cat domestic cat latin feral cat latin small typically called house cats kept indoor pets simply cats need distinguish cats valued humans ability hunt cat breeds different associations different numbers according standards cats similar anatomy strong flexible body quick sharp retractable claws teeth adapted killing small prey cat senses fit predatory ecological niche cats hear sounds faint high frequency human ears mice small animals near darkness like mammals cats poorer color vision better sense smell humans cats despite solitary hunters social species cat communication includes use variety cat types cat specific body language cats high breeding rate controlled breeding bred shown registered pedigree pets hobby known cat fancy failure control breeding pet cats abandonment household pets resulted large numbers feral cats worldwide requiring population control contributed habitat destruction factors extinction bird species cats known bird species specific regions contributed extinction isolated island populations cats thought primarily solely responsible extinction species birds presence feral free ranging cats makes locations unsuitable attempted species suitable locations cats ancient egypt commonly believed instances early years ago genetic study concluded domestic cats descended near eastern having diverged west asia study found leopard cats undergoing independently china line partially cats leaves trace populations today study cats second popular pet united_states number pets owned freshwater fish taxonomy evolution rapidly evolving family mammals share common ancestor million years ago include lions tigers family domestic cats genus group small cats containing seven species depending classification scheme members genus found worldwide include jungle cat southeast_asia european african chinese mountain cat arabian sand cat domestic cat classified 10th edition published modern domestic cats usually regarded subspecies resulted mixed usage terms domestic cat called subspecies referred subspecies international commission nomenclature fixed common use domestic cat remains following convention animals earliest senior synonym proposed domestic cat called proposed german naturalist valid taxonomic names rarely scientific literature takes precedence population black feral cats classified population considered domestic cat cats genus share common ancestor probably lived million years ago asia exact relationships close uncertain chinese mountain cat classified subspecies like north african variety comparison dogs cats undergone major changes process form behavior domestic cat radically different domestic cats perfectly capable surviving wild fully house cats feral populations limited evolution means occur notably asian leopard cat natural behaviors characteristics pets traits include small size social nature obvious body language love play relatively high intelligence small species tendency cats relationship humans main theories given cats people deliberately cats process artificial selection useful predators criticized reward effort little cats generally carry commands eat species better controlling alternative idea cats simply tolerated people gradually diverged wild relatives natural selection adapted hunting found humans towns villages nomenclature etymology english word cat old english origin introduced languages europe latin byzantine greek including portuguese spanish french chat german lithuanian old church ultimate source word presumably late egyptian feminine alternative word languages english attested 16th century introduced dutch low german related swedish norwegian similar forms exist lithuanian irish etymology word unknown simply arisen sound attract cat group cats referred male cat called tom female called queen juvenile cat referred male cat especially cat female dam early modern english word obsolete word cat ancestry recorded cat organization cat ancestry contains individuals breed especially cats exhibited cats cats mixed ancestry referred domestic short haired domestic long haired cats coat type commonly random bred chiefly british terms borrowed dog breeding cats african ancestral subspecies domestic cats descended domestic cats completely subspecies species intermediate stages occur domestic pet pedigree cats hand entirely wild animals cat outdoor cat owned individual generally friendly people fed households feral cats associated human areas fed people forage food typically wary human interaction biology anatomy domestic cats similar size members genus typically weighing breeds maine occasionally exceed conversely small cats reported world record largest cat smallest adult cat officially recorded weighed feral cats tend lighter limited access food house cats boston area average feral adult male weigh average feral female cats average height head body length males larger females tails averaging length cats seven mammals humans seven humans like mammals humans variable number caudal tail humans retain caudal fused internal extra account cat spinal mobility flexibility attached spine ribs shoulder unlike human arms cat attached shoulder free floating bones allow pass body space fit head cat skull unusual mammals having large eye powerful specialized jaw jaw cats teeth adapted killing prey tearing meat prey cat delivers lethal neck bite long teeth prey spinal cord causing death compared domestic cats narrowly spaced teeth adaptation preferred prey small small compose pair mouth efficiently meat small pieces like pair vital feeding cats small food effectively cats largely incapable cats tend better teeth humans decay generally likely thicker protective layer damaging retention food particles teeth diet devoid sugar nonetheless subject occasional tooth loss infection cats like dogs walk directly toes bones feet making lower visible leg cats capable walking precisely like directly register place hind directly print corresponding fore noise visible tracks provides sure hind navigate rough terrain unlike mammals cats walk use pacing legs body legs trait shared walk speeds cat changes diagonal similar mammals land animals opposite hind fore legs simultaneously like members cats retractable claws normal relaxed position claws skin fur toe pads keeps claws sharp preventing wear contact ground allows silent stalking prey claws fore feet typically hind feet cats voluntarily extend claws extend claws hunting self defense climbing extra traction soft surfaces cats claws rear fifth claws appears sixth finger special feature inside pad found big cats dogs function normal walking thought device jumping breeds cats prone extra toes claws particularly common northeast coast north_america physiology cats familiar easily kept animals physiology particularly studied generally resembles mammals displays unusual features probably cats descent desert dwelling species instance cats able tolerate high temperatures humans generally start feel uncomfortable skin temperature passes cats discomfort skin reaches tolerate temperatures access water cats conserve heat reducing flow blood skin lose heat mouths cats minimal ability sweat located primarily pads heat relief high temperatures stressed cat body temperature vary day cats general lack rhythms reflect tendency active day night cats comparatively dry highly concentrated adaptations allow cats retain water possible efficient survive diet consisting meat additional water drinking cats physiology evolved efficiently process meat difficulty plant matter contrast rats require protein diet cat diet protein cats unusually dependent constant supply acid diet lacking causes marked weight loss rapidly fatal unusual feature cat produce causing cat slowly causing cat tract adapted meat eating shorter having low levels digestive needed digest traits severely limit cat ability digest use plant derived nutrients certain despite cat meat oriented physiology vegetarian cat foods marketed supplemented synthesized nutrients attempts produce complete diet products fail provide nutrients cats require containing animal products pose risk causing severe deficiencies cats eat grass occasionally proposed explanation cats use grass source acid proposed explanation supply fiber senses cats excellent night vision sixth light level required human vision partly result cat eyes having reflects light passes eye increasing eye sensitivity dim light adaptation dim light large pupils cats eyes unlike big cats tigers domestic cats pupils pupils focus bright light needed domestic cat pupils larger relative eyes pupils big cats low light levels cat pupils expand cover exposed surface eyes domestic cats poor color vision like mammals types sensitivity blue yellowish green limited ability distinguish red green paper reported response middle system rods type cone appears adaptation low light levels representing true vision cats excellent hearing detect extremely broad range frequencies hear higher pitched sounds dogs humans detecting frequencies range octaves humans dogs ranges octaves cats hear important hunting species calls communicate like cats hearing sensitive best acute range sensitivity enhanced cat large outer ears sounds help detect direction noise cats acute sense smell developed large surface cm2 area twice humans cats sensitive use communicate marking scent cats respond strongly plants contain especially detect substance billion cats affected response produced plants silver vine caused smell plants mimicking cats social sexual behaviors cats relatively taste compared humans versus human tongue domestic wild cats share gene keeps sweet taste binding molecules leaving ability taste sweetness taste instead respond bitter tastes cats animals organ located mouths allows taste smell certain way humans experience cats distinct temperature preference food preferring food temperature similar fresh kill routinely rejecting food presented cold signal cat prey item long dead possibly toxic aid navigation sensation cats dozens body especially faces provide information width gaps location objects dark touching objects directly sensing air currents trigger protective protect eyes damage breeds cat noted fondness settling high places wild higher place serve concealed site hunt domestic cats strike prey perch tree branch leopard possible explanation height gives cat better observation point allowing survey territory fall high place cat twist body right acute sense balance flexibility known cat individual cat rights way provided time fall height required occur cats tail cats ability cat moves hind legs relies conservation angular momentum set landing tail little feat health average lifespan pet cats risen recent years early 1980s seven years rising years years cats reported surviving oldest known cat dying verified age increases life study found male cats live twice long intact males female cats live longer intact females having cat health benefits males develop cancer females develop cancer reduced risk cancer despite widespread concern welfare free cats feral cats managed colonies compare favorably pet cats cats managed colonies live long lives diseases cats suffer wide range health problems including infectious diseases parasites injuries chronic disease available diseases domestic cats regularly given treatments eliminate parasites worms poisoning addition obvious dangers cats poisoned chemicals usually considered safe human guardians effective forms animals including humans dogs common causes poisoning cats cats particularly sensitive environmental cat sudden prolonged illness obvious cause possibly exposed human given cats example sold extremely toxic cats small need immediate treatment fatal treat cats toxic humans administered similarly application skin cats accidentally meaning guardians attempting counter loss fur fatal