march february czech american architect designed buildings washington metropolitan area died designed buildings worth billion work modernist style developed structures created site plan redevelopment virginia center anchored area economic recovery designed world building silver spring maryland sparked redevelopment town downtown plaza hotel washington buildings magazine considered people past years greatest impact way live forever altered look washington washington_post newspaper said hotel renovation projects area signal contribution feel look washington early life born czechoslovakia received degree architecture faculty architecture czech technical university graduation worked czech architecture firms designing office buildings father held strong anti communist beliefs decided flee czechoslovakia communist coup état february tried cross border american zone occupation allied occupied germany failed second attempt july succeeded emigrated united_kingdom october worked city gloucester county gloucestershire ministry works announcer czech language news service bbc encountered future wife london born prague daughter czech army officer brother later rescued imprisoned concentration camp nazi_germany world war couple emigrated united_states island february initially lived new_york_city arrived pockets married new_york_city august funds paying marriage license fee worked architectural firm sons city largest architectural firm noted designer office buildings year entered united_states_army worked army exhibit unit unit creates displays presentations army history organization culture public wife united_states citizens relocated washington later daughter briefly worked edward architectural firm career passed architectural exam established architects commissions built southern maryland medical center southern maryland hospital center clinton maryland major commission area pennsylvania avenue story building facade gold aluminum white marble united_states commission fine arts design approval authority private buildings adjacent federal buildings city objected facade submitted revised design utilized larger octagonal window designs marble ribs bronze aluminum accepted highly praised influential architect frederick pushing district architectural design forward years similar design created facade square south began construction november modernist glass wall building planned october connecticut avenue southwest corner connecticut avenue street instrumental helping virginia unincorporated area arlington county directly river georgetown neighborhood washington area bars shops small industry car lots land values significantly upward order advantage building boom believed coming arlington county county planners required site plans emphasized tall free standing buildings drafted site plan acre site proposed center area represented half total area architect center complex included story office building bank church civic auditorium located fort drive construction center approval site plan area led wholesale economic architectural redevelopment developed site plan area bounded wilson boulevard north arlington ridge road 19th street north north kent street included london house normandy house apartment complexes proposed constructing apartment complexes center area office buildings built instead london house opened january works 1960s numerous commissions came way 1960s jefferson building 19th street built story glass marble clad structure skyscraper city feature interior home palm restaurant december building exterior reflecting pool numerous replaced mundane garden short trees later year designed sister building street 19th street incorporated glass windows dark bronze panels dark brown aluminum chief architect world building georgia avenue silver spring maryland world building helped long silver spring downtown business district home long time home rated radio stations notable efforts story del ray building del ray avenue maryland bland office building clad grey brick received commission outside district_of_columbia immediate suburbs horizon house street baltimore maryland story apartment building rooftop pool ground floor retail area historic mount neighborhood march created design 31st street spare style red brick building non modernist structure designed initially proposed building glass floor exposed stone upper floors commission fine arts rejected design modern building lines commission approved design board refused approve changes board unhappy way intended conceal elevator air conditioning equipment roof rooftop building began construction march major office building constructed georgetown waterfront years construction began april building 17th street story office building square incorporated dark bronze panels windows 19th street building late 1960s best known designs january designed metropolitan region tallest office building story steel black glass clad building wisconsin avenue august freed family commissioned build story chatham apartments high rise medium income apartment building constructed story georgian style comprised acres buckingham historic district major residential structure story apartment building turned street opened october april construction began seven story massachusetts avenue modernist building broad horizontal grey brick glass structure home national air traffic controllers association national gay lesbian task force major office building 17th street time headquarters american psychological association opened october neo structure featuring repetitive polished concrete panels deeply rectangular windows high rise office buildings downtown business district portion connecticut avenue year story ross building known plaza richmond virginia opened high rise built city glass curtain wall building constructed city lead architect investor syndicate reservation associates designed new united_states department labor building 2nd street constitution avenue group proposed arrangement construct building lease federal government years donate government congress cutting construction funds interested build lease donate proposal refused appropriate funds structure eventually syndicate lost commission new building jointly designed firm brooks white firm white completed area output slowed late 1960s february bureau national affairs privately held publisher government news commissioned design story modernist building 25th street glass white concrete neo building stripped frame floors added joined existing new structure create luxury apartments october construction began design street west franklin square bland glass steel box underwent dollar renovation given facade finished grey concrete panels brown granite center portion building south east sides extended slightly outward break building twin giant story high non structural columns topped non structural building called franklin tower december designed new home motion picture association america street described bronze glass box enclosed bold screen tan concrete critic later called elegant good work construction began february building circle story office building vertical concrete ribs glass walls work designing plaza million scaled center complex hotels apartment buildings retail shops piers waterfront florida proposed project significantly delayed lawsuits local citizens costs began climb interest rates proposed development loans project cancelled sued lawyer businessman martin led legal challenges plaza million claiming legal harassment abuse judicial process supreme_court florida eventually ruled favor developers late parties settled court undisclosed sum said pleased settlement story office building planned downtown virginia built buildings important clients began completed construction time largest apartment building metropolitan area opened avenue chase maryland january assisted lady developer william breaking ground february west building plaza united_states postal service headquarters square feet largest private office building time washington months later headquarters 15th street secondary mortgage market packaging corporation opened works 1970s additional commissions important clients notable buildings continued 1970s construction designed square feet million plaza hotel office building began june july construction began story pink granite united_states fidelity company building baltimore largest building constructed united_states employ method continuously poured concrete building successfully sparked economic revival inner harbor opened remained tallest building baltimore years later considered baltimore landmark richard burns design collective said opinion tower mason best best office buildings downtown baltimore simple direct honest david wallace wallace roberts designed master site plan inner harbor declared inner harbor look boat point corner inner harbor signifying central business district meets waterfront construction started story street office building november summer completed site plan friendship heights acres site boundary district_of_columbia maryland border friendship heights friendship village plan contemplated high rise office buildings loop roadway site pedestrian multi story shopping intersection wisconsin avenue western avenue project built 1970s 1980s march american automobile association commissioned design story million headquarters group gatehouse road virginia months later air line pilots association began construction designed headquarters massachusetts avenue blocks northwest office building street philippine embassy march developer commissioned design glass modernist building street designed story building glass facade corner ground floor arcade march national bank washington city oldest banks commissioned new operations center connecticut avenue joined consortium prominent local architects design washington harbor complex buildings georgetown waterfront block long building complex contained luxury office space restaurants luxury retail space plaza large scale redevelopment georgetown waterfront city history end new_york_times reporting firm designed roughly half office buildings built district_of_columbia 1950s renovation hired help long historic hotel original hotel consisting joined built renovated enlarged henry current story structure erected competition modern hotels closed redevelopment pennsylvania avenue 1960s 1970s threatened repeatedly demolition national trust historic preservation paid study saving hotel hotel mixed structure office building owners charles robert earlier commissioned design modern office building site required demolition structure ultimately new_york_city architecture firm hardy associates hired lead hotel rehabilitation expansion firm pulled project executed concept overseeing work hotel reopening declaring design worthy genuine architectural distinction washington_post architectural critic benjamin noted responsible adding giant windows office complex marble office marble canopy columns restructuring diagonal courtyard original hotel office additions concluded lot details exquisite sequence elongated courtyard treat eye critic paul writing new_york declared renovation ingenious washington chapter american institute architects gave award excellence hotel design renovation 1970s projects february contributed high rise office building square brick glass structure glass aluminum connecticut avenue massive grid like north capitol street office buildings designed