volcanic complex moon far moon found gamma ray area concentrated radioactive element lunar rock samples apollo missions reveal lunar occurred billion years ago recent billion years ago unknown history moon far description found gamma ray instrument board lunar subsequently identified located estimated concentration reaches surrounding highland contain compared earth concentration high unusually high identified visible imaging study carried later spacecraft visible images study high resolution images lunar reconnaissance possible analyze surface features location crater kilometres wide crater kilometres wide region kilometres wide kilometres long center region volcanic complex kilometres kilometres kilometres extent northeastern area high component lunar rocks features center elevated region depression bounded kind north feature called little dome metres diameter north elongated dome oriented north south called middle dome kilometres long kilometres wide little dome middle dome volcanic blocks big dome north edge kilometres diameter depression extension reflective material extends south east elevated region kilometres flow highly reflective area matches area shows feature shorter reflects strongly range indicates major constituent explosive remains appear scattered east covering area km2 volcanic slope volcanic features provide information composition lava formed average moon slopes lower degrees slope reaches degrees highest suggests region formed lava composition infrared data level iron determined mass formation direct analysis apollo program samples revealed lunar occurred billion years ago volcanic activity lunar occurred billion years ago surface associated indicates possibly formed recent event lava cooled produce structure incompatible elements excluded process formed rich pockets remaining liquid rock eruption associated created elevated features west low broad area east latest possible lava slopes caused small barely reach surface


universe universe time space contents includes planets minor planets stars contents space matter energy universe billion billion light years diameter size entire universe unknown composition evolution universe earliest scientific models universe developed ancient greek indian philosophers placing earth center universe centuries precise astronomical observations led develop model sun center solar system developing law universal sir newton built work observations laws motion improvements led realization solar system located way galaxy solar systems assumed distributed uniformly directions meaning universe edge center discoveries early 20th century suggested universe beginning expanding increasing rate majority mass universe appears exist unknown form called dark matter big bang theory prevailing model describing development universe states space time created big bang given fixed energy matter dense space expands initial expansion universe cooled allowing particles form simple giant clouds later merged gravity form stars assuming standard model big bang theory correct age universe measured billion years competing ultimate fate universe preceded big bang philosophers refuse speculate information prior states accessible suggested universe likewise exist definition universe defined exists existed exist according current understanding universe consists forms energy including electromagnetic radiation matter physical laws relate universe encompasses life history philosophers scientists suggest encompasses ideas mathematics logic etymology word universe derives old french word turn derives latin word latin word later latin authors senses modern english word synonyms term universe ancient greek philosophers onwards defined matter space things necessarily include void synonym meaning world synonyms found latin authors survive modern languages german words das universe synonyms found english theory world worlds interpretation nature natural laws natural philosophy chronology big bang prevailing model evolution universe big bang theory big bang model states earliest state universe extremely hot dense subsequently expanded model based general assumptions space version model constant cold dark matter known model simplest model provides reasonably good account observations universe big bang model accounts observations distance ratio number hydrogen microwave radiation background initial hot dense state called brief period extending time zero time unit approximately seconds types matter types energy concentrated dense state believed strong fundamental forces forces unified universe expanding present form possibly brief period cosmic inflation caused universe reach larger size seconds inflation came encompassed seconds time following big bang observed abundance elements explained combining overall expansion space nuclear atomic physics universe expands energy density electromagnetic radiation decreases quickly matter energy decreases universe expanded cooled elementary particles associated larger combinations early matter dominated era stable formed formed atomic nuclear reactions process known big bang led present lighter particularly hydrogen big bang ended minutes big bang universe cooled nuclear fusion longer occur stage matter universe mainly hot dense negatively charged neutral positive era called lasted thousand years eventually time known formed stable transparent radiation matter universe entered matter dominated era light era travel freely seen universe cosmic microwave background million years stars formed likely massive responsible universe having elements heavier stars produced heavy elements stellar universe contains mysterious energy called dark energy energy density dark energy change time billion years universe expanded sufficiently density matter density dark energy marking beginning present dark energy dominated era era expansion universe accelerating dark energy properties universe usually interpreted perspective space consisting dimensions time consisting dimension fourth dimension combining space time single called space simplified large number physical theories described uniform way workings universe levels events absolutely defined known relative motion observer space universe gravity pseudo general describe matter gravity string theory existence additional dimensions fundamental interactions dominant length scales including larger scale structures gravity effects cumulative contrast effects positive negative charges tend cancel making relatively insignificant length scales remaining interactions weak strong nuclear forces decline rapidly distance effects confined mainly sub atomic length scales universe appears matter possibly related observations violation universe appears net momentum angular momentum absence net charge momentum follow accepted physical laws law non divergence stress energy momentum respectively universe finite shape general describes curved bent mass energy geometry universe includes local geometry universe global geometry work given space like slice called coordinates section observed backward light cone horizon horizon called particle horizon light horizon maximum distance particles traveled observer age universe horizon represents boundary regions universe existence properties significance horizon depend particular model important determining future evolution universe theory density defined average matter density universe divided critical value density possible depending equal greater called respectively flat open closed observations including cosmic background explorer microwave probe maps suggest universe infinite extent finite age described walker models models support models standard model describing flat universe presently dominated dark matter dark energy size regions size universe somewhat difficult define according restrictive definition universe connected chance interact vice versa according general theory regions space interact lifetime universe finite speed light ongoing expansion space example radio messages sent earth reach regions space universe exist forever space expand faster light traverse distant regions space assumed exist reality interact spatial region affect affected universe universe depends location observer traveling observer come contact greater region observer remains rapid traveler able interact space typically universe taken mean portion universe point way proper distance distance measured specific time including present earth edge universe billion light years billion making diameter universe billion light years distance light edge universe travelled close age universe times speed light billion light years represent distance given time edge universe earth moved apart comparison diameter typical galaxy light years typical distance neighboring million light years example way roughly light years diameter nearest sister galaxy way galaxy located roughly million light years away observe space edge universe unknown size universe finite infinite age expansion age universe assuming model accurately describes evolution universe uniform hot dense state present state measuring parameters constitute model model understood theoretically supported recent high precision astronomical observations commonly set observations fitted includes cosmic microwave background relation type large scale galaxy including acoustic feature observations constant abundance galaxy clusters weak cluster ages generally consistent providing check model accurately measured present prior model correct measurements parameters variety techniques numerous experiments yield best value age universe billion years time universe contents evolved example relative population changed space expanded expansion scientists earth observe light galaxy billion light years away light traveled billion years space expanded expansion consistent observation light distant emitted stretched longer lower frequency journey analyses type indicate spatial expansion accelerating matter universe stronger mutual pull matter universe dense collapse universe contained little matter expansion accelerate rapidly planets systems form big bang universe expanded universe right mass density cubic meter allowed expand billion years giving time form universe observed today forces acting particles universe affect expansion rate expected rate increase constant decreasing time went influence interactions universe additional quantity universe called expected directly related matter density universe measured different groups consistent zero implied present day rate