uss utah uss utah second final member florida class dreadnought battleships ship united_states_navy named state utah sister ship florida utah built new_york corporation laid march launched december year completed august boasted main battery inch guns twin gun turrets utah florida ships arrive united_states occupation veracruz mexican revolution battleships sent ashore landing party began occupation city american entrance world war utah stationed bay ireland protected convoys potential german surface raiders 1920s ship conducted numerous training cruises fleet maneuvers carried dignitaries tours south_america twice utah converted target ship designated accordance terms london naval treaty signed previous year equipped numerous anti aircraft guns different types train gunners fleet served roles rest decade late found ship pearl harbor port morning december minutes japanese attack pearl harbor hit torpedoes caused flooding utah quickly rolled sank vast majority crew able escape men killed attack wreck remains harbor memorial erected near ship design utah long overall beam draft displaced long tons designed long tons combat load ship powered shaft parsons steam turbines rated shp coal fired boilers generating speed mph ship cruising range nmi speed mph crew officers men ship armed main battery inch mark guns twin gun turrets centerline placed superfiring pair forward turrets placed aft superstructure secondary battery consisted sixteen inch guns mounted casemates hull standard capital ships period carried pair inch torpedo tubes submerged hull broadside main armored belt thick armored deck thick gun turrets thick faces conning tower thick sides service history utah laid new_york corporation march launched december sponsored miss mary alice daughter governor william utah commissioned navy august conducted cruise stopped roads santa island pensacola galveston kingston jamaica bay cuba assigned atlantic fleet march time participated gunnery drills underwent overhaul new_york navy yard starting april utah left new_york june proceeded way roads arriving june took crew naval cadets naval academy training cruise coast new_england lasted august years utah followed similar routine training exercises cruises atlantic period november utah goodwill cruise european waters included stop france early mexican revolution united_states decided intervene fighting route mexico april utah ordered intercept german steamer carrying arms mexican dictator arrival veracruz prompted occupy city utah sister ship florida american vessels scene ships landed combined contingent thousand marines begin occupation city april days marines battled rebels city suffered casualties killing hundreds return utah remained veracruz months returned new_york navy yard overhaul late june spent years conducting normal routine training atlantic fleet april united_states entered world war declaring war germany submarine warfare campaign britain utah stationed chesapeake_bay train engine room personnel gunners rapidly expanding fleet august departed bay ireland vice admiral henry commander chief atlantic fleet aboard arriving ireland utah assigned flagship battleship division commanded rear admiral thomas tasked covering convoys western approaches possible attacks german surface raiders utah served division nevada oklahoma following end war november utah visited isle portland britain escorted liner george_washington december carried president wilson brest france post war peace negotiations versailles utah left brest december arrived new_york 25th month remained january time returned normal peacetime routine fleet exercises training cruises july utah departed europe stopping lisbon portugal france arriving flagship american warships europe carried role relieved armored cruiser uss pittsburgh october utah returned october returned old post flagship early utah took fleet problem iii maneuvers sister florida acted stand ins new colorado class battleships later year utah chosen carry diplomatic mission centennial celebration battle took place december left new_york november general armies john aboard goodwill tour south_america utah arrived peru december conclusion tour utah met carried ports including rio_de_janeiro brazil venezuela havana cuba tour ultimately ended utah returned new_york march utah conducted training cruises summer decommissioned boston navy yard october placed drydock modernization modernization replaced coal fired boilers new oil fired models aft cage mast replaced pole mast white oil fired models removed battleships battlecruisers scrapped result washington naval treaty utah catapult mounted number turret cranes handling utah returned active duty december served scouting fleet left roads november south american cruise time picked president elect entourage transported rio_de_janeiro december carried home united_states arriving roads january according terms london naval treaty utah converted radio controlled target ship replace older north july utah accordingly redesignated primary secondary weapons removed turrets mounted plane handling equipment remove torpedo added work completed april recommissioned april utah left norfolk sea trials train engine room crew test radio control equipment ship controlled varying rates speed changes course maneuvers ship conduct battle electric motors operated signals controlling ship opened closed throttle moved steering gear regulated supply oil boilers addition pilot kept ship course passed radio control trials june ship operated hours radio control june left norfolk bound san california joined training squadron base force united_states fleet starting late july ship began round target duty cruisers pacific fleet battleship nevada continued role years participated fleet problem served transport contingent marines june ship modified train anti aircraft gunners addition target ship duties perform task equipped new inch caliber anti aircraft gun quadruple mount experimental testing development new type weapon utah returned atlantic participate fleet problem january end year trained submarine squadron returned pacific arriving pearl harbor august conducted anti aircraft gunnery training december departed long beach california arriving december served bombing target aircraft carriers lexington enterprise returned pearl harbor april resumed anti aircraft gunnery training cruised los_angeles carry contingent marines fleet marine force washington entered sound navy yard overhauled equipped new inch dual purpose guns single mounts improve ability train anti aircraft gunners left sound september bound pearl harbor resumed normal duties rest year attack pearl harbor early december utah moored ford island berth having completed round anti aircraft gunnery training shortly morning december crewmen aboard utah observed japanese planes approaching attack pearl harbor assumed american aircraft japanese began attack shortly concentrating battleships moored ford island torpedoes struck utah caused flooding ship began list port settle stern crew began abandon ship man chief peter remained decks ensure men possible escape vital machinery running long possible received medal honor posthumously actions utah rolled crew members managed escape swam shore immediately reaching shore ship captain commander solomon heard knocking men trapped capsized ship called volunteers secure cutting torch badly damaged cruiser attempt free trapped men succeeded rescuing men total officers men killed survived salvage navy declared utah ordinary december placed authority pearl harbor base force following successful rotation upright capsized oklahoma attempt right utah method utah rotated grip harbor slid ford island utah recovery effort abandoned utah rotated degrees horizontal abandoned utah cleared berth attempt unlike battleships sunk battleship row military value formally placed commission september stricken naval vessel register november utah received battle star brief service world war hulk remains pearl harbor partially water men killed utah sank removed wreck considered war grave memorial memorials placed wreck dedicated men ship crew killed attack pearl harbor plaque located wharf north ship second plaque placed ship larger memorial erected ford island near sunken wreck memorial consists foot walkway white concrete extends ford island platform ship brass plaque located color guard stands watch wreck july utah arizona remaining wreck harbor nominated added national historic landmark registry added list seven crewmen aboard utah time sinking cremated ashes interred wreck relics ship preserved utah state capitol building items display pieces ship silver service captain clock ship bell permanent display university utah near entrance naval science building awards mexican service medal world war victory medal atlantic fleet grand_fleet american defense service medal pacific campaign medal campaign star world war victory medal


uss uss destroyer class destroyer built united_states_navy prior american entry world war ship navy vessel named honor george navy officer served mexican american war american_civil_war superintendent united_states naval academy laid william sons philadelphia launched december ship little length standard displacement long tons armed guns torpedo tubes powered pair steam turbines propelled mph march commissioning participated presidential fleet review new_york_city period reserve served neutrality patrol duty duty october destroyers sent rescue survivors victims german submarine picked passengers crew british ocean liner boat sank united_states entered world war april sent overseas patrol irish sea ireland unsuccessful attacks boats october destroyer collided sending weeks repairs returning united_states war january placed reduced commission alternating periods activity time reserve decommissioned philadelphia june november dropped known struck naval vessel register march ordered scrapped april design construction authorized march ships class identical class destroyers authorized time construction vessel like sister ships awarded william sons philadelphia laid keel december launched sponsor miss grace daughter ship namesake george ship navy ship named navy officer served mexican american war american_civil_war rear admiral served superintendent united_states naval academy built destroyer length feet inches drew ship standard displacement long tons displaced long tons fully loaded steam turbines drove screw propellers additional pair triple expansion steam engines connected propeller shafts cruising purposes oil burning boilers powered engines generate shp moving ship knots main battery consisted caliber mark guns gun weighing excess guns fired armor piercing projectiles elevation guns range equipped twin inch torpedo tubes pre world war commissioned united_states_navy march command lieutenant commander david served briefly torpedo flotilla atlantic fleet carrying torpedo firing practice virginia participating presidential fleet review president wilson new_york_city following fleet maneuvers submarine flotilla new london connecticut torpedo flotilla joined battleship squadrons bay maneuvers organized naval war college returning new_york navy yard summer placed reserve commission july destroyer placed commission december rejoined atlantic fleet june torpedoes brooklyn navy yard loaded horse drawn truck hauled brooklyn bridge hotel manhattan weapon display shell naval gun days peace preparation conference national security league year later served navy observation platform inter club cruise yacht club annual june sent examine entered cruise reported new_york_times half entries suitable use naval prior entrance united_states world war served neutrality patrol duty trying protect american neutral merchant ships interference british german warships boats course performing duties newport rhode_island early october october wireless reports came german submarine stopping ships near eastern end long_island british steamer west_point received rear admiral albert ordered destroyers newport attend survivors american destroyers arrived scene boat command rose process stopping holland america line cargo ship shortly stopped british passenger ship rose ships sunk earlier day gave passengers crew aboard adequate time abandon ships sinking pair point rose signaled requesting way allow torpedoed later lord denounced compliance aiding germans speech house_of_lords total survivors victims rescued destroyer flotilla picked crew number passengers later transferring destroyer return newport world war united_states entered world war april fitted installing depth charge racks wartime gear preparation foreign service sailing european waters october arrived ireland november reported duty force commander destroyer began convoy escort duties november generally meant merchant ships submarine danger zone western approaches united_kingdom france duty relatively uneventful twice encounter german submarines january steaming liverpool dropped depth charges diving boat effect destroyer joined escorts depth charging boat spotted near convoy dropping depth charges helped drive submarine sea notably october collided convoy escort operations collision knocked port depth charge overboard mate second class albert frank gunner mate second class frank received letters navy recognized collision imminent set depth charges safe suffer steering gear damage required weeks repair november escorting convoy english channel helped american destroyer rescue survivors merchant ship returning survivors inter war period following signing armistice november ended fighting received orders sail home departed ireland november arrived norfolk virginia azores january placed ordinary returned commission early april destroyer sailed west_indies weeks maneuvers bay cuba returned norfolk april overhaul july assigned hull code navy classification system postwar funding shortages kept destroyer port late briefly cruised torpedo flotilla atlantic fleet financial considerations led decommissioned philadelphia june november dropped free new destroyer known ship struck naval vessel register march april ordered scrapped philadelphia navy yard