plaza wings opened june story international square building inverted setbacks west washington metro station ninth floor balcony non structural columns interior ground level set retail opened november originally single office building corner city block expanded occupy nearly entire block addition identical towers upgraded fountain added blocks west april designed fairly office building street helped design metropolitan square story hotel office building complex occupies entire block streets 14th 15th streets east street treasury building november developer oliver proposed tearing entire block occupied arts keith building metropolitan national bank building year old rhodes tavern years long legal political battle ensued historic fought buildings eventually agreed retain arts buildings facing 15th streets battle save entire rhodes tavern lasted involved city wide ballot initiative appeal supreme_court united_states preserve hired new_york_city firm charged designing ground floor retail entrances upper floors reflect mimic arts style retained building modern structure construction new building began late completed yards sports complex master site plan laid projected baseball football museums restaurants retail shopping buildings attempt economically depressed yards area downtown baltimore september commissioned design addition american security bank operations center massachusetts avenue national public radio purchased building sold black glass marble structure boston properties broadcaster new building north capitol street completed boston properties tore massachusetts avenue class office building erected place story virginia electric power company headquarters richmond opened known james river plaza march agreed design interior renovations east capitol street car barn year old barn 14th east capitol streets listed national_register_of_historic_places turning old industrial site million apartment complex renovation called striking participated redevelopment vermont avenue june buildings razed street construction vermont avenue commissioned chapter american medical association build modernist story office building vermont avenue month later construction began spring valley center luxury shopping restaurant office building located massachusetts avenue site old apex theater story post modernist brick structure received critic noted structure easy dislike clad brick encircled horizontal window bands scale domestically scaled neighbors walls minimalist detailing charming structure sold american university washington college law lengthy legal battle turned classrooms professors offices works 1980s 1980s saw major projects august ground broken story regency crystal city hotel jefferson davis highway adjacent story office building clark street crystal city neighborhood arlington virginia year construction began pentagon city pentagon city story twin office towers built rose associates prior construction fashion centre pentagon city pentagon centre mall southampton house lead architect capitol place acres million project southeast corner street new_jersey avenue project involved construction story office building headquarters american federation teachers hotel glass washington court hotel groundbreaking began december time office buildings integrated added construction completed black glass curtain walled union labor life insurance company headquarters massachusetts avenue commonly called building imposing black surface company sold building developer douglas partnered architect robert associates design street story office building story red brick facade ground light green glass dark green upper floors building highly praised washington_post deeply double wide entrance spectacular story lobby seven different kinds polished marble street won tucker award excellence stone industry prestigious award use stone building lobby interiors march commissioned design judiciary square story office building judiciary square metro station designed georgetown hotel street structure successfully large glass walls outside inside designed slip plaza seven building complex governor streets richmond virginia final works associates 12th largest architectural firm area personally worked projects 1990s john associate architect design architect record conversion gymnasium catholic university america edward center architectural studies washington chapter american institute architects presented merit award center architects extraordinary achievement architecture lead architect project working drawings building street working drawings massive block long new headquarters international finance corporation pennsylvania avenue projects story arts holiday inn plaza 14th street story post modernist drive baltimore baltimore story post modernist water tower water street association associates activities addition architectural work performed civic service wife highly active czech community united_states especially washington area president appointed member international board president richard_nixon appointed serve architectural advisory panel general services administration served consultant united_states department state security arrangements united_states foreign service housing europe asia nationally known authority draft construction documents commercial buildings multi millionaire architectural work investments later years death designed apartment buildings hotels office buildings shopping long career handful private residences actively continued architectural career office end january time passing designed buildings representing combined investment billion marriage ended divorce married died cancer february home arlington virginia design philosophy architectural philosophy described practical height buildings limited feet law cost land high buildings city built maximum size possible left architect apply said limited needs budgets clients falling design aesthetics van der work described restrained unnamed city planning official described work year defended work criticisms sterile repetitive dull good architecture fit fabric city functional inside economic sense wonderful building world going built money defended work oliver chairman giant real estate developer said good different architects time buildings clean architectural lines functional practical offered good work space period time perfect fit like mixing older smaller buildings designs place big buildings little buildings told washington_post critical architecture noted think georgetown architecture comment quote wish legacy auditorium edward center architectural studies catholic university america named honor contributions architectural design notable buildings american automobile association headquarters virginia international finance corporation headquarters international square plaza hotel motion picture association america headquarters building tower world bank annex


czech born november pennsylvania czech american architect born studied czech_republic working later united_states japan consul czechoslovakia japan year czech diplomacy closed occupation european country nazi_germany initial work american architects gilbert frank lloyd wright gave insight use concrete texture structure decade career studio practices new hope pennsylvania tokyo explored traditional japanese building techniques combined latest american building innovations applied principles wide range residential commercial religious institutional projects japan america india philippines british architect recognized fathers modern architecture japan czech lands born central czech_republic wife following death mother bankruptcy father shop family moved prague started gymnasium secondary school aimed technical practical sciences continued kind school prague entered czech institute studying jan completed studies leaving new_york_city united_states began year employment gilbert working number projects including external architectural details building austin company warehouse brooklyn experience gave insight structural properties concrete began studying painting independent school art lincoln square arcade building forced painting trip italy north_africa onset world war trip new_york met future wife business partner december influence mutual friend frank lloyd wright agreed employ employment frank lloyd wright initially worked frank lloyd wright spring green wisconsin enlisted united_states_army serving overseas american expeditionary force discharge army return new_york wright persuaded tokyo work imperial hotel remained wright chief assistant year soon bored work concerned design common japan climate traditions people culture whilst work gilbert showed great possibilities concrete wright concrete way preferring carved stone proposed continue working wright eventually dismissed january february year set american architectural engineering company tokyo japan inter war years tokyo women christian college commenced architecture seen heavily influenced wright low roof reminiscent wright prairie houses early work demonstrates interest czech work house destroyed great earthquake designed new house tokyo desire free wright influence led explore spatial relationships living working dining areas spaces closed folding screens house built entirely concrete workforce enthusiastic use new material walls traditional house metal tubular steel traditional rain chains interior advance houses international style use tubular steel furniture number staff changes practice renamed architect consul japan despite american citizen honorary consul republic representing government gave influence outside circles normally associated architect age designed american soviet french undertook work rising sun petroleum company designing earthquake proof employee houses general office building manager residence prototype service stations steel concrete constructed international modern style inspiration house interested work french architect acknowledged contribution ideas practice came returned years working paris office joined later applied ideas vernacular japanese architecture based residential scheme chile designed summer house rough masonry butterfly roof cedar design criticised american reviewer copy design surprised included photo volume assured bitterness slight mistake neglected send note published images tokyo house pretty way extract letter architecture design princeton architectural press admitted tokyo golf club relocated asked design links led residential commissions tokyo articles association forming new firm signed number japanese architects including long journey home america january son left tokyo bound america month journey took initially indian europe including trip prague office accepted commission design dormitory southeast india preliminary site visit george design completed envisioned dormitory completed months concerned noise construction decided building constructed residents initially czech architect worked russia trained engineer built scale model dormitory order test feasibility design laboratory construction methods duties included explicit detail drawings showing example design concrete donated brass melted door handles sought effects climate oriented dormitory known main faced north south use prevailing breeze combination exterior skin woven teak sliding doors permitted ventilation privacy building use today new hope experiment architectural practice united_states began purchase conversion farm