tablet designed developed marketed apple inc compared second device line gained faster dual core lighter build structure feature facing rear facing cameras designed video calling device available initially storage sizes varying options cellular variation device available black white glass panel release 3rd generation variation options color options available apple unveiled device march announcement original model discontinued sales online retail stores began united_states march released north american western european countries march released asian countries african country april subsequently device released south american eastern european asian countries device received mixed positive reception publications praised hardware improvement new apple chip software restriction ios general drew criticism technology commentators device sold month sales million units sold million units sold quarter popular product lower screen resolution performance models followed lighter build longer battery life remained apple line entry level model years march silent upgrade die version basic design formed core mini screen count similar features smaller size able run major versions ios ios device able history apple sent journalists february media event march march ceo steve jobs unveiled device center arts despite medical leave announcement original discontinued sales online apple authorized retail stores apple began selling website march retail stores local time date stores major cities new_york sold hours online shipping delays increased weeks sunday weeks tuesday released internationally countries march countries included australia austria belgium canada czech_republic denmark finland france germany greece iceland italy ireland hungary mexico netherlands new_zealand norway poland portugal spain sweden switzerland united_kingdom april release date japan postponed earthquake struck nation march delayed flash storage chip created affected earthquake resulting suspension operations indefinite period time caused analysts apple stock later released hong_kong south_korea singapore malaysia countries including japan april released numerous nations include china estonia thailand brazil russia taiwan major release dates models discontinued march introduction generation models discontinued march features software late march released alongside ios primarily introduced personal airplay support features compatible ios introduced airplay home sharing features october release iphone ios brought new user features ios compatible devices including center updated system new banner style instead previously pop alert style comes applications default including mail photos video music itunes store maps notes calendar photo booth contacts app store available default application enables users download database applications price applications set developers like ios devices music videos photos mac itunes ios later user connect computer allows users backup data compatible ios devices internet game center available native social gaming platform ios games downloaded app store feature enabled able integrate achievement points high scores bonus system ios devices single points social platform tablet designed phone calls cellular network user use wired built speaker microphone place phone calls cellular application adds capability support pages numbers applications come instead official applications apple sold app store march unveiling generation ios scott senior sony executive described game console disguised device appropriated business workplace september week announcement iphone ios released numerous ios devices including ios features available software upgrade downloadable air update package contains new features including mapping software designed apple dubbed apple maps clock app features alarm facebook integration new features compatible ios released september features supported example like iphone center control center use transparent style instead translucent style later ios models supports ios released september making ios device support major versions ios including ios device supported new features software supported relatively aged hardware limited terms performance users reported numerous problems receiving update including accessibility features battery related issues users predicted going dropped ios iphone process happened iphone touch fourth generation earlier models considering supported years confirmed june apple support ios makes ios device support major versions ios previous releases headline features unavailable including effects split view slide picture picture low power mode health app ios said feature performance improvements help aging device function smoothly initial tests suggest significantly impact available space based devices support ios including iphone major ios versions mini major ios versions touch major ios versions confirmed 3rd generation support ios hardware features apple package package pop system chip comprises dual core bit ram dual core features include rear cameras axis controls proximity ambient light sensors microphone inch multi touch screen maximum resolution resulting physical switches including home button near display returns user home screen plastic physical switches sides wake sleep volume switch screen rotation lock mute home button easier double tap previous generation apple reduced size eliminating stamped sheet metal frame display integrating new thinner glass technology touch screen slightly reducing space display battery screen thinner lighter stronger original supports screen digital airplay ios battery lasts hours like original charged included power battery thick smaller original cells instead improvements allowed injection plastic support frame omitted power provides power conventional port tablet audio frequency response party software play following audio formats protected formats revised tablet adds rear facing cameras allow video calls generation iphone fourth generation touch computers running mac later camera shoots quality frame video quality photos camera shoot video frame times digital shoot photo aspect ratio rear camera shoots video match standard central recording shown screen recording forward facing camera shoots apple chip doubles processing speed graphics processing times faster previous hardware assessments performed party news sources technology indicate claims exaggerated assessment conducted showed times faster original conducted indicate performance increase compared original versions offer support customers device network support customers device network model includes gps receiver tracking user location given permission model includes plastic cap like band antenna metallic microphone replaced matching plastic black model models use card models use connect cellular network device lighter thinner original thinner iphone version versions known respectively versions differ weight slightly mass difference cellular radios model model size original compared original size announcement release generation continued available purchase received hardware upgrade upgraded variant features smaller version apple able reduce battery consumption tests conducted concluded upgraded variant able longer hour half depending task conducted device maximum temperature device heated original tests conducted organisation revealed upgraded variant able operate degree lower performing intensive tasks performance difference variants according accessories smart cover introduced screen protector face cover allow convert stand held original owners purchase black case included similarly folding cover smart cover meant minimal easily protects screen smart covers wakes cover removed different colors leather leather expensive version apple offers accessories pin dock connector port jack dock holds upright angle dock connector audio line port use keyboards work charged standalone power wall included reception received mixed positive reviews praising apple camera said haven leap feel free deep breath dive good gets right good jason said following improvement original numerous ways evolutionary product revolutionary happy current reason dump newer millions people won mean shiny invested accessories dock case mind probably won able use new stated let sum simple way buy maybe depends factors want buy yes use information criticism closed nature ios garnered criticism particularly digital rights advocates electronic frontier foundation computer engineer activist internet law specialist free software foundation protested introductory event targeted design campaign competitor microsoft spokesman criticized apple control platform technical problems issue restrictions imposed design ios intended lock purchased media apple platform development model requiring yearly subscription distribute developed ios centralized approval process apple general control platform particularly issue ability apple remotely disable tech community expressed concern locked ios represents growing trend apple approach computing particularly apple shift away machines note potential restrictions software innovation users reported performance issues running ios apple improved performance iphone ios update devices don run fast later models commercial reception weekend sale million units sold soon weekend technology analyst financial firm predicted apple sell million investment banking firm monitored initial sales reported sales time buyers buyers owning compared initial buyers original buyers owned units sold auction site weeks release iphone released rumors generation caused decline sales official figures released fourth quarter indicate apple sold million quarter increase quarter timeline


write write undesirable phenomenon associated flash memory solid state drives actual physical information written multiple logical intended written flash memory erased rewritten operation compared write operation process perform operations results moving user data data requires portion flash read updated written new location initially new location previously point time way flash works larger portions flash erased rewritten actually required new data effect increases number writes required life time reliably operate increased writes consume flash memory mainly reduces random write performance factors affect write controlled user direct result data written usage acquired western digital term write papers publications early write typically measured ratio writes committed flash memory writes coming host system compression write drop compression claimed achieve typical write best case values low controller basic operation nature flash memory operation data directly hard disk drive data written cells start erased state data written directly pages time size controller manages flash memory host system uses logical physical mapping system known logical block addressing flash translation layer new data comes replacing older data written controller write new data new location update logical mapping point new physical location data old location longer valid need erased location written flash memory programmed erased limited number times referred maximum number program cycles cycles sustain life flash memory single level cell flash designed higher performance longer endurance typically operate cycles multi level cell flash designed lower cost applications greatly reduced cycle count typically triple level cell flash available cycle counts dropping program cycles lower write desirable corresponds reduced number cycles flash memory increased life calculating value write present term defined started term papers publications write value based currently written previously written order accurately measure value specific selected test run time ensure drive reached steady state condition simple formula write formula factors affecting value factors affect write table lists primary factors affect write factors variable table notes direct relationship relationship example increases write decreases relationship factor enabled disabled function positive negative relationship garbage collection data written flash memory units called pages multiple cells memory erased larger units called blocks multiple pages data