uss north uss north dreadnought battleship united_states_navy second member delaware class sister ship delaware north laid fore river shipyard december launched november commissioned navy april armed main battery inch guns capable speed mph north vessel navy named 39th state north peaceful career present united_states occupation veracruz action united_states entered world war april north remained training crewmen rapidly expanding wartime navy combat remained active duty early 1920s decommissioned terms washington naval treaty november subsequently converted radio controlled target ship served capacity replaced role utah sold scrapping dismantled design north long overall beam draft displaced long tons designed long tons combat load ship powered shaft curtis steam turbines fourteen coal fired boilers generating speed knots ship cruising range nautical miles speed mph crew officers men bow early example ship armed main battery inch mark guns twin mark gun turrets centerline placed superfiring pair forward turrets placed aft superstructure secondary battery consisted inch mark guns mounted mark mark pedestal mounts casemates hull standard capital ships period carried pair inch torpedo tubes submerged hull broadside main armored belt thick armored deck thick gun turrets thick faces conning tower thick sides service history north laid fore river shipyard massachusetts december launched november completed april september ship suffered oil tank explosion fire sea men chief august patrick chief mates thomas mate class charles roberts harry received medal honor extraordinary heroism line profession fire commissioning north assigned atlantic fleet participated normal peacetime routine training cruises fleet maneuvers gunnery drills atlantic caribbean_sea november crossed atlantic time good visit britain france fleet maneuvers followed caribbean spring training cruises cadets naval academy occupied north time summers january joined honor escort british armored cruiser hms carrying remains united_states ambassador great_britain united_states remained neutral war europe broke august americas political disturbances mexico country revolution kept navy occupied year north steamed veracruz arrived april days american sailors occupied city cruised coast mexico protect americans country october returned norfolk virginia arriving october war atlantic fleet began intensive training prepare possible american entrance conflict north conducting gunnery training chesapeake_bay united_states declared war germany april unlike sister delaware north remained american waters duration war action based york river virginia new_york_city tasked training gunners engine room personnel rapidly expanding wartime fleet admiral hugh requested north remain trust reliability engines engines replaced new geared turbines new fire control equipment installed november north left norfolk carrying remains italian ambassador united_states died october washington ship stopped athens constantinople gibraltar cruising mediterranean_sea returned united_states participated fleet maneuvers caribbean spring july present joint army navy bombing tests german battleship sms cruiser sms frankfurt sunk air power demonstration north returned normal peacetime routine training exercises including cruises summers cruise went european waters visited spain scotland scandinavia years immediately following end war united_states britain japan launched huge naval construction programs countries decided new naval arms race ill advised convened washington naval conference discuss arms limitations produced washington naval treaty signed february terms article treaty north sister delaware scrapped soon new battleships colorado west_virginia construction ready join fleet north decommissioned november norfolk accordance terms treaty disarmed reclassified ship converted radio controlled gunnery target ship turbines removed later use aboard battleship nevada modernized 1930s served capacity replaced battleship utah stricken naval vessel register january subsequently sold union baltimore march


uss uss lead ship class ironclad river monitor laid union navy summer american_civil_war completion ship spent time patrolling mississippi_river confederate raids rear admiral david porter mississippi squadron participated red river campaign march resumed patrols mississippi end campaign supported union_army operations cumberland river provided fire support battle nashville december decommissioned war remained reserve sold design description steam powered gun turret bow single funnel later added turret funnel positioned rear forward face ship feet long overall beam feet launched proved draft foot deeper planned measured tons steam boilers cylinder western type engine drove ship maximum speed miles hour service carried long tons coal crew numbered officers enlisted men commissioning ship modified small bow main armament consisted inch guns mounted single turret arc fire firing guns tended jam turret modifications guns system gun weighed approximately pounds fire pound shell range yards elevation turret protected inches wrought iron hull inches armor armor plates deck housing inches thick service named river flowed kansas oklahoma laid james union iron works missouri launched february commissioned cairo illinois commander john command completed july left cairo july reached august month surrendered lengthy siege warships patrolled mississippi tributaries prevent confederate raiders flying batteries union supply ships example december confederate shore battery attacked disabled merchant steamer henry von signal steamed defend ship battery march participated unsuccessful red river campaign command rear admiral david porter retreat red river trapped falls alexandria louisiana ironclads mississippi squadron river water level unexpectedly began fall temporary dams known bailey dam built april raise water level high allow ironclads proceed downstream franklin nashville campaign december accompanied ironclad bombarded confederate artillery batteries cumberland river near bell mills tennessee december despite hit times seriously damaged monitor bombarded confederate right wing battle nashville december decommissioned mound city illinois july placed reserve renamed june renamed august ship sold august


south class battleship south class group fast battleships built united_states_navy second class battleships named 40th state designed 1920s canceled terms washington naval treaty class comprised ships south indiana massachusetts alabama compact better protected preceding north_carolina class main battery caliber mark guns gun turrets ships visually distinguished earlier vessels single funnel compared twin funnels north carolinas according authors william robert south design best treaty battleship built construction began shortly world war fiscal year commissioning summer ships served atlantic ready intercept possible german capital ship sorties pacific carrier groups shore ships retired post war south indiana scrapped massachusetts alabama retained museum ships development background preceding north_carolina class battleships assigned building program general board met discuss battleships allocated general board argued north carolinas admiral william chief naval operations wanted ships new design meant construction begin ships assigned design work started march draft battleships formally approved secretary navy june specific characteristics ships approved january ships formally ordered april deteriorating international situations europe asia congress authorized battleships new design total authorization june clause second london naval treaty activated navy begin work follow iowa class battleships congress willing approve ton battleships number deficiencies preceding north carolinas fixed south included insufficient underwater protection turbine engines recent technology north carolinas sufficient space act fleet lead ship new class designed extra deck conning tower specifically purpose increase space weight necessitated removal twin mounts design great deal debate requirements new battleships design board drew number proposals called ship inch guns triple turrets thick deck armor ship immune fire yards speed knots belt armor problem inch gun penetrate inches plate american battleship time yards proof ship armament characteristic known balanced armor main belt increased inches increased weight vessel levels problem sloped armor proposed use inclined armor external belt compromise stability dangerous degree complicated construction process armored belt damaged external plating cut away belt repaired minimize inclined belt sloped outward keel armored deck meant shells fired relatively close range hit upper portion belt angle armor protection effectiveness upper portion belt degraded longer ranges shells strike angle closer perpendicular increasing ability penetrate armor reduce area needed covered armored deck saved additional weight enabled upper belt thicker extent vulnerability fire belt internal provided opportunity extend inner portion double gave ship better underwater protection north carolinas ultimately complex double belt armor abandoned apparent single belt provide similar protection save tons weight size hull problem longer hull generally higher speed requires armor protect order higher speed shorter hull higher performance machinery required south design shorter preceding north carolinas compared respectively new ships need improved machinery shorter hulls order retain speed longer ships design initially called speed knots deemed sufficient opposing battleships surfaced submarines reports japanese navy revealed battleship capable speeds excess knots counter determined speed mph possible power plant north_carolina reduced size fit hull south order boilers positioned directly turbines arrangement lexington class battlecruisers boilers rearranged times turbines eventually ending directly alongside turbines propulsion system arranged close possible equipment placed machinery rooms provided additional space armored belt add second plotting room time design process established hull long incorporate single internal sloped armor belt case rejection general board naval architects produced series alternatives longer faster ships armed inch guns triple turrets slower ships inch guns quadruple turrets improved versions north_carolina class ship knots armed guns similar configuration north carolinas arguments arose frequently issue speed commander