greek viral disease caused virus categorized based body infected oral involves face mouth result small groups called cold fever cause sore throat simply known minimal symptoms form break open result small typically heal weeks shooting pains occur appear cycles periods active disease followed periods symptoms episode severe associated fever muscle pains swollen time episodes active disease decrease frequency severity disorders caused include involves fingers eye infection brain affects newborn types virus type type commonly causes oral commonly causes transmitted direct contact body infected individual transmission occur symptoms present classified sexually transmitted infection spread infant infection transported sensory nerves nerve cell bodies reside lifelong causes include decreased immune function stress sunlight exposure oral usually diagnosed based presenting symptoms diagnosis confirmed viral culture detecting dna fluid testing blood virus confirm previous infection negative new effective method avoiding avoiding oral anal sex use decreases risk somewhat daily medication taken infection reduce spread available infected cure help symptoms treatments medication severity episodes worldwide rates adults usually acquired childhood rates increase people age rates populations low status populations improved status estimated million people worldwide population infected greater rates women developing world people realize infected classification divided types causes primarily mouth throat face eye central nervous system causes primarily cause areas signs symptoms infection causes distinct medical disorders common infection skin affect face mouth hands disorders occur virus damages eye central nervous system damaging brain people immature suppressed immune systems recipients people aids prone severe complications infection associated disorder disease dependent infected person cases removed body immune system following primary infection virus enters nerves site primary infection cell body result primary infection body produces particular type involved preventing subsequent infection type different site infected individuals oral infection prevents additional eye prior reduce symptoms later infection contracted people infected display physical symptoms individuals symptoms described having infection infant rare condition usually caused vertical transmission mother newborn cause unusual skin striking appearance clean linear skin appearance knife cut initial infection affecting primarily hair infection patients chronic result spread areas primary infection typically presents swelling accompanied small white surface initial infection affecting primarily hair bell exact cause bell type facial unknown related theory contested detected large numbers individuals having experienced facial higher levels found infected individuals bell compared regardless found improve outcomes disease proposed possible cause disease presence certain gene variation carriers appears particularly damaging nervous system increases risk developing disease virus components lead development contracted direct contact active body fluid infected person transmission occurs partners person history infection pass virus person virus typically contracted direct skin skin contact infected individual contracted exposure infected fluid fluid new individual travels tiny breaks skin membranes mouth areas microscopic membranes sufficient allow viral entry occurs time individuals infected occur week cases virus enters susceptible cells entry infected people visible symptoms shed transmit skin represent common form transmission frequent months acquiring concurrent infection hiv increases frequency duration individuals lower patterns evidence supporting fully verified significant differences seen frequency comparing persons annual develop following initial infection type prevents virus type person history infection caused contract infection caused couple female runs greater year risk contracting infection male partner oral infection contracted occurred weeks provide protective future infection double stranded dna virus diagnosis primary readily identified clinical examination persons previous history contact individual known infection appearance distribution individuals typically presents multiple round superficial oral accompanied acute adults presentation difficult symptoms occur appearance help differentiate symptoms similar symptoms disorders appear inside mouth primary mistaken infection common mouth resemble present stage difficult oral infected persons classical symptoms confusing diagnosis conditions resemble including fungal infection laboratory testing confirm diagnosis laboratory tests include culture virus direct studies detect virus skin chain reaction test presence viral dna procedures produce highly sensitive specific high costs time constraints discourage regular use clinical practice 1980s tests rarely useful diagnosis routinely clinical practice older differentiate generated response infection specific test introduced 1980s specific confused conditions caused family caused virus differential diagnosis includes hand foot mouth disease similar skin prevention sexually transmitted women susceptible acquiring men annual basis use transmission risk infected male female believed increased exposure tissue potential infection sites transmission risk infected female male annually therapy reduces risks help prevent development infection scenarios meaning infected partner free use reduces transmission risk significantly use effective preventing male female transmission vice versa previous infection appears reduce risk acquisition infection women factor carriers virus people horizontal transmission sexual partner vertical transmission newborn term individuals unaware infection considered high risk spreading october anti hiv drug reported reduce virus sexual transmission barrier methods offer moderate protection men women consistent users having risk acquisition compared use female provide greater protection male covers virus pass synthetic male effectiveness limited appear areas covered type prevents contact upper areas come contact sexual activity protection depends site appear areas covered sexual activity fully healed way limit risk transmission risk eliminated viral capable infection occur infected partner use dental dams limits transmission partner mouth vice versa oral sex partner infection use medication conjunction decreases chances transmission partner contain chemicals directly virus block viral entry investigated reduce viral believed occur days year patients undergoing treatment versus days therapy pregnancy risk transmission mother baby highest mother infected time delivery insufficient time occurred generation transfer protective maternal birth child contrast risk falls infection woman visible women type half likely transmit infected mothers prevent women recommended avoid unprotected oral contact partner conventional sex partner having infection pregnancy mothers infected advised avoid procedures cause trauma infant birth vacuum present elect section reduce exposure child infected birth canal use treatments given 36th week pregnancy limits reducing need section recommended therapy months pregnancy use potentially improving compliance determined safety pregnancy management method virus body reduce frequency duration severity reduce pain fever treatments relieve pain drugs effective treating including discovered available generic available generic evidence supports use treatment people cancer evidence support use primary weaker number effective including alternative medicine certain alternative claimed beneficial treatment evidence insufficient support use compounds including bee products number small studies possible benefit lemon root cream treatment preliminary studies confirmed higher quality controlled studies following active infection establish infection sensory nervous system double stranded dna virus incorporated cell physiology infection nucleus nerve cell body static virus produced controlled number viral genes including associated infected people experience year infection development symptoms include pain nerves skin occur long days short hours develop beginning treatment experienced reduce appearance duration individuals fewer likely develop painful heal faster days treatment occurring primary infection subsequent tend periodic episodic occurring average times year therapy causes uncertain potential documented study showed protein plays key role dormant virus changes immune system play role concurrent viral upper respiratory tract infection diseases cause likely source historic terms cold sore fever identified include local injury face lips eyes mouth trauma surgery exposure wind light sunlight frequency severity vary greatly people individuals large painful weeks experience minor burning days evidence indicates play role frequency cold sore area human includes genes linked frequent oral immunity virus built time infected individuals experience fewer outbreak symptoms severe years people longer experience individuals experience longer frequent severe episodes medication proven frequency duration occur original site infection proximity nerve endings reach infected case infection appear original site infection near base spine infected individuals higher risk acquiring hiv practicing unprotected sex hiv positive persons particular outbreak active worldwide rates adults common rates increasing people age rates populations low status populations improved status estimated million people population worldwide infected greater rates women developing world rates infection determined presence viral species population infected infected aware infected prevalence blacks women annual canada infection known review prevalence studies worldwide smith robinson seven canadians aged infected type virus cent unaware status new study suggests united_states estimated occur yearly men women persons british_columbia submitted testing revealed prevalence ranging women years old years norway study published found initial nova_scotia cultures women men history known years emperor said banned kissing rome time people having cold 16th century romeo juliet ladies lips mentioned 18th century common prostitutes called disease women term appeared richard system rational practical terms appeared found virus 1940s therapy began early 1960s experimental use interfered viral called acid dna original use normally fatal illnesses adult patients original compounds aka later marketed usage expanded include treatment trials combined different differing results introduction considerably toxic mid-1970s heralded way beginning regular treatment administered medication activity management life threatening disease licensed use food drug administration experimental period included introduction aka late 1970s raised treatment notch led trials late 1980s lower ease administration led drug choice treatment licensed advantage treatment included greater reductions mortality increased occur compared increased response treatment experienced slower rise society culture merely cold sore unusual place 1970s late study psychological clinic sexually transmitted disease mention time significant problem mental anxiety illness associated virus states marketing department insisted markets compound hardly heard marketing medical condition separating normal cold sore infection key marketing drug process known disease creation hype people experience negative feelings related condition following diagnosis particular acquired form disease feelings include depression fear rejection feelings isolation fear found self destructive feelings feelings usually time stigma surrounding stems media campaign beginning late 1970s peaking early 1980s multiple articles fear anxiety provoking terminology attacks victims point term entered popular articles published reader digest news time magazine movie named intimate peak time magazine new scarlet letter cover august forever word public mind support groups formed united_states providing information running message forums dating websites people virus hesitant people including friends family infected especially true new potential sexual partners consider casual study people ranked second social stigma sexually transmitted diseases hiv took spot stigma support groups usa important source support national resource center arose work american social health association created response increase social diseases spread world war 1970s increase sexually transmitted diseases diseases increased dramatically response created national resource center designed meet growing need education awareness virus projects resource center create network local support help groups goal help groups provide safe confidential environment participants accurate information share experiences fears feelings concerned association association started registered charity health grant charity started string local group meetings acquiring office national spread research substantial research gone prevention treatment unsuccessful clinical trials conducted therapy single competent undergone human testing future pipeline includes promising incompetent proposals competent proposals require animal testing researchers university florida targets essential genes targets gene greatly reduced level infection rabbits reduced viral yield gene targeting approach uses specially designed strains virus gene responsible producing protein involved maturation release viral particles infected cell technique appears effective experiments mice rabbits research required attempted people infected possibility variant pursued team duke university switch copies virus host active stage time way virus copies normally activity stage leaving dormant times conventional drugs kill entire virus population longer hide nerve cells class drugs called serve purpose engineered short segments mirror target genetic material engineered attach silence rendering virus incapable remaining host professor believes drug developed block job suppress study type virus confirmed human migration pattern theory called africa hypothesis


