bat genus occurs southwestern madagascar populations species historically included molecular data published indicate supposed species fact consists separate species including newly described species found dry gallery forest open habitats southwestern madagascar small brown length hairs gray tips projection outer ear thick blunt tipped tail membrane concave taxonomy 2000s molecular studies revealed widely distributed african australian genus species rich previously thought contribution madagascar bats colleagues listed species madagascar nearby including small broad distribution madagascar colleagues presented evidence concept fact encompassed distinct species small included central highlands northern western madagascar northern western madagascar southwestern madagascar recognized species like bats closest relatives apparently acquired similarities evolution described new species second paper colleagues specific derived word refers plateau specimen recorded ethnic group region analysis sequences mitochondrial gene suggested closely related species samples differed maximum colleagues structure species description small short tailed long dense fur fur brown hairs gray tips similar color small darker ears partially haired virtually naked end rounded tip projection inner outer ear relatively thick sides parallel ends curved rounded tip wing membrane brown tail membrane lighter wing membrane attached upper leg level ankle relatively densely covered hairs particularly upper densely haired sparsely haired naked specimens measured colleagues total length averaging tail length averaging length averaging length averaging ear length averaging length averaging body mass averaging evidence substantial size differences males females skull relatively long line shaped central groove nasal depression relatively narrow frontal bones slightly rounded bear prominent crest crest prominent middle concave flat margin long thin posterior spine teeth dental formula upper lower characteristic upper smaller simplified second distribution ecology range extends southwestern madagascar forest dry forest near caves found plateau des national park inland found disturbed gallery forest national park cave habitat near unspecified habitat little known ecology species generally feed insects breed large colonies caves


north american river north american river known northern river common endemic north american continent found waterways coasts adult river weigh river protected thick water coat fur river member subfamily family equally versatile water land establishes close water edge river lake swamp coastal shoreline tidal flat estuary ecosystems den typically tunnel openings generally allows enter exit body water female birth underground producing litters young north american river like predators prey readily accessible species fish favored food consume amphibians frogs freshwater small turtles instances river eating small mammals occasionally birds reported range north american river significantly reduced habitat loss beginning european colonization north_america regions population controlled allow trapping harvesting river susceptible effects environmental pollution likely factor continued decline numbers number projects initiated help stabilize reduction overall population taxonomy evolution north american river described german naturalist christian daniel von identified species variety common names including north american river northern river common simply river documented common names american canada canadian fish land river prince wales river classified genus early european species species epithet means canada new classification species called genus includes new world river molecular biological techniques determine river giant diverged analyses suggest diverged million years ago earlier indicated fossil record fossils giant river dating found midwest fossils modern river appear north_america earliest known fossil found midwest stage years ago oldest fossil record old world river comes late new world river originated old world river migration land bridge existed million years ago migrated north_america southwards land bridge formed subspecies listed eastern canada usa newfoundland islands alaska usa alaska british_columbia allen alaska canada northern usa south central california northern nevada northeastern utah british_columbia usa mexico physical characteristics north american river animal kilograms short legs muscular neck smaller head elongated body average adult male weighs kilograms female average kilograms body length ranges centimetres animal total length consists long tapered tail tail lengths range centimetres large male north american river exceed weight kilograms differs european longer neck narrower smaller space ears shorter tail broad muzzle found river flat head ears round bare triangular projection eyes animal small placed short broad long broad define relatively flat skull river nostrils ears close water entering long thick enhancing sensory perception underwater land fur species short guard hairs average density hairs cm2 hairs section high varies light brown black throat chin lips rest body fur river white tipped rare occur sexual exists river males average larger females idaho juvenile adult males averaged heavier respectively females age clinical reduction size exist north south pacific_coast east west north american river live average years age captivity reach years age normally live years wild capable living years age form function river physically equipped aquatic life ears short neck diameter head legs short powerful toes fully tail body length tapered qualities river streamlined profile water reduce agility land smell hearing abilities river acute delicate sense touch addition great river approach feet boat person shore near sighted consequence vision adapted underwater sight river transparent membranes protect eyes swimming right lung river larger left having compared left reduced lungs presumed underwater swimming addition length river intermediate terrestrial marine mammals mean length river body length shorter improve air exchange increase lung ventilation diving mammals including specialized teeth including sharp inflict lethal bites prey river large crushing hard objects shells adult river total teeth additional present dental formula behavior river active year round active night hours nocturnal spring summer fall seasons winter migrate result food shortages environmental conditions migrate annually movement swim alternate hind limb simultaneous hind limb body tail tail stout larger surface area limbs stability swimming short bursts rapid propulsion swimming surface dorsal portion river head including nostrils ears eyes exposed water remain motion maintain position surface land river walk run bound slide foot falls walking running follow sequence left limb right limb right limb left limb walking limbs moved plane parallel long axis body result simultaneous lifting limbs ground feet contact ground feet lifted land contacted ground producing pattern tracks pairs typical sliding occurs surfaces snow ice occur grassy slopes muddy banks sliding snow ice rapid efficient means travel traveling mountain passes descending mountain lakes slide continuously meters rear leg enables continuous sliding gravity insufficient opposing force winter river heavily use openings ice passages beaver dams open water north american river highly mobile capacity traveling day daily movements males females idaho averaged spring summer autumn respectively daily movements family groups averaged spring summer winter respectively males family groups travel drastically winter playing river renowned sense play play consists wrestling chasing common game river rely play learn survival skills fighting hunting playful behavior found observations study idaho limited immature hunting prey captured quick ambush rarely sustained chase river remain underwater nearly minutes swim speeds approaching mph dive depths nearing travel underwater river cooperate fishing small fish eaten surface larger ones taken shore consumed live fish typically eaten head river dry uphold quality fur frequent rolling grass bare ground logs highly active predator river adapted hunting water eats aquatic animals vulnerability seasonal availability prey animals mainly food habits prey choices availability influenced following factors mobility prey habitat availability prey species environmental factors water depth temperature seasonal changes prey supply distribution correspondence foraging habitat diet river analyzing obtained field gut contents removed trapped fish primary component river diet year study food habits river identified varying fish species primary component diet instance alberta canada study involved collection analysis samples river collected season fish remnants found present samples western oregon study revealed fish remains present digestive tracts examined crustaceans available second important prey crustaceans consumed fish example study conducted central california indicated formed nearly river diet certain times year river immediately advantage prey readily prey consumed river includes fruits reptiles amphibians birds especially ducks render birds makes easier capture aquatic insects small mammals river avoid consuming northern river generally handle prey large size relative occasions observed killing adult common snapping turtles large turtles roughly equal average body weight river remains larger american beaver found regions studies areas beaver regular predators despite claims fur frequently hunt young beaver kits attacked dramatically reduce prey populations wild generally speaking supply food prey available transfer new location convert choices adequate prey left significant certain circumstances fish culture facilities likewise potential predatory impact considerable fish physically confined commonly smaller ponds offering sparse cover escape options resolution conflicts usually require removal relocation larger bodies water advantage seasonal concentrations fish limited areas suitable spawning low flow habitat exist fast swimming species trout extremely cold water increase vulnerability predation careful consideration threatened endangered fish species special interest prior watershed prey species temporary significance river deciding factor river establish permanent resident location year round availability fish reports photographs hunters near nebraska social behavior north american river social habitats basic social group family consisting adult female adult males commonly establish enduring social documented comprise individuals coastal areas males remain period females family groups include unrelated adults juveniles male disperse family groups females females leave tend away males tend shorter distances male river territorial newly males join established male groups occasion groups unrelated juveniles observed river living groups hunt travel use resting sites perform freshwater systems groups occur autumn early winter mid winter breeding season adult females den river territorial individual different groups portray mutual avoidance home ranges males larger females sexes exhibit overlap domains communication communication north american river accomplished mainly signals scent marking communication river scent marks possibly anal sac scent frightened angry river produce bark bothered whistle pain play traveling low alarm given shocked distressed potential danger explosive air nostrils river use communication longer distances common sound heard group low frequency reproduction life cycle north american river females usually reproduce years age produce offspring occasion males sexually mature years age number increases directly age river typically breed december april lasts minutes occur water land breeding male grabs female neck teeth vigorous interrupted periods rest females shortly mating female lasts month year true gestation lasts days delay months interval reach months delayed distinguishes species european lacks feature young born