market town civil parish north district lincolnshire non metropolitan county east england edge fertile miles north east miles west boston miles south city county town lincoln estimated resident population time census town largest settlement north makes roughly total population bypassed connected lincoln newark king railway station nottingham lincoln lines settlement formed iron age prehistoric track crossed river tribal centre home mint 1st centuries evidence roman anglo saxon settlement uncovered late saxon period town economic centre court market medieval period records differentiate old new emerging areas present day market place church castle constructed 12th century bishops lincoln owned manor granted right hold market century new developed market town locally important wool trade old declined 16th century landowners family operated tight control town grew little early modern period manor passed family family marriage isabella john 1st earl bristol town common land fields legally enclosed giving ownership family coincided making canal heralded steps modern industry navigation brought economic growth superseded railways 20th century sale farmland bristol estates led development large housing estates subsequent availability affordable housing combined town educational facilities low crime rates attractive destination home buyers result town population underwent fastest growth town county 1990s primarily agricultural town 20th century supporting cattle market seed companies phillips international seeds established late 19th century arrival railway town favourable industry declined common wholesale retail trade health social care public administration defence manufacturing regeneration town centre led redevelopment old industrial areas including construction national centre craft design old wharf history etymology earliest records place found charter anglo saxon chronicle book recorded early 13th century 13th century book fees appears formed old english words ford mean ford muddy river early archaeological material bronze age earlier recovered excavations shown late bronze age human activity vicinity earliest known permanent settlement dates iron age began track running northwards crossed river sparse pottery evidence found middle iron age period mould fragments likely dated uncovered south east modern town centre south crossing river near lane old largest kind europe deposit led archaeologists consider site old probably largest settlements period tribal centre roman occupation britain settlement extensive considerable importance location edge economically significant centre managers owners estates evidence suggest road connected old miles east roman tile uncovered imply presence market roads constructed romans bypassed located geared native needs smaller road lane romans renewed ran old southwards edge passed old excavations revealed large stone built domestic residence associated farm buildings corn field systems roman period number roman remains including burial excavated town middle ages little evidence continuous settlement late roman anglo saxon periods establish eventually south modern town 6th 7th century cemetery uncovered containing estimated showing signs pagan burial rites possible anglo saxon inhabitants brought defend settlements saxon invaders ruined church saints old discovered excavations market place uncovered anglo saxon remains 8th 9th centuries indicating form enclosure domestic features earliest documentary reference charter 9th century owned abbey royal foundation little evidence estate structure late saxon period market court pre conquest probably economic centre surrounding settlements played important role town economy ran dry 11th century dozen lined banks mills nearby lost hamlet constituted important mill cluster lincolnshire later middle ages british settlement known old new describe settlement centred church market place book entries recording land held abbey bishop lincoln location recorded clear text theory endorsed focused settlement old evidence new planted 12th century bishop increase income associated construction castle theory criticised local historians david material argued bishop manor included church associated settlement new right hold fair feast day granted charter king stephen alexander bishop lincoln henry_ii granted bishop lincoln right hold market bishop oliver argued right hold market fair existed time edward iii confirmed market henry granted bishop feast days peter chains survey mention tenure tenants nearby hamlet held land new held indicating farming centred hamlet town later comparable found developed towns formal charter outlining town freedoms centre trade tight control bishops meant economy primarily geared serve retained strong tradition farming 14th century economic initiative fell formed connections nearby towns boston evidence suggests developed locally important role wool trade lay new wealthiest settlement value old insignificant place end roman period declined deserted 16th century early modern late 15th early 16th centuries family owned manor old john 1st baron executed treason lincolnshire rising manor residence old place reverted crown later sold robert george northumberland settled described wool merchant son robert bought land castle manor new edward clinton 1st earl lincoln eldest surviving son robert founded grammar school youngest son edward created son founded hospital male died isabella married john earl bristol family estates remained 1970s strong influence addition tenants took leading court gain legal force monopoly charging tolls market cattle traders driving animals town industry slow hold second half 18th century mill working corn mill town old mill junction castle causeway supplied growing rope making business foster hill families local historian simon wrote respects things changed little survey buildings infrastructure improved major changes agriculture industry took place decade century middle ages surrounded open fields north west fields enclosure open fields acres open land owned lord bristol despite costs fencing organising fields system easier farm cottages built closer fields landowner charge rent owing increased land lost longer animals grazing common land cost process allowed land boundaries pathways drove lane ran shifted north straightened industrial river began canals england constructed inland trade easier businessmen keen benefit improved communication allowed navigation opened facilitated export agricultural produce import coal oil mills benefited constructed street navigation toll rights increased value times railways emerged 19th century alternative canals arrived town line opened agricultural trade easier improved communication led decline navigation company income tolls decreased loss abandoned town rural location transport links meant late 19th century saw rise local seed merchants phillips charles took navigation trading europe 1880s railway rural location wells key factors development acre bass complex lane half 19th century population doubled coinciding construction extension public buildings local contractors charles thomas opened provide gas lighting town poor law union formed cater town surrounding parishes constructed house inmates despite advances crowded lacking disease ridden local administration failed deal matter report town public health general board health heavily criticised situation set local board health undertake public works 1880s lord bristol allowed clean water pumped town engineering problems reluctance sell land house turbines delayed introduction post industrial largely undamaged second world wars close links royal_air_force proximity raf bases including raf raf lincolnshire topography flat open countryside location east country ideal development britain airfields constructed world war work began late designated raf base raf college opened world air academy branch railway linking station raf base opened closed second world war lincolnshire significant location bomber command hospital south west raf specialist burns unit plastic surgeon regularly visited inter war period population remained static great depression 1930s caused unemployment rise council housing developments drove lane proved insufficient house low income families cleared 1930s jubilee grove opened decade meet demand post war period new housing developments avenue russell crescent jubilee grove road parts town redeveloped bristol arms arcade opened corn exchange demolished 1960s shopping opened house designed house department store later national headquarters major landowner victor 6th bristol heavily debt sold estates estate office closed land sold property developers following decades saw construction residential buildings considerable population increase according council report quality life low crime rates relatively low house prices good quality education attracted people town population rose growth rate fastest town county infrastructure struggled cope especially increased traffic congestion bypasses town way system introduced process simon argues accelerated decline high street early 2000s single regeneration budget million granted improved town centre funded development hub national centre craft design old navigation area geography topography principal market town north district lincolnshire civil parish includes hamlet north east village south east merge town county council state environment report found roughly quarters lincolnshire low lying near sea level lies approximately feet sea level close lincoln cliff limestone running north south bedrock western half town belongs great group sandstone limestone rocks formed million years ago oxford clay formations dated million years ago eastern half deposits found course sand gravel found east south county agricultural land generally good quality result intensive vegetable farming predominant pastoral farming declined course 20th century edge low lying region east england drainage 17th 20th centuries liable flooding draining revealed nutrient rich soils enabled land cultivated especially farming graded productive farmland country climate according classification british isles experience maritime climate characterised