battle battle september fought south island new britain invasion subsequent occupation german new_guinea australian naval military expeditionary force shortly outbreak world war similar new_zealand operation german august main target operation strategically important wireless station german east squadron australians believed located area powerful german naval fleet threatened british interests elimination early priority british australian governments war unopposed landing mixed force german half trained police mounted stout resistance forced australians fight way objective day fighting sides suffered casualties australian forces captured wireless station battle australia major military engagement war significant action campaign aftermath remaining german forces new britain fled inland following brief siege german garrison ending resistance australian occupation island background terrain german new_guinea consisted north eastern new_guinea nearby island groups new_guinea established main colony kaiser north eastern new_guinea islands east known archipelago consisted new britain new ireland exception german german islands pacific german new_guinea german solomon islands smaller islands guam marshall islands relatively minor colony covered extensive land area totalling square kilometres western half new_guinea administered netherlands eastern half annexed european power 1880s fearful growing foreign influence particularly influence germany british colony queensland annexed south eastern new_guinea wishes british government initiated german interest remaining island november german flag raised kaiser archipelago new britain german solomon islands german emperor granted imperial charter newly founded new_guinea company annexation extended solomon islands november april german government took formal control establishing treaty spain signed july ensured german control island groups pacific added german new_guinea economic life german new_guinea small population european asian settlers population relied heavily export import goods services remained modest outpost august europeans lived colony small significant number japanese chinese prelude planning preliminary operations following britain declaration war imperial germany august outbreak world war australia members british_empire automatically involved prime minister joseph cook stating august empire war australia days brigadier general william bridges staff officer major white completed plans creation australian imperial force white proposed expeditionary force men including australians new cook subsequently approved proposal increased offer men serve destination desired british government august london acceptance force asked sent soon possible recruiting offices opened august end volunteers accepted despite strict physical fitness guidelines additional british request assistance august australian government prepared expeditionary force destroy german wireless stations caroline islands new britain new_zealand military operation german completed late august targets strategically important wireless stations german east squadron command count von existence powerful german fleet including modern cruisers sms sms pacific outbreak war worried british admiralty australian government elimination radio network key priority location german fleet unknown suspected hiding excellent natural harbour australian naval military expeditionary force raised task prelude amphibious landing peninsula new britain ships australian squadron conducted reconnaissance area subsequently entering bay august destroyers entered simpson harbour landing parties went ashore demolish post offices german gubernatorial capital present day located miles south east location radio station information forthcoming threatening bombard nearby settlements radio station continued transmit australian warships withdrew opposing forces comprised battalion infantry men enlisted sydney plus naval sailors serve infantry 1st battalion commanded lieutenant colonel russell watson naval formed companies commander joseph included machine gun sections signals section medical detachment battalion militia queensland based kennedy regiment dispatched garrison thursday island contributed volunteers recruitment began august infantry having previous military experience overall command colonel william holmes force departed sydney august aboard halted palm island new_zealand force escorted battlecruiser australia cruiser melbourne french cruiser occupied august moved port met queensland contingent aboard transport force sailed german new_guinea september left refused work militia left port holmes decided sufficiently trained equipped committed anticipated fighting outbreak war german new_guinea lightly defended available reported duty police armed total strength german officers non commissioned officers police compound defenders problems germans limited experience served military years earlier radio station occupied germans command captain force assigned defend hostile landing point near coast authorised withdraw halfway necessary radio station company germans stationed commanded lieutenant mayer squad robert von lord bob charged digging improving defences section outposts established locations monitored coast george channel despite limits manpower arrangements proved effective reconnaissance australian squadron august quickly detected german forces subsequently directed coast repel invasion battle initial landings eastern tip new_guinea australia light cruiser sydney plus number destroyers melbourne detached destroy wireless station melbourne arrived september find radio station disabled staff surrendering opposition task force reached september found port free german forces sydney destroyer landed small parties naval settlements parties reinforced firstly sailors later infantry parties subsequently landed sub lieutenant commanded lieutenant commander accordance german plans australians encountered opposition german company stationed having withdrawn early morning australians raised union jack settlement australians believed probably radio stations construction miles directly inland directly inland remained guard stores landed sydney party began advance inland road party lieutenant advance kilometres south force consisting officers naval subsequently landed included personnel provide medical support maintain communications advance inland advance inland began fringe dense jungle edged road radio station australians attempting avoid road possible penetrated yards scouts pushed away road work way obstacle suddenly surprised group soldiers led german apparently laying ambush road advancing australians opened fire wounding german hand capturing scattering means ruse mayer captured defenders important commanders significant maps fell australian hands time realising advance going contested requested reinforcements consequently interim measure men landed lieutenant hill infantry arrive steaming bay pushed australians fired concealed germans troops situation grave australians suffered casualty war able billy williams mortally wounded casualties medical officer captain brian died wounds afternoon evacuated reinforcements landed earlier destroyers reached situation advance subsequently resumed australians gone yards encountered strongly held german trench dug road working hill attempted germans shot badly wounded sniper leaving hill command subsequently landed reinforcements including half battalion commanded lieutenant commander charles machine gun section medical detachment reinforcements battalion commander intelligence officer fighting wireless station advanced inland rapidly soon engaged losing killed wounded brief skirmish advance australians uncovered large pipe germans buried narrow track set detonate command wire mines laid beneath road wires leading electric battery firing key tree hill position reached australians overall command launched flanking attack main trench blocking road despite suffering heavy casualties pressed attack forcing defenders surrender charging trench fixed german officer captured australians killed including died leading charge sword drawn wounded command hill accompanied german prisoners acting australians proceeded road flag truce persuaded garrisons trenches surrender skirmish germans counter attacked wounding australians fatally unarmed german killed australians advance continued group defenders encountered disarmed nightfall australians reached radio station found abandoned mast dismantled instruments machinery remained intact surviving defenders abandoned defences withdrawn aftermath casualties fighting seven australians killed wounded casualties defenders included german killed german wounded germans captured later alleged heavy losses troops result australians number captured casualties suffered australians light context later operations heavy given modest territorial strategic gains compounded disappearance submarine patrol september men aboard defeat remaining german forces civil administration withdrew miles inland believing time australians arrived german governor continued hold days hoping german east squadron arrive relieve unknown germans australian advanced party consisting half battalion men pounder naval field gun followed moving road australians surrounded town proceeded bombard encounter arrived station fired shells ridge nearby firepower scattered police sufficient start negotiations subsequently occupied visited holmes september signing terms days later military resistance subsequently ceased remaining german soldiers surrendered september leaving effective opposition australian occupation territory capture german new_guinea german colony kaiser new_guinea mainland occupied september german armed merchant sms nearby escaped months remaining outposts occupied german east squadron steamed pacific surprising sinking british force november rounding cape horn atlantic attempting raid stanley naval station squadron destroyed powerful british force battle islands december later alleged widespread looting destruction civilian property australian troops occurred period ill discipline australian force appears issue raised poor character enlisted claims australian media criminal behaviour caused considerable controversy time later led parliamentary end number soldiers court imprisoned looting theft allegations including rape arose following capture remaining german possessions region provided occupation forces duration war holmes subsequently established military government continued australia received mandate league nations govern territory australian military administration continued economic policies previous german colonial administration official policy continue status quo including use labour plantations levy native head tax official corporal punishment equally despite previously protected german colonial administration hunting native bird paradise crowned white lucrative trade feathers skin officially custom tax levied export terms german surrender allowed return germany german civilians remain long swore oath neutrality refused later transported australia freely travel germany january holmes handed command brigadier general sir samuel secretary department defence holmes returned australia enlisted men replaced 3rd battalion known tropical force specially enlisted service tropics established administrative structures remained period military occupation required international law follow german forms government territory gradually acquired appearance british colony result peace settlement treaty versailles germany lost colonial possessions including german new_guinea colony territory new_guinea league nations mandate territory australian administration remained merged australian territory territory new_guinea eventually modern new_guinea interrupted japanese occupation new_guinea campaign second world war australian administration territory lasted new_guinea gained independence assessment ultimately australian operation new britain achieved objectives destroying wireless station seizing colony reducing strategic german possession pacific denying use support naval forces region successful managed australians effectively delayed reserve officers half trained police force finally prevailed unexpected ability fight close terrain german positions opponents battle australia major military engagement war soon little conflict grew assume greater proportions later men volunteered served egypt gallipoli palestine western large number casualties including holmes killed action apart real human suffering troops killed wounded reduction german prestige capture german new_guinea economic property losses experienced german colonists occupation battle ultimately held little significance germany fighting yielded tactical lessons given different nature fighting mass warfare germans australians experienced europe australians felt real war europe germans campaign global conflict world war largely forgotten today result


