sydney sydney named australian city sydney modified class light cruisers operated royal australian navy ran ordered royal_navy hms cruiser purchased australian government renamed prior launch early operational history sydney helped enforce sanctions crisis start world war assigned convoy escort patrol duties australian waters sydney joined british mediterranean_fleet month deployment sank italian warships participated multiple shore provided support malta convoys receiving minimal damage casualties return australia february sydney resumed convoy escort patrol duties home waters november sydney involved mutually destructive engagement german auxiliary cruiser lost aboard ships lost sydney found march days adversary sydney defeat commonly attributed proximity ships engagement advantages surprise rapid accurate fire cruiser loss hands compared survival germans resulted controversy alleging german commander illegal lure sydney range japanese submarine involved true events battle concealed wide ranging cover construction acquisition ship laid swan hunter richardson england july royal_navy hms named greek mythological figure australian government seeking replacement light cruiser brisbane negotiated purchase construction cruiser renamed capital city new_south_wales launched september wife stanley bruce prime minister australia serving australian high commissioner united_kingdom sydney commissioned ran september drawing ship company brisbane decommissioned earlier day following announcement australia purchasing british built cruiser criticism primarily opposition day stating warship built australian resources labour reasons given reply acquiring british built cruisers instead australian ship close completion pending threat war meant time train australians necessary skills cruisers built australian shipyards adelaide taken seven years complete design sydney modified class light cruisers acquired ran late 1930s ship class join ran sydney second ship laid completed referred perth class perth operated royal_navy short period purchased australia like british cruisers designed long range patrols scouting trade protection duties sydney displacement ranged tons light tons load standard displacement tons improved techniques tons lighter sister ships length feet perpendiculars feet inches overall beam feet inches draught standard displacement feet inches forward feet inches aft ship propelled admiralty drum boilers feeding parsons single reduction geared turbines supplied shaft horsepower propeller shafts unlike machinery arranged line principle consisting boilers compartments forward turbines compartments aft sydney designed redundant machinery groups design practice adopted united_states_navy cruiser boilers turbines outer shafts forward boilers turbines inner shafts aft steam boiler routed turbine ship continue operating space damaged space giving modified ships different profile single early arrangement contributed naval historian henry description modified handsome cruisers built royal_navy symmetry attractive functional sydney sister ships constructed inch hull plating inch armour belt machinery spaces belt feet adequately cover spaces weight reduction reorganisation inch plates shell rooms magazines sydney australian warship fitted type unit retractable pattern dome retractable dome located near bow weak point hull cruiser early commanding officers royal_navy captain believed ship single director control tower weak point design director control tower highest compartment ship personnel determine range firing angle gun transmit information gun turrets actual firing controlled tower turret believed system destroyed single hit linking compartment turrets severed forcing turrets rely independent control suggested second tower installed aft provide deferred indefinitely subsequent commanding officers share concerns combat experiences class cruisers showed system robust expected armament sydney main armament consisted inch breech loading guns mounted twin turrets forward aft guns fired elevated angle depressed fire rounds minute targets yards away inch quick firing guns mounted single high angle fitted platform aft funnel primarily target aircraft heights feet surface targets maximum range yards replacement high angle low angle guns twin mounts occur late 1930s prevented outbreak world war guns swapped maintenance docking demand cruisers sydney fortune sustaining major damage meant additional time dock justified close range anti aircraft defence inch guns supplemented inch vickers iii machine guns arranged quadruple forward superstructure aft superstructure mixture inch machine guns close defence work fitted points ship primarily bridge platforms forward funnel raised aft superstructure launch sydney carried fourteen lewis machine guns vickers machine guns start world war lewis guns reduced vickers guns removed completely inch torpedo tubes fitted vii quadruple mounts deck platform inch guns mark torpedoes carried sydney fitted single depth charge rail stern held vii depth charges pounder quick firing hotchkiss guns carried guns removed august refit sydney fitted foot powered revolving catapult funnels launch described amphibious aircraft operated royal_australian_air_force personnel squadron raaf redesignated squadron raaf ton electric crane recover aircraft served deploy ship boats operational history early history sydney completed working trials sailing portsmouth october captain command immediately departing sydney instructed join royal_navy mediterranean_fleet gibraltar assist 2nd cruiser squadron enforcing economic sanctions italy response crisis january cruiser underwent maintenance alexandria visited medical facilities cyprus cases circulating ship company late march sydney reassigned 1st cruiser squadron heavy cruiser australia continued enforce sanctions participate fleet exercises royal_navy units following resolution crisis sydney departed australia july reaching late july visiting melbourne august arriving namesake city days later reaching australian waters sydney spent time fleet exercises training cruises cruiser ran units prepared respond munich crisis ships stood potential war april sydney warships involved joint forces trade protection exercise south east australian coast early august sydney darwin prior visiting netherlands east indies response events prompted start world war sydney ordered sail war arrived august start world war following declaration war sydney instructed carry patrol escort duties australian waters captain john collins took command sydney november november sydney joined australian heavy cruisers australia canberra unsuccessful day search german pocket battleship admiral known operating indian_ocean sydney relieved adelaide december sailed island sydney maintenance docking work completed late january cruise sydney joined canberra british ships escorting bound convoy sydney broke convoy left east_coast australia returned sydney returning february sydney relieved australia cruiser responsible patrol escort duties west_coast april sydney joined escort convoy albany remained convoy reached island april replaced french cruiser australian cruiser set course assigned east indies station rerouted arrived arriving sydney immediately tasked meeting convoy islands escorting indian_ocean cruiser departed route instructed mediterranean arriving sydney sailing high speed arrived days later australian cruiser accompanied ships gloucester eagle departed day ships crossing suez_canal night arriving alexandria afternoon sydney originally marked operations red_sea observing performance australian destroyer flotilla assigned british mediterranean_fleet admiral andrew decided australian cruiser attached sydney royal_navy 7th cruiser squadron mediterranean operations sydney alexandria harbour june evening learned italy intention declare war midnight june ships harbour departed search italian warships position attack alexandria secure sea lines communication eastern mediterranean australian cruiser involved westbound sweep sailed far gulf taranto day operation apart unsuccessful depth charge attack suspected submarine afternoon june sydney encounter enemy vessels june sydney fired anger time joining british cruisers neptune french battleship force destroyers italian port sydney focused fire military camp minute bombardment operation australian ship performed bombardment spotting squadron fired reported time italian attackers later determined british pilot flew damaged aircraft awarded distinguished flying cross skill casualty operation day ships having returned alexandria failed damage day germany france signed second armistice french warships point operated allies ordered return france british government unwilling allow fall axis hands sydney british warships alexandria turned guns french unlike situation deteriorated naval battle british admiral french admiral peacefully negotiated ships alexandria sydney elements 7th squadron sailed alexandria june escorting malta convoy late june ships engaged force italian destroyers italian vessels able withdraw disabled sydney little opportunity fire engagement detailed recover survivors sink destroyer rest force continued malta yards italian ship fired shells fell line short cruiser sydney opened fire struck destroyer shots fired return resumed approach sank sydney remained area hours collect survivors despite risk submarine attack ordered withdraw alexandria cruiser rescued italians died wounds return voyage left fully cutter water italian survivors sydney departed evening july sydney departed alexandria fleet including light cruisers battleships aircraft carrier sixteen destroyers divided groups groups rendezvous july point nautical miles east cape nautical miles malta point destroyers escort convoys malta vessels attack targets opportunity sicily early june british submarine hms phoenix reported unsuccessfully attacked italian fleet including battleships day fleet defend multiple italian air raids point sydney cruisers 7th squadron attacked thought high flying bomber later determined planet venus aerial reconnaissance located italian force afternoon battleships accompanied multiple cruisers destroyers sightings large force warships combined heavy air attack led admiral andrew conclude italians covering major convoy decide fleet italians taranto projected destination contact italian fleet lost night regained morning july allied fleet positioned italians path ordered west close projected position enemy engage sydney spotted smoke visual contact force cruisers allied cruiser squadron supported battleship hms altered course northward sydney opened fire italian class cruiser yards distant allied italian cruiser forces unable successfully hit opposing numbers sydney remained unsuccessful late engagement successfully shelled laying destroyer naval component came known battle concluded unwilling pursue italian fleet created allied ships instead broke malta enduring heavy ineffective air attacks safe delivery malta convoy return alexandria july sydney sustained damage expended anti aircraft ammunition sydney participation battle earned ship battle honour australian cruiser spent days alexandria resupply maintenance departing crete british destroyer hms arrived sunset july morning ships ordered patrol gulf athens axis warships shipping providing support ship destroyer force ships hero hasty