relatively cool summers mild winters lincolnshire position east isles allows warmer climate relative national average counties united_kingdom vary depending altitude proximity coast mean average temperature east england approximately highest temperature recorded region august average region experiences days rainfall winter summer days thunder days hail year august hail size golf balls reported parts central lincolnshire wind tends affect north west country east lincolnshire tends receive days gale year gale gust wind knots sustained minutes despite tornadoes form east england country experienced tornadoes caused damage property governance politics lincolnshire parliamentary constituency encompassed county election people living new old qualified vote reform act widened franchise divided lincolnshire south lincolnshire constituency elected members parliament following reforms south lincolnshire constituency borders remained franchise widened reforms roughly males vote constituency abolished constituency formed merged seat reorganised north member returned north conservative candidate stephen phillips replaced douglas lincolnshire elected member european parliament lincolnshire south constituency elected members east constituency members east number reduced local government early medieval period new old poor law union overseen board guardians established local board health formed public health reorganised public health act established urban rural districts usd usd covered new old included parishes poor law union local government act converted board health usd urban district council town administrative base county council rural district formed abolished urban district merged north east districts form north district lincolnshire statutory instrument civil parish urban district successor merging new old civil parishes town council parish level local government body beneath district council composed castle navigation chairman town council mayor keith mayor represented north district council merged single ward sends councillor lincolnshire county council town council offices street district council offices terrace building purchased council urban district council granted coat arms october abolished arms successor town council arms chief slipped chief arms bristol lower portion shield arms family crest colours eagle wings extended head downwards sinister proper holding ear wheat eagle links royal_air_force ear wheat represents agriculture public services provided lincolnshire police fire fighting lincolnshire fire rescue service police station boston road older premises street erected reconstructed fire station church lane plans east road approved east ambulance service operates street united lincolnshire hospitals trust provides services hospitals hospital boston district hospital lincoln county hospital hour accident emergency departments january water services provided water industry natural monopoly regulated water services regulation authority act parliament passed set water company town pumping machinery installed works constructed provide clean water supply town council took company operation handed water board absorbed water authority lincolnshire county council promoted bill parliament build electricity generating station passed built cost castle causeway remained following electricity provided east electricity board east electricity privately owned predecessor company purchased virtually carbon neutral straw burning power station opened capable supplying electricity homes powered straw farms mile radius electricity generated fed national grid facility provides free heat public buildings town natural gas supplied british gas distribution gas electricity responsibility national grid energy markets regulated office gas electricity markets gas light company formed following year gas lighting provided constructed company incorporated works rebuilt lit town company gas ceased 1960s original buildings retained later extensions demolished library houses local family history section machine refurbished listed county council economy employment served surrounding agricultural communities town maintained weekly market 19th century livestock market according council report public sector town main employer agriculture manufacturing unemployment lower national average wages reflecting pay food processing agricultural industries census largest group working age persons economic activity time employment section population time employees self employed working age population retired unemployed long term unemployment roughly aged largest socio economic grouping working lower tier managerial administrative roles followed semi routine routine intermediate group comprised terms industry common based working sector wholesale retail trade including automotive repairs health social care public administration defence manufacturing groups representing unemployment survey lincolnshire found county experienced decline unemployment based preceding months county unemployment rate marginally national average regeneration north district council produced year strategy town rapid growth 1990s improvements infrastructure plans future residential developments outlines ways improving town centre suggests developing parking centre parts way system developing southern turning money yard attraction link national centre craft design north district council granted planning permission project derelict bass site converting residential retail space creating permanent jobs development including supermarket delayed town council opposed link road recreation ground pledged invest million store development withdrew january following financial set backs transport road newark trent king bypasses roundabout ran town bypass opened roundabout connects road passed bypass completed roads meet market place way system set creates circuit town centre railways arrived 19th century early proposals bring line failed plans build boston midland counties railway act parliament passed line opened boston connected great northern great eastern joint railway stop lincoln line line roughly miles away road stops line major stop east_coast main line trains london king cross approximately hour minutes river town converted use canal 19th century plans drawn faced opposition land owners feared affect drainage plans approved support 5th duke owned estates hoped benefit act parliament passed establishing navigation opened years later falling revenues competition railways navigation company closed river longer passes street foot drain meets resident population census accounts roughly population north district urban area contained houses town population grew fastest growth rate town lincolnshire district population predicted rise compared national average county approved plans build new homes joint planning strategy report found growth largely result people moving area attracted quality life low crime rates relatively low house prices good quality education census revealed approximately town resident population white british second largest ethnic group white irish approximately followed asian including asian british ethnic group represented population residents born england parts united_kingdom countries coming member states joined december november criminal acts reported classed anti social behaviour making largest portion reported crimes recorded crime levels lowest country year ending june crime rate north district lowest lincolnshire crimes thousand residents religion population people town identify christian proportion declined census residents identified christian reported religion state religion religious group comprised population census recorded residents identified christian nearly percentage points higher national figure town residents religion disclose religion census new population people non 19th century non population large anglican congregation census religious worship estimated people attended non places worship estimated people attended anglican services parish met early 19th century congregation set area known poor ecclesiastical history new church priest time book founded commonwealth vicar expelled replaced ministers removed following restoration replaced anglican clergyman valued ecclesiastical parish town hamlet north railway line include falls lincoln diocese lincoln patron bishop lincoln incumbent vicar philip anthony johnson instituted old possession abbey time later eventually served vicar church dedicated saints dissolution monasteries king took collection eventually thomas selling robert 17th century combined form parish old current rector parish boundaries new old altered new seat lincoln cathedral existed patronage bishop paid valued enclosure fields farm anna allotted place court jurisdiction new old grant administration parishes new old peculiar jurisdiction rural placed rural rural south rural rural places worship anglican parish church dedicated oldest parts date century built oldest england regular sunday services held parish church non meetings took place lane later street met constructed chapel reformed church met house thomas built chapel nearby replaced housed congregation larger built north street demolished replaced site baptist chapel built old house congregation served strict possibly mid-20th century premises converted house reform methodist chapel opened west banks occupied salvation army increasingly cultivated napoleonic wars prompting catholic irish farm workers area roman catholic missionary father conducting services town catholic school chapel built land street lady good counsel roman_catholic_church opened incumbent priest father michael john bell appointed mass held sundays week muslim community association met deny church hall early 2000s plans build prayer hall station road approved november protests planned english defence league cancelled church opened education primary primary schools william bequeathed land fund teaching children school master house endowed school national school built new buildings school constructed william church_of_england school housed buildings academy school church_of_england primary school opened current site church lane school housed buildings constructed original