castle castle located town england constructed norman tudor times castle described architectural historian anthony finest surviving example semi royal palace later middle ages significant scale form quality played important historical role castle subject month long siege believed longest siege english history formed base operations wars roses scene removal edward english throne french insult henry said john encouraged campaign earl leicester lavish reception elizabeth castle built centuries founded powerful norman great tower castle significantly enlarged king john beginning 13th century huge water defences created local streams resulting fortifications proved able withstand assaults land water john spent late 14th century turning medieval castle palace fortress designed latest perpendicular style earl leicester expanded castle constructing new tudor buildings exploiting medieval heritage produce fashionable renaissance palace partly destroyed parliamentary forces prevent military stronghold ruined buildings remain today castle tourist destination 18th century onwards famous victorian period following publishing sir walter scott novel english_heritage managed castle castle classed grade listed building scheduled monument open public architecture landscape ruined result deliberate partial destruction castle english civil war illustrates centuries english military civil architecture castle built entirely local new red sandstone entrance outer bailey wall south east main castle lie corruption french word meaning external fortification earthworks fragments masonry remain extensive 13th century structure including stone wall external gatehouse guarding main approach castle area forms car park castle ruins gallery tower second gatehouse 15th century gallery tower originally guarded metre long narrow walled causeway runs main castle causeway called medieval times causeway acted dam defences east lower area ground originally flooded called lower pool west area called great mere great mere drained forms meadow originally large lake covering acres causeway outer bailey castle usually entered tower today modest ruin originally norman stone gatehouse extended late 13th 16th centuries outer bailey wall long relatively low mainly built king john numerous buttresses towers designed primarily defended water system great mere lower pool north outer bailey wall entirely destroyed moving clockwise outer bailey tower defences include west facing originally led great mere king gate late 17th century agricultural addition swan tower late 13th century tower 16th century additions named lived great mere early 13th century tower 14th century water tower named overlooked lower pool inner court inner court consists number buildings set bailey wall originally norman origin exploiting defensive value natural rises surrounding area 12th century great tower occupies forms north east corner bailey ruined great tower notable huge corner turrets essentially hugely exaggerated norman buttresses walls metres thick towers metres high great tower larger similar castle near built local clinton family tower termed hall longer wide lowest floor filled earth possibly taken earlier present site protected sloping stone base tall tudor windows tower date northern inner bailey built 14th century noble john castle considered historian anthony finest surviving example semi royal palace later middle ages significant scale form quality architectural style emphasised rectangular design separation ground floor service areas upper stories contrast lavish interiors especially 1st floor inner bailey buildings result considered early example perpendicular style significant buildings great hall great hall replaced earlier sequence great halls site heavily influenced edward iii design windsor castle hall consists ceremonial sequence rooms approached particularly grand staircase lost great hall visitors look admire great mere inner court huge windows hall service staff lit slits similar design contemporary manor roof built william producing widest hall pillars existing england time debate historians roof design collar design combination early attempt symmetry external appearance great hall strong towers act near symmetrical wings hall hall designed mirror great tower opposite unusual multi sided tower provides main doorway hall intended private entertainment away main festivities major occasions tower based edward iii rose tower windsor similar function strong tower named entirely vaulted stone floors unusual robust design great hall influenced design castles hall roof design famous copied castle westminster hall parts castle built include southern range state apartments tower main kitchen extensively damaged share style great hall unified appearance palace distinct break eclectic medieval tradition design kitchen replaced original 12th century built alongside great tower similar fashion arrangement new kitchen twice size equivalent castles measuring metres metres remainder inner court built robert earl leicester built tower known leicester building south edge court guest wing extending inner bailey wall extra space leicester building floors high built fashionable contemporary tudor style thin walls windows building intended appear alongside ancient great tower reasons considerable height leicester building set style later country house design especially hall classic example modern viewing platforms installed provide views elizabeth bedroom leicester built open gallery great lead new formal gardens designed frame view observer slowly admired gardens new design 16th century recently imported italy base left hand right hand courts rest castle interior divided areas base court stretching tower leicester gatehouse left hand court stretching south west outside inner court right hand court north west inner court line trees cuts base court today relatively modern mid-19th century addition originally court open save collegiate chapel stood stables destroyed chapel foundations remain courts designed different purposes base court considered relatively public area left right courts private occasions leicester gatehouse built north base court replacing older gatehouse provide fashionable entrance direction external design symbolic towers originally echoes style popular century closely resembling gatehouse castle contrast interior contemporary wood highly contemporary fashion leicester building inner court leicester gatehouse parts castle remain intact stables built john survive lie east base court stable block large building built stone timber framed storey designed vernacular style buildings easily seen leicester building permanent display visitors intent create deliberately view base court echoing older ideals romance alongside modern aspects redesign castle garden landscape right hand court castle occupied castle garden history role castle garden entertainment distinct surrounding chase primarily hunting 16th century onwards elaborate knot gardens base court gardens today designed reproduce closely possible primarily historical record original appearance steep terrace south gardens steps leading square knot gardens gardens plants incidental instead design focus sculptures including wooden painted resemble marble fountain statue greek mythological figures timber contains range birds original garden heavily influenced italian renaissance garden villa north west castle earthworks marking spot created henry house built style miniature castle surrounded diamond shaped dock positioned far great mere reached boat resembled richard retreat later copied younger brother duke gloucester son john lancaster eventually dismantled henry_viii partially moved left hand court inside castle possibly add appearance elements finally destroyed history 12th century castle founded early clinton lord chamberlain henry castle original form uncertain suggested consisted mound wooden buildings stone great tower original design clinton local rival roger earl owner neighbouring castle king clinton sheriff act power clinton begun lose king favour died son called minor uncle william clinton forced come terms set difficult years anarchy delayed development castle henry_ii succeeded throne end anarchy revolt faced significant uprising led son henry backed french crown conflict spread england garrisoned henry_ii forces clinton died period castle taken fully royal possession sign military importance moved point castle consisted great inner bailey wall basic causeway smaller lake preceded creation great mere local chase hunting 13th century henry successor richard paid relatively little attention king john significant building resumed castle john embarked programme rebuilding enhancing major royal castles included dover john spent castle building outer bailey wall stone improving defences including creating towers significantly improved castle water defences brooks creating great mere result turn largest english castles time largest artificial lake defences england john forced castle opposition guarantee reverted royal control early reign son henry iii henry iii granted simon earl leicester later leader second barons war king centre operations initially conflict went badly king henry battle forced sign son prince edward given rebels hostage edward taken considered held harsh conditions released early edward defeated battle surviving rebels leadership henry hastings constable castle following spring edward forces proceeded lay siege rebels siege castle probably longest english history according historian norman pounds time largest siege occurred england terms number soldiers involved simon son simon promised january hand castle king months later happened henry iii laid siege castle june protected extensive water defences castle attack despite edward targeting weaker north wall employing huge siege towers attempting night attack barges brought chester distance royal walls severely reduced effectiveness heavier sent london papal intervention finally resulted compromise rebels allowed purchase confiscated lands provided surrendered castle siege ended december water defences influenced construction later castles wales notably henry granted son held tournaments late 13th century including huge event presided royal favourite roger knights competed days event called round table imitation popular legends 14th century passed castle eldest son thomas earl lancaster lancaster married alice richest nobleman england primary castle lancaster estates replacing acted social financial centre thomas thomas built great hall castle constructed water tower outer bailey increasing size chase lancaster support english barons found increasing opposition edward war broke lancaster captured battle executed estates including confiscated crown edward wife isabella france spent christmas amidst major celebrations edward deposed alliance isabella lover roger edward eventually captured isabella forces custody king assigned henry earl lancaster backed isabella invasion henry lancaster lands constable edward transported late henry legal title castle finally confirmed following year chosen purpose isabella probably major fortification symbolism owners links popular ideals freedom good government royal issued edward isabella year leading barons led bishop sent persuade edward resign failed inform deposed king edward formally resigned king great hall castle january months went clear proving ideal location edward castle prominent area held nobles supported edward believed trying rescue henry loyalty coming question course isabella edward moved night berkeley castle died shortly isabella continued use royal castle fall power henry duke lancaster inherited castle father great hall interior roof death lancaster inherited castle married john son edward iii union combined resources john second richest man england king death john married claim kingdom john styled king important thirty castles england john began building style designed reinforce royal claims john constructed great hall strong tower tower state apartments new kitchen complex campaigning abroad john spent time leicester health began decline final years john extensive repairs castle complex 15th century castles especially royal castles left decay 15th century continued centre choice forming late medieval palace fortress henry john son returned royal ownership took throne