essential toxic cats cases reported illnesses caused tea tree oil including treatments containing common household substances caution cats include products based products pine cleaning near cats feeding areas litter boxes fatal automotive particularly appealing cats little fatal human foods toxic cats example chocolate cause poisoning unlike dogs cats eat chocolate large amounts poisonous cats dangerous species leaves easter lily cause permanent life threatening kidney damage cat closest wild ancestor organisms possess roughly genes genetic disorders identified cats similar human errors high level similarity mammals allows diseases diagnosed genetic tests originally developed use humans use cats animal models study human diseases behavior outdoor cats active day night tend slightly active night timing cats activity flexible varied means house cats active morning evening response greater human activity times spend majority time vicinity home range hundreds meters central point known establish territories vary considerably size study ranging hectares acres cats conserve energy sleeping animals especially grow older daily duration sleep varies usually hours average cats sleep hours term cat short rest refers cat tendency fall asleep lightly brief period asleep cats experience short periods rapid eye movement sleep accompanied muscle suggests dreaming solitary social behavior domestic cats variable ranges widely dispersed individuals feral cat colonies form food source based groups operating females groups cat usually dominant cat colony holds distinct territory sexually active males having largest territories times larger female cats overlap females territories territories marked objects head height facial territories neutral areas cats watch greet territorial conflicts outside neutral areas territory holders usually chase away stranger cats staring work short noisy violent attacks despite cats colonies social survival strategy pack mentality hunt pet cats poorly particular older cats newly arrived include biting type behavior known aggression cats dogs believed natural enemies live correctly life proximity humans domestic animals led social adaptation cats cats express great affection humans animals human keeper cat function sort cat mother adult live lives kind extended form high pitched sounds food mimic cries hungry human infant making particularly hard humans ignore communication domestic cats use communication including different forms contrast feral cats generally silent types body language including position ears tail body mood tail ears particularly important social signal mechanisms cats example raised tail acts friendly flattened ears indicates hostility tail raising indicates cat position group social hierarchy dominant individuals raising tails subordinate animals nose nose touching common followed social cats raising head developed evolutionary advantage signalling mechanism mother cats nursing post nursing cats sign relaxed eating mechanism cats elusive cat unique feature clearly responsible sound recent times believed cats genus genus tiger lion jaguar leopard produce sounds similar cats known spending considerable amounts time coat clean cat tongue backwards facing spines long called contain makes rigid act like cats particularly cats occasionally fur collected fur usually shaped long prevented ease elimination hair gut regular coat stiff brush cats develop behavior known excessive fighting domestic cats males likely fight females feral cats common reason cat fighting competition males mate female cases fights won heavier male common reason fighting domestic cats difficulty establishing territories small home female cats fight territory defend decrease eliminate behavior cases suggesting behavior linked sex cats aggressive try appear larger threatening raising fur backs turning sideways ears pointed avoid damage inner ear potentially listen changes focused forward loudly bare teeth effort opponent fights usually consist delivering powerful face body bites cats throw ground defensive posture opponent belly powerful hind legs damage rare fights usually short duration loser running away little face ears fights mating rights typically severe injuries include deep wounds normally injuries fighting limited bites occasionally kill cats addition bites probably main route transmission virus sexually active males usually involved fights lives decidedly battered faces obvious cuts ears nose hunting feeding cats hunt small prey primarily birds form pest control domestic cats major predator wildlife united_states killing estimated billion birds billion mammals annually bulk predation united_states million feral stray cats effective measures reduce population elusive meeting opposition cat enthusiasts case free ranging pets cats bells letting night reduce wildlife predation free fed feral cats house cats tend consume small meals single day frequency size meals varies individuals cats use hunting strategies stalking prey actively waiting ambush animal comes close captured certain strategy depend prey species area cats waiting ambush outside tending actively stalk birds best known element cats hunting behavior commonly misunderstood cat owners looks like torture cats appear play prey releasing capture behavior ensure prey weak killed cat behavior referred cat mouse game simply cat mouse poorly understood element cat hunting behavior presentation prey human guardians paul proposed cats adopt humans social group share excess kill group according dominance hierarchy humans reacted near zoologist morris book suggests cats bring home mice birds attempting teach human hunt trying help human feeding elderly cat morris hypothesis inconsistent fact male cats bring home prey despite males having involvement raising domestic cats select food based temperature smell texture dislike foods respond strongly moist foods rich similar meat cats reject novel response termed learn quickly avoid foods unpleasant past avoid foods milk adult cats milk easily cause soft develop odd eating habits cats like eat things commonly wool plastic cables paper string aluminum foil coal condition threaten health depending items eaten cats usually prey animals half size feral cat australia photographed killing adult weighing cat size cats fully close lips create use method tongue draw liquid upwards mouths rate times second cat touches smooth tip tongue surface water quickly drawing water upwards play domestic cats especially young known love play behavior hunting important helping learn stalk capture kill prey cats engage play fighting humans behavior way cats practice skills needed real combat reduce fear associate launching attacks animals owing close similarity play hunting cats prefer play objects resemble prey small toys rapidly rapidly lose interest toy played cats tend play toys hungry string toy eaten caught base cat tongue medical emergency cause illness death owing risks posed cats eating string replaced laser dot cats chase important issues related laser cat cause cats sold eye safe actually higher power proclaimed cause damages eyes addition cat thinks laser point prey gets frustrated unable catch reproduction female cats means periods heat course year season beginning spring ending late autumn heat periods occur weeks days multiple males attracted female heat males fight victor wins right mate female rejects male eventually female allows male mate female loud male pulls male cat band backwards pointing spines long withdrawal spines walls female trigger act occurs clear sperm context second mating giving later males larger chance conception mating female thoroughly male attempts mate point female attack minutes female finished cycle repeat triggered single mating females male mate furthermore cats female mate male heat result different litter different fathers hours conception forms hours early form days occurs gestation period cats days average days size litter usually litter usually smaller subsequent litters seven weeks old cats normally reach sexual maturity months females months males vary depending breed females litters year produce breeding span years cats ready new homes weeks age ready leave mother early weeks limit unwanted reproduction surgery prevents undesirable sex related behavior aggression territory marking males calling females traditionally surgery performed months age increasingly performed prior months household cats ecology habitats cats cosmopolitan species found world stephen james brien national cancer institute frederick maryland remarked successful cats evolutionary terms cats evolution charismatic creatures live highest mountains hottest extremely present continents antarctica main groups islands isolated islands islands feral cats live forests coastal areas agricultural land urban areas wetlands habitats include small oceanic islands human inhabitants close relatives domestic cats african arabian sand cat inhabit desert environments domestic cats similar adaptations behaviors cat ability thrive terrestrial habitat led designation world worst invasive species domestic cats little altered readily poses danger genetic populations particularly scotland hungary possibly peninsula feral cats feral cats domestic cats born reverted wild state unfamiliar wary humans freely urban rural areas numbers feral cats known estimates feral population range million feral cats live found large colonies occupy specific territory usually associated source food famous feral cat colonies found rome forum cats sites fed given medical attention volunteers public attitudes feral cats vary widely ranging seeing free ranging pets common approach reducing feral cat population termed trap return cats trapped virus released releasing feral colonies attending tip ear mark cats trapped volunteers continue feed care cats lives given support increased behavior problems caused competition food reduced impact prey species date little scientific data available assess impact cat predation prey populations fed domestic cats hunt kill mainly catching small mammals birds amphibians reptiles fish invertebrates hunting domestic cats contributing decline numbers birds urban areas importance effect remains controversial wild introduction feral cats human settlement threaten native species extinction cases controlling eliminating populations non native cats produce rapid recovery native animals ecological role introduced cats complicated example cats control numbers rats prey birds eggs young cat population protect endangered bird species suppressing isolated native medium sized predators including species tends impact feral cats small native animals native species new_zealand australian example tend vulnerable naive faced predation cats feral cats major impact native species played leading role extinction animals places ancient numerous cat populations western_europe cats appear growing number independently environments carrying capacity numbers prey available explained abundance food sources including feeding pet owners instance research britain suggests high proportion cats hunt south sweden research found population density cats high square kilometre impact birds domestic cat significant predator birds assessments indicate estimated million bird deaths year certain species appear susceptible example house mortality linked domestic cat recovery deaths result cat predation presence larger prey cats small predators reduces effect predation cats small predators bird numbers variety proposal cat populations increase numbers predators decline called release hypothesis new study suggests cats greater menace previously thought feral cats kill billion birds year united_states islands birds contribute cat diet nearly cases cat identified sole cause reducing numbers island birds