increase constant increasing time arenas physical events place event point specified time place basic elements events given event unique position unique time events points classical physics location elementary point like particle particular time written union events way line union points formally organized universe appears smooth consisting spatial dimensions temporal time dimension average space observed nearly flat close zero meaning geometry true high accuracy universe appears simply connected analogy sphere length scale universe present observations exclude possibilities universe dimensions connected global analogy cylindrical dimensional spaces contents universe composed completely dark energy dark matter ordinary matter contents electromagnetic radiation estimated close total electromagnetic radiation generated universe decreased past billion years percent types matter energy changed history universe today ordinary matter includes stars life accounts contents universe present overall density type matter low roughly grams cubic corresponding density order cubic meters volume nature dark energy dark matter unknown dark matter mysterious form matter identified accounts contents dark energy energy space causing expansion universe accelerate accounts remaining contents matter dark matter dark energy distributed universe length scales longer million light years shorter length scales matter tends condensed stars stars clusters finally large scale universe contains approximately stars billion typical range million stars giants stars structures typically million million diameter way local group turn spans million light years local group spans million light years universe vast regions relative largest known void measures billion universe scales significantly larger meaning statistical properties universe directions observed earth universe highly microwave radiation corresponds thermal spectrum roughly hypothesis large scale universe known principle universe looks points center dark energy explanation expansion universe accelerating remains elusive attributed dark energy unknown form energy space mass energy basis density dark energy density ordinary matter dark matter present dark energy era dominates mass energy universe uniform space proposed forms dark energy constant constant energy density filling space fields dynamic quantities energy density vary time space contributions fields constant space usually included constant constant formulated equivalent vacuum energy fields having slight spatial difficult distinguish constant dark matter dark matter hypothetical kind matter invisible entire electromagnetic spectrum accounts matter universe existence properties dark matter effects visible matter radiation large scale structure universe form hot dark matter dark matter detected directly making greatest mysteries modern dark matter light electromagnetic radiation significant level dark matter estimated constitute total mass energy total matter universe ordinary matter remaining mass energy universe ordinary matter objects form matter includes stars produce nearly light gas media planets objects everyday life bump touch squeeze matter fact great majority ordinary matter universe unseen visible stars gas inside clusters account cent ordinary matter contribution mass energy density universe ordinary matter commonly exists states phases solid liquid gas advances experimental techniques revealed previously theoretical phases ordinary matter composed types elementary particles example formed formed electron kind consists atomic nucleus orbit nucleus mass concentrated nucleus use term matter describe ordinary matter small fraction matter soon big bang formed early universe cooled degrees minutes later process known big bang formed formed lighter elements small atomic numbers abundance heavier elements dropped sharply increasing atomic number formed time heavier element carbon formed significant amounts big bang shut minutes rapid drop temperature density expanding universe subsequent formation heavier elements resulted stellar particles ordinary matter forces act matter described terms elementary particles particles described fundamental unknown unknown composed smaller fundamental particles central importance standard model theory concerned electromagnetic interactions weak strong nuclear interactions standard model supported experimental confirmation existence particles compose matter corresponding force particles interactions standard model predicted existence recently discovered particle manifestation field universe particles mass success explaining wide variety experimental results standard model regarded theory standard model accommodate gravity true force particle theory attained composite particle held strong force categorized families stable bound atomic stable unstable ordinary conditions insignificant constituents modern universe approximately seconds big bang period known temperature universe fallen sufficiently allow mass universe dominated initially temperature high allow formation anti pairs kept matter thermal temperature universe continued fall anti pairs longer produced anti eliminated particle reactions leaving small time universe second old elementary half spin particle undergo strong interactions subject exclusion principle species exactly state time main classes exist charged known electron like neutral better known stable common charged universe unstable particle quickly decay produced high energy collisions involving cosmic rays carried particle charged combine particles form composite particles electron nearly chemistry found directly tied chemical properties rarely interact consequently rarely observed stream universe rarely interact normal matter period evolution early universe dominated mass universe started roughly second big bang majority anti annihilated end temperature universe high create anti pairs anti thermal approximately seconds big bang temperature universe fallen point anti pairs longer created anti eliminated reactions leaving small mass universe dominated entered following quantum light forms electromagnetic radiation force carrier electromagnetic force static virtual effects force easily microscopic level zero rest mass allows long distance interactions like elementary particles currently best explained quantum mechanics exhibit wave particle exhibiting properties waves particles started anti annihilated end seconds big bang atomic created process occurred minutes remainder universe contained hot dense years big bang temperature universe fell point combine create neutral result longer interacted frequently matter universe transparent highly period form cosmic microwave background tiny variations temperature density early seeds subsequent structure formation took place models model universe based general general geometric theory published albert current description modern physics basis current models universe general special newton law universal providing unified description gravity geometric property space time particular directly related energy momentum matter radiation present relation specified field system partial differential general distribution matter energy determines geometry turn describes acceleration matter solutions field describe evolution universe combined measurements type distribution matter universe general describe evolution universe time assumption principle universe specific solution field describes universe metric called walker metric formula correspond spherical coordinate system metric parameters overall length scale factor describes size scale universe function time increase expansion universe index describes geometry index defined corresponding flat geometry corresponding space positive space positive negative value function time depends constant constant represents energy density vacuum space related dark energy equation describing varies time known equation inventor alexander solutions depend features solutions general importantly length scale universe remain constant universe perfectly positive precise value density noted albert unstable universe known smaller scales change time changes spatial distances universe change tandem overall expansion space accounts observation appear flying apart space stretching stretching space accounts apparent billion light years apart started point billion years ago moved faster speed light second solutions suggest past went zero matter energy infinitely dense conclusion uncertain based questionable assumptions perfect principle interaction significant exist general conditions according field grew rapidly hot dense state existed immediately following small finite value essence big bang model universe understanding big bang likely requires quantum theory gravity formulated index determines sign mean spatial averaged sufficiently large length scales greater billion light years positive universe finite volume dimensional sphere embedded dimensional space conversely zero negative universe infinite volume counter intuitive infinite infinitely dense universe created single instant big bang exactly predicted equal analogy infinite plane zero infinite area infinite cylinder finite direction finite universe behave like normal universe periodic boundary conditions ultimate fate universe unknown depends critically index constant universe sufficiently dense equal meaning average positive universe eventually big possibly starting new universe big bounce conversely universe dense equal universe expand forever cooling eventually reaching big freeze heat death universe modern data suggests rate expansion universe decreasing originally expected increasing continues indefinitely universe eventually reach big rip universe appears flat overall density close critical value eternal expansion hypothesis speculative theories proposed universe set disconnected collectively denoted challenging enhancing limited definitions universe scientific models distinct concepts alternate planes consciousness simulated reality max developed classification scheme different types scientists suggested problem domains example model chaotic inflation model early universe worlds interpretation quantum mechanics parallel worlds generated manner similar quantum states wave function realized separate worlds effectively universal big bang created created ensemble wave function ensemble sense controversial category scheme level describes distant events universe suggests statistical analysis exploiting principle provides opportunity