flag scotland flag scotland scottish scots banner scotland known andrew cross national flag scotland national flag royal standard scotland correct flag individuals corporate bodies fly possible flown scottish government buildings day sunset certain exceptions according legend christian martyr saint andrew patron saint scotland shaped cross use familiar showing bound shaped cross appears kingdom scotland reign william depicted seals late 13th century including guardians scotland dated simplified symbol depict andrew image latin cross having shape roman began late 14th century june parliament scotland decreed scottish soldiers serving france wear white saint andrew cross identification earliest reference saint andrew cross flag found vienna book hours circa white depicted red background case scotland use blue background saint andrew cross said date 15th century certain illustration flag depicting appearing sir david mount register scottish arms circa legend surrounding scotland association saint andrew cross related walter george claimed flag originated 9th century battle led combined force scots victory angles led supposedly white appeared blue sky troops victory consisting blue background placed white representation shaped cross scotland symbols design term shaped cross old french word derived latin word type constructed cross pieces type cross shaped cord language appear silver white term refer particular shade blue history fabric production natural apply form colour plants including having dozens compounds proportions vary according soil type climate giving rise variations shade case variations shades blue resulted background flag ranging sky blue navy blue incorporated union flag 17th century dark blue applied union flags destined maritime use possibly selected basis darker dark blue shade eventually standard union flags sea land flag manufacturers selected navy blue colour trend union flag leading variety shades blue depicted flag scotland variations shade eventually led calls colour scotland national flag committee scottish parliament met examine petition scottish executive adopt colour standard note blue lighter shade union flag having taken advice number sources including office lord king arms committee recommended shade blue recent versions largely official recommendation web colours flag proportions fixed lord king arms states suitable flag manufacturers adopt alternative including ratio width bars relation width field specified relation shield width flag width ratio rigid specified fifth width field history according legend led army scots battle angles led near modern day east legend states whilst engaged prayer eve battle vowed granted victory appoint saint andrew patron saint scotland andrew appeared night dream assured victory morning battle white clouds forming shape said appeared sky combined force apparent divine intervention took field despite inferior terms numbers victorious having interpreted cloud phenomenon representing saint andrew honoured pre battle pledge duly appointed saint andrew patron saint scotland white set blue background said adopted design flag scotland basis legend earliest use national symbol traced seal guardians scotland material evidence flag opposed appearing object seal dates somewhat later huge standard great michael blue background white set blue background depicted flag scotland earlier example known blue blanket trades edinburgh queen margaret wife james iii shows white blue field case emblem portrayed protocol use scottish government scottish government ruled possible fly buildings day sunset exception united_kingdom national days buildings present shall lowered replaced union flag flag days standard united_kingdom exception merchant navy day september specific flag day scotland red ensign merchant navy flown land place union flag scottish distinction flag days saint andrew day november union flag flown building lowered way union flag single present present flown addition union flag superior position distinction arose members scottish parliament complained scotland country world potential existed citizens country unable fly national flag country national day recent years united_kingdom flown mark andrew day bodies scottish government use flag design basis logo example safer scotland emblem depicts lighthouse shining beams shape blue sky scottish bodies private public similar ways use military institutions land seven british_army infantry battalions scottish division plus scots guards royal scots guards regiments use variety forms combat transport vehicles army units adorned small representation displayed rear vehicle tanks displayed vehicle turret iraq operation subsequent operation seen flown communications whip antenna vehicles belonging units conducted military honours casualties operations iraq plus killed operations afghanistan seen include flag coffin deceased occasions battle hearts minds iraq british_army means distinguishing troops belonging scottish regiments coalition forces hope better relations civilian population area south west baghdad distributed iraqi civilians members black watch depicting troops vehicles set backdrop immediately prior following merger march scotland historic infantry regiments form single royal regiment scotland multi million pound advertising campaign launched scotland attempt attract recruits join reorganised simultaneously scottish infantry recruitment campaign employed form logo words scottish infantry forward placed image duration campaign logo conjunction traditional army recruiting logo words army best placed beneath representation union flag despite multi media campaign having mixed results terms overall success continues appear variety army recruiting media scotland uses army include cap badge design royal regiment scotland consists silver lion rampant representation crown scotland design save crown regimental flag tactical recognition flash royal regiment scotland badge duke squadron army air corps bears scottish horse honour received originated links royal artillery officer training corps units attached universities edinburgh glasgow plus university feature cap badge designs fleet air arm royal_navy adorned aircraft specifically sea king aircraft hms operating search rescue role royal naval air station displayed nose aircraft function transferred royal_navy helicopters acting behalf maritime agency effect january represented form flag city glasgow squadron royal auxiliary air_force uses lion rampant device shown squadron crest station crest raf showed case sword crest raf east fortune east showed sword unlike sword shown inverted station crest raf edinburgh showed eagle head east scotland universities air squadron crest features open book book supported red lions rampant general use scotland planning permission fly required flown time individual company local authority hospital school obtaining planning permission practice enforced case england wales flown planning permission obtained local authorities scotland fly council buildings angus council approved proposal replace council buildings new angus flag based council coat arms led public outcry scotland people signing petition opposing council leading compromise angus flag replace flown alongside council buildings united_kingdom owners vehicles registered great_britain option displaying vehicle registration plate conjunction letters alternatively word scotland royal mail issued series stamps scotland 2nd value stamp depicting flag scotland northern_ireland sections protestant community routinely employ means demonstrating celebrating scots heritage use sea jack courtesy flag observed including jack scottish government marine vessel ferry operator routinely flies jack vessels bow staff including vessels underway practice observed steamer operating clyde practice maritime vessels adopting use jack courtesy flag lead possible confusion closely resembles maritime signal flag mike indicate vessel stopped making way obviously understand signal code understand displayed signal benefit scottish wishing display scottish flag avoiding confusion possible fine campaign launched november seeking official recognition historic scottish red ensign despite having officially pre union royal scots navy merchant marine fleets 18th century flag continues produced flag manufacturers unofficial use private citizens water observed flown horseback queen birthday celebration windsor alongside flags england northern_ireland wales incorporation union flag key components union flag creation appeared forms following flag scotland flag england merged mark union crowns union crowns having occurred years earlier james king scots england ireland death elizabeth england proclamation king james april led creation union flag states king differences arisen subjects south north travelling seas bearing avoiding advice council ordered henceforth subjects isle great members thereof shall main red commonly called george white commonly called andrew according sent published subjects fore subjects south shall red subjects north fore white accustomed strongly form pattern union flag designed college arms approved king james cross saint george saint andrew regarded scotland slight scottish nation great number ship owners scotland took matter john 18th earl encouraged send letter complaint dated august james council scotland stating sacred form send heir estate said sea sacred george seen fall men flag set new indifferent present reserved determination despite drawings described letter showing drafts new patterns royal response complaint accompanied having lost possibly burning parliament evidence exists paper scottish variant scottish cross appears whilst absence evidence contrary design considered unofficial reason believe flags employed 17th century use scottish vessels sea flag design described edition present state universe john junior contains appendix colours flags ships sea belonging princes states world land evidence suggesting use flag appears depiction edinburgh castle john series entitled appearing later editions north east view edinburgh castle depicts use appropriate period version union flag flying castle clock tower reduced view flag similarly detailed appears plan exactly entitled north prospect city detail flag compared aforementioned appears indistinct lacks element resembling reduced version north prospect shown plan exactly display undivided arm suggestive scottish variant april weeks prior acts union coming effect sir henry george king arms presented designs queen anne council consideration flag soon unified kingdom great_britain request scots representatives designs consideration included version union flag showing cross saint andrew identified scots union said scots queen anne council approved sir henry original effort pattern showing cross saint george order union kingdom great_britain kingdom ireland new design included patrick cross adopted flag united_kingdom great_britain ireland manuscript compiled william fox possession flag research center includes plate showing sic union flag addition cross patrick imply insistence scottish variant despite unofficial historic status scottish union flag continues produced flag manufacturers unofficial use private citizens land observed historian david ross called scotland adopt design order reflect separate national identities design union flag remains official flag entire united_kingdom great_britain northern_ireland similar flags flags outside united_kingdom based scottish canada representation flag blue white field combined shield royal arms kingdom scotland forms modern flag province nova_scotia nova_scotia latin new scotland colonial venture kingdom scotland americas dutch municipality named scottish princess saint uses version flag scotland gold castle having sides flag island islands identical scottish flag shade blue theories claim connection flags similarity likely royal standard scotland royal standard scotland known banner king scots commonly lion rampant scotland scottish royal banner arms historically king scots royal standard scotland differs scotland national flag correct use restricted act parliament scotland great officers state officially represent sovereign scotland official capacity royal residences scotland sovereign present gallery


