danish pronunciation officially spelled december second largest city denmark seat municipality located east_coast jutland peninsula geographical centre denmark kilometres northwest copenhagen kilometres north hamburg germany inner urban area contains inhabitants january municipal population central city east jutland metropolitan area total population million history began fortified viking settlement founded 8th century written records stemming seated city founded northern shores natural harbour primary driver growth centuries trade agricultural products market town privileges granted growth 17th century city suffered swedish wars 19th century occupied twice german troops wars avoided destruction industrial revolution took hold city grew second largest country 20th century today cultural economic core region largest centre trade services industry jutland city ranks largest city european_union number world cities conference city world principal industrial port country terms container handling important trade hub major danish companies based headquarters people work leisure wide area region centre research education countries home university scandinavia largest university including university hospital science park danish city youngest demographics inhabitants aged fastest growing danish cities average growth people notable musical history 1950s jazz clubs sprang city young population 1960s music scene rock genres 1970s 1980s centre denmark rock music iconic bands home annual day international jazz festival spot festival festival etymology census book city called known later written compound words river modern danish mouth modern word river delta originates city location mouth river spelling found gradually norm 17th century spelling danish spelling reform changed danish cities resisted new spelling names notably city_council explicitly embraced new spelling thought enhance image city_council voted change order strengthen international profile city renaming came effect january certain geographically affiliated names updated reflect city river changed correct write geographical names letter local councils allowed use spelling alternative spelling local authorities choose newspapers public institutions accept official authorities danish language committee publisher danish dictionary retain main providing new second option history early history founded early viking age oldest cities denmark evidence settlement defences indicate site town early quarter 8th century considerably earlier generally supposed discoveries archaeological dig unearthed half buried glass road dated late archaeologists conducted excavations inner city 1960s revealing wells streets homes workshops buildings adjoining archaeological layers everyday like jewellery basic multi purpose tools approximately year found centre pagan burial site church holy trinity church timber structure built reign king jutland earth defence early city constructed settlement like defence structures found viking ring fortresses later reinforced town geographical placement suggests important trade military centre strong indications royal residence viking age kilometres south city centre dates adam bremen reported bishop attended germany town geographical location propelled prosperous growth development early medieval town finding indicates city significance year wealthy nobles traditionally era turbulent violent naval attacks city assault holy trinity church burned ground middle ages growing influence church middle ages gradually turned prosperous religious centre public religious buildings built city notably cathedral initiated late 12th century influential bishop christopher iii issued oldest known charter granting market town status similar privileges existed far 12th century charter official recognition town regional power considered birth certificate official religious status spurred growth defensive ringing town viking age abandoned accommodate expansion parts existence today experienced steep slopes riverside survived place names inner city including streets ditch grew largest cities country early 16th century imposed larger danish cities changed layout face following decades wooden city walls erected prevent smuggling gates toll major city gates traffic streets merchant quarters built 17th century entered period recession suffered swedish wars trade treatment capital state middle 18th century growth returned large trade large agricultural areas city particularly grain proved export factories established time industrial revolution reached country harbour expanded accommodate growing trade following napoleonic wars denmark lost norway excluded international trade years caused recession trade based economy lasted 1830s economy turned industrial revolution reached city factories steam driven machinery productive electoral laws reformed leading elections seats city_council rules initially strict allowing wealthiest citizens run elections citizens qualified total population city_council mainly composed wealthy merchants quickly looked improve harbour situated river larger ships growing freight volumes river harbour increasingly impractical harbour moved coast north river largest industrial harbour outside copenhagen following years outset new harbour controlled city_council day war occupied german troops june july city spared fighting north city cavalry skirmish known took place stopped german advance jutland war occupation left notable impact city streets particularly named danish officers time years later city occupied time seven months second war spite wars occupation city continued develop abolished city walls removed provide easier access trade regular steamship links copenhagen begun jutland railway established second half 19th century came effect number new industries emerged production agricultural products especially oil butter companies time come leave permanent iconic marks brewery established served local brewery years gradually expanding industrial district known lit grounds local farmers businessmen created focused grain established departments country headquarters remained large grain stand today created danish preserved butter company focusing butter export england china africa later founded company danish factory industry important employer factory employees increasing effectively transforming city regional trade hub industrial centre new factories note include dockyard oil mill located harbour machine factory initiated largest provincial city country turn century city marketed capital jutland population increased response city annexed large land areas develop new residential quarters cultural institutions established time theatre national library university hospitals second world war april germany invaded denmark occupying following day years occupation destructive period major disasters loss life economic depression port hub supplies norway surrounding rail network supplied atlantic wall west jutland cargo headed germany combined factors resulted strong german presence especially years peaceful conjunction policies danish government following enactment communist law august armed resistance sabotage commenced gradually growing intensity years repression terror response small independent resistance groups appeared coordinate freedom council group responsible operations early group dismantled june turned family acquaintances german authorities response requests assistance sent contacts england october royal_air_force bombed headquarters successfully destroying archives ongoing investigation group established assistance restore resistance movement groups tasked collaborators resistance operations escalated major sabotage operations occurring period growing resistance countered terror operations peter group august including large scale fire bombings murders increasingly destructive occupation compounded ammunition barge exploded destroying harbor damaging inner city german forces denmark surrendered transitional period fighting broke resistance german soldiers resulting dead order restored end day british royal entered city post world war years 1980s city entered period rapid growth service sector overtook trade industry crafts leading sector employment time workers gradually began city east central jutland region student population turning city danish centre research education growing young population initiated period creativity optimism school founded respectively centre renaissance danish rock pop music launching bands musicians thomas anne shit turn millennium skyline land use changed industrial sites redeveloped new city districts starting converted new mixed use district dubbed site royal began redevelopment residential district educational institutions repair facilities demolished developed new business district high rise buildings scheduled completion main bus terminal planned moved central railway station current site new residential district construction light rail system city commenced finished light rail system planned eventually tie suburbs closer central phase connect large planned suburb west accelerating growth early 2000s brought inner urban area roughly inhabitants rapid growth expected continue municipality set ambitious target inhabitants geography located bay facing sea east bay northeast larger regional peninsula number larger cities towns easy reach road rail including kilometres road north northeast kilometres south kilometres east topography location bay provides natural harbour depth close shore founded mouth water original longer exists gradually narrowed river lake natural land covered forests remains exist parts forest south north larger lakes extend west railway junction landscape rises heights exceeding metres forming larger region called hilly area consists plateau ice age broken complex system tunnel valleys prominent valleys network valley south stretching inland east west river lake lake valley north stream lake parts valleys drained subsequently farmed recently drainage removed environmental reasons valley system includes river west valleys south city following erosion channels pre contrast river valley river valley late glacial valleys coastal cliffs bay consist shallow clay million years ago climate humid continental climate zone weather influenced low pressure systems atlantic result unstable conditions year temperature varies great deal seasons mild spring april warmer summer months june august frequently rainy autumn months october september cooler winter months snow frost december march city centre experiences climatic effects larger cities higher wind speeds fog precipitation higher temperatures surrounding open land western winds atlantic north_sea dominant resulting precipitation western denmark addition jutland rises sufficiently centre lift air higher colder altitudes contributing increased precipitation eastern jutland combined factors east south jutland comparatively parts country average temperature year february month august temperatures sea reach degrees june august uncommon beaches register degrees locally geography area affects local climate city bay imposing temperate effect low lying valley floor central located lake west contributes effect result valley mild temperate climate sandy ground valley floor quickly winter faster summer surrounding hills moist retaining boulder clay conditions affect crops plants