school house demolished children roll lady good counsel roman catholic school pupils roll day schools sunday schools new daily schools old infant school old opened schools attached chapel north street accommodated pupils addition private girls schools short lived private schools boys established herring charles henry competition grammar school charles built school chapel primary school moved new site art school established duke street connection science art department schools catholic school operation secondary town secondary schools sixth forms grammar school boys grammar school high school selective academy girls grammar school george academy george college technology county secondary modern school mixed non selective secondary school grammar schools selective pupils required pass plus exam george selective educational joint sixth form consortium george allows pupils choose subjects taught school grammar school founded robert received specialist sports science academy judged good time pupils including educational sixth form high school girls established specialist art status academy judged good time pupils roll including educational sixth form george opened council school received specialist technology college status converted academy operates satellite school george pupils roll sites including sixth form assessed year judged good culture national centre craft design opened hub support single regeneration budget grant attracts visitors average year houses exhibitions applied contemporary art theatre constructed sold converted school later library offices little theatre bought restored opened public opened cinema closed building hall nightclub closed museum trust formed 1970s collect preserve historical artefacts town history heritage lottery fund grant december allowed trust establish museum opened april district civic trust founded preserve best features town volunteer association district town association founded association created maintains links annual visits france germany sport town played united counties league premier division season formed club renamed town moved present grounds park rugby opened golf club founded roughly members following year increased original golf course altered club roughly members cricket club grounds london road earliest record club town home bristol club discipline club founded outdoor opened riverside land owned bristol estate handed community public indoor facilities built 20th century old leisure centre district council received grant million fund reconstruction centre gym local media main radio stations county bbc radio lincolnshire broadcasting frequencies commercial station town local newspapers standard founded founded target founded historically gazette operated journal incorporated gazette december telegraph ran guardian print year landmarks small number medieval buildings remain standing town church date 12th 13th centuries respectively half 15th century church noted stone oldest england mill remaining town testament economic importance river late saxon period onwards bishops lincoln medieval town base constructing ruined castle means produce wealth farming granting market limited freedoms town result oldest areas market place roads meet 18th 19th century buildings found area buildings dating centuries include william baroque house manor house medieval masonry sessions house market place family founded grammar school rebuilt hospital rebuilt rebuilt victorian builders charles thomas constructed added numerous public buildings private residences including terrace houses industrial revolution navigation company constructed offices street canal brought trade gothic fronted lit town benjamin anthony financed benefited navigation founded bank took house later added baroque extension henry member parliament commemorated memorial gothic monument style eleanor cross 1850s railways arrived station built gothic style agricultural location new transport links encouraged seed trading late 19th century seed merchant charles house boston road massive bass company complex constructed brick lane grade listed frontage feet long family connected business benjamin lawyer prominent navigation company partner local bank son henry south lincolnshire death residents erected monument robert armstrong son richard vicar new twice chester sir thomas politician educated grammar school sir robert educated grammar religious henry born new challenged opponent francis open debate john austin religious writer educated grammar school william served town presbyterian minister preached years benjamin presbyterian minister born educated andrew presbyterian minister biographer fellow royal society attended grammar school richard practised years trained henry worked youth royalist poet thomas educated grammar school novelist henry jackson joseph actor comedian built theatre settling town establishing printing business dying north street charles shannon artist born town actress comedian born popular culture singer born town glamour model grew educated high school elton_john songwriter born town thompson narrated magic roundabout television series born house street sport professional mark played leicester city derby county lincoln city grew retiring taught physical education george academy


irish town republic ireland located western edge county province banks river shannon comes irish translates english place pointed rocks shannon town people height economic growth mid-19th century current population half figure important strategic position river shannon long crossing points provinces natural focus great historical buildings including 19th century tower number important castles town built 14th 15th centuries town focus thriving river business important stop dublin navigation supported number large industries notably defunct tourism supplanted certain extent modern marina providing support river cruisers facilities town important centre particular attraction pike centre shannon grassy meadows flood winter provide living space number notable literary figures stayed including anthony town inspiration novel charlotte married raised town source known phrase beats governance administrative units lies local council area county council local authorities responsibility matters planning local roads libraries council elected body members elected electoral areas county lies electoral area return members council town lies poor law union divided road eastern lies western roman catholic parish lies diocese diocese ecclesiastical province church ireland parish group cathedral diocese ecclesiastical province dublin history thought founded parish named sister according research came place near new ross county known contact maintained home foundation mother came live recorded mother convent death assigned authoritative statement date death according parish church died place burial uncertain likely near monastery founded son origins settlement grew originated ford east bank river shannon river banks surrounding countryside flood free year round travellers intending cross shannon point tracks modern roads community grew crossing point early travellers pilgrims north west river monastic establishment famous short distance north far south west monastic foundation provinces meet south direction meet military history ridges sides river roads built centuries ago bridge built shannon point early place great strategic importance shannon provided natural barrier army wanted cross river choices apart suitable places importance military position shannon highway early appreciated english forces seized middle 16th century coming river constructed fortifications called fort later fort held place spite fact miles hands clan aided boundaries river held territories years maintaining open defiance 17th century castle castle castle remains strongholds queen mary married philip spain county named king county honour philip doubtful royal jurisdiction extended areas ultimately overthrown lands planted order james issued town incorporated charter charles september corporation allowed elect members parliament hold year wide ranging powers permanent military garrison established continued slight defences strengthened officially named fort henry 1st lord deputy ireland forces confederate catholics took army command henry son law conquest completed catholic land holders began lands expelled divided soldiers army wars garrison espoused cause james contrast took william stone bridge shannon erected army advancing attempted break abandoned attempt risky consequence presence army broken arch bridge seen yards present bridge seven arches erected commissioners improvement navigation shannon square tower lower bridge end erected protect old bridge salt battery cannons facing west north yards town road irish garrison remained battle evacuated english occupied town remained middle 19th century ceased garrison town economic growth 17th century centre trade placed export goods england practically killed trade outbreak american revolutionary war placed export american colonies dealt blow trade british parliament withdrew restrictions economy began improve rapidly enjoyed period prosperity history corn growing long chief agricultural activities district opening grand canal end 18th century gave easy access dublin brought cheap efficient water transport district outlet grain raised wide area round town corn market largest kind ireland canal arrived shannon harbour water transport facilities stimulated growth existing industries encouraged establishment new ones neat storey houses built road provide shops dwellings merchants people came live canal business brewery corn mills operation town carried industries smaller workshops homes increase trade went corresponding increase population population estimated estimated decline contrasted state trade half 19th century rapid sustained decline second half period years population fell loss end century remained major industries town smaller industries vanished completely causes contributed decline abolition corn laws allowed free grain islands unable compete foreigners irish farmer turned land pasture grew sufficient grain use corn trade rapidly declined completely vanished