instances cats caused release effect suppression creates abundance smaller predators cause severe decline shared prey domestic cats known contributing factor decline species factor ultimately led cases extinction south island chatham islands rail islands common diving long list extreme case island driven extinction years discovery factors promoted radiation island evolutionary time appear promote vulnerability non native species modern time island birds undoubtedly evolution absence mainland predators competitors diseases parasites addition lower reproductive rates extended periods loss flight reduced flying ability characteristic island biological aspects increased vulnerability extinction presence introduced species domestic cat equally traits exhibited island species predatory ground nesting contributed interaction humans cats common pets europe north_america worldwide population exceeds million cat commonly associated women poll reported men women united_states_of_america equally likely cat kept pets cats international fur leather industries making coats hats blankets stuffed toys shoes gloves musical instruments respectively cats needed cat fur coat use outlawed united_states australia european_union cat purposes blankets switzerland folk believed help western intellectual tradition idea cats everyday objects served illustrate problems quantum mechanics cat thought experiment attempts build cat census years associations national international organizations canadian federation humane societies net task simple achieve general estimates global population domestic cats range widely million million history mythology traditionally historians tended think ancient egypt site cat owing clear depictions house cats egyptian paintings years old grave excavated cyprus contained skeletons laid close human cat grave estimated years old pushing earliest known human association significantly cat specimen large closely resembles african present day domestic cats discovery combined genetic studies suggests cats probably middle_east fertile crescent time development agriculture brought cyprus egypt direct evidence cats years ago china published archaeologists university washington chinese academy sciences cats believed attracted village turn attracted grain cultivated stored humans ancient egypt cats sacred animals goddess depicted cat form taking war like aspect romans credited introducing domestic cat egypt europe roman second century young girl holding cat earliest depictions roman cat cats possibly kept europe prior roman empire present britain late iron age domestic cats spread rest world age discovery carried sailing ships control good luck ship cat ancient religions believed cats souls companions guides humans knowing mute influence decisions humans japan cat symbol good fortune species sacred islam cats revered muslims western writers stated muhammad favorite cat reported loved cats sleeping story origin early muslim writers confuse story later saint centuries muhammad goddess love beauty fertility norse mythology depicted riding drawn cats cultures negative cats example belief black cat crossing path leads bad luck cats augment witch powers skills killing cats medieval belgium commemorated present day cat parade according myth cultures cats multiple lives countries believed lives italy germany greece brazil spanish speaking regions said seven lives turkish arabic traditions number lives myth attributed natural cats exhibit escape life threatening situations lending myth fact falling cats land feet twist bodies nonetheless cats injured killed high fall depictions art


meaning measures teeth extinct genus lived early period million years ago member family prominent feature large sail formed elongated spines extending walked legs tall curved skull large teeth different sizes set jaws fossils found southwestern united_states majority coming geological deposit called red beds texas oklahoma recently fossils found germany dozen species named genus described mistaken dinosaur contemporary popular culture extinct million years appearance like appearance physiology closely related mammals modern reptiles direct ancestor descendant mammals assigned group traditionally called like reptiles recently termed stem mammals non today group mammals evolutionary group clade called place living reptiles birds separate clade single openings skull eye known temporal skull features distinguish mammals earliest probably predators early ecosystems feeding fish including reptiles amphibians smaller species different ecological roles sail stabilize spine heat cool body form recent studies argue sail ineffective removing heat body likely sexual display description sail backed species ranged length metres estimated weighed kilograms largest known species metres smallest centimetres larger species largest predators early closely related known skeletal fragments slightly younger rocks larger estimated feet total body length skull single large opening skull links mammals distinguishes earliest lack openings openings features ridges inside nasal cavity ridge lower jaw thought evolutionary progression early mammals skull tall compressed eye positioned high far skull eye single hole called additional hole skull seen viewed skull oriented slight upward angle feature shares early upper margin skull slopes downward convex arc tip snout tip upper jaw formed bone raised jaw formed bone form step step gap tooth row teeth size teeth varies greatly length jaws lending means measures tooth reference sets small large teeth pairs large pointed like teeth extend large teeth present tips upper lower jaws rooted bones small teeth present step smaller jaw teeth widest narrow closer jaws giving appearance shaped teeth unique closely related help distinguish early early teeth species edges teeth fine resembled tiny cracks dinosaur similarly crack like base round void functioned distribute force larger surface area prevent stresses feeding causing crack spread tooth unlike teeth lacked adaptations stop cracks forming teeth lack sharp edges study shows arms race prey smaller species ate small prey prey grew larger started developing increasing size help cut flesh found second largest species similar sharks making teeth specialized slice flesh study shows evolution millions years shows arms race prey prey grew larger countered growing larger having teeth nasal cavity inner surface nasal section skull ridges called supported increased area layer tissue ridges smaller later late large taken evidence warm supported membranes warmed incoming air nasal cavity transitional early land mammals jaw joint ear transitional feature ridge jaw called reflected reflected found bone connects bone skull form jaw joint later ancestors separated jaw joint developed bone middle ear reflected ring called supports ear drum living mammals tail tail makes large portion total body length includes caudal tails missing incomplete described skeletons caudal known closest hip caudal narrow rapidly progress farther hip late nineteenth early twentieth centuries thought short tail largely complete tail described sail sail formed elongated spines projecting spine varies cross shape base tip known near body spine cross section compressed rectangular shape closer tip takes figure shape groove runs spine figure shape thought reinforce spine preventing bending cross section spine specimen rectangular shape preserves figure shaped rings close center indicating shape spines change individuals age microscopic anatomy spine varies base tip indicating embedded muscles exposed sail lower portion spine rough surface served point muscles network tissues called fibers indicate embedded body higher outer portion spine bone surface layer tissue surrounding bone covered small grooves presumably supported blood vessels sail large groove runs length spine thought channel blood vessels bone contain canals sail thought highly thought specimens preserve deformed areas spines appear healed bone grew breaks highly suggesting soft tissue present sail supply site blood vessels layered bone makes spine cross area contains lines arrested growth determine age individual death specimens portions spines bend sharply indicating sail irregular profile life suggests soft tissue extended way tips spines meaning sail extensive commonly imagined skin fossil evidence skin found impressions skin related animal indicate smooth provided large underside tail belly species classification history descriptions cope fossils attributed studied american edward cope 1870s cope obtained fossils collectors exploring group rocks texas called red beds collectors swiss naturalist jacob texas amateur charles cope specimens went american museum natural history university_of_chicago walker museum walker fossil collection housed field museum natural history sent specimens german ferdinand munich university prolific cope came describing specimens cope rival charles marsh collected bones sent walker museum use came cope named species scientific journal proceedings american philosophical society description fossil came year earlier cope named species red beds texas coined cope remains county illinois later employed specimens texas new species texas assigned late nineteenth early twentieth centuries reclassified species meaning cope paper record cope describe sail backed naming paper called sail fin compared modern sails preserved specimens cope described paper elongated spines present specimen described cope commented purpose sail writing utility difficult imagine animal aquatic habits swam crest fin way active movements limbs long claws acute demonstrate habits existing genus similar crest exists early 20th century descriptions decades twentieth century american case authored studies described new species received funding institution study specimens collections american museum natural history museums fossils collected cope thoroughly described cope known new species basis bone fragments beginning late 1920s alfred specimens named new species large study price called review species named cope case species names considered valid price today new specimens decades following price monograph specimens described outside texas oklahoma described corners region utah described arizona reported material ohio new species called meaning western named new_mexico specimens found utah arizona probably belong discoveries theory existed separated texas oklahoma western lands early small region north_america smaller called dominated western area probably exist discovery fossils outside texas oklahoma extent limited effective barrier distribution new species called described lower locality forest germany extending geographic range outside north_america time phylogenetic classification early member group called include mammals extinct relatives ancestor appeared millions year later mistaken dinosaur popular culture despite having extinct million years appearance period closely related mammals living early 1900s called accordance taxonomy ranked class genus class mammals assigned separate class described like mammals evolved group called transition phylogenetic taxonomy phylogenetic descendants common ancestor living reptiles include mammals closely related mammals living desired avoid clade contains mammals living reptiles included clade like descendants common ancestor mammals reptiles appeared late split includes mammals includes living reptiles extinct reptiles closely related mammals clade clade proposed early group alfred price groups groups known late early price distinguished primarily features shapes limbs considered primitive group members appeared advanced members appeared like group called included closest relatives mammals price placed group early called considering primitive like