united_nations confidence restoration operation croatia united_nations confidence restoration operation croatia commonly abbreviated united_nations mission croatia established chapter vii united_nations charter approved security council resolution march inherited personnel infrastructure united_nations protection force command located troops deployed sectors named north south east west different countries contributed troops mission started troops taken personnel count gradually reduced approximately end mission early south korean diplomat min civilian head mission military commanders generals linked remained active bosnia united_nations deployment force deployed republic macedonia mission terminated january resolution passed november sixteen troops killed including operation storm august tasked march croatian war independence supporting agreement economic cooperation croatia self declared republic serbian monitoring areas opposing armies monitoring peninsula undertaking liaison functions delivering humanitarian aid occupying croatia international borders held territory federal republic yugoslavia bosnia like mission criticised lacking sufficient troops adequate resources carry mission mission mandate proved nearly impossible background following electoral defeat communist regime croatia ethnic tensions worsened elections yugoslav people army confiscated weapons croatia territorial defence force resistance august tensions escalated open revolt croatian serbs centred predominantly populated areas parts eastern croatia regions republic serbian later established areas declared intention integrate serbia viewed government croatia region prevented croatian police intervening march conflict escalated croatian war independence june croatia declared independence yugoslavia implementation decision postponed october month campaign ethnic began non serbs expelled early increasingly supported croatian police cope situation croatian national_guard garde formed military croatia renamed croatian army november late saw fighting war culminating battle barracks siege battle january agreement implement plan signed representatives croatia fighting plan designed stop hostilities croatia allow negotiations influence caused fighting offered political solutions advance plan entailed deployment person united_nations protection force major conflict areas known protected areas tasked creating croatian elements overseeing withdrawal return refugees area united_nations security council resolution february described legal basis mission requested agreed november explicit reference chapter chapter vii united_nations charter reference chapter vii permitted force enforce mandate regardless level cooperation problems agreement start deploy march took months fully deploy placed heavy weapons army republic storage controlled jointly january force unable provisions plan including return refugees restoration civilian authority establishment integrated police failed remove forces areas outside designated control time signed areas later known pink zones supposed restored croatian control outset failure implement aspect plan pink zones major source contention croatia worried situation ground permanent croatia launched small scale military seize significant local objectives attract international attention response retrieved weapons controlled storage sites reversing major success croatia transition mandate extended times months consent government croatia changed early croatian president wrote secretary general united_nations informing croatia accept extensions mission expired march asking leave croatia end june time established practice seek consent country deployed letter effectively required withdraw completely croatia action require identified integral parts croatia united_nations security council resolution march days later secretary general reported united_nations security council unable implement important elements plan enforce protect vehicles january ambassador peter unsuccessfully tried persuade aide accept extension mandate explaining conflict inevitably force withdrew followed harsh french diplomatic responses calling ignore croatian decision resulted dismissing extension mandate assistant secretary state european affairs richard met suggested permitted stay croatia count integration european_union nato way diplomatic row proposed replaced new mission personnel structure following croatian agreement adopted resolution establishing united_nations confidence restoration operation croatia replacing country new mission devised secretary general united_nations mission mandate functions mission established chapter vii united_nations charter initially scheduled end november mandate support implementation agreed croatia march agreement economic cooperation december entailed monitoring areas forward positions specific types heavy weapons kilometres miles away forward military positions placed storage maintenance joint commissions performance liaison functions economic functions supporting negotiation implementation economic arrangements supporting activities aimed opening transport routes power water supply networks tasked delivery humanitarian aid control monitoring reporting transport military personnel supplies equipment weapons staffed border held parts croatia bosnia federal republic yugoslavia border manned mandate directed monitor peninsula entrance bay according resolution deployment formally approved april mission scheduled scaled june troops larger force country criticised reasons secretary general report council described failures new mission address insufficient troops having reduced levels new mission mandate inadequate human material resources carry mission tasks result mission mandate nearly impossible croatian sources said mission real difference authorities satisfied mission specifically objected deployment troops international borders mission conversely pleased mission acronym appeared croatia response czech troops vehicle licence plates bearing new mission acronym operating controlled territory plates areas held safety concerns order battle commanded peace force headquarters established controlled united_nations deployment force republic macedonia confined bosnia late march commander french lieutenant general bernard july south korean diplomat min appointed head major general royal army mission military commander post held canadian lieutenant general initially deployed parts croatia contemporary documents longer referred applying designations sector east west north south areas control local authorities instead group sources refers areas deployment reflects practice acronym refer areas troops argentina belgium canada czech_republic denmark finland france germany indonesia jordan kenya netherlands norway poland russia slovakia sweden ukraine united_states contributed mission replaced croatia march troops including personnel croatia mid november mission scaled personnel including military observers civilian police personnel response croatian launched operation flash overran held sector west course days warned attack hours advance allow troops seek shelter authorities said units able remove weapons depots near offensive began weapons stored march agreement nonetheless stop troops weapons fighting troops took members troops hostage use human shields troops armoured personnel carrier land tanks moving west motorway battalion facilitated surrender troops near following agreement reached croatia personal representative secretary general operation flash troops wounded fire offensive clear deployment deter croatian august initiated operation storm aimed sectors north south encompassed bulk notified hours advance attack addition corps notified sector path planned advance requested written confirmation information received relayed information authorities days later requested protect civilians accompanying retreated bosnia trapped near troops captured closing road available ukrainian battalion base venue negotiations surrender trapped corps negotiations conducted presence officers commander sector north signed surrender agreement witness offensive involved actions army republic bosnia supported offensive pocket attacked observation posts manned polish troops troops danish human shields offensive detained sector east headquarters staff vehicles personnel harassed killed offensive result actions result fire injured troops destroyed observation posts following negotiations led continued supervise sector east role sectors north south limited post conflict peace building following agreement croatian authorities november withdrawn sector east planned reduce troops end september approximately october mission strength remained troops november termination aftermath mission ended resolution passed november resolution passed wake agreement croatia representatives serbs sector east defined mechanisms peaceful restoration region croatian control established interim period ending january authority transferred new transitional force deployed area interim period expired adopted resolutions established united_nations transitional administration eastern western sector east united_nations mission observers commencement new missions coincided nato arrival bosnia enforce sixteen personnel died mission soldiers killed czech danish french russian battalions lost belgian polish ukrainian contingents lost killed major combat mission area united_nations medal awarded troops served consecutive days medal issued suspended ribbon millimetres inches wide millimetre red stripe white border blue background flanked millimetre stripes olive green left brown right set millimetres inches apart white border

United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia


battle battle fought september battle battle formed set piece battle fought september months palestine campaign world war cavalry phase battle desert mounted corps commanded australian lieutenant general harry captured plain known valley plain armageddon miles line hills september 3rd light horse brigade captured 4th light horse brigade australian mounted division deployed guarding supply columns prisoners ordered attack capture shore sea ottoman german garrison ordered commander army group fight man centre rearguard line stretching intended cover retreat ottoman armies rearguard set delay advance egyptian expeditionary force cavalry desert mounted corps british_empire infantry victories hills battle battle battle battles fought battle including attack battle forced retreat ottoman fourth seventh eighth armies north damascus september german general von commander army group ordered german ottoman garrison prepare strong rearguard defence town dawn september regiment squadrons australian 4th light horse brigade attacked rearguard strongly entrenched assault began mounted cavalry charge ended hours later close quarter fighting village railway station fierce fighting swords room room railway buildings town captured victory captured centre rearguard line concluded battle section battle opened way cavalry pursuit damascus captured october time armistice allies ottoman_empire signed end october captured fighting progress north background following second attacks march april april egyptian expeditionary force responsible palestine campaign march commander general ordered occupation jordan valley ordered line extended hills mediterranean_sea british infantry cavalry regiments western counter spring offensive replaced british india army infantry cavalry organisation training newly arrived soldiers carried series attacks sections ottoman line summer months attacks aimed pushing line positions preparation major attack newly arrived infantry middle september consolidated force ready large scale operations september corps commanded lieutenant general edward support barrage broken ottoman line battle