gas air layer skin refers tissue beneath skin refers trapped air abbreviated called tissue sub air air generally comes chest cavity usually occurs chest neck face able travel chest cavity characteristic feel touch sensation described similar touching rice sensation air skin known numerous described recognized medical entity reported consequence trauma later hospital louis described woman known syndrome medical circles instead commonly known syndrome went describe detail result parts respiratory systems particularly chest neck air trapped result penetrating trauma gunshot wounds stab wounds blunt trauma infection gas cause gas trapped tissues caused medical procedures medical conditions cause pressure lung higher tissues outside common causes chest tube blood material occur spontaneously dramatic presentation condition caused surgery called surgical term spontaneous cause clear typically dangerous dangerous underlying conditions underlying conditions require treatment usually small amounts air body uncomfortable interfere breathing treated removing air tissues example large bore skin symptoms signs signs symptoms spontaneous vary based cause associated swelling neck chest pain involve sore throat neck pain difficulty difficulty breathing chest rays air middle chest cavity significant case easy detect touching skin feels like tissue paper rice touching bubbles causes noise air bubbles feel like small touch burst skin tissues surrounding usually swollen large amounts air leak tissues face swell considerably cases neck feeling neck sound voice change particularly extreme neck chest swelling interfere breathing air travel parts body including abdomen limbs tissue skin prevent air moving causes trauma conditions cause result blunt penetrating trauma result stabbing gunshot wound found car accident victims force crash chest trauma major cause cause air enter skin chest wall neck lung membranes occurs penetrating trauma chest air travel lung muscles tissue chest wall lung occurs air travel beneath membrane lining lung lung neck chest wall condition occur fractured rib lung fact patients rib rib tear membrane lining inside chest wall allowing air escape tissues frequently found air outside lung chest cavity result air air cavity heart tension air builds cavity pressure organs chest makes likely air enter tissues torn broken rib results air enter tissues including face neck chest abdomen occurs condition known syndrome result number events example foreign body object cause lead increasing pressure affected lung cause burst chest wall commonly signs appear damage caused excessive pressure occurred indication lung subjected significant phenomenon occur diving injuries trauma parts respiratory system lungs tube cause air travel upward neck results downward torn soft tissues chest occur facial bones attacks maneuver estimated occur deliveries injury tools driven air known cause arms legs occur result usually late sign medical treatment common result certain types surgery example unusual chest surgery occur surgery particularly likely prolonged surgery potential causes positive pressure ventilation reason technique occurrence frequently unexpected occur result oral surgery entire lung removed remaining leak air rare condition leads progressive air leak space cause occasions condition result dental surgery usually use high speed tools air driven cases result usually swelling face neck immediate onset sound typical air visible ray main causes functioning chest tube sign wrong chest tube place tube need replaced large amounts air leaking new tube added mechanical ventilation force air tissues occurs patient indication ventilation caused unusual result positive pressure ventilation possible cause injured cases injury large amounts air enter space tube cause infection air trapped skin occurring late sign gas sign considered symptoms result infectious organisms produce gas occurs infection signs infection spread initial location present air able travel soft tissues neck space abdominal cavity areas connected planes lungs air travels enter tissues spontaneous thought result increased pressures lung cause spontaneous air travels blood vessels lung tissues neck head diagnosis significant cases easy characteristic signs condition cases signs subtle making diagnosis difficult medical imaging condition confirm diagnosis clinical signs chest seen pattern expected major muscle group air tissues interfere chest potentially conditions reduce effectiveness chest hand apparent chest rays presence injury seen air pockets appearing dark areas scanning sensitive commonly makes possible find exact spot air entering soft tissues published insights spontaneous syndrome occurring severe attack presence person appears ill bout followed left chest pain suggestive diagnosis syndrome life threatening emergency caused treatment usually time need treatment conditions results air large interfere breathing uncomfortable occasionally progresses state massive uncomfortable requires surgical drainage air pushed lung massive usually positive pressure ventilation swell patient pressure air blood flow breast skin lead skin areas urgent situations requiring rapid adequate severe cases require treatment severe cases placed tissue release air small cuts blow holes skin release gas occurs chest tube frequently control source air entering space volume air increasing chest tube removing air rapidly replaced larger applied tube remove air faster progression condition monitored marking boundaries special pencil marking skin treatment usually involves dealing underlying condition cases spontaneous require bed rest medication control pain supplemental oxygen breathing oxygen help body absorb air quickly observation treatment air tissue usually pose lethal threat small amounts air body causes resolved medical intervention usually clear spontaneous rare cases progress life threatening condition mechanical ventilation induce failure history report resulting air patient violently recorded case spontaneous reported royal marines tooth extracted playing instrument forced air hole tooth tissues face case spontaneous reported navy root canal past increased pressure submarine forced air face recent years case reported university hospital wales young man violently causing resulting cause spontaneous clarified contributing current understanding condition


solar solar rare condition exposure radiation visible light case appear covered uncovered areas skin classified type physical classification disease types somewhat controversial classification system distinguished types based radiation causes breakout classification system based type breakout agent human body responsible reaction radiation known identified disease difficult properly similar disorders light eruption helpful test specialized test confirms presence abnormal reaction recognized treatment disease commonly involves administration treatments extreme cases use drugs considered initial discovery disease credited suggestion solar given duke research contributed study uncommon disease cases reported past century signs symptoms generally areas affected exposed skin usually protected clothing occur areas covered clothing areas constantly subjected sun rays slightly affected people extreme cases reactions light led parts body covered potentially subjected outbreak life difficult patients subject constant pain minutes initial exposure radiation appear reaction begins form later progressing exposed areas skin vast areas body affected loss fluid skin lead light extremely rarely patients reported experience increase heart rate cause stroke heart attack body cavity swelling rare effects instability issues large area body suddenly exposed person subject reaction free exposure usually fade away hours rare extreme cases day depending severity reaction causes solar introduced primary secondary factors induced primary believed type mild severe reaction including substance provoking immune response induced visible radiation secondary occur person comes contact chemicals tar pitch people use drugs patients contract secondary form items cause outside body cause greater sensitivity light unorthodox unusual causes solar susceptible visible light white shirts increase chances experiencing outbreak case doctors found white shirt absorbed radiation sun transformed visible light caused reaction patient treated separate disorder broke exposed sun case solar inducing agent known specific agent body brings reaction radiation patients injected developed area injection people injected demonstrate similar symptoms indicates reaction characteristic patients solar possible located binding sites found surface mast cells believed begin configuration absorption radiation radiation transformed resulting formation new diagnosis solar difficult presence confirmed process forms tests including tests tests laboratory tests necessary determine exact patient suffering tests patch tests conducted believed patient experiencing certain symptoms occur contact sunlight procedure patient given low radiation test known useful identifying solar test centimeter segments skin subject varying amounts radiation order determine specific certain form radiation causes form testing intense form fixed solar conducted areas appeared avoid possibility getting false negative results form testing test identify disorders instigated sun burns process test involves exposing area patient arm certain radiation area arm certain radiation radiation patient exposed equal received hour midday summer sun procedure produces patient undergo finally laboratory tests generally involve procedures blood tests situations skin performed classification solar particular features considered type physical light sensitivity physical arises physical factors environment case solar radiation light classified based energy causes reaction known classification types identified system type solar caused radiation ranging type induced radiation range range type iii spans type caused radiation visible light type known occur classification distinguishes types caused reaction located people second caused found people people solar fixed solar identified rare intense form disease swollen areas skin affect certain fixed areas body fixed solar induced broad spectrum energy ranging differential diagnosis light eruption easiest disease mistake solar locations similar neck arms patients likely develop face reaction greater time appear solar mistaken longer time away furthermore tested diseases patients reaction immediately patients delayed reaction patients experienced solar symptoms young age mistakenly thought main disease pain