port port croatian croatia located shore gulf adriatic_sea records port date main port kingdom hungary 19th century beginning 20th century yugoslavia world war croatia independence today largest port croatia cargo million tonnes oil general cargo bulk cargo foot equivalent units port recorded ship arrivals managed port authority port signed contract strategic partnership international container terminal services inc second port operate container terminal partnership aims expand terminal capacity development master plan devised maritime group calls expansion port facilities including construction large container terminal island operates oil terminal history record port dates great council republic venice reported conflict venetian merchants ship owners port granted charter free port holy roman emperor charles road connecting port caroline road completed inland connections gradually improved construction louisiana roads respectively corpus monarchy known hungarian italian transferred kingdom hungary order foster trade following austro hungarian compromise gained greater importance sole hungarian second half 19th century new artificial harbor completed railway lines present day railway joined austrian southern railway connecting vienna development period boosted port rank tenth transport volume european ports reached peak second half 19th century large built city moving shoreline metres feet metres feet period railway infrastructure built north port storage facilities administrative buildings necessary structures railway facilities designed port designed previously designed port design presented model port vienna exposition paris defeat austria-hungary world war treaty independent city state known free state marked beginning port decline lost large portion major market hungary italy annexed treaty rome port located modern railway road links rest country adding obvious economic decline world war targeted allied bombing raids retreating germans damaged approximately port facilities ships sunk port german auxiliary cruiser later raised repaired yugoslav navy yacht city purchased ship subsequently moored port eventually opened museum following world war paris peace treaties croatia yugoslavia provided port new market sparked development bulk cargo terminal completed followed warehouses container terminal terminal timber terminal added joining livestock terminal general cargo terminal roll roll ramp area respectively greatest volume cargo recorded million tonnes including million tonnes liquid cargo transported port suffered period 1990s croatian war independence portion port shipping switched volume operations port gradually growing port authority port authority founded republic croatia port authority country tasked planning strategic development including issuing concessions permits supervision safety navigation port area security fire protection waste management business operations managed port march port authorities venice established north adriatic ports association aim enhancing position ports european_union transport patterns port joined november aims information systems organizational setup member ports order attract shipping project scheduled completed port member network european sea ports organisation international harbour masters association association ports croatian association port authorities international association ports port authority operates traffic control centre located new passenger terminal traffic control system comprises electronic chart display information system radar sensors automatic identification system additional systems system data closed circuit television monitoring port data processing systems port authority commended port authorities year globally transport facilities port located gulf northern adriatic_sea centered city facilities include structures city area reaching bay bulk cargo terminal located approximately kilometres miles east west multi purpose terminal port southern terminus pan european transport network corridor representing maritime extension rail road routes leading include modern roads motorway forming european route connecting vienna motorway european route rail links comprise single track railway lines plans upgrade high performance double track railway port comprises bulk cargo terminal handles coal iron ore bulk cargo million tonnes annual capacity ships located bay kilometres miles east terminal handles storage million tonnes annual capacity western port container terminal handles containers contains roll roll ramp ships located eastern port operated general cargo terminal handles general cargo salt cement million tonnes annual capacity western port timber terminal handles stores processes timber tonnes annual capacity eastern port terminal cargo storage processing packaging facilities occupies hectares acres kilometres miles providing motorway rail access terminal handles stores frozen food tonnes annual capacity western port terminal handles livestock timber general cargo tonnes annual capacity located kilometres miles west passenger terminal piers serving passengers year largely traveling lines serving nearby islands ports adriatic coast liquid cargo terminal metre draft located bay operated bay operated island annual capacity million tonnes oil tonnes storage capacity terminal linked pipeline operated plant port additional liquid cargo terminal acre total port area square metres square feet enclosed warehouses business operations port largest port croatia handling largest portion country imports exports ships docked total port transported million tonnes cargo drop figure represents increase dry cargo transport volume compared figure includes million tonnes liquid cargo million tonnes general cargo million tonnes bulk cargo tonnes timber container terminal recorded substantial growth business past years transported port marking rise turnover compared increase port serves passenger ferry lines operated nearby islands adriatic ports south split line split serves islands passenger terminal serves approximately passengers year august operating port reported net profit euro sharp decline million million euro previous year total income reached million million euro million million euro company employees listed stock exchange share capital million million euro owned state croatian healthcare fund owns stock chairman board company appointment limited year term term extended second time concession port valid request renew concession years filed uses hectares acres land operated port authority company founded subsidiary tasked operating container cargo terminal located district august international container terminal services inc acquired share company strategic partner company prominent english adriatic gate container terminal acquired separate concession operate container terminal port appointed chief executive officer operates oil terminal island transported million tonnes oil drop million tonnes recorded annual revenue million million euro annual net profit million million euro previous year operations include facilities services oil terminal concession port joint stock company owned croatian pension insurance institute republic croatia shareholders owning stock chairman board march employees working terminal facilities croatia future expansion operator port signed contract strategic partnership partnership aims expand capacity container terminal contract concession operation terminal years investment million euro estimated invest billion million euro port upgrades port planned investments world bank build operate transfer public private partnership schemes include cargo city new passenger terminal opened october port development master plan devised maritime group expansion port facilities including construction large container terminal island near oil terminal container terminal increase annual capacity port million plan requires construction high performance railway rail link planned croatian railways proposed island terminal new line building new bridge island addition existing bridge plan includes expansion existing estimated require additional million likewise expansion liquid cargo terminal planned expansion bay facility car terminal planned expansion port improvement transportation links strategic partnership aimed establishing largest container port adriatic_sea