bloom weeks earlier valley northern southern northern latitude number daylight hours varies considerably summer winter summer sun rises sets providing hours minutes daylight winter rises sets hours minutes daylight difference length days nights summer winter hours minutes politics administration seat municipality city_council municipal government mayor jacob social democrats municipal elections held fourth year tuesday november city_council consists members elected year terms election determined composition council mayor deputy ranks eligible vote resides municipality run seat city_council provided secure endorsements signatures inhabitants municipality publicly elected mayor appointed danish municipal reform current municipality created merging municipalities seat county danish municipal reform substituted danish counties regions replaced county central denmark region region seated subdivisions municipality electoral polling stations electoral districts national parliament diocese composed parishes municipality municipality contains postal districts parts urban area immediate suburbs divided districts environmental planning increasingly investing environmental planning city_council identified number environmental targets coming years energy efficiency aquatic environment targets designed provide guidelines green growth city accordance national policy aims neutral independent fossil heating goals plan increase multiple source heat production waste district heating service building combined heat power plant running heavily involved large scale water treatment projects levels decades follow future initiatives larger broader action plan municipality aims coherent administration water cycle protect clean previous pollution encourage green growth self main tasks deal large quantities excessive nutrients primarily nitrogen second task tackle increasing levels precipitation brought current future climate change important task secure fresh clean safe drinking water future municipality city_council attacked challenges different angles collaboration private partners new underground basins built city recent years lakes created respectively large forest planted vulnerable land areas order secure drinking water avoid pollution sources new forests developed assist binding securing drinking water protecting pollution dealing excessive nutrients increasing biodiversity creating attractive countryside providing easy access nature offering outdoor activities public plans realised local project collaboration private landowners larger national agenda new objectives double forest cover municipality year demographics population square kilometres density km2 municipality population km2 density km2 fifth municipal population resides city limits live urban area population younger better educated national average attributed high concentration educational institutions population academic degree secondary education trade largest age group year olds average age making youngest city country youngest municipalities women slightly outnumbered men years city home different religious groups denominations christian muslim smaller number buddhist hindu communities 1990s marked growth diverse new spiritual groups total number followers remains small majority population members protestant state church church denmark far largest religious institution city country population officially affiliated religion percentage slowly rising years highest ratio immigrants denmark population outside copenhagen area 1990s significant immigration turkey recent years high growth overall immigrant community people majority immigrants roots outside europe developed world comprising people different largest groups coming middle_east north_africa come europe poland germany romania norway largest contributors immigrants established percentage inhabitants foreign origins risen year resulted especially vulnerable residential areas notable neighbourhood thirds population non danish ethnic background international cultures present community obvious visible city daily life contribute cultural hitherto uncommon countries including vest market predominantly foreign descent economy economy predominantly knowledge service based strongly influenced university large healthcare industry service sector dominates economy growing city transitioning away manufacturing trade transportation remain important sectors large port central position rail network manufacturing slow steady decline 1960s agriculture long marginal employer municipality municipality home jobs private sector rest split state region municipality region major agricultural producer large farms outlying districts job market knowledge service based largest employment sectors healthcare social services trade education consulting research industry telecommunications municipality high middle income jobs fewer low income jobs national average today majority largest companies municipality sectors trade transport media wind power industry strong roots larger region nationally revenue industry generated companies greater area wind industry employs thousand people municipality making central component local economy industry established city small medium sized companies mainly focused research development city leading centre retail baltic countries expansive shopping centres busiest commercial street country dense urban core specialty shops people far away employed municipality neighbouring communities major companies headquarters foods largest dairy groups europe denmark largest retailer world wide retailer specializing household goods furniture interior design major wind turbine producers worldwide leading retail companies total largest companies country based municipality early 2000s city experienced influx larger companies moving parts jutland peninsula large employers note include trades union organisation company electronics remain important sectors port port largest industrial ports northern europe largest container terminal denmark processing denmark container traffic largest container vessels world municipal self governing port independent finances facilities handle million tonnes cargo year grain principal export stone cement coal chief imports port faced increasing competition port hamburg freight volumes decreased somewhat peak ferry terminal presents alternative great belt link passenger transport jutland zealand served different ferry companies steamship route copenhagen opened currently operates route annually transports million passengers million vehicles additional roll roll cargo ferries serve finland weekly basis smaller outlying danish ports irregular intervals early 2000s port increasingly destination cruise lines operating baltic_sea tourism art museum old town museum denmark tourist attractions combined total million visitors represent driving force tourism venues museum popular city extensive shopping facilities said major attraction tourists festivals especially spot visitors arrive cruise ships vessels visited port passengers 2010s significant expansion tourist facilities culminating opening room hotel july increased number hotel rooms city estimates number visitors spending night high year regions remainder coming mainly norway sweden northern germany united_kingdom overall spend billion million city year primary motivation tourists choosing destination experiencing city culture family couples vacation round trip denmark average stay little days average tourist information spots city staffed line publicly accessible touch screens official tourist information service organised corporate foundation initiated municipality local commercial interest organisations research parks past years denmark rapidly developing centres research information technology energy media life sciences food architecture design enterprises information communications technology sphere work collaboration city research largest research parks science park science park merged form science park works field research department focusing expanded new department opened major research companies systematic working public sector healthcare defence city collaboration research education industry university branches department computer science department aesthetics communication institute clean energy sector home leading participants including park new information innovation park bringing players energy environment building sectors centre sponsored university school engineering school marine technical engineering developed stages viking age modern times visible city today architectural styles represented different parts city gothic renaissance baroque national romantic empire city grown main transport harbour later railway station result oldest parts city central busiest today streets lit lit moat testify defences initial viking settlement roughly follows boundaries settlement street network inner city formed middle ages narrow curved streets low dense housing river coast lit western gate bears medieval city gate narrow remnants toll stations time inner city oldest preserved houses especially latin quarter buildings dating early 17th century medieval merchants seen landmarks cathedral centre longest tallest church denmark length height respectively originally built 13th century rebuilt enlarged gothic cathedral late 15th early 16th centuries cathedral stood finished took century build associated cathedral school founded ranks 44th oldest school world important historic church inner city church lady 13th century gothic style smaller impressive cathedral founded older church constructed oldest stone church scandinavia parts church excavated 1950s experienced beneath nave national romantic style oldest military barracks left country home university department aesthetics communication palace slot designed hack art styles donated city prince christian princess wedding present custom house said hack finest work lit freedom opened largest amusement park city tourist attraction theatre art style largest provincial theatre denmark early buildings university especially main building completed designed gained international reputation contribution architecture city hall iconic tower clad marble designed modern style culture home annual cultural events festivals museums theatres sports event presents largest cultural attractions denmark long tradition music genres danish bands emerged libraries cultural centres educational institutions present free easy opportunities citizens participate engage creative cultural events productions kinds selected european capital culture offering combination innovation media communication architecture design wide variety cultural institutions city member organisation international cities refuge network effort provide safe haven authors writers persecuted countries origin state library university campus status national library museums museums largest country measured number visitors den den old town officially denmark market town museum presents danish 16th century 1970s individual areas focused different time periods historic buildings collected different parts country brought create small town right city main art museum largest art museums scandinavia collection covering danish art 18th century present day paintings installations sculptures representing international art movements artists world iconic glass structure roof rainbow