pages block longer needed called pages pages good data block read rewritten previously erased block free pages left moving data available new data process called garbage collection include level garbage collection differ fast perform process garbage collection big write reads require flash memory generally associated write limited chance read error data block read rewritten material impact write drive background garbage collection process garbage collection involves reading data flash memory means new write host require read block write parts block include valid data write new data significantly reduce performance system controllers implement background garbage collection called idle garbage collection idle time garbage collection controller uses idle time consolidate blocks flash memory host needs write new data enables performance device remain high controller background garbage collect spare blocks absolutely necessary new data written host written having data advance letting performance operate peak speed trade blocks data actually needed host eventually deleted tell controller information result soon deleted data rewritten location flash memory increasing write background garbage collection small number blocks stops limiting excessive writes solution efficient garbage collection system perform necessary moves parallel host writes solution effective high write environments rarely idle controllers systems violin memory capability aware garbage collection manufacturers notably introduced controllers extended concept analyze file system identify recently deleted files space manufacturer claimed ensure systems operating systems controller hardware support trim achieve similar performance operation implementation appeared assume require file system clear feature available currently shipping manufacturers systematic data corruption reported drives properly spelled difference physical capacity flash memory logical capacity presented operating system available user garbage collection wear bad block mapping operations additional space helps lower write controller writes flash memory source comes capacity use unit instead vendors use term represent like electronic storage flash memory assembled powers calculating physical capacity based difference values additional provide user total initial typically counted total number true available usually storage space needed controller track non operating system data block status flags figure extend range manufacturers advantage grade unit divergence offer drives capacity respectively instead terms second source comes manufacturer typically based difference physical capacity available space user example manufacturer publish specification based possible capacity difference respectively basis manufacturer claiming drive count additional capacity available difference source comes known free space drive gaining endurance performance expense reporting unused portions expense current future capacity free space identified operating system trim command alternately provide utility permit end user select additional furthermore set overall layout smaller available space space automatically source operating system minimum free space limits operating systems maintain certain minimum free space drive particularly boot main drive additional space identified continuous usage trim command acts semi permanent takes away user capacity temporarily permanently gives reduced write increased endurance increased performance simple formula provision formula trim trim command enables operating system tell blocks previously saved data longer needed result file volume replaced file knows original marked invalid save blocks garbage collection user operating system file remove parts file typically marked actual contents disk actually erased know previously occupied file including garbage collection introduction trim command resolves problem operating systems support like windows mac latest releases snow leopard lion mountain lion cases version version mainline file permanently deleted drive sends trim command longer contain valid data informs use erased reused reduces needing moved garbage collection result free space enabling lower write higher performance limitations trim command needs support support trim command received trim command marked invalid drive continue garbage collect data assuming valid saves new data know mark original invalid manufacturers originally build trim support drives offer upgrade user provide separate utility extracts information invalid data separately benefit realized run utility user user set utility run periodically background automatically scheduled task supports trim command necessarily mean able perform speed immediately trim command space freed trim command random locations spread number passes writing data garbage collecting spaces consolidated improved performance support trim command conditions prevent benefit trim early raid systems trim aware consequently know pass information cases continue save garbage collect blocks uses new writes actual benefit trim command depends free user space user capacity user actually saved data drive trim operation add free space garbage collection wear situations increasing allow consistent performance additional additional free space having wait trim command come free user space controller use free blocks garbage collection wear portion user capacity free user data written place look space user saves new data user saves data consuming total user capacity drive half user capacity look like additional long trim command supported system secure secure command designed remove user data drive integrated command drive original box state initially restore performance highest possible level best lowest number possible write soon drive starts garbage collecting performance write start returning levels tools use secure command reset drive provide user interface free tool commonly referenced industry called live cds provide system disk utilities including secure drives writes fly implement secure way simply generate new random key time secure way old data read anymore drives integrated require trim command sent drive drive original box state wear particular block programmed erased repeatedly writing blocks block wear blocks prematurely ending life reason controllers use technique called wear distribute writes evenly possible flash blocks perfect scenario enable block written maximum life fail time unfortunately process evenly distribute writes requires data previously written changing cold data moved data changing frequently hot data written blocks time data relocated changed host system increases write reduces life flash memory key find separating static dynamic data separation static dynamic data reduce write simple process controller process requires controller separate data constantly changing requiring dynamic data data rarely changes require static data data mixed blocks systems today require controller garbage collect dynamic data caused rewrite initially static data require rewrite garbage collection data required moving increase write separating data enable static data stay rest gets rewritten lowest possible write data process controller find way wear level static data blocks change chance written maximum cycles writes writing large amounts data write equal meaning write reason data written entire block filled data related file determines file replaced deleted entire block marked invalid need read parts garbage collect rewrite block need erased easier faster read modify write process needed randomly written data going garbage collection random writes peak random write performance driven plenty free blocks completely garbage collected secure erased newly installed maximum speed depend number parallel flash channels connected controller efficiency speed flash memory writing page phase write best random writes approaching blocks written garbage collection begin performance speed efficiency process write phase increase highest levels drive experience impact performance overall performance dependent number factors including write writing flash memory device takes longer reading generally uses multiple flash memory components connected parallel increase performance high write controller required write times flash memory requires time write data host low write need write data finished writing sooner drive high write product statements september announced reported low april announced family reported appears come form data compression announcement write considered lowest attained currently employs compression controller


iphone iphone iphone plus designed marketed apple inc devices iphone series announced september released september iphone iphone plus jointly serve successors iphone iphone iphone iphone plus include number changes predecessor including models larger inches displays faster upgraded cameras improved support near field communications based mobile payments offering pre orders iphone iphone plus exceeded million hours availability apple record million iphone iphone plus devices sold days apple record history launch original iphone majority iphone models inch displays smaller screens flagship phones competitors change size iphone series came iphone phone immediate successors featured display taller width prior models measuring inches following apple loss market share companies producing phones larger displays reports early january suggested apple preparing launch new iphone models larger inch inch displays reports prior unveiling speculated apple use new iphone model introduce mobile payments platform near field communications technology incorporated android phones experienced low adoption rate users iphone iphone plus officially unveiled press event flint center performing arts california september event featured previously rumored product announcements apple alongside new iphone models including apple pay mobile payment platform company entry computing market apple watch smart watch iphone iphone plus unveiled september released september pre orders began september iphone starting iphone plus starting china iphone models iphone series released country day international launch apple notified local wireless carriers unable release iphone iphone plus 19th details ready local media reported devices approved ministry industry information technology earlier year news report state broadcaster china central television alleged iphone devices threat national security ios frequent locations function expose state secrets august apple admitted iphone plus faulty cameras causing photos look initiated replacement program september version iphone iphone plus discontinued gold version phones versions iphone iphone plus silver space gray remain available sale reduced price release iphone iphone plus flagship devices june apple faced potential sales ban china chinese device maker alleged iphone iphone plus design patent apple use glass iphone screen specifications hardware design iphone iphone plus influenced air glass curved edges display aluminum rear contains plastic strips antenna models come gold silver space gray finishes iphone thickness millimetres iphone plus thickness thinner iphone iphone iphone apple phone date significant changes iphone iphone plus displays branded display strengthened iphone display inches size resolution minus row iphone plus includes inch display displays use multiple domain panel dubbed dual domain pattern seen different angle technique helps improve viewing angles display accommodate larger physical size iphone iphone plus power button moved phone instead improve accessibility iphone features battery iphone plus features battery unlike previous model rear facing camera flush rear device slight lens dual core typhoon arm based imagination core graphics models include apple system chip motion update chip iphone main difference original includes measure altitude changes touted chip provide comparison increase performance increase graphics performance heat output early hands reports suggested performance break away previous generations doubling performance yearly release scoring base mark compared respectively expanded iphone iphone plus improved