afternoon corps commanded lieutenant general philip ordered begin attack supported artillery barrage attacks corps continued midday september successful flanking attack corps combined corps assault forced seventh eighth armies seventh army commanded ottoman army retreated area jordan river crossing bridge rearguard captured desert mounted corps commanded lieutenant general harry advanced gap created corps infantry morning september ottoman forces fighting hills capturing advancing time force commanded major general edward captured retreating ottoman german column bridge cut line retreat jordan river east river fourth army began retreat force advanced capture salt september captured september second battle strong fourth army rearguard defeated september regarded british commander egyptian expeditionary force german general von commander army group key strategic point town controlled direct road damascus ottoman lines communication palestine railways ran series bridges jordan river clear course remained open sector lake held means disposal prevent pursuit overtaking whilst formations retiring river jordan east jordan valley sector der form time unsuccessful attack 5th cavalry division early morning september von accompanied general major escaped way damascus arrived afternoon september continuing alerted garrisons passed advance ordered establishment rearguard line line run river valley jordan river west shore sea northwards lake main roads railway lines damascus protected time gained development defence damascus garrisons defeated von described essential link main sectors line weak link halves reinforced garrison german machine gunners ordered commander german officer hold town man prelude asia corps retreat morning september german colonel von asia remained intact consisted 16th 19th divisions battalion complete troop squadron cavalry machine guns light machine guns additional machine gun company guns infantry artillery platoon mountain guns trench mortar section mortars artillery detachment consisted gun millimetre gun millimetre batteries machine gun detachment remnants battalions formed battalion rifle company machine gun company trench mortar detachment attached german ottoman soldiers 16th 19th divisions von succeeded retreating mount september forced leave guns baggage suffered casualties fired artillery night 16th 19th divisions unaware desert mounted corps occupied moving northwards von learned captured decided advance night september correctly von order strong rearguard action commander eighth army ordered cross jordan instead successfully got germans ottoman soldiers 11th cavalry brigade attacked captured remainder capture von critical intervention considerably weakened position von break cavalry division reconnaissance 4th cavalry division unit central india horse 10th cavalry brigade 19th 12th cavalry brigade 4th cavalry division continued hold bridge captured september capture squadrons reconnaissance blow railway east town 10th brigade relieved 19th september probably 10th brigade carried reconnaissance patrol forced retire heavily fired centimetres inches guns described guns north east town reported train arrived september australian mounted division advance commander desert mounted corps ordered capture towns complete strategic tactical line held cavalry plain acre north mediterranean_sea september australian mounted division commanded major general henry west ordered capture railway bridges gorge days von alerted rearguard garrison led fiercely fought action pursuit preparation advance damascus reserve 11th light horse regiment squadron 12th light horse regiment 4th light horse brigade headquarters machine gun squadron troops available 5th light horse brigade ordered september send regiment reinforce attacking force approach sent 15th light horse regiment reported half hour town captured remainder 5th light horse brigade stayed evening september rode railway near mount right water couple days 4th light horse brigade 4th light horse regiment squadrons troops 12th light horse regiment arrived september received order australian mounted division attack leaving received message dropped aircraft reported defended rifles machine guns arrived contact regiment 4th cavalry division holding bridge order capture received included additional objective cooperate 3rd light horse brigade capturing town orders gave brigade commander brigadier general william grant choice attacking immediately waiting 4th light horse regiment squadrons 12th light horse regiment decided delay attacking apparently weak rearguard expected reinforced 15th light horse regiment 5th light horse brigade way grant waited reinforcements attack daylight view defenders railway station building resulted casualties potentially protracted fight battle cavalry charge 4th light horse brigade crossed jordan rivers september order arrive dawn advancing railway line grant ordered 11th light horse regiment attack mounted southeast dawn supported machine guns deployed south railway attack began dawn leading light horse squadrons heavily fired rifles machine guns outposts causing nearly horse casualties reconnaissance light horse possible 19th reported village station buildings lay end flat plain miles wide cover apparent obstacles cavalry charge unexpected fire revealed garrison deployed covering open plain yards south extending mountains 11th light horse regiment commanded lieutenant colonel parsons planned attack garrison flank flank attack possible swung regiment attack straight squadrons railway line machine guns 4th machine gun squadron providing covering fire charging squadrons fired flashes created ottoman rifles machine guns squadrons succeeded entering village squadron 12th light horse regiment moved forward town west support 11th light horse regiment reserve squadron moved forward occupy hill eastern flank watching railway road eastern sea 4th light horse brigade headquarters 12th light horse regimental headquarters forming attacking units reserve deployed plain south town east railway heavily fired artillery right flank near sea forced cover preston claims 4th light horse regiment sent mounted west cavalry charge unique world war carried dark country previously ground found scattered long number causing men injured falls charge attack soon squadrons 11th light horse regiment reached town 4th machine gun squadron stopped covering fire target german ottoman machine guns right 4th machine gun squadron forward position western end town attacking squadrons approach railway station buildings foot substantial station building build stone effective strong garrison windows defenders fire automatic rifles throw grenades time white flags reported station light horsemen approached fired way light horsemen died battle killed succeeded entering station buildings hand hand fighting room room rifles swords followed groups defenders deployed locomotives carriages standing railway attacked savage hand hand fighting railway buildings lasted hour light horsemen captured area ottoman german soldiers killed station buildings fighting time squadron 11th light horse regiment squadron 12th light horse regiment moved village captured town severe fighting german ottoman soldiers killed wounded prisoners captured captures included field gun seven heavy machine guns automatic rifles large dump rifles automatic pistols ammunition subsequently burnt motor boat escaped destroyed fire occupants captured locomotives carriages goods wagons aircraft wireless captured light horsemen suffered killed wounded man missing horses killed 11th light horse regiment lost captains lieutenant ranks killed officers ranks wounded aftermath 4th light horse brigade buried dead field ambulance treated wounded squadron 12th light horse regiment advanced western shore sea meet 3rd light horse brigade captured advanced direct hills september capture strong patrols advanced river valley east bridge jordan river found strongly guarded germans engine tender rugged ain mountain feet sea miles southern shore occupied ottoman infantry gun capture operations sea concluded battles desert mounted corps captured ottoman armies eliminated hills fourth army east jordan retreat damascus acknowledged cable australian government victory action desert mounted corps general battle brilliant execution conception parallel france looked forward principle detail wire proposing cavalry raid don think possible sending divisions cavalry soon damascus division light horse deal enemy coming south prisoners number coming australian mounted troops end lake pushing damascus falls certainly hope push troops northwards coast road feeding sea stage stage september 4th light horse brigade left arrived received days supplies day iron breakfast september rode damascus leaving 15th light horse regiment 5th light horse brigade guard relieved 7th division corps


philippine resistance japan japanese occupation islands world war extensive philippine resistance movement opposed japanese active underground guerrilla activity increased years fighting apart japanese regular forces japanese formed bureau later taking old philippine second republic japanese military police fighting japanese postwar studies estimate persons organized guerrilla groups members anti japanese underground organizations numerous effectiveness end world war japan controlled provinces select units resistance reorganized equipped units philippine army united_states government officially granted payments benefits fought allies war end excluded benefits veterans efforts finally acknowledged united_states separate guerrilla units individuals officially recognized having fought resistance movement background attack pearl harbor called hawaii operation operation japanese imperial general headquarters surprise military strike conducted imperial_japanese_navy united_states naval base pearl harbor hawaii morning december december japan philippines attack intended action order pacific fleet interfering military actions empire japan planning southeast_asia overseas territories united_kingdom netherlands united_states immediately attack pearl harbor japanese operations invade philippines began planes bombed strike japanese forces quickly conducted landing island december general gave estimate main component united_states_air_force archipelago destroyed january manila japanese control january remaining forces april remaining combined filipino american force forced retire japanese invasions april april successful japanese attacks general announced radio broadcast manila surrender philippines following general william sharp surrendered came death march transfer imperial japanese army filipino american prisoners war month battle philippines world war death toll march difficult assess thousands captives able escape guards killed escapes known died fighting taking place concurrently told approximately filipino american prisoners war died reach camp donnell resistance american sponsored escaped japanese reorganized mountains loyal army forces far_east example unit served supply intelligence unit surrender unit formed guerrilla force grew man force end war hunters operated southern area mainly near manila created dissolution philippine military academy beginning days war cadet terry refused simply home cadets ordered began recruiting fighters willing undertake guerrilla action japanese force later instrumental providing intelligence forces led general douglas took active role numerous battles raid los war broke philippines philippine military academy cadets unable join units youth banded common desire contribute war effort campaign hunters originally conducted operations guerrilla group called marking went japanese spies led cadet hunters raided enemy occupied union college manila seized rifles proven false united_states military philippine president ferdinand claimed commanded strong guerrilla force known unit personal pseudonym depicting anti japanese filipino guerrilla fighter world war told exaggerated tales exploits fighting japanese self published autobiography philippines proven fiction father collaborated japanese executed filipino april ferdinand accused collaborator july south west pacific area aware resistance movements forming occupied philippines attempted radio communications allies outside philippines late australia confirming existence resistance december sent captain philippines contact guerrilla organizations