growing kept alive east years immediately succeeding great irish famine adversely affected trade town smaller industries unable compete highly organised industries britain opening railway station terminus branch great southern western railway company brought improvement number passenger goods trains day fuel crisis caused passenger services withdrawn line closed altogether site station covered marina seen minus track gateway eastern corner marina geography situated north west county east bank river shannon south west dublin south east south north east provides crossing point located flood plain river shannon town developed high ground remains virtually flood free year round north river shannon shallow gradient regularly floods parts surrounding countryside resultant wet grassland area known shannon internationally recognised wild bird wildlife habitat classified special area conservation country shannon area described reminiscent cut waterways wide shannon tributaries suck little grand canal traversed maze narrow roads travel writer biographer james pope described river shannon september biography anthony month september shannon banks visually glorious golden autumn low sun making long shadows houses street dusk river reflects varied days draw effects pink instance striped cloudy lines green horizon scarlet orange light bloom mountains lie south town surrounded great particularly east west river major tributary river shannon meets shannon shannon harbour kilometres north climate temperate climate average daily high temperatures july january precipitation average similar east ireland significantly precipitation west_coast averages wildlife autumn winter extensive flood plain shannon supports large number bird life obvious shannon birds mute swan seen little widespread meadow area largest concentrations breeding ireland including seen bridge summer common summer visitor ireland suffered drastic population declines decades threatened global extinction conservation efforts focused changing harvesting times avoid nesting season august hay meadows support large numbers birds places world globally threatened species common winter resident bird population increased visitors north east europe particular greenland white fronted riverside mammals seen frequently fox common trout salmon common shannon pike plentiful attracts demographics extensively planted english particularly periods plantations profound impact ireland ways destruction native ruling classes replacement protestant british origin english protestant landowners position laws denied political land owning rights roman catholics dominance class irish life persisted late 18th century voted act union britain result early 20th century mix irish native descent irish english descent supported churches catholic protestant exist late 1960s early 1980s number german dutch swiss settlers attracted mainly proximity river shannon associated lifestyle number resident majority towns cities ireland seen influx foreign nationals eastern european origin recent years population according census population male female residents marks increase population census economy demise thriving canal businesses brought decline fortunes including significant population decrease number businesses kept people locality employed lean times notable semi state company founded manage harvesting ireland extensive located advancement harvesting exhaustion closure number fired power stations means longer significant employer region green isle foods facility outside provided good employment 1970s 1980s taken production years ago storage facility largest industry days concrete limited company concrete structures company employs approximately people largest concrete firms country employing people peak supplied components major projects including stadium park channel tunnel dublin port tunnel park tunnel notable employers include cruise liner businesses located marina transportation important crossing point river shannon consequently experiences large volume traffic regional roads meet links national primary roads known harbour street links known main street harbour street leads road shannon harbour main street begins hill southern entrance town leads bridge crossing shannon railway station opened terminus line great southern western railway company operated passenger goods service passenger service withdrawn station closed completely main centre river transportation shannon system river transportation fell decline advent rail road transportation improvements major centre river cruisers number hire companies operating extensive modern marina culture fair charter incorporation corporation given powers hold feast philip jacob feast simon continue days feast days october fair existence held september certainly existence described government commissioned report established corporation continued gain size importance 18th century early 19th century enormous number sheep offered sale september fair quarters number sold described workings fair principal september continues days sheep second cattle horses day country fair merchandise fair held september main fair survived present pope described granting charter charles empowered hold famous great fair cattle sheep boots basket chairs sale fair greatest irish began september lasted days line horses main street stretched shannon river bridge crossroads half miles outside town known tailor cross fair achieved international reputation early 20th century local newspaper report states great fair huge success present milan purchase behalf italian government bought russian government report stated eighty wagons horses railway station representing round numbers horses architecture buildings structures bridge bridge known built point erected stone bridge arches connor king medieval sources tell bridge arches divers architectural form different fellow stood years stone bridge arches certainly constructed detailed profile drawings thomas rhodes bridge featured prominently war ireland 17th century patrick retreat ambush convoy siege army method advance retreat old bridge referred bridge bridge blown gunpowder section corps royal engineers bridge seen adjacent castle river present bridge seven arches erected commissioners improvement navigation shannon engineer thomas rhodes commissioners shannon navigation seen bridges shannon surviving lock mechanisms notably victoria locks bridge reconstructed widened jointly county council county council work included replacing massive stone bridge aluminium removal swivel arch allowed passage boats heritage review bridges county described bridge national heritage significance high architectural merit mid-19th century construction work government body states arch masonry span county interesting contrast bridge approximately length bridge crossing fewer spans opposed longest masonry arch spans county bridges averaging near bridge built protect including castle salt battery fort fort tower guns mounted forts destroy bridge necessary bombard attacking forces river narrow passes old swivel section bridge marina worn offers pedestrian protection slip river rail known duke rail duke york later george paid state visit ireland royal party travelled river steamship duke received lord lord lieutenant king county party traverse narrow bridge railway station undoubtedly good use duke rail stretch shannon known time duke york route barracks barracks built irregular plan ruins comprises partially rendered rubble limestone wall cut stone headed entrance east situated south river shannon adjacent bridge remains structures enclosure include barrel vaulted powder magazine built gun platform walls thought perimeter walls fort according barracks housed companies foot apartments officers bomb magazine artillery battery mounting pound guns states barracks possibly saint founded communicated saint old abbey subterranean passage yards british garrison left town barracks looted burned shortly signing anglo irish treaty bow fronted georgian houses bow fronted georgian buildings dating mid late 18th century listed protected structures detached seven bay storey building called house location corner main street road restored early 1990s west enterprise operative society opened houses exhibition hall tourist office retail enterprise units headquarters dedicated planting native trees protecting ireland woodlands west partnership community enterprise centre second buildings bay storey house adjoining bay storey coach house original limestone carriage arch hotel early 19th century home anthony stay 1840s prominent location marina close bridge long called shannon hotel changed royal shannon 1990s ceased trade hotel falling neglect charlotte way charlotte way known hill house located prominent setting close saint paul church ireland church house home charlotte husband returned charlotte death remarried lived hill house death house sold major bell died wife inherited property florence bell died connection renowned writers 19th century revealed present giving house cultural interest detached bay storey house built central bay façade modern porch single bay storey wing south bay storey wing north bed breakfast visitors enjoy restored appearance sense history place connected curious way family castle structure stands known locally canal bank called castle primarily derives current form napoleonic wars similar tower stands opposite bank river castle largely reconstructed defensive position repel invading fleet coming upstream english established number forts bank river including fort later fort military history garrison fort overrun forces confederate catholics recaptured army established new fortification bank river leading plantation castle modified enable mount artillery platform pound traversing gun constructed roof interior powder magazine housed garrison soldiers having fallen somewhat disrepair structure came care branch historical society 1980s considerable restoration work undertaken canal bank stands property people held trust public considerable works castle taken place castle park riverside walk open public cuba court cuba court known cuba house house dating constructed george governor cuba design sir edward designed