swedish swedish encompasses achievements modern historic sweden swedish style consistent german tradition noted multiple helmets treated shield repetition colours charges shield crest use medieval history countries closely related developed late swedish finnish shared history prior diet danish heavily influenced german unlike highly stylized language english swedish described plain language cases swedish terminology earliest known achievements arms sweden brothers earliest example swedish civic city arms originated city seal seal swedish extensively middle ages instrumental spreading churches local governments institutions forerunner coat arms medieval sweden seals appeared 12th century began adopting arms 13th century peasants took arms 14th century sweden today extensively corporations government offices rights private entities official bodies upheld swedish law order legally registered protected swedish law official coat arms registered swedish patent registration office subject approval national herald bureaucratic board national archives sweden arms common citizens arms strictly controlled recognised inclusion annually published scandinavian roll arms characteristics swedish number characteristics distinguish swedish style european countries common features swedish similar countries germany placing german tradition distinguished british traditions key elements style use multiple helmets displayed separately main shield helmets considered important shield denoting bearer holds right scandinavia distinct german custom number helmets displayed usually turned face outward odd number center helmet turned rest turned outward germany helmets turned inward face center additionally repetitive charges main shield marks typically occur crest shield british use shield common british rare german scandinavia generally limited appear supporters crowns rarely consistent german common charges swedish include lions eagles additional animals frequently appear swedish include especially northern provinces stars common usually depicted points straight sides contrast british tradition typically depicts stars pointed straight sided star pointed sided star swedish stars usually described pointed stars terms swedish described plain terms common swedish language specialized language arms occur terminology english achievements arms usually described specialized uses derivatives french terms swedish achievements arms described relatively plain language swedish terms tending avoid specialized examples include use swedish blue green compared french derived english swedish words silver white white rare different color silver purple lining crowns royal canopy greater national coat arms traditionally purple rarely shield appear shields especially modern arms likewise appears lining greater national coat arms virtually unknown swedish rare scandinavian officers arms middle ages arms sweden granted royal council role turned college prior office national herald responsible preparing municipal arms royal arms sweden today duties carried board national archives including state herald order register new municipal arms municipality submit proposal national archives board renders opinion registration board completed consultation process provided warrant arms arms registered implemented municipality apart municipal arms arms registered counties military government bodies handled national archives board national archives board established swedish statute highest body sweden board chaired national includes officials deputies state herald acts secretary national archives national archives artist board needed recent years twice year national herald died served subsequent national included daniel august adam state reform included jan von state herald sweden swedish arms operating swedish society responsible reviewing registering arms swedish society non profit association founded affiliated national archives board registers arms municipalities public entities national greater national arms originated remained unchanged swedish law legislation state arms sweden prior state arms changed royal decree personal coat arms king sweden decree use personal coat arms members royal house alterations additions decided beginning reign customary sweden display arms ruling dynasty centre greater arms coat arms queen sweden similar greater arms sweden central exchanged personal arms pale shield encircled ribbon dependent cross order lesser coat arms sweden ordered crowned royal emblem government sweden agencies example swedish police uniforms representation consisting crowns ordered considered lesser coat arms usage restricted swedish law act crowns national symbol sweden centuries historians trace use symbol royal seal earlier crowns recognized official arms sweden 14th century earliest credible crowns reigned norway sweden bought denmark written von depicted national banner dark blue charged crowns banner ultimately national flag sweden military swedish military news headlines sweden overseas controversial change arms behest group female soldiers demanded lion removed arms artist national archives critical decision saying time coats arms containing lions given betrayed crown times london noted recent trend pointing lions royal coat arms england lions rampant norway finland belgium scotland depicted conclusion times wrote ambiguous message remains clear lions supposed display courage officials national archives treat change artistic style change lion remains original form rolls national archives lion appears unit sleeve patches battle group coat arms originally designed incorporate elements colours member nations including lion look finnish norwegian swedish unusual armed forces council authorised battle group commander use command sign consisted divided fields blue gold blue roman gold field unit fifth mobilized combat unit european_union swedish army coat arms swedish army consists crossed golden swords blue field motif repeated flag inspector general army blue field single upright golden sword appears flag military region command infrastructure gold crowns swedish navy coat arms swedish navy consists blue field cannons anchor topped crown flags naval commanders including flag inspector general navy senior representative swedish navy combat forces regional sweden counties provinces municipalities coat arms instrument government introduced modern counties sweden medieval counties subject recent reforms occupy broadly similar regions comparative maps counties sweden counties remained largely intact etc retain respective province coat arms lands reflected newly created occupying parts bears arms quarterly royal decree january king oscar granted provinces rights rank display arms lists found article discusses arms regions selected arms considered detail municipal municipalities sweden coat arms local government reform 1960s 1970s cities municipality city arms coat arms new municipality municipalities created time merging smaller communities led cases arms consisting parts derived communities new municipalities lacked historical cities created wholly new coats arms municipalities carry city exceptions traditionally display mural crown coat arms law municipalities mural crown reserved bearing city arms establish city arms stockholm cities sweden establish city arms recently municipality municipalities sweden replace logo newly registered coat arms municipal arms use colors traditions rule applies image legally registered city arms following list historic cities sweden brief list cities notable bear significance context swedish listed city general chronological order approximate year settlement city charter note city arms originated middle ages city seal registered municipality arms 1970s municipal arms following examples represent list swedish municipal arms list municipalities sweden complete listing ecclesiastical church sweden national church state church sweden arms church found displayed 14th century flag discovered cathedral cross crown crown long said represent early church issued press release adopting new interpretation year old coat arms found cathedral calling victory crown christ church sweden parishes coats arms according tradition bishops use arms diocese personal arms place helmet displayed shield removed bishop arms form shield divided pale arms diocese quarters bishop personal arms second fourth cross staff cross archbishop bishop crossed shield bishop uses traditional oval shield woman arms arms designed diocese jan designed arms predecessor woman bishop church sweden personal noble arms noble arms royal municipal protected swedish law 17th 18th century nobility fought ban arms result compromise granted nobility exclusive right barred open helmets supporters town law stated arms accepted forbidden denotes baron arms sweden ancient nobility right crown tradition typically includes barred helmets wearing placed shield arms feature helmets baron uses supporters swedish count bears barred helmets crowned showing leaves supporters usually present arms swedish counts late 17th century began greater coat arms sweden pictured place traditional practice untitled nobility granted noble status letters patent bore barred helm showing leaves earliest known achievements sweden noble arms brothers family dating noble arms adopted civic areas influence adoption arms grip direct adoption arms disputed certain influence charter nobility sweden issued king swedish explorer charter constitution mention charters nobility royal orders state including order conferred according special ordinance house nobility lost official privileges arms middle ages sweden primarily domain high nobility arms came sweden 14th century way trade especially true stockholm large german population arms popular merchants middle ages 16th 17th century use common non noble officers judges priests merchants tended tradition seals replace owner marks contrast noble arms arms allowed shield closed helmet necklace crest placed helmet motto war cry unlike noble arms arms handed generations arms required registered protected swedish law according swedish society common way obtaining recognition arms inclusion annually published scandinavian roll arms published currently includes swedish family coats arms arms scandinavian countries submission swedish society arms reviewed swedish arms decisions published scandinavian roll arms approximately arms known today sweden swedish law protects arms nobility civic bodies arms protected registered crowns helmets swedish