eventually developing extensive intelligence networks including contacts second republic government addition allied intelligence bureau philippine regional section began send equipment philippines contact supply guerrilla organizations unique philippines resistance unit composed filipino chinese chinese immigrants established counter japanese suspicion abuse chinese living country men strong movement aided american guerrilla forces supported anti japanese civilians farmers living outskirts led juan protected army rangers scouts conducting rescue mission allied counterattack japanese reinforcements filipino received bronze stars role raid guerrilla units blue eagles specialized unit established sniper detection hunting japanese spies blended civilian population nonetheless japanese widespread brutal japanese army filipino collaborators hunted resistance fighters associated example happened resistance leader leader successful movement betrayed japanese japanese collaborator tortured information resistance movement refused cooperate family consisting father wife sister children aurora alexander bayonet death resistance originally constituted march broad united resistance japanese occupation philippines original intent reflected people army japanese translated english adopted slogan anti japanese military committee apex structure charged direct guerrilla campaign lead revolution seize power war communist leader peasant organizer elected head committee commander called began anti japanese campaign man units obtained needed arms ammunition philippine army battle philippine exchange civilian clothes recruitment campaign progressed slowly expected competition army forces far_east guerrilla units enlisting new soldiers units recognition islands trained military leaders organized command logistical system despite restrained american sponsored guerrilla units took battlefield men fewer weapons setbacks hands japanese enthusiastic support units hinder growth size efficiency war developing trained highly organized force armed fighters war end attacked japanese non resistance guerrilla groups sprang central islands like filipino trained americans fight case japanese set sight americans finally surrendered country japanese soldiers continued fight believing surrendered commanded loyalty philippine commonwealth participated pivotal battles war guerrilla activities lieutenant colonel james aided battle city successful capture soldiers munitions las col helped seizing landing field district airfield battle major commanded guerrilla forces credited liberation island japanese outposts cost seven men significant achievement capture papers march named admiral papers contained vital battle plans defensive strategies japanese navy plan information overall strength japanese fleet naval air units stationed troops documents revealed japanese managed initial plans invade philippines papers came possession filipino seaplane admiral route crashed coast san killed high ranking officers including chief staff combined fleet vice admiral captured col james papers inside sea fishermen handed japanese hunted documents captured officers burning villages holding civilians search forced release captives order stop japanese managed send submarine took documents allied headquarters australia discovery papers helped allies breakthrough pacific aiding battle philippine sea allowed invasion japanese expecting named captain fought japanese known extensively trained men combat skills making improvised weaponry led men managed japanese soldiers war men activities earned imperial japanese army posted reward head main commander resistance movement filipino soldier turned resistance fighter leader fall country successfully escaped captured japanese established united guerrilla unique connected guerrilla leader men black army successful pushing japanese mainland province southern provided intelligence american landings assisted subsequent battle instrumental opposition japanese rule safety aid civilians living island book hidden battle picture diary girl taken japanese military comfort woman revealed filipino saved lives young girls raped raped japanese vivid account battle recounts managed entire japanese villages municipality eventually saving lives resistance rebels unsuccessfully war united_states japanese invasion new perceived threat religion culture opposed occupation fighter nationalism sultan living lake ruled confederation led anti japanese unit battalion led consisted fighting men muslims christians suggests fighters known visibly large japanese major propaganda officer tried convincing join brother sent response major sending force japanese soldiers attack completely survivors infamous veterans fighting spanish americans focused assaults japanese traditional hit run suicide charges japanese anxious attacked resistance fought murdering innocent civilians destroying properties times allegiance americans largely assistance cases attack performed war assaulting japanese immigrants living war vicious known fought americans japanese took lives american filipino agents japanese nonetheless americans respected success war american recalled secret diary japanese guarding prisoners scared warriors tried far away possible avoid getting attacked american captain edward recommended fighters suggested plan capture lake eventually driving japanese philippines ears japanese american leader colonel exchange rate pair ears bullet recognition filipino successful resistance japanese occupation provinces philippines firm control japanese provinces liberated way americans came major islands war american philippines governments officially recognized units individuals fought japanese recognition led benefits veterans claims upheld recognized guerrilla units thousand claimed individuals recognized nearly million claims available veterans served commonwealth doesn include groups resistance leaders russell incorporate learned fighting filipino establishing special forces filipino soldiers denied given benefits bill rights supposed welfare served united_states military race color countries inducted bill philippines allowed describing filipino soldiers mere second class veterans act enacted mandate aid filipino veterans disabilities injury benefit united_states time immigrant act served world war american citizens easier veterans started seeking recognition united_states representative submitted legislation award filipino veterans congressional gold medal known filipino veterans world war congressional gold medal act act referred committee financial services committee house administration philippine government enacted laws concerning benefits filipino world war guerrilla movement philippines garnered attention hollywood films door hell american guerrilla philippines cry battle contemporary john film great raid filipino japanese films paid homage filipino occupation tiger treasure enemy critically acclaimed japanese film fires plain memorials monuments erected commemorate actions filipino filipino heroes memorial memorial san bronze statue filipino guerrilla national shrine city commemorate 6th military district liberated provinces military shrine park union translated cemetery heroes houses historical filipino national heroes erected special monument pay respect numerous unnamed filipino fought occupation


battle notch battle notch engagement united_states north korean forces early korean war august southern south_korea fight ended victory united_states north korean forces attempting assault position blocked repelled repeatedly suffering heavy casualties ambush driven city army 19th infantry regiment 24th infantry division protect pass final south korean city river holding perimeter place north korean forces unexpectedly ran confused battle ensued american forces better equipped heavy weapons armor thanks newly arrived equipment country better ground battle allowed repel north korean advances north korean force eventually withdrew unsuccessful attacks having suffered heavy casualties air_force aircraft caught north korean truck columns retreating inflicting significant damage producing casualties fight number smaller engagements region effectively stopped north korean offensive southern flank perimeter gave sides fighting resupply enforce engaging battle perimeter shortly background outbreak war following outbreak korean war invasion republic korea south_korea northern neighbor democratic people republic korea north_korea united_nations decided commit troops conflict behalf south_korea united_states subsequently committed ground forces korean peninsula goal fighting north korean invasion prevent south_korea collapsing forces far_east steadily decreasing end world war years earlier time closest forces 24th infantry division eighth united_states_army headquartered japan division equipment reductions military spending regardless 24th infantry division ordered south_korea 24th infantry division unit sent korea mission initial shock north korean advances delaying larger north korean units buy time allow follow forces arrive division consequently weeks attempted delay north making time 7th infantry division 25th infantry division 1st cavalry division eighth army supporting units position advance elements 24th infantry division badly defeated battle july battle american north korean forces month defeat task force smith 24th infantry division soldiers repeatedly defeated forced south north korean force superior numbers equipment regiments 24th infantry division systematically pushed south battles 24th infantry division final stand battle completely destroyed delaying north korean forces advancing july time eighth army force combat troops roughly equal north korean forces attacking region new units arriving day north korean advance captured north korean forces began effort surrounding perimeter sides attempt north korean 4th infantry division north korean 6th infantry division advanced south wide maneuver divisions coordinating left flank extremely spread advanced positions pushing south korean forces repeatedly forces 3rd battalion 29th infantry regiment newly arrived country wiped coordinated ambush north korean forces july leaving open pass area soon west taken pushing 19th infantry regiment leaving routes open north korean forces loss planners hastily moved reserve forces southwest repel north korean advances infantry regiments command post 24th infantry division moved establish new positions prevent north korean forces advancing american forces moved defend city key city north reached perimeter located mountainous region south_korea southern coast accessible routes west major general john church 24th infantry division commander 19th infantry regiment 27th infantry regiment area defend eventually 27th set southern entrance 19th infantry covered north pass known notch southwest entire 19th infantry regiment fight attempting hold north korean advances fell notch battle 1st battalion 19th infantry assigned hold notch high ground right flank northwest republic korea troops led colonel min hold high ground southwest notch 2nd battalion 19th infantry withdrew reserve positions northern base pass evening july 1st battalion 29th infantry arrived region importantly company medium tank battalion armed medium tanks rebuilt japan arrived heavy armor war platoon company tanks went 27th infantry south 19th infantry north got half force 19th infantry supporting units command colonel moore excluding south korean forces number north korean forces committed region known later research suggests north korean 6th division committed battalion fight likely entire regiment ordered advance notch range north korean forces involved battle attack august company 1st battalion 19th infantry began positions reconnaissance patrol supported tanks armored cars armored column left lines ran head north korean attack starting notch mortar fire heavy machine guns opened yards crest pass road pass erupted frantic confused struggle company lead struck machine gun fire killing 1st platoon men trucks american soldiers dove cover ditches road found north korean soldiers cover lead struck mortar fire destroyed anti tank weapons set american truck fire fight advancing north korean troops captured surprised american soldiers human shields advancing high ground rest force firing end initial ambush cost americans casualties company overcame north korean attempts cut