test theories cases space infinite sufficiently large uniform identical instances history earth entire volume occur simply chance calculated nearest called meters away double function larger principle impossible scientifically verify identical volume follow fairly straightforward consequence unrelated scientific observations theories possible conceive disconnected existing unable interact easily metaphor group separate soap bubbles observers living soap bubble interact soap bubbles principle according common terminology soap bubble denoted universe particular denoted universe moon moon entire collection separate denoted terminology different connected principle unconnected different different forms matter energy different physical laws physical possibilities purely speculative consider bubbles created chaotic inflation separate model share origin fine tuned universe fine tuned universe proposition conditions allow life universe occur certain universal fundamental physical lie narrow range fundamental slightly different universe unlikely establishment development matter astronomical structures diversity life understood proposition discussed philosophers scientists proponents detractors historical development historically ideas origin theories universe governed physical laws proposed greeks indians ancient chinese philosophy encompassed notion universe including space time centuries improvements astronomical observations theories motion led accurate descriptions universe modern era began albert general theory possible predict origin evolution conclusion universe modern accepted theories based general specifically predicted big bang cultures stories describing origin world universe cultures generally regard stories having truth differing beliefs stories apply believing supernatural origin ranging god directly creating universe god setting wheels motion example mechanisms big bang evolution study myths developed classification schemes themes appear creation stories example type story world born world egg stories include finnish epic poem chinese story indian related stories universe created single entity producing buddhism concept ancient greek story mother earth goddess myth ancient egyptian god story christian genesis creation narrative god created universe type story universe created union male female deities story stories universe created crafting pre existing materials corpse dead god epic giant norse mythology chaotic materials japanese mythology stories universe fundamental principles creation myth yang philosophical models pre greek philosophers indian philosophers developed earliest philosophical concepts universe earliest greek philosophers noted appearances sought understand underlying reality appearances particular noted ability matter change forms ice water steam philosophers proposed physical materials world different forms single material proposed material water student proposed came proposed material air account perceived attractive qualities cause different forms proposed principle mind proposed fire spoke proposed elements earth water air fire element model popular like believed things composed number elements taking form later philosophers notably proposed universe composed moving void vacuum aristotle believe feasible air like water offers resistance motion air immediately rush fill void resistance indefinitely fast argued eternal change contemporary radical suggestion change illusion true underlying reality single nature denoted reality idea greeks student challenged famous aristotle responded developing notion potential infinity infinitely unlike eternal cycles time believed world bounded spheres cumulative stellar magnitude indian philosopher founder school developed notion proposed light heat varieties substance 5th century buddhist philosopher proposed point sized energy denied existence substantial matter proposed movement consisted flashes stream energy notion temporal inspired doctrine creation shared religions judaism christianity islam christian philosopher john presented philosophical arguments ancient greek notion infinite past future arguments infinite past early muslim philosopher jewish philosopher ben joseph muslim theologian astronomical concepts astronomical models universe proposed soon astronomy began viewed universe flat disk floating ocean forms premise early greek maps like later greek philosophers observing motions heavenly bodies concerned developing models universe based profoundly evidence coherent model proposed according aristotle physical interpretation model spheres rotate uniform motion stationary earth normal matter entirely contained terrestrial sphere composed stated elements situated spheres regions case surrounded greater earth surrounded water water air air fire fire universe model refined concentric spheres abandoned brought nearly perfect agreement astronomical observations success model largely mathematical fact function position planet set circular functions modes greek scientists philosopher according account center universe central fire earth sun moon planets revolved uniform circular motion greek known individual propose model universe original text lost reference book sand describes model wrote translated english king aware universe given sphere center center earth radius equal straight line center sun center earth common account heard brought book consisting certain appears consequence assumptions universe times greater universe mentioned fixed stars sun remain earth revolves sun circle sun lying middle orbit sphere fixed stars situated center sun great circle earth revolve bears proportion distance fixed stars center sphere bears surface believed stars far away saw reason stellar observed stars observed relative earth moved sun stars fact farther away distance generally assumed ancient times stellar precision instruments model consistent assumed explanation parallel phenomenon stellar rejection view apparently strong following passage suggests apparent face moon contemporary head thought duty greeks charge putting motion universe earth heaven remain rest earth revolve oblique circle time axis antiquity known supported model lived century according prove system reasoning known arguments arguments probably related phenomenon tides according state tides attraction moon height tides depends moon position relative sun alternatively proved determining geometric model developing methods positions model like later 16th century middle ages models proposed indian persian model accepted western world roughly revived perspective astronomical data explained earth rotated axis sun placed center universe center rests sun place lamp beautiful temple better place time noted notion earth old dating roughly century christian scholar nicholas proposed earth axis book learned ignorance proposed earth axis evidence earth rotation axis phenomenon given ali accepted newton later scientists jean noted independently assumption infinite space filled uniformly stars lead prediction nighttime sky bright sun known 19th century newton believed infinite space uniformly filled matter cause infinite forces causing matter crushed gravity instability clarified jeans instability criterion solution universe matter arranged systems bodies larger system way universe small overall density model proposed earlier significant astronomical advance 18th century realization thomas wright modern era physical began albert applied general theory model structure dynamics universe


bank observatory bank observatory originally bank experimental station radio astronomy laboratories british observatory hosts number radio bank centre university manchester observatory established sir bernard radio university manchester wanted investigate cosmic rays work radar second world war played important role research lenses heavily involved tracking space start space age managing director observatory professor simon main observatory largest radio world active located observatory mark diameter radio bank observatory base multi element radio linked network national facility run university manchester behalf science technology facilities council site observatory includes bank visitor centre located civil parish lower rest civil parish near holmes chapel north west england reached excellent view seen travelling train main line manchester passes right site station short distance away early years bank academic purposes university manchester department purchased fields site site came nearby ground rise called bank named william descendants lived mansion nova school nearby site extended purchase farm local farmer george new land included site sited use site bernard wished use equipment left world war including gun laying radar investigate cosmic rays equipment radar system working provided hey originally intended use equipment manchester electrical interference ran oxford road prevented consequently moved equipment bank miles south city december main topic research time radio echoes confirmed trails october staff dean frank observed naked eye observed electromagnetic signal equipment coincidentally time turned radar bank december shower maximum years accumulated military radio hardware including portable cabin commonly known park royal military park royal vehicles permanent building site located near cabin named today bank primarily investigating radio waves planets stars loaned bank army broadside array constructed mount consisting number astronomical observations october october observe atmosphere caused shower antenna turned degrees maximum shower number dropped background level proving signals detected radar shortly determine points possible echo rate minimum point maximum degrees receivers site study visible site early august transit transit reflecting aerial built bank time largest radio world consisted wire suspended ring poles radio signals focal point ground mainly looked directly upwards direction beam changed small amounts mast change position focal point focal mast originally going wood changed steel mast construction complete replaced fully mark subsequently built location able map degree strip resolution degree discover radio noise great definite detection radio source remains radio frequency time discovered optical astronomy mark known largest dish radio world metres diameter completed largest green bank west_virginia germany gun turret mechanisms battleships hms revenge hms royal sovereign reused motor system operational time launch world artificial satellite world