navigation navigation canal linked estuary england wales authorised built believed act parliament obtained gave necessary powers opened commercial success main cargo coal miles length rise feet inches locks following opening thames canal formed route bristol london trade vanished canal provided direct route despite competition railways canal continued pay shareholders finally abandoned closure interest retaining canal value canal society later canals trust formed following initial hostility stripped powers canal closed agreement reached work began restoration project gained popularity bid heritage lottery fund million restore navigation thames canal project split smaller parts phase far funded way grant million confirmed match funding enable section ocean reopened port section thames second bid heritage lottery fund connection gloucester canal rejected section presents engineering challenges severed construction motorway road roundabout joins road built bristol road lock route destroyed flood relief work river bridge carrying bristol gloucester railway replaced bid newly formed gloucestershire local transport board create long distance route outside main restoration canals trust gradually restoring structures ultimate goal opening link river_thames river history construction plans making small river known date years 17th century plan serve industry carrying coal transporting finished cloth away markets opposed mill owners came idea revived john previously succeeded making river suggested canal miles long locks suitable ton barges act parliament obtained support worked cloth industry opposition ignore recommendations based making river given powers effectively shut navigation months year tolls set level discouraged traffic action taken john appointed commissioner act commissioned engineer thomas new survey new plan published following year navigation estimated cost require locks probably half locks order water operation locks provided reservoir cover acres filled sundays mills inactive needing water tolls set realistic level support finance scheme gained john arthur james thomas bridge devised scheme cranes mill transfer cargo stored boxes boat level act obtained authorized construct canal locks avoid loss water mills act allowed years completion scheme progress april given extension years time miles river improved works abandoned costly canal building better understood new attempt plan led son william asked thomas engineer canal john engineer canal construction carry survey cost canal avoided river mills soon raised deciding need new act parliament powers act valid carried survey asked survey route route selected require locks work started samuel jones engineer replaced month challenge legality building canal act mounted landowners injunction obtained gloucestershire ruled act cover work new act obtained march raising extra required sides commissioned writing poems support causes work resumed supervision soon replaced engineer canal canal opened stages completed reached end january open terminus july cost raised calling share borrowing money shareholders running debts tolls parts canal open traffic tons year enabled company repay debts declare cent operation locks suitably sized feet carry tons canal provided path horses boats sailed canal bow hauled men lock entrance canal tide lock multiple gates cope states tide vessel arrived junction rope taken shore attached haul boat lock canal open worked hard improve facilities number warehouses built shareholders involved thames canal scheme completed provided route river_thames navigation seen commercial pleasure boats discouraged charge use lock main cargo carried coal group shareholders set coal committee began trading product came travelling canal later supplemented coal south gloucestershire mines forest dean profitable business continued boats worked canal included type sailing boat fitted cutter sloop rigging later converted use dumb barges removing masts known survived present day basin built lock vessels wait tide suitable level requested thames canal company requests horse path dismissed expensive eventually provided gloucester berkeley canal built canal thames completed august opening gloucester berkeley canal required slight diversion crossed levels adjusted building new lock junction ensure company lost water new company paid construction gloucester berkeley canal opened link coal forest dean route traffic receipts steadily increased tolls rose cent paid reached cent figures available early years tons dip carriage merchandise canal opened provided convenient route bristol london picked north canal opened providing link canal easier thames highest paid shareholders received cent receipts steadily dropped order allow passage coal barge called queen locks widened decline threat railway came proposal line passage port canal tolls reduced tool promoters went ahead bill company opposed defeated parliament great western railway opened line gloucester passed effects canal effects thames railway act passed allowing construction railway directly competed canal fell cent cease entirely time connection blocked leaving connection gloucester canal link canal river toll paid canal formally abandoned act parliament granted removed need maintain navigation company disbanded retained powers consists original shares half shares transferred trust 1950s prevents hostile ensures company run benefit communities canal passes closure canal canal company continued generate income years sale water produced property holdings restoration interest maintaining canal value began canal closed inland waterways association mounting campaign retain plans close announced plans revival thames canal depended link river national parks commission declared retained value beauty closed publication lost canals england wales book russell resulted number canal restoration societies formed canal society renamed thames canal trust april scope project expanded canals trust july initially hostile trust attitudes changed granted permission start work section pike mill bridge trip boat attitudes changed bought sections previously sold funding canals partnership established drawing people representing canals trust councils district county level number interested parties provided suitable structure drive restoration forwards identified high priority association inland navigation authorities report entitled vision strategic britain inland navigation network new projects highlighted british waterways unlocked unlimited conference held march estimated cost project restore navigation thames canal million having raised canals trust lodged money waterways trust hope match funding grants received andy time regeneration programme manager working major bid application heritage lottery fund finance restoration canal visited charles prince wales capacity patron waterways trust heritage survey cost funded inland waterways association carried community development plan visitor management strategy costing pre main bid time bid ready submission pressure funds asked british waterways heading application break bid project smaller phases end provisional grant million awarded enable restoration navigation thames canal port additional million received european inter regional budget phase time grant awarded january risen million million match funding received south west england regional development agency process leased canal british waterways british waterways withdraw scheme financial difficulties role project leaders taken district council following organisation valleys canal company established march limited company independent directors directors representing district council canals trust purpose hold assets canals charitable status means stamp duty land tax paid company responsible management maintenance canal opened department transport process funding major transport schemes managed enabled district council submit bid million newly formed gloucestershire local transport board fund replacement ocean railway bridge second application enable thames way long distance created funding section junction development length restored phase miles long presents biggest difficulties restoration mile route channel flood relief scheme environment agency water brook beneath joins thames canal short distance lower lock canal stream joins locks brook joins locks gates locks replaced concrete dams maintained water level normal flows feet lower levels road bridge water discharged river consequence flood relief function channel classified main river designs canal accommodate large flows section include underground capable carrying flood flow streams new carries bridge constructed water leaves canal enter river set constructed protect canal high water levels second phase restoration project section gloucester canal blocked motorway road bid submitted living landmarks fund august big lottery fund million requested interim award allow bid developed application rejected november despite setback money purchasing land phase grant current proposals involve roundabout original bristol road lock buried construction roundabout reconstructed east proposals passing motorway new channel alongside river existing new wider nearer original line canal canal cross river demolished 1970s canal river channel combined flood defence scheme november work started clear canal double lock oil mills bridge oil mills bridge rebuilt left demolition incorporated new bridge inland waterways association held festival refurbished canal event called water miles canal ocean locks open navigation second section locks locks thames canal restoration locks electric installation built scheme expected generate year income sale electricity national grid help fund ongoing maintenance canal early work began project restore junction lock grant received heritage lottery fund lock canal gates new lock gates fitted interpretation signs erected access improved structure english_heritage buildings risk register prior work starting links canals canal links thames canal gloucester canal points interest


channel pilot cable channel pilot cable called channel leader cable cable laid channel entrance port new_york new_jersey provided audio tone guiding ships port times low visibility cable laid removed channel replaced wireless technology end 1920s background channel main shipping channel port new_york new_jersey making means important commercial port delays posed major problem shipping route new_york_city bad weather close channel days ships forced wait harbor entrance conditions clear delays cost shipping companies substantial amounts money ship costing hour stopped roughly dollars description operation leader cable armored cable single internal conductor picture acted like long radio antenna laid channel floor originated fort near present day narrows bridge extended miles channel vicinity offshore powered generator fort produced cycles second current volts resulting alternating electromagnetic field length cable detected approximately thousand yards away current send word navy code ship received pair induction hung opposite sides ship fed switching relative strength signal compared ship maintained course parallel cable maneuvering signal strength constant research development pilot cable required series prior discoveries patented use submerged electrical cable communicate ship fixed location time charles patented means navigating ships electrically charge cable method practical earl adapted early vacuum tube circuits signal robert radio pioneer employed navy sound conducted early experiments underwater pilot cables results sufficiently promising recommended development commander stanford october commander instructed expert radio aid develop test concept larger scale new london naval base installed longer version cable designed wooden launch round tests moving steel submarine later tests types vessel picked signal followed underwater test cable problem installation testing following successful tests new london navy proceeded large scale testing channel late laid pilot cable composed feet armored cable feet cable feet standard rubber cable uss brien fitted receiving equipment attempted follow cable channel unfortunately unable detect signal past foot mark break cable prevented signal continuing break cable repaired course winter crews found cable broken total different places strain placed laid damage going drawing board engineers tested foot segments different types cable results design new size pilot cable navy ordered feet cable wire cable company boston complete cable loaded uss boston navy yard ship arrived new_york july channel crossed telegraph cables owned respectively western union army police raised surface pilot cable laid underneath installation cable completed august august electrical tests showed sending receiving circuits functioning properly navy tested cable uss invited representatives radio companies shipping interests pilots associations governmental naval public demonstration board destroyer uss october october ship windows covered canvas captains took turns navigating audio cues cable cable received new london tests washington_post called greatest development marine travel invention steam turbine los_angeles_times declared technology greatest peacetime gifts science devised operational newspaper called greatest safeguard devised shipping modern history according trade magazine leader cables functions enable ship good landfall thick weather lead ship harbor lead ship open water restricted channel open water far warning outlying dangers assist vessel straight course port port save fuel publication radio world stated cable years operation successful radio broadcast boasted money saved cable ease cable paid public funds responsibility ship owners outfit vessels receiving equipment installation cable cost roughly listening apparatus installed ship channel cost compared hourly costs delays ranged radio broadcast expressed belief navigation cables common ships aircraft future audio cable american ports waits large appreciation radio devices sea air navigation pilots sea air expect demand legacy despite media hype described appears channel pilot cable met large scale commercial success initially contemporaries cable proposed extended miles past light plans came fruition advances technology rendered pilot cable obsolete baltimore sun reported ships navigating channel making reference cable year publicly complained navigation cables potential guiding ships leader cable systems appear radio direction finding placement radio low power radios broadcasting identifiable signal strategic locations analogous seen weather navigation way regular successful application radio radio fog signals stations installed near new_york stations operation united_states nearly ships suitably equipped article journal royal society arts declared wireless aids echo sounding superseded leader cable today modern navigation tools radar gps help ships navigate channel writing popular mechanics key players designing channel cable viewed step applying radio cable technology vast everyday life including guiding aircraft navigating automobiles channel cable removed channel testing early system cable found success role guiding ships blind landing experimental unit later tried similar system briefly abandoning favor wireless