designed features offering colourful city museum collaboration university exhibits denmark including weapon sacrifices man women museum contains collections lives works women danish cultural history occupation museum presents exhibits illustrating german occupation city second world war university park campus university includes natural history museum species animals natural surroundings museum museum history science medicine art hall hosts exhibitions contemporary art including painting sculpture photography performance art film video strictly speaking museum arts centre oldest europe built founded libraries community centres libraries denmark cultural community centres play active role cultural life host events exhibitions discussion groups workshops educational courses facilitate everyday cultural activities citizens june large central library cultural centre opened harbour includes civil services commercial office large underground robotic car park aims landmark city public meeting place building associated squares collectively known urban largest construction project municipality undertaken apart large main library local library engaged similar cultural educational activities local scale cultural community centres scattered city includes central events non commercial associations organisations clubs activities elderly nearby railway yard workshops events exhibitions sports cultural activities performing arts city enjoys strong musical traditions classical alternative underground popular educational performance institutions concert halls opera den opera symphony orchestra royal academy music largest concert hall scandinavia seating people major music venues include rebuilt recently opened train nightclub railway station 1970s city seen major developments rock scene arrival acclaimed bands michael learns rock nephew north united veto addition popular individual performers like thomas anne music production centre supported rock scene city publicly funded rock promotes danish rock music general acting scene diverse groups venues including dance venues like city hosts international theatre festival international living theatre event scheduled goods station recently thoroughly renovated redeveloped expanded new building known functions cultural centre offers numerous workshops artist community local citizens events festivals hosts annual recurring festivals concerts events festival popular wide ranging large sports events largest festival scandinavia based special theme takes place year days late august early september transforming inner city activities decorations kinds music day international jazz festival features jazz venues city founded takes place july august september year annually recurring music festivals contemporary popular music festival presents known bands year mid june large outdoor scenes new event founded grew day event day festival years paying guests spot festival aiming showcase coming danish scandinavian talents selected venues inner city outdoor music festival takes place year cities denmark including festival lit denmark festival small summer music festival held apart hosts specific recurring events dedicated art genres initiated sculpture sea popular annual month long outdoor sculpture exhibition beaches south event included sculptures countries attracted estimated half million visitors international living theatre annual festival established performing arts stage art broad scale festival vision showing best plays stage art experiences world presenting best stage art companies world time attracting stage art interested people europe large city actively promotes gay lesbian community celebrates annual pride gay pride festival usually includes exhibits concerts events designed lgbt communities clubs aimed including danish sports nightclub hiking club parks nature recreation beech forests occupy hills north south apart city centre sandy beaches forms coastline entire municipality public den close harbour area offers sand beach city centre denmark private beaches municipality access requires membership summer relatively mild temperate marine climate allows outdoor recreation year round including walking hiking cycling outdoor team sports mountain usually restricted marked routes like sailing motor boating etc popular bay rarely winter practised year recreational pathways pedestrians city centre countryside providing safety vehicles experience includes kilometre long lake long range hiking route starts unusually high number parks covering total area acres central botanical gardens popular destination include old town open air museum host number events year originally fruit trees useful plants local citizens significant collection trees bushes different habitats regions world including section devoted native danish plants recently renovated tropical subtropical exhibit exotic plants world city centre university park recognised unique design large old oak trees memorial park coast palace offers view bay popular locals events notable parks include small central city hall park park park relatively new park situated inner city crowded largest park including woodlands large open soccer fields forests long history recreational activities kinds including restaurants hotels opportunities green exercise marked routes running mountain large events hosted regularly includes running events cycle racing annual classic race historic racing cars event sculpture sea attracting thousands people new event replace sculpture sea deer park forests comprises acres woodland free deer museum southern parts forests large historical landscape woodlands presenting different eras denmark sections forest comprise trees vegetation representing specific climatic ice age present landscape reconstructed stone age bronze age graves buildings iron age viking age medieval times grazing goats sheep horses food drink large variety restaurants offering food cultures world especially mediterranean asian international cuisine traditional danish food new cuisine oldest restaurants lit city hall café opened serving menu traditional danish meals peter gift tavern broad beer selection menu danish dishes restaurant forefront developing new cuisine years closed couple relocated restaurant later involved projects including cooking international space station new currently experienced villa dining domestic local produce places especially twice weekly food markets high end restaurants serving international cuisine include restaurant restaurant considered best places eat denmark denmark restaurants outside copenhagen receive stars vendors street food numerous centre selling small trailers permanent locations formally known lit wagons traditionally serving danish variety hot dogs fast food increasingly outlets inspired cultural city centre packed especially river latin quarter includes evening restaurant café café café cross robust diverse tends concentrate inner city exclusively offers small joints cheap alcohol atmosphere fashionable night clubs serving champagne small large music venues bars dance floors established places drink include relaxed offering award winning beer selection experience broad selection danish bands playing blues rock wine book café holmes british style pub live music pub restaurant tavern located rooms built monks set danish set drinks ordered named city consisting beer shot originally ordering set bars local production brewery located southern district large variety available larger stores city bars restaurants export local dialect danish dialect commonly called lit dialect danish mid eastern jutland dialect area traditionally spoken local denmark diminished use 20th century people today speak version standard danish regional features strong presence older segments population areas high numbers immigrants common traditional words silly dumb damn dialect notable single words ending pronounced letter multiple words pronounced pronounced like east jutland similar standard danish different west university compiled list contemporary public figures best dialect including jacob thomas tina martin popular culture dialect features prominently movie night 90s comedy sketches jacob finn sports major men professional sports teams team danish league danish basketball league bears notable historic clubs include park hosted matches premiere danish soccer league formed matches national men soccer team sailing clubs routinely win national international titles range disciplines future national stadium located city centre bears recently won danish basketball championships municipality actively supports sports organisations city providing public organisations aim attract major sporting events strengthen professional sports national olympic committee sports confederation denmark counts sports organisations municipality population members soccer far popular sport followed recent decades free public sports facilities sprung city street football basketball climbing walls beach volley natural sites offer green exercise exercise equipment installed paths tracks reserved mountain newly reconstructed area prime example hosted sporting events including european women championship european men championship european championships european table tennis championships denmark open women road cycling world cup world championships world artistic championships world cup women average host international sailing competitions year hosted youth sailing world championships host sailing world championships world championship olympic sailing disciplines important olympics education principal centre education jutland region draws students large area especially western southern parts peninsula relatively large influx young people students creates natural base cultural activities greatest concentration students denmark fully living attending short medium long courses study addition institutions higher education research forums evolved assist transfer expertise education business city home students january university largest university denmark number students enrolled ranked universities world influential respected rankings university approximately bachelor master students enrolled students possible engage higher academic studies areas traditional spheres natural science theology academic areas like engineering tech largest business denmark teaching undergraduate study programmes english including education training continuing training human resource development danish school media journalism oldest largest colleges offering journalism courses approximately students independent institution conducting research teaching undergraduate level school collaborated university establish centre university studies journalism offering master courses journalism granting degrees university royal academy music established auspices danish ministry culture merged royal academy music founded patronage royal crown prince offers graduate level studies areas music teaching solo professional university college established january new regional organisations offering bachelor courses kinds central denmark region offers higher taught danish english education research development projects school architecture founded royal danish academy fine arts copenhagen responsible education architects denmark approximately students teaches main departments architecture aesthetics urban landscape heritage design