able track rocket radar locating midnight october following years track variety space march june tracked pioneer probe send commands probe including separate probe carrier rocket ones turn powerful probe million miles away received data probe world capable time february bank asked soviet_union track ussr moon recorded transmission photographs moon surface photos sent british press published soviets photos public soviet_union tracked recording moment bank scientists observed mission released july personal support sir bernard tracked russian satellites satellite space probe observations shared department defense satellite tracking research development activity project space track despite publicity surrounding tracking space took fraction observing time remainder scientific observations include radar measure distance moon venus observations star forming regions giant stars observations including discovery cluster observations lenses including detection lens ring observations mark iii mark elliptical radio major axis metres minor axis metres constructed aside operating standalone primarily mark iii size mark constructed moved remained original site near built decommissioned mark mark proposals forward 1960s 1980s build larger radio mark feet diameter standalone built national project mark feet original concept located mile long railway line adjoining bank concerns future levels interference meant site wales preferred site near design proposals forward husband freeman fox designed observatory mark followed mark smaller dish feet design concrete similar mark previous designs closely resembled constructed design studies carried scale models partly changing political climate time period labour_party government wilson conservative party margaret partly financial constraints astronomical research time vital time necessary upgrade mark subsequently overran terms cost single dishes dish constructed observatory addition astronomical research track ranger ranger space apollo demolished replaced accurate named following accident damaged surface dish mainly observations normally continually monitoring crab time installed smaller dish called actually diameter installed undergraduate teaching originally rocket testing range australia originally constructed company polar axis built bank circular dish polar mount moon radar experiments decommissioned optical observatory inch reflecting optical donated observatory turn donated astronomical society multi element radio linked network array radio spread england welsh borders array run bank behalf science technology facilities council national facility array consists seven radio includes mark cambridge previously known longest kilometres operate frequencies frequency resolution comparable optical long bank involved long late 1960s took experiment canada mark regularly europe european network giving resolution square kilometre array april bank named location control centre planned square kilometre array project office planned collaboration countries completed intended powerful radio built april announced bank permanent home headquarters period operation expected years research bank centre observatory largest research groups half research group area radio astronomy including research cosmic microwave background radiation lenses active group carries research different looking star formation evolution director bank bernard established observatory succeeded sir francis graham smith followed professor rod davies professor andrew professor diamond took role october time bank centre formed acting director october albert director bank centre professor director observatory simon managing director active development programme researching constructing receivers instrumentation observatory involved construction cosmic microwave background experiments including experiment ran 1980s small array constructed end receivers spacecraft receivers designed bank australia visitor facilities events original visitors centre opened april duke attracted visitors year covered history bank theatre hosting simulated trips mars related concern safety buildings visitor centre including demolished leaving remnant far end large set grounds new science centre planned time rebuilding plans shelved victoria university manchester merged university manchester leaving interim centre received visitors year october old visitor centre closed work new visitor centre started new bank discovery centre opened monday april includes new entrance building planet pavilion new space pavilion exhibitions events glass walled cafe view outdoor dining area education space landscaping gardens including new galaxy maze large installed open public day discovery centre public outreach events including public lectures star parties ask sessions path circle approximately outer railway path information boards explaining works research acres bank created houses national collections crab apple mountain ash species heather society collection features small scale model solar system scale approximately project bank sun scale model solar system covering britain july announced observatory considered united_kingdom tentative list world heritage site status announced march forward government july visitor centre observatory hosted bank live rock concert bands including lips british sea power wave machines alice gold july elbow performed live observatory filmed documentary event facility released live dvd concert august bank hosted concert performed orchestra commemorate 100th birthday number performances day evening performance saw numbers themes star trek star wars doctor main rotated face crowd huge projection screen showing animated effects interval screen history work bank astronomy observatory named bbc television programme live hosted control room observatory programme series january threat closure march reported britain science technology facilities council faced million budget considering withdrawing planned million annual funding bank project project aims replace microwave links bank number radio high cables greatly increasing sensitivity observations seen critical survival establishment present form sir bernard quoted saying disaster fate bank bound fate don think establishment survive funding cut monday april silk unveiled listeners campaign song save bank entitled bank song sung group dubbed song silk team produced music video filmed iconic silk released song download monday april proceeds went saving bank july reported following independent review reversed initial position guarantee funding million annually years fictional references bank mentioned popular works fiction including doctor remembrance poison sky eleventh hour intended filming location tom baker final doctor serial budget restrictions prevented location superimposed model radio instead mentioned guide galaxy guide galaxy film terror bank featured heavily music video electric light orchestra single secret messages song technique debut album opens line husband works bank home late morning observatory site episodes novel garner central character staff books adams douglas guide galaxy trilogy parts pan books isbn bank velocity controversy new astronomy opening electromagnetic window expanding view planet earth volume space science library pages netherlands bernard story bank oxford_university press isbn bernard bank oxford_university press isbn bernard bank oxford_university press isbn bernard chance london isbn roger story bank london isbn brian history university manchester manchester university press isbn journal articles bank mark iii radio nature


warner observatory warner observatory astronomical observatory case western reserve university named worcester warner built beginning 20th century initially located taylor road east cleveland ohio usa observatory time housed inch donated case school applied science newer inch built rising light pollution cleveland new station county township established 1950s named jason john nassau station initially housed later moved peak national observatory instead station equipped inch robotic nassau station sold park district subsequently incorporated observatory park observatory currently operates old inch known rooftop university university circle campus peak national observatory arizona old site taylor road sold history observatory originally built warner owners warner company precision instruments late 19th early 20th centuries trustees case school applied science later renamed case institute technology built observatory east cleveland gave school original observatory building located taylor road miles east university campus housed inch dedicated building designed firm walker weeks subsequent years observatory grew house instruments inch astronomical library public lecture hall 1950s apparent light pollution cleveland beginning cutting edge research impossible east cleveland site new site constructed miles east county known today nassau station moved location order compensate inch soon installed taylor road facility astronomy department case western reserve university deal association universities research astronomy build new observatory peak national observatory house moved ohio arizona inch taylor road moved nassau station meant astronomical work taylor road facility result faculty resources original observatory moved main campus case western reserve university taylor road facility sold abandoned remained neglected sold couple planned convert building residence plans stalled new owner convicted mortgage fraud sent prison inch originally built warner company cleveland ohio housed taylor road facility currently housed peak national observatory near arizona recently upgraded wide field view array sensitive photographic plates instrument today case nassau station robotic observatory nassau station originally constructed 1950s currently houses inch reflecting named observatory director jason john nassau prominent time work carried 1990s capable remote viewing making manner seldom case increased light pollution cleveland enhanced capabilities result observatory left unused years sold park district park district reopened facility observatory park june park designated dark sky park international dark sky association rooftop rooftop inch originally constructed warner use instrument warner observatory originally taylor road facility storage astronomy department case western reserve university relocated smith building main campus new dome roof smith building remains excellent condition today available use students faculty staff proper use public observing nights university physics astronomy club research observers warner observatory important contributions astronomical research early example work carried observatory director jason nassau classification carbon stars type stars recently observations led discovery galaxy viii galaxy famous galaxy previously position bright disk parent galaxy recently image light light thousand times night sky observed combining seventy images cluster taken