thought like closely related groups smaller like lacking sails modern view relationships proposed robert study included features found skull skeleton considered phylogeny considered basal falling outside clade group turn contains group containing sail backed like includes mammals relatives clade follows phylogeny modified analysis clade shows relationships species brink function spines proposed ways sail functioned life think purpose suggested sail served camouflage waited prey actual boat like sail catch wind animal water long spines stabilized trunk restricting movement allow efficient movement walking alfred price proposed sail served function allowing individuals warm bodies sun heat following years models created estimate effectiveness example article journal nature estimated took kilograms individual half hours body temperature rise concluded warming slower previously thought process probably took hours model based variety environmental factors aspects found sail allowed warm faster morning reach slightly higher body temperature day ineffective releasing excess heat allow retain higher body temperature night group mechanical engineers created computer model analyze ability sail regulate body temperature different seasons concluded sail beneficial capturing releasing heat times year studies roles sail means warming quickly morning way cool body temperature high early land assumed cold relying sun maintain high body temperature large size high thermal meaning changes body temperature occurred slowly smaller bodied animals temperatures rose small bodied prey warm bodies faster size including proposed sail allowed warm quickly morning order pace prey sail large surface area meant heat dissipate quickly surroundings useful animal needed release excess heat produced absorbed sun angled sail away sun cool restricted blood flow sail maintain heat night scott turner richard tracy proposed evolution sail related evolution warm ancestors thought sail enabled maintaining constant albeit low body temperature mammals differ controlling body temperature internally heightened turner tracy noted early advanced group closely related mammals long limbs release heat manner similar sail developed animals like carried modification body shape eventually develop warm mammals recent studies sail support contention sail poorly adapted releasing heat maintaining stable body temperature presence sails small bodied species fit idea sail purpose smaller sails able transfer heat small bodies absorb release heat easily close relatives low useless devices large sail thought developed gradually smaller meaning sail evolutionary history served important function larger bodied specimens larger sails relative size example positive positive benefit means individuals larger surface area increases faster mass larger bodied animals generate great deal heat heat dissipated body surface significantly greater dissipated smaller bodied animals effective heat dissipation predicted different animals single relationship mass surface area study found different relationship sail body mass actual scaling sail larger expected animal adapted heat dissipation researchers concluded sail grew faster rate necessary suggested sexual selection primary reason evolution sexual selection sail height similar magnitude scaling length shoulder height furthermore observed context species raise dorsal ridge skin threat courtship displays positively sexually present extant christian evidence sexual skeleton relative height spines price sexual sexually meaning males females slightly different body sizes specimens males thicker bones larger sails longer pronounced steps based differences mounted skeletons american museum natural history field museum natural history males skeletons denver museum nature science university_of_michigan museum natural history females fossils known united_states texas oklahoma new_mexico arizona utah ohio germany areas early united_states material attributed come geological groups north central texas south central oklahoma clear fork group group river group fossil finds lowland ecosystems vast wetlands particular red beds texas area great diversity fossil addition common red beds early deposits southwestern united_states amphibians group animals called fauna dominated continental ecosystem million years based geology deposits like red beds fauna thought inhabited lowland ecosystem food web texas red beds role ecosystem proposed main types ecosystems earliest lived belonged primitive ecosystem developed aquatic food aquatic plants primary producers largely fed fish aquatic invertebrates land fed aquatic primary consumers probably predator red beds ecosystem feeding variety organisms large shark aquatic amphibians terrestrial insects known early red beds probably involved degree food web feeding small reptiles like red beds included large land living like feeding primarily terrestrial plants derive energy aquatic food according best modern ecosystem inhabited exact lifestyle amphibious terrestrial long controversial bone supports terrestrial lifestyle implies fed land banks shallow water species found outside southwestern united_states germany remains found formation fossil site called locality early unusual large bodied serving role predators estimated metres length small prey large abundant likely ate small insects fossils attributed large predators thought large small potentially prey contrast lowland red beds texas deposits thought represented environment aquatic species possible large bodied dependent large aquatic amphibians food juveniles species grow large juvenile specimens known


known monk dwarf endemic small island coast panama species described robert anderson university kansas charles institution significantly smaller members genus resembles brown according anderson head body length centimetres body mass ranges like tree living feeds leaves associated green algae provide camouflage details mating behavior reproduction documented found exclusively red restricted area square kilometres census estimated total population iucn lists critically endangered discovery taxonomy described robert anderson university kansas charles institution researchers noted endemic small island coast panama significantly smaller occur nearby outer islands del province differ populations terms characteristics considered independent species formally described skin skull adult female researchers pointed oldest island located mainland began breaking small islands rises sea levels years ago proposed species evolved isolated population originated mainland population brown gradually differentiated independent species study following year researchers observed mean body size island decreases age island increases area island distance mainland appear significantly affect members genus classified family phylogenetic analysis suggested sister generic combination greek words slow foot specific comes greek small fist monk dwarf names characteristics significantly smaller members genus resembles brown according anderson head body length centimetres body mass ranges brown nearly heavier smaller head body length brown lighter crown face buff tan dark band runs surrounded orange patch throat gray brown lighter dark brown spotted dark stripe facial hair short long rough hair crown shoulders forms hood grayish limbs claws tail centimetres long relatively small slender skull large external narrow processes usually lack external meaning dental formula teeth jaw like upper jaw small absent features found thought indicative relatively rapid evolution new species isolated island habitat distribution status unique found exclusively red confined small area approximately square kilometres census estimated total population occurred surroundings population density calculated total area occupied island estimated hectares population presumably low restricted range census found far lower numbers estimated iucn iucn lists critically endangered listed cites appendix according iucn conservation efforts hampered conflict locals government threats survival include timber harvesting human settlement lead habitat degradation studies suggested recent population decline genetic ecology behavior like genus tree living animal spend hours trees moves extremely slow speed kilometres hour mph making slowest animals related green algae study investigated detail different harbour different types algae species found brown algae fur giving greenish serves efficient camouflage algae transferred offspring mother picked surroundings time smaller size reduces energy requirements survival reproduction making apparent example bbc documentary english naturalist chris recognizes list discoveries 2000s shows rare clip swimming like feeds leaves feeds red leaves relatively poor nutrients tender leaves species eaten brown mainland details mating behavior reproduction documented


whale whale common widely distributed diverse group fully aquatic marine mammals informal grouping usually excluding belong order closest living relatives having diverged million years ago toothed thought split apart million years ago comprise extant families right right whale gray whale sperm whale dwarf sperm whale creatures open ocean feed mate birth raise young sea extreme adaptation life underwater unable survive land range size metres kilograms dwarf sperm whale metres metric tons short tons blue whale largest creature lived sperm whale largest toothed predator earth species exhibit sexual females larger males teeth instead plates fringe like structure expel water retaining feed use throat expand mouth huge water heads body mass water toothed hand conical teeth designed catching fish squid developed sense smell toothed developed hearing hearing adapted air water developed survive blind species sperm adapted diving great depths catch squid favoured prey evolved land living mammals breathe air regularly remain submerged long periods modified nostrils located heads air taken expelled form warm layer fat skin streamlined bodies limbs modified travel knots flexible seals produce great variety notably extended songs whale widespread species prefer colder waters northern southern migrate equator birth species blue capable travelling thousands miles feeding males typically mate multiple females year females mate years typically born spring summer months females bear responsibility raising mothers species fast nurse young relatively long period time hunted products protected international law north_atlantic right nearly extinct twentieth century population low north pacific gray whale population ranked critically endangered iucn face threats marine pollution meat traditionally indigenous peoples arctic depicted cultures worldwide notably coastal peoples vietnam hold whale occasionally feature literature film great white whale dick small kept captivity trained perform tricks breeding success poor animals die months capture whale watching form tourism world etymology definitions word whale comes old english related high german related forms old norse swedish danish obsolete similar indicating time thought fish archaic english forms include etc term whale acting synonym species word whale collectively known killer whale headed whale killer whale false killer whale species pilot classified family oceanic species different reason example killer whale named spanish sailors translates directly whale assassin whale killer translated killer whale taxonomy evolution largely terrestrial clade form clade order includes considered green divided largest characterized presence like structure upper jaw uses filter water toothed characterized bearing sharp teeth hunting opposed counterparts classified order referred includes whale closest terrestrial living relatives known pair lack