tin tin area district southeastern new hong_kong tin primarily residential area hosts major transport interchange shopping attractions tin large field vicinity bay song dynasty site salt production 1980s number housing estates constructed tin high density residential district built coastal tin hosts residential housing estates transport infrastructure mass transit facilities shopping centres recreational areas buildings structures home residents making fifth district population geographical location common speech tin past usually included areas new infrastructure housing estates built considered tin conventional boundaries tin west city southeast tin estate north entrance tunnel southwest victoria harbour geography tin overlooked east black hill rock locality hong_kong granite cretaceous period granite rock tin medium granite tin lion rock suite farther shore small area land west reclaimed politics entire tin area located district politically tin constituency district includes area tin estate common speech tin usually refers larger area includes district district council tin area tin tin tin tin west king tin history located coast southern china tin settled 9th century people dynasty conquered late 3rd century unification china land presently known tin identified china tin called tin time literally meaning field hill bay salt fields known management county county different salt fields officially operated song dynasty bay salt fields rich salt brought wealth residents near bay gradually tin villages region shoreline location agricultural activities started plantation high crops quarry found region gradually small fishing farming town emperor moved residents southern china coastline inland chinese miles abandoned salt fields hopes weakening pirate power cutting support coastline residents residents allowed return emperor discovered migration brought great economic harm salt industry tin prospered british_empire acquired hong_kong western half bay salt fields british hong_kong eastern half 20th century salt fields abandoned facilitate building airport reflect change land usage tin renamed tin similar pronunciation village longer produced salt tin came came phrase literally produced blue fields jade tin officially endorsed september colonial government built tin estate 1960s settle low income residents influx population mainland china korean war gradually tin common term describing areas tin estate dragon emblem painted block tin estate symbol tin unity building demolition land tin estate absorbed tin estate tin estate tin estate tin estate building major transport structures late 20th century bypass eastern harbour crossing tin rest hong_kong population surge district major transport interchange infrastructure tin known important transport interchange centres hong_kong frequently visited bus bus rail bus interchange station east british arrived tin residents travelled foot boat nearby villages years government built roads tunnels railways tin facilitate transport tin districts making tin bridge different areas eastern hong_kong highway road surface road road succeeded road ran road later built tap traffic roads insufficient capacity effectively serve district road road widened segments today route road carried tin tin road built 1960s facilitate major road transports construction tin road required blasting tin hill attracted attention nearby residents owing method construction tin road direct outlet hill built tin road tin street tin street tin street served tin estate later tin tin names new residential areas tin estate demolished eastern harbour crossing completed bypass completed construct interchange roads intersection road tin road rebuilt roundabout tin bridge eastern harbour crossing bypass route interchange exit point tunnel built southern entrance tin adding convenient direct route bay chinese permanent cemetery built year despite located cemetery motor enabled exit located tin result tin crowded people tending graves festivals construction garden city respectively increased traffic congestion tin area mainly near new built relieve problem fat road lane dual serves interchange route route outlet bypass industrial area road road built facilitate transport newly built areas higher tin hill hangs carries lanes road surrounded questions convenience concerns safety construction ocean shores segment road south rebuilt extended meet road near tin estate reconstructed road renamed king road road connection modern line terminated station storage railroad depot developed station consisting parallel tracks terminating law court eventually passenger railway later extension line government decided build second railway tunnel second road tunnel alleviate traffic congestion cross harbour tunnel resulting eastern harbour crossing railway road tunnel hong_kong tunnel enabled line extension quarry bay additional stop tin built middle new station opened november caused influx population tin built tin bus terminus located opposite road housing platforms buses cross border buses connected plaza following construction new facilities tin gradually major transport interchange hong_kong line project line briefly extended north point september soon diverted line opened august tin line station terminus station mill buses bus terminus built tin called tin bus terminus today tin bus terminus built slope tin hill north tin estate serve neighbourhood residents buses ran bus terminus road turned left ascended hill tin road tin street tin street tin street tin station city road built serve newly populated areas new bus termini constructed tin bus terminus commonly named tin bus terminus shown wall painting terminus city bus terminus took routes originally terminating ferry tin bus terminus new routes initiated serve exclusively tin area nearby names termini original tin bus terminus renamed tin north bus terminus tin bus terminus usually refers tin bus terminus reconstruction tin estate tin north bus terminus surrounded tin estate result terminus got common tin bus terminus area near tin street tin estate reconstruction space underneath buildings reserved new bus terminus july tin bus terminus opened overtook routes tin bus terminus bus termini routes tin bus tin tin bus terminus tin station bus terminus routes city bus terminus routes tin bus terminus routes tin bus terminus official tin north bus terminus route tin bus terminus tin tin estate bus terminus routes excluding bus routes mentioned following routes stop tin terminating surface transport surrounded hills tin direct access victoria harbour merchant ships ferries dock pier pier minutes walk tin provide surface transport tin residents reason tin absence outlet harbour presence eastern harbour crossing entrance inside district buses overtook ferries cross harbour transport residence modern housing estate tin tin estate estate built 1960s 1970s settle influx mainland immigrants late 1980s saw district private residential buildings facilities built 1990s tin compact residential area tin estate demolished 1990s redeveloped tin estate tin estate tin estate residents tin chinese influx japanese immigrants 1990s people japanese descent common tin particularly garden city features japanese tin estate tin estate consisted tower blocks numbered blocks tin estate built type public housing buildings towers built type public housing buildings block leaving number buildings tin estate chinese dragon unity chinese people national emblem unified china painted block south north facing walls public housing building hong_kong block distinctive imagery symbol tin district unity demolition reconstruction block tin estate building structure tin estate blocks government types buildings towers tin estate shaped resembled candy boxes standing buildings storeys high housed units building estimated capacity residents approximate space allocation person combined compartment living rooms lifts reached floors access floors needed exit lift level nearby upstairs ground floor beneath buildings variety shops served residents densely packed living environment tin estate fostered close relationships neighbourhood owing buildings reconstruction tin estate announced september urban renewal project demolition started completed reconstruction tin estate tin estate tin estate tin estate court city garden city garden earliest large scale private housing estates built tin built holdings completed early 1990s late 1980s acquired pieces land tin shell oil depot newly built tin station bus terminus developed city garden respectively city completed garden completed garden built podium tin station podium built valley tin hill hosted waste car dump site construction total towers gross floor area altogether flats housing approximately people residents visitors built garden plaza major shopping mall southeastern city built tin waterfront taking land oil depot city built reclaimed land city consists phases totalling towers completion built city park completed handed urban council park total area phases city managed company phase independent management authority similarly phases share owners committee phase list villages housing estates tin addition court estate village considered tin facilities compact residential area tin facilities satisfy residents daily needs include shopping recreational facilities water supplies furthermore 1970s 1980s tin hosted shopping meet daily demands residents tin hosts number shopping markets residential estates host individual shopping wet markets addition include schools serve residents tin number schools include primary schools secondary schools schools tin private list schools tin recreation tin number public parks recreation grounds indoor sports centres residents use including tin park recreation ground home wilson trail government indoor activity centres including tin west community centre tin south indoor sports ground tin complex number private recreational facilities tin park built black hill serve needs fast growing community consists mainly hiking trails football pitch children playground serves entrance wilson trail tin victoria harbour viewed point peak tin park recreation ground built construction underwent series restoration works final layer added prevent gas control system deploy rubbish fuel management system built collect processing recreation ground started operation april tin complex street built facilities complex includes indoor swimming pools metres respectively music centre self study room rooftop gardens new floor tin public library relocated smaller premises tin estate recreation grounds tin hosts stage wilson trail section starts exit tin station runs east tin road road black hill road bay chinese permanent cemetery west black hill finally leaves tin near section terminus supplies tin underground network safe water town gas domestic electricity supplies electricity area served china light power town gas area served company entire tin area served tap water sea water supplies tap water surface water river service pumped individual households service serve tin tin low level fresh water service reservoir tin high level service reservoir built tin estate low level reservoir covered concrete surfaced football field reservoir located tin estate tin estate high level reservoir hand farther away residential estates located near tin park slope black hill waste disposal served east approximately million tonnes domestic waste commercial waste dumped site year operation disposed waste stacked metres high closure sealed soil planted trees sin fat road runs hill hosts garden terminus constructed later rebuilt recreation ground area near today tin park known central area measured hectares operated urban closed sealed converted government owned grassland total closure urban rubbish tin transferred treatment plant bay compressed south east new territories disposed publications websites


