition thriller jackson final release death king pop album celebrating michael 50th birthday tracks voted fans people jackson december jackson formally charged seven counts child sexual abuse counts agent order commit child sexual abuse earlier year television documentary called living michael_jackson showed pop star holding hands discussing sleeping arrangements jackson denied allegations saying way sexual nature led effort prosecute jackson led complaints motivated jackson evidence support claims include jackson greatest_hits album released day arrest saying like sheriff kind music proceeded jackson shouting got finally got media began investigation gathered limited information evidence people jackson trial began santa maria california january trial judge allowed testimony past allegations including case establish defendant commit certain crimes jordan left country avoid lecture harvard trial thomas said prosecutors tried wouldn witnesses going come told happened talk parents turned gone court got legal emancipation parents june testified hadn spoken son years point testimony claimed couldn remember sued jackson counter sued point said heard attorney said witnessed jackson found unanimously guilty charges jury june child allegations lawyer choreographer wade filed complaint michael_jackson estate childhood sexual abuse howard lawyer jackson estate called accusations outrageous appeared today discuss allegations told interviewer matt jackson child sexual performed sexual acts forced perform sexual acts seven year period beginning seven years old visited jackson ranch time deposition mother joy said jackson special friends boys spent extra time replaced year wade jackson special friend august allegations jackson public wade jackson special friend barnes held press conference stated slept jackson bed sexual occurred said today interview denial wrongdoing jackson investigation result jackson complete manipulation alleged time jackson day role play tell sort things tell thought things sexual things jail rest lives star witness jackson defense trial said change story provoked father experiencing nervous filed amended complaint july stated long term psychological consequences jackson threats sexual trauma mental manipulation imprisoned mind prevented filing timely claim effectively physically imprisoned june trial lawsuit jackson estate childhood sexual abuse began august james filed court papers jackson estate alleged jackson abused appeared alongside commercial lawsuit dismissed los_angeles judge ruled waited long seek legal action superior court judge mitchell wrote decision file lawsuit reasonable time period violence intimidation threatening conduct

1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson


brown board education brown board education landmark united_states supreme_court case court declared state laws establishing separate public schools black white students unconstitutional decision overturned decision allowed state sponsored segregation applied public education handed warren court unanimous decision stated separate educational facilities inherently unequal result racial segregation ruled violation equal protection clause fourteenth amendment united_states_constitution ruling paved way integration major victory civil rights movement decision fourteen pages spell sort method ending racial segregation schools court second decision brown ordered states deliberate speed background years preceding brown case race relations united_states dominated racial segregation policy endorsed united_states supreme_court case held long separate facilities separate races equal segregation violate fourteenth amendment state shall deny person equal protection laws brown asserted system racial separation providing separate equal treatment white black americans instead inferior accommodations services treatment black americans racial segregation education varied widely states required racial segregation prohibited brown influenced statement signed wide variety internationally renowned scholars titled race question declaration denounced previous attempts scientifically racism morally condemning racism work supreme_court cited american dilemma negro problem modern democracy declaration research performed educational kenneth clark clark influenced court decision doll test studies presented substantial arguments supreme_court segregation impact black mental status united_states soviet_union height cold war time officials including supreme_court justices highly aware negative impacts segregation racism played america international image justice william douglas traveled india question asked america tolerate douglas later wrote learned travels attitude united_states colored minorities powerful factor relations india chief justice earl warren echoed douglas concerns speech american bar association proclaiming american system like trial home abroad extent maintain spirit constitution bill rights long run secure object number hydrogen bombs case filing arguments class action suit filed board education city kansas united_states district court district kansas thirteen parents behalf children suit called school district reverse policy racial segregation board education operated separate elementary schools kansas law permitted require districts maintain separate elementary school facilities black white students communities populations recruited leadership notable leaders chairman charles scott serving legal counsel chapter named oliver brown parent shops santa railroad assistant pastor local church african american convinced join lawsuit scott childhood friend brown daughter walk blocks school bus stop ride monroe elementary segregated black school mile away elementary white school seven blocks house directed leadership parents attempted children closest neighborhood school fall refused enrollment directed segregated schools brown thompson later recalled experience pbs documentary like lived integrated neighborhood different found day able school thrilled know remember walking school dad day going steps school school looked big smaller child remember going inside dad spoke went inner office principal left sit outside