february april lasts hours early spring mothers begin look den birth female dig instead rely animals provide suitable environments raise offspring mothers established domains birth kits litter size reach usually ranges weighs approximately birth river fully blind claws formed facial long present kits open eyes days start playing weeks begin consuming solid food weeks occurs weeks females provide solid food weeks maximum weight length sexes attained years age mothers raise young aid adult males pups months old coats grow mother introduces water natural swimmers parental supervision acquire skills necessary swim leave den weeks capable sustaining arrival fall usually stay families include father following spring prior arrival litter venture search home ranges geographic range north american river found north_america inhabiting inland waterways coastal areas canada pacific_northwest atlantic states gulf_of_mexico river currently inhabit coastal regions united_states canada north american river inhabit forested regions pacific_coast north_america species present alaska including islands north slope brooks range pollution instigated reductions range area absent rare arizona hawaii kansas kentucky nebraska new_mexico north ohio oklahoma south tennessee west_virginia projects expanded distribution recent years especially united_states colorado department wildlife reported species reintroduced 1980s thriving recommended protection status late river nicknamed sam took residence site san_francisco river sighting city half century canada north american river occupy provinces territories prince edward island historical records indicate river populous major continental united_states canada prior european settlement north_america largest populations found areas abundance diversity aquatic habitats coastal marshes great lakes region areas new_england addition habitats interior regions supported smaller practical populations existed parts pacific_coast including inland streams lakes large populations occurred areas southern_california oak woodlands desert seasonal regions regions new_mexico texas nevada colorado mexico lived rio colorado river habitat commonly called river north american river found wide variety aquatic habitats freshwater coastal marine including lakes rivers inland wetlands coastal marshes tolerate great range temperature elevations river main requirements steady food supply easy access body water sensitive pollution disappear areas like north american river lives den constructed animals natural log river banks entrance water ground leads nest chamber lined leaves grass moss bark hair den sites include dug red beaver river use hollow trees logs banks rock formations flood debris use den resting sites chiefly locations provide protection preferred population localization aquatic life ties north american river exclusively permanent river favor lakes banked shores containing lakes beaver avoid water bodies gradually sloping sand gravel maine use river negatively associated proportion mixed hardwood stands forested areas adjacent waterways positively associated number beaver watershed length average shoreline diversity idaho river prefer valley habitats mountainous terrain select valley streams valley lakes ponds log jams heavily present florida north american river lowest freshwater marshes intermediate salt marshes highest swamp forests dry season permanent ponds water available food greater supply idaho massachusetts ecological elements preferred sites include large conifers points land beaver bank mouths permanent streams object water river reside beaver ponds encounters necessarily hostile idaho recorded beaver lodge simultaneously separate occasions compete american resources alaska species living marine environments indicate niche separation resource probably related swimming abilities fish river consume extensive assortment fish species ranging size centimeters sufficient intake minute energy expenditure river generally feed prey larger supply easier catch result slow swimming fish consumed game fishes equally available slow moving species include bass instance primary component river colorado upper colorado river basin likewise common preferred fish species regions colorado fish species frequently found north american river include consists consists fish integral river plentiful found large schools dwelling species tendency remain predator close susceptible river include game fish trout pike significant component likely prey north american river fast swimming find good escape cover river prey trout pike salmon game fish spawning adult river capable consuming kilograms fish day study conducted captive revealed preferred larger fish ranging centimeters smaller fish ranging centimeters difficulty catching fish species centimeters larger centimeters known larger fish land eat smaller fish consumed water crustaceans prefer feed crustaceans especially fish locally plentiful georgia accounted thirds prey summer diet remnants present summer winter diet study conducted north american river southwestern arkansas swamp identified consumption fish consumption water levels winter spring water levels higher greater tendency prey remains fish water levels lower seek shelter fish highly concentrated susceptible predation fish vulnerable preyed difficult obtain reptiles amphibians amphibians accessible found river diet spring summer months indicated food habit studies common amphibians recognized frogs specific species reptiles amphibians prey include chorus frogs canadian wood frogs green frogs northwestern pacific giant rough skinned snakes amphibians reptiles river spring summer result breeding activity appropriate temperatures water supply prey birds rails colonial nesting birds preyed areas species greatest summer vulnerable autumn known catch consume american green winged species birds found include northern duck american consume birds river feed bird eggs insects aquatic invertebrates recognized integral river diet consume aquatic insects summer populations increase specific life stages aquatic invertebrates preyed families adult beetles invertebrates discovered digestive tracts likely secondary food item consumed fish subsequently preyed mammals mammals rarely consumed river major component mammals preyed small type species found zones occurrences mammals found river diet include meadow eastern records vary reported southern forest alberta canada commonly assert major predators river study reported findings beaver remains analyzed studies report findings beaver remains sampled threats natural predators water aquatic predators include american killer sharks commonly rarely pose threat land ice river considerably vulnerable terrestrial predators include domestic dog wolf mountain lion black bear young small red fox river mortality caused human related factors trapping illegal shooting accidental captures fish nets set lines accidental deaths result ice flows shifting rocks starvation occur excessive tooth damage threats populations north_america vary affected type distribution density aquatic habitats characteristics human activities preceding settlement north_america europeans prevalent aquatic habitats continent trapping loss degradation aquatic habitats filling wetlands development coal oil gas timber industries resulted declines populations areas examination conducted river populations determined states experienced drastic severe population declines occurred interior regions fewer aquatic habitats supported fewer populations distribution reduced regions southern canada province wide occurred prince edward island 1970s improvements natural resource management techniques emerged increased concerns population declines north_america consequently wildlife management agencies developed strategies restore enhance populations including use projects reintroduced states canadian provinces prince edward island states viable populations sustain annual annual harvest numbers northern river similar canada united_states industry late 1970s annual harvest north_america reached approximately value million inadvertently harvested traps set management plans consider species simultaneously current harvest strategies pose threat maintaining populations harvest limit expansion populations areas positively beaver average beaver price preceding year fur river thick native american river standard rating quality oil present localized threat populations especially coastal areas water pollution aquatic wetland habitats limit distribution pose long term threats enforcement water quality standards upheld acid drainage coal mines persistent water quality issue areas prey dilemma prevents consequently growth populations recently long term genetic consequences projects remnant populations discussed similarly perceived threats pollution habitat alterations evaluated little effort gone assessing threat disease wild river populations poorly understood documented river victims respiratory tract disease infection addition north american river contract pneumonia host numerous include conservation status listed appendix convention international trade endangered species wild fauna flora virtually eliminated parts range especially heavily populated areas eastern united_states appendix lists species necessarily threatened extinction currently trade closely controlled north american river considered species concern according iucn red list currently declining rate sufficient threat category early 1900s river populations declined large portions historic range north_america improvements water quality enactment clean water regulations management techniques permitted river regain portions range areas projects particularly valuable restoring populations areas united_states river remain rare absent southwestern united_states water quality development recovery populations areas species widely distributed range places populations established conservation initiatives river present problem genetic structure native population habitat degradation pollution major threats conservation river highly sensitive pollution readily accumulate high levels mercury compounds chemical elements species position food chain aquatic ecosystems environmental disasters oil increase levels blood protein decrease body mass home ranges river increase size areas compared areas individual modify habitat use declines diversity prey species explain changes


possible cretaceous argentina single species known single blade like fourth lower formation entirely latest cretaceous age long bears upper margin long associated ridges sides consists completely partly surrounded average apart described named fossil regarded member northern group immigrant argentina north_america basis shape tooth features teams argued fact close identical member small southern group relationships disputed discovery context known single tooth collections argentina middle formation province argentina late cretaceous partly age described colleagues new genus species generic combines argentina ancient greek traveler reference animal presumed migration north_america argentina specific refers formation description single known example blade like fourth lower length height width crown nearly complete roots largely missing considered possible tooth margin nearly vertically margin inclined backwards preferred natural placement roots left right sides tooth identical believed tooth likely left inner convex usual large root larger view upper margins straight margin convex arranged row upper margin located tooth length margin slightly worn indicating tooth young animal long ridges extend outer sides tooth seven ridges sides connected respective eighth ridges reach sides tooth small ridge eighth ridge extends margin ridges called ridge smaller ridge located ridge tooth preserved tooth consists average diameter entirely surrounded open slightly curved outer surface tooth oriented angle crystals material average apart identity colleagues identified diverse fossil group northern continents known questionable records southern continents tentatively allocated basis particularly recalls convex margin tooth hand straight margin resembles condition major highly vaulted upper margin characteristic regarded distinct fossil lower jaw late cretaceous los formation argentina identified rectangular shape fewer believed represent immigrant north_america determine precisely cretaceous reached south_america paper robin argue difference shape extensive wear specimen write parts worn virtually identical parts addition said ridges approximately similar size larger consequently argue likely represents related species year colleagues suggested paper mammals allen formation cretaceous rock unit argentina late cretaceous deposits small enigmatic group late cretaceous south_america antarctica madagascar india evolutionary controversial teams identified believe likely closely related