extensive use castle henry extensively preferred stay mock castle built great mere according contemporary chronicler john lived neighbouring french openly mocked henry sending gift tennis balls french aim imply lack martial prowess according gift spurred henry decision fight campaign account shakespeare basis scene play henry english castles including play decisive role wars roses fought primarily form pitched battles rival factions mental collapse king henry queen margaret lancaster lands including key bases military support margaret removed henry london safety henry court divided time leicester castle purposes protection remained important stronghold rest war acting military balance nearby castle victory henry vii received royal attention henry visited frequently tennis court constructed castle use son henry_viii decided maintained royal castle abandoned timber construction moved base court castle 16th century castle remained royal hands given john came prominence henry_viii leading political figure edward patron john early classical architecture england began process execution queen mary attempting place lady jane grey throne built new stable block widened current form restored son robert earl leicester years succession elizabeth throne leicester lands worth leicester power wealth including grants new lands depended ultimately remaining favourite queen leicester continued father attempting ensure attract interest elizabeth regular tours country elizabeth visited time leicester commissioned royal architect henry produce plans dramatic classical extension south inner court event proved instead leicester employed william rebuild extend castle provide modern accommodation royal court symbolically boost claims noble heritage negotiation tenants leicester increased size chase result termed english renaissance palace elizabeth viewed partially finished results complete effect leicester work apparent queen visit leicester keen impress elizabeth final attempt convince marry expense spared elizabeth brought entourage thirty barons staff royal visit lasted exceptional nineteen days horsemen day arrived castle communicate royal messages leicester entertained queen neighbouring region fireworks bear mystery plays hunting lavish cost reputed amounted thousand pounds leicester probably exceed reality event considered huge success formed longest stay property elizabeth tours queen decide marry leicester castle valued leicester died legitimate issue heavily debt accordance castle passed brother earl death illegitimate son sir robert 17th century sir robert having tried failed establish legitimacy court star chamber went italy year sir thomas governor chamberlain james eldest son prince henry commissioned oversee repairs castle grounds including planting gardens restoration fish ponds improvement game park arranged sell castle henry prince wales henry died completing purchase finalised brother charles bought interest abandoned wife alice charles king gave castle wife maria bestowed robert carey earl death gave carey sons henry thomas remained popular location king james son charles accordingly maintained famous royal visit occurred ben performed charles english civil war broke early campaigns formed useful parliamentary stronghold charles advance october base raids parliamentary strongholds battle royalist garrison withdrawn approach lord castle garrisoned parliamentary forces april new governor castle hastings arrested suspected royalist double agent january parliamentary forces strengthened hold castle attempts royalist forces failed security concerns continued end civil war parliament ordered wall great tower parts outer bailey destroyed building surveyed antiquarian william published results colonel joseph responsible implementation acquired estate converted leicester gatehouse house base court turned farm remaining buildings stripped materials charles_ii restored throne promptly evicted queen mother maria briefly regained castle acting death king charles_ii granted castle sir edward later created baron earl ruined castle continued farm gatehouse principal dwelling king gate added outer bailey wall period use farm workers 18th 19th centuries remained ruin 18th 19th centuries farm increasingly popular tourist attraction castle history description castle printed later editions following coming decades castle cultural prominence increased sir walter scott wrote describing royal visit queen elizabeth loosely based events scott story aspects castle history tell story beautiful heroine amy elizabeth considered today successful literary novel historical works castle victorian imagination romantic location spawned numerous stage adaptations operas popular scene set home display including sir arthur sullivan turner painted castle number visitors increased including queen_victoria charles work undertaken 19th century protect stonework decline particular efforts remove ivy castle 1860s today castle remained property lord found maintenance castle expensive sold industrialist sir john tax accounting 1930s questionable keen improve public image gave running castle complete charitable donation commissioner works son gave castle town english_heritage managed property castle classed grade listed building scheduled monument open public english_heritage attempted restore garden closely form basis description letter details recent archaeological investigations reconstruction cost million criticised archaeologists matter simulation reconstruction limited factual information nature original gardens plans forward create flood original great mere castle creating look castle hoped new mere ongoing flood plan area lake boating


camp camp iron age hill fort somerset england near village scheduled monument primarily known fort iron age likely artefacts including bronze spear axe head discovered site bronze age occupied roman era anglo saxon period associated england evidence support acre hill fort preserved managed national trust higher level agreement natural england involves tree clearing including non native turkey oaks management derived anglo saxon word meaning fort town frequently exclusively refer hill forts sites somerset include castle near south hill known distinguish sites location camp situated natural ridge valley north somerset levels wood ancient woodland nature reserve history hill fort constructed iron age probably local tribe details fully known discovery bronze spear axe head site indicates use iron age bronze age museum somerset hill forts developed late bronze early iron age roughly start millennium reason emergence britain purpose subject debate argued military sites constructed response invasion continental europe sites built invaders military reaction social tensions caused increasing population consequent pressure agriculture dominant view 1960s increasing use iron led social changes britain deposits iron ore located different places tin copper ore necessary bronze result trading patterns shifted old lost economic social status power passed hands new group people archaeologist barry believes population increase played role stated forts provided defensive possibilities community times stress increasing population burst open warfare having built state war functional defensive strongholds tensions undoubtedly attacked destroyed significant factor construction fort covers acres consisted ditches earth banks topped wooden fence elevated position land feet apart extends approximately metres north south metres east west ditch metres deep rise metres iron age occupation continued roman era indicated discovery pottery fragments small stone statue mars possibly roman temple coins site occupied anglo saxon period finds uncovered excavations george gray coin dating discovered british relief inner defensive ditch relief given north somerset museum loaned bristol city museum art gallery world war site bomb disposal location battery current management site estate linked court managed higher level agreement national trust natural england involved removing trees roots growing banks site particular non native turkey oaks provide habitat damaging removed cattle manage encourage growth flowers myths legends local legends associate england confusion better known castle near south miles south


called wreck arabian sailed route africa china ship completed outward journey sank return journey approximately mile coast island indonesia unclear ship far expected route china south east singapore miles secondary route normal ships travelling java sea south island wreck given archaeologists major discoveries biggest single collection dynasty artefacts found location called treasure arabian gives new insight trade routes china middle_east period treasure kept collection excavation efforts preserve integrity site cargo resulted detailed archaeological evidence evidence given new insight construction methods items style artefacts revealed previously unknown facts trade areas discovery route discovery wreck discovered fishermen feet water site location purchased local fishermen license engage excavation awarded local indonesian company dig subsequently financed excavated team license operation original salvage company request indonesian government security provided indonesian navy excavations spanned expeditions commenced august second provided vessels financed government naval operations safeguard wreck site monsoon season route unclear ship far expected route shown red map right ships leaving china sailed south china sea turn north west passing southern vietnam continuing singapore straits malaysia sumatra distance route unclear vessel came area south east singapore miles secondary route normal ships travelling java sea south island miles north island ship construction approximately feet wide feet long remarkable reasons ancient arabian ship found excavated thin rope traditional methods nails later centuries wreck found sediment preserved remains wooden vessel wreck lost marine worms age rare finds particular good condition hull preserved given insight ships period constructed seen arabian ship type previously found cargo intact pieces original preserved allow scientists determine types wood possible ship constructed western asia bought arabian merchants china route cargo contains arabian inspired artefacts construction techniques ship constructed feet long keel thickness believed survived intact ship angle bow stem post joined keel joints secured millimetre diameter rope hull frames keel holes spaced intervals boat added strength rested half frames michael chief archaeologist site compared wrecked ship types period concluded wreck resembled ships south east asia 5th century said fully boats found african coast red_sea indian coast far notes roman references 6th century tell boats similar fashion indian seas arabian ships type found mentioned text including late strange things noted south according john guy curator metropolitan museum art book describes ships foreign merchants fiber having iron nails secure wood types samples wood sent analysis forest forest products division commonwealth scientific industrial research organisation australia analysis conducted wood identification specialist samples badly deteriorated positively identified lack remaining wood cells prevented successful analysis types wood positively identified teak beams worm family ceiling genus possibly stem post family called genus wooden box found stern area genus family commonly known family species hull positively identified thought family timber frames similarly definitively determined frame probably genus family interesting main species found small africa stretching mid western coast thin band east_coast stopping short couple miles ship originally said arabian indian origin little differentiate ships area period regard construction techniques frame uses species tree found small africa hull form timber species construction methods concluded wreck indian arabian origin india considered probable place construction arabian construction ruled timber commonly imported middle_east use concluded wreck arabian ship chapter exhibition catalogue arguing analysis construction methods materials hull form author determined wreck arab vessel legacy present day knowledge original materials methods construction particular arab stems largely jewel reconstruction replica exact copy