teeth renders incapable catching larger prey instead plates like structure upper jaw uses filter food water forces follow reside polar regions feed reliable source schooling fish animals rely developed tail fin propel water swim moving fore tail fin whale ribs loosely articulate end form rigid rib cage adaptation allows chest deep pressure increases depth consist families right gray main difference family feeding adaptations subsequent behaviour animals rely throat large amounts water feeding throat extend mouth allow mouth expand large volume efficient capture small animals feed consist genera species right animals large heads body mass head mouth allows large amounts water mouths letting feed effectively living member gray whale mainly eating crustaceans benthic invertebrates feed turning sides taking water mixed sediment expelled leaving prey trapped inside efficient method hunting whale major competitors known toothed teeth rely developed find way water toothed send sound waves travel water striking object water sound waves bounce whale vibrations received tissues jaw rerouted ear bone brain vibrations interpreted toothed meaning eat fit throat unable animals rely developed tail fin propel water swim moving fore tail fin whale ribs loosely articulate end form rigid rib cage adaptation allows chest deep opposed resisting force water pressure excluding consist families sperm dwarf sperm species referred commonly killer whale headed whale killer whale false killer whale species pilot classified family oceanic differences families include size feeding adaptations distribution consist species reside arctic large amounts white hunt large pods near surface pack ice coloration acting camouflage black hunt large pods zone remains white remain looking directly dorsal fin prevent collision pack ice consist sperm sperm consist largest smallest spend large portion life hunting squid spends life search squid depths animals require degree light fact blind sperm caught perfect health behaviour remains largely unknown small lungs thought hunt zone consist species whale vary size coloration distribution share similar hunting style use technique aided pair grooves underside head unlike throat feed evolution descendants land dwelling mammals order related extinct like split approximately million years ago primitive took sea approximately million years ago fully aquatic million years later defines presence features exclusive alongside primitive features found modern visible legs teeth features adapted living marine environment major changes included hearing set vibrations jaw streamlined body growth tail migration nostrils modification eventual disappearance hind limbs today closest living relatives share semi aquatic ancestor branched common ancestor branched nearly extinct end pleistocene eventually leaving surviving lineage split separate toothed biology anatomy torpedo shaped bodies non flexible limbs modified non existent external ear flaps large tail fin flat heads exception whale small eye long exception eyes placed sides head range size metre kilogram dwarf sperm whale metre metric ton short ton blue whale overall tend dwarf blue whale largest creature earth species female biased sexual females larger males exception sperm whale males larger females sperm whale possess teeth cells cells unlike human teeth composed portion tooth outside whale teeth outside larger worn away tip tooth large opposed teeth contain breathing involves air forming upward followed fresh air lungs whale lungs hold litres air shapes differ species identification thick layer species live near poles thick inches help helpful ton whale protection extent predators hard time getting thick layer fat energy migrating equator primary usage harsh climate constitute body weight born thin layer species compensate thick stomach similar structure terrestrial contain extension contains stones grind food chambers tail fin contain possess fully developed hind limbs sperm whale whale possess rudimentary contain feet fast swimmers comparison seals typically cruise kilometres hour mph fin whale comparison travel speeds kilometres hour mph sperm whale reach speeds kilometres hour mph neck increasing stability swimming high speeds decreases flexibility unable turn heads swimming rely tail fin propel water movement continuous swim moving tail fin lower body vertical movement mainly steering species log water allow travel faster skeletal anatomy allows fast swimmers species dorsal fin adapted diving great depths addition streamlined bodies slow heart rate conserve oxygen blood rerouted tissue tolerant water pressure heart brain organs store oxygen body tissue twice concentration going long exhibit behaviour known sounding stay close surface series short shallow building oxygen reserves sounding dive senses whale ear specific adaptations marine environment humans middle ear works outside air low fluid high marine mammals great difference outer inner environments instead sound passing outer ear middle ear receive sound throat passes low fat filled cavity inner ear whale ear isolated skull air filled pockets allow greater directional hearing underwater send high frequency organ known consists fat skull creature containing large depression size varies species bigger dependent whale example small sitting skull sperm whale head filled mainly whale eye relatively small size retain good degree eyes whale placed sides head vision consists fields view like humans surface lens correct results light contain rod cone cells meaning dim bright light far rod cells cone cells lack short sensitive visual cone cells indicating limited capacity colour vision mammals slightly flattened enlarged pupils shrink surface prevent damage slightly flattened adaptations allow large amounts light pass eye clear image surrounding area water whale metres ahead course smaller range water outer layer act protection absent toothed suggesting sense smell whale possess organ mean thought good sense taste taste missing altogether toothed preferences different kinds fish indicating sort attachment taste presence organ indicates smell food inside mouth similar sensation taste communication whale likely serve purposes species whale communicate melodic sounds known whale song sounds extremely loud depending species heard making toothed use generate sound heard miles captive occasionally known mimic human speech scientists suggested indicates strong desire behalf communicate humans different vocal mechanism imitate human speech likely takes considerable effort distinct kinds acoustic signals called quick burst lower frequency serve non purpose communication example calls click train emitted intervals general inter click intervals slightly greater round trip time sound target narrow band frequency signals purposes contact calls intelligence known teach learn cooperate scheme species whale home elongated prior known humans cells involved social conduct emotions judgement theory mind whale found areas brain found humans suggesting perform similar function brain size previously considered major indicator intelligence animal brain maintaining functions greater brain body mass increase brain mass available complex tasks analysis indicates brain size scales approximately body mass comparison particular animal brain size expected brain size based analysis provides indication animal intelligence sperm largest brain mass animal earth averaging cubic centimetres kilograms mature males comparison average human brain averages cubic centimetres mature males brain body mass ratio second humans small known engage complex play behaviour includes things producing stable underwater air core vortex rings bubble rings main methods bubble ring production rapid burst air water allowing rise surface forming ring swimming repeatedly circle stopping air vortex currents formed appear enjoy biting vortex rings burst separate bubbles rise quickly surface believe means communication known produce bubble nets purpose foraging larger thought degree engage play southern right whale example tail water remaining position considerable time known sailing appears form play commonly seen coast argentina south_africa known display behaviour life cycle fully aquatic creatures means birth courtship different terrestrial semi aquatic creatures unable land deliver baby positioned tail delivery prevents baby drowning delivery feed new born aquatic milk mouth mammals course nursing months age milk contains high amounts fat meant development contains fat consistency females deliver single gestation lasting year years maturity seven years varying species mode reproduction produces offspring increases survival probability females referred cows carry responsibility males referred play raising reside poles prevent dying migrate mating grounds stay matter months developed survive bitter temperatures poles feed mother milk exception whale largely unknown migrate travel arctic tropics mate raise winter spring migrate poles warmer summer months continue growing mother continue eating fast breeding grounds exception southern right whale western new_zealand zone sleep unlike animals conscious mammals sleep afford unconscious long knowledge sleep wild limited toothed captivity recorded sleep brain time swim breathe consciously avoid predators social contact period rest study found sperm sleep vertical surface passive shallow drift generally day respond passing vessels contact leading suggestion possibly sleep ecology foraging predation predatory feed fish cephalopods followed crustaceans species feed followed crustaceans invertebrates specialists examples include blue whale eats exclusively whale eats mainly schooling fish sperm whale squid gray whale feed dwelling invertebrates elaborate teeth filter feeding species allow remove water swallow food teeth usually hunt hunt small groups behaviour typical hunting non schooling fish slow moving invertebrates prey large amounts prey available certain hunt small groups forage kinds animals species certain species large usually subject predation smaller species preyed killer whale subdue kill continuously ram heads kill severely times striking typically hunted groups fewer seldom attacked individual commonly taken adults targeted small targeted terrestrial predators polar bear adapted hunting arctic bears known use sit wait tactics active stalking pursuit prey ice water chance predation gathering groups means room breathing hole ice slowly closes gap sea dive reach surface hunting polar bear attacks usually successful winter rarely inflict damage summer whale pump study considered positive influence productivity ocean fisheries termed whale pump carry nutrients nitrogen depths surface functions upward biological pump reversing earlier accelerate loss nutrients nitrogen input gulf maine input rivers combined gulf metric tons short tons year ocean surface important fisheries rich iron nitrogen whale liquid instead sinking stay surface feed whale fall death whale fall deep ocean provide substantial habitat marine life evidence whale falls present day fossil records shows deep sea whale falls support rich creatures global diversity species comparable biodiversity cold deterioration whale happens series stages initially moving organisms sharks soft tissues rapid rate period months long years followed colonization bones surrounding sediments contain organic matter crustaceans period years finally bacteria reduce bones releasing hydrogen enabling growth organisms turn support organisms sea stage decades supports rich species averaging species site interaction humans humans existed stone age ancient spear bigger animals boats sea people norway started hunting people japan began hunting pacific early typically hunted meat groups tools masks bones hunted