town district south indian state tamil headquarters town located distance district headquarters state capital known temple prominent shrine founded village medieval 11th century town subsequently ruled including empire delhi british_empire district india independence district subsequently newly formed district town known agriculture metal working weaving region considerable mineral deposits administered municipality established municipality covered area km2 population comes assembly constituency member tamil legislative assembly years constituency member parliament years roadways major mode transportation town rail nearest port located nearest airport international airport located town etymology word derived tamil word referring referring place meaning place town called temple town locally referred refer place meaning southern town known period tall compound wall temple leading meaning walls beautiful town called referring compound wall temple history founded village medieval king constructed temple temple temple believed constructed bricks mortar indicated stone inscriptions found site town started grow temple successive kings empire iii iii king expanded temple temple contains inscriptions kings information grants kings records later fort constructed rule kings hindu temples built leadership rulers conquered delhi following brief empire decline empire ruled temple primary shrine significant additions current temple structure hall thousand pillars main temple gateway tower big compound wall temple built king doctrine explains donation armour precious stones main deity temple king believed erected large tower temple view temple called carried extensive renovations temple complex credited reclaimed land surrounding forest gained control later 18th century annexation british east india company constituted municipality district town headquarters town town emerged chief centres inland trade district british rule rice leaves oil metal articles clothes major exports methodist mission established town decade 19th century chinese copper coins unearthed village region dated period end song period coins indicate possible buddhist influence region continued district india independence district subsequently newly formed district geography climate located average elevation situated banks river tributary covered fertile soil rice cultivation topography completely flat town fertile delta situated distance state capital district headquarters nearest airport away town nearest located like rest state period november february climate warm days cool nights onset summer march end june average temperature range january june summer rains sparse monsoon south west monsoon usually sets june continues september north east monsoon usually sets october continues january rainfall north east monsoon relatively higher beneficial district large heavy rainfall western feeding river average rainfall inches contributed north east monsoon common trees planted town jack fruit economy agriculture principal occupation people known cloth weaving metal industries agricultural town economy largely depends income agriculture crops cultivated include cotton like agriculture town mainly depends rivers sources irrigation bore wells big industries town small scale industries like factory industry beer factory chemical factory town gas treatment filling plant village outskirts combined cycle power plant tamil electricity board functions village away town largest coal reserves country total quantity reserves identified area million tonnes exploration coal bed area started commercial exploration coal bed reserves located built agricultural areas difficult protest farmers region demographics according census population sex ratio females males national average total age males females scheduled scheduled tribes accounted population respectively average literacy town compared national average town total households total workers comprising main agricultural labourers house hold industries workers marginal workers marginal marginal agricultural labourers marginal workers household industries marginal workers like rest state tamil common language spoken town religious census muslims christians following religions following religion indicate religious preference total km2 acres land residential km2 acres commercial km2 acres industrial km2 acres public semi public purposes including educational open spaces total notified comprising total population residing culture prominent hindu temples temple temple temple temple prominent landmark town tamil months march april prominent festival temple celebrated float festival celebrated tamil month june july festival celebrated tamil month july prominent festivals temple attract visitors nearby villages towns kings 15th century promoted music temples instruments like commonly temple service temple tank associated temple largest temple tanks state hindu pilgrims holy dip tank occasions located big street temple temple located town 19th ancient temple built reign dynasty twelfth century prominent ancient temples state apart idol idols bird sanctuary located prominent visitor attraction people forest located away town tourist attraction citizens town administration politics municipality established committee members british rule early years 20th century remained smallest municipality district municipality covered area km2 total members functions municipality departments general engineering revenue public health town planning computer wing departments control municipal commissioner supreme executive head legislative powers body members legislative body headed elected assisted deputy municipality allocated budget year comes state assembly constituency member tamil legislative assembly years elections assembly seat won twice elections communist_party india times elections india anna twice elections current member legislative assembly constituency party constituency member lower house parliament india years served president india elected constituency elections education schools arts colleges higher secondary school college founded mission oldest educational institution town originally started secondary school college upgraded high school college affiliated madras university engineering colleges colleges town government arts college founded educational trust women college colleges town utility services electricity supply regulated distributed tamil electricity board town suburbs forms electricity distribution circle historically water supply town provided long channel dug canal water supply provided municipality total million litres water supplied day households town metric tonnes solid waste collected day door door collection subsequently source segregation dumping carried department municipality coverage solid waste management efficiency limited underground drainage system town major system disposal tanks open drains public municipality maintains storm water drains drains hospitals centres private hospitals street lamps lamps tube lights high mast beam lamp municipality operates markets vegetable markets weekly market farmer market fish market cater needs town rural areas transportation state highway connecting connecting connecting district headquarters connecting major highways connecting towns bus stands town major bus stand having bus bays ticket reservation counter tamil state transport corporation operates daily services connecting cities corporation operates reservation centre bus stand state express transport corporation operates long distance buses connecting town cities like major inter city bus routes towns like ring road progress reduce traffic connected rail line branch line covering distance expansion line broad gauge completed opened passenger traffic september express train nearest railway junction junction daily passenger trains express train express train railway link progress nearest port away nearest airport international airport town


known jones fifth class municipality province philippines territory encompasses entire island located northern portion province lies northern portion sea near southern tip town people majority speak language primary branches languages thought inhabited pre colonial period based analysis discovered human remains ancient burial cloth archaeological finds national museum 1930s present settlement founded spanish oldest settlement province american colonial period municipality changed jones honor american congressman william jones authored philippine autonomy act today thriving municipalities economy dependent farming fishing palm weaving tourism etymology derived word meaning rocky referring mountainous rocky topography island volcanic origin possible origin word word history early history inhabited pre colonial times proven ancient artefacts wooden skeletal remains found island caves team researchers national museum artefacts cloth piece traditional burial cloth found wooden estimated years old making earliest known warp tie resist textile philippines southeast_asia artifacts preserved national museum philippines manila municipality established spanish colonial authorities town established entire province initially founded site hill south west present site administration islands jurisdiction founded frequent raids looted settlement limestone fort called san san parish church constructed leadership father san known parish priest time construction completed san installed town patron saint fort effectively protected town raids modern history civilian government introduced americans march new municipalities reinstated created municipality renamed jones honor american congressman william jones authored philippine autonomy act provided greater autonomy philippines american colonial rule republic act restored island sites detailed resource assessment department energy island island study aimed determine island site low power generation resource island march national museum declared important cultural property island cave system wooden remains cloth found december typhoon fourth landfall island crossed central philippines causing severe devastation geography lies northern portion sea island north island south composed main island islands collectively known dos islands near beach north west island total land area hectares km2 based rock island dormant volcano lies southernmost portion pleistocene west volcanic arc active period volcanic origin island mountainous rocky topography patches flat land suitable farming island highest elevation mount rises metres politically subdivided consolidated known climate classified type iii climatic classification system type climate described having prominent wet dry seasons wet season usually occurs june november extend december onset southwest monsoon dry season january periods rainfall weather demographics according census population people island municipality sparsely populated population density km2 according department interior local government commission elections registered voters spread electoral figure male registered voters female language island inhabitants speak language language major languages spoken primary branches language family island inhabitants speakers language province having spoken times language spread island like towns island david paul australian national university expertise philippine languages notes speakers speakers region suggests words influenced later influx languages economy primarily agricultural economy farming fishing main sources indigenous palm industry crops grown island root crops sweet potatoes fruits vegetables locals engage livestock raising local consumption small scale wooden boats launches island rocky topography lack stable supply freshwater rice production difficult island rice supplied island local traders recent years island small tourist hub foreign tourists united_states countries tourism tourism heritage destination beaches diving sites caves churches spanish era fortifications heritage sites oldest settlement spanish era fortifications churches american era houses include san church old limestone limestone american era house museum serves store studies center culture arts serves information center language history archaeological cultural artifacts church san small museum pre colonial spanish era artifacts natural formations caves known natural formations cave system situated boundary seven caves inhabited pre colonial times important cultural treasure declared national museum hill caves situated natural view deck called overlooking sea clear day islands island easily seen island rock formations pointed rock formation shape spear arrow head southern portion island lies rock arch said anchorage mythological figure nautical folklore similar flying beaches beaches dot coast including beaches like white sand beaches like rocky island waters known dive sites serve breeding ground sharks festivals annual religious cultural festivals