advanced support bands iphone download speed support performance improved support specifications providing speeds times faster calling support available iphone iphone plus add support near field communications exclusively apple pay new mobile payments system allow users store credit cards use online payments retail purchases support restricted apple pay purposes sharing content iphone users size iphone rear facing camera includes new like camera iphone lens ability shoot video frames second camera includes phase detection record slow motion video frames second iphone plus camera nearly identical includes optical image facing camera updated new support burst modes software released iphone iphone plus shipped pre loaded ios iphone shipped pre loaded ios able advantage increased screen size iphone plus display information screen example mail app uses dual layout similar version device landscape mode iphone plus uses identical aspect ratio designed iphone iphone use iphone plus improve devices larger screens additional gesture added double tapping home button slide half screen contents half screen function allows users reach buttons located near screen button left corner reception iphone models received generally positive reviews code called best buy praised iphone brilliant design improved battery life ios intuitive quality camera plastic antenna strips rear phone criticized resulting poor aesthetics display having lower resolution density comparison recent including physical screen size iphone having sufficient justification significantly higher price comparison similar devices running android windows phone verge considered iphone simply designed comparison noting phone felt usable despite larger size criticized antenna plastic protruding camera lens prevents device sitting flat case lack additional operating system bigger screen improvements performance battery life support noted conclusion iphone considered good great little truly ambitious truly moving needle lot existing ideas pleasant package regards plus panned device design feeling uncomfortable hold harder grip comparison devices galaxy note praised inclusion optical image slightly better battery life controversies iphone plus affected number notable hardware related issues chassis bending shortly public release reported iphone iphone plus chassis susceptible bending pressure carried tightly user pocket issues exclusive iphone plus design flaw came known social media users study consumer reports found iphone plus slightly considerably phones tested apple responded bending allegations stating received complaints bent devices damage occurring regular use extremely rare company maintained iphone plus went testing ensure stand daily use company offered replace phones bent determined bending october reported editor chief german technology magazine computer following posting video presenter able bend iphone plus apple germany representative informed publication banned future apple events longer receive devices directly apple testing responded saying fine new generation minor weakness deeply disappointed lack respect company hair october released post claiming certain iphone iphone plus users complained social networking sites phone ripped hair held phone close ears making taking twitter users claimed glass screen aluminium iphone blame hair caught flash storage performance users reported iphone models experienced performance issues iphone plus models rare cases randomly crash reboot business korea reported issues connected triple layer cell storage affected models triple layer cells store bits data cell flash cheaper dual layer cell solutions cost performance reported apple planned switch affected model lines multi layer cell flash address performance issues existing devices future ios update plus camera issues reported optical image systems iphone plus models faulty failing properly stabilize phone held perfectly leading photos videos optical image system found affected accessories use party lens apple issued advisories users licensed makers warning magnetic metallic accessories cause malfunction august apple instituted repair program iphone plus models released september january citing faulty rear cameras affected models produce pictures iphone iphone plus models issue facing camera shifted place apple said replace iphone issue free charge people complained issue actually affect camera said camera shifted piece protective foam camera module gone place error iphone home button repaired modified party device fail security checks related touch components security reasons process performed authorized apple outlet failing checks features related touch effects happened result damage reported hardware integrity checks trigger loop recovery mode ios updated restored attempts restore device itunes software resulting error message explanation related hardware integrity errors touch components apple provided official explanation specifically error fixed replacing entire device february apple released ios patch itunes addresses issue admitted error actually related check touch hardware iphone shipped factories sales apple announced hours availability million pre orders iphone plus exceeding supply available million iphone iphone plus devices sold days timeline models


1st generation generation eye pad tablet computer designed marketed apple line device features apple display certain variants capability cellular networks ios operating system play music send receive email web functions include ability play games access references gps navigation software social network services enabled device announced unveiled january media conference april variant device released united_states followed release cellular variant april released australia canada france japan italy germany spain switzerland united_kingdom device received primarily positive reviews technology publications reviewers praised device wide range capabilities labelled competitor aspects criticized including closed nature operating system lack support flash format days million sold launch apple sold million march apple announced production original history apple founder steve jobs stated speech company strategy simple want apple want incredibly great computer book carry learn use minutes want radio link don hook communication larger computers apple tablet computer newton introduced led creation core computers apple developed prototype duo based tablet decided sell order avoid hurting sales apple released newton based final discontinued apple mobile computing market iphone smaller announced featuring camera mobile phone pioneered finger sensitive interface apple ios mobile operating system late release rumored years speculation talked apple tablet specific names included actual reportedly homage star trek fictional device similar appearance announced january jobs apple press conference center arts san_francisco jobs later said apple began developing iphone temporarily shelved effort realizing ideas work mobile phone internal revealed court case surrounding leaking information launch apple began taking pre orders customers march major change device announcement available pre order change behavior switch sound screen rotation lock version went sale united_states april version released april service united_states provided initially sold contract free data plan options unlimited data month half price june announced effective june unlimited plan replaced new customers plan slightly lower cost existing customers option unlimited plan plans activated cancelled time initially available purchase apple online store retail locations available retailers including amazon network operators launched countries including australia canada france germany japan united_kingdom online pre orders countries began apple released hong_kong ireland mexico new_zealand singapore july israel briefly prohibited concerns interfere devices september officially launched china features software originally shipped ios september announced ios november fulfill apple released ios public november comes applications including mail photos video itunes app store maps notes calendar contacts improved versions applications developed iphone mac itunes mac windows apple ported suite mac sells versions pages numbers app store designed replace mobile phone user use wired built speaker microphone place phone calls application october ios released ios devices including generation downloadable itunes update reported contain hundreds new features including twitter integration center feature allows users send messages files users ios operating system apple computers ios app apple provided internet storage service allows users backup user data settings devices available update june announced ios released generation making ios final operating system officially available device hardware generation features apple comprises ram physical switches including home button near display returns user main menu plastic physical switches sides wake sleep volume plus software controlled switch function changed software updates originally switch locked screen current orientation ios changed mute switch moving rotation lock function onscreen menu ios update setting added allow user specify switch rotation lock mute unlike successors generation cameras display liquid crystal display diagonal scratch resistant glass result device screen dimensions resolution screen density display responds sensors ambient light adjust screen axis sense orientation switch portrait landscape modes unlike iphone touch built applications work portrait landscape left landscape right built applications support screen rotation including upside consequently device native orientation relative position home button changes equipped memory furthermore device available options cellular unlike successors cellular variant generation support carriers utilized standards compatible networks like successors assisted gps services supported weight generation varied dependent options chosen variant weighs variant cellular weighs dimensions identical entire range variants measuring accessories apple offers accessories pin dock connector port jack dock holds upright angle dock connector audio line port generation requires corresponding dock dock included physical keyboard supported original generations compatible keyboards work charged standalone power compatible reception critical reception media reaction announcement device device mixed media noted thousands people day sale number countries waited claiming worth wall_street_journal wrote software stupid meaning hardware features build important success software user interface impressions largely positive called price modest device capabilities praised hour battery life including advisor sydney morning herald wrote compete use microsoft windows base model price equivalent lower pre release estimates wall street analysts apple competitors expecting higher entry price point media praised quantity applications media applications contrast sources including bbc criticized closed system mentioned faces competition android based time generation launch yahoo news noted android tablet known open source fewer available google released source code independent criticized bright light paper praised able store large quantities books release daily_telegraph said lack flash support annoying selected time magazine best year popular science chose overall best new winner commercial reception sold day availability apple sold million half time took apple sell number original passing million mark continued selling rapidly reaching million sales days financial conference october steve jobs announced apple sold fiscal quarter total apple sold million generation prior launch tablet combined release reaching tablet sales end criticism criticized apparent lack wireless portable devices microsoft number years called pretty close killer david new_york_times wrote dual review technology minded people non technology minded people section notes offers features cheaper price review audience claims readers like concept device understand intended uses enjoy device magazine tim wrote winner undoubtedly driving force shaping emerging tablet landscape michael said beats optimistic expectations new category device replace people world criticized file sharing printing abilities critically noted sharing files computer favorite parts experience