architectural design note higher education centres infrastructure transport main railway station central station located city centre connections destinations denmark local railways provide commuter services planned train project link railway lines new light rail route city city bus lines inner city pass park lit central station square regional inter city buses terminate bus terminal located metres north west scandinavia hotel long distance buses connect cities jutland zealand ferries administered danish ferry company transports passengers zealand ferries comprises world largest diesel powered max airport located north east near provides transport copenhagen international destinations larger airport situated south west discussion constructing new airport closer years far plans realised august city_council officially initiated process assert viability new international airport small seaplane operates flights daily harbour copenhagen harbour free bike sharing system city available april october stands city obtained placing coin release slot like supermarket coin retrieved bike returned hired shops healthcare home university hospital danish super hospitals officially established regions reformed danish healthcare sector university hospital result series 2000s hospitals municipal hospital county hospital hospital psychiatric hospital today largest hospital denmark combined staff patient beds locations construction new university hospital began ending departments expanding square metres additional square metres new psychiatric center hospital divided clinical centers service center administrative unit research centers ranked best hospital denmark private hospitals specialized different areas plastic surgery fertility treatments operate private hospital founded leading danish fertility clinic kind denmark provided birth children artificial continually conducts research field fertility clinic established private fertility clinic undertaken fertility treatments resulted municipality offers number specialized services areas nutrition exercise sex smoking drinking activities elderly health courses lifestyle media daily newspaper appear established moderately conservative approach denmark largest leading provincial newspaper time second world war increasingly faced competition published merged run media daily newspaper today known established takes generally right wing editorial approach reputation news publication paper included news jutland particular somewhat promotion national newspaper 1960s today leading newspapers denmark publishes section dedicated news free website portal copenhagen based media company publishes free local papers week parts denmark sweden publish total local newspapers vest weekend radio large department employees runs radio programme provides local contributions produces local regional television programmes established jutland headquarters moved northern station broadcasts regional news current affairs television radio programmes run channel local channel agreement july watched households making largest cable transmitted local channel denmark students danish school media journalism country largest oldest school journalism school works closely university journalism course established institutions established centre university studies journalism offers master courses twin towns home city seven cities operating spheres public schools culture welfare commercial interests twin towns sister cities notable people


county town england river population approximately market town centre largely medieval street plan listed buildings including examples timber framing 15th 16th centuries castle red sandstone fortification abbey monastery founded respectively norman earl roger montgomery town historically centre wool trade remains popular flower largest events england located miles east welsh border serves commercial centre mid wales retail output million year light industry distribution centres battlefield enterprise park outskirts trunk roads cross near town railway lines meet railway station history early history town early capital kingdom known ancient signifying hill old english mean fort fortified place bushes gradually evolved directions alternative town county eventually town later welsh means fortified place ages geographically important town site conflicts particularly english welsh angles king took possession nearby village miles south east site fourth largest capital roman britain possible alternative dark age seat kingdom importance area roman era recently discovery medieval known history early middle ages having founded believed anglo saxon probably settlement fortified use earthworks comprising ditch wooden evidence beginning home mint welsh besieged repelled william roger montgomery given town gift william built castle taking title earl founded abbey monastery 3rd earl robert deposed title consequence henry joining duke normandy invasion english king stephen successfully besieged castle held william empress period known anarchy late middle ages 14th 15th centuries town height commercial importance mainly wool trade major industry time rest britain europe especially river street trading routes company dominated trade welsh wool years battle fought miles north town centre battlefield fought king henry henry king emerging victorious event celebrated william_shakespeare henry act early modern monastic gathering disbanded dissolution monasteries abbey closed believed henry_viii intended cathedral city formation church_of_england citizens town declined offer despite 16th 17th centuries largely town location allowed control welsh wool trade resultant number grand including ireland mansion built hall constructed period edward gave permission foundation free school later school english civil war town royalist stronghold fell parliament forces let mary water gate known traitor gate thomas captured february following ordnance quarter dozen irish prisoners selected killed picking lots prompted prince respond executing prisoners church founded 18th century important market town stop travelling london way ireland led establishment number coaching lion hotel extant day local soldier statesman robert death served town mayor church collapsed attempts expand compromised structural integrity tower rebuilt years later large neo classical round church new location close quarry park period directly napoleon surrender june town 53rd regiment foot sent guard exile containing lock emperor hair presented officer 53rd remains day collections regimental museum castle late modern played western intellectual history town naturalist charles darwin born brought town home mill world iron framed building commonly regarded grandfather skyscraper importance officially recognised 1950s resulting grade listed building industrial revolution canal linked canal rest canal network great_britain despite escaped taking place 19th century britain isolation large manufacturing towns ports town suffered little bombing runs second world war damage english locations worst case woman grandchildren killed cottage destroyed road local air raid deaths ancient buildings remain intact little redevelopment 1960s 1970s arguably destroyed character historic towns large area half houses businesses destroyed way raven meadows multi story car park historic buildings demolished way architectural style 1960s town saved new inner ring road challenging geography late 1990s town experienced severe flooding problems brook autumn large town underwater notably flooded times weeks flood defences completed new offices borough council recently flooding severe defences generally held town centre areas town car parks left flooded winter reduces trade town evidenced run christmas unsuccessfully applied city status won west capital enterprise award town large expanding business parks business park southeast battlefield enterprise park north residential developments currently construction town cater increasing numbers people wishing live town popular place birmingham report prison population found prison england wales prison known closed sold ministry justice private property developers town council formed town traditional coat arms returned everyday use geography miles west miles west birmingham west miles north west capital london locally town east south east border wales miles west town centre partially built hill elevation highest feet sea level longest river river flows town forming centre town subject flooding river town near hill site rocks oldest rocks county found town sited area largely rocks fault fault starts approximately town runs far market suburbs metropolitan area number suburbs surrounding villages river separates western southern eastern suburbs town centre northern suburbs example large neighbouring village effectively metropolitan area hill grew considerably half 20th century separated suburb fields pass remains separate entity town parish council etc hill lies miles south town centre near smaller village battlefield north town considered suburb metropolitan area covered parish stores half originally subway climate climate similar rest generally moderate rainfall averages influenced mountains warm moist frontal systems atlantic_ocean bring generally light precipitation autumn spring nearest weather station miles north west town centre local topography low lying plain surrounded higher ground west south east gives area absolute maximum absolute minimum represents largest temperature range individual weather station british isles maximum range average temperatures tends peak south east area particularly south east inland east inland south east england average year day giving total days absolute maximum recorded august conversely night year typically falls total air recorded average year absolute minimum recorded annual average rainfall averages falling days year government borough charter granted king henry allowing collection king richard granted early charter time town regional importance influence increased autonomy county charters granted king john henry vii charles james charter queen incorporated borough auspices town remained administrative centre new council authority covering excluding borough separate authority area council headquarters abbey whilst partly utilised council offices customer service points county constituency large settlement constituency recent general election daniel conservative party elected majority previous mps included 19th century prime minister benjamin netherlands royal_navy submarine hms talent affiliated town served administrative headquarters british_army regional west brigade administrative based barracks town council area town parish council instead mayor mayor town wider changes local governance town single parish created covering entire town previously area second populous civil parish england super mare greater population population approximately area parish hectares acres town council parish council convened april chair mayor interim period elections existing county represented electoral divisions covering town june election held town council elected single member council electoral divisions political town council local elections sees labour largest party seats conservatives liberal democrats current mayor liberal democrat councillor miles kenny town council headquarters meeting place headquarters borough council