chief refused allow new ship drop mph battle force argued mph necessary maintain line battle president war college maintained fast ship optimal navy continue operate older mph battleships 1950s higher speed strictly necessary mean class slow act escorts fast carrier task forces primary design plan meet specified requirements speed protection inch gun late proposed design agreed requiring small modifications save weight increase fields fire crew senior officers mess halls reduced size ventilation ports completely removed ship use artificial air circulation specifications armament main battery south class battleships carried main battery caliber mark guns gun turrets turrets placed superfiring pair forward turret mounted aft main superstructure guns fired mark armor piercing shell rate minute gun guns use charge reduced charge reduced charge provided muzzle velocity feet second meters second shell charge reduced version provided lower muzzle velocity shells gun came total guns turrets elevate degrees iii turrets degrees superfiring turret able enabled maximum range yards nmi mark turrets able train degrees directions centerline enabled wide arc fire guns elevated depressed rate degrees second turrets train degrees second secondary battery south built fleet flagship extra deck conning tower extra command space secondary battery sixteen caliber mark guns mark twin mounts superstructure turrets fewer sister ships twin mounts guns ship turrets weighed guns degrees elevate degrees guns fired variety different projectiles including anti aircraft illumination white shells rate fire rounds minute shells long weighed depending variant illumination white shells slightly smaller long illumination rounds weighed shells guns different charges depending situation charge charge reduced charge standard charge weighed charge slightly heavier reduced charge significantly smaller charges provided muzzle velocity new guns continued fire wore barrels muzzle velocity degraded slightly reduced charge muzzle velocity lower gun supplied rounds expected fire shells worn warrant replacement maximum effective elevation engage surface targets degrees guns hit targets yards away maximum height aircraft engaged feet anti aircraft battery ships variety anti aircraft weapons weapons mounted changed time initially ships designed mount machine guns march south completed anti aircraft battery modified machine guns sixteen september year guns removed number guns reduced place guns increased weapons guns added quadruple mounts february guns gun replaced additional guns total december battery upgraded march battery modified time added removed provided maximum number anti aircraft guns guns ships followed similar pattern upgrades anti aircraft armament armor south internal armor belt inclined vertical inches thick inch thick plates belt equal inches vertical belt armor proof fired inch guns colorado class distance immune zone super heavy inch shells fired south smaller armor effective ranges armor extended ship tapered maximum thickness inches inch lowest portion feature chosen protect penetration heavy caliber gun projectiles managed hit ship waterline underwater armor included torpedo bulkheads multi layered system designed absorb energy underwater explosion equivalent pounds tnt service south south keel laid july new_york corporation new_jersey launched june commissioned march went cruise june fitting complete august september battleship atlantic pacific panama canal struck coral reef soon arriving islands sail pearl harbor navy yard repairs took month south assigned escort aircraft carrier enterprise task force joined soon combined fleet known ordered sweep santa islands southwest block japanese forces approaching led battle santa escorting enterprise south credited shooting japanese planes battleship hit turret action october south destroyer collided investigating contact submarine ships able continue repaired battleship joined north_carolina class battleship washington destroyers form ships intercepted japanese bombardment force night november battle known second naval battle damaged cruisers addition forcing battleship destroyer scuttled battle power failure south received considerable damage shells hit ship knocking radio communications fire control radars destroying main radar set partial repairs courtesy crew allowed south sail new_york ship arrival december given overhaul battle damage completely fixed departing yard february south underwent sea trials escorting ranger north_atlantic operations mid april joined british home_fleet deployment lasted august ship traveled norfolk pacific arriving september moving fiji november joined battleship divisions supported allied forces battle battles battleships fired island december january saw ship bombard moved away protect carriers assigned provide air support multiple amphibious assaults islands south provided anti aircraft support fast carrier task forces june bombarded battleship took called turkey shoot attacking japanese aircraft shot hit pound bomb main deck killed wounded rest world war south operated pacific carrier escort times received overhaul sound navy yard july august tanks gunpowder inch guns exploded putting ship action june bombarded okinawa march april steel works july august july south present surrender japan aboard missouri september left tokyo bay september west_coast united_states battleship set sail philadelphia january overhauled designated atlantic reserve fleet june decommissioned january south remained idle stricken naval register june sold scrap division brothers company october ship falls south memorabilia parts battleship displayed outline main deck screw south display outside navy museum washington indiana indiana keel laid september newport news drydock company newport news virginia launched november fitting process battleship rebuilt crane ship lowered inch guns turret indiana commissioned fleet april operations sent directly solomon islands indiana arrived november replaced sister south need repairs indiana operations consisted primarily shore bombardment support marines fighting island november indiana took invasion alongside sister south operation indiana shot aircraft ship participated invasion marshall islands february battleship washington collided indiana starboard torpedo protection system fuel tanks flooded longitudinal bulkheads severely damaged starboard propeller damaged shaft mounted mount guns guns destroyed mounts guns indiana starboard catapult torn ship float plane sitting ship suffered list starboard corrected flooding compartments port indiana sailed repaired voyage pearl harbor resulting work largest single repair handled pearl harbor battleships damaged attack started war indiana returned active duty participated invasion western new_guinea ship returned central pacific bombarded subsequently took operations islands june japanese torpedo bomber attempted attack ship indiana anti aircraft gunners managed destroy aircraft torpedo dropped damage ship shortly second japanese plane shot managed crash ship aircraft striking armor plates scattered pieces plane stern men injured ship suffered slight damage indiana returned sound naval yard needed overhaul work lasted january ship returned active duty 24th month indiana took bombardment attacks japanese home islands following shore indiana joined task force assembled invade okinawa ship provided ground support fire anti aircraft defense increasing number attacking invasion fleet indiana continued duties end war august indiana reserve fleet sound finally struck navy list june sold scrapping september ship breaking finished battleship mast given indiana university anchor display fort wayne massachusetts massachusetts ship class laid july fore river shipyard steel corporation massachusetts launched september commissioned cruise battleship departed bay maine october support allied invasion africa operation torch flagship western naval task force heavy cruisers destroyers massachusetts sailed evening november incomplete french battleship jean missing quadruple caliber gun turrets harbor having traveled escape german invasion france american planes fired french submarines spotted leaving harbor coastal battery hank opened fire massachusetts mistakenly assumed gunfire come jean order battleship given massachusetts hit jean times process disabled active main battery turret massachusetts severely damaged destroyer milan subsequently beached merchant ships floating crane destroyed engagement seven french destroyers managed escape harbor attempted way invasion beaches massachusetts increased speed order attack destroyers battery hank continued fire ship inch shells coastal battery struck port forward main gun turrets shell penetrated deck armor started small fire quickly extinguished time french cruiser destroyers left port massachusetts sank destroyer inch shell massachusetts struck destroyer milan action forced retire hit inch shell massachusetts number smaller caliber shells american cruisers brooklyn operations north african coast november massachusetts fired main battery shells rounds inch guns following successful operations north_africa massachusetts taken overhaul boston navy yard ship sailed pacific theater arrived march battleship supported operations south pacific months including guarding convoy lanes escorting aircraft carriers bombarding japanese positions islands including december january returning carrier protection bombardment massachusetts provided anti aircraft defense allied air attacks sent guam supported later invasions caroline islands bombarding island ship set course sound navy yard overhaul gun barrels worn active duty massachusetts departed pearl harbor august joining task force supported forces landing gulf provided cover task groups attacking japanese warships battle gulf okinawa moving philippines battleship protected allied ships troops battle force struck manila massachusetts rest ran typhoon cobra winds mph continued operate december january ships struck okinawa provided cover amphibious assault south china sea attack japanese shipping february early march massachusetts provided anti aircraft cover airborne raids march ship bombarded okinawa remainder month majority april massachusetts provided anti aircraft defense time allied ships near okinawa june suffered typhoon mph winds days later bombarded july saw fleet massachusetts set course japan battleship protected carriers launched raids tokyo moved closer land hit targets gunfire massachusetts attacked japan second largest iron steel center july july august bombardment probably inch shell fired world war war massachusetts sound navy yard overhaul completed left january operated california coast setting course roads panama canal arrived april massachusetts decommissioned march entered atlantic reserve fleet struck naval register june scrapped instead battleship given massachusetts memorial committee june museum ship fall river massachusetts located battleship cove alabama construction work alabama fourth final member south class began february norfolk navy yard keel laying launched february commissioned service months later august alabama sailed cruise chesapeake_bay november culminated bay maine minor repairs carried norfolk big ship returned bay conduct training maneuvers sister south beginning march alabama assigned british home_fleet tasked convoy escort duties route soviet_union relieved duties july return norfolk brief overhaul august later august alabama departed pacific theater ship assigned fleet amphibious operations gilbert islands particularly early night february alabama inch guns firing japanese aircraft area ship turned direction japanese aircraft order better engage turret masked amidships mount gunner turret accidentally safety mechanism prevented gun firing gun fired hit inch turret men killed wounded incident investigation revealed switch faulty prone accidental operation alabama shot japanese aircraft following month march ship conducted anti aircraft defense operations battle philippine sea june joined battleships providing gunfire support ground troops islands assigned task force battle gulf october early alabama returned repair refit work sound naval yard work consisted primarily improvements guns radar equipment early ship returned fleet operations tasked providing anti aircraft support fast carrier groups launching air strikes japanese main island july shelled number areas japan including 14th 18th 29th 30th turned offensive operations war duty far_east assist landing occupation forces japan departed united_states january alabama placed reserve fleet washington remained june removed navy list alabama transferred uss alabama battleship commission acquired ship order turn memorial towed july mobile alabama currently resides museum ship main attraction battleship memorial park conversion proposal july conversion proposal south class ships ordered chairman ship characteristics board request ships speed increased knots design staff decided remove turret use weight space gained install set improved steam turbines set gas turbines system produce shaft horsepower minimum requirement achieve knots south hull unfortunately necessitated alterations hull form particularly rear ship larger propellers required shafts completely rebuilt accommodate changes estimates project ran high ship include cost ship upgrades electrical combat systems result conversion program halted