irish houses parliament dublin certainly known constructed money sugar plantations cuba biography anthony james pope describes cuba court fine example irish country house mid eighteenth century manner dublin architect pierce sic building contained circular rooms avenue lime trees led door belfast writer book classic irish houses middle size describes cuba court masculine house country end 18th century cuba court home prominent member local prior death leased cuba court army medical board year lease building little hospital medical board happy commissioners education purpose royal school eventually established result royal charter charlotte spent honeymoon cuba court following marriage arthur bell charlotte noted cuba court large looks externally like gentleman country seat rooms drawing room dining room furnished passages look bare bedroom great room ground floor looked shown turf fire burning wide old chimney 1820s royal school cuba court attended sir william later married poet jane couple sons oscar daughter died childhood pupil school william journalist writer associated argentina work tales attended 1870s son main participants easter rising dublin sentenced death argentina born irish policy rates time house demise pope described cuba court like ireland great houses cuba court slowly deliberately demolished lime trees long spite described superb ruin tell history ireland late eventually acquired local businessman demolished 1980s describes loss cuba court particularly lamented development houses built site cuba avenue archaeological survey revealed significance fort fort known salt battery sided gun battery constructed standing east river shannon sides face river formed broad sides meet rear angle ruined battery surrounded dry moat entrance originally close centre enclosure brick vaulted powder magazine fort combined castle tower fort protected town river crossing angles tower towers simply small defensive forts built countries british_empire 19th century time napoleonic wars onwards stand feet high floors typically garrison officer men round structure thick walls solid masonry resistant cannon fire height ideal platform single heavy artillery piece mounted flat roof able traverse arc fear invasion napoleon reached panic proportions authorities ireland england towers built ireland year case invasion fleet tried sail river shannon towers built middle reaches river defend crossing points located tower located west bank river measures feet diameter height tower described having ridge vegetation growing general condition fair memorials sculptures memorial form stone celtic cross situated eastern town known barnes memorial dedicated local men executed birmingham involvement explosion people died executions caused public outcry britain internationally men admitted constructing bomb intended destroy power station claimed involved planting cross erected barnes memorial committee association national graves committee bears inscription irish english commemoration staff captain james company captain peter barnes irish republican army love country executed british government green prison birmingham 7th february monument sculpted dublin features images men female head representing ireland symbols provinces december artist sculptor wood carving created sculpture tree entitled musician dedicated musician johnny born sculpture located main road gate marina places worship arising history plantation garrison town active catholic church ireland communities lane market square lane queen street called church lane church sited 6th century abbey ruins church later church blessed mary 16th century known church according tradition cross stood crystal spring market square surviving sandstone shaft cross found churchyard antiquarian named thomas 1840s reasonable condition described great detail article transactions archaeological society stone found appears commemorative cross set record death bishop william killed fall horse deterioration stone removed residence housed national museum ireland dublin church ireland community old church state new paul church built hill overlooking town new catholic_church constructed years earlier land given influential wealthiest protestant family area consistently advocated catholic emancipation repeal laws situation demonstrated friendly relations existed communities difficult times catholics ireland church houses work known german sculptor stuart called madonna child carved outstanding feature paul church window resurrection stained glass window commemorating bell family originally intended abbey london literature arts thriving poetry scene annual poetry festival called readings takes place local bars town settings series pure featured television mini series production shot series favourably received critics locals maintain portrays bad light series won awards johnny known singer songwriter country irish genre born number chart hits 1960s toured extensively ireland abroad internationally renowned folk singer roger took residence years time purchased renovated house mark singer songwriter born came prominence wrote theme song horse racing festival england song entitled festival received views youtube went write song biggest horse races world breeders cup performed song event took place churchill downs louisville kentucky november proceeds song went permanently disabled fund song available itunes medium past noted number crafts including pottery popular pottery company called pottery established west end early 1950s closed 1980s town number known writers staying varying periods time anthony greatest literary association probably anthony successful prolific respected english victorian era employed general post office sent ireland september age unhappy life point remarked autobiography good fortune life landing dublin september travelled canal boat shannon harbour arriving september coincided second day annual great fair smaller town miles away chosen base postal probably position shannon offered easy access boat dublin established shannon hotel long bow fronted georgian building years old time hotel exists located town mere yards river post office worked town matter minutes foot post office postal surveyor new deputy working headquarters building erroneously considered residence initial knowledge ireland limited soon discovered irish good clever working classes intelligent england reputed economical kind chief defects judged switch little bound love truth remained stationed late transferred began write novel begun novel whilst walking outside county ruins house stood 1840s 1970s accounts thought ruins melancholy spots visited later described chapter novel novel initially unsuccessful went write seven novels dozens short stories books travel returned england reached fairly senior position post office hierarchy postal history credits introducing pillar box bright red mail box britain anthony died london buried green cemetery charlotte charlotte brief association married arthur bell father born scottish parents county orphaned early subsequently brought uncle bell bell royal school cuba court time couple ireland stayed cuba court period june according pope disliked inhabitants greatly admired surrounding countryside bell poor unknown england member respectable family letter quoted elizabeth book life charlotte charlotte wrote dear husband appears new light country deep pleasure hearing praises sides old servants followers family tell fortunate person got best gentlemen country trust feel god having enabled right choice pray enabled repay ought devotion honourable man january discovered pregnant accompanied severe illness died march officially tuberculosis remained father years returning taking wife portrait wedding dress copy charlotte letters years later critic shorter prepared write charlotte circle found relics diaries emily anne tin box charlotte minute childhood writings wrapped newspaper james pope james pope came write biography anthony pope published book london fabric awarded prize established biographer travel writer time arrived notable works biography queen mary rewarded created commander royal victorian order biography grandfather irish colonial governor john pope sins fathers account atlantic slave like pope took rooms shannon hotel near river set trying capture essence town inspired novel proved popular figure town evidenced fact asked local beauty horse fair pope gives particular mention family shannon hotel 1960s 1970s help production work sold hotel pope stayed march april largely completed study time finished biography anthony won award biography largely regarded pope finest work queen mary pope grew fond returned stay shannon hotel number times premature death illustrated description anthony words little village retains quality friendly village life day changed little time save population declined sir sir born near queen county elected parliament member lost seat elected member voted act union result deprived year customs house stopped advancement published parts volume historic memoirs ireland thought induced delay second volume english government exposure conduct carrying act union understood purchase silence permitted reside france published volumes personal sketches times address houses parliament removed bench consequence proven public volume personal sketches appeared delayed volume historic memoirs book subsequently reproduced cheaper form rise fall irish nation works interesting valuable statements fact depended containing personal incident related fascinating style died versailles april popular culture town likely source phrase widely known english speaking countries world beats common reaction extraordinary describe commonly proposed explanation entitled send members parliament following charter incorporation known infamous pocket borough members representative landed class nominated local lord vote taking place member house spoke family rotten borough unusual reply beats alternative explanation suggested irish called famous telling wonderful stories line gives theory says jack beats entry captain francis dictionary vulgar tongue says beats irish saying tells wonderful stories famous dealing numerous uses phrase literature