withdrawing american lines american forces quick counter attack rifles destroyed machine gun positions american mortars began firing north korean positions locate north korean forces quick advance notch crest hill pass discovered company 19th infantry 19th infantry apparently prepared combat north korean forces able hit american force drive hill killing american soldiers company driven crest notch confusion erupted air_force aircraft accidentally retreating company neighboring positions mistakenly attacked company retreated killed south korean forces wrong position mile far south contact 19th infantry south korean forces subsequently hit friendly enemy fire confusion 19th infantry attempted block south advancing thinking enemy forces north korean able infiltrate rear position kill soldiers shots head american forces repelled advances right flank gave american force superiority armor north time crucial pushing attempted north korean advance north korean infantry armor suffered heavy casualties american forces positions high ground north korean withdrawal fighting notch continued afternoon attack unsuccessful north korean troops withdrew suddenly mid afternoon allowing american forces recover casualties vehicles notch meantime set prevent north korean attacks moving road north korean forces fight attempting flank americans nightfall region meantime 27th infantry regiment surprised large column north korean forces advancing south road captured trucks supplies north retreat roads air_force planes mounted north inflicted heavy casualties aftermath american forces reported killed wounded missing captured total casualties 19th 29th infantry regiments number far lighter casualties unit actions similar size far war north korean casualties unknown believed far heavier american force actions notch attacks region days known largely destroyed north korean 6th division percent force casualties fighting fight victories american forces north korean advance stopping north korean advance notch forces able halt progress north korean 4th 6th divisions grounding flanking moves halt forcing withdraw rebuild supply meantime american forces perimeter reinforced heavier infantry armor formations day north korean defeat retreat region allowed sides critical days battle end north korean force began final offensive forces coordinated assault perimeter


great offensive great offensive north korean military offensive united_nations republic korea forces early korean war taking place september north korean people army unsuccessful final bid break perimeter established united_nations command months war north korean army successfully defeated pushed united_nations forces south encounter august troops composed troops united_states united_kingdom republic korea forced mile perimeter southeast tip korean peninsula time troops formed continuous line north flank superior numbers north korean perimeter stalled end august momentum lost seeing danger prolonged conflict perimeter north sought massive offensive september collapse line north subsequently planned simultaneous offensive entire army axes perimeter september intense fighting erupted cities followed weeks extremely brutal fighting sides control routes initially successful areas north unable hold gains numerically superior force north korean army stalled failure offensive subsequently destroyed counterattack background outbreak korean war following invasion south_korea north june north korean people army enjoyed superiority manpower equipment republic korea army united_nations forces dispatched south_korea prevent collapsing north korean strategy aggressively pursue forces avenues approach south engage attacking initiating double flanks unit allowed north surround cut opposing force forced retreat disarray leaving equipment initial june offensive fights july early august north strategy effectively defeat force push south establishment perimeter august troops held continuous line north flank advantages numbers decreased daily superior logistical system brought troops supplies army north approached perimeter august attempted frontal assault technique main avenues approach perimeter august 6th division later 7th division engaged 25th infantry division battle initially attacking battle mountain attacks stalled forces equipped large standing units reserves repeatedly repelled north korean attacks north 4th division 24th infantry division area battle north korean division unable hold river large numbers reserves brought repel august 4th division forced river percent casualties region north korean divisions repulsed divisions attempts attack city battle particularly heavy fighting took place battle bowling alley 13th division completely destroyed attack east_coast north korean divisions repulsed south battle north korean troops defeats time war strategies failing end august north korean troops pushed limits original units far reduced strength effectiveness problems north korean army shortages food weapons equipment replacement soldiers proved devastating north korean units late august command combat soldiers korea north superiority air sea meant north disadvantage growing daily north korean tank losses hundreds fewer tanks time perimeter fight americans tanks end august north remaining advantage initiative north korean force retained high morale supply allow large scale offensive prelude planning new offensive north korean command decided attempt flank force impossible thanks support navy instead opted use frontal attack breach perimeter collapse hope achieving success battle fed intelligence soviet_union north aware forces building perimeter conduct offensive soon win battle secondary objective surround destroy units city mission north korean units cut supply lines north korean planners enlarged north korean force anticipation new offensive army originally numbering divisions corps enlarged divisions independent brigades new troops brought reserve forces north_korea marshal gun served deputy commander north korean army general kim charge headquarters beneath corps east commanded lieutenant general kim corps west lieutenant general kim corps controlled 10th division 2nd division 4th division 9th division 7th division 6th division armored division 16th armored brigade security brigade support corps commanded 3rd division 13th division 1st division 8th division 15th division 12th division 5th division 17th armored brigade support force numbered approximately men comprised raw recruits forced south_korea lacked weapons equipment august facing force combat troops plus support troops august north korean commands distributed operations orders subordinate units north called simultaneous attack lines attacks defenders allow north break lines place force forces battle ordered 6th 7th divisions break 25th infantry division 9th 4th 2nd 10th divisions break 2nd infantry division 3rd 13th 1st divisions break 1st cavalry division 1st division 8th 15th divisions break 8th division 6th division 12th 5th divisions break capital division 3rd division august north korean premier kim sung ordered forces conclude war september scale offensive allow groups begin attack august groups begin attacks september attacks closely connect order troops point simultaneously forcing multiple places unable reinforce north relied primarily night attacks counter air superiority naval firepower north korean generals believing attacks prevent forces firing effectively result heavy casualties friendly fire attacks caught planners troops surprise august troops thought destroyed threats perimeter anticipated war ending late november units meantime suffered low morale result failures defend effectively far conflict cautious eighth army commander lieutenant general walker ordered major general john area shore corps falling apart low morale troops preparing operation amphibious assault port september north mount offensive battle corridor north korean attack struck right flank east_coast corps general attack north east planned september 12th division strength men started forward mountains earlier planned reorganized defeat area division low food supply weapons ammunition men suffered low morale facing 12th division capital division august north korean attack overran company 17th regiment capital division north caused regiment retreat 18th regiment east fell exposed flank 17th regiment lost town pulling entire capital division fell miles south valley walker ordered major general john observe troops east flew arriving day walker meantime formally appointed deputy commander eighth army placing command corps controlled capital 3rd divisions 21st infantry regiment 3rd battalion 9th infantry regiment medium tank battalion company designated units task force jackson established headquarters building corps commander korean military advisory group officers command post tasked eliminating north korean penetration area seizing organizing high ground extending north coast miles north line passed miles north attack soon possible task force jackson gain high ground north 21st infantry regiment moving position north morning august walker revoked orders instructed turn proceed rapidly possible report immediately sent 3rd battalion north gang went position capital division plan attack august postponed brigadier general kim corps commander told attack casualties south korean exhausted 5th division begun press south 3rd division began signs pulling 28th adviser 3rd division brigadier general kim won clashed division retreat attack day august walker issued special statement addressed army meant south korean minister defense sung called troops hold lines perimeter rest troops defend ground firmly possible necessary prevent north consolidating gains time elements 5th division penetrated 3rd division southwest directed 21st infantry repel penetration day august company 21st infantry supported platoon tanks company medium tank battalion successfully northwest southern edge distance miles troops following american units withdrew night withdrew day american infantry tank force repeated action day 21st infantry took 3rd division sector extending north northwest august capital division american tank artillery support recaptured held night north korean lose dawn american air attacks continued increased tempo area time north korean pressure built steadily north 5th division fed replacements hill 23rd regiment hill notorious hill near earlier continuous bloody fighting occurred control aided air strikes artillery naval gunfire 3rd division able capture hill suffered casualties effort september 21st infantry attacked northwest effort help south recapture hill platoon tanks followed valley road regimental commander assigned company hill objective company unable hill dug north dusk north korean penetration occurred boundary capital 3rd divisions miles east morning september 12th division executing coordinated corps general attack struck capital division high hill masses south valley attack threw 18th regiment left area hills 17th regiment right area hill dawn september north korean penetration reached vital east west corridor road miles east gang result gain night 12th division advanced miles capital division collapsed forced withdraw 21st infantry line northwest concentrate vicinity 2nd battalion joined regiment august held task force reserve gang battalion took shaped defense position town elements high ground miles east protected highway rest regiment closed assembly area north time walker started newly activated 7th division north korean penetration 5th regiment closed afternoon 3rd regiment 1st battalion closed evening walker authorized use 3rd battalion 9th infantry 9th infantry regimental tank company 15th field artillery battalion deemed units held airfield defense previously available commitment day september advisers continued clash 3rd division commander repeatedly attempted withdraw troops orders night september remainder corps collapsed north korean tanks overran battery artillery scattered battalions newly arrived 5th regiment following mortar preparation north entered gang hour later command post capital division withdrew town fighting increasingly confused american units withdrew nightfall north held town began advancing southward railroad september north korean units established gang road miles miles gap existed 3rd capital divisions area big break line high mountain mass west valley southwest gang