uss porter uss porter destroyer tucker class destroyer built united_states_navy prior american entry world war ship second navy vessel named honor david porter son david porter porter laid william sons philadelphia august launched august following year ship little feet length feet standard displacement long tons armed inch guns inch torpedo tubes porter powered pair steam turbines propelled knots april commissioning porter conducted cruise caribbean united_states entered world war april porter destroyer squadron sent overseas patrolling irish celtic sea ireland porter severely damaged german submarine april returning united_states war porter operated east_coast decommissioned june june porter transferred united_states_coast_guard help enforce prohibition patrol operated porter returned navy later year ship renamed free porter destroyer sold scrap august design construction porter authorized ship tucker class like related brien class improved version class destroyers authorized construction vessel awarded william sons philadelphia laid keel august months later august porter launched sponsor miss porter descendant ship commodore david porter son admiral david porter notable navy officers built porter feet inches length feet inches drew feet inches ship standard displacement long tons displaced long tons fully loaded porter curtis steam turbines drove screw propellers additional steam turbine geared propeller shafts cruising purposes power plant generate shaft horsepower ship speeds knots porter main battery consisted inch mark guns gun weighing excess pounds guns fired pound armor piercing projectiles feet second elevation guns range yards porter equipped inch torpedo tubes general board united_states_navy called anti aircraft guns tucker class ships provisions laying floating mines sources unclear recommendations followed porter ships class united_states_navy career uss porter commissioned united_states_navy april command lieutenant commander ward following commissioning porter conducted caribbean united_states entry world war april porter overseas duty departed new_york april ships division flagship davis arrived ireland began patrolling southern approaches irish sea day based porter met escorted convoys united_states entered war zone october porter came aid american destroyer torpedoed german submarine nautical miles south head ireland stern nearly blown rudder gone leaving ship unable steer porter arrived stayed dusk british took porter towed safety later returned patrol duty april porter severely damaged german submarine steaming intercept convoy destroyer transferred brest france june returned united_states end war operated east_coast decommissioned june united_states_coast_guard career january prohibition instituted law united_states soon smuggling alcoholic coastlines united_states widespread blatant treasury department eventually determined united_states_coast_guard simply ships constitute successful patrol cope problem president authorized transfer navy coast guard old destroyers reserve commission porter reactivated transferred treasury department june use coast guard designated porter commissioned february stationed new_york duties patrol aid attempt enforce prohibition laws coast guard service porter captured running vessel coast long_island united_states congress proposed amendment end prohibition february plans porter returned navy porter arrived philadelphia navy yard decommissioned days later june porter transferred navy june later ship renamed order free porter new destroyer remained status struck naval vessel register july sold scrap august accordance london naval treaty


uss uss destroyer brien class destroyer built united_states_navy prior american entry world war ship second navy vessel named honor john navy officer notable sinking confederate commerce alabama american_civil_war laid william sons philadelphia october launched february ship little length standard displacement long tons armed guns torpedo tubes powered pair steam turbines propelled mph august commissioning sailed east_coast caribbean seventeen destroyers sent rescue survivors victims german submarine october united_states entered world war april sent overseas patrol irish sea ireland unsuccessful attacks boats rescued survivors ships sunk german craft returning united_states war placed reduced commission december decommissioned philadelphia june november dropped free new destroyer known struck naval vessel register january sold scrapping june design construction authorized march ships brien class improved version class destroyers authorized construction vessel awarded william sons philadelphia laid keel october february launched sponsor miss ship namesake john ship second ship named navy officer notable sinking confederate commerce alabama american_civil_war built destroyer length drew ship standard displacement long tons displaced long tons fully loaded steam turbines drove screw propellers additional pair triple expansion steam engines connected propeller shafts cruising purposes oil burning white boilers powered engines generate shp moving ship knots mph main battery consisted caliber mark guns gun weighing excess guns fired armor piercing projectiles elevation guns range equipped torpedo tubes general board united_states_navy called anti aircraft guns brien class ships provisions laying floating mines sources unclear recommendations followed ships class pre world war commissioned united_states_navy august command lieutenant commander trials upper east_coast joined 6th division atlantic fleet torpedo flotilla destroyer participated maneuvers cuban waters winter spring began operations eastern october serving coastal waters near newport rhode_island october wireless reports came german submarine stopping ships near eastern end long_island british steamer west_point received rear admiral albert ordered destroyers newport attend survivors american destroyers arrived scene boat command rose process stopping holland america line cargo ship shortly stopped british passenger ship rose ships sunk earlier day gave passengers crew aboard adequate time abandon ships sinking pair total survivors victims rescued destroyer flotilla end october warship went new_york navy yard remained end year january steamed south cuba joined rest fleet participate annual winter maneuvers following fleet exercise returned north world war united_states declared war germany april entering world war destroyer anchored york river near virginia guarding river mouth february american relations germany began deteriorate result country return submarine warfare soon congress declared war moved north new_york navy yard prepare duty overseas month later moved boston got underway europe jacob jones tucker day passage reported duty ireland 17th 21st began patrolling approaches british isles operated year escorting convoys going assistance ships attacked boats midnight june submarine rushed attack target submerged destroyer dropped series depth charges failed find evidence supporting success attack resumed patrol july picked master crewmen torpedoed day brought safely sighted boat august heavy weather covered submarine tracks submerged attack weeks later september warship rushed assistance henry unarmed american schooner shelled destroyer reached grt sailing vessel flames boat submerged dropped depth charge barrage appeared submarine moving wake broke attack assist schooner crew saved henry sunk remainder assignment attacked submarines october second january cases depth charged oil appeared originate damaged submerged boats case receive visible confirmation sinking january attack depth charges threw large mass dark liquid high air description appears depth charge brought fuel oil believed unfortunately lack definite proof kept credited sinking beginning april destroyer reassigned united_states naval forces france operating brest spent remainder war escorting american troop transports french ports engaged german submarines seven different occasions score confirmed successes august came aid westward torpedoed bay earlier day september attacked german submarine torpedoed navy transport mount depth charges dropped failed sink boat combined defensive efforts mount helped prevent submarine launching coup german liner mount safely brest loss crewmen persons board continued patrols brest end hostilities november inter war period following signing armistice november ended fighting remained french waters president wilson arrived brest george_washington december destroyer served transport escort harbor days later warship departed france return united_states arriving new_york january return united_states resumed peacetime duty atlantic fleet served rescue stationed route atlantic flown navy type aerial crossing atlantic destroyer returned normal operations east_coast annual winter maneuvers cuban waters placed reduced commission philadelphia december july assigned hull code navy classification system decommissioned philadelphia june july dropped free new destroyer known ship struck naval vessel register january june sold scrapping


class aircraft carrier class class nuclear powered aircraft carriers service united_states_navy lead ship class named world war united_states pacific fleet commander fleet admiral chester navy fleet admiral overall length load displacement long tons largest warships built service eclipsed upcoming ford class aircraft carriers instead gas turbines diesel electric systems propulsion modern warships carriers use water drive propeller shafts produce maximum speed knots maximum power shp result use nuclear power ships capable operating years predicted service life years categorized nuclear powered aircraft carriers numbered consecutive hull numbers carriers constructed newport news company virginia uss lead ship class commissioned uss george bush tenth class commissioned january 1970s class carriers participated conflicts operations world including operation eagle iran gulf war recently iraq afghanistan angled flight decks carriers use arrangement operate aircraft steam wires launch recovery speeding flight deck operations allows wider variety aircraft arrangement smaller carriers embarked carrier air wing consisting aircraft normally deployed board retirement air wings strike fighters primarily super addition aircraft vessels carry short range defensive weaponry anti aircraft warfare missile defense unit cost billion dollars billion inflation adjusted description class carriers overall length load displacement long tons beam waterline maximum width flight decks feet inches feet inches depending variant ships companies number including air wing design class aircraft carriers ordered supplement aircraft carriers hawk class enterprise class maintaining strength capability navy older carriers decommissioned ships designed improvements previous aircraft carriers particular enterprise class arrangement ships relatively similar hawk class design improvements class carriers space enterprise generally improved design means class carriers carry aviation fuel ordnance compared class navy stated carriers withstand times damage sustained essex class inflicted japanese air attacks world war ships