festival showcases local tradition sharing food especially neighbors starts holy saturday easter sunday festival phases sharing food villages sharing food town proper games chasing pig climbing bamboo pole claim prize held celebration followed meaning legacy street dancing parade year september entire island pays tribute homage town patron saint san festival holy mass held feast day followed saint image town leads parade island village giving homage saint hold annual holy week local government local government code municipal government composed mayor vice mayor members town council alongside secretary said council elected year term eligible run consecutive terms incumbent long time mayor party incumbent vice mayor ran independent candidate villages headed elected officials addressed known captain aided council members called elected recipient seal good department interior local government recipient award local government rewarded million performance challenge fund use local projects seal good mechanism tracks performance local government units specifically areas local legislation development planning resource generation resource allocation infrastructure utilities electricity island supplied diesel power plant electric cooperative electricity service available early morning night limited fuel supplies water supply water drinking washing comes water pumps wells springs collection tanks individual homes island access cellular phone internet service smart globe terrestrial cable television service available transportation seas surrounding rough wet season best time visit island march dry summer season typical time families living metro manila abroad visit island season island main forms transportation passenger known boats road connects sea accessible wooden launches boats regularly travel city tourists visitors vessels manila city route reached boat route city towns travelers hours away alternative route oriental boats air closest airport active airline service airport philippine operates weekly flights manila reached hours boats education high literacy rate owing establishment public elementary secondary schools schools island administered department education main public elementary school central school main secondary school national high school located main village public elementary schools villages tan shared village secondary school national high school located gallery


mumbai mumbai known bombay official capital city indian state populous city india ninth populous world estimated city population million neighbouring regions mumbai metropolitan region populous urban regions world populous metropolitan area india population million mumbai lies west_coast india deep natural harbour mumbai named alpha world city wealthiest city india highest city south west central asia mumbai highest number cities india seven islands came constitute mumbai home communities fishing colonies centuries islands control successive indigenous ceded portuguese subsequently british east india company king charles_ii married portuguese catherine charles received ports seven islands bombay century bombay project undertook area seven islands sea construction major roads railways project completed transformed bombay major arabian sea bombay 19th century characterised economic educational development early 20th century strong base indian independence movement india independence city incorporated bombay state following movement new state created bombay capital mumbai financial commercial entertainment capital india world centres commerce terms global financial flow generating india accounting industrial output maritime trade india mumbai port trust capital transactions india economy city houses important financial institutions reserve bank india bombay stock exchange national stock exchange india corporate headquarters numerous indian companies multinational corporations home india premier scientific nuclear like department atomic energy city houses india hindi bollywood film television industry mumbai business opportunities potential offer higher standard living attract migrants india making city melting pot communities cultures etymology mumbai derived patron goddess native communities meaning mother language mother tongue official language oldest known names city ali muhammad khan referred city portuguese writer legends india possibly originated old portuguese phrase meaning good little bay commonly portuguese portuguese explorer appears refer adjoining town variations recorded 16th 17th centuries include bombay bay english gained possession city 17th century portuguese bombay late 20th century city referred mumbai indian official languages hindi government india officially changed english mumbai november came insistence nationalist party won state elections mirrored similar changes country particularly according slate magazine argued bombay corrupted english version mumbai unwanted legacy british colonial rule slate said push bombay larger movement strengthen identity region city referred bombay residents indians regions mention city mumbai controversial resulting emotional violently political nature resident mumbai called language means resident term use time gained popularity official change mumbai history early history mumbai built archipelago seven islands bombay island old woman island known little exactly known islands inhabited pleistocene sediments found coastal areas northern mumbai suggest islands inhabited stone age beginning common era years ago possibly earlier came occupied fishing community century bce islands formed empire expansion south ruled buddhist emperor caves excavated mid century bce served important centre buddhism western india ancient times city known ancient greek cluster seven islands greek caves built 1st century bce 6th century second century bce ninth century islands came control successive indigenous western ruled dynasty oldest city built period caves caves sixth seventh century temple 10th century tank 12th century king founded kingdom region late 13th century established capital present day earliest known settlers city brought delhi annexed islands controlled time islands administered muslim governors appointed delhi islands later governed independent established patronage led construction prominent ali built honour muslim saint ali islands source contention khan attempted conquer islands defeated portuguese british rule empire founded dominant power indian century growing power emperor sultan obliged sign treaty portuguese empire december according treaty seven islands bombay nearby strategic town offered portuguese territories later surrendered october portuguese actively involved foundation growth roman catholic religious orders bombay called islands names finally took written form islands leased portuguese officers regime portuguese built churches city prominent michael church john baptist church andrew church church portuguese built fortifications city like bombay castle fort fort english constant struggle portuguese bombay recognised strategic natural harbour natural isolation land attacks middle 17th century growing power dutch empire forced english acquire station western india marriage treaty charles_ii england catherine daughter king john portugal placed islands possession english empire catherine charles remained portuguese possession english managed acquire accordance royal charter march england leased islands english east india company sum population quickly rose islands subsequently attacked khan admiral empire october van governor general dutch india february admiral october english east india company transferred headquarters bombay city eventually headquarters bombay presidency following transfer bombay placed head company establishments india end 17th century islands suffered incursions khan portuguese presence ended bombay captured middle 18th century bombay began grow major trading town received huge influx migrants india later british occupied december treaty british formally gained control resulting anglo war british able secure violence treaty later treaty signed settle outcome anglo war onwards city large scale civil engineering projects aimed merging seven islands single amalgamated mass project known completed british east india company defeated battle following defeat came british incorporated bombay presidency success british campaign marked liberation bombay attacks native powers seven islands single project large scale land april india passenger railway line established connecting bombay neighbouring town american_civil_war city world chief cotton trading market resulting boom economy subsequently enhanced city stature opening suez_canal transformed bombay largest arabian sea september bombay hit plague epidemic death toll estimated people week people fled bombay textile industry adversely affected capital bombay presidency city witnessed indian independence movement quit india movement royal indian navy mutiny notable events independent india india independence territory bombay presidency retained india bombay state area bombay state increased states joined indian union integrated state subsequently city capital bombay state april municipal limits bombay expanded merging bombay suburban district bombay city form greater bombay municipal corporation movement create separate state including bombay height 1950s discussions congress party demanded city constituted autonomous city state states reorganisation committee recommended bilingual state bombay capital report bombay citizens committee advocacy group leading lobbied bombay independent status following protests movement people lost lives clashes police bombay state reorganised linguistic lines speaking areas bombay state state state bombay capital formed merger speaking areas bombay state districts central provinces districts state numerous states enclosed memorial movement flora fountain renamed martyr square memorial erected following decades saw massive expansion city suburbs late 1960s point parade reclaimed developed bombay metropolitan region development authority established january government apex body planning development activities bombay metropolitan region august sister township new bombay founded city industrial development corporation districts help dispersal control bombay population textile industry bombay largely disappeared widespread great bombay textile strike nearly workers textile mills went strike mumbai defunct cotton mills focus intense redevelopment port currently handles india cargo commissioned creek view bombay harbour serve hub port city geographical limits greater bombay municipal limits greater bombay october greater bombay district form revenue districts bombay city bombay suburban continued administered municipal administration increase violence hitherto largely peaceful city following demolition city hindu muslim riots people killed march series bombings city landmarks islamic bombay underworld resulted deaths injuries people killed injured seven bombs exploded city commuter trains series coordinated attacks armed terrorists days resulted deaths injuries severe damage heritage landmarks prestigious hotels occurred opera house july latest series terrorist attacks mumbai mumbai commercial capital india evolved global financial hub decades home india main financial services focus infrastructure development private investment ancient fishing community colonial centre trade mumbai south asia largest city home world prolific film industry geography mumbai consists distinct regions mumbai city district mumbai suburban district form separate revenue districts city district region commonly referred island city south mumbai total area mumbai km2 island city spans km2 suburban district spans km2 accounting km2 administration municipal corporation greater mumbai remaining areas belong defence establishments mumbai port trust atomic energy commission national park jurisdiction mumbai lies mouth river western coast india coastal region known sits island island partially shares district mumbai bounded arabian sea west parts city lie sea level elevations ranging city average elevation northern mumbai hilly highest point city ranges national park national park located partly mumbai suburban district partly district extends area km2 apart dam major lakes supply water city lower upper lake lake located national park city