secretary inner office hear voices hear voice raised know conversation went immediately came office took hand walked home school couldn understand happening sure going school case oliver brown board education kansas named oliver brown legal strategy man head roster lawyers national chapter felt having brown head roster better received supreme_court justices oliver brown brown henderson alma lewis richardson surviving henderson died age district court ruled favor board education citing supreme_court precedent set upheld state law requiring separate equal segregated facilities blacks whites railway cars judge district court panel found segregation public education detrimental effect negro children denied relief ground negro white schools substantially equal respect buildings transportation educational qualifications teachers supreme_court review case brown board education heard supreme_court combined cases brown filed south_carolina davis county school board prince edward county filed virginia filed delaware filed washington sponsored cases davis case case originating student protest began year old barbara rose organized led student high school case trial court affirmed delaware supreme_court found discrimination unlawful cases lost original courts found discrimination kansas case unique group contention gross segregated schools physical plant curriculum staff district court found substantial equality factors lower court opinion noted physical facilities courses study qualification quality teachers educational facilities sets schools comparable lower court observed colored children instances required travel greater distances required travel attend white school noted school district transports colored children school free charge service provided white children delaware case district court judge ordered black students admitted white high school substantial harm segregation differences separate schools unequal chief counsel marshall later appointed supreme_court argued case supreme_court assistant attorney general paul wilson later distinguished emeritus professor law university kansas conducted state ambivalent defense argument december justice department filed friend court brief case brief unusual heavy emphasis foreign policy considerations administration case ostensibly domestic issues seven pages covering interest united_states focused way school segregation hurt united_states cold war competition friendship allegiance non white peoples countries gaining independence colonial rule attorney general james noted existence discrimination minority groups united_states adverse effect relations countries racial discrimination communist propaganda mills brief quoted letter secretary state dean united_states constant attack foreign press foreign radio international bodies united_nations practices discrimination country british anthony written court opinion brown reference considerations foreign policy doubt significantly influenced decision unanimous opinion consensus building spring court heard case unable decide issue asked case fall special attention fourteenth amendment equal protection clause prohibited operation separate public schools whites blacks court case behest associate justice tactic allow court gather consensus brown opinion outlaw segregation justices support spent effort convincing initially intended dissent join unanimous opinion legal effect majority unanimous decision felt dissent segregation supporters counter argument conference notes draft decisions illustrate division opinions decision issued justices douglas black burton fred noted congress issued legislation stanley reed discussed incomplete cultural states rights inclined view segregation worked benefit african american community tom clark wrote led states think segregation let work robert jackson disapproved segregation opposed judicial activism expressed concerns proposed decision chief justice key block died september president dwight appointed earl warren chief justice warren supported integration mexican american students california school systems following westminster invited earl warren white_house dinner president told southern whites bad people concerned sweet little girls required sit school alongside big justice department sided african american reading unanimous decision justice warren noted adverse psychological effects segregated schools african american children justice personally rejected segregation judicial restraint faction questioned constitution gave court power order end activist faction believed fourteenth amendment necessary authority pushing ahead warren held appointment held tongue senate confirmed appointment warren convened meeting justices presented simple argument reason sustain segregation honest belief warren submitted court maintain legitimacy institution liberty unanimously avoid massive southern resistance began build unanimous opinion justices immediately convinced warren spent time famous speech convincing sign opinion justices jackson reed finally decided drop dissent final decision unanimous warren drafted basic opinion kept circulating opinion endorsed members court holding reporters observed court holding surprised facts court unanimous decision prior ruling reports court members sharply divided able agree second attendance justice robert jackson suffered mild heart attack expected return bench early june emphasize court desire present history making verdict announced justice jackson accustomed seat court convened reporters noted dean secretary state related case foreign policy considerations current attorney general courtroom key holding court segregated black white schools equal quality facilities teachers segregation harmful black students unconstitutional found significant psychological social disadvantage given black children nature segregation drawing research conducted kenneth clark assisted june aspect vital question schools equal nominally doctrine separate constitutional justices answered strong segregation children public schools solely basis race physical facilities factors equal children minority group equal educational opportunities believe segregation white colored children