spheres spheres fundamental entities models developed aristotle models apparent motions fixed stars planets accounted treating embedded rotating spheres transparent fifth element like set believed fixed stars change positions relative argued surface single sphere modern thought planets viewed paths planets space ancient medieval considered thick spheres matter complete contact sphere sphere scholars applied presumed sphere exactly thick accommodate combining sphere model astronomical observations scholars calculated generally accepted values time distances sun million miles planets edge universe million miles sphere model distances sun planets differ significantly modern measurements distances size universe known large possibly infinite albert van suggested 17th century virtually educated europeans familiar model nesting spheres cosmic dimensions derived following adoption model universe new versions sphere model introduced spheres following sequence central sun mercury venus earth moon mars saturn history early ideas spheres circles greek antiquity ideas spheres rings appeared early 6th century sun moon circular open tubular rings fire enclosed tubes condensed air rings constitute rotating like wheels earth centre fixed stars open wheel wheels stars form continuous spherical shell encompassing earth wheel originally formed original sphere fire wholly encompassing earth individual rings beginning sphere rings formed stellar sphere turn composed viewed earth ring sun highest moon lower sphere stars lowest following pupil held stars sun moon planets fire whilst stars revolving crystal sphere like nails sun moon planets earth ride air like leaves breadth whilst fixed stars carried complete circle stellar sphere sun moon planets revolve earth setting rising like stars setting earth like cap turning halfway head rise unlike relegated fixed stars region distant earth enduring feature conception stars fixed crystal sphere rigid frame fundamental principle held universe spherical later fourth century proposed body perfect uniform shape sphere containing fixed stars planets spherical bodies set rotating bands rings wheel emergence spheres instead bands student developed model concentric spheres planets spheres models moon sun models planets making spheres modified system spheres models sun moon mercury venus mars retaining spheres models saturn making spheres planet attached particular set spheres models describe major features motion planets fail account exactly motions provide predictions historians greek science traditionally considered models merely representations recent studies proposed intended physically real withheld judgment noting limited evidence resolve question aristotle developed physical spheres based mathematical models aristotle fully developed model spherical earth centre universe planets moved spheres form unified system models planet individual set spheres connected planet aristotle says exact number spheres number determined astronomical investigation added additional spheres proposed counteract motion outer spheres aristotle considers spheres fifth element concentric spheres moved god divine moves sphere simply virtue loved developed models motions stars planets extended unified physical model model achieved greater mathematical detail accuracy exhibited earlier concentric spherical models physical model planet contained spheres book depicted thick circular spheres book sphere slice centre offset somewhat earth sphere slice embedded planet embedded sphere slice model nesting spheres provided general dimensions greatest distance saturn times radius earth distance fixed stars earth spheres arranged spherical stationary earth centre universe order spheres moon mercury venus sun mars saturn detailed models seven spheres contained secondary spheres spheres followed stellar sphere containing fixed stars scholars added ninth sphere account tenth account supposed eleventh account changing antiquity order lower planets universally agreed followers ordered moon sun mercury venus followed standard model upper spheres disagreed relative place spheres mercury venus placed beneath sun venus mercury noted placed sun medieval placed sphere venus sun mercury middle ages astronomical discussions series beginning muslim model nesting spheres distances stars spheres distance stars earth assumption radius earth miles came miles introduction believed written ibn presented minor variations distances spheres presented independent calculations distances planets model nesting spheres thought scholars writing calculations yielded distance earth stars turn millennium arabic ibn presented development models terms spheres despite similarity concept presentation differs sufficient detail argued reflects independent development concept chapters book ibn said spheres consist solid matter near end twelfth century spanish muslim sought explain complex motions planets framework purely concentric spheres moved differing speeds east west model accurate astronomical model discussed later european philosophers thirteenth century proposed radical change system nesting spheres distance planets parameters taking distance sun earth forced place sphere venus sphere sun added planet thickness spheres consequence version nesting spheres model sphere stars distance earth time scholars european universities began address implications rediscovered philosophy aristotle astronomy astronomical scholars popular writers considered implications sphere model dimensions universe introductory astronomical text model nesting spheres distances planets earth gave earth miles roger bacon cited distance stars earth miles universe miles clear evidence model thought represent physical reality accounts found bacon time needed walk moon popular middle english south english legendary years reach highest heaven general understanding dimensions universe derived sphere model reached wider audiences presentations hebrew moses french italian philosophical theological discussions philosophers concerned mathematical calculations nature spheres relation revealed accounts created nature causes motion describes debate islamic scholars twelfth century based commentary din spheres real concrete physical bodies merely abstract circles heavens traced stars planets points learned said solid spheres stars turn view closer apparent sense verses mentions islamic scholar considered abstract said truth way characteristics heavens authority divine revelation traditions concludes astronomical models utility lack thereof ordering heavens founded sound rational intellectual commitment description explanation realities concerned christian muslim philosophers modified system include region heaven came identified dwelling place god elect medieval christians identified sphere stars biblical invisible layer water accord genesis outer sphere inhabited angels appeared accounts edward grant historian science provided evidence medieval philosophers generally considered spheres solid sense dimensional continuous consider solid sense hard consensus spheres kind continuous fluid later century islamic theologian din influence ash doctrine maintained physical effects caused directly god natural causes rejected philosophy astronomy maintained spheres imaginary things spider web rejection astronomy turn challenged maintained external reality things correctly imagined correspond exists medieval philosophers developed diverse theories causes spheres motions attempted explain spheres motions terms materials thought external internal motive souls impressed forces models incorporated analyses related speed motive force resistance end middle ages common opinion europe bodies moved external identified angels revelation moving sphere moved daily motion affecting subordinate spheres moved prime identified god lower spheres moved subordinate spiritual replacement aristotle multiple divine called intelligence renaissance early sixteenth century drastically reformed model astronomy displacing earth central place favour sun called great work revolutions spheres treat physical nature spheres detail allusions clear like predecessors accepted non solid spheres rejected ninth tenth spheres placed moon earth moved sun center world center world order mercury venus great containing earth moon mars saturn finally retained eighth sphere held english maker thomas spheres new system description arranged new order expanding sphere carry globe earth elements moon expanding sphere infinitely upward encompass stars serve court great god elect course sixteenth century number philosophers peter robert michael jean abandoned concept spheres argued observations lack observed indicated saturn absence observed indicated region material air spheres investigations series aided discussion michael distances passed led conclude structure heavens fluid simple opposed view modern philosophers divided heavens hard matter edward grant found relatively believers hard spheres concluded idea common publication publication research early considered distances planets consequent gaps required spheres implied system noted teacher michael filled large gaps accounted spheres measured astronomical distance mature physics spheres regarded purely spatial regions containing orbit rotating physical earlier physics planet orbit defined lengths inner outer limits sphere thickness mechanics cause motion rotating sun rotated motive soul stellar sphere lasting remnant physical spheres literary symbolic expressions dream elder describes ascent spheres compared earth roman empire commentary dream late roman writer included discussion schools thought order spheres spread idea spheres early middle ages late medieval figures noted spheres physical order order spiritual plane god center earth periphery near beginning fourteenth century divine comedy described god light center poet physical existence heaven comes face face god granted understanding divine human nature later century translation commentary aristotle produced patron king charles employed motif drew spheres conventional order moon closest earth stars highest spheres concave upwards centered god concave downwards centered earth figure quotes heavens declare glory god century portuguese epic portrays spheres great machine universe constructed god explorer shown spheres form mechanical model contrary representation tour spheres begins descends inward earth culminating survey domains divisions kingdoms importance human deeds divine plan