limits supply lake city limits agricultural industrial purposes small rivers river originate park river originates lake water lakes coastline city numerous creeks bays stretching creek eastern western eastern coast island covered large swamps rich biodiversity western coast sandy rocky soil cover city region predominantly sandy proximity sea suburbs soil cover largely underlying rock region composed black flows acidic basic variants dating late cretaceous early eras mumbai sits active zone owing presence fault lines vicinity area classified seismic zone iii region means earthquake magnitude scale expected climate mumbai tropical climate specifically tropical wet dry climate climate classification seven months peak rains july cooler season december february followed summer season march june period june end september constitutes south west monsoon season october november form post monsoon season june september south west monsoon rains city pre monsoon showers received occasionally north east monsoon showers occur october november maximum annual rainfall recorded highest rainfall recorded single day july average total annual rainfall island city suburbs average annual temperature average annual precipitation island city average maximum temperature average minimum temperature suburbs daily mean maximum temperature range daily mean minimum temperature ranges record high set april record low set january economy mumbai india largest city population financial commercial capital country generates total serves economic hub india contributing factory employment industrial output income tax collections customs duty collections central tax collections india foreign trade million corporate taxes rest india mumbai witnessed economic boom finance boom mid export services boom 2000s mumbai prominently figured hub economic activity india 1990s mumbai metropolitan region presently witnessing reduction contribution india october mumbai billion capita income times national average nominal capita income india numerous including state bank india life insurance corporation india group reliance fortune global companies based mumbai facilitated presence reserve bank india rbi bombay stock exchange national stock exchange india financial sector exchange board india 1970s mumbai owed prosperity largely textile mills local economy include finance engineering diamond healthcare information technology key sectors contributing city economy finance gems jewellery leather processing entertainment point complex mumbai major financial centres despite competition mumbai carved niche information technology industry electronic export processing zone international park mumbai offer excellent facilities companies state central government employees large percentage city workforce mumbai large semi skilled self employed population primarily earn taxi drivers mechanics blue collar port shipping industry established mumbai port oldest significant ports india central mumbai increasingly large recycling industry processing waste parts city district estimated single room factories mumbai ranked sixth global cities count 48th worldwide centres commerce index seventh list cities forbes magazine april terms average wealth world cities study group ranked mumbai alpha world city categories global cities mumbai expensive office market world ranked fastest cities country business civic administration greater mumbai area square kilometres consisting mumbai city mumbai suburban districts extends south north east population census administered municipal corporation greater mumbai referred municipal corporation known bombay municipal corporation charge civic infrastructure needs metropolis mayor chosen indirect election term half years municipal commissioner chief executive officer head executive arm municipal corporation executive powers municipal commissioner indian administrative service officer appointed state government municipal corporation legislative body lays policies governance city commissioner responsible execution policies commissioner appointed fixed term defined state statute powers commissioner provided statute delegated corporation standing committee municipal corporation greater mumbai ranked 9th cities best governance administrative practices india scored compared national average revenue districts mumbai come jurisdiction district collector collectors charge property records revenue collection central government oversee national elections held city mumbai police headed police commissioner indian police service officer mumbai police division police state home ministry city divided seven police zones seventeen traffic police zones headed deputy commissioner police traffic police semi autonomous body mumbai police mumbai fire brigade jurisdiction municipal corporation headed chief fire officer assisted deputy chief fire officers divisional officers mumbai seat bombay high_court exercises jurisdiction states union territories mumbai lower courts small causes court civil matters sessions court criminal cases mumbai special terrorist activities court people accused acts terrorism city politics mumbai traditional stronghold birthplace indian national congress known congress party session indian national congress held bombay december city played host indian national congress times years strong base indian independence movement 20th century 1960s saw rise politics bombay formation june feeling resentment relative native people bombay switched cause larger cause joined hands party year congress dominated politics bombay independence early 1980s won bombay municipal corporation elections party major national political party forged electoral alliance congress legislative assembly elections members left congress form nationalist congress party later allied congress alliance known democratic currently parties party party independent candidates contest elections city indian national elections held years mumbai represented parliamentary north north west north east north central south central south member parliament lower house indian parliament elected parliamentary national elections parliamentary won alliance parties winning seats state assembly elections held years mumbai represented assembly member legislative assembly legislative assembly elected assembly state assembly elections assembly won congress elections held years elect power corporation comprises directly elected representing municipal nominated having special knowledge experience municipal administration mayor role ceremonial municipal corporation elections seats alliance secured seats holding power support independent candidates congress alliance seats tenure mayor deputy mayor municipal commissioner half years transport public transport public transport systems mumbai include mumbai suburban railway metro electric supply transport best buses black yellow meter auto ferries suburban railway best bus services accounted passenger traffic auto allowed operate suburban areas mumbai allowed operate mumbai generally operate south mumbai mumbai required law run compressed natural gas convenient economical easily available means transport rail mumbai suburban railway popularly referred locals forms backbone city transport system operated central railway western railway zones indian railways mumbai suburban rail systems carried total million passengers day half indian railways daily carrying capacity trains peak hours car trains rated capacity passengers actually carrying passengers peak hours mumbai rail network spread route kilometres train sets car car composition utilised run total train services city mumbai mumbai metro built extended phases relieve existing network opened early february line mumbai metro opened early june mumbai headquarters zones indian railways central railway headquartered terminus victoria terminus western railway headquartered mumbai connected parts india indian railways long distance trains originate terminus terminus mumbai central terminus bus mumbai bus services carried million passengers day dropped million public buses run best cover parts metropolis parts mumbai best operates total buses cameras installed million passengers daily routes fleet consists single double low floor disabled friendly air euro iii diesel compressed natural gas powered buses best introduced air buses best buses red colour based originally buses london state road transport corporation known buses provide transport connecting mumbai towns cities nearby states mumbai municipal transport municipal transport operate buses mumbai connecting mumbai parts mumbai buses generally favoured short medium distances train economical longer distance mumbai tourist bus service explores numerous tourist attractions mumbai bus rapid transit system lanes planned mumbai city travel public transport mumbai continues struggle traffic congestion mumbai transport system world water water transport mumbai consists ferries services provided government agencies private partners services briefly late 1990s gateway india mumbai subsequently scrapped lack adequate infrastructure road mumbai served national highway national highway national highway national highway national highway india national highways system mumbai expressway expressway built india eastern freeway opened mumbai expressway mumbai expressway construction sea link bridge causeway links island city western suburbs major road city eastern express highway expressway western express highway mumbai approximately roads entry points city road mumbai private vehicles march black yellow auto air international airport international airport main aviation hub city second busiest airport india terms passenger traffic handled million passengers tonnes cargo upgrade plan initiated targeted increasing capacity airport handle million passengers annually new terminal opened february proposed mumbai international airport built area sanctioned indian government help relieve increasing traffic burden existing airport india airport hosts bombay flying club operated state owned sea mumbai served major ports mumbai port trust port trust lies creek mumbai mumbai port best natural world extensive wet dry dock accommodation facilities port commissioned busiest modern major port india handles country total cargo ferries ferry wharf allow access islands near city city headquarters western naval command important base indian navy utility services colonial rule tanks source water mumbai having named supplies water city lakes comes lakes lake supplies water western suburbs parts island city western railway water filtered asia largest water plant india underground water tunnel completed mumbai supply water plant million litres water daily supply million litres lost way water illegal connections day mumbai mumbai daily refuse metric tonnes metric tonnes plastic waste transported dumping grounds northwest northeast dumping ground east sewage treatment carried disposed independent marine respectively electricity distributed electric supply transport best undertaking island city reliance energy power state electricity distribution ltd suburbs consumption electricity growing faster production capacity power supply cables underground reduces losses cooking gas supplied form petroleum gas cylinders sold state owned oil companies natural gas supplied gas limited largest telephone service provider state owned held monopoly fixed line cellular services provides fixed line mobile services mobile phone coverage extensive main service providers loop mobile reliance communications idea cellular services available city mumbai area served telephone exchanges mumbai classified metro circle service providers provide internet wireless internet access mumbai mumbai highest number internet users india million users architecture architecture city blend gothic revival art contemporary styles buildings british period victoria terminus bombay university built gothic revival style architectural features include variety european influences german dutch roofs swiss romance arches tudor traditional indian features styled buildings gateway india art styled landmarks found marine drive west oval mumbai second largest number art buildings world miami newer suburbs modern buildings dominate landscape mumbai far largest number india existing buildings construction mumbai heritage conservation committee established special regulations laws