extinct northwestern madagascar known isolated found sites field work started described placed genus larger living species differ details morphology presence rare element local fauna suggests region previously humid taxonomy remains found northwestern madagascar started species described paper colleagues extinct specific refers bay close places species found placed genus larger living species classified exclusively subfamily family includes african description known isolated including upper broken second upper second lower generally similar species smaller differences structure hold larger samples flat crowns convex inner concave outer rendering kidney shaped tooth appears divided living narrowly connected connected way located displays broader connection isolated broadly connected referred post expected fuse increasing wear pair small crest tooth present general tooth highly developed crest corner absent small developed form transverse specimen second weakly connected highly developed display narrow connections length tooth crest second bit post crest joined roots roots missing known unknown developed transverse smaller consists second joins second crest weakly joined joins specimen ridge present tooth small present narrower rendering form triangular contains consists second smaller consists specimen reduced narrow crest unlike remains separate fused roots distribution ecology teeth found sites northwestern madagascar late pleistocene years ago years ago age rare element fauna dominated multiple species modern large rats live trees eat fruits middle high altitudes modern dry environment northwestern madagascar decidedly animals longer occur presence indicate region humid past


large found widely sub africa placed genus family described irish naturalist william thirteen subspecies grouped varieties common head body length typically average height sexually males taller heavier females males reach approximately shoulder females reach males typically weigh females coat colour varies brown grey long spiral horns present males curve backward forward long nature animal form consisting individuals groups nursery females offspring bachelor males start showing territorial behaviour age years dominant age tolerate hot weather inhabits areas close sources water predominantly found grassland regions breeding takes place year peak rainy season period lasts seven months followed birth single inhabit areas rivers lakes valleys requirement water sparse distribution iucn lists concern specifically common listed concern near threatened population trend common downwards especially large populations eliminated certain habitats hunting human disturbance taxonomy etymology scientific species genus belongs family described irish naturalist william generic new latin word originating african specific refers white elliptical ring greek hind animal acquired vernacular heavy dependence water compared ability enter water defence type specimen collected south african hunter explorer andrew specimen named species transferred genus usually known common german naturalist collected specimen differed specimen having prominent white ring considering separate species gave scientific modern consider common single species given large number instances takes place national park owing extensive overlapping habitats evolution fossils found fossils scarce cradle occurring pockets basis theories relation social evolution dispersal pleistocene ancestral home considered eastern coast africa horn africa north east african rift valley west subspecies subspecies initially recognised basis coat colour classified groups group group owing large number variations coat colour group subspecies included group consisted subspecies number subspecies reduced thirteen group group occur ranges separated relief features subspecies listed notes subspecies single subspecies common group found river valley southeastern river valleys essentially east rift valley kenya east rift valley middle valleys east river strip eastern northern eastern northern south_africa distribution slightly overlaps typical rift valley kenya rift valley includes following subspecies southern africa including southern drainage including southern eastern kenya northeastern group found west gregory rift ranging west south includes following subspecies found southern southern southwestern marginally river including found upper river eastward southern extension great rift valley adjoining parts province east african including northeastern west rift wall north kenya including central southern including northeastern western western kenya northwestern including plateau kenya sing sing including including west description largest species sexually males nearly percent taller females percent longer head body length typically average height males reach approximately shoulder females reach heaviest newborn typically weighs growth weight faster males females males typically weigh females tail long robust build coat reddish brown grey progressively darker age males darker females apparently thick hair sparse coat hair neck long sexually excited skin substance giving assists water body animal water facial features include white muzzle light lighter ears cream coloured patch called throat characterised long neck short strong black legs females foot absent common remarkably different physical appearances measurements indicate greater tail length common stand taller principal types white ring hair surrounding tail hollow circle common covered white hair long spiral horns curve backward forward found males horns range length extent length horns related bull age rudimentary horn form bone found females ecology behaviour nature migration occur onset monsoon animal form consisting individuals groups nursery bachelor territorial males herd size increases summer groups fragment winter months probably influence food availability soon young males start developing horns seven months age chased herd territorial males form bachelor female home ranges females home ranges stretching hectares acres females form females seldom aggressive minor tension arise males start showing territorial behaviour age years dominant age territorial males hold territories hectares acres size males inclined remain settled territories time leave inferior territories ones marking territories includes elaborate rituals occasionally dropped age years males lose territorial nature replaced younger bull following small unprotected area social group satellite males mature territories exploit resources particularly mating opportunities presence dominant bull territorial male allow satellite males territory contribute defence gradually actual owner territory seize area study lake national park percent adult males held territories half territorial males tolerated satellite males territorial males use kinds display type display white patch throat eyes clearly revealed displays demonstrate thickness neck activities lowering head body depict submission territorial male stands erect fights thirty minutes involve threat displays typical accompanied fights violent opponents meets death severe abdominal wounds silent animal makes use response visual communication alarm vocal communication enter water escape predators include lions african wild dogs spotted prey juveniles observed particularly like water run cover alarmed males attack predators diseases parasites susceptible infection kidney stones diseases animals suffer foot mouth disease fever yellow fever virus resistant unaffected flies introduce parasitic species found healthy carry total stages common internal parasites found include diet exhibits great dependence water tolerate hot weather inhabits areas close sources water observed unlike members genus ranges farther woodlands maintaining proximity water grasses substantial percent diet predominantly rushes like preferred study found regular consumption grass species round year annual species main preference early rainy season long life grasses forage trees constituted diet dry season found greater requirement protein african buffalo found spend lesser time eating leaves small shoots fruits comparison dry season percent hour day spent time spent wet season choice grasses varies location availability instance western favoured places main choice common area differ choices observed preferred showed preference grasses reproduction slower terms rate maturity males sexually mature age years females reach maturity years females conceive age half years remain reproductive years regions breeding takes place year peak rainy season breeding seasonal south mating season lasting months season extends longer periods areas southern africa lasts day mating begins male confirms female female try bite fight advancing male male exhibits neck female face base horns attempts mounting actual female shifts tail male sides rests occur times period lasts seven months followed birth single twins rare pregnant females approaches newborn stand feet half hour birth mother eats kept hidden weeks months weeks begins following mother signals raising tail horns mothers fiercely defend offspring predators months following time join groups age young females remain mothers nursery join bachelor lives years wild years captivity distribution habitat native southern eastern africa including countries democratic republic kenya south_africa countries western northern africa nigeria widespread sub africa numbers decreased areas common found east eastern african rift southern range extends game reserve central contrast inhabits western central africa occurs west rift ranges guinea southern northerly point distribution southern range stretches east basin branch extends river west basin common extinct extinct inhabit areas alongside rivers lakes valleys requirement water sparse distribution areas interface different ecosystems study range showed mean density square mile estimates low square mile observed territorial size depends quality habitat age health animal population density greater age animal populations smaller territories queen elizabeth national park females home ranges hectares acres area home ranges bachelor males averaged hectares acres oldest female years old smallest home range threats conservation international union conservation nature natural resources iucn lists concern specifically common listed concern near threatened population trend common decreasing especially large populations eliminated habitats human settlement nature responsible extent numbers fallen queen elizabeth national park falls national park national park lake national park national park population decrease lake national park attributed heavy metal poisoning animals lead levels dangerously high kidney liver copper calcium noted percent populations thrive protected areas notably mole falls queen elizabeth national parks national parks hunting zones north province river forest reserve game ranch valley valley common occurs lake national parks valley game reserves private lands south_africa research scientists developed fly cattle based smell