patients found abnormal levels blood levels normal patients finally induced heat occasionally appear solar heat sun cause person disease reaction management proteins associated reactions radiation light comes contact person solar released mast cells occurs vessels near area release increased allows blood fluid enter vessels cause suppress activity generation antagonist medicine associated reactions found potent particular disease patients prescribed times day able sustain normal exposure sun suffering reaction patients potent forms solar fixed solar treated medication prevent form treatment meant reduce intensity altogether eliminate reactions people gradually increasing exposure form radiation brings reaction case solar major treatments prevention exposure certain form light radiation enables patient build tolerance reduced type treatment generally conducted spring benefits therapy days considered superior produces longer lasting tolerance radiation outbreak treatment begins main goal build patient tolerance radiation outdoors suffering episode solar treatments regulated week constantly increasing exposure radiation patient reached adequate level treatments reduced twice week therapy patients researchers successfully treated solar trade commonly treat acts binding free site high affinity mast cells reducing free doctors drugs patient suffering intense form solar effects severe reserved extreme cases extreme cases considered technique remove blood fluid red blood cells return cells body removes circulating factor blood involved causing tested effective treatment success patient decreased degree undergo result relief extended period time major setback treatment effects severe include reactions united_states patients disorders reported diagnosed solar internationally number slightly larger solar occur races studies monitoring african americans found african americans disease showing better chance getting disease people affected females likely affected males age ranges years old average age cases reported children infancy solar accounts percent documented cases better perspective documented case japan instances disease reported history solar identified year later ward induce exposure sun controlled environment documented case came japan solar proposed induced time carried increasing amounts radiation varying disease transferred normal volunteers patients solar


sickness sickness known divers disease bends disease describes condition arising dissolved gases coming solution bubbles inside body commonly refers problems arising underwater diving ascent experienced events working flying aircraft activity spacecraft bubbles form migrate body produce symptoms effects vary joint pain death individual vary day day different individuals conditions affected differently classification types symptoms evolved original description years ago exposure diving managed proper procedures contracting uncommon potential severity driven research prevent divers universally use dive tables dive computers limit exposure control ascent speed contracted treated oxygen therapy chamber treated early significantly higher chance successful recovery illness includes arterial gas age classification classified symptoms earliest descriptions terms bends joint skeletal pain breathing problems problems introduced simpler classification term type simple symptoms involving skin system system type symptoms organs central nervous system involved type considered usually worse outcomes system minor modifications today following changes treatment methods classification useful diagnosis symptoms develop initial presentation type type initial management illness term encompasses sickness arterial gas sickness arterial gas commonly classified illness precise diagnosis arterial gas treated similarly result gas bubbles body navy identical treatment type arterial gas symptoms overlap arterial gas generally severe arise blood supply tissue death signs symptoms bubbles form body frequently observed shoulders knees joint pain bends accounts altitude cases shoulder common site symptoms present cases visual disturbances common skin present cases rare divers observed frequently introduction oxygen pre breathing table shows symptoms different types frequency distribution symptoms observed navy follows onset onset occur rapidly dive half cases symptoms begin appear hour extreme cases symptoms occur dive completed navy technical diving international leading technical training organization published table indicates onset symptoms table differentiate types types causes caused reduction ambient pressure results formation bubbles gases tissues body happen leaving high pressure environment ascending depth ascending altitude ascent depth best known diving disorder affects divers having gas higher pressure surface pressure owing pressure surrounding water risk increases diving extended periods greater depth ascending gradually making stops needed slowly reduce excess pressure gases dissolved body specific risk factors understood divers susceptible identical conditions confirmed rare cases breath holding divers sequence deep short surface intervals cause disease called south pacific island natives centuries breath holding food principal factors control risk suffering rate duration gas absorption pressure deeper longer dive gas absorbed body tissue higher concentrations normal henry law rate duration faster ascent shorter interval time absorbed gas safely lungs causing gases come solution form micro bubbles blood change pressure causes immediate symptoms rapid pressure change cause permanent bone injury called don don develop single exposure rapid leaving high pressure environment workers leave water experience significant reduction ambient pressure similar pressure reduction occurs exit space vehicle perform space walk extra activity pressure lower pressure vehicle original disease term introduced 19th century pressure water flooding large engineering excavations water table bridge supports tunnels workers spending time high ambient pressure conditions risk return lower pressure outside pressure reduced slowly major factor construction bridge workers died mysterious illness later construction brooklyn bridge project leader washington ascent altitude passengers risk aircraft high altitude likewise increased risk divers flying aircraft shortly diving aircraft cabin pressure maintained sea level pressure drop low sea level pressure altitude common problem 1930s development high altitude balloon aircraft flights today cabin systems maintain commercial aircraft cabin pressure equivalent altitude allowing safe flights rare healthy individuals experience pressures equivalent altitude pressure cabin actually maintained sea level pressure risk individuals having recently cabin systems fail occasionally people vulnerable drop pressure occurs aircraft specific altitude threshold considered safe develop altitude little evidence altitude occurring healthy individuals underwater diving pressure altitudes higher altitude exposure greater risk developing altitude altitudes risk altitude direct relationship severity types individual pressure altitudes shown low occurrence altitude air_force study altitude cases reported incidents occurred higher high altitude performing halo jump develop altitude flush nitrogen body pre breathing pure oxygen factors occurrence easily predictable factors known considered environmental individual sickness arterial gas recreational diving associated certain demographic environmental dive style factors statistical study published tested potential risk factors age gender body mass index smoking diabetes disease previous illness years certification year number diving days number repetitive series dive depth use use significant associations risk sickness arterial gas found diabetes disease smoking body mass index increased depth previous larger number consecutive days diving male associated higher risk sickness arterial gas use greater frequency diving past year increasing age years certification associated lower risk possibly extensive training experience environmental following environmental factors shown increase risk magnitude pressure reduction ratio large pressure reduction ratio likely cause small repetitive repetitive short period time hours increase risk developing repetitive altitudes metres similar short periods increase risk developing altitude rate ascent faster ascent greater risk developing navy dive manual indicates ascent rates greater min min diving increase chance recreational dive tables tables require ascent rate min min taking minute individual exposed rapid high rate ascent metres greater risk altitude exposed altitude lower rate ascent duration exposure longer duration dive greater risk longer flights especially altitudes carry greater risk altitude underwater diving flying divers ascend altitude soon dive increase risk developing dive dive table safe limits dive tables provisions post dive time surface level flying allow excess nitrogen pressure maintained inside aircraft low pressure equivalent altitude sea level assumption dive table surface interval occurs normal atmospheric pressure flying surface interval safe dive exceed dive table limits diving travelling altitude occur flying person moves high altitude location land immediately diving example divers drive coast plateau increase risk diving altitude diving water surface altitude example lake versions tables dive computers modified high altitude individual following individual factors identified possibly contributing increased risk studies concluded sickness reduced surface tension raised drinking high surface tension water generally regarded helpful controlling bubble size maintaining proper recommended patent hole chambers heart normally closed birth adults completely seal allowing blood hole activities raise chest pressure diving allow blood gas bypass lungs bubbles filtered lung system return directly arterial system including brain spinal cord heart arterial system bubbles arterial gas far dangerous block circulation cause tissue death local loss blood flow brain results stroke spinal cord result person age reports indicating higher risk altitude increasing age previous injury indication recent joint limb injuries individuals developing related bubbles ambient temperature evidence suggesting individual exposure cold ambient temperatures increase risk altitude sickness risk reduced increased ambient temperature following cold water body type typically person high body fat content greater risk nitrogen times greater fat water leading greater amounts total body dissolved nitrogen time pressure fat represents percent healthy adult body stores half total nitrogen normal pressures alcohol consumption alcohol consumption increases increase study found evidence alcohol consumption increases mechanism causes gases dissolved higher pressure come physical solution form gas bubbles body bubbles produce symptoms sickness bubbles form body experiences reduction pressure bubbles result gas dissolved liquid described henry law indicates pressure gas contact liquid decreased gas dissolved liquid decrease ascent dive gas comes solution process called normal conditions occurs gas exchange lungs gas comes solution quickly allow lungs bubbles form blood solid tissues body formation bubbles skin joints results symptoms large numbers bubbles blood cause lung damage severe types ultimately damage spinal cord function leading sensory death presence right left heart patent bubbles enter arterial system resulting arterial gas similar effect known occur explosive water forms bubbles body dramatic reduction environmental pressure gases main gas air nitrogen nitrogen gas cause breathing gas include cause sickness enters leaves body faster nitrogen different schedules required cause preferred nitrogen gas deep diving debate requirements short duration divers longer groups like pioneering use shorter times including deep stops gas pressure form bubbles ambient pressure decreases deep hydrogen oxygen controlled required avoid caused constant ambient pressure switching gas containing different proportions gas known presents problem deep example rich deepest dive switch containing progressively oxygen nitrogen ascent nitrogen tissues times slower times switching gas different nitrogen result fast tissues tissues good blood supply actually increasing total gas