assist conservation city heritage structures mumbai world heritage sites terminus caves south mumbai colonial era buildings soviet style offices east factories west_coast textile mills demolished built buildings taller compared shanghai hong_kong new_york demographics according census population mumbai population density estimated persons square kilometre living space metre person census greater mumbai area administration literacy rate higher national average number estimated million million live informal sex ratio females males island city suburbs greater mumbai numbers lower national average females males low sex ratio partly large number male migrants come city work residents mumbai mumbai large population like metropolitan city india sixteen major languages india spoken mumbai common hindi english english extensively spoken principal language city white collar workforce form hindi known blend hindi indian english invented words spoken streets mumbai suffers major problems seen fast growing cities developing countries widespread poverty unemployment poor public health poor civic educational standards large section population available land premium mumbai residents reside cramped relatively expensive housing usually far requiring long crowded mass transit roadways live close proximity bus train stations suburban residents spend significant time travelling southward main commercial district asia second largest town counted single located central mumbai houses million people square kilometres making densely populated areas earth population density persons square kilometre literacy rate mumbai india number migrants mumbai outside decade million amounted net addition population mumbai number households mumbai forecast rise million million number households annual million increase amounting families number households million estimated increase according report central pollution control board mumbai city india delhi ethnic groups religion religious groups represented mumbai include muslims christians jews making rest population linguistic ethnic demographics rest parts india native christians include east indian catholics converted portuguese 16th century catholics constitute significant portion christian community city jews settled bombay 18th century israeli jewish community bombay migrated villages south bombay believed descendants jews israel coast probably year bce reign greek ruler mumbai home largest population world numbering migrated india persia iran following muslim conquest persia seventh century oldest muslim communities mumbai include muslims culture mumbai culture blend traditional festivals food music theatres city offers cosmopolitan diverse lifestyle variety food entertainment night life available form abundance comparable world capitals mumbai history major trading centre led diverse range cultures religions city unique blend cultures migration people india british period mumbai birthplace indian cinema laid foundations silent movies followed oldest film broadcast took place early 20th century mumbai large number cinema halls feature bollywood hollywood movies mumbai international film festival award ceremony awards oldest prominent film awards given hindi film industry india held mumbai despite professional theatre groups formed british having disbanded 1950s mumbai developed thriving theatre movement tradition hindi english regional languages contemporary art featured government funded art spaces private commercial galleries government funded institutions include art gallery national gallery modern art built society bombay oldest public libraries city prince wales museum renowned museum south mumbai houses rare ancient exhibits indian history mumbai zoo named victoria gardens garden rich literary traditions city highlighted internationally booker prize winners literature works mumbai based authors promoted annual award literary honour bestowed india national academy letters mumbai residents celebrate western indian festivals christmas good friday popular festivals city arts festival exhibition world arts works artists fields music dance theatre films week long annual fair known fair starting following sunday september celebrated people commemorate mary mother jesus september festival day music festival held annually month january organised tourism development corporation historic tank mumbai festival celebrated february islands dedicated classical indian dance music attracts performers country public holidays specific city state include day celebrate formation state new year day people beaches major tourist attraction city major beaches mumbai beach beach beach beach beach beach beach beaches unfit swimming beach world theme park amusement centre situated close beach includes asia largest theme water park water kingdom opened april located near city mumbai expressway media mumbai numerous newspaper publications television radio stations enjoy maximum readership share city language newspapers times mumbai popular language magazines popular english language newspapers published sold mumbai include times_of_india mid day times dna india indian express newspapers printed indian languages mumbai home asia oldest newspaper bombay published bombay newspaper started mumbai numerous indian international television channels watched mumbai pay companies local cable television provider metropolis hub international media corporations news channels print publications having major presence national television broadcaster provides free terrestrial channels main cable networks serve households wide range cable channels available includes star channels news channels ibn sports channels like espn star sports national entertainment channels like colors sony star plus business news channels like business news channels entirely dedicated mumbai include mumbai popular bollywood gossip channel based mumbai satellite television gain mass acceptance high installation costs prominent entertainment services mumbai include dish sky radio stations mumbai broadcasting band india radio stations broadcasting band mumbai access commercial radio providers access system started union government met poor response mumbai competition sister technology direct home transmission service bollywood hindi film industry based mumbai produces films year bollywood blend bombay hollywood 2000s saw growth bollywood popularity overseas led filmmaking new heights terms quality cinematography innovative story lines technical advances special effects animation studios including film city location movie sets city hosts film industry seen increased popularity recent years production companies education schools schools mumbai municipal schools run private schools run individuals cases receive financial aid government schools affiliated following boards state board india council indian school certificate examinations national institute open schooling central board secondary education international international general certificate secondary education english usual language instruction government run public schools lack facilities option poor residents afford expensive private schools primary education system largest urban primary education system asia operates primary schools primary education students languages hindi english tamil telugu secondary education students secondary schools higher education plan students complete years schooling years junior college select streams arts commerce science followed general degree course chosen field study professional degree course law engineering medicine colleges city affiliated university mumbai largest universities world terms number graduates university mumbai premier universities india ranked engineering schools world america news broadcasting firm business insider university list emerging nations brazil russia india china south_africa university mumbai ranked 5th list best universities india india today ranked university rankings ranking leading universities countries brazil russia india china south_africa strongest scores university rankings papers faculty 8th employer reputation 20th paper 28th ranked 10th universities india indian universities purely science technology universities india 3rd best multi disciplinary university university ranking indian institute technology bombay technological institute university institute chemical technology india premier engineering technology schools women university autonomous universities mumbai engineering college oldest private engineering college affiliated federal university mumbai pioneered institute city university offer undergraduate level courses computer engineering information technology engineering grant medical college established medical college leading medical affiliated sir group hospitals hospital respectively mumbai home national institute industrial engineering institute management studies institute management studies institute management research institute social sciences management schools government law college college respectively oldest law commerce colleges india based mumbai sir school art mumbai oldest art institution mumbai home prominent research institutions institute fundamental research atomic research centre operates nuclear research facility sports cricket popular sport city shortage grounds modified versions generally referred cricket played mumbai home board control cricket india indian premier league mumbai cricket team represents city trophy won titles team city represented mumbai indians indian premier league city international cricket grounds stadium stadium cricket test match india played mumbai bombay biggest event staged city far final cricket world cup played stadium mumbai london cities hosted world cup final final champions trophy played stadium football popular sport city world cup english premier league followed widely indian super league mumbai city represents city league matches city played ground city represented teams mumbai air india elite football league india introduced august mumbai noted cities awarded team inaugural season named mumbai team season played late mumbai professional american football franchise hockey mumbai home mumbai marines mumbai world series hockey hockey india league respectively matches city played hockey stadium rugby growing sport mumbai league matches held bombay june november february mumbai holds derby races derby held february turf club mumbai march mumbai grand prix world championship force india team car unveiled city city planning build track sites city authorities planned zero land approved track theme park spread area acres annual mumbai marathon established greatest race earth mumbai played host tennis open international series tournament world tour