public schools detrimental effect colored children impact greater law policy separating races usually interpreted denoting negro group sense affects motivation child learn segregation law tendency educational mental development negro children benefits receive racial integrated school system conclude field public education doctrine separate equal place separate educational facilities inherently unequal hold similarly situated actions brought reason segregation complained deprived equal protection laws guaranteed fourteenth amendment local outcomes junior high schools integrated high school integrated inception sports teams kansas law permitting segregated schools allowed high school level soon district court decision election outcomes political climate changed board education began end segregation elementary schools august integrating attendance districts elementary schools changed neighborhood attendance centers january existing students allowed continue attending prior assigned schools option henderson interview recalled demonstrations accompanied schools accepted said wasn long integrated teachers public schools administration building named honor chapter president organized case monroe elementary designated national historic site unit national_park_service october social implications accepted brown board education decision virginia senator harry organized massive resistance movement included closing schools example southern manifesto implications brown decision deep south texas attorney general john ben organized campaign generate legal obstacles implementation arkansas governor called state national_guard block black students entry little rock central high school president dwight responded deploying elements airborne division fort campbell kentucky arkansas arkansas national_guard florida response mixed legislature passed resolution denouncing decision declaring void florida governor collins joining protest court decision refused sign arguing attempt ruling legal methods mississippi fear violence prevented bringing school suit years sued jackson mississippi schools white citizens council member murdered subsequent trials resulted hung convicted murder alabama george wallace personally blocked door foster auditorium university alabama prevent enrollment black students infamous stand door wallace personally backed segregation segregation tomorrow segregation forever policy stated inaugural address moved aside confronted general henry graham alabama national_guard ordered president john kennedy intervene south north_carolina strategy nominally accepting brown resisting north_carolina school board declared brown ruling result initiative rhodes scholar prominent attorney chaired school board years city south announce intent comply city resisted integration putting legal obstacles actual implementation school years afterward federal government found city compliance civil rights act transition fully integrated school system begin numerous local lawsuits violent demonstrations historians noted irony heralded progressive city school north northern cities facto segregation policies resulted vast gulf educational resources black white communities harlem new_york example single new school built turn century single nursery school exist second great migration caused existing schools existing schools tended dilapidated staffed inexperienced teachers northern officials denial segregation brown helped stimulate activism african american parents like support initiated successful lawsuit city state new_york brown principles thousands parents bolstered pressure lawsuit school boycott boycott freedom schools period established city responded campaign permitting open transfers high quality historically white schools new_york african american community northern activists generally found problem white flight intellectual roots landmark united_states supreme_court decision racial segregation doctrine separate equal tied scientific racism era popular support decision likely result racist beliefs held whites time deciding brown board education supreme_court rejected ideas scientific need segregation especially schools court holding citing social science research black children caused segregated schools scholarly popular ideas played important role attack backlash followed brown decision mankind quarterly founded response brown decision legal criticism praise william wrote memo titled random thought segregation cases law clerk justice robert jackson early led brown board education decision memo argued realize unpopular position liberal colleagues think right reaffirmed continued argument majority minority constitutional right answer sound theory long run majority determine constitutional rights minorities argued law confirmation hearings said believe memorandum prepared statement justice jackson tentative views use justice jackson initially planned join dissent brown later hearings slot chief justice distance memo bald statement right reaffirmed accurate reflection views time event serving supreme_court effort reverse undermine brown decision frequently relied precedent chief justice warren reasoning broadly criticized contemporary legal academics judge learned hand supreme_court assumed role legislative chamber finding brown impossible justify based neutral principles aspects brown decision debated notably supreme_court justice thomas african american wrote missouri brown misunderstood courts brown racially isolated schools inherently inferior harm identified tied purely segregation facto segregation brown need rely psychological social science research order announce simple fundamental truth government citizens basis race segregation unconstitutional caused psychological feelings public school systems separated blacks provided superior educational resources making blacks feel superior whites sent lesser schools violate fourteenth amendment white students felt school systems positions races reversed psychological injury benefit irrelevant given produced predicted leaps forward black educational achievement reason think black students learn surrounded members race integrated environment distinctive histories traditions black