national symbols pakistan pakistan official national symbols including historic document flag emblem anthem memorial tower national heroes symbols adopted stages existence pakistan rules regulations governing definition use oldest symbol resolution adopted india muslim league march presented official demand creation separate country muslims india pakistan memorial tower built site resolution passed national flag adopted independence achieved august national anthem state emblem adopted symbols including national animal bird flower tree resolution pakistan resolution known pakistan resolution formal political statement adopted india muslim league occasion day general session march park park resolution called greater muslim autonomy british india largely interpreted demand separate muslim state idea separate state indian muslims suggested muhammad pakistan proposed ali pakistan declaration pamphlet initially muhammad ali leaders favour hindu muslim unity volatile political climate religious hostilities 1930s idea appealing speech criticised indian national congress nationalist muslims espoused nation theory reasons demand separate muslim khan chief minister drafted original resolution final version followed endless subject committee muslim league text rejected concept united india increasing inter communal violence recommended creation independent muslim state resolution moved general session chief minister supported leaders principle text resolution passed march muslim league constitution formed basis struggle muslim league separate muslim state statement declared constitutional plan acceptable muslims geographical units regions constituted territorial necessary areas muslims numerically majority north western eastern zones india grouped constitute independent states constituent units shall autonomous sovereign adequate effective mandatory shall specifically provided constitution minorities units regions protection religious cultural economic political administrative rights minorities consultation arrangements security muslims minority pakistan tower pakistan metre tall concrete park built site muslim league passed resolution demanding creation pakistan pakistan celebrates day national holiday year pakistan day day country islamic republic world designed muhammad khan built company base tower raised metres ground metres form sculpted flower like base point rises base platform shaped like pointed star crescent shaped pools constructed reinforced concrete floors walls rendered stone marble national flag national flag designed muhammad ali founder pakistan based original flag muslim league adopted constituent assembly august days independence flag referred national anthem lit flag crescent star flag comprises dark green field representing muslim majority pakistan vertical white stripe representing religious minorities centre white crescent moon representing progress white pointed star representing light knowledge flag pakistan commitment islam islamic world rights religious minorities flag flown important days year including republic day independence day flag flown residences motor vehicles public officials including president prime minister national anthem national anthem pakistan played event involving flag example republic day march independence day august constituent assembly adopted national anthem time pakistan independent flag hoisted independence ceremony accompanied song pakistan muhammad ali asked based hindu writer write national anthem pakistan promote secular pakistan anthem written quickly approved played radio pakistan work remained pakistan national anthem eighteen months national anthem committee formed difficulty finding suitable music lyrics impending state visit iran resulted hasty adoption stanza composition initially performed lyrics prime minister ali khan august approved playing visit anthem officially adopted august national anthem committee eventually approved lyrics written new national anthem played properly radio pakistan august official approval announced ministry information broadcasting august followed performance national anthem involving major singers pakistan including state emblem state emblem adopted pakistan ideological foundation basis economy cultural heritage guiding principles components emblem crescent star crest shield surrounded crest green colour emblem traditional symbols islam shield centre shows cotton wheat tea major crops pakistan independence agricultural base economy floral surrounding shield represents floral designs traditional art emphasizes cultural heritage pakistan nation motto supporting shield contains muhammad ali motto reads right left translated faith unity discipline intended guiding principles pakistan symbols


flag ohio ohio official flag state ohio ohio flag non rectangular state flag red white blue elements symbolize state natural features order admission union prominent disc flag triangular suggestive state flag designed john pan american exposition adopted nearly century ohio legally authorized state flag unsuccessful proposal called design based state seal ohio adopted official salute flag step procedure folding ohio flag influenced number municipal flags state scarlet colored gubernatorial flag based state seal design ohio_state flag design defined ohio revised code section flag state shall shaped shall red white horizontal stripes represent roads waterways state union flag shall seventeen pointed stars white blue triangular field represents state hills valleys base shall staff end vertical edge flag apex shall center middle red stripe stars shall grouped red disc superimposed white circular thirteen stars grouped represent original states united_states stars added peak triangle symbolize ohio seventeenth state admitted union represents ohio suggests state nickname state proportional dimensions flag parts shall according official design file office secretary state addition resembling letter flag represents original territory ohio northwest territory ohio flag non rectangular state flag rare example non civil flag known example flag according whitney smith loosely based cavalry flags civil war spanish american war flag officially defined typically maritime flags shape lack text mirror symmetry allow flown hung affecting account flag uncommon shape foreign manufacturers occasionally set entire design white rectangular field history nearly century ohio legally authorized state flag state militia carried regimental colors based stars stripes addition large eagle number regiment prescribed number stars arsenal flag early 1850s expressed interest adopting state flag states late david wood henry devised flag consisting state seal white field flown ohio_state arsenal columbus hopes someday state flag january banquet organized columbus union local future president james gave speech defending national flag flag ohio soldiers march battle generals attendance moved set aside proposal stars stripes place later year wood joined fellow battle star union flag serve inspiration state banner decades later cleveland architect john commissioned design exhibition hall state pan american exposition buffalo new_york developed distinctive flag fly corner ohio building wool flags officially represented ohio pan american exposition commission state july governor george nash visited exposition presented flags held ohio history connection collections secured design patent design described triangular swallow tailed flag corresponding shape generally known cavalry broad pennant state representative william member ohio pan american exposition commission introduced house bill designating design official flag law making 20th state flag banner assigned patent term half years state ohio april design seal design nearly universal state flags press looked overseas layout likened flag cuba philippines red white derided similarity sun japanese flag initially ohio flag seldom prevailing opinion stars stripes hold monopoly patriotic displays similar sentiment hindered adoption municipal flags cleveland cincinnati extent mere banners promotional purposes reported state politicians governor nash displayed century following adoption gained significant popularity flown state frequently residents businesses north american association surveyed members best design official flags states territories canadian provinces ohio ranked 15th usage salute ohio general_assembly commemorated 100th anniversary state flag adoption adopting salute flag recited pledge allegiance salute flag state ohio pledge state respect loyalty folding flag method folding flag ohio created alex ohio boy scout eagle scout service project requires people procedure passed ohio general_assembly house bill signed law governor bob february general_assembly establishes recommended procedure folding state flag people procedure follows flag fold flag half points flag aligned fold flag half second time form long strip red disc facing ground fold pointed end form steps starting end formed fold pointed end fold inches flag flag foot foot fly appropriate width fold flag different size repeat total fourteen times alternating fan like manner result total seventeen ohio seventeenth state admitted union finally wrap remaining length flag fan form compact ohio state designated folding procedure flag ohio procedure takes special importance flag irregular shape flag arkansas described procedure challenge ohio flag regularly flown football games ohio_state university marching band row percussion section row mascot columbus blue jackets logo cincinnati fan flag based state flag number municipalities counties ohio adopted based state city mentor adams county flags essentially replace seal modify pattern stars triangular union flag governor flag governor ohio consists great seal ohio encircled white stars scarlet field point star corner like state flag stars total adjutant general office adopted design represent governor official occasions flag hangs center library memorial 32nd ohio governor 19th president design officially recognized general_assembly effective october shall white star corners scarlet background official seal state ohio center surrounded thirteen white stars proportional dimensions flag parts shall according design approved adjutant general accordance governor flag adjutant general office thirty years september flag defined greater detail flag governor state scarlet wool feet inches feet inches fly corners white pointed star point upward centers stars inches long edges seventeen inches short edges flag center flag reproduction great seal ohio proper colors feet diameter surrounded thirteen white stars equally spaced centers imaginary circle feet inches diameter stars shall size points lie imaginary circle inches diameter ohio revised code smaller versions design governor naval flag automobile flag


lion sun lion sun persian main iran element iran national flag motif illustrates ancient modern iranian traditions popular symbol iran 12th century lion sun symbol based largely astronomical configurations ancient sign sun house leo traced near eastern traditions motif historical meanings scientific secular motif symbol kings associated islam era lion sun stood pillars society state islamic religion national emblem era 19th century european visitors court attributed lion sun remote antiquity acquired interpretation reign fat ali successors form motif substantially changed crown placed symbol represent monarchy beginning reign fat ali islamic aspect monarchy emphasized shift affected symbolism emblem meaning symbol changed times era revolution lion interpreted metaphor ali heroes iran ready protect country enemies ancient meaning symbol sun alternately interpreted symbol king mythical king iran historical meanings emblem provided rich ground competing symbols iranian identity 20th century politicians scholars suggested emblem replaced symbols emblem remained official symbol iran revolution lion sun symbol removed public spaces government organizations replaced present day coat arms iran origin lion sun motif based largely astronomical configurations ancient sign sun house leo symbol combines ancient iranian arab traditions popular symbol 12th century according lion sun motif unique success icons signifying modern iranian identity symbol influenced significant historical cultures iran brings jewish iranian symbolism semitic roots according combination sun lion coat arms iran islamic lion house sun notion ancient origin ancient times close connection sun gods lion lore known sun maximum strength july august house lion reviews ancient near eastern tradition sun gods closely connected concludes persian solar lion day coat arms iran evidently derived ancient near eastern sun god example notes syria lion symbol sun palestine lion slayer hero son great semitic god sun lion slayer originally lion example great semitic solar portrayed lion symbolism observed ancient egypt temple great called lion sun lion rises northern sky brilliant god bears sun according iranian imperial coat arms predecessor based largely astronomical configurations leo contains stars ones leo fiction ignorant skies owes existence false interpretations arbitrary changes older star names impossible determine exactly origin interpretation stars observed heavenly hierarchy kings sign leo lion king animal kingdom place summer occurs symbol victory sun jesus called lion islamic traditions ali ibn called lion god muslims uncle islamic prophet muhammad called lion god iranian background male sun associated iranian