swamp dwelling found central africa democratic republic parts southern kenya species described english explorer john medium sized males reach approximately shoulder females reach males typically weigh females weigh water resistant coat varies colour body feet specially adapted habitat males possess horns spiral shape twists long active mainly early hours dawn hours dusk night territorial selective eat feed mainly new foliage fresh grasses aquatic plants females sexually mature year age males half years mature breeding occurs year peaks dry season gestation lasts nearly months generally single born lifespan recorded captivity averages years confined habitats occur tall dense vegetation seasonal swamps forests swamps habitat loss severe threat survival species classified concern category international union conservation nature natural resources iucn appendix iii washington convention cites population sporadic countries animal common areas delta swamp taxonomy scientific species described english explorer john observed lake named little lake located book journal discovery source called animal animal water resemblance scientific referred authority stated book species named english zoologist philip according international code nomenclature article international commission nomenclature acknowledge person described species simply declaring authority insufficient recognise author recognised correct authority considered correct species placed genus family university carried mitochondrial analysis species data compared results showed plus form clade mountain greater split clade approximately million years ago particularly close relatives includes genetically similar hybrids proved fertile variable general characters member tribe consists genera probably confinement habitats basis physical characteristics hair texture coat colour coat stripes subspecies described factors reliable hair texture vary climate colour markings vary greatly individuals coat stripes spots fade age especially males species based different drainage systems distinct subspecies currently recognised east african found watershed forest found western central africa southern found southern africa description medium sized sexually males considerably larger females head body length typically males females males reach approximately shoulder females reach males typically weigh females weigh tail long shaped ears long indistinguishable pointed closely allied lacks stripes spotted instead coat colour varies geographically general red juveniles chestnut females white facial markings stripes spots visible white patches seen throat near head chest pair scent present coats males age gray dark brown males develop rough usually brown colour white dorsal stripe eyes males body legs specially adapted habitat male elongated widely water coat affected muddy vegetation wedge like shape lowering head coupled backward bend horns males provides easy navigation dense vegetation flexible banana like shape reach length pointed toes allow walk slowly water colour coat provides excellent camouflage hearing acute ears structured animal accurately determine direction sound originated adaptation profound use habitats long sight little value density darkness environment ecology behaviour active mainly early hours dawn hours dusk night spend large time feeding basically rest flat areas reed beds especially day seldom leave swamp habitat daytime commonly form pairs remain solitary larger groups observed study kenya recorded herd individuals comprising adult male females juveniles loose groups formed interaction individuals low individuals generally associate sex territorial males engage locking horns males attacking vegetation horns perform raising rooted ground threat display interact touching followed alarmed animals stand head held high leg raised occasionally series usually night cause animals join sounds heard swamp females warn females males utter low coming female herd females mating season low pitched feeding mothers communicate feed rest close southern interact attract yellow billed african great good swimmers limit water vegetation order escape cases instance troubled flies pursued predators fully water nose eyes slightly water surface close association water described aquatic like dry sun feeding water predators include lions wild dogs diet selective mixed feed mainly new foliage fresh grasses preferred plants include aquatic grasses species preferred swamp national park kenya species preferred national park feed wetland fringes diet preferences vary swamps water levels change notably like stand reach higher branches trees use horns pull branches study recorded major species eaten animal majority herbs sweet potato preferred crop study predicted increase preference crops seasonal food variations study showed annual floods affect seasonal movement diet species floods force animals reed beds flooded water levels high low water levels cattle flooded plains send original place reproduction females sexually mature year age males half year mature breeding occurs year females gather males compete right mate showing males male approaches female lower bending posture female slowly react female flees male continues pursuing steadily showing sign hurry receptive female raise head mouth wide open following male begin attempts mounting time mounting female head male bends rests head neck remain days time male ensures male approach female gestation lasts nearly months generally single born occurs year peak occur dry season hidden brought cover presence mother summon nursing follows mother given birth mother months takes time master specialised loses balance falls water males females observed leave reaching sexual maturity competition lifespan recorded captivity averages years habitat distribution amphibious meaning live land water confined habitats occur tall dense vegetation perennial seasonal swamps forests swamps clearly marked tracks habitat leading reed beds tracks wide lead feeding grounds nearby forests hold small home ranges near water bodies typically found stands species share habitat swamps southern native central african republic democratic republic guinea guinea guinea kenya nigeria south extinct occurred lake region feared extinct habitat taken dense human settlements sporadic western africa common forests central africa certain regions central eastern southern africa threats conservation habitat loss severe threat survival threats include increasing loss wetlands isolated populations long term changes water level affects nearby vegetation bears diet vast areas burnt year placing animals like grave risk given swamps classified concern category international union conservation nature natural resources iucn appendix iii washington convention cites intensive hunting meat habitat degradation rare common confined inaccessible swamps population introduced nature reserve hand animal hunted locals primarily food supports large portion total population species great economic significance northern produces world biggest trophies status unclear guinea significant populations exist countries central african republic democratic republic guinea habitat rendered population estimates difficult rod east iucn specialist group estimated total population likely numbers decreasing areas heavy human settlement stable percent populations based occurs protected areas mainly delta swamps reserve national park central african republic national park lake community reserve democratic republic national park guinea swamp national park kenya national park game reserves swamps parks reserves protected managed


group fully aquatic marine mammals referred classified family toothed extant species small toothed closely related oceanic obvious visible difference groups shorter flattened shaped teeth distinct conical teeth belong clade closest living relatives having diverged million years ago range size metres kilograms smallest discovered metres kilograms species exhibit sexual females larger males streamlined bodies limbs modified fastest discovered ability travel knots ability produce primary sensory system species adapted diving great depths layer fat skin warm cold water widespread near polar regions usually near coast feed largely fish squid like rest males typically mate multiple females year females mate years typically born spring summer months females bear responsibility raising produce variety thought primarily social purposes species like harbour highly pods generally exceed individuals species hunted countries means drive hunting species attributed high levels intelligence meeting american association advancement science support reiterated bill rights listing non human persons nearly extinct twentieth century predicted population fewer individuals extinction considered endangered drive hunting face threats competition humans marine pollution kept captivity trained perform tricks breeding success poor taxonomy evolution descendants land living animals entered oceans million years ago mammals fairly modern meaning seldom changed time fossil evidence suggests diverged common ancestor oldest fossils known shallow seas north pacific animals spreading european coasts southern hemisphere later order toothed family genus genus genus genus harbour genus genus genus recently discovered hybrids male harbour female indicate species actually members genus biology anatomy head external ear flaps non flexible neck torpedo shaped body limbs modified tail fin skull small eye small blunt eyes placed sides head range size metres kilograms metres kilograms overall tend species female biased sexual females larger males physical differences generally small exception possess teeth cells cells unlike human teeth composed portion tooth outside whale teeth outside like possess breathing involves air forming upward followed fresh air lungs thick layer help harsh underwater climate protection extent predators hard time getting thick layer fat energy times born thin layer species compensate stomach similar structure terrestrial chambers tail fin possess fully developed hind limbs possess rudimentary contain feet example contain fast swimmers comparison seals typically cruise kilometres hour mph comparison travel speeds kilometres hour mph neck increasing stability swimming high speeds decreases flexibility making impossible turn head swimming tail fin lower body vertical movement mainly steering movement continuous species log water allow travel faster water meaning jump water skeletal anatomy allows fast swimmers defined triangular dorsal fin allowing steer better water unlike counterparts adapted coastal shores bays senses ear specific adaptations marine environment humans middle ear works outside air low fluid high marine mammals great difference outer inner environments instead sound passing outer ear middle ear receive sound throat passes low fat filled cavity inner ear ear isolated skull air filled pockets allow greater directional hearing underwater send high frequency organ known consists fat skull creature containing large depression large head caused eye relatively small size retain good degree eyes placed sides head vision consists fields view like humans surface lens correct results light eyes contain rod cone cells meaning dim bright light lack short sensitive visual cone cells indicating limited capacity colour vision mammals slightly flattened enlarged pupils shrink surface prevent damage slightly flattened adaptations allow large amounts light pass eye able form clear image surrounding area absent suggesting sense smell thought good sense taste taste missing altogether preferences different kinds fish indicating sort attachment taste sleep unlike animals conscious mammals sleep afford unconscious long knowledge sleep wild limited captivity recorded sleep brain time swim breathe consciously avoid predators social contact period rest behaviour life cycle fully aquatic creatures means courtship birth different terrestrial semi aquatic creatures unable land deliver baby positioned tail delivery prevents baby drowning delivery mammals females nursing feed new born mother milk mouth milk contains high amounts fat aids development contains fat consistency months age