including kelly james wake james farewell companions brien river phrase beats devil origins difficult trace feature work irish writer brian polo common usage ireland asserted arrival ireland live place called shannon heard having conquered conquered including devil john ordnance survey letter king county attempts trace origins states words enter irish nomenclature difficult explanation goes beats devil kenny book marathon marriage uses story devil losing game cards named black castle road explanation phrase education national school children ages approximately students secondary education provided college multi school responsibility education training board college amalgamation union secondary school community college union voluntary catholic school run sisters union des congregation founded france jean promote christian education school ireland opened doors house main street arrived mother sisters order originally known school opened students guidance principal amalgamation discussions began november agreed new school constructed union site school approximately students sport associated game home club club founded represents parishes played football won senior championships sean cup dominated senior county mid-1960s early 1990s outside county inaugural winners senior club championship won title occasions club contested ireland senior club championship final losing county players captained team ireland success martin number players won stars martin martin michael martin stars team effectively making star schools won ireland schools championship seven occasions college recent winners senior championship having won previous occasions won junior championship won junior championship won senior football championship title playing soccer popular united club fields teams senior junior leagues hall located shannon hotel marina active membership pitch course located adjacent castle canal bank river bank enclosed form swimming pool active sub club town


listen scottish town situated heart east central scotland located approximately miles edinburgh lies south north town population recorded census making largest settlement 18th populous settlement scotland comes historical link earl owned land new town built scottish valley added avoid confusion recognition town lies river valley motto meaning earth strength dates founding town planned late 1940s scotland post second world war new towns original purpose house miners work newly established coal following failure town developed important industrial centre scotland major electronics tech companies setting facilities town development corporation non public body established develop manage promote new town supported local authority oversaw governance wind responsibility transferred council administrative capital containing council police scotland division headquarters home main concentration specialist manufacturing engineering companies organisations global headquarters based public services service industries important town economy major employers include manufacturing brand manufacturing college education defence electronics unique majority town centre contained indoors largest indoor shopping centre kingdom shopping centre town won multiple awards beautiful scotland britain bloom contests quality parks landscaping numerous outdoor sculptures artworks result appointment town artists early development town public facilities include regional sports leisure centre golf courses major parks civic centre theatre college campus trunk road provides principal access town passing connecting wider scottish motorway trunk road network major bus station located town centre providing regional local bus services surrounding settlements history comes association north east scotland earl family family historically owned land built family gave adjacent village scottish word meaning valley added prevent confusion reflect location town valley different areas named established farms occupied land historical country houses area parks new town designated new towns scotland act scotland second post war new town case developing new town partially driven national energy strategy created british government following second world war concept advanced report produced sir frank central south east scotland planning committee case new town area support growth coal mining industry planning development management promotion new town responsibility development corporation appointed secretary state scotland corporation board consisted members including chairman deputy chairman meeting house provided russell june original plan build new settlement population people land occupies largely agricultural contained number small rural communities established house workers local paper mills originally proposals new town centred village infrastructure deemed unable withstand substantial growth required realise new town considerable local opposition proposal considered possible locations meeting local opposition eventually area acres villages new town development historical estates included assigned area historical country houses house house house prior development main industries area coal mining farming russell largest paper manufacturer area operated site years paper manufacturers established operations mills west town mill east location mills strategic natural energy provided river new coal associated town development built land west established village south officially opened queen elizabeth_ii promoted key driver economic regeneration central flooding geological problems area combined demand coal nationally significant impact viability resulted eventual closure ironically miners worked older deep pits area fore warned development pit reason coal closure resulted development stopped shortly following closure central government decided change town role appointing economic focal points central scotland national plan economic growth development development corporation successful attracting light industries modern electronics factories town consequence big overseas electronic investor instruments followed hughes industries early 1960s number important companies followed establishing major industrial hub scotland middle 1970s town headquarters regional council effectively county town taking role unlike post war scottish new towns east originally glasgow new town later role populated early 1950s families moving declining areas scotland major industrial estates developed south largely proximity proposed east regional road developed giving dual access main central scotland road network era peaked 1990s canon developing manufacturing plant park telecommunications major american electronics company established base early promise substantial number jobs companies closed operations promised jobs growth substantial level electronics industrial sector central scotland dependent inward investment strategy led employment foreign owned plants susceptible changes global economic markets start 21st century decline major electronics manufacturing scotland impacted town economy result industrial base town forced second time short history left lasting legacy town overseeing development houses square feet industrial square feet office square feet shopping winding continues serve principal administrative centre serves wider sub regional area major centre services employment canadian artist researcher grace chose holiday week explore perceived area considered scots documentation curious explore town photographer common places following similar study east new town outcome production series images artist believes scots reinforce observation takes visitor granted real time easy rush everyday work sought position everyday environment cause viewer pause regard commonplace extraordinary gained national publicity winning award following unofficial contest operated urban realm group set quality built environments scotland judges contest awarded category dismal place scotland depressed investment town centre generated mixed views locals built environment alike contrast town won awards best kept large town clean sustainable beautiful community scotland beautiful scotland competition winner large town category royal society britain bloom competition town continued success achieving gold awards finals historic scotland completed assessment town art ultimately awarding listed building status number artworks scattered town organisation gave positive recognition significant role helping create idea art key factor creating sense place place importance history development scotland great scotland unveiled scottish parliament panel shows pieces town public artworks visual references important industrial heritage associated originally coal mining later major centre industries governance early years creation new town development corporation input local authority county council oversaw governance new town early 1990s conservative government established wind order new town development corporations responsibilities assets management governance new towns transferred private sector companies local authorities government organisations finally wound responsibility largely transferred council assets kingdom shopping centre industrial office units sold private sector companies represented number tiers elected government north community council community council form lowest tier governance statutory role communicate local opinion local central government lies council areas scotland council executive legislative body responsible local governance region main headquarters based council meetings place house known house town centre west wing building built development corporation offices later headquarters regional council scottish election council governed minority labour_party claiming total seats support conservative party independent forms county constituency member parliament house_of_commons parliament united_kingdom past post system peter grant scottish national party elected general election purposes scottish parliament forms mid constituency following scottish elections newly formed constituency replaces central constituency taking ward excluding villages ward constituency member scottish parliament past post system election