royalty iranian tradition recalls golden sun emblem greek historians classical antiquity known crystal image sun adorned royal tent iii banner adorned sun standards red ball sun byzantine chronicler records letter persian king sun east addressed roman moon west king recalled saying heard wise men moon rises harmed sun sun imagined male banners figure male replaces symbol sun male figure accompanies sun similarly lion close association iranian throne decorations kings lion motifs crown half persian king adorned lion inscription breast armour king decorated lions iranian word king pronounced word lion islamic turkish influences stressed symbolic association lion royalty earliest evidence use lion standard comes noted feudal house presumably family times adopted golden lion devices islamic roots islamic traditions stressed symbolic association lion royalty lion sun motif cultures reaffirmed charismatic power sun introduced sun especially sunrise lion probably represented frequently animal forms lion meaning merely decorative symbolic meaning popular forms lion explicitly form including persian coat arms lion sun animal coat arms representations history persian vast literary archaeological evidence ancient sign sun house leo popular figure 12th century origin suggests lion sun flags coins times merely signs royalty lion sun symbol appears 12th century notably sultan probably ruler power notion sun symbol georgian wife king myth issue sun rests lions rampant tails issues sun appears male bust chief occurrences 14th century usage include early 13th century tile steel mirror syria egypt ruined 14th century bridge near baghdad coins 13th century bronze palace museum female faces rests lion tail ends winged monster use lion sun symbol flag attested miniature painting illustrating copy din epic conquest dated painting depicts horsemen approaching walled city horsemen carries banner bears lion rising sun pole tipped crescent moon time subsequent unification iran single state lion sun familiar sign appearing copper coins banners works art lion sun motif banners india notably dynasty times lion sun stood pillars society state religion clear banners employed rule especially earlier kings time lion sun symbol popular persia according interpretation symbol based combination histories tales stories islamic sources roles king holy man double meaning associated iranian kings males key people mythical founder ancient persian kingdom ali affiliated sun ali affiliated lion suggest association originally based learned interpretation references sun iran moon roman byzantine king moon west iranian section ottoman new adopted moon crescent ultimately national emblem persia needed national emblem chose lion sun motif sun important meanings sense time organized solar system distinct arab islamic lunar system meaning sense sun linked leo house sun sign lion sun condensed double meaning king holy man ali sign sun house leo brought cosmic pair king seeking interpretation lion sun motif suggests lion sun glory religion substitute ancient reintroduced ancient concept god given glory light islamic iran prophet ali credited possession divine light lights leadership represented halo attributed qualities ali sought king fourth mother royal house royal seal lion sun motif seal sun bears word arabic earth god swords khan gold inscriptions refer lion pointing relationship sign leo record motif lion sun symbol soldier islamic iranian interpretation earliest known lion sun symbol occasion coronation coin bears new king underneath sun ali underneath lion belly names invoked coin suggest motif stands king sun religion lion sovereignty period emblem found jewish marriage certificates mourning banners interpretation reign second fat ali observe beginning shift political culture concept rule islamic component ruler emphasized completely shift archaeological surveys europeans iran introduction past glorious pre islamic history iran fat ali tried affiliate sovereignty glorious years pre islamic iran literary evidence documents time suggest sun lion sun motif symbol king metaphor referring mythical hero iran fact lion symbol lion received interpretation lion symbol heroes iran ready protect country enemies fat ali addresses meanings signs poems time sun throne constructed imperial throne persia 19th century european visitors court attributed lion sun remote antiquity prompted interpretation decree published stated sovereign state emblem established august state persia order lion sun use ensign nearly thousand years old dating age reason currency follows religion sun considered things universe followed rationale having selecting selected sun house leo emblem august state persia decree claims use order lion sun existed pre islamic iran worship sun abolished muslims suggests decree native political considerations historical facts mixed curious arguments time lion sun symbol stood state monarchy nation iran associated pre islamic history order lion sun imperial order lion sun instituted fat ali dynasty honour foreign officials later extended rendered distinguished services persia substantial changes motif change second king motif time lion african lion longer bigger body compared persian lion suggests modification influenced contact europeans according lion decorated iranian flags time end ali reign combined lion representing ali given ali according occasionally come lion sun sword lion crown period decree states lion stand bear explicitly stands military prowess state crown added symbol royalty particular monarch decree states emblem national royal state emblem iran period lion depicted masculine sun female time sun male female lion represented friendly subdued seated animal crown lion sun configuration consolidated association symbol monarchy sun lost importance icon crown primary symbol monarchy din varied seated lions standing sword bearing lions february decree order issued din persian constitutional revolution fifth amendment constitution lion sun motif flag iran described lion holds sun background decree dated september specified exact details logo including lion tail like position size lion sword sun observes parallel symbolism wall produced lion sun khan khan successful coup sun protected lion hero protect sun female facial features removed sun portrayed merely rays military contexts crown added motif adopted lion sun emblem replaced crown crown reintroduced persian symbolism motif discussed persian traditions lion symbol symbol heroism historical meanings emblem provide solid ground power national emblem iran provided rich ground competing symbols iranian identity important campaign abolish emblem initiated report prepared request iranian embassy london insisted lion sun origin recommended government replaces attributed national historical story lion sun emblem connection ancient pre islamic history evidence designed created rid remnant turkish people adopt flag mythical suggestion ignored symbol challenged world war publishing newspaper berlin newspaper argued lion sun iranian origin ancient people assume insisted lion sun replaced iranian symbol revolution lion sun remained official emblem iran revolution lion sun symbol decree removed public spaces government organizations replaced present day coat arms iran islamic revolution lion sun symbol allegedly resembled oppressive monarchy replaced despite fact symbol old meanings lion associated ali present day lion sun emblem segment iranian community exile symbol opposition islamic republic exiled opposition groups including people continue use lion sun emblem los_angeles cities large iranian communities lion sun emblem largely iranian flags extent far display years monarchy homeland international recognition lion sun officially recognized currently unused emblem international red_cross red crescent movement red lion sun society iran admitted international red_cross red crescent movement september newly proclaimed islamic republic iran replaced red lion sun red crescent consistent muslim nations red lion sun fallen iran past reserved right time geneva conventions continue recognize official emblem status confirmed protocol iii added red crystal literature short story titled lion sun story mayor long receiving persian order lion sun gallery non iranian variants


flag italy flag italy referred italian featuring equally sized vertical green white red green current form use june formally adopted january entity use italian republic supplanted milan napoleon victorious army crossed italy colours chosen republic red white colours recently conquered flag milan green colour uniform civic guard time small french inspiration supplanted ancient absolute italian states variants colour flags characterised bands equal size clearly inspired french model attributed particular values colours common interpretation green represents country plains hills white snow capped alps red blood wars italian independence religious interpretation green represents hope white represents faith red represents charity references theological virtues napoleonic era reportedly time november worn group students university lead attempted plot popular riot catholic government city papal states time law students defined patriots wore signal revolutionary ideals modified distinguish french chosen colours white red colours flag scholars contend green added event effect agree actually colours myth created year later colours commemorating riots reportedly presented milan decided banners colours carried milan civic guard legion national_guard official italian adopted january parliament republic proposal deputy decreed universal standard flag colours green white red probably carried banners red white flag milan green uniform civic guard colours later adopted banners formed soldiers coming flag horizontal square red heart white emblem composed laurel decorated trophy arms arrows representing provinces formed republic republic republic vertical italian merged republic adopted vertical square badge flag maintained renamed napoleonic italian republic new flag adopted time red field carrying green square white independent republic came french influence adopted flag horizontal green lasted napoleon installed sister princess affair commemorated opening leo war peace year napoleon crowned french emperor italian republic transformed napoleonic kingdom italy direct rule flag kingdom italy republic rectangular form charged golden napoleonic eagle remained use napoleon kingdom italy sequence events led independence unification italy rome known united rest italy respectively period italian history known resurgence period symbol united efforts italian people freedom independence italian coat arms adopted war flag kingdom army proclamation venetian people charles albert said order clearly exterior signs commitment italian unification want troops shield placed italian flag arms cross mixed white flag blue colour conform rule rectangular civil state variants adopted year grand constitutional dropped austrian flag austria great coat arms favour italian simplified arms worthy note arms bear red white red flag austria opponent italian unification officially ceased exist joined form united provinces central italy annexed kingdom following year flag constitutional kingdom white field charged coats arms modified ferdinand addition red green border flag lasted april provisional government sicily lasted january adopted italian year kingdom revolted austrian empire days milan forming provisional government march provisional government venice called republic san day later flags adopted marked link italian independence unification efforts italian charged winged lion mark flag republic white lasted august respectively new roman republic adopted italian sent venice bearing legend red capital letters lasted months papal states church flag kingdom modified italian house coat arms adopted june lasted march incorporated kingdom italy defeat expedition thousand led april flag kingdom declared flag newly formed kingdom italy italian royal house national flag lasted form years birth italian republic fascist regime fascist