schools function center symbol black communities provide examples independent black leadership success achievement constitutional notably influential book government judiciary case brown defended reference original understanding 14th amendment support reading 14th amendment noting civil rights act ban segregated schools congress passed 14th amendment voted schools district_of_columbia including michael federal judge united_states court appeals tenth circuit article decisions argue radical spearheaded 14th amendment favor southern schools evidence supporting interpretation 14th amendment come archived congressional records showing proposals federal legislation enforce school integration debated congress years following amendment ratification case attracted criticism liberal authors including chief justice warren reliance psychological criteria find harm segregated blacks unnecessary example drew days written developed criteria evaluating racial classifications depend findings psychic harm social science evidence based principle citizens solely ancestry nature free people institutions founded doctrine equality united_states book america page robert endorsed brown decision follows brown came decision apparent time segregation rarely produced equality aside question psychology physical facilities provided blacks good provided whites demonstrated long series cases court realistic choice abandon quest equality allowing segregation segregation order achieve equality choice choice violate aspect original understanding possibility avoiding equality segregation mutually inconsistent understand honored seen obvious court choose equality prohibit state imposed segregation purpose brought fourteenth amendment equality law equality separation written law june philip civil rights attorney served associate solicitor general office harry term claimed associate justice responsible supreme_court decision stated arguments present strong evidence criticized offering self history case important facts work civil rights attorneys laid decision decades known court outspoken advocates judicial restraint philosophy basing court existing law personal political considerations public officials united_states today nearly unanimous ruling anniversary ruling president george bush spoke opening brown board education national historic site calling brown decision changed america better forever senators representatives issued press releases ruling brown supreme_court considered arguments schools requesting relief concerning task decision known brown court delegated task carrying school district courts orders occur deliberate speed phrase francis thompson poem heaven supporters earlier decision displeased decision language deliberate speed seen critics ambiguous ensure reasonable compliance court instruction southern states school districts interpreted brown legal justification resisting delaying avoiding significant integration years cases decade tactics closing school systems state money finance segregated private schools token integration carefully selected black children admitted white schools vast majority remained unequal black schools example based brown district court ruled prince edward county virginia immediately faced court order finally begin county board stopped money public schools remained closed years white students county given assistance attend white private taught teachers employed public school system black students education moved county brown iii attorneys richard jones joseph johnson charles scott son original brown team member assistance american civil liberties union persuaded brown smith children schools reopening brown concerned public schools policy open enrollment led lead segregation believed choice open enrollment white parents shift children preferred schools create predominantly african american predominantly european american schools district district court reopened brown case year hiatus denied request finding schools judge panel tenth circuit vote found segregation remained respect student staff assignment supreme_court denied school district request returned case district court judge richard implementation tenth circuit mandate plan approved bond issue passed additional elementary schools opened district attendance plans resulted schools meeting court standards racial balance unified status eventually granted unified school district july new schools named scott family attorneys role brown case civil rights related cases separate equal public facilities richmond county board education sanctioned segregation races rice separate schools chinese pupils white alabama access counsel missouri canada provide school white students provide state education blacks smith non white voters primary schools williams board education racial segregation new_jersey schools westminster prohibits mexican american children california board access state funded law schools restrictive painter segregated law schools texas oklahoma state prohibits segregation public institution higher learning texas fourteenth amendment protects racial classes white negro brown case south_carolina davis county school board prince edward county brown case prince edward county virginia del brown case delaware brown companion case dealt segregation district_of_columbia federal district state subject fourteenth amendment alabama privacy membership lists free association members cooper aaron federal court enforcement virginia outlawed racial segregation public transportation heart atlanta united_states held constitutional civil rights act banned racial discrimination public places particularly public accommodations private property loving virginia banned anti laws race based restrictions marriage alexander holmes county board education changed brown requirement deliberate speed charlotte board education established solution lee johnson brown board education written blacks asian schools opposition parents asian students bradley rejected school district lines parents involved community schools seattle school district rejected race sole determining factor assigning students schools list united_states supreme_court cases case citation explanation numbers