historically known indian state south india coast formed november following states reorganisation act combining speaking regions spread km2 bordered north northeast tamil east south sea west inhabitants census thirteenth largest state population divided districts capital widely spoken language official language state region prominent bce dynasty prominent kingdom based frequently struggled attacks neighbouring 15th century trade attracted portuguese traders paved way european india independence joined republic india given status state state formed merging district excluding southern south lowest positive population growth rate india highest human development index highest literacy rate census highest life years highest sex ratio women men state witnessed significant emigration especially arab states persian gulf gulf boom 1970s early 1980s economy depends significantly large community practised half population followed islam christianity culture synthesis cultures developed influences parts india abroad production pepper natural rubber contributes significantly total national output agricultural sector tea coffee important state coastline extends kilometres million people state dependent fishery industry contributes state income state highest media exposure india newspapers publishing languages mainly english prominent tourist destinations india beaches tourism tropical major attractions etymology uncertain etymology stem classical tamil hill mountain slope land represent imperfect palm tree land location derived word refers oldest known dynasty kings word derived tamil word lake earliest sanskrit text mention mentioned hindu word recorded meaning 3rd century bce rock inscription rock left emperor bce inscription refers local ruler sanskrit son son popular theory etymology derives tree time states region called classical tamil variants word roman trade map refers history mythology according hindu mythology lands recovered sea axe wielding warrior sage sixth avatar called land threw axe sea water far reached according legend new area land extended land rose sea filled salt unsuitable invoked snake king holy poison converted soil fertile lush green land respect snakes appointed guardians land legend later expanded found literary expression 17th 18th century traces origin aspects early society land tenure administration story medieval times emulated tradition throwing spear sea earlier character associated king ruled earth won war driving exile pleaded lord took fifth incarnation pushed belief year festival returns oldest uses malaya mountains tamil setting story incarnation man king region pre history substantial portion sea ancient times marine fossils found area near supporting hypothesis pre historical archaeological findings include era area district locally known derived sage rock caves date era bce archaeological studies identified sites studies point development ancient society culture beginning age ages foreign cultural contacts assisted cultural formation historians suggest possible relationship valley civilization late bronze age early iron age ancient period major bce according records referred garden garden india attracted ancient coast 3rd 2nd bce arabs established trade period land independent kingdoms southern india time scholars hold alternate dominant dynasty based territories shared common language culture area known ruled modern southern tip kingdom trading port identified ancient western sources later region fell control ancient kingdoms lay south north respectively centuries bce coast important greeks romans especially black pepper trading links china west asia egypt greece roman empire foreign trade circles region known male principal ports time value rome annual trade region estimated contemporary literature describes roman ships coming laden gold exchange pepper earliest western traders use monsoon winds reach bce patronage viii king dynasty egypt roman establishments port cities region temple barracks garrisoned roman soldiers marked surviving map roman merchants west asia southern europe established coastal posts settlements jewish connection started bce arabs trade links starting 4th century bce bce noted goods brought arabs sold jews local people resulting formation muslim community 4th century christians migrated persia joined early syrian christian community trace origins activity thomas 1st century title assigned respected visitors abroad jewish syrian christian muslim immigration account later names respective communities muslim earliest saint thomas christian churches mosque india oldest active commonwealth nations built early medieval period second kingdom known dynasty established ruled territory comprising modern smaller modern tamil early period southern region ruled kings lost power 10th century making region empire rule witnessed developing period art literature trade movement identity distinct separate period local administration empire divided provinces rule province comprising number control called caused series wars 11th century resulted decline foreign trade ports buddhism disappeared land social system fractured divisions lines finally dynasty combined attack later later 14th century southern kingdom able establish short lived supremacy southern india death absence strong central power state divided thirty small powerful kingdom north south middle 18th century king annexed kingdoms northern military conquests resulting rise pre ruler sued peace came direct british rule india independent colonial era maritime trade monopoly indian_ocean stayed arabs high late middle ages dominance middle_east traders challenged european age discovery trade particularly black pepper influential activity european traders 15th century portuguese began dominate eastern shipping trade particular culminating arrival permitted new visitors trade subjects portuguese trade prospered establishment factory fort portuguese attacks arab properties jurisdiction provoked led conflicts portuguese took advantage rivalry king allied francisco appointed portuguese india headquarters established fort fort reign portuguese managed dominate relations established fortresses coast portuguese suffered setbacks attacks forces especially naval attacks leadership known compelled seek treaty portuguese defeated forces battle fort portuguese ousted dutch east india company conflicts gained control trade dutch turn weakened constant battles royal family defeated battle agreement known treaty signed dutch according dutch compelled political involvement region annexed northern kingdoms military conquests resulting rise position ali ruler invaded northern son successor sultan launched campaigns expanding british east india company resulting anglo wars ultimately ceded district south company annexed madras presidency british india company forged tributary alliances end 18th century fell control british administered directly major revolts independence movement 20th century notable rebellion social struggles rebellion muslims hindu british social struggles erupted early decades 20th century leading temple entry proclamation opened hindu temples post colonial period british india india pakistan union india merged july form november south district madras district madras southern joined tamil merged form state states reorganisation act communist led government resulted elections new legislative assembly earliest elected communist governments communist success elections republic san geography state sea western lying northern latitudes eastern experiences humid climate state coast width state varies kilometres geographically divided distinct regions eastern highlands rugged cool mountainous terrain central mid lands rolling hills western coastal plains pre pleistocene geological formations compose bulk terrain catastrophic flood drastically modified terrain consequently affected history created natural harbour transport eastern region consists high mountains deep cut valleys immediately west western rain shadow west flowing rivers east flowing ones originate region western form wall mountains interrupted near known gap breaks western rise average sea level highest peaks reach highest peak south india elevation metres western coastal belt relatively flat compared eastern region crossed network canals lakes rivers known state largest lake dominates lies km2 area percent india waterways found rivers include kilometres kilometres kilometres kilometres kilometres kilometres kilometres river kilometres average length rivers kilometres rivers small entirely fed monsoon rain rivers small lacking delta prone environmental effects rivers face problems sand mining pollution state experiences natural hazards like landslides floods state affected indian_ocean climate rainy days year wet maritime tropical climate influenced seasonal heavy rains southwest summer monsoon northeast winter monsoon rainfall occurs june august corresponding southwest monsoon rest september december corresponding northeast monsoon moisture laden winds southwest monsoon reaching southernmost point indian peninsula topography divides branches arabian sea branch bay branch arabian sea branch southwest monsoon hits western making state india receive rain southwest monsoon distribution pressure patterns reversed northeast monsoon season cold winds north india pick moisture bay east_coast india influence northeast monsoon seen southern districts rainfall averages annually drier lowland regions average mountains eastern district receive precipitation highest state eastern drier tropical wet dry climate summer state prone gale force winds storm cyclone related torrential occasional rises sea level mean daily temperature ranges mean annual temperatures range coastal eastern highlands flora fauna biodiversity concentrated protected western quarters land area thick forest 18th century india plant species flowering plant species endemic medicinal threatened km2 forests include tropical wet semi forests lower middle elevations km2 tropical moist dry deciduous forests mid elevations km2 km2 respectively subtropical temperate forests highest elevations km2 altogether forested world convention listed wetlands lake lake wetlands km2 vast reserve subjected extensive clearing cultivation 20th century remaining forest cover protected eastern mountains shelter tropical moist forests tropical dry forests common western world oldest teak plantation plot fauna notable diversity high rates includes species mammals endemic species birds species freshwater fish species reptiles endemic species amphibians endemic threatened extensive habitat destruction including soil erosion landslides resource extraction forests number species trees plants include bamboo wild black pepper wild palm grass indian elephant tiger indian leopard common palm giant found forests reptiles include king cobra birds include great southern hill lakes wetlands waterways fish orange found subdivisions state districts distributed regions north far north south northern central northern central southern southern far south districts serve administrative regions taxation purposes subdivided fiscal administrative powers settlements borders including maintenance local land records sub divided revenue villages amendments constitution india local government institutions function tier government constitutes district block municipalities corporations township indian union territory kilometres away coastal surrounded approaches district surrounds sides district fourth municipal corporations govern municipal corporation largest corporation metropolitan area named largest urban according survey economics research firm best cities india live survey parameters health education environment safety public facilities entertainment rank cities government administration hosts major political alliances united democratic led indian national congress left democratic led communist_party india ruling coalition communist_party india chief minister leader opposition strikes protests marches comparatively strong presence labour unions according constitution india parliamentary system representative democracy universal suffrage granted residents government organised branches legislature legislature legislative assembly popularly known comprises elected members special office speaker deputy speaker elected members assembly meetings presided speaker speaker absence deputy speaker state assembly state members representation respectively executive governor constitutional head state appointed president india governor executive authority headed chief minister head government extensive executive powers head majority party legislative assembly appointed post governor council ministers members appointed governor taking advice chief minister executive administration based state complex district district administrator appointed government called district collector executive administration auxiliary authorities known local body elections regularly held govern local affairs judiciary judiciary consists high_court system lower courts high_court located chief justice permanent seven additional pro justices high_court hears cases union territory local government bodies municipalities corporations existed major initiative governance started constitutional amendments central government direction enactment act municipality act state implemented reforms local self governance act tier system local government block district forming hierarchy acts ensure clear power institutions municipality act single tier system urban areas institution municipality designed par system substantial administrative legal financial powers delegated bodies ensure efficient present norms state government cent state plan local government economy independence state managed democratic socialist welfare economy 1990s mixed economy allowed licence restrictions capitalism foreign direct investment leading economic expansion increase employment fiscal year nominal gross state domestic product billion billion growth high compared average annually 1980s 1990s