conducting anti submarine sweep north crete believing tasks incompatible protecting destroyers important sydney commander captain john collins ordered ships nautical miles south patrol area maintaining radio silence july destroyer force spotted spotted pair italian light cruisers opened fire seven minutes later british destroyers turned north east heading set knots mph broadcasting news attack silent sydney closing gap forces wireless signals track destroyers sydney intercept destroyers cruiser pursuit able close half hour earlier followed original instructions sydney opened fire sides surprised appearance cruiser minutes sydney successfully damaged italians withdrew south allied ships pursued hiding smoke screen sydney shifted fire disabled collins ordered destroyers torpedo ship rescue survivors hero hasty supported sydney continuing pursuit chase ended faster italian cruiser allies visibility reduced smoke ammunition aboard pursuing ships low sydney shells left forward turrets ships returned alexandria july air attacks damaged met cheering ships harbour damage sydney came known battle cape caused shell knocked hole forward funnel wounded sailor splinter damage actions collins appointed companion order bath officers sailors sydney received distinguished service orders distinguished service crosses distinguished service medals mentions despatches sydney awarded battle honour sydney hms neptune departed alexandria july join covering force southbound convoy ships attacked times afternoon aircraft sydney escaped minor damage wounds cruisers broke away convoy day locate sink italian tanker supplying islands cruisers located dusk sydney provided anti submarine protection tanker crew convinced transfer british warships shelled neptune ships returned alexandria july sydney departed day company hms day patrol alexandria sydney underwent refit foot high inch thick wall armour plating constructed inch gun platform ship company ship standard grey naval camouflage pattern refit completed august sydney neptune destroyers set axis shipping north african coast sea operation cancelled ships located days sydney tasked assisting destroyer squadron shore end month cruiser joined escort malta convoy return voyage sydney vessels tasked attacking italian facilities canvas timber alter cruiser profile resemble italian class cruiser allowing manoeuvre close night september dawn sydney british destroyer attacked italian cruiser fired shells minutes destroyer boats sinking completion ships rejoined fleet mistaken italian warships nearly fired sydney raised white ensign cut disguise admiral congratulated sydney message stormy adopted nickname cruiser return alexandria australian cruiser underwent short refit completed late month september sydney supported hms protector interception french merchant ship completed day patrol west cyprus late september sydney joined heavy escort malta bound troop convoy return voyage sydney hms left fleet october sweep sea concluded brief bombardment returning alexandria days later entire mediterranean_fleet sailed alexandria october provide cover malta convoys attempt draw italian fleet battle convoys reached destination safely operation uneventful sydney contact italian forces engagement early morning october british cruiser seven italian torpedo boats destroyers sank damaged fourth october sydney destroyers engaged sweep axis vessels reaching far north dardanelles major incidents occurred october italians invaded greece ships recalled alexandria arrived evening shortly cruisers joined ships york gloucester met main force mediterranean_fleet west crete october days warships patrolled crete greek mainland provided cover supply convoy crete november sydney hms departed port said military equipment establish allied advanced base bay crete delivering equipment included soldiers equipment battery cases food trucks cruisers rejoined main fleet mediterranean_fleet remained patrol days night november bulk fleet supported world naval aircraft attack italian fleet anchored taranto sydney destroyers attempted transit diversion despite mission looking trouble northbound passage passed incident return uneventful convoy escorting destroyers spotted sydney allied warships close opened fire sydney directing fire freighter yards away minute engagement cruiser successfully contributed destruction merchant ships damaged destroyer avoided torpedo unsuccessfully fired return undamaged allied force departed met main fleet midday november sydney cruisers transported allied soldiers equipment alexandria reinforcements greek military returning alexandria sydney deployed majority mediterranean_fleet cover multiple convoys sea australian cruiser spent remainder month operating eastern central mediterranean bombed italian aircraft november bay escaped damage sydney started december escorted convoys shelled port proceeded malta refit repairs rudder lasted end year refit cruiser fitted equipment ship rejoined fleet january instructed head home proceeding north coast africa linking australia bound merchant ships encountered recall attributed need bring sydney major refit personnel leave plan spread combat experience ran trading cruiser sister ship perth need protect australia german merchant raiders operating area particularly following attacks leaving ship company removed january sent england help man new class destroyers day ship sailed suez_canal sydney empress canada left january join convoy sydney escorted relieved hms days later australian cruiser instructed attack italian ships large merchant ships port sydney forbidden attack harbour proceeded refuel january sydney warships responded attack german merchant atlantis despite day search sydney come contact atlantis sydney resumed voyage home arrived namesake city sunset february cruiser anchored bay night sailed inner harbour morning tied alongside sydney cove heroes welcome february holiday declared school students sydney join thousands people witnessed ship company perform freedom entry march battle honours battles cape sydney granted mediterranean battle honour actions mediterranean naval campaign month deployment fatality ship company death illness australian waters following short refit sydney sailed february assigned escort patrol tasks indian_ocean primarily involved meeting convoys southern australian coast escorting leg journey westbound middle_east europe northwards dutch_east_indies april sydney escorted queen mary bay embarking admiral party advisors branches australian military transporting singapore april secret conference british commonwealth netherlands east indies united_states_of_america cruiser returned month end collins handed command captain joseph shortly cruiser escorted transport troop transport run singapore sydney escorted responsibility handed british light cruiser hms early june sydney met return voyage took escort duties joined multiple ship convoy east_coast australia escorted sydney convoy departed june sydney cruiser joined escort pacific convoy returning maintenance concluded august sydney escorted new_zealand fiji return sydney end august cruiser joined queen mary queen elizabeth leg voyage convoy escorting canberra great australian bight sydney sailed melbourne remained september camouflage new pattern cruiser escorted ship convoy heavy seas crossing great australian bight caused turret jammed port facing repaired convoy proceeded sydney handed merchant ships british cruisers glasgow october set course night october mysterious ship responded challenge signals near island disappeared led naval officer charge believe approaches harbour mined sydney diverted intercept queen mary reached ordered remain channel swept found free mines reaching port october sydney officially assumed patrol escort duties western australian waters weeks uneventful sydney october cruiser visited november australian cruiser sailed meet albany second troop transport run singapore delivering 8th division ships returned november departed handed november hms leg australian cruiser turned home scheduled arrive late november final battle loss note times section utc afternoon november sydney coast western_australia near heading south cruiser spotted merchant ship northbound course quickly turned away coast knots mph sydney increased speed knots mph intercept closed gap sydney began signal unidentified signal light reply forthcoming distance ships decreased combination light signal flag merchant ship hoisted ahead port sydney flags obscured funnel request cruiser merchant ship signal letters clear signals officer swinging flags clear dutch ship sydney list ships meant area flag signals exchanged ships sydney asking dutch ship destination cargo distress signal transmitted indicating pursued merchant following sydney pulled alongside merchant ship astern pacing parallel course approximately metres away sydney main guns port torpedo trained ship sent interior portion secret minutes later replied sydney sent signal ordering secret replied german auxiliary cruiser disguise asked reveal germans know responded opened fire prompted unveiling sydney fired accounts divided ship fired missed passed upper superstructure minimal damage guns guns port fire starboard able destroy cruiser bridge gun director tower damage forward turrets set aircraft fire sydney fire sixth turret fired effect turret able multiple shells damaging machinery spaces guns oil tank maintained heavy fire time eighth ninth german torpedo launched start engagement hit sydney forward turret near compartment weakest point ship hull hole causing bow cruiser angle bows cruiser swung hard port passed turn shells knocked turret sydney sydney heading south losing speed smoke multiple fires main armament disabled aft turrets jammed port facing swung secondary guns effective range cruiser continued hit shells aft guns distance ships increased germans reported torpedoes sydney starboard fired bring port broadside bear missed fact torpedoes sydney port fired happened time earlier engines broke turn continued fire sydney high rate despite shells missed distance ships increased ceased fire range yards launched torpedo missed sydney australian cruiser continued south south east heading low speed observers aboard doubted sydney control disappearing horizon shortly later glow damaged burning warship consistently seen germans sporadically midnight point night sydney lost sank bow torn submerged descended vertically rest hull metres forward sank hitting upright stern sydney shells crippled german sailors abandoned ship determined deck fires controlled reached gun magazines mines cargo hold scuttled midnight sank slowly deck exploded half hour later aftermath sydney failure reach november initially cause concern factors delayed cruiser sufficient reason break order maintain wireless silence sign cruiser november shore based wireless stations began orders sydney break silence report german survivors recovered british tanker november point large scale air sea search began search lasted evening november survivors personnel found apart float sydney aboard recovered australian prime minister john officially announced loss cruiser afternoon november sydney destruction major blow australian morale military capability ship company ran wartime casualties cruiser loss impact internationally british capital ships destroyed fortnight japan entered world war attacks pearl