loading found provoke inner ear sickness ear particularly sensitive effect bubble formation location bubbles initially form known likely mechanisms bubble formation surfaces break contact joints bubbles created site based surface contact liquid bubbles form liquid likely requires greater pressure differences experienced spontaneous formation surfaces possible source clear grow large cause symptoms stable formed grow reduction pressure gas gas surroundings body bubbles located tissues carried speed blood flow blood vessel rate delivery blood main factors determine dissolved gas taken tissue bubbles circulation bubbles bubble growth diagnosis sickness suspected symptoms associated condition occurs following drop pressure particular hours diving cases reported divers alert network shown symptoms hours alternative diagnosis suspected severe symptoms begin hours following altitude exposure occurs hours diagnosis confirmed symptoms relieved frequently identify bubbles good determining diagnosis proper history event description symptoms prevention underwater diving prevent excess formation bubbles lead sickness divers limit ascent rate recommended ascent rate popular models metres minute carry schedule necessary schedule requires ascend particular depth remain depth sufficient gas eliminated body allow ascent termed stop schedule given time depth contain stops contain stops called stop divers usually schedule short safety stop metres metres metres depending training agency schedule derived tables software dive computers commonly based mathematical model body release gas pressure changes models designed fit data provide schedule given depth dive duration divers surface dive excess gas bodies subsequent dive excess fully eliminated needs modify schedule account gas load previous dive result shorter available time water increased time subsequent dive total elimination excess gas hours tables indicate time normal pressures required hours time significantly shortened breathing containing gas phase dive pure oxygen stops metres water reason gas rate proportional difference partial pressure gas body partial pressure breathing gas likelihood bubble formation depends difference gas partial pressure body ambient pressure reduction requirements gained breathing mix dive nitrogen taken body dive air following schedule completely protect designed reduce probability low level reduce zero exposure altitude significant prevention altitude oxygen pre breathing breathing pure oxygen significantly reduces nitrogen loads body tissues reducing partial pressure nitrogen lungs nitrogen blood breathing gas effect eventually concentration nitrogen tissues body continued long provides effective protection exposure low barometric pressure environments breathing pure oxygen flight ascent route descent decrease risk altitude time required ascent generally sufficient significantly slower tissues pure oxygen pre breathing effective method protect altitude complicated expensive protection civil aviation commercial private currently military flight crews protection high altitude space operations flight test crews involved aircraft high altitude parachute jumps aboard international space station preparing extra activity camp low atmospheric pressure psi bar spending sleeping hours quest chamber breathe oxygen operate psi bar research examined possibility psi bar suits pressure reduction risk treatment cases sickness treated initially oxygen oxygen therapy oxygen delivered high pressure chamber provided mild cases bends skin symptoms disappear descent high altitude recommended cases evaluated symptoms symptoms skin treated oxygen therapy seen days development air shown effective treatment minor symptoms evidence effectiveness therapy utilizing oxygen shown standard care treatment normally carried chamber dive site alternative water oxygen aid emergency treatment diving injuries years given hours increases success therapy decrease number treatments required fully closed circuit deliver sustained high concentrations oxygen rich breathing gas means supplying oxygen dedicated equipment available beneficial helps reduce longer recommended administer advised medical personnel mask symptoms people comfortable placed position horizontal recovery position occurs past position left lateral position maneuver suggested beneficial air suspected longer recommended extended periods owing concerns cerebral duration treatment depends severity symptoms dive history type therapy patient response treatment frequently treatment schedules navy table provides oxygen therapy maximum pressure equivalent feet total time pressure minutes minutes oxygen balance air breaks possibility oxygen chamber preferred facility treatment sickness allows direct physical access patient medical personnel chambers widely available treatment chamber available transportation cause significant delay treatment interval onset symptoms important quality recovery necessary modify treatment schedule allow use chamber usually better delaying treatment navy treatment table safely performed air breaks built breathing system available cases patient adequately treated chamber receiving hospital immediate treatment oxygen followed chamber cases result long term effects permanent long term injury possible month follow ups diving accidents reported dan showed divers surveyed ongoing symptoms type type long term follow ups showed similar results having permanent sickness rare estimated cases risk times greater males females affects approximately divers year divers alert network dan created project dive exploration collect data dive profiles incidents recorded required certainly contain incidents arterial gas age rate history robert demonstrated reduction ambient pressure lead bubble formation living tissue description vacuum recorded description sickness described post findings air cerebral circulation cause death charles involved recovery sunken warship hms royal george commented having frequent man escaped repeated attacks cold documented case sickness reported mining engineer observed pain muscle coal miners working shafts air water published outcomes paralyzed workers prominent features established explanations time included cold exhaustion causing spinal cord damage electricity cause friction compression organ congestion caused bridge louis employed compressed air workers including physician charge seriously injured fatalities developed sickness personal description recorded similarity sickness air relationship inadequate sickness noted suggested gas released rapid recommended slow compression hour working shifts limit maximum depth healthy workers treatment severe cases andrew smith utilized term disease describing cases sickness physician charge construction brooklyn bridge project employed compressed air workers treatment project chief engineer washington suffered disease endured effects disease rest life project sickness known bends simply bends afflicted individuals bent forward possibly reminiscent popular women fashion dance maneuver known bend hill frog model prove causes bubbles resolves hill advocated linear uniform profiles type today divers work financed company tunnel building manhattan island caused injuries deaths led laws requiring psi limits rules united_states conjunction hill developed produced closed bell surface prevention compressed air illness published boycott recommending staged tables accepted use royal_navy experimental chambers use land aboard ship navy published standardized procedure 1930s albert separated symptoms arterial gas age experimented oxygen therapy introduced stop tables altitude treated oxygen time robert established new method calculation requirements values meter mechanical device simulated nitrogen release introduced split classification type paul louis homer edward introduce survival analysis study sickness produced edge personal dive computer nitrogen absorption tissue compartments albert released book sickness detailed model calculation schedules society culture economics united_states common medical insurance cover treatment bends result recreational diving diving considered high risk activity treatment sickness expensive typical stay chamber easily cost thousand dollars emergency transportation included result groups divers alert network dan offer medical insurance policies specifically cover aspects treatment sickness rates year united_kingdom treatment provided national health service occur specialised facility centre based general hospital


bleeding impaired blood supply base brain usually occurs presence cases diagnosed previously common initial sudden associated rapidly visual field defect double vision caused compression nerves surrounding followed cases acute symptoms caused lack essential predominantly diagnosis achieved magnetic resonance imaging blood tests treatment timely correction deficiencies cases surgical required people develop deficiencies require long term case disease recorded signs symptoms acute symptoms initial symptoms related increased pressure common cases sudden onset located eyes temples associated occasionally presence blood leads lining brain cause neck bright light decreased level consciousness occurs cases pressure nerve known located leads loss vision outer visual field sides corresponds areas supplied parts nerve encountered cases visual reduced half visual field defect visual loss depends nerve affected nerve eye compressed result vision loss eye affected visual loss visual field occurs adjacent lies skull base known contains number nerves control eye muscles people experience double vision compression nerves half cases nerve nerve controls number eye muscles affected leads diagonal double vision pupil fourth sixth nerves located compartment cause diagonal horizontal double vision respectively nerve predominantly affected lies closest contains supplies blood brain occasionally compression lead sided weakness symptoms stroke consists parts anterior posterior parts release control numerous organs main initial problem lack occurs sudden lack body leads symptoms called crisis crisis disease main cause low levels main problems low blood pressure particularly standing low blood lead coma abdominal pain low blood pressure life threatening requires immediate medical attention unusually low level blood cause confusion found cases caused low levels inappropriate release posterior deficiencies develop phase leading characteristic symptoms fatigue weight gain cold develop control reproductive leads disrupted cycle decreased causes cases arise patient previously unaware report associated symptoms previously thought particular types prone confirmed absolute terms small proportion eventually undergoes analysis incidentally found occurred annually risk higher larger growing rapidly analysis associations achieved statistical significance majority cases precipitated particular cause quarter history high blood pressure common problem general population clear significantly increase risk number cases reported association particular conditions situations uncertain fact reported associations surgery especially bypass significant fluctuations blood pressure disturbances blood medication radiation therapy traumatic brain injury pregnancy treatment tests reported provoke episodes treatment drugs withdrawal treatment reported remnant normally development cause symptoms indistinguishable regarded distinct syndrome undergoes result prolonged low blood pressure particularly caused bleeding condition usually occurs absence regard syndrome form mechanism located skull base known turkish saddle shape attached brain stalk contains blood vessels supply unclear times likely bleed brain proposed mechanisms increase risk insufficient blood supply leading tissue normally derives blood supply vessels pass develop blood supply nearby inferior generates higher blood pressure possibly accounting risk bleeding sensitive fluctuations blood pressure blood vessels structural vulnerable damage suggested causes symptoms followed damaged tissue larger prone bleeding rapidly growing evidenced detection increased levels protein higher risk pressure inside rises surrounding structures nerve contents compressed raised pressure blood supply producing tissue leading tissue death insufficient blood supply diagnosis recommended magnetic resonance imaging scan performed diagnosis suspected sensitivity detecting demonstrate