wreck shown ship resembles type ship found today hull large containing artefacts ship cargo dated dynasty china wreck gets names treasure ship ship artefacts shown public time world debut exhibition collection artefacts ship took place museum adjacent singapore marina bay sands significance discovery led decision construct jewel exact reconstruction cargo treasure wreck held main types form majority items originally packed straw cylinders storage white manufactured including earliest known intact blue white dishes province bowl inscribed date 16th day seventh month second year reign later confirmed dating star found wreck cargo surprising variety influences markets including buddhist lotus symbols motifs central asia persia inscriptions green popular iran included cargo items varying purposes funeral silver boxes cargo described john guy metropolitan museum art new_york richest largest early ninth century southern chinese gold discovered single cargo included metal ballast special items found include gold cup largest dynasty gold cup found large silver decorated pair ducks gold cup pictures people actions sides musicians persian dancer images men thumb plate features appear non chinese depicted hair current disposition company formed contract cooperation original indonesian salvage company result cargo sold piece piece collectors instances looting site particularly excavation periods kept cargo intact complete collection studied original context given insight china industrial capacity global trade according julian director arthur gallery housed private conservation facility years artefacts including studied carefully restored company new_zealand work carried assistance german trained artefacts professor senior research fellow palace museum beijing deputy director beijing forbidden city china foremost experts antique cargo purchased million usd private company leisure group development corporation government loaned singapore tourism board debut exhibit treasure ran february july museum singapore display collaboration institution gallery art arthur gallery singapore tourism board national heritage board singapore exhibition scheduled travel world approximately years venues include museums major importance asia australia europe middle_east united_states later september announced singapore tourism board artifacts permanent display maritime museum controversy gallery institution host premiere exhibition cargo early date set coincide museum 25th anniversary celebration june reported museum gallery received condemnation exhibition time frame nature original excavation artefacts arguments forwards display allowed according new_york_times group archaeologists national academy sciences including robert adams leader wrote head institution wayne april claiming proceeding exhibition severely damage stature reputation institution proponents arguments display excavation commercial gain conducted quickly caused loss information pertaining crew cargo new_york_times article goes comments society american council american maritime museums international committee underwater cultural heritage groups including members department senate scientists national museum natural history asking reconsider exhibition claims exhibiting artefacts international agreements underwater excavations marine archaeologist vice non governmental advisory council underwater said proceeding exhibition research institution network museums violating set professional ethics promoting looting archaeological sites proponents arguments display works claim excavation legal work carried accordance indonesian law request indonesian government accordance international laws time james director maritime heritage united_states department commerce national oceanic atmospheric administration said allowing finds excavation sold basic aspects research new_york_times going report wished academically excavated unlike colleagues said instead exhibition use educate public consequences underwater heritage stated overall situation doubt described ideal indonesian government fearful looting ordered begin immediate round clock recovery operation academics expressed definitive support excavation treatment vessel cargo researcher institute southeast asian studies singapore states newsletter international institute asian studies excavation acknowledged admirable example achieved difficult conditions southeast_asia points unlike commercial operators company ensured ship structure properly recorded cargo kept dispersed finds studied published ends highlighting public private arrangement difficult imagine particular project financed organized commercial involvement victor professor chinese language literature department east asian languages university pennsylvania philadelphia united_states defends exhibition claiming educational historical value collection simply enormous called cancellation exhibition effect fact denying access wealth information embodied lay public qualified researchers sean director wreck watch international reminds like feel good factors times world painful natural economic civil disasters contend hardly needs stating european american museum collection white interview science journal wayne 12th secretary institution critics proponents exhibition don think negative think tried right heard concerns asked community come talk listened people audience minds changed matter fact everybody think time situation like pause profession okay problem going remember united_states signed treaty conventions international organisations underwater resolutions adopted september international congress maritime museums state member museums follow council american maritime museums policy acquire exhibit artifacts stolen illegally exported country origin illegally salvaged removed commercially exploited archaeological historic sites recent times congress members recognize artefacts underwater sites integral parts archaeological remain intact research display commercially exploited heritage site primary motive investigation private financial gain united_nations educational scientific cultural organization ratified set rules preserving underwater sites convention protection underwater cultural heritage october november rules set meeting include preserving artefacts option commercial exploitation underwater cultural heritage trade speculation dispersal fundamentally incompatible protection proper management underwater cultural heritage underwater cultural heritage shall traded sold bought commercial goods rule interpreted preventing provision professional archaeological services necessary services incidental nature purpose convention subject authorization competent authorities


pre maya archaeological site highlands western guatemala kilometres outside modern city occupation site dates early classic period history capital kingdom conquered kingdom displays mixture style architecture city attacked spanish siege lasted months city ruler finally surrendered spanish starvation site contains number temple style architecture double governmental palaces grouped series large public site holds playing site originally fortified walls site restored united fruit company late 1940s open tourists includes small museum etymology location means white earth languages meaning white meaning earth language site called archaeological site located present day village san outskirts city department main tourist attraction area located altitude metres mean sea level bordered sierra los mountain range located area fertile soils close rivers site situated plateau overlooking river flows west city deep bordering site south east protected access access site narrow land bridge north plateau general level valley floor plateau measures square square metres history occupied early classic period buildings era architectural influence great metropolis valley mexico largest constructions date classic period added plaza groups buildings early late history ceremonial site maya continuously present came influence central mexico late classic architectural influence distinct suggests foreign mexican elite settled city continued occupation conquered site conquest kingdom conquered traditionally calculated 15th century based accounts dating pushed calculations conquests centuries researchers conquest kingdoms taken place early 12th century city dominated spanish conquest early 16th century king died battle group northern son continued father left completed conquest people ruler conquered appears second conquest city having previously fallen time earlier conquered kingdom practice place newly subject kingdom control noble based style structure believe likely controlled conquered region possibility tended place newly installed ruling elite mountain fortress securing population valleys substantial portions original population remained place plateau area rebuilt earlier classic period structures style basic layout consists westward facing temple steep facade flanked sized wings likely temple patron goddess longer palace structure lies north facing southwards southwest layout somewhat distorted reuse earlier architecture typical settlement layout built axis running southeast northwest completely redesign entire site pattern complexes demonstrates local elite excavations uncovered examples small ornamental pieces example representation butterfly worked gold copper dated period spanish conquest hostilities existed rebellion people allies arrival spanish shifted political landscape described king received great honour time spanish conquest main population situated spelled city retreated refuge spanish attacks fortifications refuge attacked brother soldiers mexican allies city defended commanding people chronicles clear number soldiers total population siege lasting months reduced starvation finally surrendered city spanish october spanish entered city found dead indians survivors eating corpses dead spanish forced abandonment built new city kilometres away modern history american explorer john lloyd english architect frederick visited site time site confused ruins published description archaeological remains year later draw structures poor state remains excavated recovered vessels drew april guatemala declared site national monument february site renamed government gave license united fruit company immediately began archaeological excavations related structures direction john later included coating number buildings white plaster known originally finished way seldom pre buildings june site declared national monument accord ministry education site description likely originally developed proximity river providing permanent water supply transportation easily location structures majority construction activity took place burst early classic minor alterations smaller platforms situated late additions influence central mexican civilization entrance site narrow land bridge north protected fortified structure occupied quarters width land bridge ceremonial centre city consisted structures area square metres architecture site includes style buildings double buildings cylindrical columns feature found parts artefacts recovered site include items fashioned precious metals metal artefacts crafted gold silver copper demonstrate city participation wider trade networks period metal artefacts influenced imported mexico southern central_america structures grouped small generally built masonry coated thick layer plaster fragments bear floral geometric designs indicating structures originally brightly painted stones cemented mortar evidence found little way stone sculpture architecture completely lacks stone sculpture early classic yielded rich array finds late classic accompanied lesser variety grave offerings early classic tomb inserted main pyramid volcanic ash underlying structure broad descended tomb main plaza tomb interior painted red floor scattered remains vessels crushed roof tomb collapsed found remains mirrors type similar found quantity jade recovered tomb including jade carved represent human faces tomb contained bones individuals offerings included decorated vessels cylindrical painted band bowl painted negative painting style similar finds site core laid structures restored united fruit company border structures pyramid temples structures palace structures long buildings internal chambers benches residences administrative purposes