divided fire bays thick steel doors designed restrict spread fire addition present aircraft carriers world war fires caused attacks ships designed time vietnam war certain aspects design influenced operations certain extent carrier operations vietnam demonstrated need increased capabilities aircraft carriers send sorties war subject attack result experience carriers designed larger stores aviation fuel larger magazines relation previous carriers partly result increased space available new design ships propulsion systems major purpose ships initially support military cold war designed capabilities role including nuclear power instead oil greater endurance deployed blue water ability adjustments carriers weapons systems basis new intelligence technological developments initially categorized attack carriers ships constructed anti submarine capabilities uss result ships aircraft able participate wide range operations include sea air laying missile strikes land air sea design flaw ships class inherent lists starboard combat loads exceed capability list control systems problem appears especially prevalent modern vessels problem previously damage control ballast solution solid ballast affect ship proposed construction class aircraft carriers constructed newport news company newport news virginia largest drydock western hemisphere dry dock feet long recent expansion uss roosevelt aircraft carriers manufactured construction uss george bush constructed super lift means sections electrical equipment fitted improving efficiency cranes lifted dry dock case bow section weigh pounds method originally developed increases rate work fitting carried confines finished hull total cost construction ship billion propulsion ships class powered nuclear kept separate compartments power propeller shafts produce maximum speed knots maximum power produce heat nuclear heats water passed turbines manufactured general_electric shared turbines power bronze screws diameter feet weight pounds feet high feet long weigh pounds class ships constructed uss ronald_reagan bows order improve speed fuel efficiency reducing wave making resistance result use nuclear power ships capable operating continuously years predicted service life years armament protection addition aircraft carried board ships carry defensive equipment use missiles hostile aircraft consist nato sea missile launchers designed defense aircraft anti ship missiles missile defense cannon uss ronald_reagan having built rolling airframe missile system installed uss uss george_washington installed ships return complex overhaul uss roosevelt carriers constructed armor vital spaces earlier ships ships use super rapid bloom board barrel launchers deploy infrared disrupt sensors incoming missiles torpedo defense system torpedo system carriers use radar deception systems detect disrupt hostile radar signals addition electronic warfare capabilities aircraft board presence nuclear weapons board aircraft carriers end cold war confirmed denied government result concerns safety nuclear power presence aircraft carrier foreign port occasionally provoked protest local people example uss docked india time strike group commander rear admiral john blake stated policy routinely deploy nuclear weapons board george bush conducted carrier borne end end sea test surface ship torpedo defense system combines passive detection torpedo warning system finds tracks torpedoes hard kill capability anti torpedo cat miniature torpedo designed locate home destroy hostile torpedoes increases protection wake torpedoes like type don respond acoustic pieces engineered locate destroy incoming torpedoes matter seconds system includes cats initial operational capability planned aircraft carriers outfitted carrier air wing order carrier deploy embark carrier air wings carriers accommodate maximum aircraft different types current numbers typically aircraft air wings integrated operation carriers deployed regarded separate entity air wings support personnel involved roles including maintenance aircraft ordnance handling emergency procedures person flight deck wears color coded clothing role easily identifiable typical carrier air wing include super strike fighters squadrons provided marine_corps strike fighters electronic warfare airborne early warning logistics replaced helicopter squadron aircraft previously operated class carriers include aircraft flight deck aircraft facilities flight deck angled degrees allows aircraft launched recovered simultaneously angle flight deck reduced slightly relation previous carriers current design improves air flow carrier steam launch fixed wing aircraft wires recovery newest carriers ronald_reagan george bush wires fourth earlier ships deemed unnecessary arrangement allows faster launching recovery wider range aircraft board compared smaller aircraft carriers use simpler arrangement wires ship aircraft operations controlled air boss primary flight control fly large elevators transport aircraft flight deck divided bays thick steel doors designed restrict spread fire strike groups aircraft carrier takes strike group warships supply vessels allow operation carried armament class short range defensive weapons line defense enemy missiles aircraft vessels strike group provide additional capabilities long range missiles combat system protect carrier attack typical strike group include addition aircraft carrier surface combatants including frigates guided missile cruisers guided missile destroyers primarily anti aircraft warfare anti submarine warfare attack submarines seeking destroying hostile surface ships submarines ammunition supply ship military command provide logistical support precise structure numbers type ship vary groups depending objectives deployment design differences class designs final seven ships beginning uss roosevelt slightly different earlier ships navy considers carriers single class older carriers come complex overhaul nuclear power plants upgraded standards later carriers modifications performed update ships equipment ships initially classified attack carriers constructed anti submarine capabilities uss improvements include better radar systems facilities enable ships operate aircraft effective anti submarine warfare role including fitting common picture cup technology uses allow better assessment threat submarines changes included better support viking patrol planes helicopters systems uss roosevelt later carriers slight structural differences earlier carriers improved protection ordnance stored magazines improvements include upgraded flight deck protection installed uss george_washington high strength low steel constructing ships starting uss john recently older ships flight decks upgraded new non slip material fitted new build ships improve safety crew members aircraft final carrier class uss george bush designed transition ship class replacement ford class bush incorporates new technologies including improved propeller bow designs reduced radar cross section electronic environmental upgrades result ship cost billion earlier class ships cost billion lower costs new technologies design features incorporated uss ronald_reagan previous carrier including redesigned island ships class united_states_navy lists following ships class service history major operations ships involved operation eagle launched uss deployed indian_ocean response taking hostages embassy initially atlantic fleet relieved operation service mediterranean_sea conducted freedom navigation exercise alongside aircraft carrier uss august gulf near libya exercise ship shot aircraft known gulf incident participated carrier deployment sea provided security olympic games seoul significant deployments class involved 1990s gulf war aftermath operation southern watch southern iraq active vessels engaged extent operation southern watch continuing carriers operation operation desert shield operation desert storm played supporting roles roosevelt playing active combat operations 1990s recently class carriers deployed humanitarian missions deployed gulf war lincoln diverted indian_ocean participate alongside ships operation fiery evacuating civilians following eruption island philippines october lincoln deployed assist humanitarian operations spending weeks flying patrols area supporting troops operation restore hope ship participated operation sentinel persian gulf roosevelt flew patrols support northern iraq operation provide comfort george_washington played role operation decisive endeavor bosnia roosevelt called sea support operation allied force alongside nato present harry maiden deployment november carrier air wing flew combat sorties support operation southern watch including strike iraqi air defense sites february response iraqi surface air missile fire united_nations coalition forces september attacks roosevelt warships participate operation enduring freedom afghanistan sailed persian gulf intending support operation southern watch july changed response attacks ship changed course travel north arabian sea launched support operation october following attacks john george_washington participated operation noble eagle carrying homeland security operations west_coast united_states active ships involved extent iraq afghanistan time included invasion providing subsequent support operation iraqi freedom carriers provided aid natural disasters abraham_lincoln supported operation unified assistance indonesia december provided aid hurricane katrina later reagan carrier strike group performed humanitarian assistance disaster relief operations philippines june typhoon killed hundreds central island regions main island january operated haiti providing aid drinking water earthquake survivors led operation unified response alongside major warships hospital ship comfort uss class carriers near syria complex overhaul order refuel nuclear power plants carriers undergo overhaul service lives substantial overhaul ships undergo service involves bringing vessels equipment standards newest ships ship placed dry dock essential maintenance carried including painting hull waterline replacement electrical mechanical components large time periods ships constructions armament designs newer ships modern older ships older ships refitted standards newer ships include major upgrades flight deck aircraft combat systems upgrades improved radar systems precise details vary significantly ships improvements normally years complete uss roosevelt began reportedly cost billion planned availability similar procedure substantial involve nuclear power plants symbolic diplomatic roles status largest warships navy deployment aircraft carrier fulfill symbolic role terms enemy diplomatic tool strengthening relations allies potential allies functions place single visit country senior naval officers allowed observe operating carrier interact senior officers international task force combat operations nato bombing yugoslavia deployments involving training exercise addition carriers participated international maritime security operations piracy persian gulf coast accidents incidents large warships incidents involving death injury crew members involved freak accidents failures man overboard result poor weather highest profile incidents crashed flight deck killing crewmen injuring forensic testing personnel involved showed tested positive marijuana found directly caused crash findings investigation prompted introduction mandatory drug testing service personnel cases aircraft pilots able safely cases fatal aircraft crashes occurred female pilot killed attempting land board abraham_lincoln training exercise fires caused damage ships rotating new naval base japan george_washington suffered fire cost million repairs injured sailors led ship undergoing months repairs san_diego led having miss exercises delayed final withdrawal service uss hawk fire caused unauthorized smoking area near stored future class carriers designed year service life end service life ships decommissioned process place estimated cost million compares estimate million conventionally powered carrier difference cost attributed nuclear power plants safe removal radioactive material contaminated equipment new class carriers ford class constructed replace previous vessels expected enter service replace previous uss enterprise rest new carriers replace oldest ships reach end service lives new carriers similar design george bush identical hull shape technological structural improvements