galaxy iii galaxy iii multi touch slate format model designed developed marketed electronics runs android google additional software features expanded hardware redesigned physique predecessor galaxy iii employs intelligent personal assistant voice eye tracking ability increased storage wireless charging option announced came fruition depending country inch comes different ram capacity support device launched android ice cream sandwich updated android updated android variants ram phone successor galaxy announced march released following month following month development phase unveiled iii device released european middle eastern countries progressively released major markets june prior release million pre orders placed carriers globally iii released approximately carriers nearly countries end july million units iii sold days release sold million units overwhelming demand manufacturing problem blue variant phone extensive shortage iii especially united_states iii received commercially critically technology commentators iphone killer september ranked constantly updated list best mobile phones stuff magazine likewise ranked list best won european mobile phone award european imaging sound association magazine phone year award played major role record operating profit second quarter november iii high profile lawsuit apple november research firm strategy announced iii overtaken apple iphone world best selling model april following release flagship galaxy released version called galaxy neo core ram internal storage ships android history design work iii started late supervision vice president head design group electronics start design group concentrated trend organic suggests prospective design reflect natural elements flow water wind results design curved outline phone home screen water effect produce water eighteen month design process implemented stringent security measures procedures maintain secrecy eventual design launch designers worked prototypes concurrently final product required constant effort repeat process prototypes prototypes taking photos forbidden locked separate lab accessible core designers transported trusted company employees instead party permitted products weren explained principal engineer lee couldn send pictures drawings explain galaxy iii sorts words despite security measures specifications units leaked vietnamese website selected design speculation general public media outlets specifications began gathering momentum months formal unveiling february prior mobile world congress barcelona spain rumors incorporate core display resolution rear camera super plus accurate rumored specifications included ram internal storage inch screen rear camera millimetre thick chassis confirmed existence galaxy successor march late april senior vice president robert confirmed phone called galaxy iii inviting reporters mid april launched galaxy iii mobile event court exhibition centre london united_kingdom instead unveiling products earlier year world mobile congress consumer electronics explanation decision wanted minimize time launch availability address hour long event delivered marketing director belgium following launch galaxy june reportedly retiring phone earlier planned low sales numbers manufacturing operations features hardware design iii plastic chassis measuring long wide thick device weighing grams abandoned rectangular design galaxy galaxy instead incorporated round corners curved edges reminiscent galaxy device available color options white black grey blue grey red brown red model available exclusively carrier july iii comes distinct variations differ primarily internal hardware international iii version system chip containing core arm central processing unit arm graphics processing unit according doubles performance dual percent power released versions higher speed mobile connection compared selected countries exploit corresponding communications exist markets versions use featuring dual core south korean australian versions hybrid international capable versions iii maximum ram depending model phone comes internal storage version available internationally additionally storage offers potential total space offered years cloud storage service device doubling rival storage duration iii super display measures inches diagonal resolution inch measure density relatively high accommodated removal red green blue create matrix display consequently share plus found super plus display glass display damage resistant glass neo variant device software includes feature known smart stay uses device camera detect user eyes looking screen prevents screen automatically turning user looking iii camera similar galaxy resolution photos record videos resolution improved camera software predecessor include zero burst mode best shot work quickly numerous photos best judged frame selected phone pictures recording videos rear facing camera complemented facing camera record videos phone led flash addition inch iii physical user including home button located screen volume key left power lock key right millimetre jack iii located home button iii advertised having port micro port connecting phone devices retailer later discovered modification electronics port specifically model iii battery said hour standby time hours talk time compared hours standby hours talk time built battery near field communication allows users share map directions youtube videos quickly direct android beam perform non touch payments shops employ specially equipped cash registers battery charged special charging pad sold separately utilizes magnetic resonance produce magnetic field electricity transferred torture tested iii cooling placing heat proof box heating water iii survived tests phone exhibit key repeatedly display android authority later carried drop test purpose comparing iii iphone screen iii shattered second drop test iphone received minor metal composite frame drop tests software services iii powered android based open source mobile operating system developed google introduced commercially features software allows users maintain home screens contain applications displaying information frequently applications stored dock screen button center dock opens application displays menu containing installed device accessed dragging screen allows users view received contains switches commonly functions pre loaded provide access google services iii uses graphical user interface nature version iii organic feel previous versions contains interactive elements water effect lock screen complement interface response apple phone introduces voice intelligent personal assistant voice recognize languages including english korean italian french based voice enables user verbally control functions playing song setting alarm driving mode relies alpha online searches iii initially shipped android version named ice cream sandwich commercially available march galaxy ice cream sandwich refined user interface expanded camera capabilities security features mid june google unveiled android employs google voice assistant similar voice incorporates software changes accommodated iii making minute hardware changes phone markets updates began rolling selected european countries mobile united_states november started pushing android international version iii december december began rolling android iii adding user interface features ported galaxy support galaxy gear march started variant iii iii comes multitude pre installed applications including google like google play youtube google google maps voice search calendar addition specific game hub music hub video hub social hub navigation address fact iphone users reluctant switch android compatible itunes june offered customers galaxy series easy phone app enable transfer music photos videos text messages iphone galaxy device user able access google play digital distribution content service exclusive android download applications games music movies books magazines programs apart voice directed bulk iii marketing campaign device smart features facilitate improved human device features include direct ability recognise user wants talk somebody instead bring phone head social tag function identifies people photo shares photos pop play allows video applications occupy screen time addition iii beam screen monitor remote controller cast play share photos people tagged buddy photo share iii access play traditional media formats music movies programs sort media library song title artist album genre notable feature iii music player music square analyses song intensity ranks song mood user play songs according current emotional state device introduced music hub online music store powered catalogue million songs iii support voice introduction voice service south_korea phone enables video calling facing camera support improves iii new significant features speech text aided google voice recognition assistant unlike android devices multitude party applications available complement iii stock keyboard june announced iii version enterprise software company approved enterprise safe program initiative use devices bring device scenarios workplace environments enterprise iii version support bit mobile device management functionality microsoft exchange scheduled released united_states july enterprise version expected penetrate business market dominated research motion following release similar enterprise versions galaxy note galaxy galaxy line tablet computers separate developer edition iii available developer portal came allow user modify phone software model variants issues september security researchers demonstrated computer contest held amsterdam netherlands iii allowing attackers download data phone december hardware issues reported users iii vulnerability allowed gain root privileges devices spontaneous unit called sudden death vulnerability occurs months activation replacing affected units january released update corrected issues iii explosions reported involved man ireland recent incident occurred swiss teenager left second degree burns thigh caused phone explosion october acknowledged swelling issues batteries iii phones offered replacement batteries affected devices reception commercial reception according anonymous official speaking korea economic daily iii received million pre orders carriers weeks following london unveiling making fastest selling history comparison iphone received million pre orders prior launch previous flagship phone million shipped months month london unveiling auction shopping website noted percent increase second hand android phone sales according spokesperson time apple product sparked selling iii released countries europe middle_east showcase flagship device embarked global month long tour iii cities including sydney new delhi cities china japan south_korea united_states iii helped consolidate market share countries including india expected capture percent country market improving previous percent month release percent market share france company controlled percent german italian markets similar period iii helped increase market share united_kingdom percent iphone percent percent country iii scheduled released north_america june high demand canadian carriers delayed release days carriers limited market launch iii launch event took place new_york_city hosted twilight actress attended artist performed studios estimated end july iii released carriers countries million sold president mobile communications sector announced july sales exceeded million according assessment swiss financial services company shipped million units phone second quarter ship million quarter rest year aggressive prediction paris based banking group said million units shipped quarter japanese financial consultant company placed figure quarter high million sales iii estimated million end year meet demand hired workers south korean factory running peak capacity million units month manufacturing flaw resulted large portion new having irregularities hyper process mistake caused