state recorded growth enterprises higher national rate human development index rating highest india phenomenon model development high human development comparison low economic development resulted strong service sector economy depends working foreign countries mainly arab states persian gulf annually contribute fifth persian gulf countries population million sent home annually sum billion highest indian states india received highest states billion nearly billion country deposits billion amounting sixth money deposited accounts comes billion study commissioned state planning board suggested state look reliable sources income instead relying finance expenditure according study loses billion year population labourers sector comprises services transport storage communications tourism banking insurance real estate contributed state agriculture allied sectors contributed manufacturing construction utilities contributed nearly half people depend agriculture income varieties rice staple crop harvested km2 decline km2 tonnes rice produced year key crops include tea coffee indian production tonnes rubber including pepper traditional industries manufacturing items employ million people supplies total global produce white india factory set central research institute established census micro small medium enterprises employing people promoted medium large manufacturing firms creating employment people mining sector involves extraction major sectors tourism manufacturing home gardens animal business process march banking sector comprised local branches branch served people lower national average state highest bank penetration indian states october state country banking facility village unemployment estimated chronic issues low youth low female labour participation rate practice wages looking rural urban poverty rates dropped respectively focused attention growth information technology sector formation largest employer technology park india inauguration complex february largest park india software giants like services global nest offices state state second major hub centred acts hub generates total revenues state key offices majors like services global software services etc multinational corporations like young services nielsen audio etc major project construction built partnership government major hub construction centred known grand shopping festival started covering outlets cities huge tax huge array prizes state budget billion billion state government tax revenues excluding shares union tax pool amounted billion billion billion billion non tax revenues excluding shares union tax pool government reached million million high ratio taxation chronic budget levels government debt impacted social services record total observed resulting revenue loss billion million rise national capital expenditure rose compared national average owners rose compared national rate teacher pupil ratio rose november ministry urban development selected seven cities comprehensive development program known mission urban transformation package declared cities develop service level improvement plan slip plan better functioning local urban bodies cities agriculture major change agriculture occurred 1970s production rice fell increased availability rice india decreased availability labour consequently investment rice production decreased major portion land shifted cultivation perennial tree crops seasonal crops crops fell shortage farm labour high price land size operational holdings produces national output black pepper accounts natural rubber country tea coffee including main agricultural products india export quality prepared key agricultural staple rice varieties grown extensive fields home gardens significant portion agricultural sector related animal touted proponents means rural poverty unemployment women state government promotes activities educational campaigns development new cattle breeds contribution agricultural sector state economy decline strength allied livestock sector picked fiscal period contribution estimated high total growth farm sector recorded increase growth previous fiscal year agricultural sector share distribution gross state domestic product constant price secondary sectors contributed respectively preference organic products home farming compared synthetic online open market consumers farmers connect directly provides platform virtual market farmers end consumers farmers display crops mention quantity specify method cultivation expected price contact details farmers post products quantity ranging kilogram kilograms means person having kitchen farm find buyer fisheries coastal belt hectares inland water resources approximately active fishermen leading producers fish india according reports million people earn fishing allied activities drying processing packaging transporting fisheries annual yield sector estimated tons contributes total economy state total indian marine fishery yield southwest monsoon suspended mud bank develops shore turn leads calm ocean water peaking output fishing industry phenomenon locally called waters provide large variety fish species species crustaceans million fishermen haul annual catch tonnes estimate fishing villages coast fishing villages dot coastal belt known high background radiation containing sand coastal median outdoor radiation levels certain locations coast high transport roads kilometres roads accounts india total translates kilometres road thousand population compared average kilometres country roads include kilometres national highway nation total kilometres state highway kilometres district roads west_coast accessible national highways eastern accessible state highways hill highway proposed provide access eastern hills national highway longest stretch road kilometres connects starts passes entering runs salem connecting political capital commercial capital district generally referred gateway presence gap western northern southern parts connected rest india road rail state largest border town large public commercial transportation reaches northern central districts department public works responsible maintaining expanding state highways system major district roads state transport project includes based road information management project responsible maintaining expanding state highways oversees major district roads traffic growing rate year resulting high traffic pressure roads traffic density nearly times national average reflecting state high population annual total road accidents nation highest accidents mainly result narrow roads irresponsible driving national highways country remain future state government received exemption allows narrow national highways highways meters wide states national highways grade separated highways meters wide minimum lanes lane access controlled national highways authority india threatened state government high priority states highway development political commitment better highways lacking state highest road accident rate country fatal accidents taking place state national highways railways indian railways southern railway line runs state connecting major towns cities highland districts railway network state controlled divisions southern railway railway division railway division central largest railway station state major railway stations junction south junction junction junction railway station town north railway station junction major railway transport began march harbour section july january section metro construction metro system city construction began phase set estimated cost million airports international airports international airport international airport international airport civilian airports functioning state international airports feature unique completion international airport join tamil state international airports unlike states capital city highest air traffic air traffic distributed evenly despite airports busiest airports india airport established madras presidency closed inauguration international airport capital airport international airport managed airport authority india oldest existing airports south india international airport busiest state seventh busiest country indian airport incorporated public limited company funded nearly non resident indians countries airport primary hub air india express secondary hub air asia india civilian airports naval airport named ins airport shares civilian facilities southern air command indian air_force facilities central government visiting water transport major port minor ports mini ports state numerous commercial inland navigation transport services mainly provided country craft passenger vessels rivers state total length inland waterways kilometres main constraints expansion inland navigation lack depth waterways caused lack maintenance navigation systems bank protection accelerated growth water lack modern inland craft lack cargo handling system canal kilometres long national runs included east coast canal demographics home india population persons km2 land nearly times densely settled rest india population density persons km2 populous city state rate population growth india lowest growth india average population doubled adding million people reach million residents population stood million coastal regions densely settled population persons km2 times overall population density state persons km2 leaving eastern hills mountains comparatively sparsely populated million predominantly state indigenous tribal population concentrated east classical languages india official language tamil hindi tribal languages spoken early close million state population labourers parts india gender democratic rise communist_party india state culminating chief government helped distribute land implement educational reforms tradition inheritance mother head household result women higher standing influence society common certain influential factor value placed daughters christian missionaries influenced women started schools girls poor families opportunities women education employment translate lower birth rate turn education employment likely accessible beneficial women creates upward spiral women children community passed future generations according human development report gender development index higher state india factors high rates female literacy education work participation life favourable sex ratio contributed sex ratio higher rest india state women men having opportunities education political participation keeping date current events reading religious texts etc tools translated equal rights women general attitude women restricted benefit state despite social progress gender influences social mobility human development index human development index comes high category highest country consumption based better developed countries comparatively higher spending government primary level education health care elimination poverty 19th century onward helped state maintain exceptionally high report prepared central government institute applied manpower research human development report prepared centre development studies phase inclusive development state advancement human development started aiding economic development state widely regarded state india according census highest literacy rate indian states life years highest india rural poverty rate fell overall urban rural rate fell 1970s 2000s fall overall poverty rate india rural urban poverty rates dropped respectively changes stem largely efforts begun late 19th century kingdoms boost social welfare focus maintained post independence government undergone demographic transition characteristic developed nations canada japan norway people age low total fertility rate lowest india christians muslims state regarded corrupt indian state according surveys conducted transparency international india today lowest homicide rate indian states respect female empowerment negative factors higher suicide rate lower share earned income child marriage complaints sexual harassment limited freedom reported highest conviction rate state lowest proportion homeless people rural india state attempting reach goal zero homeless state addition acclaimed zero project private organisations community funding projects building homes homeless state lowest india state hunger index complete digital state implementing governance initiatives healthcare considered states united_states pioneer implementing