females referred cows carry responsibility males referred play raising females deliver single gestation period lasting year dependent years maturity occurs seven years varying species mode reproduction produces offspring increases probability surviving diet eat wide variety creatures stomach contents harbour suggests mainly feed benthic fish fish eat benthic invertebrates rare cases algae consumed atlantic thought follow seasonal migration bait fish like herring diet varies seasons stomach contents reveal mainly feed cephalopods bait fish like contained deep sea benthic organisms known follow seasonal known populations mouth river migrate sea april october feed annual spawning japan sightings small pods sand lance shore common year round little known species shows consume shrimp beached showed remains squid known diet interactions humans research history aristotle time 4th century bce regarded fish superficial similarity aristotle similarities terrestrial blood circulation lungs fin anatomy detailed descriptions romans mixed accurate knowledge mentioned elder natural history art subsequent periods portrayed long snout typical high arched head harbour accessible species early seen close land inhabiting shallow coastal areas europe findings apply discovered descriptions basis harbor dates john ray referred fish captivity opposed counterparts don thrive captivity difficult maintain currently captivity vancouver hiroshima collection reopened hiroshima houses sea creatures vancouver harbour display jack beached bay beached bay harbour historically kept captivity assumption fare better counterparts shallow water habitats harbour kept worldwide nearly kept denmark nearly half died diseases caught captured damage sustained capture transit died months breeding success poor recorded harbour lack captivity mainly fact breeding attempts actually kept isolation mature commonly kept japan china indonesia ninety total captivity japan china indonesia japan establishments designated breeding recorded died moments birth survived years breeding success proved successfully bred captivity open new conservation options kept captivity great numbers captured japan total eighteen successfully kept captivity considerable difficulties dealing animals rammed heads walls refused feed skin early stage speed limitation tanks male showed behaviour survived long threats drive hunting smaller mainly hunted activity known drive hunting accomplished driving pod boats usually bay beach escape prevented closing route ocean boats nets hunted way places world including solomon islands islands peru japan known method numbers hunted meat end despite controversial nature hunt resulting international criticism possible health risk high levels impose thousands caught drive hunts year fishing highly affected mainly subject great mortality world endangered marine continues caught small fisheries range incidental mortality caused fleet santa estimated year population size harbour suffer drowning threatening scale high population mortality rate year increases mere fishing market historically legal kill year catch type known follow fishermen find net pod schools fishermen cast trapped net surface today marine protection act enforced use safer fishing equipment reduce environmental hazards sensitive disturbances species indicate overall health marine environment populations harbor north baltic seas increasing pressure causes offshore construction ship traffic fishing military exercises increasing pollution problem marine mammals heavy metals plastic waste consume hazardous materials food items result animals susceptible diseases fewer offspring harbour english channel found accumulated heavy metals military employ strong produce increases noise oceans marine mammals use orientation communication hindered extra noise race surface panic lead bubbling blood gases animal dies blood vessels blocked called sickness effect course occurs dive great depths additionally civilian vessels produce waves order measure depth body water similar navy boats produce waves attract repel problem waves attract animal injured killed hit vessel propeller conservation harbour listed appendix convention conservation migratory species wild animals addition harbour covered agreement conservation small baltic north east atlantic irish north seas agreement conservation black_sea mediterranean_sea atlantic area memorandum understanding concerning conservation small western africa conservation concern data remained main section population density threatened species decline rate classification population decline rates actually accelerating population decline tracked rate annually population decreased half population decrease year span majority factors population decline driven massive growth chinese industry caused increased shipping pollution ultimately environmental degradation seen river illegal fishing activity protect species china ministry agriculture classified species national grade key protected wild animal classification law meaning illegal bring harm protective measures nature reserve increased population years chinese academy science institute working world wildlife fund ensure future subspecies placed protected area protected natural reserves established areas highest population density mortality rates measures taken ban patrolling harmful fishing gear areas efforts study biology help conservation breeding established institute chinese academy sciences allowing study biological factors affecting specifically breeding biology like seasonal changes reproductive breeding behavior indigenous gulf california mexico leading conservation efforts creation international committee recovery tried prevent accidental deaths use fishing nets habitat worked cites endangered species act marine protection act nurse population point sustain concluded individuals killed year order try prevent extinction mexican government created nature reserve covering upper gulf california colorado river delta placed temporary ban fishing compensation affected pose threat


extinct central southeastern madagascar described larger close relative living occurs west similar average length upper leg bone compared extinct madagascar survived based dating little known ecology lived like living relative eaten arid adapted plants taxonomy described material collected cave southeastern madagascar material similar living distinct recognize separate species different size morphological details described species material species based later identified enigmatic charles illustrated upper leg bone origin current whereabouts specimen unknown daniel reviewed distribution confirmed distinct species classified exclusively subfamily family includes african description generally similar largest living madagascar larger little overlap measurements described extinct species robust prominent muscle long bones longer distinct length lower averaging averaging width near end averaging thirteen averaging total length averaging compared averaging distribution ecology remains attributed known southeastern madagascar central madagascar suggesting broad distribution range known overlap undergone dramatic reduction bone dated known ecology presumed similar living relative living areas loose soils shows relatively high content likely ate plants enriched carbon acid related processes occur frequently plants adapted dry environments extinct known madagascar northwestern madagascar general small animals extinct madagascar species contrast large animals birds extinct time humans arrived


genus native mainland australia new_guinea tasmania primarily nocturnal spends day den species found australia new_guinea species known fossil remains pleistocene deposits queensland genetic evidence indicates evolved million years ago ancestors species diverged million years ago species vary weight size brown black fur pink largely solitary come social interactions mating occurs winter season female gives birth survive eats smaller mammals small birds insects natural lifespan years species drastically declined numbers europeans species eastern extinct australian mainland found tasmania major threats survival include cane predators urban development poison conservation efforts include breeding programs captivity taxonomy greek means tail coined saint captain cook collected exploration east_coast australia adopting animals origin cook specimens unclear word variants derived language people far north queensland evidence indicates local indigenous people word sydney area likened appearance earliest reports tiger called spotted eastern spotted names native cat tiger cat adopted early settlers 1960s noted naturalist david pushed revival term felt current vernacular names misleading known animals australia species recovered pleistocene cave deposits mount caves national park near central queensland remains tiger northern species identical similar eastern prehistoric species lived climate northern found region fossil species described oldest species recovered date remains found deposits near southeastern queensland known lower jaw teeth relative tiger species described eastern originally placed american genus anonymous author named longer considered valid second given different species tiger eastern renamed george tribe belong includes devil genetic analysis dna indicates evolved late million years ago time great ancestors current species diverged early million years ago genus consists species bronze found trans fly northern australia found southern new_guinea south fly river rising sea levels increase global temperature caused land bridge connected australia new_guinea covered water study conducted university new_south_wales suggests bronze closely related western ancestors separation land masses western restricted forest central southern australian western believed occupied australia cane predators habitat destruction poison abundant new found new_guinea tends live elevation found south western found island eastern considered extinct mainland australia sighting 1960s inhabit nearby tasmania found alpine areas found near farms eats pasture food eastern seen mount field national park tiger spotted tail lives south eastern australia tends prefer rock wood study submitted habitats tiger directly related prey found area drainage ditches ridges rocky rock animals enjoy species queensland declined rapidly absent brisbane region important strongholds population occur ranges main range plateau border ranges northern found northern australia century ago presently resides high rocky areas areas heavy rainfall abundant minor islands surrounding northern australia northern islands conservation reasons genetic analysis indicates earliest ancestors description adults long tails long females develop breeding season opens tail exception tiger true young coats brown black colour variants bright pink long natural years larger species tend live longer smaller solitary nocturnal animals average weight differs greatly depending species male western eastern weigh females tiger largest male weighing female northern smallest male weighs average female distribution habitat indigenous mainland australia new_guinea tasmania species widely distributed land masses restricted areas primarily ground dwelling genus developed secondary characteristics species lives distinct geographical areas tiger eastern exclusively zone species inhabit habitats western inhabits habitat adapted arid regions inland australia northern inhabits tropical habitat high rainfall behaviour primarily nocturnal sleeping logs rocky coming hunt night rare occasions seen looking prey day ground dwelling uncommon climbing tree marks territory kilometres away den male territory overlaps females territories male female meet mating communal toilet areas usually marking territory social functions communal solitary creature limiting contact mating social activities diet smaller primarily eat insects birds frogs fruit larger species eat birds reptiles mammals including tiger diet dominated mammals rabbits exact mix variable depending