coat arms coat arms borough council town council depicts motto latin phrase translated flourish coat arms abolished borough council shield addition bridge running town historically till celtic badge depicting lion new badge embedded circular shape returned season means leopard head naming derived carving faces ends logs including flag county etc uses according united_kingdom census population town census population wider abolished borough population town population town second largest town census indicates population town consists females males echoes trend borough according census ethnic composition town largely white total population largest ethnic group mixed race town population population indian pakistani population south asian british asian black caribbean african historical population population figures borough existed covered wider area town actual town parish population population non white british compared surrounding district economy medieval period centre wool trade position river transport goods england canal system unlike towns period centre heavy industry early 1900s town focused transport services general service professional sector owing position road strategic route north wales town location town county councils number retail complexes town centre provide significant employment jobs town service industry sector largest employers administration distribution sectors includes retail food accommodation home shopping centres principal centres comprise darwin pride hill shopping centres house high street retailers marks boots riverside provides retail accommodation stores including plan riverside integrate new development darwin pride hill centres granted planning permission april project dubbed new riverside parade shopping centre fourth centre exclusively housing independent retailers retail warehouse clusters retail park south retail park north major town environmentally friendly extra road old way recently road visitor economy worth million people employed directly visitor industry indirectly million visitors day visitors staying visitors borough day visitors staying visitors staying visitors accounted spending position sizable town large area especially west mid wales allows attract large retail base resident population evident retail sector healthcare sector royal hospital department westwards miles away prominent centre burton trent beer celebrated early praised supply palace town chief owned local public houses conventional industry gradually closed 1960s real brewery established town brewery based old dairy oak road produces bottle production barrels week mainly serves terms social economic according overall index multiple super output area town areas nationally area ward fall nationally battlefield affluent areas town generally south west grounds school area architecture landmarks historic town centre retains medieval street pattern narrow streets passages passages especially pass buildings street called word shoot street specialist shops traditional local restaurants found hidden corners squares lanes street names remained unchanged centuries unusual names butcher row lane passage bear steps public library school building castle hill main entrance statues bearing greek inscriptions portray virtues lover learning learning convey lesson good gain knowledge love learning centre town lies quarry acre riverside park attracts thousands people year enjoyed place recreation traditionally known town flowers moniker incorporated signs entrance town major roads replaced birthplace charles darwin british_army light infantry associated 17th century regiments formed regiments raised deployed world american revolutionary war current conflicts iraq afghanistan today major light infantry forms regiment known simply rifles barracks spiritual home light division houses headquarters british_army west brigade 5th division disbanded april reorganisation army support command hardened nuclear bunker built group royal observer corps provided field force united_kingdom warning monitoring organisation sounded minute warning alarm event war warned population event approaching radioactive fallout building manned volunteers trained weekly basis wore royal_air_force style uniform breakup communist royal observer corps disbanded september december nuclear bunker stands inside street near abbey lasting reminder cold war converted practice tourist information centre situated museum art gallery old music hall theatre town square main museums museum art gallery castle houses regimental museum pumping station gateway arts drama centre private galleries art shops town notable feature town lord hill column largest free standing column world quantum leap abstract sculpture unveiled town centre mark birth biologist charles darwin bridges entirely encircled river bridges river cross brook working downstream bridge modern pedestrian spans river town centre welsh bridge built replace ancient george bridge welsh bridge bridge pedestrian suspension bridge running quarry built bridge river bridge privately owned toll bridge subsequent bridge bridge pedestrian bridge town centre following bridge english bridge historically called stone bridge rebuilt 1930s railway station partly built river station castle walk modern pedestrian bridge cross river bypass area called way separate lanes vehicles pedestrians wrote area verse mentions bridges town religious sites churches including abbey founded roger montgomery greek orthodox church anglican church building road south home roman catholic cathedral town walls parishes roman catholic diocese houses fish street facing church site john preaching wall plaque records date march according legend church damaged devil climbed times drunken anglican churches united reformed church represented alongside newer church groups including evangelical church meets anglican parish church julian cop end fish street non christian place worship muslim centre approved community projects based started local churches including project primary work homeless people town whilst churches works help homeless people project basics bank based centre provides debt relief local people culture museums entertainment home largest events longest running flower world annual flower day event flower takes place mid august running years attracts visitors year set quarry park multitude events exhibitions displays fireworks display end day town known flower displays won numerous awards recent years theatre town main performing arts complex situated welsh bridge alongside namesake river theatre includes performance spaces seat main auditorium smaller studio space walker theatre accommodate seating standing november theatre celebrated sale ticket opening venue includes sized dance studio function rooms restaurant new complex replaced old theatre music hall refurbished expanded preparation current use home museum art gallery opened museums town include acclaimed regimental museum based castle restored 19th century steam powered pumping station opens tours specific days year nearby national trust properties include park home hill family barons remaining town walls tower dates 14th century home region main agricultural shows county west mid held year usually agricultural outskirts town hill town host international music festival musical groups world come perform week local residents final concert abbey festival organised tours saw folk festival event moved town nearby held annually august bank holiday event popular people travelling attend event held quarry related festivities happening town event moved west river new annual arts festival summer season established runs year june august extensive programme music visual arts theatre spectacle old public houses continuously open golden cross princess street cow abbey king head golden cross reputed oldest licensed public house records inn far original originally old church arts famous literary figures visited town include 17th century daniel school educated arthur phillips playwright george play recruiting officer set town later 18th 19th centuries likes john thomas benjamin visit town charles visited present series lectures music hall staying lion hotel period town prolific literary figure famous son born charles darwin darwin educated school later development work origin species naturalist 19th century darwin work revolutionary highly controversial time teachings beliefs today widely recognised father modern theory evolution novel end makes brief reference astonishing impression received having visited town early 20th century century famous poets great war poet owen resident whilst fellow poet mary loved town referred time works guise owen subject sculpture symmetry unveiled grounds abbey whilst finally laid rest town town appears brother novels pen novels abbey setting places portrayed regularly medieval familiar wide worldwide readership local author carol written children books including jack cat set town children author wrote town called based entirely books including midnight blue frank children author writes briefly book millions library hosts west literary heritage website developed provide information west midland people places including featured library west midland creative literature collection film setting popular film christmas carol filmed interior exterior shots town prop played george scott movie present graveyard church media newspapers published local edition county star traditional chronicle oldest weekly newspapers country having produced edition presently radio stations specifically serve area encompass wide broadcast include free radio black country bbc radio based september broadcasts star building brand new online independent media company launched covering based local residents encouraged involved web site citizen journalists contributors food known circles namesake classic english typically crisp creations incorporate fruit small size serving time large serving right traditionally distinct hint lemon playwright william mentioned play way world brother short cake tell know relations town recipe included early including cook final reference seen day subject plaque building close town library pride hill aforementioned plaque marks spot cake recipe said pioneered quote drawn richard harris legends reads origin popular cake recipe different towns recipes shapes cake bury produced large numbers recipes version known large cheese market victorian times education home school public school large site south town centre overlooking loop school town centre buildings main county library castle street opposite river high school independent girls day school long established school independent preparatory school london road close lord hill column schools group affiliated largest group church_of_england schools country whilst originally school boys late 1990s started accepting girls ages thirteen school set acres grounds outskirts town town long established boys preparatory school old roman road merged junior department girls high school sharing sites classes remaining boys girls switching format school independent day boarding school girls miles northwest school founded set grade listed country house built great niece member iron master family built majority town pupils attend seven comprehensive schools school grammar school girls school currently carries status science college school