tissue damage decreased blood supply different sequences establish occurred predominant form damage suitable presence metal containing scan demonstrate reliable found areas said exist accompanied symptoms instances required suspicion symptoms caused problems examination fluid brain spinal cord sample obtained needle passed local spine results typically normal detected blood entered space remaining doubt possibility magnetic resonance contrast agent required identify brain blood vessels common cause professional guidelines recommend suspected confirmed minimal blood tests performed include complete blood count measure function usually performed potassium liver function tests routine testing panel including growth men women visual field testing recommended soon possible diagnosis severity nerve involvement required decide surgical treatment treatment priority suspected confirmed system cause severe low blood pressure depending severity illness admission high unit required treatment acute requires administration solution volumes required adult followed administration grade muscle drug similar properties use recommended required reduce swelling brain area require immediate replacement case blood levels determined levels vary day level indicates need replacement decision complex mainly dependent severity visual loss visual field defects visual severely reduced large visual field defects level consciousness falls consistently professional guidelines recommend surgery performed commonly operations performed surgery procedure surgical instruments passed nose bone opened access cavity contains surgery likely improve vision remaining vision surgery surgery undertaken week onset symptoms relatively mild visual field loss double vision managed close observation level consciousness visual fields results routine blood tests deterioration expected spontaneous improvement occur surgical intervention indicated occurred respond treatment recovery people require follow monitor long term consequences performed months initial episode subsequently annual basis surgery tissue remains respond medication surgery radiation therapy gamma knife larger case series mortality overall group patients require surgery mortality deaths treated episode people develop require form replacement therapy common problem growth left cause decreased muscle mass strength fatigue require replacement permanently need replacement men require finally develop diabetes inability retain fluid lack treated drug applied nose spray taken mouth rare people known experience risk higher larger based existing data expect cases million people year actual figure probably lower average age onset cases reported people years old men affected commonly women male female ratio majority underlying cell produce excessive amounts explain gone prior episode history case description attributed american bailey followed report german physician surgery described introduction replacement mortality condition coined case series physicians boston city hospital harvard medical school term applied referred bleeding


occurrence confusion altered level consciousness coma result liver failure advanced stages called coma coma ultimately lead death caused accumulation toxic substances normally removed liver diagnosis requires presence impaired liver function exclusion alternative explanation symptoms blood tests levels assist diagnosis attacks caused problem infection treatment relies suppressing production toxic substances commonly non addition treatment underlying condition improve symptoms particular settings acute liver failure onset indicate need liver signs symptoms form difficult detect demonstrated testing experienced mild confusion stage characterised inverted sleep wake pattern sleeping day awake night second stage marked personality changes stage marked worsened confusion fourth stage marked progression coma severe forms lead level consciousness eventually coma intermediate stages characteristic movement limbs observed liver character disappears amnesia behaviour occur stage examination reveal positive sign coma represent advanced stage cerebral swelling brain tissue leads death occurs symptoms signs liver failure include yellow skin whites eyes fluid accumulation abdominal cavity peripheral swelling legs fluid build skin exaggerated abnormal extending sign severe particular smell detected causes small proportion cases caused directly liver failure likely acute liver failure commonly especially chronic liver disease caused aggravated additional cause identifying causes important treat episode effectively occur creation treatment bleeding syndrome related occurs cases risk higher previous episodes higher age female sex liver disease causes alcohol explanations liver lead healthy subjects nitrogen containing compounds generated gut bacteria food transported portal vein liver cycle immediately process impaired liver cells incapable waste products portal blood bypasses liver circulation medically constructed waste products accumulate circulation older term important waste product small crosses blood brain barrier absorbed population cells brain constitutes cerebral use increased levels lead increase pressure swollen increased activity acid system energy supply brain cells decreased thought example brain type despite numerous studies demonstrating central role levels don severity suspected means absorbed brain severe symptoms levels relatively low waste products implicated include substances containing group short chain numerous described relative contribution disease state uncertain loss gene expression especially attributed acute liver failure like compounds detected increased levels system branched chain described lead generation false system reported accumulation play role body action diagnosis investigations diagnosis presence confirmed liver disease types type symptoms similar encountered distinction abnormal liver function tests suggesting liver disease required liver symptoms arise conditions cerebral common chronic liver disease scan brain required exclude seizure activity suspected study performed wilson disease suspected clinical grounds confirmed investigations diagnosis clinical causes confusion coma excluded test fully levels elevated patients high levels associated scan brain usually shows stage cerebral visible magnetic resonance imaging currently regarded useful shows clear stage minimal present stages iii waves frontal stage slow delta wave activity changes typical useful distinguishing conditions diagnosis efforts exclude underlying causes listed causes requires blood tests blood count liver function tests usually chest ray removal fluid sample needle required identify spontaneous classification west haven criteria severity graded west haven criteria based level autonomy changes consciousness intellectual function behavior dependence therapy grade trivial lack awareness anxiety shortened attention span impaired performance addition grade minimal time place subtle personality change inappropriate behaviour grade responsive verbal confusion gross grade coma types classification introduced world congress vienna according classification subdivided type depending underlying cause type acute describes associated acute liver failure typically associated cerebral type bypass caused portal associated liver disease type occurs patients type subdivided episodic persistent minimal term minimal defined lead overt demonstrated studies important finding minimal demonstrated quality life increase risk involvement road traffic accidents minimal diagnosis minimal requires testing definition older tests include numbers connecting test measuring speed connect randomly dispersed numbers block design test digit symbol test expert panel concluded test batteries aimed measuring multiple domains function generally reliable single tests tend strongly functional status battery assessment status test purpose test developed germany european countries incorporates older assessment tools number connection test treatment severe stages risk decreased protective gag lead respiratory arrest transferring patient higher level nursing care intensive care unit required necessary prevent life threatening complications respiratory failure placement tube permits safe administration nutrients medication treatment depends suspected underlying cause types presence absence underlying causes develops acute liver failure type mild form grade indicates liver required transfer specialist centre advised type arise undergone procedure cases resolves spontaneously medical treatments discussed small proportion required address symptoms type identification treatment alternative underlying causes central initial management given frequency infection underlying cause administered knowledge exact source nature infection episode effectively treated decision need prepare liver diet past thought consumption protein normal levels increased risk shown incorrect furthermore people chronic liver disease require adequate protein maintain stable body weight diet adequate protein energy recommended branched chain shown improvement complications studies shown benefit administration healthy bacteria absorbed digestive tract thought decrease generation bacteria render converting increase transit content gut administered times day result aimed soft day settings given especially severe commonly relieve causes increase transit review collaboration concluded insufficient evidence determine benefit remains line treatment type acute liver failure unclear beneficial furthermore lead interfere liver procedure required typically recommended class thought work similar way complications attached use supported better evidence long history lower cost use second line treatment poorly tolerated effective added combination effective component separately expensive cost offset reduced hospital previously treatment rationale use fact waste products generated converted bacteria killing bacteria reduce generation waste products chosen low absorption similar cause hearing loss failure later studies showed absorbed resultant complications similarly abandoned prolonged use cause peripheral nerve damage addition effects preparation increase generation cycle removes turning neutral substance combined ineffective controlling symptoms risk developing year time people exhibit evidence overt prevalence minimal formal testing increases likelihood developing overt future developed determined largely markers liver failure levels protein produced liver time test relies proteins produced liver presence level breakdown product liver severity markers incorporated child score score determines year survival assist decision offer liver acute liver failure development severe strongly short term mortality important nature underlying cause liver failure determining historically widely criteria offering liver king college criteria limited use recent guidelines discourage excessive reliance criteria occurrence patients wilson disease hereditary copper accumulation mushroom poisoning indicates urgent need liver history occurrence disturbed behaviour people described antiquity bce century respectively recognised condition modern descriptions link liver disease symptoms eighteenth nineteenth century instance reported progressive condition 1950s reports numerous reported previously confirmed previously theory underlying mechanism nitrogen rich compounds originate studies professor dame royal medical school london subsequently royal free hospital group investigated protein restriction west haven classification formulated colleagues yale_university investigating