arctic ocean started early 11th century sailing far newfoundland 16th century search right 18th 19th century hunted mainly oil lamp fuel items skirt successful nations time holland japan united_states commercial historically important industry 17th 18th 19th centuries time european industry ships britain france spain denmark netherlands germany collaborating hunt arctic competition leading war early americans australians mainly focused efforts south pacific mainly hunted sperm right catches right americans profits turned equivalent today profitable year american industry commonly exploited species included north_atlantic right sperm mainly hunted americans mainly hunted dutch common blue gray scale whale harvesting decreased substantially international commission placed set catch limit country excluding groups current nations norway iceland japan despite joining communities siberia alaska northern canada hunters typically use whale products depend survival national international authorities given special treatment hunters methods hunting seen destructive distinction questioned groups modern weaponry transport hunt selling whale products marketplace argue term apply cash based exchanges long place local production consumption placed limiting annual whale catch yearly profits hunters close million year threats threatened humans indirectly unintentionally caught fishing nets commercial fisheries accidentally swallow fishing hooks significant cause mortality marine mammals species commonly include affected marine pollution high levels organic chemicals accumulate animals high food chain large reserves toothed higher food chain mothers pass young cause greater vulnerability infectious diseases poisoned litter plastic bags speculate advanced naval scientists suggest trigger whale point signs experienced sickness conservation scale whale harvesting decreased substantially response steep decline whale populations international commission placed set catch limit country excluded groups communities allowed alaska western coast greenland gray washington state common eastern coast greenland western coast fin west_coast greenland west_coast greenland vincent year species commercially exploited rebounded numbers example grey numerous prior harvesting north_atlantic population extinct conversely north_atlantic right whale range stretched north_atlantic remains small fragments coast canada greenland considered extinct european coastline designated whale southern ocean whale sanctuary indian_ocean whale sanctuary southern ocean whale sanctuary spans square kilometres antarctica indian_ocean whale sanctuary takes indian_ocean south voluntary organization treaty nation leave wish enforce law makes international union conservation nature iucn recognized species considered considered risk ranked critically endangered north_atlantic right whale endangered blue whale fin whale north pacific right whale whale vulnerable sperm whale species data ranking species live polar habitats vulnerable effects recent ongoing climate change particularly time pack ice forms whale watching estimated million people went whale watching globally oceans arctic rules codes conduct created minimize harassment iceland japan norway whale watching industries whale watching concerned approach boats closely provide entertainment whale watching trips taken resumed areas whale watching generated billion billion tourism revenue worldwide employing workers contrast industry place generates million million year size rapid growth industry led complex continuing debates industry best use natural resource myth literature art marine creatures reside depths poles humans knew little course history feared revered arctic tribes revered whale important pieces lives creation myths big raven deity human form found stranded whale told great spirit find special mushrooms strength drag whale sea return order world legend man threw stone fin whale hit causing whale burst man told sea years nineteenth year went fishing whale came killed played major shaping art forms coastal norse dating stone age cliff face south_korea depictions animals particular detail throat typical people south_korea high pacific australian viewed good joy exception french parts met great brutality vietnam places hold sense respected cultures occasionally hold beached throwback vietnam ancient sea based austro culture god seas according chinese folklore large whale human limbs played role sacred texts bible mentions genesis job described length job generally understood refer whale sea monsters taken refer marine mammals particular modern versions use word instead story great fish told bible medieval column capital sculpture depicting 12th century abbey church france old testament contains book new testament jesus mentions story matthew duke greeted ceremonial entry port city antwerp including neptune whale indicating city dependence sea wealth continue prevalent modern literature example dick features great white whale main antagonist eventually killed whale sperm whale considered largest type whale partly based historically attested bull whale dick stories includes story whale got throat film whale rider girl ride whale journey suitable heir ship disney film features giant whale named final antagonist orchestra god created great including recorded sounds song plus example begins ends recorded whale songs mixed symphonic orchestra voice captivity kept captivity species rare shy big shown museum new_york_city 20th century canada predominant source wild taken lawrence river estuary late 1960s predominantly taken churchill river estuary capture banned russia largest provider banned canada caught river delta eastern coast transported domestically moscow exported countries canada captive caught wild captive breeding programs successful canada united_states deaths captivity reported time single specimen reportedly market popularity unique colour facial expressions possible fixed extra movement afforded allows greater range apparent expression navy carried program included study marine mammals abilities objective improving detection underwater objects large number program included training carry equipment material divers working underwater holding cameras mouths locate lost objects survey ships submarines underwater monitoring similar program russian navy cold war trained operations arctic tried housing species captivity success turned attention maintaining relative captivity repeated attempts 1960s 1970s kept captivity died months pair right retained enclosed area nets eventually released south_africa attempt stranded whale captivity rammed tank wall breaking resulted death thought whale evolved swim fast straight line metres big attempts captivity attempts gray captivity gray whale died transport gray whale captured transported kilograms popular attraction behaved normally despite separated mother year later kilogram whale grew big captivity released gray gray whale named successfully kept captivity attempts captivity japan kept tidal pool sea gate sea paradise unsuccessful attempt stranded whale kept captivity rehabilitation died days later years sailors reported seeing identify whale purported species whale observed nickname whale like creature reportedly sighted south_africa high sperm whale supposed variant relative known sperm whale said live seas islands southern ocean nova_scotia books


extinct lived northwestern madagascar known skull bones isolated found sites field work started described placed genus smaller living species differ details morphology presence rare element local fauna suggests region previously humid taxonomy remains found northwestern madagascar started species described paper colleagues extinct specific sites species found located placed genus smaller living species classified exclusively subfamily family includes african description known damaged skull missing lower jaw isolated upper upper larger living species known material additionally differs details hold larger samples total skull length longer largest living species width length upper sides skull flat crowned crest tooth lacks smaller spur present main small prominent crest middle tooth distinct short located longer largely flat crowned bit prominent rest valley deeper valleys upper roots long narrow tooth oriented main axis tooth inner separated outer connected longitudinal crest turn anchors transverse crest joins smaller present located relatively high separated deep valley crest present known present transverse present present small valley absent roots unknown distribution ecology remains found sites northwestern madagascar late pleistocene years ago years ago age rare element fauna dominated multiple species modern live ground eastern western madagascar surviving western species restricted humid area presence suggests past environment northwestern madagascar humid remains recorded northwestern madagascar described


university specimen fossil tooth cretaceous madagascar broken lower long formation northwestern madagascar details crown morphology indicate member group includes living david described tooth interpreted basis shared characters noted shared favored close relationship spanish tooth evidence present southern continents early late cretaceous colleagues proposed tooth represented example exchange africa europe time discovery context discovered joint study brook university university placed collections specimen found locality named member formation latest cretaceous age locality basin northwestern madagascar mammals recovered similarly aged madagascar deposits known limited material include teeth nearly complete skeleton representing unknown lineage nature paper david announced discovery argued specimen specimen assigning new scientific tooth years later alexander david thomas martin favored interpretation paper noting specimen essentially similar review cretaceous madagascar colleagues continued consider specimen announced upcoming paper case case fully description worn broken left lower group inner corner tooth missing estimated complete tooth long wide tooth like modern mammals indicated number features including broad basin group acute angle lacks ridge resembling shelf inner indicating member proposed clade uniting ancient mammals including identified representing includes extinct relatives listed features indicate primitive developed outer margin main smaller located far relatively far broad low crowned wear mainly horizontal resulting broad flat exposed wear colleagues noted group share traits varying degrees similarly aged located corner tooth wrote specimen similar interpretations wrote identified madagascar date australia africa south_america cretaceous recorded records certainly present northern hemisphere late cretaceous interpreted evidence southern continents late cretaceous presumably having reached madagascar south_america antarctica late cretaceous process replacing archaic mammals like southern continents suggested presence cretaceous india martin instead placed context similarity exchange late cretaceous europe africa noting presence similar animals snakes cretaceous madagascar spanish locality proposed relationship example relationship cited previous prediction similar found africa