uss colorado uss colorado lead ship colorado class battleships ship united_states_navy named honor 38th state keel laid new_york corporation launched march commissioned august armed inch guns fourteen inch deck guns inch guns removed overhaul colorado took maiden voyage europe later operated battle fleet sailed pacific interwar years underwent refit inch anti aircraft guns replaced equal number guns early world war colorado undertook defensive patrol near golden gate bridge stop possible japanese invasion sailed fiji stop japanese advance pacific supported landings marshall islands guam july colorado received shell hits shore batteries continued support invading troops august later arrived gulf november support american troops fighting ashore november hit caused moderate damage colorado sailed january participated gulf returned okinawa august sailed japan occupation country arriving tokyo august departing tokyo bay september arrived san_francisco october placed commission reserve pearl harbor january sold scrapping july won seven battle stars service colorado anti aircraft guns museums state colorado bell teak museums mounted museum ship description colorado feet inches long overall beam draft displaced long tons designed long tons load ship powered shaft turbo electric drive rated shaft horsepower boilers generating speed knots mph range nautical miles speed knots mph crew officers enlisted men armed main battery inch caliber mark guns twin gun turrets centerline forward aft secondary battery consisted fourteen inch caliber guns removed overhaul anti aircraft defense consisted inch caliber guns soon replaced inch caliber guns inch caliber guns standard capital ships period colorado carried torpedo tubes deck mounted launchers colorado main armored belt thick magazines machinery spaces main battery gun turrets inch thick faces supporting barbettes armor plating exposed sides armor thick protected decks conning tower thick sides construction commission keel laid new_york corporation new_jersey launched march sponsored max daughter united_states senator colorado samuel commissioned august ship commanding officer captain operational history inter war period colorado departed new_york harbor december start maiden voyage europe voyage took britain france italy island gibraltar port calls portsmouth naples british base gibraltar returned new_york harbor february return completed final tests undertook repairs sailing west_coast force assignment steamed new_york harbor july arrived san_francisco september years colorado assigned pacific battle fleet time participated numerous exercises ceremonies rest fleet returned east_coast occasions help fleet problems caribbean took cruise australia new_zealand june september flag southwestern pacific overhauled inch anti aircraft guns replaced inch caliber guns went long beach help damage caused earthquake later sailed pacific_ocean help search world war january colorado based pearl harbor undergoing intensive training exercises taking war games june departed hawaii west_coast undergoing overhaul sound navy yard present attack pearl harbor december refit original caliber guns removed replaced equal number caliber guns maryland patrolled near golden gate bridge protect san_francisco japanese attack refit work completed march colorado carried extensive training maneuvers west_coast returning pearl harbor complete final preparations action operated vicinity fiji islands new november september prevent japanese expansion pacific sailed pearl harbor october provide pre invasion fire support invasion returning port december overhaul west_coast colorado returned roads hawaiian islands january sortied day marshall islands provided pre invasion bombardment fire support invasions february headed sound navy yard overhaul joined units going islands harbor san_francisco departed passing pearl harbor pre invasion guam june july damaged men killed wounded shell hits japanese shore batteries continued island providing fire support invasion troops undergoing extensive repairs west_coast arrived gulf begin invasion week arrival struck suicide bombers killed injured moderately damaged ship despite damage bombarded schedule january proceeded island urgent repairs returned new year day participate pre invasion gulf hit accidental gunfire days later gunfire hit superstructure caused casualties killed wounded repairs island joined pre invasion group invasion okinawa stayed okinawa providing anti aircraft cover fire support invasion troops august returned occupied okinawa sail japan occupation august covered airborne occupation airfield colorado awarded seven battle stars world war service post war colorado departed tokyo bay september san_francisco arrived october sailed seattle navy day october operation magic carpet force making runs pearl harbor transport soldiers home returning navy yard placed reserve commission january sold scrap july artifacts display ship bell currently display university memorial center university colorado deck gun colorado donated sound maritime historical society displayed museum history industry seattle guns colorado colorado guns aboard protected cruiser uss museum philadelphia boards deck form wall main lounge hall university washington plaque commemorates source february boeing donated teak colorado northwest center serve new center entry helm collection colorado springs museum donated museum rear admiral naval officers admiral served colorado donation included bronze plaque historical materials book sources battleships battle cruisers new_york_city company isbn robert gray conway world fighting ships maryland naval institute press isbn morris james historical dictionary united_states_navy second maryland press isbn martin robert uss west_virginia nashville tennessee turner publishing company isbn turner publishing uss new_york nashville tennessee turner publishing company isbn news sources scott february ceremony held transfer uss colorado teak blog washington south king media retrieved july web sources colorado dictionary american naval fighting ships navy department naval history heritage command retrieved september uss colorado alumni association uss colorado memorials uss colorado alumni association retrieved june


uss uss single class monitor built union navy american_civil_war completed shortly end war laid sold builders peru renamed ship participated defense war pacific town taken chilean troops scuttled prevent capture wreck rediscovered heavily looted description construction ship feet long overall beam feet inches maximum draft feet inches tons displaced long tons crew consisted officers enlisted men powered cylinder horizontal steam engine drove propeller steam generated horizontal fire tube boilers indicated horsepower engine gave ship speed knots mph carried long tons coal main armament consisted muzzle loading inch guns mounted single gun turret gun weighed approximately pounds fire pound shell range yards elevation exposed sides hull protected layers inch wrought iron plates backed wood armor gun turret pilot house consisted layers inch plates ship deck protected armor inches thick inch soft iron band fitted base turret prevent shells fragments turret happened earlier monitors battle charleston harbor april base funnel protected height feet inches armor rifle screen inch armor feet high installed turret protect crew confederate based suggestion commander captain sister ship contract navy ship named tribe indians awarded alexander swift company ship laid cincinnati ohio shipyard launched completed june ship construction delayed multiple changes ordered built reflecting battle experience earlier monitors included rebuilding turrets pilot houses increase armor thickness inches inches replace bolts secured armor plates prevent knocked loose shock impact shells striking turret changes included deepening hull inches increase ship moving position turret balance ship trim replacing ship deck armor completion ship delayed low depth ohio river prevented movement cincinnati december finish fitting river finally rose march allowed ship reach mound city illinois march placed ordinary completion sisters ships needed deep water berth moved opposite cairo illinois anchored main channel struck debris drifting ice vulnerable accidents anchor chain broken march struck barges monitor collided ships dragged miles downstream brought control persistent problem navy finally decided ships new_orleans august navy turned swift contingent guarantee returned good shape sold company began service october agent swift negotiated deal peru purchase sister million dollars apiece secretary navy initially indicated company government costs build changed mind said authority congress debated issue ultimately decided board officers highest competitive bid equal excess value accepted ship sold possibly rigged bid april monitor renamed navy legendary king kingdom grow empire prepare ship lengthy voyage peru cape horn swift added bow stepped masts fore aft rig supplement engine provided deck openings water tight going united_states negotiating great_britain compensation losses inflicted british ships sold confederacy civil war alabama claims peru involved war spain islands war willing prejudice claims united_kingdom performing similar action power negotiations issue delayed departure monitors january peru bought reyes tow monitors reached pensacola florida machinery forced wait days repairs completed route key west bahamas ships separated heavy weather reyes attempted storm collided sharp bow sank minutes monitor short coal food forced port cuba held rebels spanish government allowed ship supplies coal available crew loaded wood reach bahamas able send local schooner nassau inform authorities plight ships finally reunited thomas virgin islands wait arrive peru tow entering rio_de_janeiro night september ran aground refloated following day damage required months repair ships joined steam corvette time reached january disagreements rich lands led chile start war pacific peru turret ship captured battle attacked february fighting inconclusive duel failed attempt ram chilean ironclad captain killed engagement chilean fleet continued blockade army closed city rear hit schooner blockade duty june monitor scuttled prevent capture city fell following day discovery wreck discovered located miles west mouth san river depth meters hull badly wreck heavily looted june documentary ship directed titled premiered


class monitor class monitors pair ironclad river monitors laid summer united_states_navy american_civil_war construction slow partially lack labor ships completed december war navy accept immediately laid sold having commissioned design description class monitors large program armored ships ordered battle roads caused navy favor monitors previous ironclads city class built gain control mississippi_river tributaries original plans class ships resembled river monitor uss ways gun turret bow aft twin similar mississippi_river designs original plans called forward similar uss monitor believed moved turret construction completed class ships feet long overall beam feet draft feet displaced long tons ships steam boilers western type engines drove single propeller class ships maximum speed knots mph carried maximum long tons coal ships main armament consisted muzzle loading inch guns mounted single gun turret gun weighed approximately pounds fire pound shell range yards elevation turret protected inches wrought iron armor deck hull inches armor construction contract ships awarded construction yard pittsburgh progress slow delayed labor shortages changes navy government allocated construction final cost rose charges extra work history laid launched january completed december accepted navy april commissioned soon acceptance laid mound city illinois renamed june carried august named remaining mound city sold april david campbell launched mid january completed december accepted navy april commissioned renamed june resumed august monitor sold mound city illinois april david campbell