government attempted italian national flag redesigned having symbol fascist movement included flag attempt fascist government change italian flag incorporate stopped strong opposition proposal italian fascist government raised national flag fascist black flag public ceremonies italian social republic civil state flag short lived fascist state northern italy italian social republic republic commonly known identical flag modern italian republic rarely seen war flag charged silver black eagle horizontally placed literally common propaganda italian derived power authority ancient rome roman carried eagle april known government fell italian social republic existed slightly half years italian republic italian adopted current form january republican constitution end reign house article italian constitution approved constituent assembly december states flag republic italian green white red vertical bands equal dimensions universally adopted ratio war flag squared bearing coat arms italian naval ensign comprises national flag arms marina marina private citizens sea use civil ensign absence mural crown lion holding open gospel bearing inscription instead sword shield symbolic great italy venice represented lion left genoa right left represented respective crosses crown proposed admiral acknowledge navy origins ancient rome state ensign created specifically non military vessels engaged non commercial government service italian national coat arms italian air_force concentric rings colours aircraft marking substituted encircled officially known demonstration team presidential standard president italian republic official standard current version based square flag napoleonic italian republic field blue charged coat arms gold prior field solid blue current coat arms accurately called emblem designed conform traditional rules adopted place royal arms republic proclaimed national flag adopted distinguishing flag head state place royal standard initiative ministry defence project prepared adopt distinct flag opportunity suggested natural solution italian coat arms conditions poor visibility easily mistaken standard president united_states mexico country national flag standard kept custody commander war flag assigned regiment italian constitution provision vice president separate insignia president senate exercise duties acting head state article created white square blue field charged arms republic silver distinguishing insignia presidents republic created style presidential standard honour president republic adopted personal standard consisting blue field yellow border abolished firstly adopted similar standard office prime minister time coat arms proper darker blue field double yellow border january declared del intended celebration public holiday protocol law implementing article constitution following italy membership european_union lays general provisions governing use display flag italian republic flag european_union territory international conventions flying flag protocol adopted large number countries similarities suggest lines commonly accepted practice general areas exposure identified national international events cases generally followed practice national flags displayed group equal size hoisted equal height separate ropes fixed flag flown sunrise sunset case bad weather exhibition night permitted provided adequately illuminated flag raised lowered treated dignity allowed touch ground water vertical identical horizontal flag rotated degrees displayed alongside flags national flag takes position honour raised lowered national flags arranged order flags appear national flag placed right left observer display flags line national flag occupies central position european flag flown government buildings daily basis presence foreign visitor belonging member state takes precedence italian flag sign mourning flags flown externally shall lowered half mast black attached displayed traditionally flag decorated golden fringe surrounding perimeter matching system years service authentic colours italian specified government later amended hot debate chosen shades official textile colours defined law rendered values colour spaces approach criticised fundamental error applies flags produced fabric materials produce results obtained sample kept state ceremonial department presidency council ministers italian diplomatic mission abroad given superficial similarities flags italian flag mexican flag compared time italian actually uses lighter shades green red importantly different aspect italian flag aspect ratio mexican flag aspect ratio results elongated rectangular shape italy republic mexican naval ensign plain reason demand international naval authorities italy adopt sole national flag similar france wished given possible french flag italy similar flags similar origins italian particularly similar flag ireland green white orange tone similar red italian flag different proportions flag colours orange white green reversed proportions confusion exist italian particularly vertically flag hungary colours positioned horizontally red


flag china flag people republic china simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin red field charged upper corner nearest golden stars design features large star smaller stars set fly flag pole red represents communist revolution stars relationship represent unity chinese people leadership communist_party china flag referred star red flag simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin flag designed citizen designed response circular distributed preparatory committee new political conference chinese pinyin july shortly came power following chinese civil war design competition received entries design pool finalists meetings slight modifications design chosen national flag flag hoisted people liberation army pole overlooking beijing square october ceremony announcing founding people republic flags people republic china use red background symbolize revolution conjunction symbols flag people liberation army uses gold star chinese characters august date founding flag communist_party china replaces stars party emblem government regulations cities provinces china flags sub national flags exist hong_kong special administrative regions despite cities adopted flags law passed cities adopted flags march march respectively implies law repealed enforced history design july sixth working group preparatory committee new political conference created notice submit designs national flag changes notice published papers people daily liberation news news daily daily daily daily period july list requirements national flag posted notice chinese characteristics geography history culture etc power characteristics people democratic government led working class based worker peasant alliance shape rectangular length breadth ratio colour mainly bright red early draft notice colour dark red changed bright red working shanghai time announcement came wanted create flag design express patriotic enthusiasm new country middle july sat attic multiple nights come designs inspiration current design comes stars shining night sky thought chinese longing stars longing moon shows later realized great chinese people represented larger star idea small stars came people democratic dictatorship speech defined chinese people consisting social classes yellow implies china belongs chinese people yellow race working details placement stars sizes tried stars center believed heavy dull sent stars field red design committee middle august august total designs sent flag committee included input committee members tan august designs viewed beijing hotel list designs collected book named reference national flag designs book submitted newly established chinese people political conference discussion design wasn included han nominated morning september representatives discussed national flags came conclusion didn like symbolism attached smaller stars said shouldn include design liked giant golden star corner red flag charged golden horizontal bar design strongly opposed golden bar tearing apart revolution country night recommended design satisfied asked larger copy design tan gave advice power characteristics important chinese geography characteristics need insist golden bar stands yellow river days later meeting office flag persuaded adopt design slight modifications according earlier discussions beijing hotel hammer original design removed similar flag soviet_union september modified design selected unanimously session changed flag star red flag september new flag published people daily design copied local authorities flag officially unveiled beijing square october formal announcement founding people republic china flag flown square finished task september hard time believing design picked missing hammer giant star officially congratulated general office people government designer flag received million work rejected alternate designs star red flag rejected proposed designs symbolism according current government interpretation flag red background revolution golden colours red background stars relationship represents unity chinese people leadership communist_party china orientation stars shows unity center original description flag larger star communist_party china smaller stars surround big star symbolize social classes working class urban national chinese people mentioned people democratic dictatorship stars formed represent territory china including outer shaped like leaf stated stars flag represent largest ethnic groups generally regarded erroneous races union flag government republic china different coloured stripes represented han construction details sizes colours construction sheet national flag published september order session chinese people political conference flag split sections flag grid units center biggest star placed units units flag diameter biggest star circle units smaller stars centered units flag units second centered units flag units centered seven units flag units fourth centered units flag units diameter small star circle units points smaller stars rotated point center point larger star information found document national flag released administration china law national flag mentions possible sizes national flag according article law national flag people governments provinces autonomous regions municipalities directly central government directed authorize companies copy national flag colours colours national flag regulated document standard colour sample national flag released administration china colours standard standard system regulations current law national flag passed 14th meeting standing committee seventh national people congress june enforced starting october main point law set regulations chinese flag looks like flown flown law stresses national flag symbol people republic china shall respect care national flag folding flag fold horizontally center repeat fold horizontally center fold vertically center flag repeat fold vertically center flag repeat fold vertically center flag historical flags flags special administrative regions people republic china order passed central committee general office general office state council cities provinces longer allowed adopt symbols hong_kong special administrative regions china special flags precise use flags regulated laws passed national people congress regional flag hong_kong special administrative region features stylized white flower center red field red star stars demonstrate hong_kong residents love overall flag design signifies link established post colonial hong_kong china demonstrating country systems political principle applied region flag hong_kong adopted february august received formal approval preparatory committee group advised people republic china hong_kong transfer sovereignty united_kingdom flag officially hoisted july ceremony marking transfer sovereignty regional flag special administrative region green lotus flower stylized image governor bridge water white beneath arc gold pointed stars large star center arc smaller ones lotus chosen floral emblem governor bridge bridge linking peninsula