studio new hope pennsylvania wife goal create physical intellectual environment mirrored supported approach modern design international style developments lessons learned japan craft tradition hoped lifestyle design create simpler tune nature similar set frank lloyd wright fellowship modified house create open plan feel separated japanese screens rooms filled objects art including designed designer developed aspiring architects come live study new hope attracted addition teaching practical design solutions hands work building trades farm work hay making contributed physical aspect students included farm visited people like students settled sought real world projects work theories practice projects included assortment houses extensions new_jersey connecticut long_island george family releasing japanese camp idaho come live new hope farm war years approach second world war moved new_york ending new hope experiment formed partnership civil engineer arthur structural engineer mechanical engineer clyde place country emphasis war effort company focused army contracts work included houses camp new_jersey camp new_york housing airport fort new_jersey asked design series middle class japanese style homes army test effectiveness ordnance specifically houses eventually erected proving ground nicknamed japanese village admitted autobiography proud work practice war practice place dissolved formed new company architect named company lasted death practised apart new_york office tokyo whilst explored pottery sculpture making friends pursued eventually distance projects united_states late 1940s allowed gain occupied japan helped restart building boom occupied japan war mainly achieved contacts previous practice new_york single story great river station long_island rail road expressed fondness inexpensive simple materials retaining walls flat roof supported corner post wide created modernist pavilion saint joseph worker joseph worker chapel city island philippines worked artist produce mosaic murals inside reinforced concrete church interior adorned colourful church acted social centre employees sugar cane church regarded examples modern sacred architecture country practice responsible number parks recreation buildings united_states late 1940s built largely commemorate victory war reader digest building petitioned general permission enter occupied japan order participate reconstruction process staff looked drawings documents office war decided reopen office received commission reader digest building wallace return japan wanted design best america offer site acquired building opposite gate imperial palace choice treated great resentment japanese felt shown occupation authorities allowing american company prominent site served better park taking influence responded criticism site inspired layout building set gardens sculptures japanese american sculptor long storey building double frame supported single row concrete columns columns vertical position floor ceiling second storey opened balcony running length building included technical innovations america including acoustic ceiling tiles electricity lighting considered large building managed use principles simplicity economy materials learned residential works cited design hiroshima peace museum external imitation reader digest building despite winning awards completed reader digest building demolished replaced floor building mixed office building designed years served headquarters newspaper experimentation tokyo purchased land district tokyo build new office living quarters office built traditional japanese post type construction timber logs office served proving ground latest american building innovations including suspended metal forced air heating taking influence traditional japanese module based size unit measure set building structure screens modern way divide spaces sought use design construction office platform inform prototype dwellings post war reconstruction japan began commission music centre house symphony orchestra respect historic site budget constraints designed building built premises economical structural system equality sight lines seat building low profile fly tower achieved aims series centimetres thick reinforced concrete ribs connected like spanning metres commissioned design catholic based university largest projects undertake campus north south axis rolling hills buildings arranged suit landscape concrete scheme building concrete form shells located east campus divine word seminary chapel building exploits plastic capacity concrete intersecting shells forming bell tower vertical slots allow light curved interior walls influence wife born cannes swiss french parents moved new_york later studied fine art philosophy columbia teachers college influenced painter educator arthur period training painter supported graphic work publications like new_york sun new_york herald moved interested design polished knowledge japanese crafts broker clients wife influence inter war years substantial encouraged break away wright rigid style explore design house increased interest japanese art philosophy including prints introduced influential people including mystic philosopher expanded design repertoire include furniture glass exhibited tokyo new_york chosen american designers like louis cover furniture designs contributed design studio series 1950s including villa legacy concrete ignored henry russell philip johnson celebration international style despite homecoming exhibition work staged center new_york chapter medal honor awarded years later feeling achievements received years later remains silent consensus field reluctant acknowledge excellence breathtaking scope architectural career wright left set office advertised specialist reinforced concrete aware properties gilbert structural ones wright benefits relation earthquake major independent project design school reinforced concrete buildings tokyo concrete form decorative elements building window partially successful experiment wooden imprint texture concrete chose cover house labourers skilled use wood helped texture cedar concrete explored houses concrete walls luxurious interiors textures studio polished concrete sand straw reveal texture aggregate whilst university south facing cast patterns applied casting abstract shadows surface techniques japanese architectural editor architectural magazine remarked doubtful concrete handled pains japan idea exposed concrete surface fit japanese ideas post war architects like famous use exposed concrete use traditional post beam structure concrete house technique adopted post war japanese architects work dormitory concrete structure deep adapt specific climatic conditions building pioneered use reinforced concrete india technique exposing concrete surfaces come seen typically japanese time important note entailed exposed surface covering white tiles died mary hospital pennsylvania october aged wife died years later aged architectural design office continues practice tokyo selected works house tokyo university main building tokyo residence embassy villa villa tokyo golf club summer house house tokyo house tokyo farm new hope building buffalo new_york interior joseph worker church city philippines house studio reader digest offices tokyo house tokyo church tokyo steel gymnasium head offices church tokyo villa golf club michael church new studio paul church paul chapel junior senior high school campus university campus chapel lecture hall boys primary school tokyo awards architectural institute japan award reader digest building medal honor new_york chapter american institute architects honor award american institute architects steel worker union memorial hall award merit order merit rising sun emperor design award architectural institute japan design university publications work japan published tokyo architectural details published international architectural association tokyo works architectural association journal japanese architecture collection writings lectures published tokyo autobiography published japanese tokyo autobiography published charles company vermont tokyo japan


coffin coffin september february american women work professional landscape architect famous designing numerous gardens members east_coast elite connections mother family child received formal education home living mother relatives upstate new_york coffin determined embark career despite social problems cause woman class enrolled massachusetts institute technology studied women architecture landscape design graduating coffin unable find work established architectural firms widespread prejudice woman working male dominated field set practice new_york_city starting designing suburban gardens long_island increasing fame led larger commissions wealthy powerful east_coast families 1920s sought landscape architects eastern united_states coffin included wealthiest famous families country including number commissions greatly reduced onset great depression continued working death age career worked commissions including dozens major estate gardens notable creations gardens gibraltar wilmington delaware campus plan university delaware gardens estate state historic park delaware early life coffin born wealthy upper class family new_york grew father death complications malaria seven childhood years coffin mother lived relatives geneva new_york found beautiful scenery area set finger lakes upper new_york state inspiration later wrote small girl loved country gardens growing things experience simply great outdoor world little money life alice upper class relatives gave aristocratic upbringing introduced high society east_coast enabled social connections extremely valuable later life received formal education caused significant problems college years instead home enjoyed benefits exposure fine art music accomplished horse rider relatively impoverished member upper class coffin independent income faced choice finding rich husband taking professional career chose despite fact noted martha early female landscape architect considered social suicide distinctly suicide woman enter profession find creative role recognized difficulties faced later wrote secretly idea great artist dream way possible realization desire create beauty strong possess talent music writing painting sculpture time outlet woman express artistic ability artistic lay realized necessary earn living studies massachusetts institute technology architect friend suggested like try landscape term time landscape architecture field jones female pioneer 1890s coffin influenced uncle benjamin church worked frederick law creation central park new_york_city women time looking traditional female careers school teacher nurse office clerk relatively educational institutions admitted study male dominated fields architecture exceptions massachusetts institute technology mit begun admitting women years establishment coffin applied initially refused entry qualified meet admission requirements lack formal education key faculty members sympathetic encouraged undertook intensive tuition mathematics enrolled mit special student women enrolled architecture course studying landscape architecture women course female members strong student body coffin took range architectural courses including studying engineering physics mechanical drafting drawing addition architectural landscape design studied charles arnold formative influences mit guy director