uss taylor uss taylor class destroyer built united_states_navy saw service world war years following named rear admiral henry taylor ships class taylor commissioned near end world war patrolled atlantic_ocean immediately following war saw service supporting war years commission returned service patrolling east_coast united_states latin_america decommissioned training hulk world war forward section removed uss ship damaged submarine attack taylor continued serve training hulk sold scrap design construction taylor class destroyers built united_states_navy seven sisters constructed mare island navy yard san_francisco california detailed designs drawn bath iron works standard displacement tonnes long tons short tons overall length feet inches beam feet inches draught feet trials taylor reached speed knots mph armed caliber guns caliber gun inch torpedo tubes regular crew complement officers enlisted men coal powered driven curtis steam turbines powered yarrow boilers indicated horsepower shaft horsepower taylor performance known group class destroyers known unofficially liberty type differentiate destroyers constructed detail designs drawn steel parsons turbines liberty type destroyers deteriorated badly service group retired navy actual performance ships far intended specifications especially fuel economy able nautical miles knots mph instead design standard nautical miles knots mph class suffered poor overweight navy ship named uss taylor commemorating navy admiral henry clay taylor second taylor commissioned class destroyer named william rogers taylor ship saw extensive service world war korean war vietnam war history taylor laid destroyer october mare island navy yard launched february commissioned june sponsored mary command commander charles commissioning taylor joined destroyer division atlantic fleet cruised fleet world war saw action following war april assigned destroyer division taylor placed reduced commission operating atlantic coast summer july navy adopted alpha hull designation system taylor october placed commission summer operated destroyer division flotilla squadron june ship placed commission philadelphia pennsylvania taylor remained inactive placed commission command commander george assigned destroyer division squadron scouting fleet time operated charleston south_carolina november placed reduced commission time taylor detached scouting fleet transferred destroyer division squadron training squadron assigned 6th 7th naval districts train carry reserve officer training corps summer cruises april scouting fleet scouting force destroyer reassigned element division training squadron operated unit early joined squadron rotating reserve remained late september relieved destroyer fred duty special service squadron patrolled west_indies gulf_of_mexico force year instability latin_america october taylor training squadron unit newly established division trained early returned special service squadron relief destroyer returned patrols caribbean area returning united_states taylor philadelphia prepare destroyer placed commission september struck naval vessel register december offered sale july july redesignated damage control hulk tasked train damage control parties sister ship struck torpedo fired german submarine patrolling martinique torpedo struck frames feet water line force impact blew feet bow forecastle sailing power philadelphia naval yard forward feet taylor hull summer completed september taylor forward hull served remainder war remaining feet taylor spent remainder world war duties training hulk sold scrap delivered august


florida class battleship florida class battleships united_states_navy comprised ships florida utah launched respectively commissioned slightly larger preceding delaware class design similar battleship class ships received steam turbine engines previous delaware class north received steam turbine propulsion experiment delaware retained triple expansion engines ships involved second battle deploying marine contingents operation following entrance united_states world war ships deployed europe florida assigned british grand_fleet based scapa_flow december escorted president wilson france peace negotiations utah assigned convoy escort duty based ireland tasked protecting convoys approached european continent retained washington naval treaty ships modernized significantly torpedo oil fired boilers installed improvements terms london naval treaty florida scrapped utah converted radio controlled target ship anti aircraft gunnery trainer served role sunk japanese attack pearl harbor december hull raised remains harbor war memorial design separate classes built total battleships commissioned new dreadnoughts american battle line designed pre dreadnought experience observation foreign designs dreadnought commissioned time designed stage building design american capital ship design heavily influenced war games conducted navy naval war college captain william led reform movement assigned warship design general board ships improvement preceding delaware class engine rooms larger hold curtis parsons steam turbines larger beam gave greater metacentric height notably improved reduced hull stress ships mounted new inch caliber guns secondary batteries casemates boasted increased armor protection class retained large fully enclosed conning towers adopted preceding result american studies battle design reduced vulnerability command staff overall ships better protected british counterparts modified extensively interwar period general characteristics florida class ships long waterline overall beam draft displaced long tons standard displacement long tons load increase approximately long tons previous delaware class ships superstructure rearranged including masts funnels florida class ships crew officers men engine rooms ships lengthened accommodate larger parsons steam turbines meant boiler room eliminated remaining boiler rooms widened maintain adequate underwater coal bunker protection ships funnel closer wider beam increased vessels metacentric height quality notably improvement allowed accommodate larger medium caliber guns real penalty florida fitted larger bridge standard house ship fire control personnel armor utah received heavily armored fire control tower atop standard sized bridge proved especially successful point larger armored fire control tower standard bridge proposed nevada class rejected favor bridge like florida ships modernized improvements addition torpedo designed increase resistance underwater damage widened ships ships rear masts removed replaced pole mast catapult launching aircraft mounted number gun turret propulsion ships propelled shaft parsons steam turbines steam provided coal fired boilers engines rated shp speed trials florida mph shp utah turbines produced shp propelled ship mph engine boiler room arrangements remained engine room situated rear main turrets steam lines running beneath superfiring rear turret ships range nmi cruising speed mph florida utah reconstruction coal fired boilers replaced white oil fired boilers reduction number boilers allowed twin funnels single larger funnel armament main guns intended originally arm ships inch caliber guns development superfiring fore aft gun service arrangement inch caliber mark guns twin gun turrets retained delaware class gun mark type allowed depression degrees elevation degrees guns rate fire rounds minute fired shells armor piercing common types common type obsolete production charge silk bags provided muzzle velocity guns expected fire rounds barrels require replacement ships carried shells gun rounds total degrees elevation guns hit targets approximately unfortunately turret layout retained respective challenges turrets numbers mounted fore superfiring pair mounted aft main superstructure centerline turret number placed main deck facing turret number placed main deck facing forward fired broadside fired straight forward aft center turret number placed superfiring position facing fire astern turret directly guns trained forward left turret pair inch guns cover rear quarter ship engine room situated superfiring rear turret ones steam lines ran boiler rooms amidships ammunition magazine number turret engine room lines later found potential heat powder magazine design flaw prevalent british dreadnoughts considered naval designers structural grounds secondary guns proposed inch secondary guns ships protected armor change protective scheme carried delaware class new inch caliber gun adopted instead concerns inadequate splinter protection secondary gun casemates smoke led increase armor sixteen weapons fitted individual casemates guns fired armor shell muzzle velocity rate rounds minute guns degrees elevate degrees guns manually operated range train degrees direction anti aircraft guns florida utah received inch caliber guns anti aircraft defense increased guns guns fired shell muzzle velocity maximum range ceiling elevation degrees rate rounds minute torpedo tubes ships armed inch submerged torpedo tubes tubes mounted broadside torpedoes long carried range traveled speed mph armor armor layout largely preceding delaware class battleships armored belt ranged thickness important areas ship guns mounted hull armor plate modernization guns moved superstructure guns protected armor barbettes housed main gun turrets armored armor portions vulnerable shell fire thicker rear sections barbette likely hit received thinner armor save weight gun turrets armored armor conning tower thick armored deck slightly reduced thickness construction florida ordered hull number battleship laid new_york navy yard march launched fitting work commenced work finished september point commissioned united_states_navy utah ordered hull number battleship laid new_jersey new_york corporation days later march work proceeded faster utah sister ship launched half months earlier december launching underwent fitting work lasted august commissioned american fleet service history uss florida florida took second battle sister utah ships scene ships landed sailors marines command florida captain april fighting lasted days contingent florida utah suffered total casualties united_states entered world war april florida dispatched europe departed united_states december arriving north_sea assigned grand_fleet served british counterparts ship navy battleship division command rear admiral hugh arrived december assigned 6th battle squadron grand_fleet following training exercises british fleet 6th battle squadron tasked convoy protection duty route scandinavia following end war december ship escorted president wilson trip europe participate peace negotiations versailles later december florida returned united_states participate victory fleet review new_york harbor post war florida returned navy atlantic fleet operated east_coast united_states central_america july assigned hull numbers december carried secretary state diplomatic trip caribbean south_america florida oldest american battleship retained terms washington naval treaty underwent extensive reconstruction modernization emerging shipyard assigned flagship control force fleet ship conducted series training cruises remainder decade london naval treaty ship discarded decommissioned february towed philadelphia naval shipyard broken scrap uss utah utah assignment navy atlantic fleet took goodwill voyage mediterranean utah involved second battle alongside sister florida ship saw line duty world war attached british grand_fleet starting september utah based bay ireland conducted convoy escort duties approach europe post war service saw utah atlantic fleet stationed europe utah retained washington naval treaty ship sailed goodwill cruise south_america following return united_states taken dry dock significant reconstruction rejoined active fleet assigned scouting fleet late steamed south atlantic picked president elect returning visit south american countries according london naval treaty ship removed line service end main battery guns removed converted radio controlled target ship redesignated served capacity mid-1930s rebuilt anti aircraft gunnery training ship additional anti aircraft guns installed increase training capacity later transferred pacific fleet based pearl harbor present pearl harbor december having hit torpedoes capsized sank years later hull partially towed closer ford island wreck remains today