status arts college school status sports college school status technology college school geographically closest school town centre loop english bridge previously called technical school attended notable world war poet owen closed reorganisation july additionally establishments outside town serve town students school north mary school village south west education handled sixth form college previously school boys recently ranked 17th sixth form colleges nationally sunday_times newspaper college arts technology handles primarily courses university centre offering courses autumn undergraduate students welcomed institution autumn established university chester council university centre focused high quality teaching research contributing community ultimately making global impact transport county public transport hub road rail links rest county country railway lines connect town corners region town known gateway wales railway station served trains wales london midland trains running north chester manchester south cardiff west east birmingham heart wales line trains operate april open access operator commenced services london restoring county direct rail link capital previously mainland english counties dedicated service capital service ceased january virgin trains announced september new london service comprising trains direction daily introduced december year main railway station building includes clock tower imitation tudor chimneys carved heads frames window small british transport police station building bus services town operated serve parts town town bus station adjacent darwin shopping centre short railway station operate county services independent behalf county council bus companies operating area including motors valley coaches operating services crossing welsh border nearby towns including montgomery park ride bus scheme operation car parks edge town want travel town centre car parks north colour coded blue west colour coded pink south colour coded green proposed fourth built east town preston important centre road traffic thomas designed new coaching route london order improve communications ireland routed new road opened road road connects town northwest east joins ran town centre bypass built 1930s subsequently mile dual completed cost million pounds south town form route dual built town act substantial link bypass town goes joining south town coming point road merges miles separating east town runs north passing battlefield heading battlefield route begins heads northeast market onwards newcastle trent runs town centre entering west leaving southeast begins town centre heads north heading begins west town centre heads bishop castle crossing border southwest major roads town include goes north south town centre runs north south east town centre short mile stretch road southeast town centre called london road additionally recent bypass completed runs northern edge town battlefield connecting exist lane cycling comprehensive network road traffic free cycle routes awarded cycling town status cycling england result benefited million grant funding department transport funding improvements cycle network provide cycle training information advice people help encourage cycle school work sport home professional football club town team currently competes tier english football football league played home games new meadow club played gay meadow stadium town achievements include winning welsh cup times record english club year run old second division known championship division championship division championship victory conference national playoff final local rugby club rugby club river town rowing boat club school boat club sports village sports centre district town aimed providing wide range sports facilities townspeople number golf facilities including municipal golf course area local heritage includes park park circuit near club staged events area years cricket club currently successful club cricket sides country won national club championship twice recently england international player james taylor currently plays free weekly takes place centre event attended runners week darwin northern territory australia city darwin named charles darwin seen activity physical discipline notable number notable people associated town including charles darwin biologist evolutionary theorist important 19th century born february mount house educated town school people political associations connections town leo blair father prime minister tony blair resident town residents included michael conservative politician educated school sir william 5th britain richest man lived apartments castle robert mayor hunter lead singer 70s pop group resident swan hill town centre wrote song resident town john radio presenter educated school town producer dance music born 1980s pop group formed town band vocalist carol born educated town members band notable music historian charles born educated town home contributors literature early years 18th century irish george resided town acting recruiting officer army drew experience writing comedy recruiting officer prior world war poet owen lived town romantic novelist mary buried michael writer actor comedian attended school actors associations town include nick presenter think like educated school nick conway actor connected town born actor jason mother born comedian george lived town near lord hill column second world war sporting include newcastle united town youth academy graduates england joe hart wales david edwards currently playing premier league scotland born town father stationed cup final winning players took decade cup history born lived john edwards henry john lloyd jones sandy professional born town spent formative years assistant cricket coach school notable people town include robert performer buried town mary church simon visual effects designer born town resident john 18th century architect designed english bridge bridge born town broadcaster lived set garden centre near road football club currently home renowned singer steve family flight lieutenant lock bar born nearby hill educated public school london road lock internationally recognised high scoring fighter ace royal_air_force second world war victories death combat age raf successful british born pilot battle britain shooting german aircraft period weeks victoria_cross recipient known lived arthur decorated world war retired later time clergy ministry briefly live oak road forerunner private eye school magazine edited richard christopher booker paul foot school mid-1950s comic book artist charlie born known illustrating walking dead actor adam born grew united_states twin town netherlands inspired fact sir philip alumnus school fatally wounded end second world war mayor harry steward honorary citizen return launched appeal second hand tools clothes materials town post war reconstruction nazi german occupation war damage potential germany discussion


low fell low fell suburb situated metropolitan borough wear england built predominantly sandstone clay bordered sheriff hill east west green south north suburb lies major bus route miles south miles south city newcastle miles north historic city durham principal road suburb according census suburb population falling marginally census centuries little barren heath settlement low fell initially established moderate influx miners 18th century considered village historic county durham long inhabited numbers formally incorporated newly formed metropolitan borough local government act took effect april instead residential suburb populous dozen villages comprise metropolitan borough low fell long rich history stark contrast industrial development near neighbour sheriff hill settlement low fell developed building new road bypass steep road ran sheriff hill turn encouraged private enterprise particularly public houses dozens wealthy individuals built substantial escape dirt 19th century newcastle remain today contribute dozen grade listed buildings suburb continued develop affluent area village feel suburb wholly contained council ward represented locally members liberal democrats party nationally suburb represented labour_party constituency suburb home schools churches principal landmark suburb helen church located settlement home sir joseph swan domestic property world illuminated electric light england international cricketer graham current resident suburb history fell prior low fell fell constituent ancient county durham described barren heath took nearby fact area fell common portion fell later low fell little march wetlands owned bishop durham simply divided land plots rented tenants willing pay 18th century lower section fell consisted broadly sparsely populated farm woodland section fell sheriff hill boundary formed mound earth number settlers fell increased result great flood rivers wear burst banks causing people lose homes time fell place considerable notoriety land undertaken theologian john arrived found waste white inhabited predominantly act obtained ordering enclosure fell present day act separated fell sheriff hill low fell commissioners appointed settle claims land fell accordingly plans laid construction wells including carter located durham road accompanied today commemorative blue plaque drains roads places essential requirements progress slow disputes settled time completion fell entirely enclosed effectively history divisions fell remained settled villages created enclosure survived entirely intact present day enclosure came fell began building new road major road fell followed route ancient road ran sheriff hill today old durham road highway road steep deemed unsatisfactory coaches labour long hill newcastle fell steep descent coach horses inn coming south climb descend hills reverse new road better mile farmland low fell land far severe leading sheriff hill plans drawn build new road farmland low fell durham work began new road december took eighteen months complete mail coach travelled new road today known durham road june thomas wilson road road fields description said suited road turn 20th century opening new road saw people drawn area attracted considerable trade travel fare robert proprietor old cannon inn sheriff hill quickly likely detrimental effect new road business opened new cannon inn corner durham road lane road year sheriff march routed sheriff hill new road low fell despite cessation sheriff march establishment social centre growing village concerts meetings kinds held new adjoining roads gradually began appear road later lane low fell road road bank january local poet thomas wilson bought land durham road opened literary rooms opened november upper section literary rooms school local children opening new school site lane 1880s decade intensive building population village increased accordingly relative village coupled scenic views surrounding hills countryside attracted rich nearby newcastle seeking alternative dirt noise industrial newcastle individuals duly built lived mansion property area property mansion located durham road built owned wealthy chemical manufacturer kept bears substantial adjoining grounds early 20th century village continued expand interwar years children play durham road perfect safety turn world war expanded urban removed scenic delighted settlers suburb century earlier spite developments low fell select suburb substantial independent