plaza main plaza site measures metres closed sides pyramid temples plaza large plaza southeast site core south plaza bordered southeastern structure northeast structure northwest southwest plaza plaza small plaza southern extreme site core southwest plaza south plaza northwest site core closed northeastern structure southeast structure southwest located immediately west plaza small plaza immediately west plaza northwest divided plaza northwest structure plaza small plaza west plaza enclosed sides building complex structure southeast plaza small plaza western extreme site core west plaza enclosed plaza southwest structure pyramid closes northwest structure closes southeast structures structure foot high pyramid southeast plaza stepped sections topped summit shrine shrine approached double rising plaza pyramid rebuilt seven times visible remains dating early earliest phase construction dates early classic period structure pyramid northwest sunken plaza largely structure lies plaza southeast platform twin facing northwest plaza structure southeast plaza facing plaza opposite structure immediately south structure unusual combination temple palace situated southeast plaza structure consists central base flanked attached range structures base topped shrine containing rooms final room circular temple steep flanked main directly plaza perpendicular main terminates vertical panel temple facade good condition roof temple missing range structures unequal size contains single long room atop low platform facade rooms possessed row columns stumps remain temple palace style identified lineage similar temple tomb excavated structure consisted complete skeleton associated offerings included duck flint knife knives jade fragments gold structure temple northeast plaza rises stepped sections topped summit shrine accessed plaza divided near summit lower sections walls columns shrine remain structure large mound northwest plaza phase construction shows evidence construction spanish conquest absent sides structure lowest level having built fourth early classic discovered structure structure borders northeast plaza original stonework evident long building accessed ascending plaza structure investigated archaeologists found multiple opening single long room structures small platforms middle plaza restored structure southwest plaza dividing plaza plaza accessed double ascending plaza double gave access level temple structure wide single continued summit shrine lower sections walls columns temple superstructure remain earliest phase construction dates early classic consisted low platform supported superstructure structures low platforms located plaza axis running directly northwest plaza central temple structure structure base plaza west structures supported rooms accessed double northwest temple entrance room columns lower portions walls columns remain structure low platform plaza partially restored northwest consists structures ceremonial shaped sunken sloping walls structures forming sides supported buildings lower sections walls remain oriented northwest southeast metres long structure associated site core standing metres northeast structure similar distance east structure investigated archaeologists restored original stonework plaster coating visible


forward intelligence team forward intelligence teams fits police officers deployed police forces gather intelligence ground circumstances disrupt activists deter anti social behaviour use cameras audio conduct overt surveillance public unsuccessful legal challenge use overt surveillance court appeal ruled justify retention photographs case case basis retained information recorded database political activists criticised fits said feel aim fit deployment protests prevent legal protests journalists complained fits attempt stop protests conduct surveillance journalists campaign group formed aim fits conduct officers members group arrested climate camp charges similar police surveillance unit video intelligence unit operated greater manchester police june home office announced review use fits public order history purpose fits formed early 1990s public order intelligence unit section public order branch metropolitan police initially targeted football fans hunt political protesters cameras audio conduct overt surveillance public police officers wear uniform intended highly visible presence uniform different normal police officers upper half yellow jackets blue civilian photographers employed police work alongside fits according scotland yard aim fit teams protests record evidence protesters case disorder occurs later protest recently teams purpose extended routine police work low level crime anti social behaviour police forces fits despite function merely gather intelligence intended effect approach reported work reducing reports anti social behaviour times fits deployed specific smith home secretary praised operation leopard fits target youths essex stating operation leopard exactly sort intensive bring persistent offenders senses relentless filming associates day night activist suggested tactics designed people prevent dissent view echoed police operations camp climate action praised fits event disrupting activists june home office announced review use fits public order influenced discovery information collected fits included unrelated suspected crimes example recording speeches demonstrations october fit officers plain clothes spotted press photographer protest companies avoiding tax despite commander bob telling parliamentary committee officers distinguishable blue yellow jackets involved gathering intelligence protests metropolitan police told guardian necessary deploy plain clothed officers gather information provide relevant date intelligence picture expect time fits known deployed plain clothes legal issues liberty brought judicial review overt surveillance practices decided favour police police asked clarify evidence court appeal following investigation guardian newspaper court appeal ruled photographs collected fits people committed criminal offence longer kept ruling andrew wood arms trade activist photographed challenging management reed organising arms trade exhibitions wood argued police harassed right privacy lord collins said police presence chilling effect people protesting fits banned justify retention photographs case case basis result ruling metropolitan police public order unit forced photos protesters held report london summit protests connor chief inspector stated routine use fits protests raises fundamental privacy issues reviewed said confusion role fits advised home office issue guidance legality surveillance protesters retention images information processing information fits collect stored database daily police officers catalogue criminal intelligence people listed allowing police determine events individuals attended photographs obtained fits produce cards consisting people photographs allows officers identify people future events attend people able obtain list protests attended data held laws data protection act academic response report economics mass surveillance calculated use fits mass gatherings involves gathering intelligence roughly people record actions person report noted people cards police photographers involved organisation protests fits attend meetings demonstrations organised criticism formed early campaign fits actively operations opposing operations units form june guardian released video evidence recorded fit climate camp alleged police brutality female members women asked police officers reveal shoulder numbers officers displayed women attempted photograph police officers evidence forced ground restrained legs bound placed restraint positions arrested charged held custody days including days released bail police later retracted charges women women lodged complaint incident journalist george commented case saying police turning activism crime fits methods appear lifted training manual claimed anybody politically active filmed identified monitored logged cross checked police operation praised deployment fits saying highly effective gained good intelligence disruption members convicted fit officers june attempted photograph attending borders meeting london july inner london crown court overturned men convictions judge stating protesters human rights violated fit officers november hosts blog asked police national crime unit website undertake criminal activities request came post blog student protest london advised students actions concerned photographed demonstration cutting hair clothing wearing emily apple founders site told guardian post giving guidance student protesters said blog sites november website returned hosted web outside national union journalists criticised fits surveillance violent harassment working journalists hospitalised police documenting protest said teams limit freedom press called home office confirm police right restrict work bob charge public order metropolitan police said statement journalists production valid form able continue work formal complaint information commissioner metropolitan police failing provide details surveillance journalists freedom information act bob told photographers conference faith national press card form press pass despite journalists needing prove independent authority issued bbc series produced episode entitled happened people power july discussed use fits targeting activists journalists similar police units greater manchester police operate video intelligence unit officers confront video certain freed prisoners leave prison serving sentences record footage people involved anti social behaviour streets aim police officers date information appearance people broken law video footage collected constantly screens rooms officers complete footage recorded uploaded youtube attempt catch people believe resulted offenders sent prison licence conditions unit launched people filmed unit people suspects crime people filmed thought associate prolific offenders stopped area high crime suspicious circumstances civil liberties lawyer said unit work implications force article european convention human rights right privacy believes filming reasonable response crime appear case people targeted future uncertain long data collected unit kept currently stored years


great reality great reality known project con russian british man time working entry level position branch book chain russian placed advertisements major publications invited people audition year long reality television programme potentially win prize receiving hundreds responses auditioned raven london selected successful informing actual programme commissioned telling entire year russian instructed participants leave homes quit jobs meet london june divided teams set challenge months challenge million single year realising essentially making prize money contestants quit days group stayed slightly longer sleeping floor flat attempted create having given flat job russian homeless forced stay contestants manipulated programme failed russian went hiding unable contacted eventually tracked victims address richmond thames forced camera taken money victims criminal case russian pursued civil case pursued lack funds background russian russian born keith anthony surrey raised legally changed jack early twenties changed russian studied english university london dropped exams set businesses written unpublished novels taking job working branch london subsequently decided wanted produce reality television programme reality television reality popular genre television programming series version big brother showing russian con took place attracted audience figures approximately million british reality programmes time centred team people trying accomplish specific goal target example series challenged group escape mock prison series mole gave contestants task discovering attempts win money reality shows offered cash reward successful participants series mole offered prize reality contestants able celebrities right raising profiles television phillips brian winners series big brother created successful media careers phillips featured expert programmes bbc trading itv renovation street openly gay children presenter hosted saturday morning programme live ben contestant bbc reality series went television presenter programmes hosted series called extreme