region seven additional members produce form proportional representation following scottish elections constituency represented scottish national party replaces retired presiding officer scottish parliament geography lies mid agricultural howe north east industrial south west neighbouring settlements boundaries town virtually indistinguishable neighbouring small towns villages forming urban area villages star located slightly away physically separated farmland traditional industrial centre nearest large town lies approximately miles south town located principal settlements miles miles away scotland major cities edinburgh located miles miles away respectively smaller scottish city perth located miles northwest northern parts settlement lie southern fringes hills regional park central parts town extend southern edge river valley substantial green space passes east west town ridge southern parts largely industrial situated land gently slopes south burn village height mean sea level town centre feet temperatures like rest scotland relatively moderate given northern latitude peninsula located north forth south north_sea east summers relatively cool warming water summer results warm winters average annual temperatures range maximum minimum linked network semi natural landscape areas town allow mix biodiversity different flora fauna wildlife habitats areas ancient woodland found riverside park park designated historic gardens designed landscapes park renowned having large collection species protected wildlife species found area include red water types bats landscape areas act natural drainage systems reducing likelihood flooding built areas town flows river burn landscape planning ensured road network particular focuses town provides green networks town built environment urban form careful consideration given form infrastructure town focusing creation individual suburban type architectural identity engineers planners builders architects tasked creating good quality mass produced housing green spaces tree planting wildlife corridors soft hard landscaping seen equally important process helping provide sense place connection land new town felt need order successful place people want live raise children separating industry far possible housing areas planned industrial estates key element early plans time seen important change chaotic industrial towns cities previous centuries cramped housing dirty industries built close proximity vision provide clean healthy safe environment town residents settlement purposely planned series development started east progressed westwards town implemented far south parks housing early residential based howard garden city philosophy relatively tried tested principles town planning architecture reflected housing styles town sub divided town designated area self contained residential primary schools local shops community facilities second town developed late 1960s following change role accommodate increased population target new areas land north south designated area brought production new development road network upgraded deal projected increases car ownership new housing estates developed west south finally north designated area housing 1960s 1970s developed second departed slightly garden city ideals instead adopting principles separating far practical roads housing designed better accommodate increases car ownership increased significantly 1960s onwards changed period mixture higher contemporary architectural styles new development housing flats predominantly developed fronts houses designed face public open spaces car parking kept rear properties parking bays located nearby efforts reduce likelihood road accidents occurring housing 1980s onwards largely developed private sector majority housing developed low density suburban landscaping town included blending housing northern use structural planting tree belts geology area geology predominantly glacial deposits largely consisting boulder clay band sand gravel area north river river valley largely comprises deposits area productive coal measures largely recorded southern parts approximately south line road coal measures form east prior deposits worked found severe issues water penetration subsequent flooding smaller limestone coal historically worked recorded areas land park found particularly heavily undermined population designated area approximately people located numerous farm spread area population growth early phases town described slow dependence growth work places town population shown increased people rising town experienced greatest levels population growth average inward migration level persons population estimated risen time disbanded estimated town population stood people census recorded population representing total population census recorded population rise total population wider area estimated based mid year estimates national records scotland number households recorded owned age groups year olds year olds form largest portion population year olds town population study undertaken university showed local average gross weekly wage area average scottish average wages reflective type jobs available locally including higher average employment manufacturing public sector working age population town percentage population economically active recorded number january area representing rate compares january representing annual drop scottish index multiple figures indicate macedonia areas fall banding deprived communities scotland scottish index multiple figures records percentage local population employment deprived scottish average percentage local population income deprived recorded scottish average economy area economy predominantly comprises manufacturing engineering industries health public sector jobs service sector jobs number people employed approximately jobs recognised having main concentration specialist manufacturing engineering companies total businesses located recorded square metres industrial business town employment areas following survey carried largest concentrations premises south town town centre major employment areas include park park manufacturing engineering industries manufacturing accounted employment number high tech industrial companies located town largely specialised electronics manufacturing remain operations area gradually reduced consolidated peak late 1990s remaining companies specialised sector include brand development develops sector electronics defence industry provides technology repair test services produces micro electric mechanical systems major companies established base include manufacturing precision engineering indian group entered joint venture john ltd establish new warehouse facility new named focuses markets india africa far_east opened creating new jobs generating new exports worth predicted million scotland years located industrial estate adjacent airport public sector number public service agencies authorities based contributing town administrative centre function police scotland established division headquarters revenue customs kingdom housing association scottish environment protection agency offices park business park town college key employer large campus based road adjacent industrial estate council major employer locality prominent local authority headquarters building located town centre council departments contained number town centre office blocks major depot office facility located retail service sectors retail jobs accounted approximately total number jobs local economy majority shopping retail services administrative facilities concentrated town centre central business district kingdom centre provides main shopping element town centre containing approximately shop units anchored department store community commercial leisure facilities shopping centre include halls complex town theatre library civic exhibition centre cinema restaurant pub hall complex located adjacent shopping centre gate church street pin bowling facilities available town centre announcement reopen bowling alley facility albany gate town centre expanded original boundaries adjacent employment area number commercial operators including town major large complex located town largest retail employers trade large stores retail park constructed centre approximately half mile southwest town centre types service industries add town economic mix large single employers accommodation food services sector accounted town total jobs house hotel house hotel largest hotel operators immediate area golden hotel pub located eastern end town centre north street finance professional employed represent total number jobs town regeneration future development town centre action plan developed create vision wider town centre area informed summit held march attended representatives local business community voluntary groups individuals interest future town centre agreed area committee approve town centre action plan range projects delivered assist regeneration town centre new development proposed sites north street eastern entrance kingdom shopping centre home green data centre built business park hailed extremely significant economic development area strategically important scotland infrastructure million development create construction jobs build process time posts created completion including technical operational staff facility kind drawing energy source power coming directly plant town data centre accommodate high performance computer racks offering highest levels data security facility built outstanding standard power usage effectiveness rating russell local area economy years went administration scottish government council established involving key partners support economic growth employment creation particular focus central help effects job losses place appropriate support sustainable future area million set aside support action plan include projects green technology park supports plans regeneration industrial estate develop modern business technology park proximity power generation facility green data centre enterprise hub project established create dedicated stop shop approach develop culture improve overall performance new enterprises local economy culture community town