availability prey include food scarce species known eat allow reach small find prey hunts stalking depending size prey leap small prey jumps larger prey sinking claws closing jaws neck obtain water needs food making periods water shortage reproduction mating occurs winter months female abdomen convert opens gestation period days baby size grain rice born litter survive weeks survivors stay mother weeks mother milk ninth week pups venture mother remain weeks reaches maturity year old natural lifespan years study tiger reported appearance reliable reproductive status phase found red deep wet researchers use information determine female cycle anticipated helpful breeding management threats cane introduced queensland numbers grown poisonous pose significant threat northern die consuming department environment water population communities stated cane highly invasive major threats survival predators cats prey compete food example catch consume rabbits introduction rabbit population dropped dramatically islands coast australia effort protect suffering badly housing development mining development expansion agricultural lands habitats destroyed large grass making camouflage difficult forest fires contribute habitat destruction poison commonly australia control european rabbits feral predators wild dogs cooked meat wild animals poison extremely toxic wild dogs considerably size main factor poison affect larger suffer ill effects eating piece prepared meat containing suffer eat short period time piece meat lethal female juvenile readily consume meat left high risk poison meat buried underground found minimal soil dig poisoning currently investigated number protected predators bait poison die conservation efforts australian species declined number owing habitat loss caused northern threatened toxic cane university sydney project revealed teaching avoid eating invasive amphibians northern territory wildlife park australia recorded litter pups park bred captivity litters breeding season late october litter tiger pups born wild life sydney harbour australia pups born inexperienced parents year old reason young parents older male violent kill female want mate breeding year old threat violence pups sent wildlife parks australia researchers named nelson stay centre ambassador fox control programs benefited western department environment conservation western_australia monitors western populations forest management programs ongoing research fox control timber harvesting prescribed burning perth zoo monitoring successful captive breeding program successfully bred western transferred conservation park proposals reserves shark bay bronze kept national park wildlife management area research distribution threats needed conservation creating native pet industry australia related aid conservation concerns exist regards animal conservation benefits issues scientists believe keeping pets aid long term conservation research needed topic conclude true false


bat genus occurs northern western madagascar populations species historically included molecular data published indicate supposed species fact consists separate species including newly described species group occur place found dry wet forests sea level altitude small brown length hairs buff tips short projection outer ear important distinguishing feature tail membrane concave taxonomy 2000s molecular studies revealed widely distributed african australian genus species rich previously thought contribution madagascar bats colleagues listed species madagascar nearby including small broad distribution madagascar colleagues presented evidence concept fact encompassed distinct species small included central highlands northern western madagascar southwestern madagascar northern western madagascar recognized species like bats closest relatives apparently acquired similarities evolution places example cryptic species like bats including occur described new species second paper colleagues specific combines ancient greek short goat refers short projection inner outer ear main distinguishing features species structure derives greek analysis sequences mitochondrial gene suggested closely related clade species variation species distinctive individual island differed individuals species sequence colleagues regarded samples insufficient clear conclusions structure species description small short tailed short relatively thin fur fur dark brown hairs buff tips similar color small darker ears haired virtually naked end rounded tip projection inner outer ear short broad base crest ends pointed slightly rounded tip covered hairs readily visible eye short easily distinguishes wing membrane brown tail membrane lighter wing membrane attached upper leg level ankle relatively densely covered hairs particularly upper densely haired sparsely haired naked specimens measured colleagues total length averaging tail length averaging length averaging length averaging ear length averaging length averaging body mass averaging evidence substantial size differences males females skull short relative small line shaped central groove nasal depression relatively broad deep frontal bones slightly rounded bear indistinct crest crest poorly developed middle concave flat margin short blunt posterior spine openings near teeth dental formula upper lower characteristic upper smaller simplified second distribution ecology known different sites region recorded altitude dry forest gallery forest specimen caught forest region near northeast species occurs eastern humid forest mixed dry forest northeastern site peninsula found lowland gallery forest near sea level habitat consists dry forest mixed introduced tree little known ecology species generally feed insects breed large colonies caves


eastern mole eastern mole common mole medium sized overall grey north american mole member genus large shaped adapted digging species native canada ontario mexico eastern united_states widest range north american mole species prefers soils found thin woods fields meadows builds deep shallow characterized discarded excess soil collected nest composed leaves grasses young weeks diet consists principally soil life mole eat vegetable matter dogs cats prey mole species hosts variety parasites unlike eat vegetation pose threat human concerns occasional damage offset provided soil consumption insects construction golf courses provided mole ideal habitat species abundant occurs protected areas faces major threats little concern description eastern mole small animal lives principally underground highly specialized subterranean way life body somewhat shaped elongated head snout projecting mouth nostrils upper organ touch minute eyes hidden fur fused sight limited simply distinguishing light dark ear opening small concealed fur hearing fairly acute short thick tail lightly organ touch guiding mole moves backward tunnel large feet broader long developed claws possess specialized bone attached wrist aids digging feet normally held vertical position facing outward feet small hind feet fringed sensory hairs help mole excavations bones limbs breast hugely enlarged provide strong support attached muscles digging hip narrow permitting mole turn tunnel partial doubling mole grey brown like fur paler appear silver depending angle viewed fur offers little resistance backward movement tunnel compared female male tends brighter orange strip belly caused skin region occur appear white orange yellow depending skin face feet tail whitish pink occurs spring fall new appearing new fur appears tail works forward distinct line usually marks old new fur distinct hairs equal length viewed seen possess whip like tip unlike hairs sexes determined externally number openings groin area female forward opening projection second tail male openings combined reproductive opening descend remain body cavity belly pair chest pair groin pair rank odor emitted scent belly left floor tunnel mole passes probably serves form communication sexes breeding season discourage predators scent found measurements mole length including long tail weighs males collected parts species range showed following extremes measurements total length tail hind foot females displayed extremes total length tail hind foot weight grams males larger females males collected northern midwest largest adults northeastern florida averaged total length tail hind foot counties florida eastern mole smaller area north tampa bay total length exceed hind foot rarely exceeds smallest found miami area pennsylvania specimens range weight grams tooth count numbers number distribution habitat eastern mole native canada ontario mexico united_states widest range north american mole united_states species found southern south southern wisconsin eastern massachusetts south tip florida louisiana west nebraska kansas central texas absent mountains canada northern new_england species found southern tip ontario northern mexico distribution colonies southwestern texas mexico mexico isolated small species prefers drained loose sandy soil avoids heavy clay soils dry wet soils open fields meadows thin woods marginal areas human activities building roads golf courses provide beneficial habitat higher quality soils adequate moisture population characteristics study home range areas seven calculated located periodically periods ranging months years mean home range area hectares acres males averaged hectares acres females hectares acres male range large males generally samples species habit tends limit dispersal gene flow soil character limits populations eastern good swimmers limited rivers heavy clay soils associated waterways limit dispersal probably long life span predators low reproductive rate young adults age skull teeth display wear females live longer males longevity estimated years mark recapture methods south_carolina kansas longevity estimated greater years eastern mole common united_states populations southern texas mexico considered extremely rare possibly extinct behavior species abundant warm cool cold southern united_states cultivated fields penetrating rain eastern mole active hours peaks activity near dawn dusk length time bouts activity averages hours diet eastern mole daily consume food equal weight captivity eat including ground beef dog food natural environment species principally feeds available eat foods including adult insects beetle ants life stages vegetable matter consumed great quantities indiana specimens collected found completely filled grass seeds eastern mole deep permanent shallow temporary ones surface foraging regular permanent highway built surface retreat hot dry weather frost descended oxygen levels tunnels low carbon dioxide high digging new mole push excess soil vertical shafts called new surface marked ridges appear facilitate capture soil life rain building probably times mole uses nose organ soil species rate mole nest built leaves grasses usually situated inches foot surface typically found beneath boulder bush approaches including enters eastern mole florida reported build nest making high pitched harsh short sounds teeth reproduction gestation usually days single litter young produced mid april june warm climates young born march born blind naked relatively large compared size mother days exhibit fine light gray fur retained weeks rapid growth permits young leave nest shift weeks survival dogs cats predators species eastern mole parasites taken indiana exhibited species species species beetle species entirely new species new genus scientific common names based original description species specimen found dead water fact noted collection label named species certainly species aquatic north american scientific greek words mean digging foot mole derived word dig foot word refers species large feet digging second word latin means found water word misleading given species foot suggested accustomed water habitat original specimen found dead water common eastern refers species range second mole middle english turn related middle english word mold means earth fossils fossil remains reported upper ohio valley pennsylvania west_virginia pleistocene cave texas interaction humans conservation till form soil feed destructive insects japanese beetles dig tunnels soil permit moisture penetrate deeper soil layers small commercial interest fur industry damage roots garden plants searching food corn considered undesirable reported animal completely japanese beetles grounds species listed concern iucn red list wide distribution presumed large population occurrence number protected areas tolerance degree habitat modification unlikely declining nearly rate required qualify listing threatened category