dreams auditions early russian placed advertisements year long television programme publications stage evening standard invited energetic people apply chance raise profile potentially win russian thousand applications auditioned raven island london applied simply prize money hoped exposure programme help achieve dreams working television presenter launching fashion label told created production company russian productions purposes auditions russian enlisted help friends roles runners girlfriend met university access course acted psychological friend mike divided small groups given practical psychological tests complete cake hour kitchen ingredients people selected star russian programme dubbed project winning candidates informed success mail sent contracts sign return told project year gave flats jobs contracts stated food accommodation leisure money provided meet london june programme begin filming contestant told set new bank account russian access arrive money credit cards launch day launch day contestants divided teams named team team team group met different london location june day programme launch record team russian hired unpaid teams assembled given challenge year million task find accommodation free week contestants slowly realised despite contracts claimed find food accommodation essentially making prize money contestants demanded meet russian eventually revealed television channel actually commissioned teams disbanded days team remained slightly longer sleeping floor flat belonged tim eagle decided film reality programme set diary room discuss thoughts russian having given home job russian stay forced sleep eagle floor team june eagle contacted local news station london tonight group locked russian flat forcing speak journalists arrived story local news team stayed june split aftermath having believed participating russian television programme entire year contestants given homes jobs partners find new employment forced parents russian went hiding unable reached victims june driver russian contestants contacted independent production company christmas film told hoax produced genuine programme document story con participants trying lives shown channel_4 december participants tried track russian questions answered contestant miles discovered russian production company actually exist woman answering phone calls russian mother margaret participant daniel pope managed track russian address richmond thames convinced interviewed christmas camera russian actually taken money victims committed crime civil case pursued lack funds media reaction mainstream media reaction con published december time christmas documentary shown channel_4 commentators placed blame russian denouncing manipulative con man sympathetic writing daily_mail peter contrasted russian berkeley british politician committed similar con pseudonym rochester observed berkeley derived considerable fun con russian conversely deep following similarly smith guardian described russian tragic figure critics placed blame contestants overly nature desire fame calling noted irony con ultimately television described happy ending article guardian smith remarked stupid people archive footage fake look like post big brother reflective interviews event come likable wounded individuals commentators speculated russian physical appearance helped con critics described beautiful noted appeared inch producer felt con represented indictment reality television altered public notion celebrity called genre fame powerful religious cult paul english daily record noted reflected fascination reality draw turn christmas producers agreed called con fantastic wake reality remarked hope shows interested programmes careful


davies affair davies affair scandal english legal profession resulted greater reform regulatory processes courts legal services act davies respected solicitor member council law society england wales massively client persons sending bill reduced taxation davies punished law society internal regulatory committees allowed resign council grounds ill health reputation intact following litigation public criticism law society commissioned internal report found administrative failures wrong decisions mistakes errors judgement failures communication private member bill reformed way law society investigated disciplinary complaints extent initially proposed paved way courts legal services act created independent disciplinary body background parsons filed complaint davies respected solicitor member council law society england wales professional body davies charged parsons legal services inflated inaccurate legal bill parsons complained law society repeatedly despite law society took disciplinary action allowing davies resign council grounds ill health reputation intact parsons finally brought legal action davies november anthony high_court justice reduced bill said davies guilty gross persistent misconduct recommended struck october struck davies roll investigation following start litigation investigation lay observer law society known report highlighted catalogue errors poor judgment handling davies affair law society internal disciplinary organisation report found administrative failures wrong decisions mistakes errors judgement failures communication affair disgrace society society paid compensation parsons situation said compensate victims similar cases failed investigate complaints reasonable care law society asked produce report law society included disciplinary topics areas reported draft report published recommended law society transfer disciplinary processes independent solicitor complaints board lay people majority members national consumer council published survey showing respondents felt law society investigating complaints felt independent body created contain solicitor majority wanting equal representation lay people preferring majority lay people aftermath result similar controversies introduced private member bill named independent complaints procedure bill february responsibility regulating profession body outside law society professional opinion split national consumer council legal action group smaller law societies supported proposal larger law societies law society england wales opposed law society england wales persuaded include alternate reform proposal report pressure law society larger regional societies alternate proposal far weaker original proposal kept responsibility regulating profession law society increased separation functions society required majority people regulatory committees lay people events surrounding scandal directly linked reforms pushed courts legal services act created independent disciplinary body


accounting ethics accounting ethics primarily field applied ethics business ethics human ethics study moral values apply example professional ethics accounting introduced later expanded government groups professional organizations independent companies ethics taught accounting courses higher education institutions companies training diverse range accounting services recent corporate collapses attention drawn ethical standards accepted accounting profession collapses resulted widespread disregard reputation accounting profession combat criticism prevent fraudulent accounting accounting organizations governments developed regulations improved ethics accounting profession importance ethics nature work carried requires high level ethics shareholders potential shareholders users financial statements rely heavily yearly financial statements company use information informed decision investment rely opinion prepared statements verified present true fair view company knowledge ethics help overcome ethical allowing right choice benefit company benefit public relies reporting countries differing focuses enforcing accounting laws germany accounting legislation governed tax law sweden accounting law united_kingdom company law addition countries organizations regulate accounting example sweden accounting standards board spain united_states financial accounting standards board history father accounting wrote accounting ethics book published ethical standards developed government groups professional organizations independent companies groups led follow codes ethics perform duties professional work environment follow code ethics set professional body member united_states accounting societies association government institute internal national association codes ethics members societies american association public created step developing united_states accounting industry ethical codes formulated educate members twentieth anniversary meeting october ethics major topic conference members result discussions list professional ethics incorporated organization membership organization voluntary association require individuals conform suggested behaviors accounting organizations illinois institute pursued discussion importance ethics field renamed times history american institute certified public named today developed divisions ethical principles members follow independence integrity technical standards responsibilities clients responsibilities colleagues responsibilities practices divisions provided guidelines certified public act professional failure comply guidelines caused barred practicing developing ethical principles considered profession viewed outside accounting industry teaching ethics courses subject grown significantly couple decades teaching ethics involve role playing lectures case studies guest lectures recent studies indicate nearly accounting textbooks touch ethics way united_states center focused study ethics accounting profession opened state university new_york starting states began requiring ethics classes prior taking exam stephen proposed accounting ethics education include seven goals adapted list daniel implement goals pointed accounting ethics taught accounting curriculum individual class tailored subject requiring taught curriculum accounting teachers knowledge subject require training single course issues include course student education example preliminary accounting classes near end student degree requirements material cover semester class universities room year curriculum single class subject debate ethics taught university setting supporters point ethics important profession taught entering field addition education help reinforce students ethical values inspire prevent making decisions critics argue individual ethical teaching ethics course serve purpose despite opposition instruction accounting ethics universities conferences encouraged professional organizations accounting firms accounting education change commission called students know understand ethics profession able value based argued order uphold strong ethics strong sense values ability reflect situation determine ethical implications commitment iris stuart recommends ethics model consisting steps recognize ethical dilemma occurring identify parties interested outcome dilemma determine alternatives evaluate effect alternative interested parties select best alternative accounting scandals accounting ethics deemed difficult control consider interest public relies information gathered ensuring remained employed company consider best apply accounting standards faced issues cause company face significant loss discontinued accounting scandals profession critics stated asked client plus equal likely respond like thought process criticisms profession issues conflict interest led increased standards stressing ethics work environment role critical society serve financial reporters capital markets owe primary obligation public interest information provide crucial aiding managers investors making critical economic decisions accordingly ethical detrimental society resulting distrust public disruption efficient capital market operations 1980s present multiple accounting scandals widely reported media resulted fraud charges bankruptcy protection requests closure companies accounting firms scandals result creative accounting misleading financial analysis companies issues fraudulent accounting practices including hand bank widely reported violation accounting ethics involved multinational company years shown true fair view financial statements arthur accounting firm considered big signed validity accounts despite financial statements activities reported dissolve