lost seventh episode season lost episode directed jack written johnson paul aired november abc character charlie pace featured episode flashbacks charlie begins experiencing effects heroin withdrawal jack trapped cave kate attempt signal french woman broadcast charlie involvement band drive shaft featured episode flashbacks watched million people live million previous episode episode marks time everybody drive shaft sung entirety written previous episodes episode received mixed positive reviews reviewers commenting episode caliber previous episodes plot flashbacks charlie tells priest going quit band bad influence soon brother pace tells charlie drive shaft gotten recording contract charlie doesn want sign contract sex drugs band engages talks signing promising charlie quit time evening charlie frustration starts singing chorus everybody supposed sung charlie assures charlie won happen later charlie finds high heroin charlie kicks tells band says charlie drive shaft knows bass player charlie goes tell charlie band charlie spurs charlie use heroin time years later charlie visits house australia wants rejoin drive shaft comeback tour declines band tour criticizes charlie drugs charlie blames getting started drugs asks charlie stay weeks saying sydney good rehab programs charlie help charlie angrily leaves saying plane catch island day september charlie suffering heroin withdrawal voluntarily gave heroin john terry quinn previous episode finding charlie asks heroin says charlie drugs time asks wants charlie choice quit kate attempt find french transmission coming plan turn different points island attempt signal caves charlie searches jack matthew fox medicine supply ease heroin withdrawal jack catches charlie says wants jack charlie telling guitar charlie angrily shouts causing entrance cave collapse charlie manages escape jack trapped inside construction experience michael leads rescue attempt steve christian scott jackson jungle james ford goes tell kate traveling set antenna attempt jack decides doesn like kate hostile attitude charlie tells jack situation reveals real reason going ask drugs second time shows charlie explains help letting free survive weak instead needs struggle break free nature struggle people stronger says indicating charlie needs fight suffering kate stay second point goes learning jack situation kate goes help leaving job turning signal charlie opening cave finds jack opening collapses traps charlie jack inside charlie pops jack shoulder place jack request jack correctly charlie suffering withdrawal charlie assures jack okay kate desperately tries dig worry losing oxygen charlie sees leads opening pair dig cave sets bottle rocket signal antenna power process shannon grace sets rocket beach gone help rescue jack location turns able signal unseen person knocks unconscious stick later brings jack charlie water notes charlie doesn look jack covers saying flu tells better charlie looks jack sees asks heroin gives charlie looks moment fire smiling tells charlie proud knew charlie flying away production aired november episode directed jack written johnson paul church scene charlie church manchester actually filmed honolulu scenes island filmed says feels charlie black sort security blanket hides underneath uses feels lost heroin charlie supposedly actually brown sugar revealed interview stuff magazine october saying heroin brown sugar sweet careful happened times find nose couple hours later according drive shaft similar oasis charlie album kind like oasis album critically acclaimed didn sell big numbers industry people gave respect told wanted write song charlie hit wonder consider wrote song called photos plans friend liked song lost lyrics inspired incident matt close friends producers saw female audience member everybody acting like stupid people wearing expensive clothes producers inside joke quotation according point realized said times song pilot voice sang everybody based prince puts female voice song composed producers contacted los_angeles based singer write version song sung chris lead singer gods child joe reception aired united_states november million people america watched episode live episode received generally mixed positive reviews ryan zap2it wrote episode wasn measure run early episodes didn hold compared adding imagery metaphor beats episode end making long subtle writing produced point critic gave episode writing falls obvious cheesy beautifully paced structured club gave episode shared opinion intensely episodes series eponymous metaphor delivered series blatant consistent episode calls lot attention construction narrative ign staff rated 36th best episode lost explaining episode title appears physical symbol struggle find strength explains charlie charge life relying review focusing solely chris ign gave episode writing episode great job utilizing screen time major characters analogy comparison charlie situation perfectly characters going island ranking lost episodes todd_vanderwerff los_angeles_times placed number complimenting quinn acting criticizing storyline containing drug abuse storytelling pilot house rising sun won award charlie drug storyline


tale cities lost tale cities season premiere 50th episode overall american broadcasting company abc serial drama television series lost episode written creators executive producers based story directed executive producer jack episode begins introduction juliet elizabeth mitchell barracks character jack matthew fox featured episode flashbacks episode series pilot written episode aired october united_states watched average million american viewers making fourth watched episode week premiered generally positive reviews praising mitchell new character plot flashbacks jack flashbacks jack going divorce wife sarah demands know dating refuses tell spies steals cell phone proceeds number phone father christian john terry cell phone rings following christian anonymous meeting jack accuses sleeping wife physically attacks jack arrested sarah pays bail tells christian longer sober leaves unidentified man telling jack fix island new character juliet elizabeth mitchell prepares book club meeting modern suburban home club heated discussion stephen king interrupted sounds like earthquake group leaves juliet house ben michael previously known henry gale survivors appears rom william looking watch oceanic flight break apart mid air ben quickly orders join survivors stay undercover provide lists days camera reveal suburb actually island inhabited background smoke trail tail section flight seen kate wakes floor locker room tom allows shower forces change dress led elegant breakfast beach ben tells eat asks tells wanted pleasant remember weeks unpleasant james ford wakes cage jungle teenager blake nearby cage initially ignores later expresses interest camp cage caught tom makes beaten bloody apologize taking teen away figures mechanical puzzle cage tom says took bears hours kate cage jack wakes cell station juliet gently point jack attacks attempts escape holding improvised weapon throat orders open door refuses comply claiming kill ben appears agrees opening door kill jack throws juliet away opens door ben door came water starts rushing hallway juliet helps jack struggle adjoining room tells push button previously mentioned knocks unconscious shows jack file says contains documents entire life juliet asks jack questions sarah pause asks happy juliet replies yes walks outside ben job production casting tale cities episode introduce character juliet actress plays elizabeth mitchell cast late july new series regular meant possible love interest jack mitchell commented second day shooting opening sequence watched oceanic fall sky met actor matthew fox briefly introduced initial conversation regard script characters mitchell found helpful shooting premiere scenes knew characters matthew elizabeth scene jack juliet responds jack think audition scene played elderly adams protagonist creature black previous guest actors william john terry brief appearances episode premiere marked appearances recurring guest actors blake stephen addition mitchell new billing characters star billing appeared episode michael depicting ben promoted main character season matthew fox playing jack kate henry promoted main character new characters played respectively david lloyd michael rodriguez longer credited main characters characters written end previous season writing creators executive producers wrote premiere based story episode lost writing credit pilot laid season idea versus showrunner explained mean think tend people don know think audience view right bad force island course stories going telling season expect audience view change lot opening sequence episode meant replicate idea season premiere man science man faith flashback instead set new island director jack questioned jack goal pulled chain told worry fox sell described jack attacks father meeting pot committed basically means money bluff fold cards scene kate dress inspired raiders lost gives dress wear intended tom kate feel vulnerable title inspired charles eponymous novel refers reveal city island place live addition beach camp episode characters second season main cast jack kate later described limited scope mistake audience away long want everybody causing following season scenes main characters episode tom tells kate type comment resulted online discussion regard tom sexual orientation hinted lost character later joked kate type gay began playing character broadcast meet kevin johnson confirmed line season premiere allusion tom sexuality felt needed explicitly confirmed noted confirmation scene meet kevin johnson subtle beginning episode featured scene juliet discuss ben feelings juliet shot deleted scene later twelfth lost missing pieces envelope filming exterior shot abandoned theme park art director andrew thought fit location kind style architecture aged industrial little bit larger little bit unusual opening sequence features clark downtown song later season episode featuring juliet song heard premiere miller season episode long con stated songs choose lost inspired childhood mother vacuum music sundays reception original broadcast united_states abc premiere watched estimated million viewers making watched episode night fourth watched week tale cities million viewers previous season premiere canada episode watched million viewers easily winning timeslot united_kingdom tale cities broadcast november follow glass lost broadcast changing million viewers watched program week non terrestrial channels ign chris rated premiere calling life exceptionally non appearance survivors smart praised jack flashbacks writing previously jack written white knight reluctant hero looked time need jack armor better human called juliet promising new character hopefully add new dimension season concluded review calling episode solid season opener robert usa_today praised opening scene called episode fine start great series reservations wished jack win team fearful lost eventually like alias series puzzle villains let main characters list lost episodes los_angeles_times ranked tale cities number episodes explaining bad introduction juliet killer jack raging fun big revelations ben example aren handled similar list ign ranked episode number called opening characteristic fake outs jack flashbacks nearly interesting encounters juliet matthew fox submitted episode consideration outstanding lead actor drama series primetime emmy awards