small found india horns distinguish horns jacob sheep sole member genus species described french zoologist marie subspecies recognised stands nearly centimetres shoulder weighs nearly kilograms slender thin legs short tail yellowish brown reddish coat pair horns located ears forehead posterior horns longer anterior horns mere fur covered posterior horns measure centimetres anterior ones centimetres long active mainly day solitary nature form loose groups adults accompanied juveniles elusive feeds grasses herbs shrubs foliage flowers fruits needs drink water frequently stays places near water sources breeding behaviour studied age reach sexual maturity season mating occurs understood gestation lasts months following born kept concealed weeks birth young remain mother year tend inhabit areas significant grass cover heavy avoid human settlements earlier common deciduous forests india occurs widely small populations populations india lower numbers found adjoining threatened loss natural habitat agricultural expansion unusual skull horns popular target trophy hunters classified vulnerable international union conservation nature natural resources iucn etymology scientific generic combination greek words specific derived latin words known vernacular names hindi horns mainly central india hindi tamil taxonomy phylogeny sole member genus placed family species described french zoologist marie relative tribe horns keel lack rings found groups authority variously indicated according interpretations international code nomenclature published publication english naturalist thomas cited english zoologist william probably editor authority end publication philip thomas listed genus authority virtue author publication identified appropriate authority based article code phylogenetic study showed strong possibility clade consisting consists genera african buffalo extinct consists genera predicted close similar study following based study recognizes subspecies basis distribution physical characteristics coat colour body size number horns distributed north distributed india distributed western southern india evolution african representation today fossil evidence supports presence continent early late living tribe fact found closer relationship earliest like species tribe originated area occurs today represent primitive living having changed origins family extant extinct forms similar development horn central bony horn thought ancestral number reduced process fossils dating late discovered formation kenya fossils period excavated eastern mediterranean region fossils discovered fossils apparent africa reported continent significant presence hills india pakistan species study suggested migration eastern asia gentry natural history museum reported presence south_africa evidence early humans hunting period years ago found caves southern india similar evidence found period years ago eastern india description smallest asian number horns distinguishes horns jacob sheep stands centimetres shoulder weighs kilograms head body length typically centimetres sexual notable males possess horns slender thin legs short tail yellowish brown reddish coat legs white facial features include black markings muzzle ears black stripe marks outer surface leg females far abdomen hair feels coarse like deer glossy hair typical marked white patches pair horns located ears forehead posterior horns longer anterior horns mere fur covered posterior horns measures centimetres anterior ones measure centimetres horns emerge months according anterior horns development subspecies horns measure nearly centimetres nearly centimetres posterior horn lengths subspecies recorded centimetres centimetres centimetres differs greatly colour smaller extra pair horns nearly times heavier times taller deer species indian deer confused lacks told apart light brown coat larger horns ecology behaviour active mainly day mainly rests dense noon solitary nature form loose groups groups consist adults accompanied juveniles males females hardly interact mating season shy elusive alarmed stands leap away danger sprint tall grasses escape predators use alarm calls alert common tries avoid attention predators extreme cases calls warn predators identified adults mark vegetation territories soon form white film maintain multiple sites piles formed regular use sites confused deer longer larger display consists body lowering head pulling ears predators include tigers diet feeds grasses herbs shrubs foliage flowers fruits study national park tamil india showed prefers grass species family genera species frequently eaten preferred herbs include species feeds leaves trees grasses comprise nearly percent diet followed foliage trees nearly percent grass consumed nearly equal proportions study national park india showed preference flowers frequently eaten associates fruiting trees frequently interaction species wary feeding raising head looking vicinity needs drink water frequently stays places near water sources reproduction breeding behaviour studied age sexual maturity gained doubted captive females years breeding season national park probably lasts july june august national park male approaches female relaxed giving low push male makes short mounting attempts female foraging reaction gestation lasts months followed birth newborn head body length centimetres weighs juveniles kept concealed weeks birth national park peak february april juveniles remain mothers year habitat distribution inhabits areas significant cover grasses heavy close water bodies generally keeps away human inhabited areas habitat occur open dry deciduous forests hilly terrain earlier common deciduous forests india found low numbers numbers estimated slightly feared decreasing national park populations low scattered numbers national park estimated individuals later estimates location little individuals km2 considered healthy presently confined indian occurring widely small populations range india covers vast foothills north plateau south existing populations india lower numbers adjoining threats conservation threatened loss natural habitat agricultural expansion unusual skull horns popular target trophy hunters india species protected schedule wildlife protection act population listed cites appendix iii classified vulnerable international union conservation nature natural resources iucn major protected areas india occur include national park national park wildlife sanctuary national park reserve tiger reserve tiger reserve national park national park reserve wildlife sanctuary national park tiger reserve


called arabian large species given current largest adult males stand shoulder females tall males typically weigh females weigh species distinctive features include long curved neck narrow chest single compared long hairs throat shoulders coat generally shade brown tall fat bound tissue mainly active daylight hours form individuals led dominant male feeds foliage desert vegetation adaptations ability tolerate greater water content body allow thrive desert habitat mating occurs annually peaks rainy season females bear single gestation months occurred naturally wild nearly years probably arabian peninsula years ago wild inhabited arid regions including desert generally found semi arid arid regions old world mainly africa significant feral population occurs australia recently introduced north_america specifically nevada united_states products including meat milk support north arabian tribes commonly riding beast burden etymology common comes old french late latin originated greek word meaning running runner greek combination literally running refer recorded use english occurred 14th century possibly originated referred arabian word generally refers derived latin word greek old semitic language hebrew arabic taxonomy classification shares genus wild considered subspecies belongs family ancient greek philosopher aristotle 4th century describe species named species history animals arabian given current swedish zoologist publication british arnold classified basic habitats hill small muscular animals efficient burden larger plains divided desert type bear light riding type slow animals bear heavy intermediate types chinese academy sciences colleagues carried phylogenetic study evolutionary relationships tribes consisting species study considered wild subspecies consists study showed tribes diverged million years ago early earlier previously estimated north american fossils began came existence million years ago late pleistocene nearly million years later emerged independent species produce fertile offspring ranges species overlap northern persia afghanistan differences tend decrease result extensive fertility hybrid given rise speculation merged single species varieties analysis mitochondrial gene showed species display divergence sequences hybrids consist pairs small medium sized largest metacentric group pairs similar began millennium thousand years successfully bred regions form hybrids long slightly small large hybrids larger stronger parents bear greater loads cross generation female hybrid male produce hybrid hybrids combinations tend bad tempered evolution extinct occurred north_america upper oldest smallest known transition pleistocene mammals faced extinction period marked successful radiation species migrated dispersed widely asia eastern_europe africa pleistocene ancestors occurred middle_east northern africa modern probably evolved arid regions western asia turn closely related earliest old world hypothesis supported fact adult male anterior present dated found saudi_arabia southern coast red_sea richard columbia_university wrote exists large numbers areas disappeared true great extent said taken place heavy dependence milk meat wool syrian arabian people depend products characteristics largest adult males range height shoulder females range males typically weigh females range distinctive features long curved neck narrow chest single thick double layered sharp vision good sense smell male soft arabic nearly long produce deep pink sac mistaken tongue mouth attract females mating season coat generally brown range black nearly white reported hair long concentrated throat shoulders large eyes protected prominent ridges ears small rounded high long powerful legs toes foot feet resemble flat pads like moves legs body time compared lighter build longer limbs shorter hairs harder absent unlike genus comparison longer tail smaller ears feet greater height shoulder instead species anatomy consists bar filled defined crest long facial nasal bone typically non pairs ribs spinal cord nearly long terminates second reduced bone animal walks toes known lacks second fifth feet wide long larger hind feet measure wide long milk teeth eventually replaced permanent teeth dental formula permanent milk juvenile lower develop months permanent lower appear years age teeth use years lenses eyes contain constitutes protein present skin black thick thick composed fat bound tissue face males appear modified sweat coffee coloured fluid located neck generally grow heavier range cover hair associated muscle hair ring sweat females cone shaped long base diameter produce milk water content mother risk heart weighs tip curving left pulse rate beats minute oval red blood blood varies slightly individual state sex time year influence blood values lungs lack lower breathing rate kidney capacity produce high concentrations like horse grayish violet crescent like weighs triangular liver weighs dimensions