arthur went business shareholders lost billion result company bankruptcy fraction arthur anderson employees involved scandal closure firm resulted loss jobs causes fraudulent accounting arise variety issues problems usually come light eventually ruin company discovering revealing studies proposed firm corporate culture values stresses negatively alter behavior environment contribute degradation ethical values learned universities ethics rules prevented accounting firms advertising clients rules lifted spending largest firms advertisements rose million 1980s million 2000s critics claimed allowing firms advertise business professional profession led conflict interest focus allowed occurrences fraud caused firms according arthur offer services business advisers accounting firms interested lower paying focus higher earning services consulting problems arose disregard lack time spent resulted lack attention catching creative fraudulent accounting article managerial journal determined factors contributed ethical failures based survey members international federation factors include order significant self interest failure maintain independence inappropriate professional judgment lack ethical sensitivity improper leadership ill culture failure withstand advocacy threats lack lack organizational peer support lack professional body support main factor self interest motivation act best interest facing conflict interest example issue account receiving financial incentives ignore issues act principles rules international financial reporting standards standards interpretations developed international accounting standards board principle based countries including european_union australia hong_kong united_states generally accepted accounting principles standard framework guidelines financial accounting largely rule based critics stated rules based partly responsible number scandals united_states suffered principles based approach monitoring requires professional judgment rules based approach countries united_states report concerns usage rules based accounting according recent studies believe principles based approach financial reporting improve support dealing client pressure result financial reports viewed transparency switched international accounting standards composed bring change new sec takes system transition brings stronger review based accounting international standards progresses small research examines effect based standards making process according experts willing allow clients manage net income based based standards results offers insight sec weighing arguments debate rules accounting based relevance reliability adopted countries practices international standards viable world domain particular united_states uses makes comparing principles rules difficult august exchange commission sec proposed united_states switch starting responses scandals major accounting scandals new reforms regulations calls increased higher education introduced combat dangers behavior ethics entering workforce higher education initial training companies believed help improve credibility accounting profession companies accounting organizations expanded assistance providing education materials assist professors students new regulations response scandals include corporate law economic reform program act australia act developed united_states limits level work carried accounting firms addition act limit fee firm receive client percentage total fees ensures companies wholly reliant firm income hope need act steady income act protects requires senior management public companies sign accuracy company accounting records members public oversight board oversaw ethics accounting profession resigned critics deemed board ineffective sec proposed developing new panel public company accounting oversight board developed act replaced international federation released report entitled rebuilding public confidence financial reporting international perspective studying international company collapses result accounting issues determined areas improvement organizations recommendations companies develop effective ethics codes report recommended companies pursue options improve training support better handle ethical collaborative effort members international financial regulatory community led chairman french financial markets authority resulting establishment public interest oversight board march provides oversight standards setting boards international assurance standards board international accounting education standards board international ethics standards board recent reform came effect july president obama signed frank wall street reform consumer protection act act covers broad range changes highlights legislation consumer authority independence ends big fail bail outs advance warning system transparency exotic instruments executive compensation corporate governance protects investors regulations books legislation resulted office established administer sec program congress authorized sec provide monetary awards come forward information results minimum rewards dollar collected help identify fraud behaviors early result harm investors quickly holding offenders responsible maintain integrity markets


pennsylvania pennsylvania case decided united_states court appeals circuit confirmed validity special elections held primary fourteenth seventeenth amendments united_states_constitution case came death john iii senators pennsylvania plane crash april seventeenth amendment state governor power appoint officials fill temporarily vacant senate seats special election held law contained statute executing requiring special election instead democrats republicans internally select candidates john voter potential candidate asked united_states district court eastern district pennsylvania declare statute unconstitutional violation fourteenth seventeenth amendments lack primary removed right properly vote candidates delegated power political parties deciding statute subject matter necessitated strict scrutiny approach district court decided june unconstitutional violation right vote select senate candidates decision appealed court appeals circuit decided use strict scrutiny approach absence ruled statute violation fourteenth seventeenth amendments academics critical decision reached approach suggesting substantial state interests test appropriate background april john iii senators pennsylvania killed chartered plane collided helicopter landing gear seventeenth amendment united_states_constitution legislature state power permit governor fill vacant seat special election held pennsylvania power delegated governor robert signed writ declaring november date special election temporarily appointing harris fill vacant seat law need primary situation instead democrats republicans internally select candidate run special election john member electorate potential candidate challenged law claiming violated rights fourteenth seventeenth amendments argued failing allow state legislation prevented getting select candidate choice violated fourteenth amendment terms statute absence requirement allegedly rights electorate seventeenth amendment required selection senators popular vote complaint legislation effectively delegated power choose candidates political parties electorate accordingly filed motion judgment state statute unconstitutional requested removed seat counsel commonwealth pennsylvania joined office governor argued constitution require holding primary elections fill statute protected valid compelling state interests protecting validity electoral process limiting term appointed senator judgment case heard united_states district court eastern district pennsylvania following oral arguments judge dismissed motion remove commonwealth motion dismiss june district court declared statute unconstitutional stating violated fourteenth seventeenth amendments failure ensure popular participation use primary elections decision reached following analysis legislative history seventeenth amendment electoral processes based analysis court concluded use nomination process special election implied right vote violated lack primary necessitated strict legislation considering evidence court concluded interests commonwealth forth support statute infringement right vote leading conclusion statute governing special elections unconstitutional public press political parties quickly turned attention case republican state committee pennsylvania supported democratic counterparts prominent politicians intervening moved appeal court appeals circuit unanimous opinion court appeals consisting confirmed restriction fundamental right strict scrutiny process need applied absence process held seventeenth amendment require primary elections fill broadly gave state wide discretion hold elections statute violate constitution december supreme_court denied writ presumably special election taken place november issue significance little writing temple law review notes guidance district court court appeals explicit direction direct precedent constitutional provisions prior case law rely absence guidance court appeals took narrow view issues law mandatory elections opinion lack primary case judged violation fundamental rights combined purpose seventeenth amendment ensure direct election led application strict scrutiny test decision statute governing special elections unconstitutional kevin gold instead suggests test analogous decision validity new_york state electoral law judiciary applied substantial state interests test involves simply looking statute question interests states seventeenth amendment given discretion electoral process use


united_states supreme_court decision involving native american law john sued agents land company common law claims assault battery forcibly evicted company agents court affirmed judgement favor notwithstanding fact executed indian removal treaty company held exclusive right purchase land virtue interstate compact ratified congress citing trust relationship federal government tribes court held removal treaties enforced tribes federal government private parties self help courts words federal government retained discretion enforce treaties time court held enrolled treaties valid refused consider claim treaty buffalo creek fraudulent encounters court title litigation title united_states court indigenous nation georgia according contemporary new_york_times article questions involved great magnitude affect title large portion state new_york court found opportunity consider power federal government indian lands new_york following marshall court decided time government dealing indian tribes semi sovereign nations lawyer john future new_york attorney general represented interests band indians companion cases new_york state courts case new_york reached supreme_court held state acts state laws prohibiting non indians acquiring indian lands commerce clause federal act federal treaties parker administrators estate went draft surrender indigenous commissioner indian affairs background precedent marshall court repeatedly taken issue title united_states exception nation georgia dismissed lack original jurisdiction disputes non indians typically derived title government derived title private purchases indians uniform rule cases clearly johnson non indians acquire valid land title private purchases purchase issue treaty buffalo creek ratified federal government court encountered party claiming actually possess title case jurisdiction definitively resolved question holders title avail common law causes action end opinion marshall stated obtained holder title court marsh brooks went declaring holder title obtain stating action maintained indian right occupancy use open question oral arguments case nation cited authority argument indians sue title court united_states sued related cause action opinion attorney general william interpreting johnson argued indians protected enjoyment exclusive possession lands defined bounded treaty voluntarily relinquished dispute sovereignty land title modern day western new_york disputed colonies states new_york massachusetts claiming lands virtue colonial charters dispute resolved december treaty interstate compact providing lands territory new_york massachusetts retain pre rights exclusive right purchase indian lands compact approved congress confederation october