called older names disorder characterized increased pressure pressure brain absence diseases main symptoms stroke like sounds perceived ears sound occurring rhythm pulse double vision visual symptoms lead swelling disc eye progress vision loss diagnosed brain scan rule causes provide temporary permanent relief symptoms respond medication drug combination require surgery relieve pressure condition occur age groups common women aged signs symptoms common occurs cases worse morning character nature associated worse activity increases pressure pain experienced neck shoulders sensation ears sound pulse symptoms weakness loss smell loss coordination reported rarely specific children numerous signs symptoms present increased pressure leads compression traction nerves group nerves arise brain stem supply face neck commonly nerve sixth nerve involved nerve supplies muscle pulls eye outward sixth nerve experience horizontal double vision worse looking affected rarely nerve nerve fourth nerve respectively affected play role eye movements facial nerve seventh nerve affected occasionally result total partial weakness muscles facial expression sides face increased pressure leads swelling disc spot nerve enters occurs practically cases experiences symptoms experience symptoms typically report visual episodes difficulty seeing occur eyes necessarily time long term leads visual loss initially periphery progressively center vision physical examination nervous system typically normal apart presence seen examination eye small device called detail camera nerve noticed eye examination form fourth sixth nerve facial nerve longstanding visual fields visual decreased visual field testing automated recommended methods testing accurate longstanding leads disc looks pale visual loss tends advanced causes means unknown diagnosed alternative explanation symptoms pressure increased high dose derivatives long term variety skin conditions numerous diseases rare conditions lead underlying cause condition termed secondary common causes secondary include sleep sleep related breathing disorder chronic kidney disease disease mechanism cause known rule states pressure determined brain tissue fluid blood inside bony vault theories exist pressure raised excess production increased volume blood brain tissue veins drain blood brain theory increased production fluid proposed early descriptions disease experimental data supports role process second theory increased blood flow brain increase brain tissue result raised pressure little evidence accumulated support suggestion increased blood flow plays role recently phase contrast studies cerebral blood flow suggests elevated patients samples types brain shown increased water content brain tissue remains unclear case theory suggests restricted drainage brain impaired resulting congestion patients transverse clear disease secondary phenomenon proposed positive loop exist raised pressure causes transverse resulting raised pressure decreased rise diagnosis diagnosis suspected basis history examination confirm diagnosis excluding alternative causes investigations required investigations performed history typical patient likely alternative problem children men elderly women overweight investigations usually cat magnetic resonance imaging exclude mass typically appear normal small like nerve sign increased pressure caves seen performed cases exclude possibility cerebral contrast enhanced scan high detection rate abnormal transverse adequately identified assessed cerebral nerves increased fluid noted imaging performed measure opening pressure obtain fluid exclude alternative opening pressure increased removed relief examined abnormal cells levels level protein levels definition normal limits occasionally pressure measurement normal despite suggestive symptoms fact pressure course normal day suspicion problems remains high necessary perform long term monitoring pressure classification original criteria described modified smith modified criteria smith included use advanced imaging required smith replaced paper amended criteria added requirement patient awake alert coma adequate assessment require exclusion underlying cause furthermore added requirement cause raised found review propose alternative set criteria derived smith require absence symptoms explained diagnosis require actual presence symptoms criteria require performed patient lying sideways performed upright sitting position lead artificially high pressure measurements insist patient required cases diagnosis treatment primary goal treatment prevention visual loss control treated mainly reduction pressure applicable weight loss resolve initial treatment spontaneous later stage continue step control drainage fluid necessary performed time search infection cases sufficient control symptoms treatment needed procedure repeated necessary generally taken clue additional treatments required control symptoms preserve vision repeated regarded unpleasant patients present danger introducing spinal repeated needed control patient vision rapidly medication best studied medical treatment acts reduces production percent cause symptoms low blood potassium levels include muscle weakness fingers pregnancy shown cause animal studies human beings shown cause blood levels newborn babies treatment tolerated drug little effect controlling addition conventional agents low dose shown additional benefit pain relief use attempt reduce controversial severe use discouraged leading appear play significant relation raised transverse resolve leading improved decreased cure symptoms self expanding metal permanently deployed dominant transverse general general patients discharged day patients require double therapy period months procedure therapy year systematic analysis studies cases improvement overall rate cure rate treatment major complications occurred patients largest single series transverse rate requiring small definite risk complications experts recommend patients failed medical therapy medication undertaken consultation combination performs procedure generally recommended surgery main surgical procedures exist treatment nerve surgery normally offered medical therapy unsuccessful tolerated choice procedures depends predominant problem procedure perfect cause significant complications eventually fail controlling symptoms controlled trials guide decision procedure best nerve operation involves making tissue lining nerve portion eye entirely clear protects eye raised pressure result diversion orbit creation area tissue pressure effects pressure modest procedure lead significant complications including procedure recommended mainly limited symptoms significant threatened vision undergone unsuccessful treatment surgery surgery usually performed involves creation drained body cavity initial procedure usually connects space spine cavity generally pressure valve included circuit avoid excessive drainage patient erect provides long term relief half cases require revision occasion usually needs repeated revisions considered inserted lateral brain usually surgery connected right heart cavity respectively given reduced need revisions possible procedure line type treatment shown people surgery especially bypass surgery lead resolution condition known percentage people spontaneously percentage develop chronic disease normally affect life major complications arise treatment resistant case series long term risk ones vision significantly affected reported lie average occurs people occur children adults median age diagnosis occurs predominantly women especially ages times likely men affected overweight strongly person women percent ideal body weight thirteen times likely develop figure goes nineteen times women percent ideal body weight men relationship exists increase fold percent ideal body weight despite reports families known genetic cause people develop children difference males females national hospital admission appears need intervention increased markedly period attributed rising prevalence increase explained increased popularity nerve history report german physician described term introduced max numerous cases appeared literature subsequently cases raised pressure actually resulted underlying conditions instance reported london sir charles resulted caused middle ear infection criteria developed baltimore walter introduced surgery treatment condition terms derive fact increased pressure associated brain patients found diagnosed disease mimicking brain disease renamed distinguish life threatening diseases cancer felt misleading disease blind thought revised identifiable cause surgery introduced initially good results reported negative reports 1980s led brief period nerve initially described unrelated condition popular recommended predominantly occasional exceptions


malaria malaria borne infectious disease affecting humans animals caused parasitic group single belonging type malaria causes symptoms typically include fever fatigue severe cases cause yellow skin coma death symptoms usually begin days properly treated people disease months later recently survived infection usually causes symptoms partial resistance disappears months years person continuing exposure malaria disease commonly transmitted infected female bite introduces parasites person blood parasites travel liver mature reproduce species spread humans deaths caused generally cause form malaria species rarely causes disease humans malaria typically diagnosed microscopic examination blood blood films based rapid tests methods use chain reaction detect parasite dna developed widely areas malaria common cost complexity risk disease reduced preventing bites use nets insect control measures draining standing water available prevent malaria travellers areas disease common occasional medication recommended pregnancy areas high rates malaria despite need effective exists efforts develop ongoing recommended treatment malaria combination includes second medication available recommended areas disease common malaria confirmed possible treatment started concerns increasing drug resistance resistance parasites developed example resistant spread areas resistance problem parts southeast_asia disease widespread tropical subtropical regions exist broad band equator includes sub africa asia latin_america million cases malaria worldwide resulting estimated deaths occurred africa rates disease decreased increased million cases malaria commonly associated poverty major negative effect economic development africa estimated result losses billion year increased healthcare costs lost ability work negative effects tourism signs symptoms signs symptoms malaria typically begin days following infection symptoms occur later taken prevention initial disease common malaria species similar flu like symptoms resemble conditions viral diseases presentation include fever joint pain damage classic malaria occurrence sudden followed fever occurring days fever days fever infection cause fever hours pronounced continuous fever severe malaria usually caused referred malaria symptoms malaria arise days infection individuals cerebral malaria frequently exhibit symptoms including abnormal gaze failure eyes turn direction coma complications malaria complications development respiratory distress occurs adults children severe malaria possible causes include respiratory compensation pneumonia severe rare young children severe malaria acute respiratory distress syndrome occurs adults pregnant women hiv malaria increases mortality failure feature fever red blood cells leaks infection result cerebral malaria form severe malaria involves associated useful clinical sign distinguishing malaria causes fever enlarged enlarged liver severe low blood sugar failure occur complications include spontaneous bleeding shock malaria pregnant women important cause infant mortality abortion low birth weight particularly infection cause malaria parasites belong genus humans malaria caused infected common species identified followed traditionally accounts majority deaths recent evidence suggests malaria associated potentially life threatening conditions diagnosis infection common outside africa documented human species higher species causes malaria limited public health importance global warming likely affect malaria transmission severity geographic distribution effects uncertain life cycle life cycle female definitive host form called host human secondary host acting transmission travels blood vessels liver cells tissue producing thousands new red blood cells initiate series cycles blood produce new point cells burst cycle begins develop immature male female bites infected person taken blood mature gut male female fuse form develop new migrate insect ready new host injected skin takes subsequent blood meal female feed blood male feed plant transmit disease females genus prefer feed night usually start searching meal dusk continue night taking meal malaria parasites transmitted blood rare malaria symptoms malaria varying free periods depending cause classified symptoms return free period caused parasites surviving blood result inadequate ineffective treatment symptoms parasites eliminated blood persist dormant