universal health care programme sub replacement fertility level infant mortality rate lower compared states estimated deaths live rate higher indian state rural urban people corresponding figures india respectively prevalence low birth weight higher world nations water borne diseases people rely million water wells issue worsened lack according study commissioned foundation singapore based organisation considered best place die india based state provision care patients illnesses united_nations children fund world health organisation designated world baby friendly state effective promotion breast feeding hospital delivered state lowest infant mortality rate country national family health survey ranks institutional delivery medical facilities endangered endemic modes traditional medicine including practised communities known native medicine men relation practice streams medical systems apart traditional comprise fusion medicinal alternative treatments state india offer free cancer treatment poor program called people experience elevated liver kidney diseases april economic times reported residents undergo treatment cancer reported approximately liver conducted region hospitals annually approximately cancer cases reported region annually believed private hospitals reporting figures long waiting lists kidney donations stimulated illegal trade human prompted establishment kidney federation india aims support financially patients religion comparison rest india experiences relatively little according census india figures residents muslims christians remaining follow religious affiliation constitute majority districts outnumbered muslims mythological legends origin hindu nature produced saints movements religious philosopher contributed propagated philosophy instrumental establishing religious figure composed collection verses praise hindu god krishna islam arrived arab traders seventh century muslims generally referred follow islam major muslim organisations ancient christian tradition says christianity reached shores arrival thomas jesus christ saint thomas christians include catholic catholic orthodox syrian syrian syrian syrian csi evangelical denominations origin latin catholic christians result missionary portuguese 16th century judaism reached 10th century time king solomon called jews jews oldest group jews india significant jewish community existed 20th century migrated israel oldest commonwealth considerable following district buddhism popular time great vanished 12th century certain hindu communities muslims north follow traditional system known practice ended years indian independence muslims christians hindu followed system owing system women enjoy high social status gender inequality low men women reportedly higher compared education school astronomy mathematics flourished 14th 16th centuries attempting solve astronomical problems school independently created number important mathematics concepts including series expansion functions following instructions wood states launched mass education drives support agencies mainly based communities introduced system grant aid attract private initiatives efforts leaders guru aiding socially state help community based organisations like service society muslim congregations christian churches led development mass education state india recognised completely state effective literacy rate time net elementary education balanced sexes social groups regions unlike states india state topped education development index major states india year according economic census conducted villages primary school kilometres middle school kilometres high school higher secondary school kilometres according census literacy compared national literacy rate january indian state achieve primary education literacy programme educational system prevailing state schools years streamlined lower primary upper primary secondary school stages pattern years schooling students typically higher secondary schooling major streams liberal arts commerce science completing required students general professional graduate programmes majority public schools affiliated state education board educational boards indian certificate secondary education central board secondary education national institute open schooling english language instruction self financing schools government government aided schools offer english cost education generally considered low according 61st round national sample survey capita spending education rural households reported twice national average survey revealed rural urban difference household expenditure education rest india culture culture composite cosmopolitan nature integral indian culture synthesis cultures defined antiquity organic continuity sustained people elaborated centuries contact neighbouring overseas cultures geographical rest country resulted development distinctive lifestyle art architecture language literature social institutions festivals celebrated state year calendar solar calendar started finds common usage planning agricultural religious activities festivals temples hold festivals specific days year common characteristic festivals holy flag brought final day festival deity festivals include best known elephants displays huge crowds major attractions known festivals temples afford usually involve richly elephant festivities idol temple taken procession countryside atop elephant procession visits homes temple people usually present rice offerings include traditional music harvest festival celebrated people reminiscent state past state festival public holidays days eve fourth day falls month august september marks commemoration subsequent homecoming king festivals celebrated cultural elements dance home number performance arts include classical dance forms originated developed temple theatres classical period patronage royal houses dance forms associated temple culture region traditional dance forms popular syrian christians popular latin christians popular muslims state music development classical music attributed contributions received traditional performance arts associated temple culture development indigenous classical music form illustrates rich contribution temple culture arts music dominates traditional music result genre 19th century based renditions known accompany performances including variants style music performed centered festivals form percussion ensemble artists use types percussion instrument visual arts range traditional murals works state renowned painter communities rich collections folk songs ballads associated variety themes northern ballads southern ballads boat songs muslim songs church songs cinema films carved niche indian film industry presentation social themes directors like john considerable contribution indian parallel cinema given birth numerous actors late actor holds world record having acted protagonist movies 1980s actors dominated movie industry won national awards best actor credit cinema produced notable personalities mentioned recipients award highest literary award india literature literature starts late medieval period includes notable writers 14th century poets 17th century poet works mark dawn modern language poetry noted contribution prose poets recognised moving poetry away archaic lyrical mode second half 20th century winning poets writers like valuable contributions modern literature later writers like roy gained international recognition cuisine cuisine multitude vegetarian non vegetarian dishes prepared fish meat cultivated characteristic cuisine rice dominant staple eaten times day majority breakfast foods rice form preparations pulse based accompanied chicken beef egg fish lunch dishes include rice vegetarian meal served banana leaf followed cup popular include banana chips chips include shrimp dishes large variety vegetarian non vegetarian ranging manga white lemon fish beef elephants elephants integral culture state home largest population elephants india indian elephants owned temples individuals elephants mainly employed displays associated festivals celebrated state festivals celebrated state annually animal lovers raised concerns elephants literature elephants referred sons elephant state animal featured emblem government media media telecommunications broadcasting cable services regulated regulatory authority india national family health survey conducted ranked state highest media exposure india dozens newspapers published major languages principally english widely circulated language newspapers daily major periodicals include india today weekly hindu read english language newspaper state followed new indian express include chronicle times_of_india dna economic times financial express state owned television broadcaster multi system operators provide mix english international channels cable television popular television channels news people yes news plus movies reporter news media television reality shows internet major sources entertainment information people version google news launched september people science movement taken root state activities writers increasingly common reliance idea major cell phone service providers internet services widely available state major satellite communications reliance communications idea according report january total number wireless phone subscribers million base million accounting telephone density unlike states urban rural divide visible respect mobile phone penetration sports 21st century native sports games disappeared art form performed local festivals including regarded mother martial arts world exception practised indigenous martial sport traditional sport boat_race especially race snake boats cricket football popular state introduced british colonial period 19th century like found places national cricket team cricket team won performed trophy cricket club played indian premier league fourth season team disbanded season conflicts interest franchises football widely played watched sports huge support club district level matches indian super league official team hosts football tournament major states india west produced national players like paul state football team won trophy times runners times prominent athletes state shiny wilson recipients award bobby george award winners angel mary joseph mercy award winners popular sport played makeshift courts sandy beaches coast jimmy george notable indian player rated prime world best players popular sports include basketball world cup india stadium chosen venues game hosted india tourism culture traditions coupled varied demographics state popular tourist destinations india national geographic traveller magazine named world destinations lifetime travel leisure described great trips 21st century overtook number travel destination google search trends india beaches lakes mountain ranges ancient ports palaces religious institutions wildlife major attractions domestic international tourists city ranks total number international domestic tourists early 1980s relatively unknown destination compared states country government declared tourism important industry state india marketing campaigns launched tourism development corporation government agency oversees tourism prospects state resulted growth tourism industry advertisements branded tagline god country tourism global brand regarded destinations highest recall attracted million tourists increase previous year making state fastest growing popular destinations world tourist crossed million mark tourism popular 1990s private agencies played notable role tandem initiatives tourism department known initiatives include bird watching programmes western major activities state tourism industry major contributor state economy growing rate revenue tourism increased fold crossed billion mark industry provides employment approximately million people asia largest world largest naval academy naval academy arch dam world second asia arch dam major beaches fort south india drive beach popular hill stations feet sea level known tea plantations variety flora fauna destinations include wildlife national parks tiger reserve wildlife sanctuary wildlife sanctuary bird sanctuary wildlife sanctuary wildlife sanctuary wildlife sanctuary national park silent valley national park popular extensive network rivers west flowing rivers lakes canals centre annual trophy boat_race held august palace palace notable heritage sites