shopping facilities houses village private owners added low fell addresses times mentioning adhere original boundaries live low fell village changed little character structure end world war plans drawn development durham road drew criticism residents low fell incorporated metropolitan borough transformed early village days time suburb considerable independent commercial hub attracting high volume traffic character relatively unchanged today low fell remains attractive places live north east england retaining distinctive village feel containing thriving community shops restaurants schools churches governance low fell local council ward metropolitan borough ward approximately square kilometres area population low fell ward represented april ron frank susan low fell westminster parliamentary constituency previously formed east washington west constituency abolished boundary changes prior general election present incumbent lives nearby wear member labour_party replaced incumbent successfully campaigned election newly formed constituency washington west general election elected majority votes second placed candidate frank swing labour_party liberal democrats low fell labour parliamentary seats united_kingdom success followed return general election polled total votes cast whilst returned parliament majority geography topography low fell latitude lies eastern team valley miles south centre town centre main link roads centre newcastle england distance low fell london miles low fell occupies elevated position slopes east west principal routes durham road lane gentle slope parts suburb sloped notably border sheriff hill east church road particularly land settlement built contains predominantly sandstone clay enclosure fell low fell developed firstly village following subsequent large urban expansion low fell surrounded suburban developed dense form little visual village incorporated metropolitan borough local government act implementation act low fell considered county durham bordered number settlements form metropolitan borough sheriff hill east north south team valley trading estate west precise boundaries suburb difficult southern boundary fixed certainty junction lane durham road parliamentary boundaries act eastern border sheriff hill clearly sheriff highway old durham road views western enjoyed residents elevated positions views hill team valley hill suburb metropolitan borough prevalent low fell means suburb continues enjoy rural feel unusual trait modern according united_kingdom census low fell population population female slightly national average whilst male population black minority ethnic group opposed national population group settlement asian asian british ethnic group low fell low proportion lone parent households households settlement lowest figure metropolitan borough compares favourably borough average national average households dependent children opposed nationally index multiple divides england areas measures quality life indicate include low fell areas marked deprived low fell compares favourably wider area respect adults educational qualifications adults settlement educational qualifications lowest figure metropolitan borough compared england average adults equivalent compared nationally qualified degree level economy prior enclosure low fell predominantly inhabited small number enclosure character suburb changed rapidly people moved close new road neighbouring sheriff hill influx heavy industry built pottery particularly new owners low fell spent heavily improve land cottages rarity remaining pit removed result numerous wealthy individuals drawn area influx helped shape grow early settlement opposed usual means growth allied work industry 1880s decade considerable building village fueled completion nearby brought light industry area year swan built dry plate works lane proved light industries locate area smaller industries allied farms road area village farm orchard cottage dairy farm farm survived area second world war generated small economy area inhabitants built settled predominantly escape dirt industrial expanded southward meet village low fell residential suburb development retained rural village character shops built durham road expanded substantially villagers able travel nearby commercial purposes today durham road area vibrant commercial hub thriving shops bars restaurants banks small offices act principle commercial centre area area varies greatly development crest albert drive 1960s uncommon said suburb smaller commercial area developed lane predominantly built small enterprise today area contains butcher shop hair unemployment levels suburb low compared local national levels overall level economic activity low fell compared overall england manufacturing largest sector employment residents suburb working residents suburb managerial capacity highest figure metropolitan borough culture buildings landmarks low fell home numerous buildings listed english_heritage lane grade listed building home sir joseph swan site pioneering experiments photographic processing electricity described large villa triple built roughly dressed sandstone private residence world lit electric light later school retirement sheltered housing lane location home house fine early 19th century symmetrical sandstone property family home sisters grade listed building southern edge durham road carter notable buildings items interest road durham road houses stone building domestic air grade listed building literary room built local subscription thomas wilson designed thomas oliver building bank derelict immediately adjacent literary rooms grade listed south african war memorial dated signed morrison located close main shopping centre durham road lies house large villa built local resident edward converted flats impressive based stone fountain grade listed status evidence travelling durham road grade listed buildings house story villa built john designer helen church house villa raised built school longer buildings converted private flats churches prominent church suburb helen church gothic revival church built rock faced sandstone details costing paid edward foundation stone helen laid october church consecrated august result lovely church located bank benefits number high quality stained glass windows father organ built church rebuilt vincent helen grade listed building grade listed building memorial methodist church built sloping site durham road opened january church pleasing individual adaptation early gothic design built sandstone welsh slate roof tiles churches suburb avenue church peter presbyterian church united reformed church located corner avenue road formed originally wood iron building erected site purchased building soon demolished replaced new building opened good friday april peter roman catholic located lane opened venues low fell home numerous public houses new cannon established durham road soon social hub village hosting travelling lessons dancing hosting plays visiting theatre early successful new cannon formative years trade new major route fact centre village life cannon inn survives today public houses black horse lane avenue lane crown tap arms durham road venues existence prior suburb home pair cinemas classic capitol cinema later named classic original classic located lane opened whilst capitol located durham road opened closed prior turn 21st century notable residents arguably notable resident low fell sir joseph swan swan famous inventor light instrumental improvements photographic film batteries lived lane low fell notable residents include thomas elementary school master controversial text shakespeare identified founded theory shakespeare authorship thomas wilson local poet famous work pay prominent labour politician sisters hope funded building little theatre lived low fell entire lives socialist singer songwriter alex glasgow called best remembered writing singing theme tune bbc television classic boat comes glasgow lived church road low fell emigrated australia blue plaque erected wall old house february england international cricketer graham lives low fell having previously played nearby fell cricket club transport low fell durham road route great north road diverted tunnel present route western bypass journey time car bus town centre approximately seven minutes minutes journey taking travellers centre newcastle nearest mainline railway station settlement newcastle central station located miles away nearest metro station settlement lies busy bus route served bus services angel continues durham orbit pulse travels western villages loop network buses serve low fell operated administration education education provisions suburb 19th century relied largely contribution local residents thomas wilson literary rooms durham road provided education classes residents wasn school board decided create permanent education provision low fell lane chosen location today low fell contains educational institutions oldest aforementioned lane primary school catering mix boys girls aged lane primary today popular school larger usual teaches variety subjects key stage key stage school successful progressive institution inspection resulted positive report superseded inspection concluded school outstanding generated excellent learning environment pupils staff opening peter primary located road serves local catholic parishes peter lady pupil age range subject range lane primary peter primary smaller average according recent inspection outstanding school outskirts suburb lies junior school built situated bank average sized junior school catering pupils aged years pupils meets minimum acceptable standard considered good school pupils benefit high standard internal leadership near road south joseph swan academy catering pupils suburb served specialist schools school situated ivy lane students demonstrating special educational needs age range pupils local authority plans designate school suitable pupils aged cedar good happy safe effective school school gardens provides similar provision pupils aged according latest report good school academic texts