cargo ship built american hawaiian steamship company world war taken united_states_navy commissioned uss world war ship transferred soviet_union renamed built maryland steel company sister ships american hawaiian steamship company october months delivered american hawaiian rammed sank united fruit company steamer near entrance new_york harbor repairs resumed inter coastal service panama canal canal temporarily closed landslides late sailed straits canal reopened mid world war uss carried cargo animals limited number passengers france returned nearly american troops armistice navy service ended returned original owners chartered shipping company rammed sank prince line steamer welsh prince columbia river near oregon killing seven men process june ran aground reef near point conception california suffered damages waves reef freed reef weeks towed los_angeles repaired ship war shipping administration transferred soviet_union terms lend lease december assigned far_east shipping company new sailed soviet pacific fleet war delivered cargo troops support soviet invasion japanese held territories august war ship remained soviet merchant fleet transferred north_korea time fish processing facility scrapped design construction american hawaiian steamship company placed order maryland steel company point maryland new cargo ships contract cost ships set construction cost plus profit maryland steel maximum cost ship construction financed maryland steel credit plan called payment cash monthly installments balance provisions deal allowed installments converted longer term notes final cost including financing costs ton came maryland steel yard ship built contract launched january delivered american hawaiian ship gross register tons grt feet inches length perpendiculars feet inches cargo holds storage capacity cubic feet outfitted complete plant carry products west_coast like fresh produce southern_california farms east_coast single steam engine powered oil fired boilers drove single screw propeller speed knots early career began sailing american hawaiian company shipped cargo east_coast ports straits west_coast ports hawaii vice versa eastbound shipments primarily sugar hawaii westbound general nature opening panama canal august american hawaiian ships switched taking route october rammed united fruit company passenger cargo steamer entrance channel outside new_york stopped dense fog traveling rapid pace appeared fog yards united fruit ship sounded ship whistle warning impending collision captain alter ship course drop anchor try slow fully laden ship bow traveled halfway passenger ship pulled minutes later began sink rapidly captain ordered ship sail speed yards distant ship grounded feet water variety craft including nearby british_royal_navy cruiser lancaster responded ship resting passengers immediate danger passengers crewmen evacuated ship picked rescue craft suffered casualties crew attempted return pier brooklyn unable instead anchored channel damage restricted bow crushed waterline days later wall_street_journal reported anchored island awaiting inspection repairs return service resumed inter coastal service delayed large pacific storm responsible sinking steamer victoria damaged northern pacific harvard mid september year sailed boston west_coast arrived atlantic terminus panama canal find canal closed major landslide cubic yards mud dirt collapsed cut initially american hawaiian wait case canal soon reopen apparent closure time long months sent south_america destinations los_angeles san_francisco los_angeles_times reported portion delayed cargo consisted christmas toys los_angeles merchants newspaper went predict delay disastrous holiday season balance activities years unclear half american hawaiian fleet chartered service group american hawaiian ships chartered service south_america delivering coal gasoline steel exchange coffee rubber ore world war december seven months united_states declared war germany united_states_navy acquired american hawaiian uss commissioned day lieutenant commander frank command loaded cargo horses flour iron machinery newport news virginia sailed new_york february joined convoy sailed france february arrived destination february discharged passengers seven died destroyed voyage depot march continued carrying livestock food products france rest war november took officers men headed france cargo ship hall days armistice fighting end task bringing home american soldiers began immediately selected conversion troop transport transferred cruiser transport force begin returning troops undergo conversion cargo animal ship sources indicate specific modifications underwent typical conversions ships included installation troops adding greatly expanded cooking toilet facilities handle large numbers men aboard similar modifications sister ship took months known long refit took time completed sixth final voyage august carried home healthy wounded men uss decommissioned september returned american hawaiian interwar years resumed cargo service american hawaiian return world war service company abandoned original hawaiian sugar routes time continued inter coastal service panama canal time early 1920s chartered united american line associated_press reported sailing united american banner loading wheat flour lumber washington england european ports later month rammed sank prince line cargo ship welsh prince columbia river near oregon seven men aboard welsh prince killed injured crash subsequent fire june departed los_angeles cargo long tons steel iron pipe destined san_francisco portland oregon seattle voyage handed united_states maritime commission june ran aground reef yards meters shore government point nautical miles northwest los_angeles near point conception salvage operations took weeks ship towed los_angeles placed drydock shipyard terminal island approximately feet ship hull damaged ship waves reef opened numerous holes hull ship drive shaft broken boilers engines shifted los_angeles_times reported estimates repair ranged inquiry held bureau marine inspection navigation captain gates years sailing experience coast blamed unusual tides grounding world war later career repaired united_states entered world war ship war shipping administration december transferred soviet_union lend lease renamed russian pronunciation capital near end world war offered payment american hawaiian million settlement american hawaiian ships assigned far_east shipping company sailed pacific fleet soviet navy war photographed san_francisco point war movements known august delivered troops cargo support soviet invasions japanese held korea islands war end returned merchant operation transferred north_korea use fish processing facility scrapped


schooner named founder company rescues stranded ships help lead formation united_states life saving service despite namesake history rescues capsized heavy seas december route georgia new_york cargo timber cross ties cook drowned swept overboard violent seas crew vessel removing masts drifted days grounded beach florida rescue attempts led drowning volunteer body recovered crew members lost plaque commemorates rescue efforts cottage structure built materials salvaged ship beach historic trail history maine square rigged schooner constructed information related ships built years generally sparse volume set titled merchant sail william armstrong describes landscape construction registration information ships built aforementioned era regretted desired data covering construction registration maine ports preserved recorded available inspection locally records existence destroyed lost scattered data hand attempted recent years watershed association incomplete records available vessels instead cites records recording information vessels registered built vessels listed ranged feet length weighed tons drafted feet water beam width feet final voyage voyage scheduled transport cargo timber cross ties georgia new_york tuesday december leaving port schooner fell victim strong winds high seas associated gale force winds ripped vessel sails masts rough seas capsized ship beam ends crew able right distressed vessel removing main masts left vulnerable powerless despite cabin swept away sea ship hull kept relatively intact sequence events unfortunately cook drowned violent seas morning december ran aground near shore roughly feet coast beach florida rescue efforts price john anderson built hotel sold henry took ownership responsibilities retained price hotel manager morning december hotel manager price noticed stranded vessel surf gathered group people assist rescue efforts learning disaster superintendent united_states life saving service seventh life saving district scene assess situation quickly permission life saving beach apparatus sent train florida inlet life saving station located approximately miles south beach quickly granted general superintendent increase proximity travel time inlet station beach small surf boat wheeled beach man drawn wagon went town necessary equipment rope lines rescue total people came beach tumultuous conditions decided rescue attempts low tide rescue boat set nearly low tide rope attached stern shore hotel painter edward hotel staff member manned small successfully breakers succumbed strong southerly current missing float line thrown schooner feet forced come unsuccessful attempts reach grounded vessel small metallic known iron carried beach tom freed manned attempt reach grounded schooner skilled second set breakers short distance vessel tried reach float line large wave struck leaving boat filled water men abandoned managed swim ashore met volunteers close beach half drowned decided swimming shore saw flipped swam hull men shore began pulling flipped boat wave broke throwing water climbed boat began getting pulled capsized shortly time surfaced appearing rescue boat water gone presumably drowned death short time later body recovered despite searches returned beach casualty occurred supplying small rescue boat rope lines edward removed outer clothing prepared embark men witnessed drowning prompted captain schooner address said sacrificed man efforts save risk life attempt ashore captain tied rope waist jumped water rescue boat set shore battling current waves met rescue boat stern reached land making use captain line men shore tied life time stranded crewmen pulled device schooner bodies pulled safety people shore receiving cup hot coffee drink whiskey blanket crew taken beach area hospital hearing story general superintendent increase united_states life saving service wrote letter praise edward bravery acknowledging involved cottage cottage built materials salvaged ship william billy given permission use material aid construction bedroom cottage materials wreck included railroad ties form exterior porch decorations schooner wooden plate engraved hangs fireplace house beach historic trail location location wreck designated sign warn swimmers anchored near water edge depending tide hull ship visible brief period shifting sands low tide coincided simultaneously sign located beach previously large boulder sent freed hometown cape elizabeth maine decorated bronze plaque commemorating brave rescue efforts monument prominently placed sand dunes near site ship ran aground july plaque broken plaque boulder relocated east del beach resort currently sits sign wall north steps leading pool newspaper coverage despite limited information service routes construction subject separate new_york_times articles short career article reported wreck day occurred article came june chronicled disturbance mates tow miles outside mobile bay beginning route mobile alabama new_york mate henry jumped board avoid beating mate pin half kill schooner fearful life began swimming nearby light house picked nearly miles jumped board captain reported captain mentioned incidentally lost pending charges cruelty sailors stemming incident pass louisiana forerunner united_states life saving service named ship builder born massachusetts cape family moved county virginia purchasing sand island later island island founded company sons specialized stranded vessels shallow mid-atlantic coastline remarkable record person drowned rescue efforts ships stranded island success company earned sea despite company notable prosperity praised humanity general regard human life crew landed island stranded vessels penny cared practice rare creed 19th century like transformed act led way forming united_states life saving service later merged united_states_coast_guard