undesirable finish blue covers resulted disposal plastic shortage blue model issue later resolved estimated shortage cost million iii sales month release september revealed sales iii reached million days making times faster selling galaxy galaxy respectively europe accounted percent figure million units followed asia million million sales south_korea iii home market numbered million time announcement sales iii surpassed iphone quarter million iii units shipped making popular time ahead iphone million units analysts slump iphone sales customers anticipation iphone iii sold approximately million units release october unveiled galaxy iii mini inch lower specifications compared iii critical reception reception iii particularly positive critics noted phone blend features voice application display processing speed dimensions having edge competition apple iphone verge declared technological triumph lauded phone slim light core engine calling ferrari android phones sentiment affirmed prince android phones dave oliver wired king android stuff magazine noted iii faster minimal keeping list bleeding edge technology matt daily_telegraph said spending short time confident saying worthy successor globally popular release number critics publications references iii flagship phone iphone killer responding apple favourable customer perception label owes iii use android chief rival apple ios design features rival iphone smart stay large display core android multitude options iii android phone higher launch price iphone apple product released iii tim business editor bbc observed new galaxy clearly managed field ahead mighty apple conversely reviewers opined design feel phone calling shell cheap having slippery feel voice described rigid poor voice recognition accuracy instances respond usage problem microphone malfunction resulted difficulty communicating reviewers noted somewhat abrupt auto adjustment display tends screen twice battery life compared achieved partly dim display numerous pre installed iii feel late september ranked constantly updated list best mobile phones stuff magazine ranked list best iii won award european imaging sound association category european mobile phone iii won phone year award beating iphone sony voted phone year readers tech website february iii won best award mobile world congress litigation june apple filed preliminary united_states district court northern district california electronics claiming iii violated company patents apple requested court include phone existing legal battle apple electronics ltd ban sales iii prior scheduled june launch apple claimed alleged cause immediate harm commercial interest responded declaring vigorously oppose request demonstrate court galaxy sic innovative distinctive public june release proceed planned june judge said apple claim work schedule overseeing trial devices consequently apple dropped request block june release iii mid july removed universal search feature sprint iii phones air software updates disable local search function measure prior patent court trial apple began july apple won trial iii experienced sales spike public belief phone banned august apple asked federal court add iii existing complaint believing device violated patents countered statement apple continues resort litigation market competition effort limit consumer choice


home computer produced research manufactured scotland corporation launched united_kingdom march successor designed low cost introduction home computing general public hugely successful million units sold discontinued found commercial success countries notably united_states initially sold manufactured distributed licence enjoyed substantial brief boom sales later produced versions market clones produced countries designed small simple cheap components possible cost video output television set dedicated monitor programs data loaded saved audio tape chips board mere memory machine power switch moving parts exception channel switch present early usa models pressure sensitive membrane keyboard manual input limitations prompted emergence market party improve capabilities limitations achieved objective keeping cost machine low possible distinctive design brought designer design council award bought mail order kit form pre assembled major innovation cheap mass market home computer bought high street stores led smith soon retailers marked time computing britain activity general public preserve electronics inspired creation huge community enthusiasts founded businesses producing software hardware went play major role british computer industry later years commercial success research britain leading computer manufacturers earned fortune eventual company founder sir features came board memory officially expanded externally single circuit board housed inside wedge shaped plastic case measuring millimetres deep millimetres high memory provided single bit bit ram chips chips board bit logic array chip rom providing simple basic interpreter entire machine weighed grams early versions external ram cartridge contained memory assortment memory chips later versions contained chips lowest addressed disabled case occupied integrated key membrane keyboard displaying graphic video characters key functions accessed shift function keys depending context example key combined letter character basic commands print uses standard keyboard layout keyboard simple consisting pressure pad switches plastic connected matrix rows columns primary input output delivered left case machine uses ordinary television set deliver picture built display lines characters selection block character graphics machine character set offered effective graphics mode directly basic plot commands leaving lines free connect ear output input audio cassette recorder enabling data saved loaded rate provides somewhat storage medium machine built storage capabilities requires power delivered custom power supply chip described manual system number key functions competing computers shared multiple chips integrated circuits comprise screen display generating clock clock derived audio signal cassette recorder save mode processing incoming cassette audio signal load mode sensing memory addresses provided decide rom ram active controlling general system timing built output video picture line colour television australia western european countries france required slightly modified version machine match positive video sets usa canada required different chip cope line television systems predecessor significant way handle visual output machine processing power run speed simultaneously maintain screen display means screen goes blank time machine carries causes irritating shorter processing takes place designers adopted improved approach involving use modes called slow fast respectively slow mode called display mode driving display runs current program quarter time effect slowing machine practice speed difference fast slow modes depends fast mode processing occurs continuously display abandoned devices equivalent standard operating mode hardware produced distinctive aspects screen display loading saving moving stripes appear screen pin handle video signal tape output producing stripes interference pattern sorts maintain display save load operations operate continuously maintain correct rate data transfers interference produces stripes tiny memory presented major challenge programmers simply displaying screen takes system program input need memory nonetheless ingenious programmers able achieve surprising notable example chess david managed include rules chess memory certain extent representing entire basic commands stored individual characters upper reaches machine unique non character set edge connector external interface rear extension main printed circuit board provides set address control data lines communicate external devices enthusiasts variety party companies use facility create wide range add comparisons computing devices following table provides comparison capabilities competing market time launch prices given december history background company established producing wide range cheap electronics aimed market products included radios items generally sold kit form enthusiasts electronics company entered new market launched pocket executive major success followed launching wide range pocket company subsequent expansion europe biggest manufacturer late 1970s difficulties lost ability compete effectively market following launch new generation japanese produced liquid crystal displays capable power efficient led projects develop pocket television digital watch turned expensive company losses bringing edge bankruptcy july rescued state agency national enterprise board provided loan facility took effective control company acquiring stake relationship conflicting notions direction company begun project develop home computer wanted concentrate instrument business virtually area profitable disagreed characterised view future consumer electronics disputes led resigning july struggling turned corporate shape existing corporate shell exclusive control company called ltd established later renamed science cambridge vehicle pursue projects free interference despite later success field saw computers merely means end told sunday_times april got involved computers order fund rest business specifically development ultimately unsuccessful pocket television electric vehicle interview practical computing explained computers good market interesting design don feel bad making selling money demand harm don think going save world late 1970s american companies producing simple home computer kits aroused interest electronics relatively high prices lower income reduced appeal american products new scientist stated price american kit dollars rapidly translates figure pounds sterling time reached shores britain shelf personal computers available high end market extremely expensive offering cost commodore pet launched sold low end market realised provided useful commercial opportunity home computer launched kit form june long way mass market product standing kit indicative origins product developed screen instead led segment display science cambridge produce add module allowing hooked case consisting exposed circuit board built storage capabilities memory input key keyboard despite limitations machine sold respectable units comparison expensive apple sold units united_states bigger market success convinced market low cost computers exploited followed producing time world smallest computer launched january costing equivalent prices company conducted market research whatsoever prior launch according simply general public sufficiently interested project feasible went ahead ordering sets parts launch high volume design introduced key features carried later said stepping stone design driven entirely desired price machine cost healthy profit distinctive wedge shaped white case touch sensitive membrane keyboard young british industrial designer recently hired later recalled approach cost driven design face machine unconventional keyboard outcome cost cutting use sheet plastic keys printed metallic circuit registered key pressed avoided expense providing style keyboard design came feel inside case similarities like successor board ram came specially written basic interpreter dedicated rom chip use television display relied ordinary cassette tape recorder data storage main difference machines lay internal software released owners able upgrade relatively simple new rom circuit board immediate success selling units following months science cambridge producing rate month end months launch company sold units commercial success follow product inevitable company renamed computers november reflecting new focus research march bbc micro affair launch british broadcasting corporation plan produce series broadcast aimed computing programming bbc intended commission existing manufacturer provide bbc branded home computer tie series got wind project december wrote bbc informing announcing new version called early remedy deficiencies cheaper advanced naturally wanted candidate bbc contract lobbied adoption pointed users time series broadcast likely upwards users turned indication