confidence man lost confidence man eighth episode season lost episode directed tucker gates written aired november abc character james ford featured episode flashbacks accused stealing shannon grace attempt find flashbacks life crash revealed showing confidence man episode intended look like generally acted antagonist previous episodes set stage love triangle kate jack episode broadcast united_states november earning million viewers received positive reviews reviewers discussed aspects episode felt blend rest episode series plot flashbacks bed young woman richardson declares love realizes late meeting rushes leave falls open revealing thousands dollars cash claims supposed seen informs meeting money investment triple cash weeks tells additional money husband david michael split profit later revealed con artist debt loan shark billy demands money plus percent day goes house deal seeing small boy jim emerge room suddenly calls con drops money rushes house island day september beach catches searching items salvaged crash jack matthew fox attends wound head reports failure distress signal destruction attacker shannon brings bloody caves explains jack beat sister shannon problem survivors convinced wreck jack unsuccessfully demands kate says kate kisses kate calls bluff challenges letter reads makes kate read letter aloud letter addressed explains sex letter writer mother stole letter writer father money resulting father killing wife john terry quinn discuss attack suggests culprit island people possessions dislike shannon begins trouble breathing lack medication panic resulting problem jack tries beating answers punching stops sees disapproval jack approval ties tree answers revealing tortured people finally agrees kate says hand medication kisses reluctantly told medication kate enraged attacks stabbing arm hitting jack arrives stop bleeding save life wakes day october arm kate looks tells knows letter written kid works letter wasn written tells kate real isn letter written real con man ruined family ended con man took alias letter kate tells feel sorry leave despite pleas kate sets explore island shoreline self imposed isolation needing time come terms actions sun kim helps shannon making clear passages charlie pace convinces claire caves deal charlie found butter charlie shares imaginary butter attempts burn letter wrote finds unable production episode written set love triangle kate jack kate meant look new way according think wow guy episode shows moral ambiguity characters revealing personalities ones introduced protagonists things generally viewed protagonist like example jack beating eventually asking torture antagonistic character proving solely antagonist like example backstory flashback exclusively evil explained wanted come shell little audience supposed like guy explaining root horrible things happened little kid angry daniel kim liked characters viewers episodes according bad guys later episodes changed likable beginning confidence man seen reading novel richard adams book caused think took shannon novel numerous similarities lost including letting building society furthermore protagonists rabbits recurring motif lost episode ends montage characters performing different activities featuring song shall walk written ben harper performed blind boys alabama lyric song reach mother mary mother mary according reviewer houston_chronicle lyric ryan blind boys alabama said members group disability doesn handicap sing good gospel music quotation similar repeated quotation characters especially don tell reception confidence man aired united_states november million people america watched episode live slight decrease previous episode garnered million viewers episode received mixed positive reviews chris ign gave episode called written fascinating character piece excellent job bringing spotlight later praising performance writing success episode begins ends far know good playing tough guy sell fragment human hates man destroyed family succeeds creating character quickly episode terrible secret revealed website later ranked confidence man 47th best episode lost praising change entire perspective character revealing came starting point greatest character arcs lost modern television ryan zap2it positive review episode writing confidence man tense character based episode excelled island paid flashback robin critic gave episode praising performance writing written story criticized music montage end explaining directors think way finish club gave confidence man wrote flashback adds lost point run characters torture episode simply doesn point understand event necessary cooler heads couldn prevailed todd_vanderwerff los_angeles_times ranked episode best lost excluding finale writing episode bad giving big epic origin story feels kind point


man lost man fourth episode season lost making 53rd episode series aired october abc written edward adam directed stephen williams character featured episode flashbacks island rebellious attitude causes ben michael plan check episode intended ben character manipulate best confidence man island care person kate making attempts escape captivity episode aired watched million american viewers reviews positive praising writing cliffhanger ending plot flashbacks prison trying man hidden million dollars warns warden bill duke trying con money eventually worried wife find hidden money help moving reveals information warden exchange reduced sentence money puts bank account phillips baby previous con victim phillips kim told daughter warden lying cheating way prison island kate watch carry critically injured shot sun kim night realizes injury inflicted camp plan break cage intends guard michael created outside cage ben michael surveillance switches electricity prior visiting attempts carry plan ben knocks unconscious carried station wakes find table ben tom watch large needle chest awakens ben enters carrying rabbit cage cage vigorously causing rabbit suddenly collapse presumably dead ben informs fitted like rabbit modified heart rate reach heart explode ben threatens kate tell ordeal juliet elizabeth mitchell begs jack matthew fox help operate arriving operating theatre jack notices rays juliet informs surgery jack tries save eventually dies later jack informs juliet asks rays jack knows belong year old man spinal asks save aware oceanic flight survivors responsible takes anger violently beating fighting kate pleads stop kate admits loving kate notices gap cage manages climb tries free refuses remembering escape bloody capture kate returns cage insisting abandon tells lied loving stop day ben takes walk high ground learns merely con prevent leaving ben shows rabbit day merely ben reveals completely different island approximately twice size main island escape impossible asking ben tells order gain con artist respect beach henry offers fix claire roof takes charlie pace offers uses golf clubs build lightning rod claire storm waking aaron lightning strikes golf club instead claire hugo reyes looks glimpse future production leading episode broadcast showrunner asked interview con man island happens meets match fellow showrunner added willing emotionally human described scene kate declines escape major moment character saying capable returning cage agreed declaring episode revealed evil flashbacks shot actual facility previously prison incarcerated live die portrayed extras ink actual body paint referring scene ben seemingly fits lethal michael comments word doesn sort detached looks feel like sort scientific experiment interested way experiment runs course think day find parents people science described events demonstration ben cards think step ahead layer deeper playing game rabbit reference stephen king writing king uses rabbit cage number written example connection reader writer said appeal scene look innocent audience feels feel mean added rabbit scene problems reacting attempts scare barely asked interview got sick shooting holding cell set elizabeth mitchell responded guess creepy supposed underwater little bit kind great time miss actor obviously michael like stage able work thought don usually reception episode attracted million american viewers standing seventh watched program week ign chris said lost finally wrapped loose ends season episode shift focus season mysteries felt episode offers healthy mix plot character development fair share revelations thrown good measure entertainment_weekly declared sold adrenaline rush direction taken praise flashbacks cliffhanger involving reveal second island lost critic andrew described man episode packing thrills minutes fly slant_magazine ryan zap2it considered watching con man brutally satisfying saying ran emotions felt death reveal ben good things people glacial like pace season writing aol considered man interesting episode set new elements called flashback little dry predictable liked related events story right title mac praised episode returning mythology considered previous episode lacked wonder accustomed experiencing ign ranked man lost episodes saying offered plenty food thought hand similar list los_angeles_times ranked episode tenth worst series describing outright early season michael submitted episode consideration behalf respectively category outstanding supporting actor drama series emmy awards nominated


cabin fever lost cabin fever 11th episode american broadcasting company fourth season serial drama television series lost episode overall aired abc united_states canada episode written supervising producer elizabeth kyle directed paul edwards according press release john terry quinn whereabouts jacob cabin life aboard freighter episode written alongside shape things come nice home cabin fever watched million american viewers plot episode begins flashback year old emily holland preparing date man twice age mother tries stop going emily escapes struck car trauma premature birth john adult portrayed terry quinn john life monitored richard john birth childhood looks age present day matthew lance attempts influence life existence revealed john invited spend summer highly gifted high school student present day hugo reyes benjamin michael attempting find cabin inhabited jacob facto leader initially unsuccessful deceased initiative member assists pointing initiative mass grave extracts set jacket uses locate cabin freighter mercenary martin kevin returns unsuccessful attack barracks home enraged mission unsuccessful colleagues killed accuses grant bowler giving ben tells michael actual spy tries kill michael shooting meet kevin johnson michael tries commit suicide gun jams grant bowler tells michael vital repairing engines initially fearing intentions uses boat return island hoping save people possible refuses accompany saying return island left hours leaves stages mutiny soldier receives message island saying found body ship doctor ray shown shape things come doctor protests impossible alive boat orders frank jeff gunpoint prepare freighter helicopter refuses kills doctor response leaves freighter group mercenaries intending torch island helicopter passes survivors beach camp frank drops bag containing satellite phone beach end episode enters cabin meets figure deceased christian john terry claims speaking jacob behalf accompanied daughter claire christian warns mercenaries route island island moved production cabin fever fifth episode directed paul edwards installment written kyle eleventh elizabeth wrote recurring guest star appeared seven episodes lost season richard mysteries surrounding character heavily discussed fan community producing final episodes season cast starring role new cbs series cane writers modified original story plan season anticipation potential despite willingness return lost cbs president ruled lost guest appearance cane canceled writers guild america strike freeing contract cbs executive producer cited positive consequence strike reception cabin fever viewed live recorded watched hours broadcast million american viewers attained key adults demographic ranking lost nineteenth watched program week places previous episode nice home cabin fever watched australian viewers making lost thirty watched program night robin boston_globe published analysis exploring disability blog analyzed scene disabled eyes disabled mind ben shared candy bar thought kind good awful said great characters sitting log sharing chocolate bar thought scene use potential emphasizing ben reaction dos gave episode positive review critical scene thought scene wasted time cruel unusual punishment air cliffhanger ending erin squad stated episode including freighter folk place carry plans finale