area northwest miles gap capital division 8th division west direction north posed threat railroad road net running south corridor faced big gap left flank 21st infantry broad valley bordering hills northwest block approach direction night september events reached climax inside division commander brigadier general lee members senior staff claimed sick command post hit artillery fire division withdrew september north korean hands army relieved corps 3rd division commanders time new commanders appointed major commands brigadier general kim took command corps capital division came command colonel song 3rd division came command colonel lee high mountains sector west east_coast sector north korean divisions 8th 15th prepared attack south september break supply route vicinity attack coordinate north korean offensive area miles miles east 8th division main road miles northwest 15th division eastward mountains miles north poor mountainous secondary road objective 8th division objective 15th division orders costs opposing 8th division 6th division 15th division stood 8th division days fighting 8th division gained miles september possession miles northwest time lost nearly new tanks 17th armored brigade supporting mountains close road hill san east lesser peaks west passage mountains corridor 6th division decisively defeated 8th division practically destroyed september north korean battalions muster men road eastward 15th division launched attack 8th division september far regiments reportedly having total men penetrated days lateral corridor north town regiment 8th division tank got lines elements north korean division south september north remain town moved hills south southeast overlooking road september north korean troops established miles southeast elements attacked regiment mile south town day 5th regiment 7th division attacking east lateral corridor cleared north went defensive position north town day september additional elements 15th division arrived recaptured afternoon 11th regiment 1st division arrived north near town action succeeded clearing north north held railroad station southeast unknown distance southeast road hills southeast east 15th division encountered stiff resistance artillery regiment north korean infantry expended ammunition support largely destroyed counterattack north korean artillery commander killed action 5th 11th regiments arrived vicinity reinforce 8th division south korean action north korean units intense armies chance action september units surrounded virtually destroyed 15th division southeast hills bordering road north korean division chief staff colonel kim killed high ranking officers played officers rounding 8th division units important factor successful outcome battles september 8th division cleared road north capturing tanks self propelled gun guns small arms advancing north retreating survivors 15th division 8th division 5th regiment 7th division encountered resistance september elements organizations miles north town day captured mortars guns artillery pieces trucks machine guns numerous small arms forces advanced east north close breach lines critical period fighting east occurred 15th division broke 8th division north korean division attempted turn east southeast task force jackson rear left flank walker quick dispatch 5th 11th regiments widely separated sectors area penetration resulted destroying force exploit breakthrough walker commended judgment reinforcements needed stem north korean attacks areas divisions corps attacked south area remaining divisions corps 3rd 13th 1st conducted attack north northwest 3rd division attack area northwest 13th division mountain ridges north west road 1st division high mountain ridges east road defending 1st cavalry division frontage approximately miles divisional commander major general gay main avenues entry zone kept regiments concentrated outposts walker ordered 1st cavalry division attack north september effort divert north korean strength 2nd 25th infantry divisions south gay initial decision order attack north road staff regimental commanders joined urging attack instead hill 7th cavalry zone days hill 1st division zone considered north korean assembly point 1st cavalry division accordingly prepared attack 7th cavalry sector attacks companies 3rd battalion 8th cavalry 7th cavalry right flank left 8th cavalry infantry company reserve regiment 1st battalion hill mass west bowling alley north 2nd battalion road planned attack hill coincided major kim song 19th regiment 13th division reported scale north korean attack begin dusk day 13th division said taken replacements weapons strength approximately men receiving intelligence gay alerted line units prepared attack eighth army order attack north northwest gay ordered 7th cavalry attack september seize hill situated north lateral road midway towns critical terrain feature dominating road places securing hill 7th cavalry attack continue hill air strikes artillery preparations infantry attack morning september air_force delivered minute strike hills artillery laid concentrations hills planes came leaving heights fire immediately final strike 1st battalion 7th cavalry attacked hill heavy air strikes artillery preparations failed north positions delivered mortar machine gun fire climbing infantry stopping weak lead elements force short crest afternoon battalion withdrew hill attacked northeast hill north korean troops fired support north hill day newly arrived 3rd battalion resumed attack hill south 1st battalion day column companies resolved end column squads attack failed attacks failed september north korean forward observer captured hill said north dug hill large numbers mortars ammunition hold attacks progress right 2nd battalion 5th cavalry regiment september attacked captured hill day difficulty holding hill september clear 3rd division 5th 7th cavalry regiments attacking despite continued air strikes artillery preparations infantry efforts hill large numbers troops rear attacking forces night large north korean forces came gap 3rd battalion southern slope hill 2nd battalion westward north turned west occupied hill force september hill rear 7th cavalry north hill north cut road east regiment communications units west day 7th cavalry limited withdrawal hill giving capturing hill division right north korean hands left man land center strong north korean forces southward hill 7th cavalry regiment center longer use lateral supply road danger surrounded discussing withdrawal plan walker september gay issued order general withdrawal 1st cavalry division night lines occupy better defensive position heavy rains fell night september mud slowed wheeled tracked vehicles withdrawal 2nd battalion north korean began withdrawal september north quickly discovered 2nd battalion withdrawing attacked vicinity hills battalion discovered virtually surrounded north moving completely cut units company numbering men hardest hit division left 2nd battalion 5th cavalry hill came heavy attack battalion commander wanted withdraw battalion suffered heavy casualties abandoned hill september north company trying escape hill rest 2nd battalion cut eastern base hill south later day september battalion received radio orders withdraw route soon possible moved southwest 5th cavalry sector east 2nd battalion north attacked 1st battalion new position september overran battalion aid station killing wounding seven men night 1st battalion attached 5th cavalry regiment rest 7th cavalry regiment moved point near division reserve night september 5th cavalry regiment division orders withdrew farther new defensive positions main seoul highway north korean 3rd division moving reinforcements observers sighted barges loaded troops artillery pieces crossing river miles north evening 7th 8th north korean claimed capture day situation grew worse 1st cavalry division left flank 3rd division forced 1st battalion 5th cavalry withdraw hill miles east north pressed forward 5th cavalry immediately locked hard fighting hills 1st battalion 7th cavalry left sector rejoin regiment finally captured hill attacks difficulty 5th cavalry regiment hold hill september midnight september north attacked took hill company hill company hill companies afternoon counterattack regiment regained hill south highway failed hills north 14th company attacked hill changed hands seven times action company suffered casualties company held hill north korean held grenade battles continued week battalions 5th cavalry regiment low strength time considered combat effective battle continued miles northwest san 1st cavalry division commander gay alerted division line units prepared attack san sector 1st division commander major general sun men attack attack hit force bowling alley area north attack caught 8th cavalry regiment unprepared division poorly deployed road town lacking reserve force counterattack effectively north struck 2nd battalion 8th cavalry night september hill west bowling alley miles north overran overrun 2nd battalion withdrew 3rd battalion assembled hastily defensive position south day elements 1st division forced 8th cavalry platoon detachment south korean police walled city san crest hill miles east september command eighth army lost hill locally called san dominant mountain miles north sudden surge north southward concerned walker army ordered battalion replacement training center position rear 8th cavalry 1st cavalry division organized task force allen commanded assistant division commander brigadier general frank allen combat emergency force north break edge eighth army countered north korean advance road ordering 1st cavalry division recapture defend hill hill miles north afforded observation way south eighth army positions city north korean hands general intelligence purposes direct artillery mortar fire colonel commanding 8th cavalry regiment ordered retake mountain help support units morning september force moved san set assembly area near village miles east road afternoon evening september 2nd battalion 2nd regiment 1st division occupied summit san engineer company started attack mountain noon september following trail southern spur mile trail company came machine gun fire twice north korean mortar fire struck company climb head company arrived bowl shaped summit hill southern arm hill crest platoon commander placed men company position facing arc west northeast 2nd platoon took left flank near stone wall 1st platoon took center position wooded 3rd platoon right flank edge woods company position entirely area enclosed stone wall squads left hill patrol north attacked main company position platoon dropped ridge left men advanced squad way lines north captured near san september trying way north korean lines minutes company reached hill estimated north korean battalion launched attack slope running south hill crest hill company turned attack night north korean mortar small arms fire harassed company small north korean attacks dawn september north attacked engineers repulsed attack suffered casualties ammunition running low aircraft came area planes mistakenly dropped ammunition food north korean positions immediately fighter planes came attacked company error soon aerial attack north korean troops attacked positions company 8th cavalry regiment arrived hill came company perimeter north korean fire killing turned shortly company platoon joined north attacked unsuccessfully american units ammunition relied captured north korean equipment gay ordered 8th cavalry regiment withdraw men san gay believed insufficient forces secure hold north insufficient ammunition exploit possession observation point directing artillery mortar fire rain started falling heavy fog closed mountain severely reduced visibility north attacked final units began withdrawal remaining members company assembled found company suffered percent casualties men wounded missing action soldiers 1st division captured north korean near san september said north korean soldiers san battalions following north engineer company succeeded establishing perimeter briefly north korean held area evening september san north korean hands estimated battalions totaling soldiers mountain forward slope september north ridge san observed plane san firmly possession 13th 1st divisions ready press downhill set repulsed day 1st cavalry division fell nearly september walker ordered corps attack seize hill san morning september estimated north