cargo ship built american hawaiian steamship company world war known service united_states_army uss service united_states_navy navy career reverted original built maryland steel company ships ordered american hawaiian steamship company employed inter coastal service panama canal opened world war carried cargo animals france charter army transferred navy december month armistice uss converted troop transport returned american troops france returned american hawaiian resumed inter coastal cargo service shortly world war war shipping administration sailed trinidad african ports new_york caribbean ports convoys mid mid july ship scuttled artificial built support normandy invasion design construction second quarter american hawaiian looking expand fleet placed order maryland steel company point maryland new cargo ships georgian contract ships required american hawaiian pay cash monthly notes interest provisions deal allowed monthly notes converted longer term interest secured ships final cost including financing costs ton came maryland steel yard ship built contract launched march miss nancy johnson daughter representative ben johnson christened ship sparkling spring water kentucky farms abraham_lincoln jefferson davis completed ship delivered american hawaiian june gross register tons grt feet inches length perpendiculars feet inches cargo holds storage capacity cubic feet single quadruple expansion steam engine powered oil fired boilers drove single screw propeller speed knots early career began sailing american hawaiian company shipped cargo east_coast ports route west_coast ports hawaii vice versa shipments route arrive mexican ports eastbound cargo veracruz westbound cargo traverse national railway eastbound shipments primarily sugar hawaii westbound general nature sailed service clear sources east west north_america united_states occupation veracruz april found american hawaiian ships mexican ports led mexican government closed national railway american shipping loss access coupled fact panama canal open caused american hawaii return late april historic route sailing south_america straits opening panama canal august american hawaiian ships switched taking route october landslides closed panama canal american hawaiian ships including returned straits route exact movements time early unclear half american hawaiian fleet chartered service group american hawaiian ships chartered service south_america delivering coal gasoline steel exchange coffee rubber ore world war point united_states declared war germany april united_states_army chartered transporting animals europe support american expeditionary force information specific conversion ships typically meant passenger accommodations ripped replaced ramps stalls horses carried details animal transport journey known second trip began march sailed newport news virginia animals saint animals died destroyed voyage april convoy crossing army service naval armed sighted torpedo heading second ship column opening fire torpedo gun crew claimed hit caused torpedo explode short intended target details army service available signing armistice november fighting came end task bringing home american soldiers began immediately end acquired united_states_navy december commissioned january lieutenant commander command begin returning troops undergo conversion cargo animal ship sources indicate specific modifications underwent typical conversions ships included installation troops adding greatly expanded cooking toilet facilities handle large numbers men aboard similar modifications fellow american hawaiian cargo ship years younger took months known long refit took departed new_york voyage march picking nearly soldiers saint men infantry regiment infantry division number 33rd infantry division returning new_york april arrival run june returned men including members field artillery regiment infantry division officer unit brought black police dog named pat personal dog germany crown prince trip july returned men saint total runs france bringing men time completed trip august norfolk virginia decommissioned september returned american hawaiian day interwar years resumed cargo service american hawaiian return world war service company abandoned original hawaiian sugar routes time continued inter coastal service panama canal incidents interrupted uneventful years september day sailing san_francisco rammed general petroleum tanker los near point sur california thick fog leak number cargo hold damage port keel returned san_francisco repairs early april fire broke number cargo hold resulted delay ship panama april way los_angeles days examined ship general cargo primarily carried general contents noteworthy exception occurred july new_york_times reported carrying pirate class racing yacht races newspaper reported pirate west_coast designed built yacht race east unlike fellow american hawaiian ship plagued labor difficulties escaped maritime labor turmoil mid-1930s incident reported los_angeles_times august news item reported portion crew went strike protest unsafe working conditions ship master ordered rig cargo ship docked los_angeles refused deck slippery opinion unsafe world war shortly united_states entered world war war shipping administration continued operated american hawaiian november sailed new_york arrived december spent months sailing ports south_africa calling port elizabeth cape_town east london heading trinidad cape_town february arriving trinidad weeks later way boston early april putting new_york weeks sailing new_york late joined southbound roads virginia key west florida convoy left convoy key west headed atlantic cape_town arrived july spent month sailing cape_town east london concluded second trip africa sailed south_america august week crossing south atlantic arrived august took load way new_york docked september cargo ship slowly way south calling charleston key west bay way trinidad arrived november sailing november began final trip africa arrived november called months returning trinidad january sailing trinidad february called bay baltimore way new_york arriving late march prepared begin convoy united_kingdom april loaded grain general cargo departed convoy new_york halifax liverpool convoy developing problem returned new_york april problem minor sailed convoy days later convoy attacked fewer german submarines resulted loss ship british cargo ship fort sinking convoy escorts evidence played direct sinking german submarine members naval armed guard awarded battle star actions convoy april arrived liverpool april months convoy crossings called liverpool haven belfast new_york ended tenth north_atlantic crossing arrived new_york february sailing new_york february circuits port caribbean calling cuba puerto_rico making stops key west philadelphia way putting new_york april departed united_states final time headed haven arriving june cargo ship arrived barry plymouth belfast june departing barry july convoy arrived july scuttled protecting harbor constructed support normandy invasion march offered payment american hawaiian million settlement american hawaiian ships sunk scuttled like retained government


scott scott steamer transported passengers cargo san_francisco california panama early 1850s california gold rush entering heavy fog coast southern_california evening december ship crashed middle island passengers crew survived ship lost scott object numerous salvage operations crash currently rests underwater channel islands national park marine sanctuary scott wreck site listed national_register_of_historic_places history california gold rush discovery gold mill brought thousands people california search fortune late 1850s panama canal railroad constructed people california eastern united_states main routes passage travel land expensive dangerous sail roughly mile route south_america attractive dangerous rough waters drake passage addition inherent dangers route journey took long months complete route involved traversing panama departing southern coast panama cut length sea journey half ships ferry passengers panama san_francisco commonplace result wait months complete second half journey fill growing need swift passage panama california activities increased dramatically construction service scott originally named constructed company new_york completed march ship named celebrated united_states_army general scott stern built bust likeness launched october announcement october edition new_york herald stated understand expense spared secure strength safety speed hull wooden double iron white oak live oak georgia yellow pine steamer owned davis brooks company initially transported passengers new_york new_orleans route ship ownership transferred new_york san_francisco steamship company line arrived san_francisco april began taking gold nicknamed panama route san_francisco panama demise new_york san_francisco steamship company line renamed new_york california steamship company ship ownership transferred july time pacific mail steamship company voyage scott bound panama departed san_francisco morning december addition complement passengers crew ship transporting shipment gold worth estimated million ship progress slowed afternoon repairs leaking boiler resumed course speed later evening captain simon blunt ship santa barbara channel effort save time captain blunt knew channel having helped survey area years previously approximately ship encountered heavy fog ran aground middle island approximately miles port speed time wreck estimated knots mph struck island bow blunt attempted away stern struck removing ship rudder ship taking massive amounts water unable steer aboard people began land ship completely evacuated approximately hours survivors spent night camped pinnacle rock measured yards day moved larger piece land island passengers cyrus recalled terrible crashing deck attention fixed wall cliffs tops hidden fog darkness appeared fall crush round loud angry breakers invisible rocks december steamship california returning san_francisco panama alerted presence wreck survivors smoke gun fired california rescued women children scott complement gold december california returned rescue remaining passengers crew stayed recover mail passenger possible scott sustained damage left waters channel wreckage salvage remains scott located feet water channel islands national park marine sanctuary wreckage site verified registered national_register_of_historic_places site protected california united_states law prohibits divers removing wreckage salvage operation undertaken utilizing san iron machinery hundreds copper bolts recovered additional salvage operation world war recovered additional iron brass war effort remaining wreckage considered important historical perspective represents example mid-19th century wooden hull long machinery relatively intact documented channel islands national park marine sanctuary december sites located prevailing currents weather conditions area dangerous place navigation legacy light beacon shortly wreck coast survey recommended permanent lighthouse facility built island lack funding installation beacon foot tower constructed tower replaced lighthouse impact local ecosystem possible lingering effect scott wreck introduction black rats ecosystem channel islands wreck possible source arrival rats later construction lighthouse mention rats island black rats major disruption local wildlife island problem san island black rats successfully island controversial program involved aerial application united_states program cost nearly million