island bridge recognizable landmarks territory water beneath lotus bridge symbolize position port role played territory pointed stars echo design national flag relationship mother country design chosen january committee drafting basic law formally adopted preparatory committee january flag officially hoisted december ceremony marking transfer sovereignty military flags flags people liberation army main feature flags golden star left corner chinese characters right star placed red background characters literally pay homage events august 8th month 1st day created communist_party start rebellion government main flag created june decree issued flag ratio white sleeve measuring flag length ceremonies flag golden fringe placed pole gold red spiral stripes topped golden red branch ground forces navy air_force flags use order flags branches defined flags flag occupied colours branches flag ground forces forest green bar naval ensign stripes blue white air_force uses sky blue bar rocket force uses yellow bar forest green represents earth blue white stripes represent seas sky blue represents air yellow represents missile launching organizational flags communist_party china founded sections party flags based producing designs patterns current flag created april date central committee political bureau issued decree announcing flag pattern follow design defined constitution flag red background charged emblem gold left corner flag ratio defined units size emblem units square placed units away units away flag flag communist youth league china adopted design flag consists group emblem gold star surrounded ring gold charged red field construction flag consists making portion flag eighteen units placing emblem middle radius emblem units flags young pioneers china flag large detachments length flag centimeters width centimeters golden badge young pioneers placed center flag medium detachment modified flag flag length centimeters width centimeters centimeter triangle cut fly edge flag golden emblem shifted closer


flag ecuador flag ecuador consists horizontal bands yellow double width blue red adopted law later september design current flag finalized addition coat arms center flag yellow blue red ecuador white blue flags contained stars province country design flag similar colombia venezuela constituent territories colombia based proposal general francisco adopted venezuela later colombia modifications variant flag contain coat arms merchant marine flag matches colombia aspect colombia uses different design merchant marine ships sail design national communication issued regulations describing applications proportions national flag coat arms national symbols november national flag length meters width ratio field split horizontal colored bands yellow band half flag width blue band quarter width red band quarter width bands extend length flag flag charged coat arms scaled half width flag centered field coat arms constructed proportions national standard design national flag square length width military units organizations lettering coat arms diameter centimeters lettering height width gold colored roman font gold thread regulated size table flag flag wide long manufacturing national flag sellers public include company year manufacture placing tag reverse flag sleeve coat arms background oval shield mountain river originating base represents highest mountain ecuador range river named ship built steamship built ecuador south_america service october ship features representing trade economy kind mast wings surrounding pole snakes golden sun surrounded signs cancer representing months march july symbolize duration march revolution ousted general juan shield stretches wings symbolize power greatness strength ecuador represents idea ready attack enemy shield flanked national flags laurel left represents victories republic palm leaf right symbol fight independence liberty shield represents republican dignity final design coat arms completed specifications issued military coat arms colors flag colors yellow blue red national flag sky blue green grey silver gold piece instruction draw coat arms followed color drawing black white drawing arms size specifications laid coat arms national flag symbolism ascribed colours chose flag von theory primary colours letter written count described late night conversation party germany winter fascinated account exploits american revolutionary war travels americas europe told destiny create land place primary colours distorted proceeded clarify meant time yellow blue red flag flown ship trying face spanish forces coast haiti colors modern flag evolved flag nation colombia encompassed territories modern day ecuador colombia venezuela colors following meanings yellow crops fertile soil blue ocean clear skies red blood heroes died freedom history territory ecuador conquered spanish empire flew newly founded city calls independence spanish crown came august plain red flag flown rebels independence movement defeated november hands spanish officer juan october new flag blue white horizontal alternating stripes white stars middle stripe raised time stars represent flag later adopted province assuming power days battle september yellow blue red returned use september commemorated ecuador national flag day previously vertical white blue white flag middle blue stripe white stars placed number provinces ecuador highest star total seven flag abandoned flag definitive national standard charged coat arms official national government use plain flag reserved merchant marine pledge hymn students military cadets ecuador required pledge flag known pledge flag pledge usually stated national holiday important school functions patriotic song called hymn flag flag retirement ceremonies variants according decree signed law december official designs national flag article established national banner yellow stripe doubling size blue red stripes article establishes national flag charged coat arms directed military government offices diplomatic agents outside ecuador law establishes flag coat arms state flag civilian population flag restriction stated article merchant marine restricted flag coat arms civil flag practiced south american countries peru argentina unlike ecuador south american countries forbade civilian population national flag coat arms case argentina national flag charged sun middle peru usage state flag government bodies institutions reserves plain flags national celebrations directed law practice flag coat arms place plain flag especially important distinguish flag colombia case merchant marine ships sea national flag charged red blue oval white star center city governments article decree national flag coat arms special flag created city governments use plain national flag charged white stars placed circle pattern number white stars correspond number provinces ecuador flag identical venezuela flag similar venezuela current flag stars semi circle pattern derivatives uses national flag flag placed ecuador flag shown stripes rest flag colored olive green use ecuador flag described government unity olive green represents progress province adopted flag copied design national flag creator flag honor admiration homeland province chose flag copied design national flag coat arms modification performed white strip blue yellow resemblance flags flags ecuador colombia venezuela trace roots flag nation colombia short lived republic encompassed territories flag turn inspired flag republic venezuela independent government nation flag republic modeled created earlier general francisco attempts gain independence flew port santa venezuela flag shares similarity flags colombia venezuela flags use yellow blue red similarities end decree passed colombia ratio stripes set flag ratio set similar present ecuador flag coat arms changed middle flag government officials military forces venezuela basic design strips vertically unlike colombia ecuador venezuela decided change flag white stars instead coat arms coat arms added national flag changed add star alter coat arms position coat arms flag differs ecuador colombia placing arms left flag instead center provincial flags legislation


flag flag republic adopted assembly immediately following declaration independence republic serbia february flag result international design competition organised united_nations backed unity team attracted thousand entries design variant proposal designed shows white stars arc golden map blue field stars major ethnic groups declaration independence administration united_nations flag official purposes serbian populations national flags socialist yugoslavia period serbs use red blue white forms basis current flag serbia population flag albania 1960s flag flags seen design use flag blue background charged map stars stars officially meant major ethnic groups serbs turks grouped unofficially stars said represent regions according ultra nationalist ideology greater albania albania western parts republic macedonia parts northern greece parts montenegro valley southern serbia flag resembles bosnia terms colors shapes white stars yellow shape country blue field flag unusual national flags map design element flag cyprus ratio flag announced contest passage diplomatic protocol law april ratio set numbers colors construction flag defined official government document colors flag unofficial values flag manually extracted use flag regulated law law use state symbols serbian government objects use flag international meetings gatherings colours sizes use flags use flag flag use serbian flag serbia recognise considers united_nations governed entity sovereign territory autonomous province serbian according constitution serbia months declaration independence serbian flag seen official government buildings officially replaced government serbian flags global protests independence seen majority areas north person sentenced panel judges november hatred raising serbian flag mosque southern charges attempted aggravated murder police officer independence flag different periods history different flags flown flags legally fly autonomous province yugoslavia serbia nationalist flag flown serbian croatian person prison population able use flag national flag flag charged red star common symbol yugoslav nation requirement flag people socialist republic albania time red star outlined gold double headed eagle later different use national flags accordance legislation death yugoslav leader breakup yugoslavia calls flag banned residents want live foreign flag sentiment culminated petition called items greater status serbia removal symbols serbian began remove red star yugoslav flag protests population promote greater serbia administration united_nations flag flown flag population flag flag public buildings regulations regulations stated flag authorised flags like cities fly public buildings flag serbian flag according regulations practice flag albania present period competition new flag competition new flag held june received entries terms talks symbols reflect multi ethnic nature avoiding use serbian double headed eagles use solely red black red blue white color schemes red black colours flag red blue white main colours serbian flag additionally entries rectangular proportion symbols commission eventually selected designs voted assembly thirds majority required approval independence declared status talks proposals selected assembly february proposals final choice blue field white map surrounded stars stars vary size represent different ethnic groups reside largest star represent ethnic vertical black white red vertical black white red spiral symbol rotating sun centre white stripe assembly voted february use variant proposal modified version additional star makes stars equal size switches colours stars map makes map bigger arranges stars curve map proposals president introduced flag october flag blue inscribed red disc golden ring inside red disc eagle eagle holding ribbon legend inscribed ancient region general area officially recognised international power flag gain popularity occasionally cultural sports events period funeral cover coffin unofficial presidential standard political parties democratic league democratic league prior declaration independence displayed flag featuring map blue yellow background similar flag bosnia