uss uss destroyer brien class destroyer built united_states_navy prior american entry world war ship second navy vessel named honor william navy officer best known sinking confederate ironclad warship american_civil_war laid fore river company massachusetts september launched january ship little feet length feet standard displacement long tons armed inch guns inch torpedo tubes powered pair steam turbines propelled knots august commissioning sailed east_coast caribbean seventeen destroyers sent rescue survivors victims german submarine october united_states entered world war april sent overseas patrol irish sea ireland unsuccessful attacks boats rescued survivors ships sunk german craft returning united_states war placed reserve reduced commission decommissioned philadelphia august struck naval vessel register january sold scrapping june design construction authorized march fifth ships brien class improved version class destroyers authorized construction vessel awarded fore river company massachusetts laid keel september january launched sponsor miss daughter ship namesake william ship second ship named navy officer best known sinking confederate ironclad warship american_civil_war built destroyer feet inches overall length feet inch drew feet inches ship standard displacement long tons displaced long tons fully loaded steam turbines drove screw propellers additional pair triple expansion steam engines connected propeller shafts cruising purposes oil burning white boilers powered engines generate shaft horsepower moving ship knots reached maximum speed knots mph sea trials engines running horsepower main battery consisted caliber mark guns gun weighing excess pounds guns fired pound armor piercing projectiles feet second elevation guns range yards equipped inch torpedo tubes general board united_states_navy called anti aircraft guns brien class ships provisions laying floating mines sources unclear recommendations followed ships class early career uss commissioned united_states_navy august command lieutenant commander served neutrality patrol rose bank new_york december sailed caribbean fleet maneuvers january joining fleet tactical exercises portland maine gunnery exercises norfolk virginia reported newport rhode_island september test torpedoes naval torpedo station sunday october wireless reports came german submarine stopping ships near eastern end long_island british steamer west_point received rear admiral albert ordered destroyers newport attend survivors american destroyers arrived scene boat command rose process stopping holland america line cargo ship shortly stopped british passenger ship rose given passengers crew aboard ships adequate time abandon sank pair total survivors victims rescued destroyer flotilla finishing rest newport joined exercises caribbean months world war united_states declared war germany april entering world war sea new_york brien destroyers arrived ireland duty war zone patrolled irish coast meeting escorting convoys merchant ships troop transports british ports french coast german submarines active area conducted patrols performed rescue work ships victims boats june picked men small boat survivors italian brig destroyer busy july 7th assisted rescuing survivors torpedoed sinking british merchant ship day responded chased enemy submarine picked survivors sunk july escorted safety received hits day fired submarines extremely long range following attack italian merchant vessel rescued survivors september survivors british vienna saved days november torpedoed stood giving damage control assistance kept sinking escorted rejoined convoy day continuing convoy escort patrol duty april dropped depth charges german submarine damaging severely hms sank later day june operated brest france escorting troop convoys submarine zones french ports making depth charge attacks success process postwar immediately armistice signed november remained french waters towed murray grounded rocks french harbor brest december departed united_states december arriving new_york january placed reduced commission july transferred philadelphia navy yard april july assigned hull code navy classification system decommissioned august july dropped free new destroyer known ship struck naval vessel register january june sold scrapping accordance london naval treaty limitation naval armaments


connecticut class battleship connecticut class pre dreadnought battleships penultimate class type built united_states_navy class comprised ships connecticut louisiana vermont kansas minnesota new_hampshire built ships armed mixed offensive battery inch inch inch guns arrangement rendered obsolete advent big gun battleships like british hms dreadnought completed entered service ships active careers ships took cruise great white fleet new_hampshire entered service onward served atlantic fleet conducting training exercises showing flag europe central_america unrest broke central american countries 1910s ships involved police actions region significant american intervention mexican revolution occupation veracruz april american participation world war connecticut class ships train sailors expanding wartime fleet late began escort convoys europe september year minnesota badly damaged laid german boat war bring american soldiers france later training ships washington naval treaty mandated major reductions naval weapons cut ships careers short years ships sold scrap design united_states victory spanish american war dramatic impact battleship design question role fleet focused coastal defense high seas operations solved fleet ability conduct offensive operations overseas showed necessity powerful fleet battleships result congress willing authorize larger ships design work connecticut class began secretary navy submitted request new battleship design march board construction issues considered composition placement secondary battery preceding design virginia class placed secondary guns fixed turrets atop main battery turrets way save weight board disliked arrangement members argued guns casemates fired faster additionally mounted mixed secondary battery guns bureau ordnance recently introduced quick firing gun powerful fired faster initial version connecticut design proposed featured secondary battery guns number guns defense torpedo boats armor layout comprehensive thinner displacement rose long tons determined longer finer hull shape coupled small increase engine power maintain standard speed knots mph bureau construction repair proposed ship closely based story turrets mixed inch secondary battery displacement long tons design featured guns deemed wholly insufficient defend ship small craft november board agreed compromise design incorporated secondary battery guns twin turrets amidships guns casemates decision retain guns large american experiences spanish american war years navy officers impressed performance gun battle cuba despite scoring hits shells fired gun flat trajectory good range size armor protection improved design thicker armored belt protection albeit expense thinner armor covering barbettes supported gun turrets designers reasoned barbettes belt transverse bulkhead weight saved reducing level direct protection ships starting vermont received slightly improved armor protection vessel new_hampshire having improvements result referred vermont class connecticut class ships powerful pre dreadnought type battleship built navy compared contemporary foreign designs rendered immediately advent big gun battleship british hms dreadnought follow ships mississippi class built time design based significantly reduced size general characteristics machinery connecticut class ships feet long waterline long overall beam draft forward displaced long tons designed long tons load ships flush deck better sea boats preceding designs poor stability connecticut class metacentric height feet built ships fitted heavy military masts quickly replaced masts crew officers men ships powered shaft triple expansion steam engines steam provided coal fired boilers engines rated indicated horsepower generated speed knots mph boilers closely spaced funnels amidships ships equipped electricity generators new_hampshire generators units ships combined output highest output american warship built steering controlled single rudder ships turning radius yards speed knots mph trials ships exceeded design speed slightly minnesota fastest knots mph ships carried long tons coal normally additional spaces coal storage capacity ranging long tons ship cruising speed knots mph ships steam nautical miles new_hampshire engines efficient allowing steam nautical miles speed armament ship armed main battery inch mark guns twin gun turrets centerline forward aft typical battleships period guns fired pound shell muzzle velocity feet second turrets mark mounts allowed angles elevation mounts elevate degrees degrees gun supplied shells new_hampshire magazines rearranged compared sisters allowed carry percent inch shells normal conditions carried load secondary battery consisted inch guns inch guns mixed battery proved problematic shell types distinguished inch guns mounted twin mark turrets amidships inch guns placed casemates hull inch guns mark type fired shells muzzle velocity inch mark guns fired shell guns later removed world war converted use tracked gun carriages france outfit gun shells types close range defense torpedo boats carried inch guns mounted casemates hull pounder guns carried pounder guns standard capital ships period connecticut class carried torpedo tubes submerged hulls broadside ship carried total torpedoes initially equipped mark bliss design quickly replaced mark designed mark carried pounds range yards speed knots mph armor ships main armored belt thick machinery spaces reduced abreast main battery turrets portion belt long feet inches wide end ship belt finally bow stern ships belts reduced main battery armored deck thick amidships partially protected belt armor thick sloped sides connected edge belt deck increased forward aft directly exposed thick sloped sides new_hampshire belt slightly shortened permit thicker deck magazines ship conning tower thick sides thick roof main battery gun turrets thick faces thick sides thick roofs supporting barbettes armor plating reduced secondary turrets frontal armor sides roofs barbettes given armor plating sides casemates guns thick gun ports casemates reduced slightly ships savings weight gained reducing thickness belt increase lower armor guns thick guns divided splinter bulkheads inches thick prevent shell hit multiple guns ships service history ships class served atlantic fleet duration careers ships took cruise great white fleet fleet left roads december steamed south south_america north west_coast ships crossed pacific stopped australia philippines japan continuing indian_ocean suez_canal toured mediterranean crossing atlantic arriving bank roads february new_hampshire completed time journey met fleet naval review president roosevelt ships began peacetime training routine east_coast united_states caribbean including gunnery training virginia training cruises atlantic winter exercises cuban waters late ships crossed atlantic visit british french ports louisiana kansas trip europe early political unrest began central american countries 1910s ships increasingly active region ships involved mexican revolution including occupation veracruz april vermont new_hampshire ships contributed landing parties initial occupation city men ships awarded medal honor action july world war broke europe united_states remained neutral years war tensions germany came head early following german submarine warfare campaign sank american merchant ships european waters april united_states declared war germany connecticut class ships initially training gunners engine room personnel necessary rapidly expanding wartime fleet june new_hampshire louisiana involved gunnery accident gunners aboard accidentally hit killing injuring men following month louisiana test arthur clock fire control system use analog computer firing solutions late ships escort convoys way atlantic late september minnesota struck naval laid german boat causing damage kept service months convoy duty cut short german surrender november ferry american soldiers france work completed ships briefly operated training ships early 1920s terms washington naval treaty sold scrap broken