john john hull number american liberty ship built world war type ships carried kinds types dry cargo war ship named john february 10th governor north built kaiser company oregon yard portland oregon keel laid november hull launched december fitting delivered navy december days construction began navy placed charter transportation company early december transporting ammunition philippines hit japanese aircraft tremendous explosion john liberty ships seven ships sunk attack world war construction design john powered oil fired boilers single vertical type triple expansion steam engine machinery space dark blue picture located middle ship color coded image single propeller driven long propeller shaft ran tunnel lower green area picture aft cargo holds propeller rotated rpm giving speed knots mph decks running length ship seven watertight bulkheads dividing machinery space cargo holds light blue picture ahead machinery space aft crew accommodations provided large deck structure located middle ship medium blue picture directly machinery space small structure medium blue picture located stern bridge radio room captain quarters located deck yellow picture deck structure fuel boiler carried tanks red picture located ship ship storage light green picture located bow machinery space gun crew quarters ship hospital located stern structure ship armed gun white picture located bow stern bridge mixture inches inches inches millimetres millimetres inches caliber guns ship steering rudder black left picture associated steering gear located compartment green picture rudder aft structure steam powered generators provided electric power radios navigation equipment pumps lighting produced fresh water boilers crew large cargo holds allowed steam rigged centerline masts quickly load cargo history liberty ships solution pressing problem intended years remarkable john brown brien survived seventy plus years service like new condition open public museums british needed way replace ships lost german boats resources build asked united_states help solve problem bringing ship design wanted built design modified fit american production methods new shipyards built industry capacity ships called ocean ships ship starting ocean united_states needed ships war approached ocean design revised simplified allow mass production new design basis liberty ship december japan attacked military bases hawaii guam days later philippines liberty ships carried weapons ammunition food tools hardware vehicles things war effort equipped carry large number troops rigging holds similar armed guard liberty ships began taking troops materials needed crossing atlantic pacific oceans like liberty ships john transported war materials united_states rear areas pacific war calling pearl harbor australia final trip departed seattle washington guam spent days loading munitions invasion force island departed ship uncle plus convoy bound philippines convoy arrived night december japanese forces alerted convoy arrival shortly december flight japanese fighter bombers sent island shortly dawn convoy destroyed forces cut supply line morning ships bound command captain george general quarters shortly receiving dawn weather report reported air cover launch poor weather cleared crews began wait inevitable arrival japanese aircraft attack appeared american ship radar orders immediately given convoy begin maneuvering holes clouds japanese pilots sighted large american force steamed calm seas south islands finding convoy air cover group japanese planes began attack pilots flying chose john target diving heavy anti aircraft fire japanese pilot intention pulling steep dive despite damage aircraft crashed cargo holds brief flash fire visible ships convoy seconds smoke seen hold seconds later huge pillar fire shot cargo hold followed immense cloud white smoke seconds eyes drawn enormous erupted entire cargo munitions detonated instantly destroying ship killing crew merchant marine sailors armed guards seconds visible enormous mushroom cloud smoke fire explosions ships nearby damaged force blast flying fragments shock wave entire convoy ships reported torpedoed army type ship aft severely damaged blast sinking identified cloud smoke cleared nearby ships closed position search survivors soon clear men aboard gone combat air patrol arrived weather cleared providing air cover hours japanese attack morning beginning day series attacks convoy costing ships hundreds lives spite near constant attacks force reached destination december needed material invasion today john fragments lie feet surface vicinity location ship seen islands del philippines liberty ship resources john brown website brien website


black black cargo ship american diamond lines british line known west arrow launched world war ship inspected united_states_navy possible use uss west arrow taken navy commissioned west arrow built west boats series steel cargo ships built west_coast united_states world war war effort information early career largely absent 1920s news reports revealed ship sailing north_atlantic west arrow sailing american diamond cargo service antwerp american diamond changed ship black ship continued service outbreak world war black registry neutral united_states detained twice british authorities neutrality zone ended black dutch service late sailing charter line black called ports pacific_ocean american diamond sold black british ministry war transport late ship crossing british flag sunk german submarine february loss men survivors picked norwegian ship landed barry design construction west ships cargo ships similar size design built shipyards west_coast united_states emergency use world war given names began word west like west arrow west ships built skinner seattle washington west arrow skinner laid september launched west arrow january completed february ship gross register tons grt feet inches long perpendiculars feet inches west arrow steel hull ship single steam turbine drove single screw propeller moved ship knot pace career west arrow inspected 13th naval district united_states_navy completion assigned identification number commissioned known uss west arrow navy took ship commissioned little known west arrow early career information world war activities war west ships carried grain products united_kingdom france italy known west arrow early mention west arrow contemporary news accounts found washington_post reported february cargo ship delivered cows bremen gift american farmers texas kansas new_york_times reported september west arrow heading liverpool boston struck white star line ocean liner nautical miles west ireland headed philadelphia liverpool passengers struck cargo ship port feet bow radio dispatch west arrow reported proceeding power taking water march west arrow sailing american diamond lines new_york service government mail route july ship moved new baltimore antwerp route december sailing american diamond changed west arrow black remained route march year wall_street_journal reporting large gold shipment united_states holland speculated black ship selected carry gold export march black sailing dense fog catherine point isle struck grt british cargo ship sank minutes man crew picked black crew searched vain hours men fog lifted survivors transferred fishing vessel landed crewmen black resumed philadelphia journey world war outbreak world war september black registered neutral united_states seized british authorities september detained carefully ship british released ship week october british seized black released november state department released list american ships detained united_states established neutrality zone zone american ships enter late result american diamond unable continue dutch route chartered vessels employed service included black companies black chartered line pacific calling ports singapore honolulu typhoon winds excess miles hour hit wake island early october black diverted heavy seas check welfare men island found safe november american diamond sought permission united_states maritime commission successor sell black seven ships british granted permission black sold ministry war transport operation line newcastle ton deal completed black december sailing philadelphia baltimore british flag black sailed baltimore january halifax arrived january black loaded cargo steel joined convoy sailed port liverpool february falling convoy black torpedoed command february south iceland near position ship master crewmen died attack black survivors picked norwegian cargo ship landed barry


ocean liner built american line subsidiary line international marine sailed red star line dominion line subsidiary lines passenger career outbreak world war bought british admiralty converted serve resembling royal_navy battlecruiser hms tiger posing tiger sea sunk german submarine career built john brown company scotland american line subsidiary international navigation company launched november ship metres long perpendiculars metres gross register grt ship twin screw propellers powered twin triple expansion steam engines speed knots built accommodations class passengers sister ship completion ship chartered dominion line subsidiary line international marine international navigation merged liner sailed dominion maiden voyage march liverpool boston completing route returned american line march following month began sailing liverpool philadelphia route sailed rest passenger career briefly chartered red star line antwerp new_york voyage liner passenger career march article washington_post reported run aground shortly leaving route liverpool boston ship freed perch near chicago rising tide got underway stuck fast spot press time british admiralty dispatched free ship exactly year later collided steamer clan grant rock march damaged december collided tanker delaware coast sustained damage included flooded compartments ship beached cross refloated way power philadelphia cargo passengers outbreak world war europe equipped inch guns defensive purposes subject protest german consul philadelphia docked port equipped guns counter rules armed ships neutral ports neutral united_states required guns removed allow sail guns departed philadelphia september final voyage liverpool philadelphia route began october sold british admiralty employed program disguised ocean liners resemble royal_navy capital ships patterned british battlecruiser hms tiger deployed mediterranean duty liner equipped canvas wood tiger guns crew approached neutral ships ship ballast ship ride lower water match profile real tiger german submarine apparently tempted prospect sinking british battlecruiser allowed loaded transports sail past launching torpedo attack torpedo struck liner exploded sending cement stones ballast air crew knocked overboard explosion able float ashore nearby island remnants liner false guns despite severely immediately sink remaining afloat hours finally attack crew killed sinking