appoint town artist recognised playing significant role scottish international context helping create idea art key factor creating sense place town artists david employed lifetime artists supported number assistants created large variety artworks sculptures scattered town artists contributed creation town artworks sculpture erected created good sculpture riverside park produced edinburgh based sculptor commissioned produce piece art work celebration town 40th anniversary town won numerous awards locally nationally quality landscaping promoted pride group development corporation devoted land provision open space consequence town numerous parks largest park park park riverside park park hills regional park borders enters town north east halls complex town main theatre exhibition conference civic centre venue town central library cafe form complex new town began construction number small venues served community entertainment purposes despite frequent requests community plan larger scale theatre community hall past planning stages 1970s calls community district council entertainment venue increased working party formed investigate potential sites designs building designs town centre complex agreed financial constraints meant followed proposals forward halls financial constraints delayed construction building finally constructed offering state art facilities biggest flexible theatre spaces available halls officially opened actor director richard wilson november halls played host vast range local national international shows popular music entertainment acts amateur societies performed area heritage centre established permanent base november following series successful temporary exhibitions held previously town centre heritage centre run local volunteers operates shop unit kingdom shopping centre focuses history area period early 19th century late 20th century hospital community hospital located lodge area northwest town centre opened october hospital nursing staff beds day hospital beds hospital provides wide range services including speech language therapy therapy district nurses health visitors hospital ray services accident emergency service hospital war memorial constructed following deaths local black watch soldiers iraq prior unusual position able host remembrance sunday unlike traditional memorials war memorial consists rings standing stones number social clubs organisations operating contribute cultural community offerings town include art club youth clubs floral art club amateur theatre groups choral society variety sports clubs hosts annual gala held park variety family activities including dog highland dancing travelling stalls summer winter festivals held riverside park summer festival included sporting events arts crafts food stalls shows winter festival coincided night celebrations included town annual fireworks display previously held park host annual highland games surrounding villages host annual gala days festivals town large variety established sports facilities including hole golf courses football stadium major sports complex michael woods sports leisure centre new centre named late councillor michael woods controversial decision taken area committee sports centre recognised architectural quality scottish property awards coming second place architectural excellence award public buildings local football club junior play park rugby club based park cricket club play riverside park road running festival largest annual sporting event town people ages levels fitness taking held annually town established destination hosting british international championships held annually town club twin town link city germany early local councillor suggested town twin town continent years later friendship grew teachers high school gymnasium eventually led towns number exchanges official club personal levels famous people associated town include actor scott grew attended high school douglas mason known engineers revolution father poll tax set home 1960s spent adult life living henry minister scotland lived having brought nearby town centre home building involved notorious scandal ultimately led resignation minister landmarks prominent landmarks river bridge russell factory chimneys heights residential tower block house office block sit western corners town centre river bridge spans riverside park carries town western distributor road cable stayed bridge completed bridge designed based russell studios architects commissioned development corporation landmark creating gateway riverside park seen bridge constructed construction scotland reinforced concrete cable stayed structure built number artworks sculptures act landmarks major town giant roundabout gateway roundabout town artist produced giant sculpture contribution glasgow garden festival sculpture winner john brown award original amusing artifact following festival erected roundabout number sculptures relocated visually prominent locations town creating new landmarks pieces artworks awarded listed status historic scotland listed category birds work industry past present category historic scotland produced website video information dedicated town art home remains ancient stone circles seen northeast town constructed contains remnants stone circle partly reconstructed excavated prior development new housing estate located approximately away excavated order allow widening stones moved short distance new location north lodge reconstructed nearly possible original way stone circle carbon dated bronze age thought stone circle circle formed larger ceremonial complex number homes located house category listed georgian home family bought grounds family developed park golf course house later occupied restored stop property falling disrepair led potential interest house converted star hotel listed stable block house converted craft centre house listed residence sir robert located northwest town converted high quality hotel house category listed 17th century home family care home elderly owned church scotland building process renovated interior roof house destroyed fire february redevelopment hold grounds house create riverside park hosts ruin 17th century house called house built occupied famous scottish physician town home number churches act important landmarks result unique architectural styles locations key road junctions earliest churches listed buildings margaret church category listed paul church category listed church church street category listed town centre paul designed architects listed key monuments post war architecture international conservation organisation church sits junction main distributor roads church designed architects underwent significant restoration internally church contains large mural created titled way cross completed externally church distinctive triangular iron bell tower inspired stain glass windows acts landmark south western gateway town centre local landmark worthy mention castle located east south bank river near castle dates 14th century remaining structures added 18th century recently restored parts castle ruins castle awarded category listing historic scotland education early town served primary schools provided basis school houses primary school opened primary school built total thirteen primary schools developed town non serves catholic pupils february council executive committee voted close primary schools wider school estate review sought reduce costs closure faced considerable local opposition proposals called scottish government subsequently announced closure school ahead planned secondary schools earliest high school opened secondary schools provided basis school houses high school built serve western prior older pupils attend schools neighbouring towns continue higher examinations provided pupils junior secondary level high school built accommodate pupils higher level changes education system nationally meant raised high school status 1970s high school serves east southern parts villages million building future project replacement completed opened pupils high school serves central northern areas town high school serves western parts villages catholic pupils attend andrew high school neighbouring education town provided college created august merger adam smith college college based construction college campus began early 1970s originally paper manufacturing mechanical engineering electrical engineering courses second institute known institute physical recreational education built adjacent catering sport physical education providing sports centre town campus college located road smaller campus exists industrial estate road campus significantly extended development future skills centre centre includes new departments engineering construction science cater emerging industries energy low carbon technologies provide training major engineering projects transport planned road network original establishing principle traffic bypassed housing network freeway highway distributor roads connect purposely designed town centre industrial estates element adopted use junctions instead traffic lights allow traffic flow freely town direct dual access trunk road passes north south town connects north southwest merges gives continuous dual link edinburgh major central scotland road networks whilst route north remains single local number years sought upgrade north road passes east west town connects east west road described early southern freeway links mining communities route dual roundabout far west airport early route originally intended upgraded provide connections chapel junction implemented town major bus station town centre providing frequent links cities edinburgh glasgow perth surrounding towns villages railway stations edge main town serve area railway station railway station home airfield airport code general aviation private light aircraft edinburgh airport nearest international airport airport operates daily flights london birmingham belfast purposely designed pedestrian cycle system created network ring radial routes town includes near mile continuous linear cycle path called way extends length west east connected national cycle network route runs north north linking wider network route route