suburban town east london england london borough located miles east northeast cross locally important district centres identified london plan comprises number shopping streets large residential area historically rural village essex formed ancient parish peripheral london town good transport links connected central london rail terminal station london underground network economic history characterised shift farming garden suburb suburban growth london 20th century significantly expanded increased population urban district formed greater london history recorded recorded book formed old english meaning large church high ground high ground parish church relation valley river bridge river shares alternative explanation suggests refer geographical relationship church anglo saxon times economic development ancient 1st century 3rd century area agriculture predominant industry following centuries area wooded 12th century gave land farming 17th century variety crops livestock growth market 19th century number mill built remains local industry included gravel extraction brick works connected railway station london railway street extended underground bow railway opened allowed services district railway operate district converted electric trains services cut east delayed world war electrified tracks extended london midland scottish railway services resumed local government formed ancient parish acres essex parish meetings church moved bell inn parish divided north south road lost control poor relief poor law union parish rural district following local government act district rural district parish council formed members increasing population doubled parish council acquired clock house building mary lane use offices parish formed london traffic area london passenger transport area parish council abolished combined parishes form urban district urban district abolished area combined municipal borough formed london borough greater london urban development parish early centres activity village church settlements estates new place hall purchased 17th century merchants city london caused significant number buildings town constructed improved bridges crossing responsibility adjacent parish liberty exempt responsibility charter opening station key development suburb land purchased development acres secured electricity introduced gas main supply came gas street lighting area served good spring water supply provided south essex company works system began village sewage works opened great land park purchased parish council governance town forms parliament constituency covered current angela ward london borough council elected residents association candidates area unusual residents association strongly active formed constituency formed constituency london assembly constituency london european parliament constituency geography rises feet sea level north feet sea level south rests layer sand gravel south london clay north bounded west river stream running east west north form lake formed continuously built area london 1930s east west north south open land forms metropolitan green belt open spaces formed golf club hall playing field north park clock house gardens south valley linear park south west town effectively divided north south parts railway line north predominantly residential southern containing main shopping area south predominantly residential post town area forms long motorway additionally includes north climate data taken nearest weather station miles southwest church committee area defined demographic data produced office national statistics contained cover connected settlement rural north population ward ward giving total population report religion christian compared london england report having religion compared london england black minority ethnic population lowest simpson index ethnic diversity london level home ownership high compared rest london england housing tenure owner occupation ward lowest levels london economy identified london plan local district centre square metres commercial considered significant commercial office location identified seven town centres borough retail area extending station road mary lane road unit sizes small largest outlets fashion home department store furniture interiors furniture store simply food transport town served station london line london underground london fare zone western town served bridge tube station bridge district line london underground services richmond broadway central london station served national rail operator provides services street west london operate services park transport london bus services north shopping centre south hall road north main radial central london road terminating town motorway located miles east town centre culture council urban strategy recognises nearby main cultural hub borough large theatre arts spaces offers largest regional concentration entertainment facilities new hall flexible entertainment space built holds people forms tourism strategy borough location remaining mills greater london grade listed barn museum containing artifacts domestic agricultural use west stadium home ground associated album lord named town speed sound speed sound accurately calculated reverend william rector improving newton estimates tower church observe flash distant shotgun fired measured time heard gunshot half second measurements number local landmarks including north church distance known speed sound travelled calculated


village near metropolitan borough greater manchester england historically lies miles south manchester city centre miles west manchester airport close river census village population increasing census medieval period originally outlying area township growth prosperity area led established separate settlement village gets barn stand industrial revolution agricultural village evolved commuter settlement today village rural place square economic centre currently undergoing redevelopment roman catholic boys grammar school college village home golf club site special scientific interest ancient diverse woodland ben smith child history thought fragments roman pottery tiles found 1880s near site college artefacts lost antiquity confirmed led local historian thompson suggest probably roman villa area reference contained book time outlying hamlet contained manor according book manor owned saxon replaced norman gained possession remain barons area 14th century manor considered prosperous comparison north west england settlements closely linked later spent medieval period extension dominant era land soil poor draining fertile middle 15th century established identity completely separate neighbouring demonstrated barn established time barn storing tenth farm produce given church establishment seen sign area prosperity original barn longer survives drawing source village explicit reference village document english civil war affected england families split royalist little recorded divisions emerge civil war untouched events heavy tax pay support army avoided supplies animals passing armies lands confiscated forced pay fines having long agricultural land 18th century town divided farms chapel established chapel lane underwent alterations chapel earliest place worship grade listed building houses eighteenth century pulpit nineteenth century stained glass school founded minister time education rare seen map barn farms cottages school house school rooms late 19th century building called manor house built site old farm purpose owner retirement timber framed barn built originally belonging farm later converted stables manor house torn lack funds maintain building grade listed building known manor house stables timber framed building 20th century affected turning place agricultural village commuter settlement today focused square shopping main road road runs centre leads manchester airport occurs britain derives anglo saxon meaning shelter supported surrounding area natural features provide shelter element comes old barn governance metropolitan borough greater manchester local government reforms formed administrative county ward seats council local election seats held conservatives formed sale west constituency encompassed sale constituency formation sale west constituency represented house_of_commons conservative graham geography located miles south manchester city centre east south east town bounded river south east residential areas west green north ward profile produced describes location economic nature follows lies southern tip borough ward contains large agricultural land including private golf courses number private sports clubs ward providing facilities tennis bowling football generally considered affluent ward wealthiest areas england climate greater manchester generally temperate extremes temperature weather mean temperature slightly average united_kingdom annual rainfall average sunshine slightly average census village total population households households married couples living couples lone parents town high percentage households married couples compared figure rest england average household size females males ethnicity white mixed race black non chinese asian chinese age distribution aged years aged years aged years aged years aged years aged years town high percentage residents compared national average ward profile ward describes diverse nature home large jewish muslim community groups religion according census religious christian jewish muslim hindu buddhist recorded having religion alternative religion state religion located roman catholic diocese church_of_england diocese chester places worship include holy angels church large roman_catholic_church linked college situated lane junction road western end village centre saints church belongs church_of_england built site district serves situated lane rebuilt previous site modern structure nursery function suite dedicated study room site south manchester main building education small size schools college provides education year olds primary primary schools primary school educational day school pupils school year secondary schools college catholic boy secondary school situated adjacent holy angels church road near centre village christian brothers came england second world war remained establish college college celebrated 60th anniversary school specialist computing college pupils attended school college awarded funding summer rebuilding current site building schools future programme pupils achieved grades compared average secondary schools national average pupils gained grades including english ranking school 4th secondary schools december college implicated child sex abuse case involving teaching staff carrying alleged acts abuse school grounds current staff said involved pupils contacted police victims witnesses sexual abuse alleged sexual abuse including children corporal punishment administered stemmed onwards continued decades economy according wealthiest areas england census ward possible workforce approximately people economic activity residents electoral ward time employment time employment self employed unemployed students jobs students jobs retired looking home family permanently sick disabled economically inactive reasons high rate self employment compared rest england low rates unemployment compared england office national statistics estimated period april march average gross weekly income households year according census industry employment residents property business services retail wholesale health social work manufacturing education transport communications finance construction hotels restaurants public administration defence energy water supply agriculture roughly line national figures town relatively high percentage workers property business services shopping centre built 1960s called square shopping centre site considered redevelopment proposals subjected consultation council developer participated planning inquiry council refused planning permission proposed redevelopment council agreed new shopping centre containing coffee open leisure recreation number private sports clubs providing facilities tennis bowling football includes home cricket club park park near centre crowned north west region winner prestigious britain best park competition designed wood ornamental gardens park created house park winner green flag award years running setting standard parks green spaces england wales tennis club private members tennis club courts established pavilion chapel lane golf club covering holes yards golf club designed harry developed james site special scientific interest situated close river designated ancient woodland diverse greater manchester managed wildlife trust