harbor singapore weeks later german survivors taken interrogated attempts learn happened hampered german officers instructing sailors enemy false answers people describing events witness heard later difficulty keeping groups separated order check stories despite australian authorities able piece broad details battle verified group german sailors taken sydney instead interviews showed inconsistencies concluded true story recounted concluded december end january personnel moved prisoner war camps victoria remained germany early february float containing dead body spotted christmas island towed ashore examination led island inhabitants believe sydney investigation conducted royal_navy stated sydney historians agreed concluded body originated sydney body october cemetery november dna extracted attempts compare dna relatives sydney personnel identify unknown sailor controversy battle sydney seen controversial disbelief modified merchant ship successfully defeat cruiser combined lack australian survivors led believe german account false rumours battle sydney failed reach schedule historians including tom frame credit michael montgomery book sank sydney controversy main claims supporters alternative view engagement include germans fired sydney raising battle ensign flag surrender signals distress lure cruiser japanese submarine partially completely responsible sinking sydney involvement japanese covered lure united_states war australian survivors killed water eliminate witnesses claims widely heard include belief sydney action stations prepared attack distress calls cruiser heard australian shore facilities ignored survivors captured executed japanese claims proven false historians researchers inquiry joint standing committee foreign affairs defence trade concluded german accounts feasible interpretation battle reliable evidence support alternative claims report cole inquiry volume completely dedicated surrounding battle found theories raised addition researchers speculated sydney close unknown vessel levels blame assigned captain demise ship theories explain actions include inexperienced incompetent disguise idea conflicting orders instructing raiders attacked range enemy supply ships captured trying clearly identify search despite approximate position known german accounts giving battle coordinates required search area ships immense calculating search area complicated fact people german location believed ships found south closer shore attempts bring supporters northern southern positions consensus narrow potential search area unsuccessful multiple searches carried ran survey ship later trials ship protector efforts restricted continental shelf usually response civilian claims found sydney certain location searches conducted raaf aircraft carrying response possible location claims searches failed find ship american hunter david learned battle began study prelude search ships aid researchers focused primary sources archive files diaries process came conclusion german accounts true ship found northern position attracting interest ran entered partnership sydney search profit company set administer help fund expedition locate sydney state federal government grants totalling million coupled private corporate donations fund day search end february early april plan inspect nautical mile search box german location deep water towed scan locate search team able narrow search area sydney locating vessels search ship survey vessel chartered exploration company australia return port replace remotely operated vehicle photograph video problems equipment weather commenced search located march newly discovered wreck accounts germans describing sydney heading speed sighting battle nautical mile search box cruiser calculated dramatically smaller area quality information sydney position heading relation location consisted broad coordinates sydney located march hours discovery public news cruiser found announced prime minister kevin march sydney wreck located metres sea level nautical miles south east bow cruiser broken ship sank located opposite end debris field stretching metres north west hull sitting upright ocean floor discovery placed protection historic act disturbing protected fine maximum years imprisonment placed australian national heritage list march scan aboard switched delayed technical issues bad weather survey ship returned sydney wreck site april performed detailed study ship debris field carried believed battle site found lava declared search april april expedition university western australian museum commenced objective imaging map study determine deterioration discovery requires development conservation management plan awards memorials legacy sydney granted battle honour recognition damage honours awarded 20th century sinking single ship second ship named sydney awarded previous sydney defeat german light cruiser sms battle main memorial loss sydney located western_australia mount scott planning memorial commenced late speech sydney researcher mcdonald local club temporary memorial consisting large boulder bronze plaque installed prior november remembrance ceremony year playing post large flock flew participants headed sea formation major feature permanent memorial permanent memorial included major elements size shape ship granite wall listing ship company bronze statue woman looking sea waiting vain cruiser come home dome dubbed dome souls steel memorial minus completed time dedicated november evening commemoration ceremony marking 60th anniversary ship loss memorial recognised australian government national significance completed fifth element pool remembrance containing map region marked position sydney wreck added memorials commemorating loss sydney include oak tree planted melbourne shrine remembrance avenue lined trees service sydney ships commemorated stained glass window garden island naval chapel mast sydney head new_south_wales names killed aboard sydney inscribed australian war memorial sydney replacement fund established help finance acquisition replacement ship raised contributed purchase australia aircraft carrier late 1940s majestic class carrier named sydney commissioning ran december sydney operated korean war modified troop transport served vietnam war sale scrap aircraft operated sydney survives collection royal_air_force museum london sydney cup introduced commemorative trophy competed australian football league clubs sydney representing ship namesake west_coast eagles representing site ship loss annual match trophy based cruiser battle honour board design best ground trophy match best player based shell frigate sydney


australian_army ship australian_army amphibious operations support ship world war launched shortly war ended entered service late mainly return australian_army equipment islands new_guinea loaned australian shipping control board early transported earth moving equipment timber melbourne tasmania army need ship capabilities war sold queensland cement lime company operated coral barge brisbane river mid-1980s ship scuttled subsequently popular dive wreck design construction late early australian_army suffered shortage shipping leading delays moving heavy equipment small australia operational areas south west pacific british united_states vessels eventually available australian_army chief engineer major general chose design build heavy lift ship army personally designed ship intended support amphibious operations transport supplies deliberately project cost order gain approval ship design construction ship design incorporated number unusual features shallow draft allow operate close shore engines driving propellers high degree ship required engines capable generating total horsepower largest engines available australia time generated horsepower horsepower engines fitted ship considered powered army service hold carry long tons stores additional vehicles embarked deck ship long ton cranes heavy equipment bridge like structures embark vehicles equipment allowed discharge cargo rate long tons time box like appearance design impress naval engineers built melbourne harbour trust dockyard victoria largest steel vessel constructed australia time final price considerably deliberate ship launched august named wife later largest ship commissioned australian_army world war construction sister ship called begun ship cancelled war ended service history ship completed sea trials late november subsequently entered service army ordnance craft park february sailed new britain later later proved successful intended role returned supplies equipment islands australia transported bodies australian servicemen killed fighting solomon islands port permanent war cemetery unusual tasks undertaken vessel included transporting native new dispersal centre located moving tanks sydney january army longer needed ship capabilities loaned australian shipping control board february year transported load earth moving equipment melbourne carried cargo timber melbourne continued manned army crew trips tasmania mainland april reported ship scrapped grounds considered federal member sought retained service shortage shipping capable transporting heavy loads tasmania shipping control board rejected representations grounds need extensive alterations permanently commercial trade year complete necessary works board gave commitment ships available transport timber tasmania subsequently offered sale purchased queensland cement lime company arrived brisbane september subsequently renamed self propelled coral barge ship converted role brisbane firms evans evans anderson modifications included moving wheel house aft superstructure feet bow extensively altering cargo holds carry long tons coral works completed july mail reported vessel australian waterfront stranger stern later extended member crew cabin new role ship carried coral bay converted landing ship tank coral cement factory brisbane like rest small fleet underwent period extensive maintenance dry dock brisbane years brisbane flood ship crew story bridge prevent carried brisbane river continued transport coral mid-1980s acquired firm ship purchased transport company new factory subsequently laid mary street wharf attempts sell period renamed avoid confusion new ship named buyer found sunk reef cape later popular dive wreck