flag south_africa flag south_africa flag union south_africa successor state republic south_africa territory south west_africa based dutch prince flag contained flag united_kingdom flag orange free state flag south african republic centre nicknamed orange white blue adopted act parliament majority government replaced current flag south_africa commencement republic transitional constitution end flag centre controversy people viewing symbol history heritage view symbol white supremacy adoption flag official status union south_africa united_kingdom union jack south_africa british_empire south african red ensign unofficial flag discussion rose creating new flag south_africa descendants found union jack unacceptable boer war declaration granted south_africa status new flag represent british settlers wanted union jack new flag british_empire compromise reached new flag consist prince flag flag raised south_africa badge union jack centre flags orange free state south african republic union jack mirrored new flag right precedence majority parliament south_africa passed union flag act stated union jack new flag union south_africa equal status flag south_africa act came force flags raised houses parliament cape_town union buildings dual status ended passing flags amendment act declared sole flag south_africa act declaring die stem van country sole anthem dropping god save queen south_africa republic flag remained voting majority disliked flag retaining union jack centre repeated calls removed new flag action taken ruling national party convened commission year create new flag time 10th anniversary south_africa declaration independence changes eventually flag treated respect daily flag schools celebrations inauguration state president opposition gradually associated regime movements like black started protesting symbols flag south_africa removed public display replaced banned flag flag subject public anti protests elected president immediately african national congress released leader nelson prison instigated negotiations end south_africa demands flag gradually decrease usage south african life requesting new flag created black south associated current nationalism negotiations led south african referendum voters approved ending referendum decision resulted international rugby board allowing south_africa national rugby union team play test matches agreed endorse team provision flag return test conservative party handed numerous flags majority white crowd symbol defiance summer olympics barcelona south african team performed specially designed flag national olympic committee south_africa white south african spectators games national flag despite attempts officials stop state herald south_africa fred approached design new national flag south_africa replace time elections designed new flag south_africa combination colours flag new flag design approved personally unanimously approved transitional executive council march public proclamation replacement old flag april seven days south african general election april post following official retirement flag south_africa adopted white south symbol heritage history south view symbol strongly discouraged use despite negative associations banned government south_africa right display south_africa protected chapter constitution south_africa expression free speech 21st century usage experienced revival display symbol white worldwide particular awareness followed shooting charleston south_carolina black church suspect roof previously pictured wearing jacket flag association racism led calls flags historical context removed display example australia flown commemorate south african workers snowy mountains scheme alongside canadian red ensign flags scheme created flag symbol protest statue king louis colours flag protest proposal change town south 21st century started fly flag protest perceived failure progress governing south_africa democracy cape_town castle good hope flag flown castle alongside union jack flag netherlands current flag south_africa display powers ruled south_africa history agreed remain castle historical reference following complaints member parliament flags removed apart current flag south_africa removed flags placed castle museum


noise music music noise variously described loud unwanted sound noise important component sound human voice musical instruments particularly percussion instruments electric guitars distortion electronic instruments create colours noise traditional uses noise frequencies associated pitch white noise component drum roll snare drum present prefix sounds organ pipes influence early 20th century lead composers explore use noise based orchestral setting period italian created noise orchestra instruments called later 20th century term noise music came refer works consisting primarily noise based sound general usage noise unwanted sound signal sense sounds perceived musically ordinary context noise interfere reception message desired receiver prevention reduction unwanted sound tape bass drum important musical pursuits noise creatively ways way nearly genres definition noise conventional musical practices sounds considered tend treated noise waves defines noise irregular vibrations object contrast periodical patterned structure music broadly electrical engineering professor introductory chapter book noise defines noise signal don like paul lecturer noise musician likewise assigns value noise writing noise judgment social based breaking norms fear violence composer music educator murray divided noise categories unwanted noise sound loud system disturbance signaling system regard noise opposed music robert origin music theory universal development music claims cultural theories view difference noise music purely result social forces habit custom history man making selections sounds noise certain sounds music overall development cultures distinction sounds jean considers difference noise music explaining border music noise culturally defined implies single society border pass place short rarely consensus accounts single universal concept defining music noise feature music musical tones produced human voice musical instruments incorporate noises varying degrees human speech sounds voiced scottish german characterised distinctive noises entirely noise free wind instruments include sounds air breaking edges instruments produce noises contribute instrument poor player perceived poor tone excessive listeners deaf noises ignoring percussion percussion instruments snare drum use presence random sounds noise produce sound perceived pitch percussion typically maintain rhythm provide accents sounds unrelated melody harmony music orchestra percussion termed auxiliary percussion percussion section includes instruments orchestra matter played example whistle traditional music antiquity percussion instruments generally ancient greek music exceptions dance music ritual music required instruments providing sharply defined rhythm particularly dry sound similar finger cult rituals required exciting noises produced drums bull produced demonic noise particularly important ceremonies priests quotes passage lost play describing percussion accompaniment rites hear wearing women wealthy daughters loudly sounding drums hands concert striking pour forth wise healing hymn gods altogether darker picture function noise music painted written late century describes greek mean condition low operator sacrifices teacher secret mysteries imported rome cult attracted large following manner practised cult including rape secret murders bodies found burial deeds brought force force concealed loud shouting noise drums cries persons suffering violation murder heard abroad traditional dance genre dating contact european explorers danced group men accompanied solely drum ensemble drums consist log drum called provides main rhythmic pattern single headed upright drum called single headed hand drum called double headed bass drum called asia north china drum accompany dance area ritual percussion drumming associations consisting dozens musicians korea style folk music called farmers music performed years local players professional touring bands concerts festivals loud music meant outdoor performance played percussion instruments drums called originated simple work rhythms assist repetitive tasks carried field workers south asian music places special emphasis drumming freed primary time keeping function drumming found world north india secular bands play important role civic festival leading groom wedding party bride home hall wedding held bands vary makeup depending means families employing according changing time core instrumentation small group usually playing frame drum pair better families add percussion affluent prefer modern fashionable image replace traditional ensemble brass band music southern india includes tradition instrumental temple music state called includes main genres rhythm featuring percussion particular genre percussion solo double headed cylindrical drum called played pair sticks accompanied pairs genres add wind instruments ensemble accompaniment primary drums piece typically lasts hour performance long hours turkey turkish military corps included 14th century bands called like earlier military bands asia featured high proportion drums high level noise function playing battlefield inspire soldiers focus bands percussion include bass drums multiple pairs small turkish europe turkish visits contacts europeans gained fascination noisy sound bands number european courts established turkish military early 18th centuries music played turkish music compositions prevalent european manner general enthusiasm quickly spread opera concert combination bass drum collectively referred turkish music best known examples include symphony acquired nickname military use instruments works section finale symphony early sketch reads end symphony turkish music wellington victory battle symphony picturesque sound effects bass drums designated cannons drums represent opposing troops soldiers sound rifle fire turkish march expected bass drum triangle chorus incidental music ruins athens calls use available noisy instrument forth end 18th century fashionable keyboard instruments fitted devices simulate bass drum head hitting sounding board strips brass striking lower strings triangle bells small metal objects struck rods percussion instruments actually employed certain tricks imitate effects examples include piano finale violin piano organ time turkish music coming vogue europe fashion keyboard music opened way introduction kind noise form keyboard cluster played fist flat hand auxiliary object placed keyboard piano device found mainly battle pieces represent cannon fire earliest instance jean les years remained predominantly french feature examples combat naval par march des marie bernard introduced sound chamber music keyboard piano trio titled time cannon effect 20th century depiction recent battle piece black american piano blind tom piece feature sound effect noises clusters organ proved versatile composers imaginative frequent use instrument evoke sound thunder portray sounds battle storms sea earthquakes biblical scenes fall walls visions apocalypse noisy sound remained special sound effect integrated general texture music earliest examples organ thunder descriptions quarter 18th century example soon imitated die sic employed length wood pedal board elbow lowest notes keyboard composed works concert lake interrupted thunderstorm louis james alfred les procession notable 19th composer use organ clusters storm music opens opera includes organ cluster longest duration scored musical texture strings effects imitation drumming introduced string instruments early 17th century earliest known use col tapping strings bow found viola piece titled italian active germany col mimic sound drum instruments devices imitate noises animals cat dog chicken