liver cells commonly occurs weeks commonly seen malaria cases temperate areas involve beginning year bite means parasite caused past infection eliminated body new parasite introduced readily distinguished infection weeks treatment initial infection typically attributed treatment failure people develop immunity exposed frequent malaria infection develops phases involves liver phase involves red blood cells phase infected person skin blood meal enter migrate liver period days potential dormant period liver organisms differentiate yield thousands following host cells escape blood red blood cells begin stage life cycle parasite escapes liver wrapping cell membrane infected host liver cell red blood cells parasites periodically breaking host cells invade fresh red blood cells cycles occur classical descriptions waves fever arise simultaneous waves escaping red blood cells immediately develop phase instead produce remain dormant periods ranging months months typical years period produce responsible long late existence uncertain parasite relatively protected attack body immune system human life cycle resides liver blood cells relatively invisible immune surveillance circulating infected blood cells destroyed avoid fate parasite displays proteins surface infected blood cells causing blood cells stick walls small blood vessels parasite passage general circulation causes symptoms malaria red blood cells breach blood brain barrier cause cerebral malaria genetic resistance according review high levels mortality caused malaria especially species placed greatest selective pressure human recent history genetic factors provide resistance including cell trait traits absence red blood cells impact cell trait malaria immunity illustrates evolutionary trade offs occurred endemic malaria cell trait causes change blood normally red blood cells flexible shape allows narrow modified molecules exposed low amounts oxygen crowd stick forming strands cause cell curved shape strands effective taking releasing oxygen cell flexible freely early stages malaria parasite cause infected red cells removed circulation sooner reduces frequency malaria parasites complete life cycle cell individuals copies abnormal beta cell abnormal normal experience resistance malaria severe shorter life condition tend trait survival trait preserved malaria prone regions benefits provided form liver liver result malaria uncommon usually occurs liver condition viral chronic liver disease syndrome called considered rare occurrence seen increase particularly southeast_asia india liver compromise people malaria greater likelihood complications death diagnosis owing non specific nature presentation symptoms diagnosis malaria non endemic areas requires high degree suspicion following recent travel history enlarged fever low number blood higher normal levels blood combined normal level white blood cells malaria usually confirmed microscopic examination blood films based rapid tests areas need able distinguish malaria symptoms caused species parasites treatment strategies differ non commonly method detect parasite million blood films examined malaria despite widespread usage diagnosis suffers main settings especially rural equipped perform test accuracy results depends skill person examining blood film levels parasite blood sensitivity blood films ranges conditions low commercially available accurate blood films predicting presence malaria parasites widely variable sensitivity depending manufacturer unable tell parasites present regions laboratory tests readily available malaria suspected tested person area malaria endemic areas afford laboratory tests common use history fever indication treat malaria common teaching fever equals malaria proven practice malaria non fever limited resources confidence health care system contributes drug resistance chain reaction based tests developed widely areas malaria common complexity classification malaria classified severe world health organization deemed severe following criteria present considered decreased consciousness significant weakness person unable walk inability feed low blood pressure adults children breathing problems shock kidney failure bleeding problems blood levels greater parasite level blood greater low intensity transmission areas high intensity transmission areas cerebral malaria defined severe malaria presenting symptoms including coma glasgow coma scale coma scale greater coma lasts longer minutes seizure types malaria called names prevention methods prevent malaria include elimination prevention bites malaria presence malaria area requires combination high human population density high population density high rates transmission humans humans lowered sufficiently parasite eventually disappear area happened north_america europe parts middle_east parasite eliminated world established conditions revert combination parasite reproduction furthermore cost person eliminating rises decreasing population density making economically areas prevention malaria cost effective treatment disease long run initial costs required reach world people wide difference costs control maintenance low elimination programs countries example china government announced strategy pursue malaria elimination chinese provinces required investment small proportion public expenditure health contrast similar program cost estimated fifth public health budget areas malaria common children years old malaria giving children areas medication improves red blood cell levels slightly affect risk death need control control refers methods decrease malaria reducing levels transmission individual protection effective insect based treated nets indoor shown highly effective preventing malaria children areas malaria common prompt treatment confirmed cases based combination acts reduce transmission nets help away people reduce infection rates transmission malaria nets perfect barrier treated designed kill time find way past net treated nets estimated twice effective nets offer greater protection compared net use saved lives estimated sub africa households sub countries owned african households estimated million african children living areas world malaria common protected number increased million african children leaving million children unprotected african children nets nets class low effective dusk dawn recommended hang large bed net center bed edges sure large touches ground indoor walls inside home feeding rest nearby surface walls houses coated resting killed bite person transfer malaria parasite world health organization recommends operations including ddt public health use small amounts ddt permitted stockholm convention prohibits agricultural use problem forms resistance affected tend rest live indoors caused descendants tend rest live outdoors meaning affected number methods reduce bites slow spread malaria efforts decrease decreasing availability open water develop adding substances decrease development effective locations electronic devices high frequency sounds supposed female away supporting evidence methods community participation health education strategies promoting awareness malaria importance control measures successfully reduce malaria areas developing world recognizing disease early stages stop disease fatal education inform people cover areas water water tanks ideal breeding grounds parasite cutting risk transmission people generally urban areas large centers population confined space transmission likely areas intermittent therapy intervention successfully control malaria pregnant women children transmission seasonal number drugs help prevent malaria travelers places infection common drugs treatment resistant parasites common places resistant available combination frequently needed plus combination best tolerated associated death suicide psychiatric symptoms protective effect begin immediately people visiting areas malaria exists usually start taking drugs weeks arriving continue taking weeks leaving needs started days continued seven days afterward use drugs practical live areas malaria exists use usually pregnant women short term visitors cost drugs effects long term use difficulty obtaining anti drugs outside wealthy nations pregnancy medication prevent malaria found improve weight baby birth decrease risk mother use drugs malaria bearing present encourage development partial resistance treatment malaria treated ones depends type severity disease fever commonly effects outcomes clear simple malaria treated oral effective treatment infection use combination known combination therapy act decreases resistance single drug component additional include recommended combination act effective treat malaria treat malaria pregnancy recommends use plus early pregnancy 1st act later stages 2nd 3rd 2000s decade malaria partial resistance emerged southeast_asia infection usually require treatment requires treatment blood stages act clearance liver forms treatment prevents confirmed malaria severe complicated malaria caused infection species usually cause disease severe complicated malaria medical mortality rates high cerebral malaria form severe complicated malaria worst symptoms recommended treatment severe malaria use drugs severe malaria superior children adults systematic review derivatives treatment cerebral malaria children treatment severe malaria involves supportive measures best critical care unit includes management high result includes monitoring poor breathing effort low blood sugar low blood potassium resistance drug resistance poses growing problem 21st century malaria treatment resistance common classes drugs apart treatment resistant strains increasingly dependent class drugs cost limits use developing world malaria strains found thailand border resistant combination include exposure parasite population years availability likely drove selection resistant resistance detected thailand vietnam emerging resistance properly treated people malaria usually expect complete recovery severe malaria progress extremely rapidly cause death hours days severe cases disease fatality rates reach intensive care treatment longer term developmental documented children suffered episodes severe malaria chronic infection severe disease occur immune syndrome associated decreased bacteria virus childhood malaria causes period rapid brain development direct brain damage resulting cerebral malaria survivors cerebral malaria increased risk disorders malaria shown improve function school performance clinical trials compared groups estimates million cases malaria resulting deaths estimated number cases million malaria deaths million million deaths majority cases occur children years old million pregnant women risk infection year sub africa maternal malaria associated estimated infant deaths yearly malaria cases year western_europe united_states people died disease europe global disease resulting mortality declined recent years according deaths malaria reduced estimate largely widespread use treated nets based combination million cases malaria year disease estimated killed people children africa efforts decreasing disease africa turn millennium partially effective rates disease dropping estimated percent continent malaria presently endemic broad band equator areas americas parts asia africa sub africa malaria fatalities occur estimate reported countries highest death rate population ivory coast estimate indicated deadliest countries population malaria project aims map global endemic levels malaria providing means determine global spatial limits disease assess disease burden effort led publication map countries endemic malaria year million international travellers visit countries contract disease geographic distribution malaria large regions complex malaria afflicted malaria free areas found close malaria prevalent tropical subtropical regions rainfall consistent high temperatures high humidity waters larvae readily mature providing environment need continuous breeding drier areas malaria predicted reasonable accuracy mapping rainfall malaria common rural areas cities example cities greater southeast_asia essentially malaria free disease prevalent rural regions including international borders forest fringes contrast malaria africa present rural urban areas risk lower larger cities history parasite responsible malaria existence years population size parasite increase years ago concurrently advances agriculture