integrity integrity cutter built colonial government new_south_wales vessel launched new_south_wales dockyard carried goods colony coastal settlements norfolk island newcastle van land port jackson took series van land aim founding colony port site modern settlement george town tasmania integrity encountered recaptured spanish brig seized concealed kent group islands bass having returned spanish vessel colonial control integrity designated task sailing chile negotiate return spain set sail chile june seen likely voyage construction integrity laid september newly opened king dockyard colony new_south_wales governor philip king ordered construction proceed swiftly possible order test dockyard capacity team apprentice assigned task delivered finished cutter thirteen months construction thomas moore tested hull watertight filling water inside repairing visible leaks hold incorporated partition crew away forecastle bulkhead vary cargo capacity governor king direction vessel measuring tons final vessel significantly larger tons king impressed work despite variation original plans letter lord secretary state war colonies praised speed quality integrity construction described extremely strong newly built vessel launched january majesty armed colonial cutter integrity command royal_navy lieutenant john crew men vessel launched colony new_south_wales previous craft having small floated shore active service remained direct control colonial government new_south_wales formally commissioned royal_navy active service early integrity voyage february heading south eastern coastline australia transport settlers supplies bass colonial outpost van land administrator outpost lieutenant john recently resigned position returned port jackson governor king directed travel van land aboard integrity order transfer colonial authority successor refused aboard cutter ultimately sailed voyage success broken rudder repaired integrity reached van land early march cutter completed round trip port jackson arriving safely home port april june governor king issued directions integrity second voyage lieutenant command cutter transport lieutenant colonel william north van land order found new settlement port support settlement cutter assigned carry nineteen soldiers new_south_wales corps ship surgeon soldiers accompany expedition aboard privately owned vessel contest disembarked port integrity follow coastline port bay survey shore determine future cutter proceed cape barren island remote location bass investigate rumours group american sailors establishing unlawful trade seal skins integrity set sail june heading south new_south_wales coast week later encountered heavy storms winds passing cape howe unable proceed ordered return port jackson regained june port integrity crew sailor named william removed ship sent prison having refusing carry duties aboard sign contest presumed lost sea voyage attempted july integrity ran heavy weather cape howe forced turn shore seek shelter cutter entered later known bay new_south_wales south coast crew surprise discovered contest undamaged unable return sea storm passengers crew vessels consulted continue southwards turn await better weather according source missionary aboard integrity continuing voyage captain wished turn nominal commander voyage view prevailed integrity contest returned port jackson arriving july port flotilla integrity repeated failure reach port convinced governor king larger vessels required voyage east india company approached provide experiment new_south_wales waters request declined interim integrity sent north provisions colonial settlement norfolk island departing july returning early august september sailed round trip new_south_wales colony newcastle ship cargo cedar wood port jackson followed brief voyage norfolk island october governor king issued orders flotilla attempt voyage expedition led gun royal_navy hms buffalo gun survey vessel hms lady nelson accompanied integrity elderly colonial schooner francis service described king damaged lieutenant colonel principal colonists travel aboard buffalo transfer integrity navy vessel large enter bay settlement proposed stand flotilla departed port jackson october proceeding southward new_south_wales coastline bass cape howe passed incident schooner francis struggled ocean swell continually fell larger vessels weather slowly worsened sunset october flotilla encountered heavy gale captain william kent buffalo signaled flotilla sails ride storm following morning crew integrity discovered lost sight vessels running dangerously close lee shore elected continue southward close land preferring risk running aground gale deeper water glimpse buffalo far east morning october deep waves sighting integrity continued voyage storm crossing bass weather october cutter brought bay northeast coast van land underwent basic repairs days returned sea reached port morning november buffalo arrived sign lady nelson francis achievement navigating storm recognised transfer buffalo larger prestigious vessel integrity colonial command allocated charles promoted acting lieutenant virtue new role remaining vessels flotilla lady nelson francis arrived port november integrity departed week later having ordered explore far western coastline van land capture saint francisco saint april integrity encountered brig saint francisco saint kent group islands bass brig ship seized chilean ports september captain william campbell spanish ships sailed port jackson governor king considered return chile unwilling await king decision captain campbell ordered crew sea saint francisco saint conceal vessel location departing south port jackson early march brig ran rough weather bass began sink approached integrity spanish ship shipping water lowest deck inside hull integrity crew assisted keeping brig afloat safely conveyed port arriving fate june governor king received legal advice british government indicating colonial retention spanish vessels francisco rise charge piracy circumstances king directed integrity sail chile offer safe return spanish ships cutter departed chile june voyage command acting lieutenant crew men bearing flag truce case war taken place england spain reached destination seen historian frank cutter route reached south_america captured indigenous tribe year integrity departure july king wrote expressing concern cutter continued absence hoping simply detained spanish authorities mentioned report colonial shipping compiled governor king august fourteen months disappearance details pay owing crew accompanied gone returned


fictional character animated television series archer secretary archer seven field international secret intelligence service isis illegal intelligence agency headquartered new_york_city provides speaking voice character appeared series pilot episode mole hunt january starting season provides singing voice character turns country star conceived devised archer creator adam reed initially intended serve minor character series descendant wealthy family introduced emotionally fragile individual early intermittently referred carol premise shows longest running jokes initially dismissive somewhat behavior presence series progresses character traits personality sexually aroused enjoys drinking rubber cement possesses demeanor work ethic array descriptions established character critics mainly incompetent insane tendencies series run character applauded television commentators voice work resulted actress nominated annie award category voice acting television production arc personality introduced archer pilot episode mole hunt secretary archer walter following abrupt ending relationship sterling archer jon benjamin attempts manipulate chris cheating companion kane tyler great disdain inevitably emotional distress dominant antics sexual desires suspicious girlfriend interactions archer paranoid find affair attempts distance dismay threatens affair having sex reveals pam amber nash actual intention acquire archer attention thought having connection spark feelings jealousy catches cheating head organization democratic intelligence networks confesses affair subsequently adding tension rivalry heir wealth family railroad industry subjected numerous threats result parents death brother cecil inherit estimated billion trust funds split evenly party culminated net worth increasing prompts group plan ultimately fails mistake pam episode revealed owns named archer develops fondness comedic reference pet frequently traveled cecil later tricks isis mission intent members talking insanity control half fortune turns cecil spent half fortune charities including base insane leader funds buy nerve gas missiles introduced emotionally fragile woman affection archer series began progress character characteristics adopts unstable personality fun evolve asserted think archer creator adam reed fun recording got crazy turned upside nuts character fun instability regularly resulted sent mental institutions sexually aroused commentators described incompetent insane headed season character frequently developed include homage alcoholic professed better captured sensual interpretation isn trying secret doesn care changed avoid getting kidnapped figured asked probably like yeah shut feel like isis self involved concerned agenda occur think going isis gone bankrupt fifth season realizes dream country music superstar artist stage microscopic mind control chip fourth episode house music performed sung produced network released track album named featuring country songs including country cover kenny danger zone development producers recruited actress provide role despite auditioning advertisements unable breakout prominent voice actress animated television los_angeles california met casting director lent roles television shows family guy martin actress interest archer producers work series kind relentless saying use use read different roles finally cast notified position agent shooting separate film trying explained called said pilot record day minutes actress read script recorded lines recording studio phoenix arizona suggested nature script prevent television stations picking series found picked like wait don know talking said remember thing went recorded bunch scripts funniest scripts read crazy prior casting initially intended merely secondary character archer serve central figure proposed pregnancy angle going running gag archer kept remarked reed happened gas sleeping gas leave steps hospital memory happened agreed important character reception television critics commended development portrayal character hitfix alan_sepinwall declared favorite character review todd_vanderwerff club felt vocals highlight episode affirmed effectively portrayed unstable characteristics asked crazy things fun steps playing insanity trust fund kid found day job ride subway dwarf likewise proclaimed writers found great way expand isis emotionally unstable employees crazy escalated extreme stated justified owns drinks humor involving insane rich people getting usually pretty funny pull adam reed alongside fellow cast members walter jon benjamin candidate annie award category voice acting television production award given jeff bennett work nickelodeon television series madagascar