success exceeded expectations prototype demonstrated bbc representatives january local rival computers forward proposed computer design prototype exist based dismay contract produce bbc went launched machine january paul producer computer programme explained reservations march interview computer reluctant bbc sell like limited expanded fundamentally throw away consumer product lies learning programming believe future computers lies learning program basic critical bbc decision accusing incompetence arrogance shortly won bbc contract government issued recommended list computers including bbc micro research machines schools purchase aid grant half price computers included list responded launching half price deal offering schools chance buy ram pack plus printer half price total cost government approved system attractive offer schools bought package development manufacture development got way launched chief engineer jim given task improving hardware reduce number components bring cost sought fix annoying problems colleagues found component count reduced greatly combining eighteen chips single logic array type general purpose chip allowed manufacturers meet particular requirements having develop chip greater expense produced new chip hailed design triumph innovation chips nearest competitor respect logic gates supposed decided obtain maximum benefit resulted machine warm usage computing folklore held balancing cold milk case rom doubled rom enabled fuller implementation version minimal basic termed basic company commissioned company called tiles produced rom develop new rom software code written john grant owner tiles steve vickers joined company january grant concentrated software drove hardware vickers developed new basic accompanying manual brief pair fairly non specific primarily concerned key defect new machine practical programming calculations vickers later recalled far concerned wasn question machine ought able machine given component budget set mind firm brief math package improved new rom incorporated floating point functions predecessor lacked deal numbers grant came novel features indicated errors basic code soon entered standard time errors program run unfortunately vickers introduced briefly notorious error called square root bug caused square root returned erroneously result problems integrating printer code rom eventually fixed bug subject controversy forced replace sold early customers positive note vickers work manual received favourably described classic texts basic max phillips commented micro retrospective reasonable job provides lots reader honest shortcomings provides hints tips ways round best manual complete comprehensive fairly advanced undisclosed information won understand long time learns advanced ideas manual ready task designing case fell produced updated version wedge shaped case time round design team able use injection enabled deliver higher quality case originally envisaged range boxes following approach common width approach eventually dropped start finish design process took months launched march versions identical components pre assembled machine cheaper kit version user assemble versions manufactured scotland corporation company factory obvious choice manufacturing company little previous experience assembling electronics established manufacturer mechanical watches facing crisis beginning 1980s profits virtually zero market mechanical watches face competition digital watches recognising trend director fred determined company areas business shift came ideal time proved popular expected existing manufacturer small electronics company lacked resources deal demand took production late arrangement worked companies took manufacture aided capital investment plant initially planned produce month rising month year initially significant problems producing satisfy demand consequence took weeks delivered mail order september months launch delivery times finally came promised days owned recently ordered excluded ordered weeks launch receive newer machine existing owners able upgrade extra rom chip circuit board reliability controversial smith machine key distributors company policy ordering actually required sale replacements faulty machines similar problems reported market contemporary reports suggested shipped actually worked figures released claimed cent pre assembled machines returned cent kits returned strongly denied problem reliability lower rate failure computers anybody world reason quality right production line miracle efficiency seconds amazing quality control far lower component count chips attributed higher failure rate kits customers breaking components wrong way company admitted persistent problem power supplies affected kits pre assembled bigger problem lack sales service robin clarke new scientist described worst sales performance records company established financial times observed offices filled returned computers months repaired company replacing returns delivering ordered machines meant research gained poor reputation poor customer service marketing marketing handled long standing marketing agency primary contact provided marketing services continue entry nascent home computing market gave primary contact major challenge market product simultaneously man street probably little computer literacy answer pursue journalist david reilly microscope magazine described single minded user friendly strategy chris primary contact directors explained brought personal computers mass market showing didn use interview computer big markets man street dead certainty knew sell experience offering better product certain prospect man street view offered computer plus self training book keen price buy mail order course according ben low opened completely new market people previously considered owning computer acknowledged role played decision launch large scale man street want computer information lot people machines new scientist retrospective published commented sir marketing achievement concept computer point claim provide magical mark end efficient keyboards monitors useful amounts memory efficient filing storage systems like stripped away leave affordable computer market image important computer burgeoning industry computer games provided application young old seized new main ignorance genuine computer technology fired success range despite availability accessories albeit turned chip heart market toys core useful machine high profile advertising central marketing campaign research relatively small company long standing policy large scale advertisements stood stark contrast muted advertisements manufacturers appeals patriotism eye catching drawings photographs double page spreads varying month month drum mail order business launch advertising illustrates approach photograph alongside official dominated centre double page spread value money products emphasised prices printed larger type text spread benefits promoted slogan personal computer heart system grows advertisement highlighted basic programming manual written steve vickers complete course basic programming principles complex programs educational benefits stressed simple teach computing technical advantages explained relatively non technical terms instance method commands single result memory saving method represent presented ing great deal british character emphasised designed custom built britain advertising united_states provides illustration company perceived purpose started personal computing right children gain understanding computers benefit rest lives prepared informed decisions buying computers career home approach advertising driven reliance mail order marketing came high cost terms purchasing space publications advantage ensuring sales firm pre paid big splash launch produced large influx cash outset campaign depend having product satisfy initial surge demand advertisements served additional purpose market counter sales getting story big proportion buy mail order ads helps prepare buying item appears shops focal point marketing campaign putting human face business research portrayed media british challenger taking technical marketing giant american japanese corporations david reilly noted use public relations particularly playing image taking world best known popular press soon image uncle persona said created gossip columnist personal computer world media praised visionary genius words sun inventor richard kennedy role manufacturer accepted mantle pioneering leading britain technological central marketing strategy career designed meet price point launched price built kit presented comparison machines considered main rivals apple plus commodore pet comparison highlighted vast differences cost case apple plus comparison apple far capable machine according price chosen applying experience curve developed boston consulting group prior experience market highlighted fact product profitable selling instance twice manufactured cost times launched higher price marketing traditional way premium product chose effect lower price establish lead competition moved essential marketing strategy use regular cost cutting strategic intervals maintain market share richard kennedy comment approach secure extend market lead panic competition companies reduce prices products steep decline tends shortly sales peaked advantage approach customers drawn fold product promotion retains commercial urgency competition thrown utter disarray tactic proved highly successful announcing march sold worldwide sales fell wake launch successor spectrum reduced price pre assembled version cut following april despite increased competition capable computers shipping excess units month late july years launched time according research million sold distribution distribution arrangements essential success marked watershed way computers sold previously mail order retailer initially available mail order truly effective way reach mass market high street stores fortunately opportunity provided smith magazine seller chain company 1970s looking ways image expand product range smith begun selling audio photographic equipment end 1970s modest degree success marketing development manager john hit idea creating computer know sections major branches sell computer books magazines items display imports united_states relatively high cost reduced casual buyer commercial success mass market potential caught interest approached saw prototype agreed market machine smith exclusive basis months launch bring computer publications actual computer create computer know section store alongside computer software blank cassette tapes sold stores serve computer know sections selling counter seen colleagues initially scheme branch buyers thought unlikely sell units branch launch thought sell units months retail agreement equivalent month mail order sales event massive success smith went sale making home retail computer know sections eager customers overwhelming staff trained demonstrate machines financial times correspondent wrote crowds round local branch smith year smith sold making estimated net profit million sales software books magazines profit british chain stores boots john began selling soon smith exclusive distribution deal expired number companies secured overseas distribution rights sold countries march launched united_states november price assembled kit form initially selling directly american market mail order useful computer needed extra ram pack cost sales reached month january american express sold thousands customers february obtained licence sell directly thousands retail outlets paying research cent royalty hardware software sold company later produce licensed clones variants august lowered american mail order price assembled kit advertisements stated sold week december obtained rights distribute japan selling mail order equivalent prices sold units july japanese market favourable reaction led begin selling counter large september annual sales units predicted netherlands regular sale bang branded version called sold duty free shops airports fell foul government export restrictions aimed preventing soviet countries obtaining western high technology goods uncommon visitors soviet_union eastern european