previously known elizabeth wooden canal boat constructed new_york barge transport bulk cargo new_york new_jersey connecticut sunk sunken boat deteriorated point salvage operation result breaking apart added national_register_of_historic_places december description barge measures feet long feet beam depth hold listed feet listed capacity tons describes having nearly rectangular hull profile section plan squared stern rounded bow low rise slightly peak join prominently projecting stem raised bow superstructure consists mainly single low extends nearly length vessel stern small cabin width height national_register_of_historic_places nomination noted convex hatch covers likely floated away hood washed away history wooden canal boat originally known elizabeth purchased stewart constructed new_york william ryan anthony ship built years canal closely resembles specifications 19th century canal boats transport materials new_york new_jersey connecticut afterward moored harbor spring barges began water dragging tide hull visible water listed registry importance historically significant surviving wooden canal boats rare representative artifact canal transportation design characteristic 19th century predecessors despite 20th century vessel added national_register_of_historic_places december nomination listing unusual years old time nomination sunk barges sank connecticut listed national_register_of_historic_places historic status barges concern port authority harbor sunken ships interfered billion dollar redevelopment project years barges deteriorated operation salvage likely result breaking apart action taken report noted prior activity federal transit administration city document barge photos technical description documentation based activity archived state historic preservation office mystic museum


american american steel single propeller cargo ship built chester pennsylvania delaware river iron engine works american hawaiian steamship company hawaiian sugar trade world war service united_states_navy ship known uss american late career american hawaiian renamed american little feet long feet coal fired boilers powered single triple expansion steam engine turned single screw propeller power plant supplemented auxiliary sails capable moving ship knots ships ordered american hawaiian steamship company formation american hawaii new_york sugar trade straits set record fastest new_york san_francisco ocean passage making voyage days employed inter coastal service opened panama canal taken wartime service united_states entered world war april completed round trip france incident shortly start voyage collided navy vessel uss west gate sinking vessel loss seven crew october completed round trip navy service sailing gibraltar armistice november returned new_york february decommissioned returned american hawaiian american resumed cargo service american hawaiian return naval service renamed sold taken osaka broken arrival november year design construction american hawaiian steamship company shortly march formation placed orders ships company planned sugar service hawaii east_coast united_states ships american hawaiian ordered delaware river chester pennsylvania fourth ordered union iron works san_francisco contract cost pennsylvania built ships set financing costs drove final cost ship higher final cost american ton totaled american delaware river yard launched july delivered american hawaiian october joining american hawaiian fleet american trio pennsylvania ships completed gross register tons grt feet inch length feet inches cargo holds storage capacity cubic feet american speed knots powered single triple expansion steam engine coal fired boilers drove single screw propeller american sister ships equipped upright masts carried large fore main help conserve coal journeys early career start american hawaiian career american sailed scheduled service new_york philadelphia south_america straits san_francisco honolulu way coal saint british west_indies chile chilean coal lesser quality burned quickly dangerously sent sparks flying ship funnel quality fire danger key reasons subsequent american hawaiian ships oil instead coal fuel early american hawaiian averaged days direction new_york san_francisco days shorter typical time required sailing ships initially company pay premium taking large ships nautical mile channel straits safer passage cape horn american hawaiian safe operation experience route allowed company negotiate rate standard rate experience route paid shorter transit times american set record time day new_york san_francisco passage typical times trip days years negotiations american hawaiian signed contract national railway mexico abandoning straits route favor route shipments route arrive mexican ports eastbound cargo veracruz westbound cargo traverse mexico point railroad eastbound shipments primarily sugar hawaii westbound general nature united_states occupation veracruz april found american hawaiian ships mexican ports led mexican government closed national railway american shipping loss access coupled fact panama canal open caused american hawaiian return historic route sailing south_america straits late april opening panama canal august american hawaiian ships switched taking route october landslides closed panama canal american hawaiian ships including american returned straits route american exact movements time early unclear half american hawaiian fleet chartered service group american hawaiian ships chartered service south_america delivering coal gasoline steel exchange coffee rubber ore united_states entered world war april entire american hawaiian fleet including american united_states shipping board returned ships operation american hawaiian navy service united_states shipping board selected american service carrying united_states_army cargo france navy naval overseas transportation service american turned navy assigned identification number commissioned uss american lieutenant commander command week later american loaded cargo departed new_york joined eastbound convoy june reaching brest france june sailed departed july reaching new_york days later quick turnaround american sailed august arrived new_york september collision west gate october american began trip france convoy escorted cruiser denver headed night october noted dictionary american naval fighting ships particularly dark rainy ships having trouble maintaining stations convoy american sailing column headed convoy guide ship october nautical miles south halifax steering gear engine uss west gate ahead starboard american jammed sending ship sharply port west gate crew ship engine half speed try drop convoy minutes later men bridge sighted red light oncoming american west gate bridge speed ahead avoid collision time engine respond american bow cut starboard west gate near deck american lightly damaged collision reversed engine west gate engine shut american completely backed west gate began rapidly settling ordered abandoned total seven men west gate died accident capsized probably died initial impact west gate commanding officer men personally escorted life picked american hours water dictionary american naval fighting ships report casualties american collision american proceeded halifax collision damage repaired weeks departed gibraltar november little weeks signing armistice germany ended fighting calling british port december american docked leaving new_york new year arriving february american decommissioned returned american hawaiian march formally struck naval vessel register later career american resumed cargo service american hawaiian return world war service company abandoned original hawaiian sugar routes time american sailed inter coastal service panama canal june american hawaiian announced intent acquire grace company later year american renamed order free newly acquired santa barbara sold scrap taken osaka japan broken time arrival november year


japanese cargo ship military service sunk american submarine world war ship built west cargo ship united_states shipping board shortly end world war shortly completion ship inspected united_states_navy possible use uss west taken navy commissioned sold japanese owners known west built west boats series steel cargo ships built west_coast united_states world war war effort second ship built southwestern san california operating years american registry sold times operated british italian japanese registry remainder career november serving japanese transport world war sunk navy submarine design construction west ships cargo ships similar size design built shipyards west_coast united_states united_states shipping board emergency use world war given names began word west like west second west ships built southwestern san california west southwestern launched december sponsor betty howard year old daughter company vice president william howard completed february west gross register tons grt feet inches long perpendiculars feet inches ship single triple expansion steam engine drove single screw propeller moved ship knots career west inspected 12th naval district united_states_navy completion possible use service assigned identification number commissioned known uss west navy took ship commissioned cargo ship sailed american registry years existence sailed west african ports los_angeles_times reported west sailed los_angeles european pacific service years west sold north devon steamship company operated steamer british flag purchased shipping company sailed italian flag years later renamed japanese registry early 1930s sold record ship movements later names los_angeles_times reports arrival west_coast ports twice march ship arrived washington singapore pick load logs export notice november noted impending return los_angeles scheduled load scrap brass early ran aground tokyo bay refloated days world war served army transport sources reporting movements incomplete known ships departed combined convoys mid april seven ships formed convoy departed borneo november year escorted converted smaller vessels convoy coast korean peninsula try avoid american submarines group submarines found attacked convoy night november torpedoes sank damaged shortly sank damaged engaged gun battle surfaced submarine spread torpedoes finished sank position east china sea