man man fourth episode season american animated television series archer originally aired january united_states sterling archer jon benjamin introduced involved relationship mother archer walter sterling tries attempts end relationship group cuban set kill sterling episode directed written series creator adam reed announced guest star episode october edited episode script receiving reed man received television commentators praised episode cultural references character development storylines airing attracted million viewers rating demographic according nielsen ratings subsequently eleventh highest rated cable program day plot sterling archer jon benjamin drinks bar unsuccessfully attempts pick woman sex man nearby laughs archer incident sterling threatens man easily sterling suddenly realizes man idol fan archer learns horror dating mother archer walter shocked sterling passes establishment day seen black eye sterling assumes reaction informs sterling group cuban established warrant makes sterling calls asks movie premiere night later day gets letter saying leaving younger woman moving kane tyler quickly figures letter written sterling citing star actor uses term quickly figures sterling visited knocking knock gas taking apartment ray adam reed try reason sterling encounter cuban hit squad believe real sterling based photo taken events begins sterling holds hostage promising let date mother interrupted isis agents drive sterling prepares says sterling won able catch sterling agrees bet catch leave hollywood allowed continue dating sterling agrees results car chase sterling despite expert driving allows achieve hollywood driving stunts tells sterling needs stop thinking mother think person emotional sexual needs think happiness sway sterling point able catch isis agents saves isis agents group drives sterling apologizes writing letter takes date movie premiere production makes guest appearance man love interest archer guest appearance formally announced october prior appearance referenced episodes series series creator adam reed opined think person planet bigger fan sterling archer archer constantly tries imitate movies recording voice overs amazing receiving episode script reed edits editing script episode added scene sterling reveals career choice largely influenced films sent script noted script pretty good self reed fan said working great experience surreal experience room childhood hero affirmed hearing read stuff wrote pretty great episode title reference television series man town florida spent childhood sterling career path largely influenced film career particularly work musical film long love spy cinema operation reed stated archer says operation spy like thought movie sequence features sterling reflects homage thriller film silence song east bound jerry reed presented episode sterling makes references american cinematic works 1970s cinema blend wrote start saying episode played particularly huge fan 1970s american cinema good bad references archer soon starts throwing catching loving second man contains scenes reminiscent action film wrote isn long sweet talking charisma archer soon pair talking plot possibilities film trilogy reception ratings man originally broadcast january united_states airing attained million viewers rating demographic according nielsen ratings installment eleventh high rated cable television program day scoring higher documentary series obtaining lower ratings satirical television program daily comedy central man achieved record breaking demographic ratings viewed cable telecast time men demographic key men group comparison season premiere swiss miss ratings demographic minutes vaulted viewers ratings showed similar increases second quarterly hour ratings demographic declined previous season premiere translating viewers overall ratings key adults group declined swiss miss critical response man widely lauded television commentators review todd_vanderwerff club felt episode contained great moments felt strong opening season vanderwerff wrote archer enjoyed fast paced dialogue weird office plots pretty awesome probably fairly limited budget turns action sequence won animated shows usually chosen open seasons big action episodes fairly obvious reasons added benefit hanging potential ratings bump vanderwerff noted storyline sterling archer mother archer highlight man archer odds unable person mother expresses highway dangerously high speeds archer accepts needs sexual going trapped weird dependent relationship archer isn tries tons tons deep character moments episodes makes better usually nails little moments exception creative journalist scott asserted debut episode indication expect satisfying season intelligent imaginative button pushing mix high low humor ross paste issued installment rating signifying rating affirmed reed adequately developed characters citing man established greater expectations series evaluated script written adding man hilarious episode cites stemmed animation described likely best television wrote unique way use state art computer animation create look takes months episode hard work pays unique visuals writing fanatic stated week combined mini series indication damn strong season archer appearance critically acclaimed vanderwerff professed surprised executed shows featuring guest appearances ruin chemistry main cast episodes big special guest stars ruin rhythm main gang surprised readily incorporated storyline point felt like organic ensemble vanderwerff fact dating end episode implies pop season proceeds wouldn adverse happening special guest stars roll eyes praised chemistry benjamin commended having power fun echoed similar sentiments jon benjamin voice superstar combined rest cast animated magic fantastic way kick season thought fine self gives fantastic moments archer hitfix alan_sepinwall enjoyed utilized man times feel awkward spends episode special guest star worked archer personality approach action feels inspired movies 70s early 80s biggest movie star world


mole hunt mole hunt pilot episode animated comedy archer episode produced originally aired special sneak preview september officially aired billed second episode january episode training day aired day episode rude spy sterling archer prompted questions expense account breaks computer organization isis inadvertently discovers mole organization episode written archer creator executive producer adam reed directed williams produced floyd county productions animated radical axis studio atlanta course approximately month network officially series august episodes additional scripts planned airing alongside fifth season sunny philadelphia production time constraints network forced push official series run january changed philadelphia paired series league aired special sneak preview episode following season premiere philadelphia september promoting listing channel listings mole hunt attracted million viewers ages episode received generally favorable reviews television critics noted despite contained sharp dialogue quick wit jon benjamin received primetime emmy award nomination outstanding voice performance performance archer episode plot sterling archer agent spy organization isis torture training exercise causes terminated complaining fellow agent fake torture tactics following day trying members organization smell dry cleaning strangely like odor called office mother boss isis run expense account seeks assistance member organization girlfriend current boyfriend clear account refuses attempts access accounts mole hunt meet failure archer tries getting secretary leave open night allowing archer easily slip clear account denies request outside options archer forced manually break isis initially thinks extremely difficult task discovers actual security terrible easily figures hack account try trying transfer excess expenses account agent enters room holds gun archer head reveals actually russian spy named fears agency started realize mole plans stealing archer account fleeing country archer girlfriend agent kane arrives pulls gun archer begin argue mole able escape pursue outside arrived grabs threatens kill let leave archer tries turn tables grabbing threatening care archer getting erection caused dead lets disgust allowing archer room shoot times chest head killing despite previous actions breaking isis archer expenses comes assumption stealing archer account time notes known mole isis earlier phone shown head changes subject questioned complains left floor attracting ants production mole hunt written archer creator executive producer adam reed series animation director williams directed reed known creation adult swim animated television programs worked archer executive producer matt thompson walking spain reed conceived concept archer longtime fan network original programming pitched concept network accepted ordering episodes series produced additional scripts pilot episode produced reed floyd county productions studio atlanta georgia course approximately month animation took place radical axis studio located atlanta artistic style series designed realistic possible character designers reference material order create consistency separate animators artists photographs actor utilize illustrator trace base actor character lead character designer series noted end result resembles comic book come life originally planned pairing premiere archer fifth season network situation comedy sunny philadelphia thursday nights fall network learned long month long production length create needed episodes realized time episodes ready philadelphia began new season decided series start airing january replaced archer league philadelphia companion despite decided air sneak airing mole hunt following season premiere philadelphia september network promote sneak feature program listings merely informed select television critics reception official broadcast january mole hunt aired second episode attracted million viewers key demographics slight drop airing second episode training day aired day attracted million viewers ages million viewers total jon benjamin received primetime emmy award nomination outstanding voice performance voicing archer episode lost anne performance simpsons mole hunt received generally favorable reviews television critics media outlets david new_york_daily_news wrote little arrested development little office maybe mad men recommended readers new good fall commented favorably scene archer tries firing bullets door bullet hit agent nielsen classics matt guide said got sustained belly laughs episode aforementioned philadelphia premiere writing variety brian opined mole hunt archer gives drama heavy channel hasn enjoyed sharp comedic arrow squad applauded character development mole hunt fairly impressive praised dialogue saying forth archer archer laugh loud funny noted wished incorporate phrase baby town episode conversation felt plotting bit stretch noted realization actually russian spy named bit confusing whitney wrote usa_today mole hunt crude funny welcome addition queue ryan writing chicago_tribune applauded voice cast wit surreal mark boston herald awarded episode calling spy spoof hits bull eye best vocal casts assembled animated series article san_francisco_chronicle tim called mole hunt brilliant pilot rob owen review series pittsburgh post gazette said crude episode far clever fall disappointing wins points humor modern life mocking mundane workplace aaron wrote article news service funny reviewers commented negatively mole hunt barry hollywood reporter enjoy episode saying looks great funnier words broadcast channels basic cable outlets newspapers wrote comedy personal relationships office start tedious grow annoying adult material nudity words haven heard basic cable comes merely attempt shocking hard shocked bored season dvd bonus episode played normal character sterling archer replaced replacing archer dialogue appropriate dinosaur noises