landscape design program advocate classical values balance order proportion harmony taught french des arts best known book american gardens published influenced landscape architects adopt principles design symmetrical gardens combined architectural features classical garden ornaments vegetation following tradition italian major influence charles followed italian tradition treating house gardens entities designed series indoor outdoor rooms book italian gardens major influence coffin designs elements work recognised gardens executed gibraltar gardens wilmington delaware course spent summer abroad studying landscape design france italy going field trips study estates boston area including designed particularly excelled friends fellow student henry francis later collaborated design gardens delaware coffin college years nonetheless long grind described seemingly long routine hard work relieved summer abroad women program maintained friendly competition male students said prove students competitors association types boys men found helpful fine spirit drafting room helping hand given critical moment steel oneself hear severe criticism valuable early career graduated travelled europe mother visiting known gardens staying family friends way met henry james influential british garden designer major influence coffin subsequent work returning america coffin found strongly male dominated architectural firms unwilling employ woman later wrote expected world welcome newly fledged landscape artists people know idea taking woman office dear young lady supervising work ground meaning laborers constant thing hang moved new_york_city mother took rooms national arts club park manhattan coffin set office national arts club began taking commissions family connections find work situated height country place era wealthy east_coast americans eager develop elaborate european style gardens estates coffin connected circles widely traveled came good family professionally trained known good taste joined american society landscape architects female members time coffin jobs design small flower gardens suburban garden designed edward queens noted original design situated modest lot measuring feet feet typical new suburban developments built long_island time years later wrote garden country life america discussed book small place landscape architecture coffin argued moderately create maintain substantial elaborate garden modest expenditure comparable mid range car promoted idea lot good design certainly create magnificent view plan plant beautiful screens backgrounds interesting seasons year easily able construct picturesque diversity ground level plant height variety flower groups fame grew coffin gained opportunity design principles practice larger scale practice grown large need assistant moved office larger premises lexington avenue took james architect associate key coffin practice working large scale tasks overseeing work ground turn opened new opportunities new larger commissions coffin insisted paid fees male architect treated equally contracts novelty time women usually paid men liked employ women work commissions giving chance undertake male prejudice denied started career inter war career coffin significant commissions period design garden william marshall estate kentucky probably recommendation henry commission led similar commissions nearby designed gardens alfred southampton new_york friend elizabeth norfolk connecticut relative hugh sharp gave best known commissions creation gardens gibraltar estate wilmington delaware designed arts style series rooms parallel layout mansion strongly geometric layout planted style reminiscent informal english garden numerous architectural decorative elements statues hand forged iron gates provide additional ornamentation coffin attempts find business midwest thwarted established presence notable landscape architects chicago short commissions despite failure success recognized elected fellow american society landscape architects 1920s sought east_coast landscape architects work widely featured popular magazines professional journals coffin overt marketing strategy sought reach wealthy powerful women important readership publications garden club america bulletin coffin commissioned america leading landscape photographers photographs creations promoted work slide lectures marketing highly successful led steady stream commissions commissions carried years end world war start great depression took major projects including designing landscape university delaware campus recommendation sharp chaired college buildings grounds committee coffin appointed university delaware landscape architect position required coffin unite university separate campuses delaware college north delaware women college south cohesive design challenge linear mall design alignment coffin solved problem linking circle instead curving straight paths university library faces circle today rendered pedestrian major projects included gardens estate hills long_island post estate known nearby long_island university post campus huge estate state historic park behalf marshall field iii projects carried late 1920s connecticut joseph morgan wing new_york led awarded gold medal honor architectural league new_york coffin fell ill hip infection forced physical activity required lengthy stay hospital moved newly acquired house new haven connecticut continued maintain office new_york daily coffin entertained guests new haven recruited connecticut new clients holding cocktail parties musical events garden laid site garden parties summer months preferred company young architects artists musicians writers took dislike occasion asked books read later career death coffin designs distinguished use dramatic contrasts color inclusion woodland site unity effective transition spaces especially noted ability effectively incorporate functional areas tennis courts putting ornamental areas willingness particularly sought designer clients came value adventurous approach landscape architecture practice idea forward garden manifestation distinctive expression personality 1920s views fashionable gardens seen vehicle expressing private self coffin theories principles seen practice famous creation harry gardens estate work gardens began biggest commission career timed wall street crash wiped fortunes clients brought end era commissioning elaborate gardens large country estates coffin somewhat better luck investments enormous fortune family worst great depression permitting work continue money investments fees commission coffin able maintain homes maid despite general economic decline depression meant large commissions far rest career coffin smaller compensated commissions suburban gardens took writing produced books trees shrubs landscape effects seeing eye completed published manuscript lost died second world war carried commissions continued working 1950s designed new_york botanical garden travelled extensively europe south_america late 1940s early 1950s awarded honorary doctorate letters william smith colleges geneva new_york february died home new haven fulfilling martha prediction having career suicide woman class coffin married children papers architectural plans photographs gardens preserved museum country estate


thomas harrison architect thomas harrison august baptised march english architect bridge engineer trained rome studied classical architecture returning england won competition design bridge lancaster moving lancaster worked local buildings received commissions bridges designed country houses scotland harrison asked design new buildings grounds lancaster chester castles projects occupied works sites created accommodation prisoners law courts hall working public buildings gentlemen clubs churches houses monuments final major commission design bridge chester harrison designs including buildings lancaster castle gothic style particularly chester castle regarded time major influence emergence greek revival british architecture bridge designed start career end career incorporated innovative features bridge substantial bridge england flat roadway bridge longest single arched masonry bridge world time construction harrison structures survived designated english_heritage listed buildings despite work nationally admired spent entire career northwest england visiting london occasionally buildings lancashire nearby counties early life training thomas harrison born richmond yorkshire england son named thomas precise date birth known likely baptised august little known early life attended richmond grammar school presumed worked father sponsored local landowner sir lawrence hall join george later landscape painter study rome studied san seven years rome activities drawings roman structures including temples column harrison submitted design pope converting vatican del museum antique statues favourably received end adopted years later entered competition plan del design unsuccessful exhibited royal academy following failure design accepted petitioned pope awarded gold silver medals commissioned pope alter peter pope died work started harrison returned england probably france drawings buildings paris produced designs bridge road london accepted returned richmond works bridges major works executed harrison start end career bridges bridge lancaster bridge chester incorporated innovative features won prize competition design bridge cross river lancaster replace medieval bridge amendments design foundation stone laid june bridge completed september cost equivalent bridge carried elliptical arches england flat road surface harrison subsequently received commissions bridges including mary bridge derby bridge near bridge followed smaller bridges lancashire appointed unofficially bridge master lancashire having carried duties country surveyor officially appointed post harrison later bridges included bridge bridge near holmes chapel bridges designed built timber stone replaced bridges type built england bridges regarded failures career harrison consulted design bridges country end career harrison worked bridges chester time road crossing river medieval old bridge inadequate increasing volume traffic harrison added new arches upstream bridge built upstream negotiations underway substantial bridge act parliament passed bridge built downstream old bridge provide access new bridge properties including church demolished harrison involved designing new approach bridge named street prepared different plans bridge iron stone stone bridges arches single arch spanning feet single arch bridge longest single arch stone bridge world time doubts stability harrison design supported engineers james john limestone model bridge confirm stability time harrison aged resigned commission later year design thomas town council subsequently accepted design charge construction clerk works foundation stone laid earl family bridge named work began following year formally opened future queen_victoria traffic began cross following year total cost bridge equivalent harrison live completed died lancaster chester castles time harrison involved construction bridge received commissions work lancaster included addition clock tower town hall addition tower john church building bridge houses east bridge october harrison asked prepare plans substantial improvements lancaster castle january year won competition major improvements chester castle worked projects simultaneously