flag convenience flag convenience business practice merchant ship registered country ship owners ship flies country civil ensign owners ship register ship flag convenience reduce operating costs avoid regulations owner country closely related term open registry describes ship register register foreign owned ships exists term flag convenience use 1950s refers civil ensign ship flies order indicate country registration flag state ship operates laws flag state laws ship involved case admiralty law modern practice ships foreign countries began 1920s united_states frustrated increased regulations rising labor costs began register ships panama use open steadily increased grew surpass united_kingdom world largest shipping register half world merchant ships registered open panama marshall islands flags accounted entire world fleet terms flag convenience criticized trade union organizations based developed countries especially europe hand maritime industry practitioners countries contest natural product developed countries competitive wish advantage practice global environment thirteen flag states found international shipping organizations regulations basis criticisms flag convenience system allows legally anonymous difficult prosecute civil criminal actions ships flags convenience found engaging crime offer working conditions negatively impact environment primarily illegal fishing ships thirteen flags convenience targeted special enforcement countries visit supporters practice point economic regulatory advantages increased freedom choosing employees international labor pool background international law requires merchant ship registered country country ship registered flag state flag state gives ship right fly civil ensign ship flag state exercises regulatory control vessel required inspect regularly ship equipment crew issue safety pollution prevention documents ship operates laws flag state laws ship involved admiralty case organization actually registers ship known registry governmental private agencies reasons choosing open register varied include tax avoidance ability avoid national labor environmental regulations ability hire crews lower wage countries national closed typically require ship owned constructed national interests partially citizens conversely open frequently offer line registration questions asked use flags convenience registration maintenance costs turn reduces overall transportation costs accumulated advantages significant example american company fleet ships foreign saving company million dollars ship year environmental disaster caused sinking flew flag spurred creation new type maritime enforcement resulting strong political public outcry sinking fourteen european nations signed paris memorandum understanding port state control paris port state control ships international trade subject inspection states visit addition living working conditions cover items concerning safety life sea prevention pollution ships cases port state inspection problems ship port state actions including ship member states paris conducted deficiencies resulted vessels detained times year member states tokyo memorandum understanding conducted ship recording deficiencies resulted principle genuine link ship owners flag state dates article geneva convention high seas required state effectively exercise jurisdiction control administrative technical social matters ships flying flag principle repeated article treaty called united_nations convention law sea referred united_nations conference trade development attempted genuine link concept united_nations convention registration ships convention registration ships require flag state linked ships having economic stake ownership ships providing crew ships come force treaty requires signatories combined exceeds world total countries signed treaty history merchant ships false flags tactic evade enemy warships antiquity examples found early roman era middle ages following american revolutionary war flying flag fledgling united_states quickly found offered little protection attack pirates responded seeking transfer registry great_britain use false flags frequently british napoleonic wars united_states war mid-19th century slave ships flew flags avoid searched british anti slavery fleets modern practice registering ships foreign countries gain economic advantage originated united_states era world war term flag convenience came use 1950s laws passed united_states strengthen united_states merchant marine provide period ships subject regular undertaken american bureau shipping time robert seamen act described sailors rights seamen act regulated working hours payment established requirements food reduced penalties abolished practice sailors offense aspect seamen act enforcement safety standards requirements number qualified able seamen board officers seamen able speak language laws vessels economic disadvantage countries lacking moving ships flag owners avoid providing foreign ship registry employed running illegal alcohol canada united_states prohibition addition seamen act ships early period paid sailors japanese wage scale lower western merchant powers open registry edward franklin roosevelt secretary state world war created corporate structure included corporation joint venture government corporation structured fourth revenue government went fund social programs remainder returned corporation registry created time panama registry attractive reasons including labor movement european shipping concerns political unrest panama increases fees regulations march greek shipping magnate registered ship flag world peace died ownership registry passed international bank washington led general george years grew surpass united_kingdom world largest register civil wars registry eventually fell second panama flag convenience maritime funds continued supply total government revenue civil war joined republic marshall islands develop new maritime corporate program resulting company international formed parent company bought management taking government charles taylor signed new registry contract international ship corporate registry commonly known legal sources income taylor regime taylor trial international criminal court counts war crimes crimes humanity violations international humanitarian law open panama marshall islands accounted entire world fleet terms year flags convenience registered world including bulk carriers oil extent use international transport workers federation maintains list considers developing list considers ability willingness flag state enforce international minimum social standards vessels degree ratification enforcement conventions recommendations safety environmental record list includes antigua bahamas barbados belize bermuda burma island cyprus guinea georgia gibraltar honduras jamaica lebanon malta marshall islands mauritius netherlands antilles north_korea panama vincent sri_lanka french german international ship registers panama marshall islands world largest terms organizations registered ships total world carrying capacity panama dominates scene ships accounting world marshall islands registered ships greatest rate increase increasing flag ranks sixth worldwide hong_kong greek similar size flag convenience ships carrying capacity lower malta ninth position worldwide ships bahamas capacity representing world fleet growth year eleventh position cyprus registered ships world remaining flags convenience antigua bermuda saint vincent french international ship register number bermuda fewer ships apiece large average ship average ship way reference average capacity ships registers respectively antigua saint vincent ships average capacity respectively flags convenience listed account world half world merchant ships measured registered flags convenience criticism number common threads found criticisms flag convenience system flag states insufficient regulations regulations poorly enforced cases flag state identify hold owner responsible ship actions result lack flag state control flags convenience criticized grounds providing environment conducting criminal activities supporting terrorism providing poor working conditions having adverse effect environment david general secretary says arms smuggling ability conceal large sums money trafficking goods people illegal activities thrive flag convenience system provides concealed ownership ship beneficial owner legally financially responsible ship activities number reasons suspicious wish conceal ownership use number strategies achieve goal actual owners establish shell corporations legal owners ships making difficult impossible track beneficial owner ship report secretary general group flag state implementation reported easy comparatively inexpensive establish complex web corporate entities provide effective cover identities beneficial owners want known according report organisation economic operation development report entitled ownership control ships corporate structures multi layered spread numerous jurisdictions beneficial owner law enforcement officials taxation report concludes regardless reasons available provided assist wish remain hidden engage illegal criminal activities including terrorists report concludes use bearer shares single important widely mechanism protect ship beneficial owner physically possessing bearer share ownership corporation requirement reporting transfer bearer shares jurisdiction requires serial numbers recorded similar techniques provide ship beneficial owner nominee shareholders nominee directors jurisdictions require identities reported exist beneficial owner appoint nominee nominee legally compelled reveal identity beneficial owner corporations required director jurisdictions allow nominee director nominee director appear corporate place beneficial owners like nominee shareholders jurisdictions nominee director identity beneficial owners matters jurisdictions allow corporation fulfill duties nominee director crime flag convenience ships long linked crime high seas example honduras shut open registry operations enabled illegal traffic kinds given honduras bad ships registered shipping corporation found smuggling drugs cigarettes europe breaking iraq oil engaging human trafficking prostitution europe asia response activities ministry public works transport told industry publication don know care owns ships white black business concern years later french forces seized greek owned winner cocaine smuggling shortly seizure prime minister closed registry foreign ships canceled contract shortly north korean flag convenience garnered significant scrutiny north korean freighter middle voyage shortly seized australian authorities smuggling heroin country year thirteen nations began monitoring vessels north korean flag illicit like drugs missiles nuclear weapon fuel terrorism united_states democratic senator john louisiana proposed bill prevent foreign flags ostensibly counter terrorism measure working conditions accompanying material maritime labour convention international labour organization estimated time approximately working world document goes working aboard ships states exercise effective jurisdiction control ships work unacceptable conditions health safety safety ships work international transport workers federation goes stating flags convenience provide means avoiding labor regulation country ownership vehicle paying low wages forcing long hours work unsafe working conditions ships real reach single national trade union ships low safety standards construction requirements enforce safety standards minimum social standards trade union rights frequently fail pay crews poor safety records engage practices abandoning crewmen distant ports environmental effects flag convenience ships involved highest profile oil history prestige horizon canyon sea empress common environmental criticism face regards illegal fishing critics flag convenience system argue flag states lack resources properly monitor control vessels environmental justice foundation contends illegal fishing vessels use flags convenience avoid fisheries regulations controls flags convenience help reduce operating costs associated illegal fishing methods help illegal operators avoid prosecution hide beneficial ownership result flags convenience fishing extensive environmental social economic impacts particularly developing countries campaigning end granting flags convenience fishing vessels effective measure combat fishing according european_union fisheries commissioner practice flags convenience owners register vessels countries order avoid binding regulations controls menace today maritime world ratification maritime conventions international regulations maritime industry agencies united_nations particularly international maritime organization international labour organization flag states adopt regulations ships individual treaties common criticism flag convenience countries allow avoid regulations important treaties failing enforce international chamber shipping issues annual report entitled shipping industry flag state performance table identifying core conventions representing minimum level maritime regulation viewpoint flag convenience countries listed ratified convention concerning standards training certification ratified listed countries ratified remaining conventions context flag states ratified conventions including china united_states_of_america safety life sea load line conventions focus safety issues originally developed response sinking sets regulations emergency equipment safety procedures including continuous radio watches updated include regulations ship construction fire protection systems life saving radio communications safety navigation management safe operation ships safety security concerns flags convenience ratified treaty sets standards minimum hull stress ship fittings establishing navigational zones extra precautions taken georgian governments ratified international labour organization maritime labour convention provides comprehensive rights protection work including requirements minimum age qualifications hours work rest medical care complaint procedures wage payments onboard living arrangements replaced number earlier conventions including north korean georgian governments ratified relate pollution international convention prevention pollution ships modified protocol including pollution ships including oil air pollution sewage garbage north korean georgian governments fully ratified civil liability oil pollution damage international fund compensation oil pollution damage provide mechanisms ensure compensation victims oil north korean governments ratified conventions port state targeting number european countries agreed labour conditions board vessels rules international labour organization end paris memorandum understanding port state control paris established setting port state control standards european countries canada regional understanding established based paris model including memorandum understanding port state control asia pacific region typically referred tokyo organizations black_sea caribbean indian_ocean mediterranean latin_america tokyo paris organizations generate based deficiencies grey lists flag states coast guard handles port state control maintains similar target list flag states fourteen thirty flags convenience listed targeted special enforcement countries paris tokyo coast guard antigua belize islands cyprus honduras north_korea malta panama saint vincent wages united_nations conference trade development report maritime trade states register ships foreign flag order employ developing countries lower wages philippines people republic china supply large percentage maritime labor general major flags convenience particular flag states employing highest number filipino panama bahamas marshall islands year filipino sailors employed flags convenience study united_states maritime administration sailors people republic china comprised crews surveyed ships flying flag flying flag report referred china philippines low cost sources industry divided employment groups licensed including deck officers marine engineers required licenses able seamen required certified group collectively known ratings differences wages seen groups high cost sources united_states low cost sources china philippines salaries flag convenience ships far higher median salaries non countries statistics american bureau labor statistics median earnings able ordinary seamen varying 10th compared statistics international labour organization giving average yearly earnings filipino chinese able seamen year month year licensed american chief engineers earned median varying filipino counterparts averaged year month news stories fishing references port state control organizations