training day archer training day second episode animated comedy archer written archer creator executive producer adam reed directed williams episode archer mother assigns son task training agent secretary human resources representative pam advantage temporarily blinded reaction training day produced floyd county productions animated radical axis studio atlanta course approximately month initially planned airing series alongside fifth season sunny philadelphia production constraints led pushed january episode features cultural references films rain man james_bond stand comedian actor cook original broadcast episode met million viewers positive reviews plot archer irish terrorist attempt assassinate british nobleman begins suspect feelings son hoping desires steered current boyfriend promotes field agent assigns archer job training archer multiple training tactics including learning weapons tendency malfunction like reason sessions involves trying kill assassin portrayed archer butler dance partner played prostitute archer befriended human shield session accidentally prostitute archer deceased pair prostitute archer trunk drive hoping dispose body undisclosed location way archer reveals aware plan attempting discourage field agent presumably feelings orchestrated end revealing prostitute merely point car rammed pursuing vehicle believes archer hoax opens fire true character archer threatens car leave mystery attacker fire reveals discovered archer assignment decided stop despite concern caught dead reveals upset felt need secrets forcing buy pornography sweet old korean lady video store archer releases prostitute trunk depart reveals plan archer forced pay amounts money car leaving stranded blinded having reaction seeing opportunity help secretary human resources representative pam hack isis computer office alter files allowing better health care afford time life choices production training day written archer creator executive producer adam reed series animation director williams directed network officially production series ordering episodes additional scripts course approximately month training day produced reed floyd county productions studio atlanta georgia animated radical axis studio located atlanta originally planned pairing archer fifth season network situation comedy sunny philadelphia thursday nights fall network learned month long production period needed create necessary episodes realized time episodes ready philadelphia began new season instead decided release sneak airing pilot episode mole hunt september promotion announcement began broadcast season training day january cultural references episode featured multiple cultural references discussing training asks archer teach art response archer negatively compares stand comedian actor cook archer explains shall trained member order perform eclectic hand hand combat system developed israel archer shot unknown vehicle archer refers rain man drama film starring tom cruise believes archer calling better spy james_bond james_bond film series archer don like invite comparison yeah basically critics noted satirical comparisons archer bond films reed based archer character bond bond racist reception original broadcast training day watched million viewers according nielsen ratings million viewers aged ages core demographic archer airing pilot episode mole hunt preceded attracted slightly smaller viewers million viewers training day received generally positive reviews television critics annie applauded episode review squad best writing acted prime example rapid fire conversations singled scene archer gives oddly specific situation utilize gun hidden underwear opined loved walter performance declaring wins episode lines immigrants know drive listening raps shooting jobs brian ign rewarded episode signifying outstanding called voice cast absolutely excellent writing jon benjamin delivery archer brilliantly drunken accidental stopping terrorist education things spy related noted series satirical themes character development alternately obvious subtle archer biggest strength heather called exchange archer concerning martial arts training flies pretty quickly


space race archer space race season finale season animated comedy series archer consists twelfth thirteenth episodes season initially broadcast united_states march march respectively installment commander anthony drake urges field agents isis travel spacecraft horizon aid attacks entering defeating resistant field agents eventually kidnapped drake real objective humans mars space race written directed series creator adam reed parody spy film eleventh film james_bond cinema franchise additionally episode multiple references science fiction cinema including popular films aliens right stuff star wars episode political events cold war space exploration competition soviet_union united_states guest starred program alongside actor dave reprised role recurring antagonist barry space race received overwhelmingly positive reviews critics praised episode humor character developments acquired positive critiques commentators humor general execution space race deemed inferior predecessor space race garnered million viewers initial airing space race attained million viewers airing consequently viewed episode archer season plot international space station horizon sends distress signal isis agency stating spaceship attack anthony drake commander station urged isis assist crew controlling situation reluctant kane tyler voice concern issue undergone training preparation flight despite concerns archer walter quick job financial gain field agents isis sterling archer jon benjamin evaluated doctor lucky medical purposes subjected basic astronaut anticipation flight including flight archer makes crash training causes lack gravity isis forced quit mission training time constraints space shuttle exits earth atmosphere drake introduces horizon overrun called drake plan fight past link men bridge group aided pulse rifle set modes kill mode weapon fires lethal ammunition weapon serves mode mode potentially initiate cardiac arrest proven archer accidentally shoots chris later revived trajectory shuttle course horizon later found caused pam amber nash cargo archer probation hold shooting pam pulse rifle lands port horizon ray adam reed enter spacecraft drake overwhelmed number archer later joins endeavors released pam party successfully makes bridge revealed drake men real real plan lure station breeding stock colonization mars archer ray subsequently kidnapped commander drake finding main intent mars drake sends crew search pam waiting holding takes suit order distract guard breasts successfully distracting guard later security breach escaping holding group encounter group scientists inform drake men making way launch mars drake self proclaimed queen persona pam takes hostage holding pulse rifle head isis agents reunite drake crew agrees surrender order prevent death drake mental breakdown declaring humanity doomed killing pam rifle sudden gunfire opens fire killing people capable pilot shuttle drake situation barry dave challenges archer fight space despite rigorous barry archer ultimately declines offer archer makes act aims launches barry jet subsequently horizon group archer wishes credit landing steering shift causing spacecraft crash isis agent archer shown injured result especially ray paralyzed waist ironically pretended earlier season production space race written directed archer creator adam reed american actor guest starred space race commander drake astronaut main objective fight order quell mutiny space platform appearance formally announced series creator adam reed january interviewed huffington_post reed didn reveal background installment teased love everybody gets mission lot people think outer space space race references relating music cinema media popular culture entities episode title gives homage named era space exploration soviet_union united_states coincided cold war episode plot gives homage james_bond film preparation mission field agents isis undergo extensive training similar exercise right stuff addition episode narrative evocative aforementioned film british horror film days later cinema blend characters drops weird references figures american charles grace main character sterling archer sent space brig crafts ode great escape second space race commenced asserted drake opening dialogue nostalgic villainous character james_bond film series particularly hugo tried clear plot point opening bond villain like speech drake cinema blend writer thank smoking esque line perfect candidate project barry appearances space station archer come play beer bottles directly referencing david patrick kelly warriors design spaceship iconic designs aircraft varying films trash modeled star wars universe robots reminiscent film aliens declares queen creates sports costumes closely resembles swan dress reception ratings space race originally broadcast march united_states airing episode attained million viewers rating demographic indicating spectators ages watched television viewed episode garnered twentieth highest ratings group cable program day according nielsen_media_research tying television programs daily comedy central family guy adult swim ratings total viewership episode showed significant increases previous installment skin game acquired million viewers rating demographic space race aired following week march ratings total viewership considerable increased predecessor million spectators watched episode initial airing concurrently obtained rating demographic eighth highest rated cable program night critical response commentators commended half space race club columnist todd_vanderwerff approved aspects episode mainly animation character development dialogue grade review vanderwerff felt producers playful concepts space archer course takes place weird blend past present professed space race goes way toss future middle mix jokes come characters hanging anti gravity god sake including strategically covering pam breasts commenting program animation club journalist thought emphasis convergence science fiction techniques resulted aesthetically pleasing visuals vanderwerff stated makes archer certainly look great furthermore episode dialogue characters limited screen time given opportunities shine humor screen invasion opined space race contained far liners jokes praised storyline keen character progression usually best agent isis pretty explained putting situation bad ass gave character added depth animated shows don cinema blend despite criticizing narrative declared hilarious despite positive assessments space race produced variety critical opinion rating review ross paste asserted program displayed exceptional dimension characters apparent self consciousness eccentric odd persona past ultimately professed space race slightly inferior predecessor space race doesn big laughs featured mean archer rode waves step episode fun moments member cast analogous sentiments echoed blair concluded space adventure fun moments lack punch provided episodes proceeded good barry season appearance episode pretty vanderwerff affirmed episode superb conclusion archer season despite entertaining space race deeming episode hilarious finale writer kevin claimed space race left unanswered questions audience conversely fanatic applauded episode issuing stars archer ended season tonight conclusion episode space race man second archer announced left light space pants knew solid ending performance frequent topic critiques prior airing episode james entertainment_weekly suggested actor voice perfect animated television series vanderwerff journalists issued favorable assessments acting noted work impressive consider plays hero villain manages funny addressing concluded early stunning end world sequence actor plants hint suppressed drake soon obvious crew manning mission help combat probably wrapped dream form mars vanderwerff best kind guest voice fully inhabiting character having lot fun jokes nice reminder funny hope gets bizarre stuff week later said remains god men