years chester added new buildings projects designed buildings prisoners prison staff hall towns national later 18th century improve following campaigns led john howard reforms separation men women criminals incorporated harrison designs lancaster harrison create overall plan work site series plans different buildings prepared building works continued new buildings placed existing medieval castle buildings including towers gatehouse harrison decided design gothic motifs windows pointed heads construction started building completed keeper house standing right gatehouse substantial building completed female prison gatehouse designed arcade south shelter walked round courtyard later added storeys provide accommodation completed male prison north buildings improvements cost equivalent expected harrison moved lancaster chester continued supervise work sites lancaster work included rebuilding crown court hall time crown court held medieval hall castle civil cases held hall new buildings form symmetrical group west completed internal decoration finished years later joseph crown court simple rectangular room measuring feet feet high wide hall plan half feet diameter gothic columns support vault covering main courtroom perimeter arcade judge bench elaborate canopy stone precise cost buildings unknown estimate equivalent given chester contrast lancaster harrison able prepare organised plan built new site hall land sloping river contrast lancaster buildings style house stand hall overlooking exercise inside semi octagonal perimeter wall site stand storey blocks house prisoners site november necessary act parliament passed following july work started prisoners accommodation early house early completed years later plans place new hall replace building completed hall structure harrison innovations case use greek architectural motifs façade feet long feet high nineteen bays storeys centre style columns projecting forwards feet interior contains semi circular courtroom diameter feet curved wall columns judge bench similar columns room semi dome addition courts chester castle housed garrison soldiers hall formed parade ground garrison harrison designed new buildings soldiers west parade ground built east matching block buildings act barracks blocks consists storey building bays fronts decorated half columns feet high harrison final building complex monumental gateway entrance consists central block lateral originally served central block extending feet double columns standing feet high low attic lower central block decorated half columns project feet central block columns structure built contains columns gentlemen clubs public buildings gentlemen club designed harrison liverpool contained coffee house new premises liverpool library building liverpool incorporate greek motifs design includes earliest england exterior includes columns inside building library circular room feet diameter lit dome coffee room measure feet feet club built cost equivalent building commenced manchester library incorporated gentlemen club introduced greek motifs city like liverpool club contains columns half columns interior measures feet feet ground floor library books arranged gallery lit dome building completed cost equivalent gentlemen club commercial news room chester half columns main measures feet feet opened smaller club costing equivalent gentlemen clubs existence major buildings harrison designed manchester survived theatre royal built cost equivalent seat people destroyed fire harrison designed manchester exchange replace earlier building purpose contained library dining room post office exchange built semi circular decorated half columns superseded larger building domestic related structures harrison working lancaster chester castles involved domestic projects edinburgh scotland consisted making alterations house 7th earl evidence designed grounds house definite commission led personal contacts work build house near demolished sir thomas harrison major house extensions house near thomas bruce 7th earl finally scotland harrison prepared plans new house house near edinburgh banker sir william forbes following harrison credited design park hall near lancaster charles gibson house built harrison series plans rebuilding hall accepted successful plans house north wales lord executed cost equivalent harrison converted rooms west floor house near picture gallery sir john leicester followed series new houses hall near edge north wales hills house chester grove house near liverpool harrison designed house corner site street chester largest private houses town entrance house corner leading circular lobby square entrance hall lit dome harrison commission country house design lodge near village supported columns time harrison designing alterations east wing castle north wales late commissioned work near hill 1st hill involved alterations house addition new dining room request owner gothic style house demolished harrison built house martin lodge nicholas street chester consists simple villa work private client hill building called citadel park built house mother appearance small castle circular towers ecclesiastical buildings small proportion harrison work churches faced south peter church chester carried alterations church redesigned nave john baptist church badly damaged storm design new church methodist church john street chester built design exterior internal decoration fittings planned main contractor william cole church altered came commission described doubt harrison best work church rebuild church lady saint nicholas liverpool earlier year medieval tower collapsed destroying tower process work completed cost equivalent height feet buttresses rising tower open work supported flying buttresses harrison designed ceiling paul church liverpool demolished chapel built harrison design west hall high replace earlier chapel simple building burnt fabric incorporated new church site john church right george law bishop chester asked harrison carry work south chester cathedral showing signs instability work involved building deep buttresses south end giving attention works harrison designed variety structures important replacement chester suggestion earl mayor city carried city walls medieval entrances city replaced 18th century earl wanted structure designed gothic style harrison advised fitting adjacent roman walls debate accepted gateway consists arches wide central arch vehicles narrower arches pedestrians incorporating pairs columns harrison designed north wales built internal alterations chester exchange harrison consulted college oxford improvements new building block college built alterations plans new building adopted additions cost equivalent harrison involved building series monuments commission design jubilee tower summit highest point range north wales celebrate golden jubilee george iii consisted stages broad base collapsed base viewing platform design lord hill column attributed harrison incorrect architect edward harrison alterations design changing style column adding pedestal statues lions harrison supervise construction harrison designed column commemorate feats henry 1st constructed cost nearly equivalent memorial ceremonial gateway commemorate landing george consists columns cost equivalent opened personal life harrison married margaret lancaster couple children survived childhood son john died daughters harrison died aged home martin lodge chester buried churchyard church chester remains moved cemetery churchyard cleared estate amounted equivalent present day additional arch added bridge allow passage little north western railway closed beneath bridge continues heavy traffic survey concluded bridge strong carry vehicles times weight heaviest vehicles time built bridge remains use carrying road river longest single span masonry bridge britain smaller bridges structures designed harrison designated listed buildings english_heritage historic scotland buildings completely designed altered listed highest levels grade england wales category scotland grade includes buildings exceptional interest considered internationally important listed buildings grade category consists buildings national international importance architectural historic fine little altered examples particular period style building type includes scottish listed buildings structures chester bridge scotland house house lancaster castle listed grade chester castle harrison buildings listed separately grade main block containing hall blocks flanking number harrison structures england wales listed grade middle grade particularly important buildings special interest listed buildings grade include bridge bridge houses lancaster mary bridge derby park hall liverpool library manchester column house chester citadel park harrison fine innovative designer bridges evidenced continuing successful use modern heavy traffic bridges mary bridge derby architect editors volume buildings england series describe important architects harrison biographer arthur said architectural genius kingdom designs style created buildings gothic style example lancaster castle considered main influences greek revival architecture late 18th early 19th centuries architectural historian describes english architect grasp potential greek revival david says finest architects revived forms greek architecture hall chester castle says monument greek revival writing harrison designs chester castle says harrison achieved powerful monuments greek revival england harrison spent career northwest england houses scotland work oxford works confined lancashire north wales member royal academy london based institution rare visitor london practice established charles later president royal institute british architects said undoubtedly genius architecture