named native american leader chief operated seattle fire department ship laid commissioned sponsor wife mayor foot described dreadnought seattle fleet carrying normal complement mission includes search rescue response chemical biological nuclear explosive mobile pump fuel station emergency medical treatment command center history background seattle largest ports united_states west_coast waterfront fires continual concern city seattle fire department regularly operated augmented ships small craft fire suppression capabilities coast guard seattle police neighboring municipalities worst maritime fires city history occurred electrical malfunction shipyards sparked fire took engine companies coast guard maritime half day 1970s united_states maritime administration funded special program train contingent seattle firefighters provide land based support control effort studied stanford research institute later model waterfront cities prior construction seattle flagship vessel aging built operated alongside newer vessel chief seattle known world powerful early 2000s antique increasingly difficult operate occasion engine problem left vessel dead water ship able firing powerful water cannons modern replace successful public safety levy enacted seattle voters approving construction built cost million creek industries washington design marine seattle fire department took delivery vessel commissioning ceremony attended mayor ship sponsor wife suggested seattle elementary school student naming competition held city meant honor chief got ride ship prize following commissioning retired bay primary response vehicle maritime fires city outer shoreline design specifications described dreadnought seattle fleet vessels currently operated seattle fire department chief seattle marine foot powered twin diesel engines rated horsepower turning inch blade propellers ship flank speed knots additional engines rated horsepower power ship water pumps unlike predecessor consoles bridge command controls instead manual displacement pump capacity largest municipal owned support coast guard regional marine plan sound mission capabilities according professional mission mobile platform emergency medical treatment command center mobile pump fuel station response chemical biological nuclear explosive ship principal fire suppression equipment comes form imp gal minute water pumps addition pumping water ship apparatus tap integrated imp gal foam tank use chemical fueled fires foot crane ladder fire line use container ship fires ship able cooling fog allow operation directly adjacent major fire addition marine support land based firefighters event disaster destroys seattle water deck provide ports lines run provide fire engines direct access designed operate complement personnel command communications room use senior officers event renders land facilities ship outfitted defense system crew protection event nuclear chemical weapons attack seattle similar disaster activated system automatically seals bridge command center air provided fan filter system ship regularly equipped rigid boat launched ship stern thermal imaging camera system allows ship crew locate distressed persons water man overboard emergency night low visibility conditions


american palestine line american palestine line steamship company formed purpose providing direct passenger service new_york palestine reportedly steamship company owned operated jews company negotiated purchase ocean liners united_states shipping board able purchase president arthur north german lloyd steamer operated princess alice seized united_states world war liner company inaugurated service new_york palestine march president arthur sailed maiden voyage crowd witnessed ceremonies included songs prayers speeches english company claimed president arthur ocean liner fly flag sea ocean liner female officers line labor difficulties financial difficulties existence president arthur trip rumors mutiny reported new_york_times crew members got altercation members italian fascist paramilitary group liner stop naples second voyage ship master arms killed fellow crew member financial difficulties included unpaid bills resultant court actions accusations fraud company officers leveled press late company placed hands receiver president arthur alarm fire forward cargo hold ended hands united_states shipping board company office furniture fixtures sold auction early background newly formed american palestine line reportedly steamship company owned operated jews began working institute direct passenger service new_york palestine end company began negotiations united_states shipping board purchase german ocean liners sister ships president president arthur smaller mount clay october american palestine line president jacob new_york supreme_court justice announced purchase president arthur plans begin palestine service following march publicly announced american palestine intent acquire president time plans acquisition mount clay ship president arthur class ocean liner launched september hamburg america line far_east passenger mail service hamburg america withdrew service liner traded north german lloyd regularly new princess alice north_atlantic far_east passenger routes liner interned philippines outset world war seized american entry conflict ship transport ship navy army princess post war use passenger liner change honor 21st president chester arthur taken service changes laws severely curtailed number immigrants enter country early 1920s time purchase american palestine ship laid baltimore late news reports following month fixed purchase price president arthur cash plus assurances liner months announced plans included reducing passenger capacity increasing cargo capacity long tons tap swimming pools game room gymnasium lecture hall social hall moving picture theater line originally planned change liner white palace brought undergoing dry dock repair brooklyn president arthur taken nautical mile cruise march steaming new_jersey coast president arthur expected american palestine officials knots reached reported maximum cruising speed knots company officials claimed reduce travel time palestine days end liner docked foot west houston street preparation maiden voyage days later acquisition president arthur american palestine inspired jewish lyricist solomon small pen song president arthur ship contained lines refrain president arthur sail children trail waited ages long mother strong palestine service begins morning march crowds started gathering president arthur pier time ceremonies broadcast new_york municipal radio station opened singing star banner crowd number festivities included speeches prayers orthodox morris david vice mayor jerusalem addressed crowd david pool stephen wise sang crowd telegram new_york merchant unable attend event read aloud american palestine line president jacob remarks claim sailing president arthur marked appearance years flag high seas ship stars david painted funnels pulled away dock minutes noon nearly hour later planned departure time headed intermediate stop naples board passengers united_states canada tourists wanting holy land passengers including contingent university sailing order attend dedication hebrew university mount british foreign secretary lord president arthur carried agricultural equipment trucks farm development palestine addition liner featured according contemporary news reports female officers ocean liner jewish male chicago pilgrimage holy land kept account president arthur maiden voyage friday march day voyage reported dedicated procession songs music accompanied march parts ship aaron pittsburgh pennsylvania service held chapel provided passengers newspapers published radio dispatches president arthur maiden voyage thanks powerful new radio set installed aboard liner march liner able avoid worst gale slowed united_states lines march president arthur able avoid nautical miles east gibraltar gibraltar local jewish community chartered ship escort president arthur mediterranean ship docked naples march days later planned arrival departed day liner arrived march nearly week late reported passenger chicago jacob died aboard ship march man dying wish buried holy land crew president arthur helped fulfill wishes arrival flag coffin placed deck services conducted english hebrew body taken ashore sizable crowd comprising jerusalem greeted arriving ship passengers president arthur jerusalem hebrew university dedication ceremony day president arthur departed april day excursion mediterranean calling alexandria naples sailing united_states april docked naples april crewmen president arthur got confrontation members italian fascist paramilitary group broken black eyes american seamen arrested americans swam steamer avoid arrest calling halifax liner docked pier new_york march carrying cargo bags alexandria cases cases greeted ship arriving jewish president arthur greeted largest police detail years rumors mutiny board ship sources unclear actually happened aboard ship known virtually entire crew including captain replaced voyage president arthur sailed second voyage palestine counting ben widow hebrew ben passengers trip altercation steward ship master arms resulted death ship naples steward arrested italian authorities acquitted murder court naples return new_york president arthur sailed july voyage american palestine demise american palestine time company admission faced mounting financial troubles july company post bond avoid president arthur disputed bill owed dry dock ship refit following month president arthur loan bank little late american palestine line placed september federal judge thomas district court suit brought days later president arthur docked foot west 34th street experienced alarm fire forward cargo hold brought land based firefighters new_york_city fire department james december line accused fraud prior financial dealings charges company denied time legal finished president arthur hands furniture fixtures american palestine offices sold public auction company receiver early march