development human settlements close relatives human malaria parasites remain common evidence suggests malaria originated references unique periodic malaria found recorded history described periodic roman associated disease insects swamps malaria contributed decline roman empire rome known roman fever regions ancient rome considered risk disease favourable conditions present malaria included areas southern italy island marshes lower regions coastal city rome river presence water places preferred breeding grounds gardens swamp like grounds runoff agriculture drainage problems road construction led increase standing water term malaria originates medieval italian aria bad air disease called marsh fever association swamps term appeared english literature malaria common europe north_america longer endemic imported cases occur scientific studies malaria significant advance charles louis french army doctor working military hospital constantine algeria observed parasites inside red blood cells infected people time proposed malaria caused organism time identified causing disease later discoveries awarded nobel prize physiology medicine year later cuban doctor treating people yellow fever havana provided strong evidence disease humans work followed earlier suggestions work sir patrick father tropical medicine transmission april scottish physician sir ross visited sir patrick house queen anne street london visit start years collaboration research culminated ross working presidency general hospital calcutta proved complete life cycle malaria parasite proved malaria humans showing certain species transmit malaria birds isolated malaria parasites fed infected birds work ross received nobel prize medicine resigning indian medical service ross worked newly established liverpool school tropical medicine directed malaria control efforts egypt panama greece mauritius findings ross later confirmed medical board headed walter reed recommendations implemented william health measures undertaken construction panama canal public health work saved lives thousands workers helped develop methods future public health campaigns disease effective treatment malaria came bark tree contains tree grows slopes mainly peru indigenous peoples peru control fever effectiveness malaria found introduced treatment europe included london treatment active ingredient extracted bark isolated named french joseph joseph predominant medication 1920s began developed 1940s replaced treatment severe malaria resistance southeast_asia south_america 1950s globally 1980s medicinal value chinese traditional chinese years recommended tea specifically treat malaria symptoms discovered chinese scientist colleagues 1970s plant recommended treatment malaria administered combination severe disease says influenced traditional chinese medicine source handbook emergency treatments written work malaria received nobel prize physiology medicine 1940s deliberate injection malaria parasites induce fever combat certain diseases inventor technique wagner received nobel prize physiology medicine discoveries technique dangerous killing patients longer use indoor ddt initially exclusively combat malaria use quickly spread agriculture time pest control disease control came dominate ddt use large scale agricultural use led evolution resistant regions ddt resistance shown compared resistance shown bacteria 1960s awareness negative consequences use increased ultimately leading agricultural applications ddt countries 1970s ddt malaria successfully eliminated controlled tropical areas like brazil egypt removing poisoning breeding grounds aquatic habitats stages example applying highly toxic compound paris green places standing water malaria elusive goal research promising studies demonstrating potential malaria performed mice live radiation provided significant protection mice subsequent injection normal viable 1970s considerable effort develop similar strategies humans society culture economic impact malaria disease commonly associated poverty evidence suggests cause poverty major economic development tropical regions affected malaria influence reaches temperate zones extreme seasonal changes disease associated major negative economic effects regions widespread late 19th early 20th centuries major factor slow economic development american southern states comparison average capita adjusted purchasing power countries malaria countries malaria gives difference usd versus usd period countries malaria common average capita increased year compared year countries poverty increase risk malaria poverty financial capacities prevent treat disease entirety economic impact malaria estimated cost africa billion year economic impact includes costs health care working days lost sickness days lost education decreased productivity brain damage cerebral malaria loss investment tourism disease heavy burden countries responsible hospital visits public health spending cerebral malaria leading causes disabilities african children studies comparing functions treatment severe illness continued significantly impaired school performance abilities recovery consequently severe cerebral malaria far reaching consequences extend immediate effects disease drugs sophisticated found asian countries china indonesia thailand vietnam important cause death countries said studies indicate based malaria especially greater region established rapid alert system enable information drugs rapidly reported relevant authorities participating countries reliable way doctors lay people detect drugs help laboratory companies attempting combat persistence drugs new technology provide security source distribution clinical public health concern resulting inappropriate concentration ingredients contamination drugs toxic poor quality ingredients poor stability inadequate packaging study demonstrated roughly southeast_asia sub africa failed chemical analysis packaging analysis war history malaria played prominent role government rulers nation states military personnel military actions nobel prize medicine winner ross malaria survivor published book titled prevention malaria included chapter titled prevention malaria war chapter author colonel professor royal army medical college london addressed prominent role malaria historically played wars history malaria war taken history war certainly history war christian era probably case called camp probably considerable proportion camp wars sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth centuries origin malaria important health hazard encountered troops south pacific world war men infected according joseph patrick thousand american soldiers died malaria african south pacific campaigns significant financial investments existing create new anti agents world war world war inconsistent supplies natural anti malaria drugs bark prompted substantial funding research development drugs american military organizations conducting research initiatives include navy medical research center walter reed army institute research army medical research institute infectious diseases armed forces additionally initiatives founded malaria control war areas established successor disease center known centers disease control prevention established according established control malaria military training bases southern united_states territories malaria problematic efforts notable attempts eliminate parasite sections world worldwide organization malaria set public goal eliminating malaria africa organization plans dissolve goal accomplished malaria clinical trials intended provide protection children endemic areas reduce speed transmission disease global fund fight aids tuberculosis malaria distributed million treated nets intended stop borne transmission malaria clinton foundation worked manage demand stabilize prices market efforts malaria project focus climate weather information required accurately predict spread malaria based availability habitat malaria carrying parasites malaria policy advisory committee world health organization formed provide strategic advice technical input aspects malaria control elimination november malaria group set goal develop designed malaria transmission long term goal malaria malaria successfully eliminated greatly reduced certain areas malaria common united_states southern europe control programs conjunction monitoring treatment infected humans eliminated regions factors contributed draining wetland breeding grounds agriculture changes water management practices advances including greater use glass windows screens dwellings malaria eliminated parts usa early 20th century methods use ddt means eliminated remaining pockets south 1950s national malaria program disease cleared capital city coastal areas approach initiated global malaria program involving control use ddt regular collection blood population identify existing malaria cases providing affected individuals pursuing aggressive malaria elimination strategy achieved decline confirmed cases addition control techniques high risk areas thorough distribution long lasting factors economic development increasing access health services contributed successes reducing malaria department international development bill gates foundation spend years effort end deaths caused disease research malaria research agenda initiative process identify areas research development needed addressed worldwide malaria immunity accurately tolerance malaria occur naturally response years repeated infection individual protected infection receive thousand bites carry version parasite rendered non dose ray effective available malaria development highly nature proteins results significant challenges design candidates target aim block transmission malaria transmission blocking induce human blood takes blood meal protected individual prevent parasite completing development candidates targeting blood stage parasite life cycle inadequate example tested extensively areas disease common 1990s trials showed effective potential targeting pre stage parasite life cycle developed leading candidate expected licensed company developing pre called uses induce immune response malaria advisory committee outlined malaria technology landmark objectives develop license generation malaria protective severe disease death lasts longer year malaria parasites contain usually found plants complete thought originated algae play crucial role aspects parasite acid proteins found produced investigated possible targets novel anti drugs onset drug resistant parasites new strategies developed combat widespread disease approach lies introduction synthetic acid taken parasite ultimately interfere ability create essential drugs synthetic metal based complexes attracting research interest wider class experimental drugs called protein infected red blood cells cause cells shrink rigid like aging cells immune system eliminate infected cells system demonstrated mouse model phase clinical trial assess safety profile human planned howard hughes medical institute belonged class target protein non chemical control strategy involves genetic manipulation malaria advances genetic engineering technologies possible introduce foreign dna decrease lifespan resistant malaria parasite sterile insect technique genetic control method large numbers sterile male released mating wild females reduces wild population subsequent generation repeated releases eventually eliminate target population central malaria research human organisms malaria studied new application genetic technology ability produce genetically modified transmit malaria potentially allowing biological control malaria transmission study genetically modified strain created longer supported malaria transmission resistance passed offspring gene drive technique changing wild populations instance combat insects transmit diseases particular cases malaria animals nearly parasitic species identified birds reptiles mammals species naturally non human malaria parasites affect non human serve model organisms human parasites model techniques detect parasites similar employed humans malaria parasites widely models research malaria primarily affects species order poses substantial threat birds hawaii parasite known play role limiting distribution abundance endemic hawaiian birds global warming expected increase prevalence global distribution malaria elevated temperatures provide optimal conditions parasite reproduction