edward edward january december english architect town architectural known designing number modernist housing estates london achieved work restoring red house arts crafts building southeast london designed william morris philip born west london served royal marines second world war embarking career architecture involved communist_party great_britain leftist groups socialist beliefs led work public sector miners welfare commission london county council involved design construction modernist post war housing estates green estate estate estate family moved red house embarking projects restore great fan house original involved early activities william morris society held number meetings property awarded career worked director architecture planning development london borough moving work london development corporation continued restoring red house later life opening visitors establishing friends red house charity guardian described architect 20th century public servant believed high quality architecture existence public realm public architecture civic design biography early life born parental home avenue west london oldest sons born née kingdom edward thomas police constable primary education took place peter church school won scholarship study junior technical school gained higher education training architecture nearby school arts crafts 1930s college inspired arts crafts aesthetic waters came interest william morris pioneer arts crafts movement 19th century time influenced modernist movement architecture favourite arthur alex belonged joined modern architectural research group mars following completion studies moved lancashire assist project building royal ordnance factory number returning london work housing design metropolitan borough married parker old friend worked clerk like member communist_party great_britain wedding took place michael church middlesex moved peter square went daughters son august britain involvement world war called serve british armed forces assigned royal marine engineers served conflict ceylon architectural career like architects generation following british victory pursued career local authority offices worked architect miners welfare commission position designing extension yorkshire gaining qualifications royal institute british architects proceeded year evening course town planning run william arthur school architecture london worked martin senior architect architects department london county council period oversaw design neighbouring schools north known phoenix school unsuccessfully tried school named morris involved design construction modernist high rise post war housing estates green estate estate personally securing sculpture henry moore final years position focused estates south london working estate designs borough architect metropolitan borough january moved borough architect metropolitan borough following reorganisation greater london remained position successor london borough rose position borough director architecture planning development held position oversaw construction high rise housing towers alongside innovative low rise development gardens high density scheme central hill project combined construction new housing conservation old particularly manor street awarded order british_empire work architecture early 1980s increasingly unhappy position result conflict certain local labour_party politicians sought different employment amid growing neo liberal economic changes brought margaret moved private sector work london development corporation retired took role europe largest urban regeneration project proposing mix redevelopment conservation existing buildings mixed method create design guide regeneration isle dogs position campaigned light railway oversaw exterior refurbishment george east course career served boards professional bodies english_heritage historic buildings council royal institute british architects red house early 1950s living peter square friends dick mary born london richard dick largely self taught architect met befriended edward war gaining employment alongside wife mary née austrian born berlin germany grandfather jewish fled austria annexed nazi_germany couples involved left wing political activism members campaign nuclear british soviet friendship society sympathetic far left political causes morris devoted later life couples discovered red house sale architects interest morris recognised historic value point red house months thomas hills family left fallen state deciding share property able afford mortgage aid loan father law agreed provide loan house owned tenants families moved children seventh born soon camped house grounds carrying project renovation families divided house separate living rooms corridors stairs old kitchen termed eating room shared result leftist activism allowed meetings british soviet friendship society place house permitted members folk camp grounds inaugural meeting william morris society took place house people present architect david gregory jones moved rooms adjoining gallery left red house moved live closer central london replaced jean david jean architect colleague edward shared socialist values david ownership arrangements agreed legally half property jones remained couples repairs house repaired leaking roof added morris furniture heal william morris society held garden party commemorate building centenary left assumed sole ownership house left communist_party following warsaw pact invasion czechoslovakia remained committed leftist ideals involved number local socio political groups including local branch labour_party wife founding member civic society retirement decided open red house visitors offering guided tours sunday month number attending tours grew especially centenary morris death began search way securing future public access helped establish friends red house group individuals largely members civic society helped maintain house gardens tours visitors authored books red house red house home william morris published press series architecture detail second short guide book visitors written published william morris society death died suddenly result heart disease red house december owner die residence funeral held january secular service conducted barbara friends red house took public openings point amid ill health left red house moved care home died april aid anonymous house purchased gifted national trust turned visitor attraction tours continuing organised friends red house


austin lists works practice phases lists works austin austin architects practised lancaster lancashire england working partnership names practice went names life edward graham practised james austin henry anderson son edward usually known harry brief period austin son firm commissions mainly buildings lancashire yorkshire west north wales practice specialised work churches design new churches restoring older churches making additions alterations designed country houses alterations existing houses churches designed gothic revival style earliest churches designed later practice gothic revival style practice initially early english particularly decorated features introduced perpendicular elements perpendicular dominant style practice following arrival austin degree firm regarded regional leader use style practice greater variety styles working country houses including elements gothic features incorporated end 19th century similar works produced aesthetic arts crafts movements firm work large scale major architectural practice north west england undertook work schools hospitals factories hotels shops railway stations war memorials history works life practice title varied according names architects ran individually partnership history practice works produced stage described titles practice periods practice worked title austin relevant dates added established architectural practice mother house penny street lancaster late received formal training architecture gaining knowledge studying drawing buildings tour germany france moved office sun street year edward aged joined pupil following year moved office time gate earliest commissions churches mark quickly followed church designed small holy trinity john larger churches followed including christ church largest church holy trinity commissioners church called partly financed grant church building commissioners designed commissioner churches including george early 1840s gained commission trustees navigation build churches route employees designing 31st church including long hoped commission 13th earl derby design mary persuaded future brother law john owner experiment use structure churches decoration structure church foundations rubble churches resulting project stephen bridge holy trinity nicknamed pot churches addition edward took pupils later established architectural practices thomas austin joined left set practice newcastle pupil john douglas created successful practice chester architectural works limited churches practice confined architecture important architectural work domestic field hall designed house governor appointed architect called county asylum later lancaster hospital addition carrying minor repairs added chapel additional wings residents duties post included work lancaster castle judges business interests field engineering appointed south role cared roads bridges north lancashire including building new bridges involved development railways region initially designing bridges lancaster preston junction railway west_coast main line involved civic life lancaster having elected councillor appointed partner took increasing interest activities outside practice responsible work practice certainly carrying independent commissions year marriage youngest sister formally withdrew practice continued known major architect practising area preston took commissions sizes types like major designs churches designed rebuilt new churches church_of_england small number roman catholics earlier churches patrick preston patrick anne christ church secular work undertaken period castle including expansive symmetrical frontage commission conversion manor house close ruins abbey abbey hotel starting secular commissions time north western hotel work school carried work school including chapel east range designed new schools including royal grammar school lancaster village schools main domestic works rebuilding hall smaller house varies commissions included restoration music hall settle cemetery buildings lancaster rapid growth town construction railway following discovery deposits iron ore development industries iron raw material resulted commissions practice population doubled doubled decade major figure development town railway james eventually managing director railway steel company company largest deposits iron ore discovered henry land owned william time 2nd earl played industry men commissioned practice design variety buildings addition designed country house abbot wood large complex building gothic tudor features continued work offices gate resignation moved offices castle hill practice remained rest existence 1850s designed peter lancaster roman_catholic_church later lancaster cathedral regarded independent church architect agree calling church northwest feet high chef 1860s began design churches bare brick interior walls walls earliest peter high victorian style popular played little designs elaborate decorative features principal blatant features style decade arrival austin designed churches industrial towns lancashire largest james rebuilding peter church northwest tower rising feet considered great independent church project refer formidable new church secular commissions period included restoration medieval tower castle buildings lancaster carriage wagon works largest building designed practice royal albert asylum later renamed royal albert hospital lancaster gothic revival style shaped plan central french type tower pitched roof flanked designed stations railway starting strand station probably designed station sands overlooking town designed hotel austin january austin joined practice partner half brother thomas austin pupil austin worked years office george gilbert scott joined lancaster practice designed christ church kent following arrival work practice continued ecclesiastical secular commissions ecclesiastical works early large churches industrial areas lancashire built john describes partnership powerful churches consider john practice important church manchester followed rebuilding tower mary perpendicular style generally time similarly body saints church rebuilt perpendicular style practice designing new churches rebuilding old churches villages countryside small larger impressive peter peter partners built new church wales mary followed estate church john south rebuilding old parish church mary designed urban churches varying sizes styles industrial towns lancashire john scotland mission chapel north yorkshire railway town notable lancashire urban churches matthew james hill liverpool described best victorian churches liverpool michael angels howe bridge considered austin churches john