korean soldiers hill miles north walker decided continued pressure eastern flank 1st cavalry division sector immediate threat forces perimeter day 1st cavalry division canceled planned continuation attack hill 3rd battalion 7th cavalry regiment north korean forces threatened hills south east midst drive ammunition shortage critical forces eighth army september reduced ammunition rounds day cases emergency ammunition critical short supply 17th field artillery battalion inch arrive korea engage battle lack ammunition 1st division began moving zone 1st division right flank 1st cavalry division 2nd regiment men advanced miles eastward vicinity hill feet high mountain san reached san daylight september little later new replacements charge positions repulsed charge killing wounding thirds attacking force 1st cavalry division combat units concentrated right flank north 3rd battalion 7th cavalry attached 8th cavalry regiment regiment hills road miles north rest 7th cavalry regiment 1st battalion rejoined regiment day valley river right rear north airfield situated miles northeast city 5th cavalry regiment disposed hills road miles northwest left entire 8th engineer combat battalion line infantry mission holding bridge river near river east fighting north september vicinity hills heavy confused time 1st cavalry division feared breakthrough blocking position battalion 7th cavalry rifle companies division low strength 3rd battalion 8th cavalry attacked hill september north korean soldiers seized crest hill miles southeast closer 3rd battalion 8th cavalry scene attacks hill tried retake position 3rd battalion 7th cavalry command post fight north september issued attack order prepared attack 8th cavalry lines hill attack 12th larger american counterattack 13th 1st divisions effort halt north 2nd battalion 7th cavalry relieved units hill east hill mission securing hill farther east 1st division mission attacking san san point nearest occupied north korean forces time hill 13th division valued possession concentrated soldiers north intended use hill making advance observation reached commanded lesser hills southward bowl hill actually southern metres hill mass lies close east hill separated hill mass deep southern point rises metres ridge line climbs northward series ridge line mile length sides hill mass steep lieutenant colonel james lynch 3rd battalion 7th cavalry numbered men eve attack hill rear troops took hill officers companies wounded refused evacuation simply continued attack north korean soldiers hill wore american uniforms helmets combat boots rifles north korean dead hill estimated wounded missing capture hill september situation north improved september 2nd battalion 8th cavalry attacked supported fire hill gained hill 19th regiment 13th division army boundary right 1st division continued attack northwest advanced edge san 11th regiment seized hill dark september small elements 15th regiment reached stone san area time north korean troops fought night 15th points high mountain backbone extends southeast san hills san 1st division later estimated approximately north inside san walled perimeter outside near crest time bulk 1st division gradually withdrawing san vicinity indications 13th division withdrawing northward aerial observers afternoon september reported estimated north korean troops moving north signs hopeful walker continued prepare final close defense battalions south korean police dug city fighting continued north 15th 2nd battalion 8th cavalry fought gain control hill east highway 3rd battalion 8th cavalry attacked hill north korean force penetrated gap 8th 5th cavalry regiments fighting hill particularly severe sides troops mountain night fell second north september offensive 25th infantry division 35th infantry regiment heavily engaged battle river north 35th regiment right flank north confluence river river 9th infantry regiment 2nd infantry division southernmost 2nd infantry division zone 9th infantry regiment held sector yards long including area battle taken place earlier august infantry company river line feet feet held key hills observation points units extremely spread wide week august troops hills minor north korean activity river thought north organizing high ground west possible american attack occasional attacks 9th infantry forward positions men lines appeared standard patrol action august forces alerted pending attack korean civilian labor force fled lines intelligence officers reported attack coming west north korean major general sam commanding 9th division issued operations order division august mission forthcoming attack destroy troops capturing areas cut 2nd division route supply withdrawal north aware 2nd infantry division recently replaced 24th infantry division positions river consequently expected lighter resistance 24th troops exhausted months fighting 2nd division men fresh newly arrived korea recently moved line north began crossing river cover darkness certain points north korean crossing ferry caught heavy mortar platoon unprepared act setting weapons caught company 9th infantry men base hill miles crossing site north killed captured troops heavy weapons carrying party way hill north korean attack men advance group waited hastily dug small perimeter group attacked night shortly midnight 9th division crossed number places climbed hills quietly 9th infantry river line positions artillery barrage preparation lifted north korean infantry position launch assaults began northern regimental sector quickly spread southward crossing site north local defenders building bridges vehicles armor company attacked hills sides company attack hill rugged terrain feature miles river north principal immediate objective hill north drove company position inflicting heavy casualties september 9th infantry regiment ordered reserve company west river road blocking position pass cloverleaf hill ridge miles river miles critical terrain heavy fighting taken place battle fighting began pass strong north korean force surprised delivered heavy automatic fire positions road east pass critical parts cloverleaf hill ridge best defensive terrain river north controlled high ground 2nd infantry division base defense relatively poor defensive terrain low hills western edge town north 9th infantry sector 2nd infantry division 23rd infantry regiment august relieved 3rd battalion 38th infantry regiment turn days relieved 21st infantry regiment 24th infantry division took yards river 3rd battalion attached 1st cavalry division north august 2nd division moved company south reserve position 9th infantry sector shells proved hour north korean artillery mortar preparation american river positions 2nd platoon barrage rolled north korean infantry crossed river climbed hills darkness cover fire barrage lifted north attacked battalion outpost line north korean attack developed night 1st battalion succeeded withdrawing large force company north lake hills covering northern road miles east river miles west town company lost heavily action word disaster overtaken 1st battalion reached regimental headquarters companies 2nd division reserve sent help 1st battalion southern road company force unable reach company lieutenant colonel collected seized high ground main approach near lake went defensive position 2nd division released company regiment day joined company build main defensive position 23rd regiment north korean troops night passed right flank 1st battalion northern blocking position reached road miles near division artillery positions 23rd infantry headquarters service companies miscellaneous regimental units finally stopped penetration near regimental command post miles northwest morning september passed reports coming 2nd division headquarters clear north penetrated north south road cut division 38th infantry regiments bulk division artillery north separated division headquarters 9th infantry regiment south division commander major general decided situation control direct divided division special forces accordingly placed division artillery commander brigadier general loyal command northern group southward area placed brigadier general joseph bradley assistant division commander charge 9th infantry regiment 2nd engineer combat battalion tank battalion miscellaneous units division southern grouping known task force bradley regiments 2nd division 4th 17th 6th line north south crossed night east river 23rd regiment sector 2nd division concentrated area west river effect attacked straight east river trying seize avenues advance lake august lake large body water places shallow massive north korean attack deep division sector north zone 38th infantry 9th division effected major crossings principal points 9th infantry 2nd division meantime major crossings 23rd infantry 10th division begun crossing troops hill area near 38th infantry sector communication division regimental headquarters nearly forward units broken information slowly built division headquarters apparent north punched hole miles wide miles deep middle division line severe line battalions 9th 23rd regiments states companies virtually disappeared hoped organize defense road east river prevent north korean access passes eastward leading walker decided situation critical area 2nd division sector north threatened entire eighth army position walker ordered marine_corps brigadier general edward commanding 1st provisional marine brigade prepare marines marines ready depart north 9th infantry battles 23rd infantry regiment daylight september position 1st battalion driven river positions isolated miles westward approximately north overran regimental command post compelling colonel paul freeman withdraw yards miles northwest 23rd infantry headquarters headquarters company miscellaneous regimental units regimental staff officers checked north hour fight farther northward zone 38th infantry north active september north launched attack hill 38th regiment command post fight continued september day company captured hill killing north actions rear 1st battalion 23rd infantry cut miles west nearest friendly units morning september 3rd battalion 38th infantry moved attack westward 23rd regiment command post near open road 1st battalion second day fighting pass relief force broke help air strikes artillery tank fire advanced elements battalion joined 1st battalion september evening north strongly attacked 3rd battalion 38th infantry hill north road opposite 1st battalion driving company position september changed boundary 38th 23rd infantry regiments giving northern 23rd sector 38th infantry releasing 1st battalion movement southward help 2nd battalion defend southern approach 1st battalion 23rd infantry men strong attack began strength approximately men 23rd infantry plans concentrate troops position held 2nd battalion road 1st battalion moved took place left flank 2nd battalion time regimental command post moved rear position regimental perimeter 23rd infantry fought series hard battles simultaneously send combat patrols rear clear north supply road 2nd division new effort 23rd infantry perimeter hours september attempt break eastward attack launched heavily supported artillery penetrated company apparent company position restored entire regimental collapse officers casualties lieutenant robinson adjutant 2nd battalion assumed command company attack tapered coming daylight night resumed north struck repeatedly defense line time continued fighting daylight hours september air_force concentrated strong air support regimental perimeter aid ground troops casualties came aid stations infantry companies steady stream morning available men headquarters company special units formed squads fight critical points time regimental reserve men attack finally ceased shortly 23rd regiment estimated combat efficiency percent heavy night day battle cost 2nd division remaining offensive strength medical officer 17th regiment 2nd division captured days later said division evacuated men nightly hospital weeks september 2nd division lost killed wounded fighting west offensive strength largely spent september division continued harass rear areas groups large companies patrols daily open main supply road clear town north korean troops remained locked combat river days north offensive capability largely destroyed troops resolved hold lines barring attack morning september 1st 2nd regiments 9th division offensive war stood miles short successful