later century certain movements added effects device placing sheet paper string double bass order imitate dry snare drum die von humor battle piece superimposed different melodies different keys producing places dense orchestral clusters uses snap represent important aspect examples noise european keyboard string music 19th century sound effects programme music sounds likely cause offense musical contexts acceptable function time evocative effect weakened time incorporated generally abstract musical contexts continued use noise form percussion section expanded 19th century composer thoroughly investigate effects different tone color 20th century percussion instruments played small role orchestral music served highlight passages novelty 1940s composers influenced non western music jazz popular music began incorporating bells drums vocal music vocal music noisy nonsense syllables imitate battle drums cannon fire long devices famous battle semi pitched performance introduced formal composition version melodrama style performance believed previously singers popular songs technique best known somewhat later compositions arnold introduced solo voices opera moses und chorus die hand later composers prominent use device include benjamin death venice opera works known example style performance popular music harrison portrayal professor henry fair lady form vocal music speaking chorus prominently represented geographical example fashionable germany time machine music 1920s fashion emerged composing called machine music depiction music sounds factories locomotives aspects recent technology reflected modern urban life appealed prevalent spirit detachment representative works style features rhythms high level large percussion batteries george ballet arthur pacific ballet steel leap alexander iron orchestral episode ballet steel ballet titled horsepower trend reached apex music composed study pure rhythm ensemble thirty percussion instruments percussion following example number important works percussion ensemble composed 1930s henry combines latin american european asian percussion instruments john cage construction metal employs differently pitched thunder sheets brake drums water percussion requires performers play large number european latin american drums percussion tuned instruments tubular harrison works nos song suite percussion collaboration john cage double music explored use found instruments brake drums metal pipes works elements texture rhythm precedence usual western concepts harmony melody experimental avant garde music use noise central development experimental music avant garde music mid 20th century noise important new ways challenged traditional musical non musical sound instead incorporated noise based work referred organised sound stated ears new music called noise posed question music organized noises years immediately following world war henry composed number piano pieces featuring tone clusters direct manipulation piano strings titled features sliding sounds suggesting terrifying cry irish folklore dance composition titled john cage invented prepared piano producing transformed pitches colorful sounds piano variations prepared guitar followed cage wrote deliberate sound background noise occurs performance employed noise vocal compositions hands talk shuffle feet order instrumental vocal sounds incorporate sounds normally audiences produced performers robert audio feedback avant garde piece setting microphone singing microphone way feedback voice electronic music noise basic material electronic music pure frequency tones complex starting combinations relationships noises far ones tones tones seen analogous noises human speech traditional music emphasised tones exclusively composers electronic music saw scope exploration stretching single pure tones white noise frequencies entirely periodic entirely sound phenomena process opposite building tones complexes white noise filtered produce sounds different called coloured noises speech sounds represented english early example electronic composition composed entirely white noise way exchanges realised studio milan 1980s electronic white noise machines commercially available provide pleasant background noise mask unpleasant noise similar role conventional background music usage health applications case individuals struggling sensory processing disorder white noise mask sudden noise facilities research animals rock music electric guitar originally designed simply order reproduce sound higher volume quickly discovered creative possibilities modify sound particularly extreme settings tone volume controls distortion produced simply induce resulting tone rich noise producing dynamic range compression sustain destroying dave davies took technique logical conclusion feeding output guitar directly guitar input second popularity techniques quickly resulted development electronic devices box produce similar controlled effects greater variety distortion devices developed vocal effects units enhance vocal performance including adding air noise distortion guitar distortion accomplished use feedback distortion distortion produce tone pedal distortion rock musicians audio feedback normally undesirable use feedback pioneered musicians john_lennon beatles jeff pete able control feedback turn musical quality use noise described sculpted liquid fire shaped mid air glass techniques include distortion loud volume jazz mid-1960s jazz began incorporating elements rock music began distortion feedback partially efforts strong links jazz punk band feedback inspired avant garde jazz movement jazz musicians incorporated noise elements feedback distortion include bill david cecil taylor brown iii john john joseph larry pat scott henderson hip hop origins 1970s hip hop music associated noise author mark explains pioneering hip hop merely exist experience near constant noise experience noise created massive sound systems shaped according use loud extravagant sound systems communicated power territorial control furthermore techniques expression record damages like visual art graffiti form vandalism celebration noise writes doubt pleasure brought came knowledge annoyed older generation scholar william states genre dismissed noise truth hip hop undergone array lyrical musical scholar writes term modern conveys african american music powers authenticity resistance figure noise hip hop noise specifically black noise special insight inside anti philosophy emerges center sound attack rap finds appearance black noise nearly rap opposition stresses despite global nature black noise american racial structures states stable race noise transforms prior signs european musical mastery harmony melody song black hip hop group public enemy particular noted use noise music group second album takes nation millions hold backed production team bomb squad helped craft album layered anti noise michael describes album powerful mix music beats screams noise rhythms streets considers example revival black radical nationalist thought public enemy member acknowledges group use noise intentional attempt boundaries popular music noise everyday life decision writer jason says ran directly counter values mainstream music time explains doubt intentional use noise influenced decade hip hop rock furthermore notes incorporation noise served political function ordinary suggesting common ordinary people consider political cultural leaders noise type music noise music referred simply noise represented genres 20th century subsequently proponents reject attempt classify single overall genre preferring noise music non genre aesthetic collection genres regard genre scope unclear commentators use phrase noise music noise refer specifically japanese noise music instead use term noise music associated extreme volume distortion produced electronic tradition dates rejected melody constructed original instruments known assembled noise orchestra received manifesto art noises observes art music sought purity sweetness sound different sounds amalgamated care taken ear gentle harmonies today music continually complicated strange harsh sounds way come closer noise sound types noise music noise music abandoning melody harmony pulse rhythm industrial music 1970s noise rock noise pop 1980s late 1970s current 1990s noise reduction musicians concerned produce noise noise reduction particular concern sound recording accomplished techniques including use low noise components noise reducing technologies recording live musical sound reinforcement key noise reduce distortion audio feedback keeping signal levels low reduce interference outside sources johnson noise produced equipment keeping signal levels high noise reducing technologies introduce low levels distortion noise compromise interference distortion recording live music interference feedback live work demonstrated resonance technique noise signal improvement non linear systems addition noise signal improve signal noise ratio noise created mobile phones particular concern live performances particularly recorded notable incident gilbert halted new_york performance symphony audience member iphone noise excessive volume music played excessive volumes considered form noise pollution governments united_kingdom local procedures dealing noise pollution including loud music noise high volume common musicians classical rock groups exposed high ranges rock musicians experience noise induced hearing loss music debated classical musicians exposed high intensity sound cause hearing manager radio symphony orchestra invoked new rules forbidding workplace reason dropping planned world premiere composition state siege adverse health musicians minute piece begins burst machine gun fire gets readings taken rehearsals measured members orchestra reported suffering permanent sustained exposure hours rehearsals musicians suggested objected hear composer rejected idea adding composition wagner music induced hearing loss controversial topic hearing researchers studies shown risk hearing loss increases music exposure increases studies found little bands primarily rock genre use excessive volumes intentionally bands set records band world deep purple having received entries book world records title include led blue cheer bob_dylan backing electric band grand funk railroad heat largely fictional parody group spinal tap bloody valentine known high volume concerts described surpassing sound levels concerts intentionally loud noted having physical effects audience noise general noise list articles related noise noise electronics relating noise music definition music detailed discussions aesthetics sound particularly meant aesthetics music factors causing sound perceived discussion nature usage melody harmony similar devices rhythm metre listening related types free jazz percussion ensemble related types music category noise music automated list articles related noise type music perception use noise music james hear music relationship music hearing mechanism suffolk isbn listening noise aesthetics experimental electronic music oxford oxford_university press isbn douglas noise water meat history sound arts cambridge massachusetts mit press isbn michael musical sound introduction physics music new_york science business media isbn priest experimental music audio australia new_south_wales university new_south_wales press isbn editor pink noises women electronic music sound durham north_carolina duke university press isbn listening noise silence philosophy sound art london publishing steve instruments desire electric guitar shaping musical experience cambridge massachusetts harvard_university press isbn christopher bad music music love hate new_york isbn noise reduction collins mike pro tools music production recording editing mixing massachusetts focal press isbn multi track recording musicians van alfred music isbn noise reduction analysis massachusetts jones learning isbn dance music manual tools toys techniques massachusetts focal press isbn advanced digital signal processing noise reduction john sons isbn

Musical theory, musical instruments, and music techniques