baptist says monumental austin best tower mighty bridge built churches described remarkable souls redundant demolished james hill considered performance relatively little cash peter described austin radical thrilling churches rapidly growing built smaller churches common design dedicated partnership submitted plans new anglican cathedral liverpool plan placed failed round competition event project abandoned cathedral built later different site secular works town continuing grow resulted commissions practice order deal opened sub office town run john harrison continued exist late 1880s major commission town design mill james secular buildings included banks cemetery buildings including large gateway large blocks schools meeting halls school art railway designed stations goods sheds workers cottages probably circular water tower partners involved work large country houses important commission build new wing hall replace wing severely damaged fire largest project undertaken partners major country house commission restoration tower sir henry work country houses included building house adding extension hall making extensions hall hall hall hall new houses included oak henry demolished hall house major work country house castle following severe damage fire practice continued design new schools 1870s began design new buildings school creating association school produce commissions remaining life practice austin edward son henry usually known harry partner practice continued work ecclesiastical secular commissions new churches built villages towns older churches restored altered new country church resulting partnership church good shepherd describe 1890s golden decade firm country churches mainly perpendicular style rounded arches followed peter field perpendicular style smaller churches mary perpendicular mission church seating point 1890s prolific period new town churches start decade firm designed mary demolished john john redundant major town churches half 1890s include john christ church near liverpool time partnership produced church south england saints perpendicular building entirely characteristic firm built sandstone considered completely alien period saw finest church design executed practice george considered solely work austin describe largest expensive church practice built austin church splendid scale ecclesiastical project chapel royal albert asylum time work carried secular sphere new substantial country houses designed time largest plain square house major public buildings storey institute lancaster lancaster royal work carried school buildings including extensions lancaster royal grammar school christ church school lancaster new building school industrial art commercial buildings included shops lancaster cooperative society including large store middle lancaster austin edward died january age remaining partners continued practice title austin clear edward contributing work practice later years likely austin chief creative force church commissions continued particularly new churches church new country churches included mark luke john incorporated features practice designed saints john mark new town churches including john divine anne redundant thomas anne sea followed 20th century new churches including michael mary andrew margaret describe buildings partnership major urban churches michael angels preston described partners great masterpiece mary ecclesiastical works built school bees school church work dominated work practice secular commissions work country houses period commissions public buildings expansion storey institute public building designed partnership village institute commercial field firm designed workshops william earliest motor provinces practice continued carry work lancaster cooperative society designing numerous shops local area partners carried work schools particular school designed extension leeds grammar school college north wales school extra buildings bees school school clergy daughters school austin austin austin eldest son bernard studied architecture firm disagreement father left work architect brothers austin youngest son worked practice junior partner january practice known austin austin partnership short lived enlisted serve king royal lancaster regiment february saw active service world war leaving army return practice continue architectural career austin died march leaving harry sole principal practice continued known austin helped assistants continued work 1940s appointing partner continued work churches repairing restoring older churches designing new ones new churches include saints stephen cliffs luke stephen barbara thomas church john major source commissions following world war design war memorials monuments war memorials considered sufficiently notable designated grade listed buildings villages great sandstone form celtic cross constructed work continued carried leeds grammar schools royal lancaster practice continued active 1940s uncertain harry retired possible work carried assistants retirement practice certainly closed offices sold lancaster corporation records firm destroyed harry died april architectural styles churches style according style worked cheap started include gothic features accurately reflect features found medieval churches accurate correct representation influenced cambridge society later named society member introduced correct gothic features designs continued use rest career praised society design new michael described beautiful correct designs gothic revival style mainly reflecting features 13th early 14th centuries open roofs benches congregation stalls choir pulpit entrance chancel steps leading chancel designs largely decorated style occasionally introduce 15th century perpendicular features example rebuilding patrick preston patrick 1850s introduced favourite features window christ church james austin partnership architectural styles practice changed developed church architecture started introduce perpendicular features designs trend continue increase arrival austin partnership designs churches mainly gothic revival style arrival austin greater use perpendicular features practice national pioneers trend saying firm seen true pioneer rehabilitation perpendicular architecture exile quarter century early examples authors consider perpendicular revival north rebuilding bodies mary saints perpendicular stock trade style admired buildings years rolled continue use features early english decorated styles church new away gothic revival style norman norman transitional features occasionally mary peter identify potentially incompatible stylistic changes firm designs period describe greater times accompanied continental overtones examples restoration tower peter new church mary stylistic factor use ornate motifs taken aesthetic movement motifs pass muster arts crafts work features art present window saints gate piers outside george favourite feature austin carved inscriptions usually black latin english examples john christ church secular commissions practice variety styles new wing hall style additions hall hall detailing country houses house incorporate gothic features castle features late gothic styles motifs taken aesthetic movement found exterior interior new wing hall arts crafts movement interior castle patrons earliest commissions promoted older cousin vicar connections major figures church_of_england members aristocracy work came notice bishop chester john bird diocese time included lancashire member church building commission likely played involvement designing commissioners churches family connections led association family brewers possibly led commission series churches navigation hoped gain commissions earl derby successful design mary relationship practice developed major james henry resulted commissions buildings town railway practice organisation personalities office records destroyed detailed account office run partners related business matters man interests talents addition entrepreneur establishing practice lasted years railway engineer developer public figure pioneered reform lancaster accomplished musician edward took active civil life lancaster austin retiring personality concentrating work practice family time harry came run practice work available relatively comfortable financially able life town sporting interests church commissions came church_of_england particular low church sympathies commissions life practice churches low church middle road patrons consistent state generally lancashire possibly reaction strong presence catholicism county henry austin keen years practice design churches buildings catholics firm provincial architectural practice strict use term sited town distance major city output entirely located north west england particularly lancashire southern practice achieve national recognition especially later 19th century particular churches contemporary opinion practice given german architect critic present england commented english architecture architects book die england placed works austin par garner james brooks norman george gilbert scott junior particularly impressed peter lancaster village churches designed practice writing architectural historian said lancaster dynasty architects work county time outstanding work referring late victorian churches designed practice stated highest european standard years partners highest regard austin called genius saying responsible firm title introduction book entitled architecture austin practice like


colonel james anthony june february london based scottish architect brother british prime minister nephew career built family connections mother daughter wife noted daughter duke sister law princess daughter reigning queen_victoria initial work english scottish country houses won major commission field appointment surveyor estate london gave architectural control 1890s 1900s opportunity design buildings senior officer volunteer force london military matters factor appointment aide camp king edward vii somewhat withdrawn individual succumbed alcoholism fifties brought early death early life born house east youngest sons son james wife lady mary cecil daughter james cecil 2nd salisbury paternal grandfather james family fortune contractor supplying royal_navy india member parliament mother father conservative cabinet minister 1850s brother robert cecil 3rd lord salisbury times prime minister succeeded elder brother arthur educated trinity college cambridge graduated studied architecture designer college cambridge setting practice office road north home death lady campbell fifth daughter tenth children george campbell 8th duke couple met ball given london lord lady married soon john presbyterian church london father shocked respect mother died wedding modest formal meal honeymoon architecture years architectural practice consisted small projects family friends included restoration castle father law duke extension brother arthur hunting lodge house ross church mary hamlet church garden city originally known chapel built chapel ease parish uncle salisbury parish church began professional partnership hugh turner lasted death member society protection ancient buildings undergraduate days cambridge turner society secretary men engaged rebuild hall suffolk destroyed fire design restrained style major country house commission work scarce completion applied post surveyor 1st duke westminster estate succeed thomas unlikely selected direct