oliver acquired right pre lands issue massachusetts purchase right pre tract east river payments massachusetts causing pre rights return state massachusetts conveyed pre rights samuel behalf robert morris morris retained pre right morris reserve sold pre right lands question holland land company july holland purchase holland land company pre right treaty big tree title west river reservations dispute concerned reservations treaty buffalo creek provided relocation people new_york present day kansas exception reservations buffalo creek reservation reservation reservation reservation refused relocated treaty modified prior treaty buffalo creek nation new_york established band indians nation achieved independent federal recognition decision prior history facts john member band indians wolf clan constructed indian yard enclosed tract reservation county new_york circa received compensation value improvements yard provided treaties forcibly refused let treaty property survey land company claimed title reservation virtue right pre treaties agents company expelled force arms supreme_court trial court suit originally brought john represented lawyer john sued joseph robert agents land company assault battery quo wife parker successor wolf clan administrators estate succeeded jury trial new_york supreme_court held supreme_court general term new_york supreme_court general term circuit court denied new trial holding payment value improvements determined condition precedent treaty court appeals new_york court appeals represented arguments argued right bring action based title indian nation individual indian noted nation prohibited law bringing action private attorney second argued title valid argued rights treaty federal government affect defendant title condition precedent court reporter publish responses court appeals sided judge john worth delivered majority opinion joined chief judge charles judges alexander johnson watson judge judge absent court appeals held independently bring claim need right possession court appeals held title invalid payment compensation condition precedent dissent agreed individually sue disagreed condition precedent reversed granted new trial costs court appeals supreme_court writ error granted supreme_court supreme_court oral argument john argued case court commissioner brown land company argued defendants arguments started january january parker personally attended oral arguments supreme_court washington according new_york_times heard cases argued supreme_court united_states months seeing indian posted points desired counsel press attention court letter editor new_york_times criticizes previous article creating impression indians nearly equal agriculture general intelligence customs life white neighbors assessment parker role word intellectual ability parker head chief unite awarding credit making valuable suggestions counsel argument case supreme_court united_states inclined belief credit originating suggesting counsel available point case decided case years courts state point supreme_court united_states original brief counsel indians filed rules court brief printed opening argument counsel commenced handed second day previous conclusion opinion announcement chief justice roger present opinion announcement home working opinion scott announced day court inherited preceding marshall court decisions status title united_states decisions cited opinion scott opined following title situation blacks altogether unlike indian race situated territories white race claimed ultimate right dominion claim acknowledged subject right indians occupy long thought proper english colonial governments claimed exercised dominion tribe nation occupied claimed right possession territory tribe nation justice john scott noted congress express power regulate commerce indian tribes prohibit intercourse indians title defeated country ceded indians united_states early opinion court justice samuel nelson delivered unanimous opinion court judgment new_york court appeals effect treaty court observed treaty provision mode manner removal indians surrender reservations place assumed authorized possession reservations case treaty case expelled force mode removal sustained recovery defendants right affirmed court noted previous indians undertaken federal government according usage practice government authority care mode removal court argued consistent peace country duty government dependent people influenced counsel authority change treaty negotiated quasi nation possessing attributes independent people dealt accordingly court held stipulated federal government authority power execute agreement court remarked state hold relation government ward guardian nature relationship federal government incompatible expelled irregular force violence intervention courts justice court held private native american treaties expel tribes force cause action court observed interpretation accordance practice government providing removal indian tribes ancient possessions fitness thing text treaty court concluded hold performance duty belonged government treaty validity treaty court accept arguments treaty invalid signed tribal leaders authority relevant lands signatories induced sign enrolled bill rule citation case law opinion court held treaty executed ratified proper authorities government supreme law land courts purpose effect operation conditions precedent aforementioned holdings required court reach alternate ground decision trial court payments conditions precedent companion cases lawyer john represented contemporary suits land company people tracy people new_york time future new_york attorney general known personal injury railroads especially new_york central railroad brought new_york supreme_court common law cause action suits brought required statute county court state statute prohibiting non indians residing indian lands statute provided shall unlawful person persons indians settle reside lands belonging occupied nation tribe indians state contracts agreements indians person persons indians shall permitted reside lands shall absolutely void person persons shall settle reside lands contrary act shall duty judge court common pleas county lands shall situated complaint proof fact settlement residence issue warrant hand seal directed sheriff county commanding days thereof remove person persons settling residing families lands statute provided shall duty district attorneys respectively counties state lands belonging indian tribe shall situated things complaint indian lands forbidden act time time inquiries persons indians settled lands cause removed manner prescribed district attorney appointed office elected district attorney county filed complaints people tracy people successor filed complaint new_york district attorney complaint tracy filed lost election attempted issue private attorney results suits mixed defeated new_york supreme_court new_york court appeals respectively prevailed court appeals ultimately supreme_court people tracy final days district attorney filed complaint january evidence including testimony parker presented january judge tracy county court declined issue warrant county sheriff remove january applied supreme_court court issued alternative essentially order cause issue march served march april deadline extended tuesday june supreme_court joined new_york attorney general john van opposed brown june judge granted tracy motion costs court held district attorney bring action enforce statute opinion terms spirit statute proceeding district attorney county lands situated regularly remedy act complained provided statute officers carry execution duty district attorney complaint indian lands forbidden act time time inquiries persons indians settled lands cause removed manner prescribed act john person claim summary proceedings remove indian lands act person authorized provisions complaint cause removed district attorney county lands situated court found parker insufficient factual matter comply terms statute district attorney brought action sufficient supreme_court denied matter law people second suit second term time elected district attorney filed complaint statute january judge county court granted writ removal january new_york supreme_court general term judges sitting buffalo new_york granted writ affirmed march party subject writ removal named court appeals opinion reported opinion court appeals reversed writ october judge john worth unanimous court gave reasons held court power proceed majority defendants properly summoned caused appear second respect defendant voluntarily appeared court held appear lands owned indians new_york suit successor district attorney filed complaint john land company statute february thomas black improvements apparently compensated allegedly presence judge county court time partner granted writ removal supreme_court granted affirmed september holding nation duly granted conveyed reserve question judgement supreme_court delivered judge joined judges green judge opinion court appeals second argument affirmed september majority opinion authored judge brown joined judges court appeals held state statute violate new_york constitution jury trial required defendants property right closing court appeals cited supreme_court recent decision chief judge joined judge alexander johnson concurred state statute grounds treaties extinguished title state statute apply violated treaty judge time decided reached supreme_court argued court eventually affirmed holding state statute violate indian commerce clause federal act treaty subsequent developments enrolled treaty doctrine key claim advanced lawyer john cases treaty buffalo creek invalid signed leaders authority reservation signatures contain obtained fraud argument prevailed new_york courts supreme_court brown notes principal point counsel relied hoped establish bound treaties chiefs protested refused sign point main argument stages litigation addressed pressed consideration courts decided case argued winter washington decided favor court earliest cases supreme_court applied treaties including treaties united_states native american tribes binding law cited authority enrolled treaty doctrine analogous enrolled bill rule statutes enrolled treaty doctrine prevents inquiry legitimacy formation treaties ratified senate doctrine later deny relief deny relief native american tribes claimed treaties entered signed persons authority tribe decided supreme_court began distinguishing self executing non self executing treaties regardless treaties united_states native americans continued regarded self executing land claims contemporary new_york_times article opined questions involved great magnitude affect title large portion state new_york prevailed lawsuit title large portion state called question court refusal entertain claims treaty according armstrong result decision mixed decision indians hoped victory narrow legal grounds cause victory court ruling meant long federal government determined action remove company powerless decided time government dealing indian tribes semi sovereign nations relocated kansas new treaty confirmed title acre reservation treaty ended years litigation band land company represented prevailed new_york nation indians involved represented civil war general challenged purchase act cited supreme_court upheld judgment court claims enabling statute federal government based treaty cited indian nation new_york county proposition right claimed federal right lands issue case parker went member general grant staff american_civil_war drawing terms surrender court house war president grant appointed parker commissioner indian affairs indigenous head bureau indian affairs according new_york_times obituary parker negotiated removal tribe state fertile pleasant lands green bay wisconsin lawyer john later appeared supreme_court new_york attorney general new_york indians arguing state right tax court disagreed case joseph defendant george sought recover plot land robert official capacity new_york state thomas tax sale argued state power tax new_york indians agreeing cited indians sold lands removed treaty regarded ancient possession original rights entitled enjoyment effect decision case time surrender possession according consent given treaty expired taxes levied period removal place treaty years time went effect proclaimed till time till taxation lands premature illegal