definition planet definition planet set prague czech_republic august international astronomical union states solar system planet body orbit sun sufficient mass assume nearly round shape cleared neighborhood orbit non satellite body fulfilling criteria classified dwarf planet according planets dwarf planets distinct classes objects non satellite body fulfilling criterion termed small solar system body initial drafts planned include dwarf planets planets potentially led addition dozens planets solar system draft eventually dropped definition controversial drawn support criticism different remained use according definition known planets solar system definition distinguishes planets smaller bodies useful outside solar system smaller bodies found planets covered separately draft definition planets distinguishes dwarf stars larger reasons debate discoveries early 21st century real need formal definition planets discovery considered solar system planets thousands smaller bodies thought larger mercury discovery moon radically changed picture measuring period accurately mass time found smaller expected mass roughly fifth mercury making far smallest planet smaller earth moon times massive largest 1990s began finding objects far away known belt objects shared key characteristics called came seen largest member new class objects stopped referring planet eccentric inclined orbit unusual planet solar system fits new_york_city newly renovated include exhibit planets reopened rose center earth space starting discovery bodies comparable terms size orbit clear called planets reclassified knew objects large discovered number planets start growing quickly concerned classification planets systems matter came head measurement size measurement showed mistakenly believed new mission appear slightly larger thought equally status planet time historical parallel process new discoveries contentious echoed debate 19th century began discovery january immediately declared tiny object missing planet mars years discovery objects comparable sizes cast doubt new thinking number planets grown clear hundreds eventually discovered began separately began calling instead planets history definition new planets discovered machinery definition naming discovery set member committee british williams chair consider definition planet proposed definitions adopted cultural planet planet people structural planet large form sphere object large cause objects eventually leave orbit committee chaired historian astronomy owen historian emeritus harvard_university led committee generated original definition consisting scientists science writer set firm proposal draft proposal published original definition proposal august form followed loosely second options proposed original committee stated planet body sufficient mass self gravity overcome rigid body forces assumes nearly round shape orbit star star satellite planet definition led bodies recognized planets considered planet time discovery subsequently treated moon system considered double planet body scattered disk outer solar system bodies pending knowledge physical properties possible candidates join list definition objects second list likely eventually adopted planets despite claimed media proposal necessarily leave solar system planets mike brown said known bodies solar system probably fit definition complete survey probably reveal definition considered pair objects double planet system component independently satisfied criteria common center gravity system known located outside bodies known double planet solar system satellites like earth moon defined component double planet system lies massive body earth term minor planet abandoned replaced categories small solar system body new classification described objects underneath spherical threshold applied planets highly inclined large period earth years neptune prototype class term dwarf planet available describe planets smaller classical planets orbit sun official classification recommendations draft resolution separated planet brown dwarf vote proposal scheduled august term planet led changes classification trans objects august division sciences american astronomical society endorsed draft proposal according draft resolution condition generally results need mass diameter mike brown claims numbers right rocky bodies like bodies like belt objects reach smaller sizes probably diameter depends material makes body turn strongly influenced internal temperature assuming shape reflects balance tidal force exerted saturn moon gravity tiny diameter suggests composed advantages proposed definition found support presence physical factor object round defining feature potential definitions depended limiting quantity minimum size maximum tailored solar system according members committee definition use human limits instead deferred nature deciding object planet advantage measuring quality suggested criteria involving nature formation likely accepted planets later scientific understanding improved additionally definition kept planet status thought general public alienated professional considerable media suggested demoted misunderstanding proposal catalog trans objects uniformly criticism draft proposal proposed criticised ambiguous writer nick wrote thought general good defined planet star meant planet ejected star system formed outside rogue planet called planet fit definitions similar situation applied term moon bodies ejected orbit usage widespread acceptance similarly differentiate planets brown dwarf stars attempt clarify left later date criticism proposed definition double planet present moon defined satellite earth time earth moon drift tidal acceleration eventually situated outside bodies development upgrade moon status time according time taken occur years long expect sun expand red giant destroy earth moon august science friday interview mike brown expressed doubt scientific definition necessary stated analogy like use word continent know word continent scientific definition cultural definitions think wise leave try things word continent big strict definition august owen said correspondence received evenly divided proposal alternative proposal according boss institution washington met august held straw poll draft proposal favour opposition preferred alternative proposal drawn proposal demoted dwarf planet revised draft proposal august draft proposal rewritten changes previous draft new class planets previously draft resolution explicitly opted term decision postponed critical choice like planets concerned term years geological community represent form intrusion formations fairly common balls rock confusion thought undesirable status field closely allied geology concerns surrounded use word major languages french spanish called potentially adding confusion second change definition case double planet system concern extreme cases double body secondary component highly eccentric orbit drift primary body leading shift classification secondary body satellite planet depending system orbit definition consider double planet system existence lay outside bodies majority system period later august open meetings held ended abrupt face basic definition position gained upper hand members attending described unlikely lose hold august position result major planets ranking dwarf planet discussion meeting heated lively members vocal disagreement issues relative merits static dynamic physics main sticking point include body characteristics definition criteria indicative vote members heavily defeated proposals like objects double planet systems evenly divided question debate said open private meetings held ahead vote scheduled following day second meeting day following secret negotiations compromise began emerge executive committee moved explicitly exclude consideration extra solar planets bring definition criterion concerning dominance body neighbourhood final draft proposal final draft definition proposed august session debate voting definition took place assembly session afternoon following previous rules august definition primarily scientific matter individual member union attending assembly eligible vote executive committee presented resolutions assembly concerning different aspect debate definition minor amendments floor purposes resolution constituted definition stated discussion members expression cleared neighbourhood instead earlier reference dominant body implications definition satellites resolution ultimately approved near unanimous vote resolution sought amend definition word classical word planet represented choice having set distinct categories body planet dwarf planet opening umbrella planets categories resolution proposed option defeated convincingly members voting favour resolution proposed statement concerning dwarf planet definition recognized prototype new category trans objects little grammar involved questions exactly constituted trans object resolution approved vote new category dwarf planet established named narrowly defined executive committee june resolution sought insert additional sentence end statement category called objects debate question vote proposed defeated proposal conduct vote rejected process motion determine new category literal reading resolution dwarf planets excluded status planet use word planet title cause ambiguity final definition final definition passed august resolution 26th general_assembly resolves resolved planets dwarf planets distinct classes objects meaning dwarf planets despite considered planets criticism substance wording final draft definition continued criticized notably stern lead scientist nasa robotic mission contended earth mars neptune fully cleared zones like earth near earth accompanied path stern asserted neptune cleared zone wouldn counter opinion saying far having cleared major planets completely control bodies zone large number small bodies orbit bodies exist orbit sway planet huge gravity earth near earth million year time scales clearing orbit similarly cross orbit neptune neptune long ago locked attendant belt objects called resonance orbit sun