oil industry oil industry industry mining processing oil fine rock containing significant amounts solid mixture organic chemical compounds liquid manufactured industry developed brazil china estonia extent germany russia countries currently conducting research oil reserves production methods improve efficiency recovery australia halted pilot projects environmental concerns estonia accounted world oil production study published oil industrial purposes early 17th century mined minerals late 19th century oil oil content low grade fuel power generation barring countries having significant oil deposits use power generation particularly widespread similarly oil source production synthetic crude oil seen solution increasing domestic production oil countries reliant imports history oil ancient times modern industrial oil mining began mines france followed britain germany countries oil industry started growing world war mass production automobiles trucks supposed shortage gasoline transportation needs power plant power plant world switch oil firing following end world war oil industry declined discovery large supplies easily accessible cheaper crude oil oil production continued grow estonia russia china following oil crisis oil industry restarted countries 1980s oil prices fell industries faced closure global oil industry grown mid-1990s oil development program initiated united_states commercial program oil tar sands introduced estonia actively engaged exploitation oil significant scale accounts world processed oil estonia unique oil deposit account total deposits european_union generates power oil oil industry estonia employs people national employment accounting gross domestic product mining oil mined traditional underground mining surface mining techniques mining methods available common aim methods fragment oil deposits order enable transport fragments power plant facility main methods surface mining open pit mining strip mining important method sub surface mining room pillar method method material extracted horizontal plane leaving pillars untouched material support roof pillars reduce likelihood collapse oil obtained product coal mining largest oil world estonia operated estonia mined million tonnes oil period mining permits issued million tonnes applications received mining additional million tonnes parliament approved national development plan use oil limits annual extraction oil million tonnes power generation oil fuel thermal power plants oil burnt like coal drive steam turbines oil fired power plants estonia generating capacity china germany israel romania russia run oil fired power plants shut switched like natural gas jordan egypt announced plans construct oil fired power plants canada turkey plan burn oil power plants coal thermal power plants use oil fuel employ types methods traditional method older units oil fired power plants estonia advanced method bed cement factory germany power plant israel main technologies bubbling bed circulating bed power plants world technology coal new units power plants estonia power plant china use technology oil advanced efficient oil technology bed technology premature nascent stage oil extraction major oil producers estonia brazil china australia usa canada jordan planned set restart oil production according world energy council total production oil oil tonnes equal barrels day china produced tonnes estonia tonnes brazil tonnes comparison production conventional oil natural gas amounted billion tonnes million barrels day oil technologies technologies currently commercial use main methods oil method oil mined transported facility order extract oil method converts form oil deposit extracts rises normal petroleum industrial uses oil cement production cement estonia germany cement factory china oil production different chemical products construction materials products use oil production products rare experimental stages oil suitable source ash occur oil extraction oil rare chemical element production marine variety production estonia sweden purpose oil gas substitute natural gas world war produced oil gas cities north estonia current price level natural gas economically feasible economics economically oil unknown attempts develop oil deposits succeeded cost oil production given region comes price crude oil according survey conducted corporation cost producing barrel oil hypothetical surface complex united_states comprising plant upgrading plant supporting utilities spent range adjusted values assuming gradual increase output start commercial production analysis projects gradual reduction processing costs barrel achieving milestone billion barrels royal dutch shell announced shell technology realize profit crude oil prices higher barrel technologies scale production assert oil prices lower barrel increase efficiency oil viability oil production researchers proposed tested processes materials waste rubber plastic oil modified technologies propose combining bed circulated bed burning products oil gas improving oil yield increasing decreasing time publication journal oil production compared coal article stated coal expensive generated oil created fewer environmental impacts oil extraction cited conversion ratio gal imp gal oil coal gal imp gal oil oil critical measure viability oil energy source lies ratio energy produced energy mining processing ratio known energy returned energy invested study estimated known oil deposits varying known oil extraction development projects assert according world energy outlook processing typically processing low according energy provided burning spent oil gas water needed oil process offers additional economic consideration pose problem areas water environmental considerations oil mining involves number environmental impacts pronounced surface mining underground mining include acid drainage induced sudden rapid exposure subsequent buried materials introduction metals surface water increased erosion gas emissions air pollution caused production processing transport support activities air pollution total waste water pollution estonia came power industry uses oil main resource power production oil extraction damage biological recreational value land ecosystem mining area thermal processing generate waste material addition atmospheric emissions oil processing include carbon dioxide greenhouse gas oppose production usage oil creates greenhouse gases conventional fossil section energy independence security act prohibits united_states government agencies buying oil produced processes produce greenhouse gas emissions traditional petroleum experimental conversion processes carbon capture storage technologies reduce concerns future time cause problems including pollution concerns prominently raised oil industry use water particularly arid regions water consumption sensitive issue cases oil mining requires lowering levels level oil strata affect surrounding land forest ground typically barrels water barrel produced oil depending technology water usually spent cooling oil ash disposal processing according estimate uses tenth water environmental impact statement issued united_states bureau land management stated surface mining operations produce gallons imp gal waste water short ton processed oil environmental activists including members organized strong protests oil industry result queensland energy resources proposed stuart oil project australia hold


monetary policy committee monetary policy committee committee bank england meets half days times year decide official interest rate united_kingdom bank england base rate responsible directing aspects government monetary policy framework forward guidance committee comprises members governor bank england mark responsible primarily keeping consumer price index measure inflation close target set government secondary aim support growth employment reinforced march announced days year general election officially given operational responsibility setting interest rates bank england act committee designed independent political interference add credibility interest rate decisions member vote held account minutes meeting published alongside committee monetary policy decisions members regularly called treasury select committee speaking wider audiences events year purpose committee responsible united_kingdom monetary policy commonly setting rate banks officially bank england base rate short laid law decisions primary aim price stability defined government inflation target consumer price index target takes form point band treasury prior secondary aim committee support government economic policies help meet targets growth employment secondary aim reinforced chancellor george march budget given discretion openly trade rate inflation medium run boost economic responsible fiscal policy handled treasury treasury fiscal policy developments meetings bank england act bank governor write open letter explanation chancellor inflation exceeds target percentage point direction months prices allowed range set plans bank problem long expected remain levels meantime january chancellor announced asset purchase facility administered aimed ensuring greater financial markets committee started cut rates previous autumn effect changes years rates zero march faced low levels inflation interest rates voted start process injection money directly economy bank buy government bonds smaller high quality debt issued private companies non initially non portfolio entirety held august governor mark issued committee forward guidance tool controlling future inflation criticism centred predominant focus inflation growth employment criticism march revisions committee complaints reluctance pass rate changes extent introduction management committee history traditionally treasury set interest rates reforms officials held regular meetings published minutes independent government result feeling political factors purely economic monetary policy operational responsibility set interest rates granted independent bank england chancellor gordon brown guidelines creation new monetary policy committee laid bank england act act set responsibilities meet monthly membership comprise governor deputy governors bank executive directors members appointed chancellor publish minutes meetings weeks october committee announced plans publish far quickly act gave government responsibility price stability target growth employment objectives annually government reserved right bank rate set times emergency years witnessed unprecedented period price stability inflation stayed percentage point target despite earlier predictions sit outside range percent time report produced treasury committee noted independence government reduced scope short term political considerations enter determination interest rates creation said brought immediate credibility gain original inflation target measure inflation changed bank england act april governor king obliged write open letter chancellor gordon brown explaining inflation target reached prices unstable february write letters having taken august governor mark wrote open letter february explain inflation fallen time history followed april month negative growth 1960s triggering second letter february written letters years kept interest rates relatively stable october march following year base rate cut times time low order avoid spur growth march launched