countries pick western countries aim transferring technology states industries government ordered withdrawn sale airports restriction sales communist china november research announced signed agreement export kits factory assembled chinese market reception reviews highlighted great value money offered machine noted technical shortcomings tim computer delight disappointment applauded improvements better manual display string handling called good computer open world computing denied access cost built memory small use memory expansion pack mandatory worthwhile use found unreliable having test machines replaced getting worked properly new scientist commented great technical value money particularly computing enthusiasts thought likely bored quickly basic system highlighted weaknesses manual accompanying software criticising design execution machine harder use limited questioned worthwhile save powerful computer commodore offerings overall concluded limited value helping teach basic programming overcoming psychological barriers computing systems long way raise quality level understanding nature use computer based information systems computer editor personal computer world holiday colleagues publicised magazine review cover showing machine editor returned later issues subsequent computers review written dave acknowledged machine significant shortcomings nonetheless represented absolutely amazing value money described lovely product enormous appeal people wanting find computers costing arm leg concluded know computers want enjoy finding machine offers value money way children love question suspect people familiar computers buy bit fun paul taylor financial times found powerful flexible little computer suited fun introduction mysteries home computing cautioned readers limitations lacked ready software keyboard easy use sufficiently advanced graphics able replicate arcade style games built memory inadequate suggested unique british product toy puzzle learning tool think provided accepts limitations recognises computer told good value introduction hobby home computing age described extremely sophisticated memory capability limited toy like appearance concluded computer ideal toy want acquainted computer world responsive cheap easy use billy owned complimented manual regretted removal british original humour state art basic remarkably powerful despite small rom size concluded major use probably learning basic computers general limited expansion capabilities keyboard small cramped work david described wonderfully little micro won let waste time fool comparison published micro commended user fly checking basic programs described feature newcomer computing want incorporated micro software success led immediately enthusiasts producing huge variety software attention machine received little effort exploit demand effectively lucrative market party suppliers decision undoubtedly lot potential earnings smith instance able exploit owners found technically obsolete low fidelity tape cassette worked better storage devices higher quality music systems smith purchased cheap cassette far_east sold logo data sold months clarke described remarkably poor programs cassette released official ram pack actually previously released printer edge connector rear launch price notable flaws ram pack heavy supported edge connector habit falling crucial points crashing losing user users turned sticky double sided tape blu cure known ram pack problem printer tiny spark printer electrically charged burn away surface aluminium coated paper reveal black worked reasonably output deteriorated rapidly time non aimed remedy flaws provide new capabilities included ram packs providing extra memory promising fit giving firm connection computer style keyboards advanced sound generators hard disk interface thought lily wide range software published year launch independent companies established manufacture sell compatible hardware people cottage industry computer professionals financial times noted school teachers civil servants electrical engineers technicians set small operations time popularity publicly demonstrated january civil servant mike organised westminster central hall seventy set stalls visitors expected hall capacity people people came police control crowd thousands travelled long distances outside hours hall clarke able enter identifying journalist wrote knows gave despair sold thousands pounds worth software hardware fast pairs hands stall hand stuff improvised cash boxes added fair showed research relatively role computer success small crowds booth compared rugby august seven held thousands programs published printed listings ready applications loaded cassette tape computer magazines featured program listings programs dedicated entirely listings individuals bedroom programmers producing games applications produced marketed recorded sold homes went found software houses employing teams programmers school produce programs computers existing companies sold software produced series programs close association including flight range programs sold months success profound effect future company work database program file led switching focus development personal digital assistants resulted launch world handheld personal computer popular games flight simulation example rewritten spectrum advantage newer machine colour sound capabilities programmers able produce games text characters machine limited text games achieved lasting fame monster maze tense person perspective game involved player escaping labyrinth pursuit written combination basic machine code innovative design led hailed home computer game landmark history computer video games bizarre software products came result music companies attempting popularity computers emi released single chris program recorded island records responded frontman pete packaged program spectrum clones variants licensing agreement enabled american company produce clones machines market variants variant spectrum launched july sparked massive surge interest point receiving calls hour week machine general virtually identical save branding addition extra memory making grand total months following launch company sold machines earning million royalties produced second version form essentially launched august membrane keyboard case similar spectrum incorporating board memory effectively spectrum unsuccessful increased competition rival machines effects marketing initially great success failed provide essential ram pack upgrades market months launched consumers machine home plug find useful lack memory addition consumers attitude different told magazine june competitors thought consumers didn want learn programming research think failed price evidently shared belief events proved false assumption price advantage erased main rivals texas instruments commodore prices cut important mark competitors apple commodore texas instruments promoted machines business entertainment education highlighting value computers ready applications advanced features graphics colour sound late wayne green reported rising chorus frustrated users telling friends waste money hard core early wrote discouraged quality product poverty software available total lack information cope consumers deserted novelty value worn publishers programming guides found cost american public showed little interest machine learn computer programming american retailers left large stocks machines burned experience unwilling stock later machines large numbers big chain stores dropped line altogether companies outside produced pirate versions computers aided weak intellectual property laws countries origin brazilian companies produced clones notably series brazil argentina produced clones respectively electronics hong_kong produced based widely copied chinese manufacturers machines straight copies came extra memory larger case keyboard place original membrane keyboard clone italy emulate switch machines impact legacy immediate impact fortunes research company rose enormously profit turnover million million turnover million highest profile businessmen millionaire receiving million bonus salary received queen birthday honours young businessman year award machine widespread lasting social impact united_kingdom according came reasonably broad spectrum ranged readers observer sunday_times newspapers numerous sun readers largest age group years old financial times reported march computers bought educational purposes adults children children usually able learn quickly richard kennedy note popularity subtly different run mill social enthusiasts teens early twenties older users parents fascinated bought children boom overwhelmingly male dominated key spurred large numbers people try programming time plays significant plot william gibson novel pattern recognition character artist old medium explains cultural intellectual impact machine british society walking explains british inventor way getting things right exactly wrong market affordable personal computers decided people want learn programming marketed united_states cost equivalent dollars required user key programs tapping away little keyboard resulted short market life product opinion years relative skilled programmers united_kingdom heads turned little boxes believes need program sold united_states asks didn programmers programmers america different america wanted nintendo nintendo gives programmers launch product america ram expansion unit ship months people buy computer home discover disaster experience home computing provided terry primitive word processing edward proving william gibson point video game developers including charles cecil pete david perry published game driving game involved black avoiding black jon years launch german user forum english new hardware software continues developed including based combined card interface memory expansion optional port sound interface new games cassette tape revival studios books news reports sources


civilian public service civilian public service program united_states government provided alternative military service world war nearly willing serve country capacity unwilling perform type military service accepted assignments work national importance camps united_states puerto_rico historic peace churches worked areas soil conservation forestry fire fighting agriculture supervision agencies forest service soil conservation service national_park_service helped provide social services mental health services men served wages minimal support federal government cost maintaining camps providing needs men responsibility congregations families men served longer regular released end war initially skeptical program government agencies learned appreciate men service requested workers program significant contributions forest fire prevention erosion flood control medical science reform mental health system background refuse participate military service belief religious training wartime stance conflicts conscription efforts willing accept non roles medical personnel accommodated legal options cooperate military way experiences world war conscription law world war provided service members religious organization members forbidden participating war form exemption effectively limited status members historic peace churches groups religious society friends church law gave president authority assign military role refused service world war imprisoned military facilities fort lewis washington island california fort kansas government assumed converted soldiers exposed life assigned military camps simultaneously justice department preparing leaders violating espionage act statement adopted performing military service refusal uniform cooperate way caused difficulties government treatment received nearly absolute included short rations solitary confinement physical abuse severe cause deaths preparation world war world war european war leaders historic peace churches met cooperate government avoid difficulties world war holding common view participation military service acceptable devised plan civilian alternative service based experience gained american friends service committee work europe world war forestry service russian lieu military