january spelled immigrant chinese convicted murderer pacific_northwest famous person legally executed pacific county washington death row prison break supposedly arranged charged captivity biography chinese laborers came washington near turn century proud liked white community spoke little english acted agent chinese workers employers approached south bend police chief complaining fellow chinese resident threatened brushed suggested deal situation took advice attacking axe act convicted assault fined sentenced prison term months summer employed worker living bay center playing cards august year assaulted threatened robbed oscar bloom white man reputation bully time approach police instead immediately took matters hands went room retrieve gun sought shot bloom abdomen fled scene bloom survived long swear deathbed identifying killer public sympathy high white employers chinese workers pressed officials action taken accordingly arrested august october tried convicted murder oscar bloom contrary belief receive light sentence judge ordered hanged execution scheduled january conviction continued enjoy public support petitions signed sent state governor county officials supposedly leaving cell door unlocked night encouraging escape eventually escape early morning january news report claimed improvised lock cell door picked aid confederate hid south bend days hunted squad led sheriff thomas january sighted men following day county commissioners met agreed offer reward capture january finally man offered resistance asked escaped said door open walked january governor henry rejected petitions procedural grounds january confirmed wire sentence anticipation execution great besieged requests attend issued invitation cards examples survive hanging proceeded planned inside courthouse county seat south bend morning january expected break ate fairly morning went assistance friends goodbye words kill good trap sprung means rope dummy ropes extended adjoining room concealed room pulled rope simultaneously sheriff knew trigger official execution place pacific county month arrest new act washington state legislature took effect required executions future crimes carried washington state legacy trial execution attracted great deal contemporary publicity pacific county passed realm folk legend story researched recounted local historians sydney stevens nationally renowned poet humorous subject biographical play hanging based


concurrent use registration concurrent use registration united_states trademark law federal trademark registration trademark unrelated parties party having registration limited distinct geographic area registration achieved filing concurrent use application converting existing application concurrent use application prevailing concurrent use proceeding trademark trial appeal board judicial body united_states patent trademark office concurrent use application filed respect trademark registered use party allowed forward based assertion existing use exist new registration causing consumer confusion authority type registration set forth act permits concurrent use registration concurrent use good faith adoption mark prior filing application registration commonly achieved agreement parties involved determine confusion caused statutory basis authority issue concurrent use registration set forth act section enacted coded states relevant provisions act effectively places requirements marks later seeks concurrent use registration later mark commerce prior time earlier filed application registration senior junior user registration later use commerce concurrent use marks result likelihood confusion statute essentially tea rose doctrine established united_states supreme_court cases decided court established cases junior user mark geographically remote senior user mark establish priority senior user claim mark junior user area party voluntarily limit geographic scope application conceding rights party different geographic territory concurrent use application filed based party intent use mark rely actual use commerce concurrent use application identify parties entitled use mark provide names addresses parties identified instead making usual assertion party right use mark assert party specified application right geographically applications pending time registration issued proceed earliest application later applications hold pending determination earliest use commerce prior adverse filing registration terms act critical dates respect concurrent registration date use earliest filing date words trademark trial appeal board manual procedure states application seeking concurrent registration concurrent use proceeding normally assert date use commerce prior earliest application filing date application involved proceeding act requires use commerce predecessor united_states court customs patent appeals read mean use party use time adopted mark potential facing concurrent rights arise party good faith knowledge prior party use geographic area adopts uses similar mark similar goods services geographic area mere fact use geographically remote use establish good faith courts generally held remote use defense unavailable junior user adopts substantially identical mark remote geographic area knowledge senior user prior use previously held mere knowledge existence prior user constitute bad faith likelihood confusion factors likelihood confusion established commonly referred factors thirteen factors similarity marks appearance sound commercial impression similarity nature goods services described application registration connection prior mark use similarity established likely continue trade channels conditions buyers sales impulse careful sophisticated purchasing fame prior mark sales advertising length use number nature similar marks use similar goods nature extent actual confusion length time conditions concurrent use evidence actual confusion variety goods mark house mark family mark product mark market interface owner prior mark mere consent register use agreement provisions designed confusion limitations continued use marks party assignment mark application registration good related business owner prior mark indicative lack confusion extent right exclude use mark goods extent potential confusion substantial established fact effect use instances categories applicable facts case procedure acquire procedures acquire registration set forth chapter initiated concurrent use application submitted initiate concurrent use proceeding determine entitled registration existing application denied registration conflict existing mark converted concurrent use application existing mark case assert mark commerce owner existing registration called senior filed application registration demonstrate marks specific geographic areas causing likelihood confusion contact senior inform party claim mark proceeding respective rights parties determined like trial submit evidence showing adopted mark good faith adopted mark prior senior date registration confusion likely senior present evidence contrary order prevent loss control use registered mark claimed territory parties discovery form requests admission requests production regular trial called resolve disputes discovery requests discovery responses inadequate senior proceeding ample incentive oppose grant concurrent use registration registered trademark presumed apply entire united_states grant concurrent use registration geographic territory senior exclusive control indicates concurrent use registration issued court competent jurisdiction finally determined person entitled use similar marks commerce matter right issue registration court order right use mark certain geographic area court issued order concurrent use proceeding needed evidence taken court proceeding rights parties determined concurrent use proceedings result legal settlement parties frequently party surrender concurrent use claim instead receive trademark license party situations party agree geographic limitations use mark issue honor settlement facts confusion likely benefit agreement parties agree terms scope decision specific restrictions time place advertising modifications appearance mark agreement reached independent finding consumer confusion likely result concurrent use registration parties assert confusion likely findings fact demonstrate confusion likely deny registration junior user mark pivotal factor assessing likelihood confusion parties marks question agreed form methods avoiding confusion case court held agreement viewed light parties interests prevailing marketplace stating furthermore issuance concurrent use need prevent party engaging advertising activities result incidental publication mark territory amalgamated bank case federal circuit found acceptable term agreement agreement amalgamated new_york conducting advertising enter state illinois dealing customers happen located state illinois courts similarly held concurrent use registration party advertising internet particularly junior user includes form website geographic divisions concurrent use registration detailed geographic divisions laid example allow party right use mark mile radius handful selected cities counties party owns right use mark country divide rights use mark particular city reference roads landmarks city describes territorial analysis king king found concurrent use proceedings area registration sought usually extensive area actually mark general rule prior user mark entitled registration covering entire united_states limited extent subsequent user establish likelihood confusion exists concurrent rights actual area use plus area natural expansion concurrent users mark geographically separate markets senior right maintain registration market areas mark senior maintain right use mark territories occupied party pizza example junior user mark commerce owned small restaurant maryland expressed plans expansion second senior user mark commerce owned multiple restaurants texas planning aggressive expansion held purpose statute best served granting second registration entire united_states trading area restricted registration permit exclusive use maryland miles restaurant areas crossing states furthermore general rule provides entire united_states covered respective parties proceeding resolve issue territorial rights way leaves country uncovered entirely contested proceeding foods court held senior user mark entitled registration covering entire united_states outside junior user area actual use court went courts considered implications concurrent use registration determined raise violation laws considered violation laws companies agree divide geographic territories sale goods concurrent use agreements dividing trademark territories specifically provided congress furthermore agreement place company sell competing products trademark territory company long party sells product different mark impact availability concurrent use registration commonly invoked stand excellent chance demonstrating existence geographically distinct markets proceedings like proceedings court expensive time consuming contested concurrent use proceeding years resolution claim outcome remain uncertain end outcome proceeding subject appeal united_states court appeals federal circuit challenge united_states district court notable instance continuing concurrent use registration holiday inn national chain owns numerous trademark registration unrelated holiday inn restricted area comprising town beach beach hotel 1940s initiated concurrent use proceeding proceeding pending national chain commenced action united_states district court concurrent use proceeding suspended federal litigation resulted judgment authorizing beach hotel use distinctive holiday inn service mark town beach concurrent use proceeding resumed united_states court customs patent appeals awarded beach hotel federal trademark registration concurrent use registration issued parties eventually come agreement party surrender registration instances party simply happen cease mark favor new brand registration lapse cases larger company eventually acquire smaller final note concurrent use registration devised advent internet serves diminish geographic sellers john harvard educated attorney writes known blog proceedings noted vigorously contested proceedings clear concurrent use internet age dying breed