programme initially billion economy march increased money set aside billion figure later increased billion months following october announced rounds february july bringing total billion whilst simultaneously keeping base rate february changes policy instrument purchases keeping stock march chancellor george called follow american counterpart federal reserve board committing keeping interest rates low prolonged period time appropriate forward guidance august december bank adopted recommendations report prepared kevin aimed improving transparency committee decision making processes composition following april committee currently comprises governor bank deputy governors monetary policy financial stability markets banking bank chief economist external members appointed chancellor year term member vote equal weight held publicly governor chairs meeting cast vote acting casting vote event tie representatives treasury attend meeting non voting observers meetings meets times year meetings spread year plus joint meetings financial policy committee half day pre meeting usually wednesday meetings held days typically thursday monday wednesday prior implementation reforms recommended kevin meetings generally held monthly wednesday thursday following monday month example meeting postponed order avoid conflicting general election schedule 6th meeting similarly delayed day committee studies data relating economy worldwide economy presented bank regional representatives topics discussion identified addressed second day consists main policy discussion members explain personal views governor chooses policy likely command majority day meeting vote taken member gets vote minority asked action preferred committee decisions announced noon day meeting concluded following procedural change minutes meeting including policy preference member published bank website time decision announced resulting super thursday effect prior august committee decisions published noon final day meeting week delay minutes published starting march meeting meetings published albeit year delay outside meetings members called parliament answer questions decisions parliamentary committee meetings treasury committee members speak audiences country aim views expectations inflation republished bank quarterly inflation report membership date men women served february current committee comprises status members committee date appointment dates listed current terms appointment end january king bank england governor member taken meeting result meeting july king retired single member attended meeting kate external member date appointed terms lasting years february current committee members present base rate changed


earnings management earnings management accounting act intentionally influencing process financial reporting obtain private gain earnings management involves alteration financial reports organization underlying performance influence contractual outcomes depend reported accounting numbers earnings management negative effect earnings quality weaken credibility financial reporting furthermore speech exchange commission chairman arthur called earnings management widespread despite complexity accounting rules earnings management difficult individual investors detect occurrence response earnings management believed widespread report earnings management situations stated short term earnings managed companies speech exchange commission sec chairman arthur called earnings management widespread little challenged custom essay ray ball opining accounting research reliably documenting earnings management wrote course earnings management goes people tried convicted sec criticized earnings management having adverse consequences financial reporting true consequences management decisions called standard changes accounting standards improve financial statement transparency called increased oversight financial reporting process sec pressed charges management firms involved fraudulent earnings management motivations methods earnings management involves manipulation company earnings pre determined target target motivated preference stable earnings case management said carrying income income turn signal lower risk increase firm market value possible motivations earnings management include need maintain levels certain accounting debt pressure maintain increasing earnings beat analyst targets earnings management involve exploiting opportunities accounting decisions change earnings figure reported financial statements accounting decisions turn affect earnings influence timing transactions estimates financial reporting example comparatively small change estimates accounts significant effect net income company accounting increase net income times rising prices delaying purchases future periods detecting earnings management earnings management difficult individual investors detect complexity accounting rules accounting researchers proposed methods example research shown firms large weak governance structures likely engaging earnings management recent research suggested based methods detect financial manipulation example studies found subsequent occurred related management earnings conference calls


forward exchange rate forward exchange rate referred forward rate forward price exchange rate bank agrees exchange currency future date enters forward contract investor multinational corporations banks financial institutions enter forward contracts advantage forward rate purposes forward exchange rate determined relationship spot exchange rate differences interest rates countries reflects economic foreign exchange market opportunities eliminated interest rates vary countries condition implies forward rate includes premium reflecting interest rate differential forward exchange rates important theoretical implications future spot exchange rates financial forth hypothesis forward rate accurately future spot rate evidence mixed introduction forward exchange rate rate commercial bank willing commit exchange currency specified future date forward exchange rate type forward price exchange rate negotiated today bank client entering forward contract agreeing buy sell foreign currency future multinational corporations financial institutions use forward market future foreign currency foreign exchange risk forward contract lock forward exchange rate forward contracts typically larger transactions contracts smaller transactions afforded banks forward contracts traded counter versus contracts traded exchange banks typically quote forward rates major months cases quotations greater available years relation covered interest rate covered interest rate condition foreign exchange markets depends availability forward market rearranged forward exchange rate function forward exchange rate depends known spot exchange rate domestic interest rate foreign interest rate effectively means forward rate price forward contract derives value spot contracts addition information available interest rates following equation represents covered interest rate condition investors eliminate exposure foreign exchange risk changes exchange rates use forward contract exchange rate risk effectively covered condition domestic investor earn equal returns investing domestic assets converting currency spot exchange rate investing foreign currency assets country different interest rate exchanging foreign currency domestic currency negotiated forward exchange rate investors indifferent interest rates deposits countries resulting forward exchange rate condition allows opportunities return domestic deposits equal return foreign deposits returns weren use forward contract potential opportunity example investor borrow currency country lower interest rate convert foreign currency today spot exchange rate invest foreign country higher interest rate formula forward exchange rate current spot exchange rate interest rate domestic currency base currency interest rate foreign currency quoted currency equation arranged forward rate formula forward premium results relationship forward spot exchange rates context covered interest rate responsible eliminating market create potential profits opportunities order hold differences interest rates countries forward exchange rate generally differ spot exchange rate condition sustained forward rate said contain premium reflecting interest rate differential countries following demonstrate forward premium calculated forward exchange rate differs premium spot exchange rate formula premium positive negative equation rearranged follows solve forward premium formula practice forward quoted percentage spot exchange rate case necessary account number days delivery following example formula represents maturity given forward exchange rate quote represents number days delivery example month forward premium euro versus dollar days given spot rate quote month forward rate quote formula resulting positive euro trading premium dollar delivery days conversely work example euro terms dollar terms perspective reversed dollar trading euro future spot exchange rates hypothesis hypothesis states given conditions rational expectations risk neutrality forward exchange rate future spot exchange rate introducing foreign exchange risk premium assumption risk neutrality following equation illustrates hypothesis formula formula forward exchange rate time formula expected future spot exchange rate time number periods future time rejection hypothesis recognized puzzle finance researchers evidence forward rate future spot rate mixed researchers published papers demonstrating failure hypothesis conducting analyses realized changes spot exchange rates forward finding negative slope researchers offer numerous failure rationale centers risk neutrality assuming rational expectations foreign exchange risk premium exist account differences forward rate future spot rate following equation represents forward rate equal future spot rate risk premium confused forward premium formula current spot rate introduced equation forward spot differential difference forward rate current spot rate formula eugene concluded large positive difference forward exchange rate current spot exchange rate signal variations time premium component forward spot differential formula forecast expected change spot exchange rate suggested slope difference forward rate future spot rate formula expected change spot rate formula forward spot differential formula different zero imply variations time components forward spot differential premium expected change spot rate findings sought significant body research ultimately finding large expected changes spot rate accounted risk deemed high researchers found hypothesis rejected cases evidence risk varying time cases risk constant failure forward rate hypothesis include considering bias variable explained policy aimed interest rates exchange rates considering economy allowing changes facilitate excess returns forward market researchers contested failures hypothesis sought explain conflicting evidence resulting contaminated data inappropriate selections time length forward contracts demonstrated forward rate serve useful future spot exchange rates average zero onset floating exchange rate regimes 1970s research examining introduction breaks test structural stability spot forward exchange rate time series found evidence support forward rate short long term