twice neptune objects entirely dictated neptune gravity neptune dominant aspects definition difficult apply outside solar system techniques identifying objects generally determine object cleared orbit indirectly orbit clearing criterion wording definition use word sun instead star stars applicable numerous objects identified orbit stars separate working definition planets recommended working group includes criterion minimum mass size required object considered planet solar system process final vote come criticism relatively small percentage strong membership participated fact members attend general assemblies lack timing vote final vote taken day day event participants left preparing leave claim present vote entire community sampling representative members population yields result good accuracy confidence interval better issue unable chose trip prague cast vote clarified members union needed vote classification issue work directly related studies impact decision generated cultural societal implications affecting industry astronomical artifacts toys educational books included definition printed decision important prompt editors edition world book encyclopedia hold printing final result reached new designation repercussions world finds mixed differences opinion changes practice result popular culture impact revised definition particularly change status reflected popular culture number musical contributions commemorated change planet song good protest suggestions planet song defense status planet thing week august featured song moon point view reclassified dwarf planet bring song rock album shall pass hip hop song supporting status 9th planet solar system song release remembered 9th planet times singer youth presents monarch belt ode final track self titled debut album mentioning change classification past coined aftermath decision january american dialect society chose word year defining happened planet general_assembly international astronomical union decided longer met definition planet society president cleveland evans stated reason organization selection members believe great emotional reaction public shows importance longer believe roman god sense connection planet new dwarf planet june announced dwarf planets trans known accompanying press release said includes


working building occupies space immediately south royal ontario museum toronto queen park founded grant philanthropist colonel samuel facility opened public october time state art electro mechanical project regular themed shows stars planets visitors 1980s sound system ceiling display dazzling music themed laser light shows lower levels contained gallery called featured space related exhibits related artifacts history astronomy home world commercial starting decline attendance lasted years major construction undertaken sibling institution adjacent royal ontario museum work entailed demolition facilities attendance picked museum reopened forced close november provincial budget cuts museum exhibits artifacts theatre facilities subsequently dismantled dispersed brief period housed children museum solely offices storage facility museum early announced sold building site university toronto plans demolish existing building way additional facilities september university announced preliminary plans new facilities built site beginnings proposals building toronto date planning started thanks member royal astronomical society canada chairman president university toronto gave support idea suggested site near existing royal ontario museum adding significant financial support come outside university possible november canadian businessman colonel samuel announced plans money directly establishing toronto inspired recent construction new_york named charles friend associate board international donated million building construction gave additional million ongoing university toronto owned operated royal ontario museum prior separate funded body donated land adjacent museum building constructed area park belonging museum required demolition mansion queens park residence president university toronto building designed architects engineering firm stone canada colonel unveiled model building birthday celebration held honour museum september year hoped building open canada centennial construction delays forced opening october addition built original plans called multi story parking garage seat conventional movie theatre direct underground link museum subway stop features deemed costly built building contained floors basement containing lecture hall hosted meetings toronto branch royal astronomical society canada general storage rooms ground floor featured small store selling space themed merchandise small library coat check room prominent bronze bust colonel box office staff lounge accessible public second floor called featured astronomical exhibits line adjacent floor called theatre stars devoted wholly astronomical shows featured slide video recreate skies rooms housed computers cooling systems audio visual controllers public theatre seat people time contained sound system approximately building dominant feature building dome rises meters ground outer diameter meters dome structure layered outer reinforced concrete centimeters inches thick inner concrete dome layer foam projection dome separate outer dome meters diameter curved aluminum sheets lap create continuous spherical surface sheets painted white millimeter inch holes designed let sound reduced echoes space building main entrances main entrance ground level faced east queen park drive connecting royal ontario museum gallery admission facility allowed visitors exhibits buildings cost extra focal piece equipment universal projection type east germany foot shaped object inch spheres attached end representing night sky northern southern connecting spheres framework held nearly individual including dedicated planets sun specific stars improvements original years allowing special effects close displays specific planets sun moon replicate experience solar lunar eclipse controlled console individual presenter provide specific talks lectures mid-1970s features added led creation shows visitors facility seen automated minute audio visual particular space related topic types shows typically alternated daily basis aimed families young children aimed older children adults typical shows aimed audience types built themes space travel mythical stories christmas time investigated theories stellar explanations star listing includes shows titled story looked solar occur scientific importance man explored history mythology regard night sky planet venus surveyed history planet mythology planet motion sky featured imagined views surface renovations late 1970s early 1980s plans drawn major expansion adjacent royal ontario museum mid-1970s initially assumed comparatively new facility left untouched scope expansion increased realized north annex need demolished order way museum need wing devoted facilities result theatre entrance sound studio workshop passenger elevator existing gallery area remaining gallery area removed march space temporary space replace workshop studio significant changes time including addition new spiral staircase led straight theatre stars adjacent elevator elderly disabled larger gallery space second floor remained normal levels service renovation period attendance dropped significantly particularly adjacent museum closed period years intensive phase second major expansion construction phase lasted years particular school groups justify expense seeing museum single day outing difficulty visit solely 1980s early 1990s automated star shows appeared time interval include planets stars general knowledge astronomy time mars journey begins story exploration mars present possible future plans mars 4th dimension explored terms dimensions general big bang inflation new time theories physics space dimensions shows featured creative novel sound tracks composed composer residence main attraction continued astronomical shows day early 1980s regular laser light shows staple evening entertainment city typical shows included laser floyd dark moon laser sgt laser light later shows contemporary musical artists laser mode laser laser shows held laser light star shows held building laser shows created florida based firm audio visual shows seen corporate events promoted included events fall season launch corporate sun product launches companies exhibits revamped included new seat mini theatre wall murals illustrating phases moon plus increasing number hands exhibits interactive computer driven displays displays astronomical pictures planets taken contemporary space featured world commercial slowly rotating display containing representation thousand stars immediate stellar neighbourhood closure closed november president rom stated closure combination falling attendance declining interest space closure necessitated provincial budget cuts decision came surprise attendance rebounded recent years north_america time turning profit closure meant people lost jobs despite rom citing lowered attendance figures proponents alleged conservative ontario provincial government time led mike harris looking instant visible cut rom operating budget succeeding provincial government shown interest reversing decision shortly announcement exhibits seating dismantled removed signs paintings recovered permanent located facility display astronomical observatory david observatory original bought museum piece york university sum subsequently dismantled placed storage recently university offered seeking parts repair existing electro mechanical closure reopened purposes closed doors march initial year agreement signed brought children museum second floor impending construction adjacent royal ontario museum contract renewed late children museum looking new location year tenure building hosted nearly half million visitors institution exists currently physical home currently seeking suitable space use future meantime organization participated children events city later traveling exhibit costumes props models making peter jackson lord rings trilogy ran weeks public exhibition housed building building primarily served office space storage exhibits moved lee chin crystal wing construction closing groups lobbied reopening efforts concentrated reopening existing facility recent years focus shifted establishing wholly new permanent facility downtown toronto smaller educational exist toronto region time college closed earth space centre