river crossing penetration american line 3rd regiment left inch division commander major general sam felt chances capturing strong 9th division approached 1st regiment north 2nd regiment south division attached support consisting artillery battalion corps battalion artillery tank battalions 16th armored brigade battalion artillery 4th division gave unusually heavy support crossing river came 4th division greatly weakened organization far short weapons replacements captured north korean document referred grouping units attacked area main force corps elements 9th division reached hills west afternoon september morning september shattered remnants company hand 9th infantry regiment 2nd infantry division virtually troops defend division commander major general lawrence emergency attached 2nd engineer combat battalion regiment tank battalion 2nd division reconnaissance company assigned positions close regimental commander planned place engineers chain low hills arched northwest disorganized forces ordered pull road came south bent western tip mountain ran eastward southern base position commanded town exit road north approached south night north korean soldiers crossed low ground entered town south troops attempted rally fend north korean attack disorganized mount effective resistance evening north driven hills westward evening 2nd battalion company 2nd engineer combat battalion occupied chain low hills miles engineers west 2nd battalion northwest town time north korean drive halted time desperately units began reinforced korean cultural divide troops caused tensions september north attempting destroy engineer troops southern edge clear road walker attached 1st provisional marine brigade 2nd division ordered attack available elements division marines mission destroying north east river 2nd division sector restoring river line marines released 2nd division control soon mission accomplished september 1st provisional marine brigade moved forward assembly areas 2nd battalion 5th marines assembled north 1st battalion 5th marines south 3rd battalion 5th marines established security positions southwest approaches regimental sector direction marine attack started september rice land north korean held high ground miles westward air strikes artillery concentrations machine gun rifle fire 1st battalion caught north korean reinforcements open rice moving second ridge killed night marines dug line miles west total marine casualties september killed wounded coordinating attack marines 9th infantry advanced abreast north counterattack continued september little opposition nightfall counterattack gained miles night quiet dawn north launched attack 9th infantry right marines heaviest blow striking company begun rain attack came midst american artillery fire concentrated 9th infantry helped greatly north night day battle morning september minute artillery preparation american troops moved day counterattack attack progressed marines approached ridge 9th infantry neared cloverleaf hill fought battle month high ground ahead north korean troops digging marines approached pass hills took positions north korean held high ground approximately north korean infantry came village concealed positions striking company hill north road east tanks surprised knocked leading marine tanks destroyed tanks blocked fields fire withdrew better positions assault teams company 1st battalion inch rocket launchers rushed action took tanks fire destroyed armored personnel carrier following north korean infantry attack brutal inflicted casualties company reinforcements company supporting army artillery marine mortars helped repel september day heavy casualties perimeter army units killed wounded missing action total casualties marine units killed wounded missing action total battle casualties total american battle casualties day men unknown north killed wounded day likely suffered heavy casualties american september west according prisoner statements resulted war north korean division remnants 9th division supported low strength 4th division held ridge cloverleaf hill intervening ground september division offensive strength spent end american counterattack 9th 4th divisions able resume offensive midnight september 1st provisional marine brigade ordered order travel japan merge marine units form 1st marine division heated disagreement walker command command walker said hold perimeter marines reserve said conduct landings marines responded assigning 17th infantry regiment later infantry regiment added walker reserves walker feel inexperienced troops effective walker felt transition endangered perimeter time unclear hold extreme west flank center 25th division line lieutenant colonel paul roberts 2nd battalion 24th infantry held crest second ridge west mile town north korean territory secondary road led shoulders low hills rice ground running east mile south main road came roberts 2nd battalion position pass mile west late afternoon august observers company 24th infantry noticed activity mile positions called air strikes hit area dusk artillery sent large concentration fire area effect fire known units line alerted possible north korean attack night north launched coordinated offensive entire force 6th division advanced hitting company north pass road troops pass left positions fell company south pass north captured rifle pass turned american tanks knocking overran section mortars east end pass south pass dawn lieutenant houston found men assigned platoon remained mix troops north attacked position dawn came opening barbed wire perimeter supposed covered man automatic rifle fled throwing grenades area gun fire north quickly overran position numerous officers non commissioned officers attempted men line follow orders instance south korean troops killed company commander tried stop escaping shortly north korean attack started 2nd battalion 24th infantry fled positions company time battalion struck strong attacks exception dozen men company formation quickly troops running orders officers north passed lines quickly overran 2nd battalion command post killing men destroying battalion equipment 2nd battalion broken open direct north korean attack north encircled roberts 2nd battalion commander ordered officer remnants battalion establish south edge town officer directed large group men accompany 2nd battalion longer effective fighting force pockets soldiers remained place fought fiercely majority fled attack north able uneven resistance surrounded 2nd battalion disarray north korean attack broke 2nd battalion regimental commander colonel arthur ordered 1st battalion miles south road counterattack restore line roberts assembled men disorganized 2nd battalion find join counterattack got way contact north 1st battalion broke fled rear shortly daylight scattered disorganized men 1st 2nd battalions 24th infantry fled high ground miles east better regiments 6th division poured gap captured town held september division commander major general william ordered immediate counterattack restore 24th infantry positions minutes air_force aircraft struck north korean positions bombs rockets machine gun fire attacked north korean held ridges town minutes concentrated artillery fire followed fires spread lieutenant colonel gilbert check 1st battalion infantry moved attack west reinforced platoon tanks company tank battalion tanks mounting infantry spearheaded attack capturing city easily north korean troops abandoned north force held ridge west town machine gun fire swept approach north korean fire destroyed tank attacking infantry suffered heavy casualties check battalion pressed attack seized long ridge yards west secured half old battle position higher ridge mile west yards short crest remainder ridge infantry dug night recaptured pushing 24th old positions north attacked daily week following north korean september north korean attack ground halt north logistical manpower shortages focused heavily attacks 24th infantry positions battle mountain 35th infantry positions river 24th infantry troops encountered attacks september river north korean 7th division troops committed effort attacking 35th infantry line august north korean self propelled high velocity gun fired shells position company 35th infantry overlooking river minutes north korean artillery attacking line rifle companies regiment bridge west cover fire reinforced regiment 7th division crossed river attacked companies 35th infantry north korean soldiers crossed underwater bridge ground north near boundary 2nd battalion led lieutenant colonel john holding river lieutenant colonel bernard 1st battalion holding hill line stretched river san highway 35th infantry facing shortages equipment reinforcements equipped nonetheless prepared attack low ground battalions river ferry crossing site lieutenant colonel henry fisher placed national police expecting hold long serve warning rest forces guns flanking hills cover low ground fire held 3rd battalion ready use counterattack stop enemy penetration occur unexpectedly police companies near ferry scattered north korean fire north korean troops streamed hole line turning left company flank rear turned right attack company spur ground west road platoon elements companies formed defense line north edge tanks joined north drive road fork miles south river fisher expected instead turned east hills 2nd battalion september tank led relief force company headquarters troops cleared road san 2nd platoon company ammunition time repel north korean assault killing capturing north fisher 35th infantry held original positions forward platoon company north korean soldiers lines eastern penetration reached high ground south overlooking north south road felt situation dangerous ordered 2nd battalion 27th infantry regiment attack 35th infantry large division artillery direct north korean infantry attack morning hours september 7th division troops attacked american unit encountered company 35th infantry north shoulder gap north korean units attack company continued engaged company miles downstream attacked scattered units company way 1st platoon guarded bridge extreme right flank 25th division platoon drove north korean force fierce fight september company heavy battle destroyed north korean battalion bitter confused fighting continued 35th infantry line week battalions companies cut isolated fought independently higher control help supplied supplied relief forces trying reach line units tanks armored cars drove isolated units supplies food ammunition carried critically wounded return trips general 35th infantry fought original battle line positions battalion later battalions 27th infantry fought estimated north operating rear areas 25th division generally enemy pressure september severe local attacks heavy rains caused rivers rise september reducing danger new crossings north korean attacks 2nd battalion 35th infantry occurred nightly approaches bridge key targets protect mined time north korean dead lying area september limited attacks 35th infantry north korean momentum broken muster strong attacks regiment aftermath great offensive brutal fights korean war north initially successful breaking lines multiple places making substantial gains surrounding pushing units september situation dire troops eighth army army moved headquarters elements prevent overrun losing heavy communications equipment walker remained small forward detachment prepared logistics systems retreat smaller defensive perimeter called line september walker decided retreat necessary historians contend goals great offensive beginning americans better equipped north easily able defeat opponents chance form continuous line according historian time north break perimeter points able exploit gains short time subsequent landings crushing blow north korean army catching completely unprepared breaking weak forces perimeter virtually equipment exhausted manpower low morale north severe disadvantage able continue pressure perimeter attempting repel landings september north retreat perimeter forces rapidly pursuing north lost ground way destruction north korean army continuation war impossible north korean troops massive equipment manpower loses army stages war north totally collapsed fighting force remainder military retreated north_korea offering weak resistance force offensive overwhelming superiority land air sea north korean units simply surrendered having reduced units thousands men