approach duke uncle got job social standing appears significant factor appointment son law duke nephew wife sister law queen_victoria 4th daughter princess married oldest brother john strong sense social class later described 1st duke westminster having run estate today commercial lines brother wife lady elizabeth noted surveyor called duke professional role offered chair expected post involved lot design work able commissions wanted turner 1890s turner appear prolific designers private houses estate fellow royal institute british architects work included wholly redeveloped place known portugal street renamed architect supervised projects contracted designers duke favoured domestic revival style architecture particularly insisted red brick dwelling houses previously fashionable gothic laid strict architectural guidelines work turner designed house park lane ornate free standing stone mansion diamond magnate alfred replaced modernist apartment block designed notable work church davies street believed turner work regarded eccentric arts crafts style blending influences plain frontage interior gothic demolition planned dismissed purely personal record turner particular tastes building fact demolished instead dismantled reconstructed altered form avenue church parish describes genuinely recycled building held surveyor post succeeded second decade role significant death 1st duke brought estate bill death duties equivalent million resulting financial pressure meant little rebuilding occurred resumed influence diminished little affinity young hugh 2nd duke grandson 1st persuaded adopt rigid architectural policy volunteer joined volunteer force lieutenant lieutenant colonel command london scottish regiment volunteers began wider interest defence issues writing extensively subject conditions requirements volunteer force july second boer war offered raise thousand men fight considered early begin effort offer minister george ignored war office reacted angrily complaining volunteers expected fit service vigorously seeing eventually volunteers called fought war need 2nd duke westminster inherited estate prevented joining force travelled south_africa end remained command london scottish resigned protest financial controls prevented payments volunteers insufficient number raised troops end december awarded volunteer officers decoration despite differences government possibly king edward vii appointed january military aide camp volunteer forces personal life family children elizabeth campbell biographer uncle prime minister arthur later noted francis cecil campbell colonial governor 1920s campbell military secretary governor general canada joan eleanor campbell died catherine campbell died september accounts marriage widely hip left constant pain couple temperament interests france enthusiasm politics intellectual company contrasting husband lifelong passion shooting later interest military writes theirs particularly happy marriage confirms view noting memoirs autobiography write relationship wrote length brother arthur far preferred author joan cautious noting crucial sources unavailable destroyed letters records support husband sister alice repeatedly challenged drinking death drinking problem health began deteriorate seriously december returned died aged february surrounded family die relatively young cecil francis having killed accidents early 1880s buried parents grandparents survived years buried alongside member like club london described large man best


louis smith louis smith april september architect educator south_australia born adelaide inner southern suburb interested engineering architecture western_australia later studied mechanical engineering school mines serving architect edward davies graduating accepted position lecturer school responsible developing formal architecture course state served school leaving join long time friend walter architectural firm woods remained firm death years involved number significant projects including south australian national war memorial original australian mutual building king william street teaching professional duties smith member south australian institute architects federal council australian institute architects australian institute architects numerous committees advising state government formation state building act architects act life smith received number awards honours including life fellowship royal australian institute architects royal institute british architects royal australian institute architects gold medal named companion order michael george today architectural school founded university south_australia bears louis smith school architecture early life education louis smith born joseph annie smith april south_australia parents emigrated australia father post chemist appears joseph smith found liking went gain qualifications field australian college smith primary secondary education obtained nearby way colleges education interrupted parents decided western_australia according smith interested machinery parents decided direct architecture nearest thing white collar engineering work think period returning adelaide smith parents intended study architecture university adelaide courses available time result smith undertook complete mechanical engineering course time school mines order pursue interest architecture edward davies proved excellent student winning scholarships second years person finish course years completed davies admitted associate south australian institute architects ongoing impact depression finding work difficult spite found employment initially later john bruce graduating school mines smith continued studies university adelaide completing bachelor science surrendered bachelor engineering teaching career smith invited lecture mechanical engineering school mines position page states smith delighted accept elected school continued post time ran school time smith involvement school end took associated school died working school smith initiated classes architecture gathering group colleagues instructed field approached council school mines smith teamed walter develop new architecture course result year time associate diploma students expected professional architects order gain practical experience field course regarded sufficient quality place students rank architectural students parts world school mines longer exists school architecture founded smith university south_australia louis smith school architecture building borne founder architectural career leaving time position school mines smith acted stand walter architectural firm woods overseas edward woods died years later smith partner newly named woods smith smith remain firm death smith friendship walter spanned years prior partnership respective working methods different unlikely partners notorious attention gave minor details designs smith described happy develop sketch pass work noted represent lack attention designs tiny neat detail spite differences respective strengths tended balance design smith brought engineer knowledge partnership works smith major work woods refurbishment national bank building king william street graduated work number notable buildings south_australia interstate firm general smith particular designs point page reports smith took compliment description works striped pants particularly evident work university adelaide firm served architects university adelaide university result included number buildings designed smith georgian revival style including original heritage listed student union building main building agricultural research institute heritage listed described great english country houses similarly smith applied traditional designs number ecclesiastical projects include anglican church north adelaide heritage listed example gothic revival architecture chapel dominican college cumberland park background engineering good use number projects particular john store street mall constructed raising floor building hydraulic building new floors underneath remainder store continued operate normally smith buildings australian mutual building king william street adelaide state feature air conditioning considered innovative addition works smith include facade cafe mall heritage listed innovative building envelope independent internal structure general hospital park developed smith sketch plans produced melbourne firm turner south australian national war memorial structure represents collaboration smith walter sydney based sculptor walter produced original design architectural competition design deemed unsuitable entries destroyed fire late year smith working artist able design largely memory order enter subsequent competition built work making memorial scope proved sufficient firm awarded commission professional activities associations smith continued involved teaching architectural design involved professional organisations committees admitted south australian institute architects associate fellow elected council served terms president smith served council years smith played significant role formation national body architects founding member federal council australian institute architects proposed officially formed served step formation national body served president body royal australian institute architects formed known australian institute architects served councillor years president institute addition role councils smith adviser development state building act largely responsible framing architects act provided formal registration architects south_australia work state building act smith sat board responsible disputes position architects board south_australia direct result involvement creation architects act influence awards louis smith regarded key practitioners architecture south_australia particular significant influence direction architectural education south_australia career spanned half century directly involved education time walter served links distant past south australian architecture having known directly indirectly architects colonial era responsible training follow furthermore substantial impact development architecture professional body involvement architects act formation national body architects political work social dimension work building act advisory committee helped highlight low quality housing poorer areas adelaide led change public viewed acceptable low income housing south australian housing trust direct result actions led provision low cost rental housing working families state having architectural school named honour smith awarded gold medal royal australian institute architects prior date appointed companion order michael george likeness commissioned collaborated design south australian national war memorial kept offices woods second unveiled sculpted south australian artist john found louis smith school architecture university south_australia smith life fellow royal australian institute architects awarded fellow life fellow royal institute british architects personal life described young man long points dynamic figure penetrating voice noted riding douglas motorcycle 1920s traveled professional practice teaching duties home life home louis smith married davies daughter edward davies april daughters son gordon smith ultimately followed father architecture smith consistently architecture said profession obsession firm announced retirement scheme declared intention retiring proved case died desk september age