ontario science centre don mills road operates high resolution digital funding inc royal ontario museum offers small portable school groups closing ontario science centre taken role toronto public smaller facility planned redevelopment april directors expressions interest space occupied seeking additional funding cover costs second phase expansion redevelopment museum directors museum planned luxury space currently occupied proposal dropped november extensive public opposition construction tall residential building district low rise public buildings reported director william planning revive scheme place residential tower site january announced sold building site million university toronto originally planned demolish existing building build additional facilities law business september university toronto announced new museum academic complex include jewish museum canada faculty music performance hall research centres history department academic space early stages planning project lacked complete funding time announcement january university announced proceed construction called centre cultures participation jewish museum canada needed focus pressing funding priorities project designed new_york collaboration toronto centre house university department history department near middle eastern institute islamic studies research arm centre jewish studies new seat performance hall university faculty music henry king thomas clarke literary references eponymous short story collection alice protagonist visits takes goes visit royal ontario museum reports father deathbed toronto hospital enjoyed found slightly temple stars opening chapter robert science fiction novel calculating god alien spaceship lands directly prior going tour exhibits royal ontario museum museum affiliated chin virtual museum canada


typhoon typhoon mature tropical cyclone develops western north pacific_ocean region referred northwestern pacific basin active tropical cyclone basin earth accounting world annual tropical cyclones purposes northern pacific_ocean divided regions eastern north_america central western regional specialized meteorological center tropical cyclone forecasts japan tropical cyclone warning centers northwest pacific hawaii joint typhoon warning center philippines hong_kong names system main list coordinated countries territories threatened year philippines use naming list systems approaching country northwestern pacific official typhoon seasons tropical cyclones form year like tropical cyclone main requirements typhoon formation development sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures atmospheric instability high humidity lower middle levels force develop low pressure center pre existing low level focus disturbance low vertical wind shear majority storms form june november tropical cyclone formation minimum december average northwestern pacific features numerous intense tropical cyclones globally like basins steered subtropical ridge west northwest systems near east japan philippines receive china japan impacted slightly deadliest history struck china southern china longest record typhoon impacts region thousand year sample documents archives taiwan received known typhoon record northwest pacific tropical cyclone basins nomenclature etymology usage term typhoon regional northwest pacific severe mature tropical cyclone hurricane regional term northeast pacific northern atlantic called tropical cyclone severe tropical cyclone severe cyclonic storm oxford english dictionary cites oriental words persian chinese giving rise early forms english persian fun chinese persian source word storm arabic turn round hindi persian blow chinese source word simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin cited common dialect form big wind word big wind big wind ancient greek father winds unrelated contaminated word intensity classifications tropical depression lowest category japan meteorological agency uses term tropical system wind speeds exceeding knots mph tropical depression upgraded tropical storm sustained wind speeds exceed knots mph tropical storms receive official names tokyo storm intensify reach sustained wind speeds knots mph classified severe tropical storm system maximum sustained winds reach wind speeds knots mph designate tropical cyclone typhoon highest category scale hong_kong observatory started divide different classifications typhoon severe typhoon super typhoon typhoon wind speed knots mph severe typhoon winds knots mph super typhoon winds knots mph united_states joint typhoon warning center unofficially wind speeds knots mph equivalent strong category storm saffir simpson scale super maximum sustained wind speed measurements uses based minute averaging period akin national_hurricane_center central pacific hurricane center result wind reports higher measurements based minute averaging interval genesis main requirements tropical cyclogenesis sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures atmospheric instability high humidity lower middle levels force develop low pressure center pre existing low level focus disturbance low vertical wind shear conditions necessary tropical cyclone formation guarantee tropical cyclone form normally ocean temperature spanning depth metres considered minimum maintain special tropical cyclone warm waters needed maintain warm core tropical systems minimum distance equator normally needed tropical cyclogenesis depression convergence zone monsoon trough broad surface outflow boundary low level feature sufficient convergence required begin tropical cyclogenesis percent pacific form monsoon trough perfect upper level conditions required atmospheric instability lack surface focus prevent development organized convection surface low vertical wind shear ocean surface required tropical cyclone development typically pacific outflow jets north ahead upper trough second equator general westerly wind increases associated julian lead increased tropical cyclogenesis tropical cyclone basins west east leads eastward march tropical cyclogenesis time hemisphere summer season average twice year twin tropical cyclones form western pacific_ocean near 5th parallel north 5th parallel south line relationship tropical cyclone activity western pacific basin north_atlantic basin basin active normally quiet vice versa main reason appears phase julian normally opposite modes basins given time frequency nearly world tropical cyclones form western pacific makes basin active earth pacific formed year round peak months august october peak months correspond atlantic hurricane seasons high storm frequency basin features globally intense storms record recent busy seasons tropical cyclones form month year northwest pacific_ocean concentrate june november northern indian_ocean area northeast philippines active place earth tropical cyclones exist philippines activity reaches minimum february increasing steadily june july october september active month tropical cyclones archipelago activity falls significantly november typhoon strongest philippine typhoon record november typhoon frequently impacted areas philippines tropical cyclones northern central eastern year average satellite determined precipitation showed percent annual rainfall northern philippines traced tropical cyclones southern islands receive percent annual rainfall tropical cyclones genesis intensity slow variation sea surface temperature circulation features following year frequency paths tropical cyclones form subtropical ridge closer equator past ridge axis north northeast main belt subtropical ridge position shifts preferred tropical cyclone tracks areas west japan korea tend experience fewer september november tropical cyclone impacts neutral years years break subtropical ridge tends lie near favor japanese archipelago years formation tropical cyclones subtropical ridge position shifts westward western pacific_ocean increases landfall threat china greater intensity philippines form near marshall islands find way island korea typhoon paths follow general directions straight track straight runner general westward path affects philippines southern china taiwan vietnam track storms affect eastern philippines eastern china taiwan korea japan russian far_east northward track point origin storm follows northerly direction affecting small islands rare storms like hurricane john redesignated track originated eastern central pacific moved way western pacific basin monitoring western pacific tokyo typhoon center japan meteorological agency official warning responsibility western pacific naming responsibility systems tropical storm strength greater national meteorological service western pacific responsibility issuing warnings land areas tropical cyclones affecting country joint typhoon warning center united_states agencies philippine atmospheric astronomical services administration interests island archipelago nation hong_kong observatory storms come close cause issuance warning signals sources list names consists entries southeast east asian nations united_states territories directly affected submitted names arranged lists list year unlike tropical cyclones parts world named people instead generally refer animals flowers signs personal names retains naming list consist human names typhoon possibly names storms cross date line central pacific retain original designation hurricane typhoon japan people use numerical designation according sequence occurrence calendar year records active western pacific typhoon season storms tropical storm strength formed activity seen northwest pacific_ocean pacific typhoon season tropical storms seven formed philippines active season tropical cyclone strikes nineteen tropical cyclones moved country tropical cyclone moved philippines pacific typhoon season busiest okinawa southern china past thousand years active decades typhoon strikes highest reliably estimated maximum sustained winds record typhoon typhoon miles hour shortly landfall central philippines intense storm based minimum pressure typhoon tip northwestern pacific_ocean reached minimum pressure inhg maximum sustained wind speeds knots mph deadliest typhoon 20th century typhoon killed nearly china flood caused fail typhoon landed taiwan midnight august entire southern region taiwan county city county city merged county city merged county parts county county flooded record breaking heavy rain rainfall county reached millimeters breaking rainfall records single place taiwan induced single typhoon making cyclone known typhoon