reproductive system reddish circular flattened enclosed conical dimensions long long developed deep small crescent like covered triangular opens backwards long located high separate long deep wide right smaller left typical mass mass increases white shaped lacks seminal dark yellow disc shaped divided health diseases generally suffers fewer diseases domestic livestock goats cattle temperature fluctuations occur day healthy temperature falls minimum dawn rises sunset falls night nervous handled indicate disorder males develop prone disease caused parasite transmitted fly main symptoms recurring fever weakness disease typically fatal prominent study disease generally low nomadic moderately free higher populations caused different internal parasites include types external parasites species cause study jordan studied tested positive study found natural study study investigating patterns causes effects disease specific population basis tests egypt host middle_east respiratory syndrome study saudi_arabia concluded unusual genetic stability coupled high makes highly probable host virus sequence study showed match human clade study saudi_arabia showed presence evaluated suggested animal source common causes physical study egypt species dominant comprising adult isolated israel number ranged date palm plantations valley injected effective larvae nasal fly cause possibly fatal brain compression nervous disorders illnesses affect productivity diseases wound caused disorders caused species caused salt diet ecology active mainly daylight free ranging feed day rest hottest hours noon night mainly spent resting form cohesive groups individuals consist females led dominant male females lead turns males form bachelor groups form associations hundreds time natural disasters males herd prevent female members interacting bachelor males standing walking driving bachelor males away australia short term home ranges feral cover km2 annual home ranges spread thousand square kilometres special features include snapping biting showing displeasure feet generally non aggressive exception males appear remember homes females particular remember places gave birth offspring males aggressive mating season wrestle study showed levels males influences behaviour january april levels high difficult manage blow mouth throw backs scratch parts bodies legs lower tree bark roll sand free ranging face large predators typical regional distribution includes wolves lions tigers diet diet consists foliage dry grasses desert vegetation plants study said typical diet dwarf shrubs trees grasses herbs primarily shrubs comprise diet summer diet winter suck tall young grasses plant species recorded food plants include eats available feral australia prefer india fed forage plants species mouths open food use lips grasp food bite times long nostrils caudal opening relatively small help avoid injuries especially feeding hours day equal time adaptations specially adapted desert habitat adaptations aimed water regulating body temperature double row prevent sand dust entering eyes strong shield sun able close nostrils voluntarily assists water conservation conserve water reducing fluctuating body temperature day specialised water loss groups avoid excess heat environment pressing tolerate greater water loss generally impossible mammals temperatures needs water days hottest temperatures takes water seven days quick rate drink imp gal minute complex veins lying close uses blood flow cool blood flowing brain effectively controls temperature brain stores fat break water energy meet needs resources scarce helps dissipate body heat small animal signs starvation study mean volume tissues external cells store related unique mechanism food water storage case starvation eat fish bones drink water hair longer throat shoulders effectively support weight ground suitable walking slippery muddy surfaces reproduction slow growth rate reach sexual maturity advanced years age sexual maturity varies geographically depends individual reproductive period sexes mature years age successful breeding longer mating occurs year peaks rainy season mating season lasts months year older animals reproductive season males splash tails regions attract females soft trait unique male turns foam covers mouth males threaten dominance female trying stand taller making low noises series head movements including lowering lifting bending backwards males tries defeat males biting opponent legs taking head jaws begins male female bites male forces female sit aid male insert female male ability penetrate female disputed feral populations australia reproduce naturally takes minutes averaging minutes normally occur white single born gestation period months freely end day nursing maternal care continue years study find young exist milk male month old separated mothers fed milk prepared commercially days changes weights marked gained respectively day found grown properly weighed normal weights male age yield vary species breed individual region diet management conditions stage largest quantity milk produced early period period vary eighteen months induced status mating occur grows usually days study complete cycles observed females months cycles days long matured days maintained size days returned original size days study best induced reaches size study pregnancy females recognized early days gestation swelling left horn located distribution occurred wild nearly years wild inhabited arid regions particularly desert original range wild ancestors probably southern asia arabian peninsula range included hot arid regions northern africa near east western central asia typically areas long dry season short wet season sensitive cold humidity breeds thrive humid conditions early 21st century found semi arid arid regions old world africa world total population occurs desert zone northern continent marks southern extreme range nearly latitude annual rainfall horn africa nearly world region stock followed early 2000s according food agriculture organisation eastern africa million largest population africa western africa followed million northern africa nearly million populations africa increased feral populations occur australia introduced total population australia million nearly populations feral annual growth rate australian feral occur western_australia smaller populations northern territory western queensland northern south_australia asia nearly population occurs india pakistan combined population decreased afghanistan pakistan central southwestern asia india population million million state populations pakistan decreased million million decline according population countries persian gulf nearly million persian gulf region locally classified breeds including based coat colour prominent breeds racing probably arabian peninsula years ago ninth tenth century popular near east persian invasion egypt introduced area persian suited trading travel journeys desert pulled horses introduced egypt south western asia persia popularity increased islamic conquest north_africa invasion accomplished largely horseback new links middle_east allowed imported suited long desert journeys carry great deal cargo allowing substantial trans trade time libya transport milk meat constituted local diet shipped south western asia spain italy turkey france islands americas australia introduced spain sicily exported islands european area extant especially south attempts introduce caribbean colombia peru brazil 17th 19th centuries imported western united_states 1850s early 1900s presently exist small numbers absent areas shipped adelaide survived journey arrive october year animal male called harry owned explorer john harry ill tempered included expedition following year carry heavy loads major group imported australia thousand imported mainly riding transport relationship humans strength popular animal according wide variety purposes riding transport trading source milk meat wool leather main attraction nomadic desert wide variety resources provide crucial survival important tribes northern riding role diminishing advent technology modern means transport efficient mode communication remote developed areas warfare 2nd century remains popular racing particularly arab world riding egypt locally known respectively local breeds included groups ideal riding strong slender long legged thin skin special adaptations feet allow walk ease sandy rough terrain cold surfaces bred common breeds riding according walks speeds walk fast run typical speed walking mph common speed nearly mph level ground estimated speed mph fast run observing northern african arabian gave speed range describe implied type induced exhaust rider short periods time example races ideal age start training riding years head controlled later trained respond sitting standing commands allow mounting stage try escape trainer tries mount stage involves training respond animal given loads gradually forced carry heavy loads age riding struck struck right leg rider described types generally riding arabian single riders indian riders mount baggage draught baggage robust heavy studies recommended small large head narrow nose prominent eyes large lips neck medium long head held high chest deep developed sufficient space accommodate saddle heavy muscular trained carry baggage age years given heavy loads age typical baggage saddle methods training baggage similar riding draught purposes including processing oil mills pulling clear description ideal draught strength ability survive water feet pairs groups draught mph hours day hours morning afternoon easily exhausted remarkable endurance dairy products milk staple food nomadic tribes living according study consists protein fat ash quantities potassium iron copper relatively higher amounts cow milk levels acid lower cow milk milk fat acid acid acid acid milk higher thermal stability compared cow milk compare favourably sheep milk daily milk yield generally varies body weight milk yield varies geographically depends animals diet living conditions peak healthy female typically provide milk day estimated female yield imp gal pakistani considered better bigger yield fed times day seven times day milk stored increases slower rate cow milk preparation butter milk difficult carried successfully ussr cream milk containing fat yielded butter ability milk form studied formation different produced cow milk fragile composition probably composed cheese dairy products milk study found milk special factory set cheese milk mystical beliefs surround use milk places example meat meat year old typical composition water protein fat ash weighing year old composed nearly muscle bone fat seven year old produce meat bright red dark brown fat white taste texture beef study meat iranian showed high content makes taste sweet like horse meat fed found covered thin layer good quality fat study acid composition raw meat taken hind legs seven years old males saturated major meat acid acid acid acid dominant followed acid acid acid slaughter difficult slaughter domestic livestock cattle size animal significant manual work involved males females slaughtered affected livestock pre slaughter handling plays crucial role determining quality meat obtained animal stunned seated position head caudal position slaughtered dressing percentage percentage mass animal forms cattle meat rarely consumed african use severe food rituals meat processed food items slaughtered years age animal ages meat grows tougher taste quality report issued jointly ministry health saudi_arabia united_states centers disease control prevention details cases plague humans resulting raw liver patients severe isolated bone captured hair wool hides hot climates generally develop long coats hair light low thermal suitable manufacturing warm clothes blankets tents hair highest quality typically obtained juvenile wild india usually spring hair produced colder regions yield produce wool year annual yield nearly age years fine tends fall hand little information hides collected usually inferior quality preferred manufacturing leather