service russia united_states prepared war historic peace churches represented friends understood inner dealings washington politics attempted influence new draft bills ensure men fulfill duty alternative non military type service june bill came congress arrangements identical world war provisions selective service act friends representatives continued attempting bill favorable historic peace churches bill passed september selective training service act influence churches evident section says person claiming exemption training service lieu induction assigned work national importance civilian direction bill offered improvements perspective churches world war provisions exemption applied objection based religious training belief opening door members religious apply status turned local draft board appeal new law assigned work national importance civilian military control violations law program subject normal federal jurisdiction military justice system military perspective removed burden dealing thousands segregated philosophy military service members unlike methods military found approach resulted eventually transferring military service organization registration commenced october structure place handle thousands anticipated church representatives meeting government officials learned little thought program churches advised create plan government wanted deal body individual religious denominations national council religious formed liaison churches federal government historic peace churches outlined plan included running maintaining camps church control president roosevelt opposed plan involving military control save plan retain civilian direction program churches offered fund camps aides convinced roosevelt putting work way camps repeating difficulties world war selective service peace churches agreed month trial church supported funded camps civilian public service born camp opened near baltimore maryland total camps units established years federal government provided work projects housing camp paid transportation camps responsibilities churches included day day management camps costs meals healthcare men young men arrived camps started month experiment extend years camp life civilian public service men lived barracks style camps civilian conservation corps facilities camps served base operations departed daily assignments sites located typically rural areas near agricultural soil conservation forestry projects work took place large camp number near hill city south housed men building dam later projects located urban areas men lived smaller units communal housing near assignments men typically worked hours days week central committee american friends service committee service committee administered camps association catholic managed camps methodist world peace commission camp assigned director responsible supervising camp operation director managed needs men oversaw maintenance camp facilities handled community relations reported selective service officials initially pastor camp director role later capable men workers directed camps director business manager staffed typical camp educational director responsible creating recreational social educational programs men church history bible aid standard course topics strength programs varied camp camp hours physical labor difficult men attend classes camps libraries showed current films camp number camp angel near oregon particular emphasis arts camps produced documenting experiences camp help men assigned prepared meals camps large gardens provided fresh vegetables congregations supplied home fresh produce camps subject shortages rest nation sunday worship services organized camp director pastor visiting pastor men historic peace churches organized men came denominations claimed religious affiliation men spent free time crafts photography outdoor activities included hiking swimming men formed music performing neighboring towns relations good men earned days month service days saved allow time travel miles home cases traded men exchange cash men wives found difficult support families small men paid service given closer husbands women sought employment near husband assignment later jobs dairy farms available families live housing provided farm workers men system unable adjust church managed camps reassigned camps managed selective service system camps tended productive difficult administer men felt compelled protest restrictions conscription law attempted disrupt program use techniques including initiation work labor strikes routine rule breaking frustrated camp directors difficult cases given federal court system men imprisoned finances churches primarily responsible financing civilian public service providing men food clothes material needs churches provided paid camp director men received monthly personal needs jobs available surrounding farms communities willing work regular jobs earn extra spending money federal government spent million program men performed million unpaid labor return men worked farmers psychiatric hospitals received regular wages required federal government objections practice developed immediately men felt helping fund war compromise reached wages special fund unused end war point church representatives attempted unsuccessfully funds providing living men types work civilian public service projects rural areas men performed tasks related soil conservation agriculture forestry later men assigned projects cities worked hospitals psychiatric university research centers soil conservation agriculture anticipating rural background men initial camps provided soil conservation farming related projects august men worked dairy farms milk testing labor intensive farming operations like short workers accepted help fill gap men assigned bureau built prevent soil erosion constructed dams sixth work performed area forestry national parks forest service national_park_service camps men responsible fire control fires built forest trails cared nursery stock planted thousands engaged pest control roadways blue ridge parkway skyline drive virginia products labor hundreds men volunteered smoke jumping showing willingness great personal risks fire detected smoke flown directly site dropped parachute quickly contain fire base camps scattered forests montana idaho oregon men flown miles fire sites carrying tools day supply rations larger fires additional men supplies food expand effort men served specialized program schools camp montana mental health war progressed critical shortage workers psychiatric hospitals developed staff left better paying jobs fewer hours improved working conditions philadelphia state hospital attendant member patients minimum ratio government initial requests workers positions believing better men segregated rural camps prevent spread philosophy eventually men received permission work mental institutions psychiatric aides individuals found jobs rural camps meaningless volunteered new type assignment mental health field promised provide work national importance program designed produce end men worked institutions states men discovered conditions mental hospital interview described experience entered mental hospital october sort like perpetual bad dream sounds insane voices bad equipment long dark corridors tell like medieval regions heard patients treated beat rods know kind things took left camp decided assault way strike patient opened rooms man lying floor try minister way bare floor bare floor tried skin came skin bloody stuck floor tried lift skin stages died week introduction badly needed institution men objected abuse patients determined improve conditions psychiatric wanted alternatives violence dealing patients frank chairman war league observed assigned violent ward refused offered charge entered ward patients crowded asking said thought need suppose gang wouldn started talking things days patients seen gathering unarmed attendant telling troubles felt safer charge company outraged workers surveyed men hospitals learned degree abuse psychiatric care system contacting church managers government officials begin advocating reforms end abuses conditions exposed institutions cleveland state hospital eastern state hospital virginia hudson_river state hospital explained governor came cleaned hospital mean hearings appear court kind stuff month hospital completely changed superintendent fired new superintendent hospital hospitals mental hospitals virginia especially active hospital philadelphia friends initiated attendant magazine way communicate ideas promote reform periodical later psychiatric aide professional journal mental health workers life magazine printed mental healthcare system based reports effort mental project national mental health foundation initially skeptical value civilian public service eleanor roosevelt impressed changes introduced mental health system sponsor national mental health foundation actively inspired prominent citizens including owen roberts pearl harry join advancing organization objectives reform humane treatment patients medical experiments civilian public service medical scientific research test subjects human medical experiments direction office scientific research development surgeon general medical institutions harvard medical school yale stanford universities massachusetts general hospital experiments involved range research topics health 1940s cause method communication treatment infectious understood experimentation began working psychiatric hospitals expanded major research project test subjects university pennsylvania yale_university men infected blood nose throat human body infected patients drank contaminated water young surgeon research team university pennsylvania school medicine related experience test subjects time introduced program young surgeon asked serial effect virus production changes liver way got know lot young men idea risk taking included death die difficult thing know powerless big team couldn happen today internal review boards permit use live virus human subjects understood going happen doubt knew risk internal review board academic institution consent kind experimental work research instrumental determining virus responsible disease transmitted human drinking water malaria early 1940s chief anti drug bark south american tree short supply war scientists began searching alternative treatment test subjects allowed fever reached peak days given experimental treatments university minnesota men underwent tests determine recovery period infected malaria research documented effects disease time required complete recovery common cold pneumonia men participated tests drank throat soldiers pneumonia research proved types pneumonia cause virus bacteria minnesota starvation experiment study effects diet nutrition keys university minnesota laboratory placed controlled diet months given normal diet followed months diet fewer provided famine diet experienced civilian population wartime europe research documented men ability maintain physical output psychological effects severe depression study followed men long recovery returned normal diet regained weight lost experimentation study provided valuable insights hunger starvation results available major relief agencies concerned postwar food nutrition problems helping inspire marshall plan closure impact civilian public service men released assignments camps closed march nineteen months end war pacific reforms mental health system continued war experience instrumental creating regional mental health facilities california kansas maryland lewis hill camp number near california founded network radio berkeley california world listener sponsored radio station poets william william camps actor francis william spent time big flats new_york camp number men historic peace churches volunteered relief reconstruction release nobel peace prize awarded american british friends service committees relief work europe war central committee effort camp administration relief reconstruction europe war civilian public service created precedent alternative service program united_states korean vietnam wars program idea offering men opportunity work national importance instead military service established