castle somerset castle known bronze iron age civil parish south english county somerset scheduled monument associated king arthur legendary court formed hectares acres plateau surrounded surrounding slopes limestone hill site excavated late 19th early 20th century james bennett george gray recent examination site conducted 1960s south project revealed artifacts human occupation use bronze iron ages site reused roman forces time 11th century temporarily housed saxon mint evidence buildings site unearthed including great hall round rectangular house foundations possible sequence small rectangular temples background developed late bronze early iron ages start millennium reason emergence prehistoric britain purpose subject debate argued military sites constructed response invasion continental europe sites built invaders military reaction social tensions caused increasing population consequent pressure agriculture dominant view 1960s increasing use iron led social changes britain deposits iron ore located different places tin copper ore necessary bronze result trading patterns shifted old lost economic social status power passed hands new group people archaeologist barry believes population increase played role stated forts provided defensive possibilities community times stress increasing population burst open warfare having built state war functional defensive strongholds tensions undoubtedly attacked destroyed significant factor construction early occupation site earliest settlement site represented pits post holes dated pottery remains small agricultural settlement bones recovered site dated bank later iron age defences likely terrace derived early site occupied late bronze age identified radical revisions bronze age lower slopes resulted discoveries excavations survey work south project finds include bronze age shield excavation northwest europe example distinctive type carbon dating implies shield deposited 10th century evidence suggests manufactured centuries earlier metal working building associated enclosure discovered south east roughly contemporary period manufacture human occupation continued iron age stone enclosure constructed timber ceased site excavations shown signs post rectangular buildings gradually replaced large elaborate timber defences constructed following centuries excavation revealed round rectangular house foundations possible sequence small rectangular temples indicating permanent like occupation excavations undertaken local clergyman james bennett george gray followed major work led archaeologist identified long sequence occupation site finds displayed museum somerset finds late bronze age early iron age exploring southwestern gate structure represent deepest complex iron age sequences excavated southern britain castle century additional lines bank ditch constructed turning known castle evidence fort violently taken defences later 1st century construction roman army barracks excavations southwest gate revealed evidence severe violent episodes associated weaponry destruction fire believed dated richard argues date associated initial invasion michael states site vigorous resistance second legion command significant activity site late fourth centuries included construction british temple post roman occupation following withdrawal roman administration site thought use time revealed substantial great hall metres showed iron age defences providing defended site double size known fort period pottery eastern mediterranean found period indicating wide trade links probable chief fort major ruler family literally meaning family actually meaning servants horses hill use temporary saxon mint standing small scale fortification site occurred 13th century description castle located miles north east stands summit hill limestone hill situated southern edge somerset levels flat lowland north summit sea level stone hill surrounded banks ditches stand trees north west south sides remaining east summit plateau covers hectares acres surrounded inner bank kilometres long hill fort overlooked rural plateau rich archaeological remains tree growth site added heritage risk register interpretation anglo saxon word meaning fort town frequently exclusively refer hill forts come river nearby villages villages west queen scholars suggest figure named sites somerset include camp near hill known distinguish sites local tradition written john holds castle king arthur site great hall extensive writer argued article journal base arthur history opinion widely accepted students period militarily location makes sense place refugees southwestern defended attacks east arthur conceived tradition asserts prince stronghold eastern frontier south project recent work site surrounding area carried south project project team included local volunteers south east somerset archaeological historical society local history society carried surveys including electrical sampling test pits deeper excavations geographic information system approaches project input academics archaeologists universities bristol glasgow birmingham oxford funded trust arts research council project studies castle surrounding area kilometres away landscape sampling


fortifications gibraltar fortifications gibraltar rock gibraltar probably fought densely fortified place europe probably world field marshal sir john gibraltar peninsula located far southern end great strategic importance result position gibraltar mediterranean_sea meets atlantic_ocean repeatedly contested european north african powers endured fourteen settled 11th century peninsula occupants spanish british built successive layers fortifications defences including walls casemates gun batteries magazines tunnels galleries peak fortifications housed guns mounted batteries positions guarding land sea approaches gibraltar fortifications continued military use late 1970s time ceased late 1960s miles galleries dug area square miles km2 gibraltar fortifications main areas fortifications area historically gibraltar threat north end peninsula north facing spain group fortifications guards town harbour referred west southern end town guarded south land fortifications exist east sheer cliff rock gibraltar virtually impassable obstacle fortifications occupy hill point southern end peninsula posts batteries rock provide view far spain gibraltar largely fortifications intact great siege tunnels charles wall gibraltar famous live tourist attractions topography nature position gibraltar defences dictated territory topography long narrow peninsula measuring kilometres miles kilometres mile wide maximum land area square kilometres square miles land access peninsula sandy metres feet sea level occupied spanish town peninsula dominated limestone rock gibraltar presents sheer cliff metres feet high north end facing rock extends southwards kilometres miles peaks descends southern heights metres feet metres feet sea level southern tip gibraltar surrounded steep cliffs rock moderate slope west steep places near vertical slope east original core town gibraltar occupies lower north west rock adjoining bay gibraltar grown considerably point built area stretches way point southern tip peninsula great deal 20th century land west widened coastal area narrow couple small settlements originally fishing villages occupy east features gibraltar naturally strong defensive position lacks natural cover exposing approaching enemy opposing fire heights rock form natural barrier movement rocky provide natural platforms gun batteries sheer cliffs north east sides rock block access directions sea cliffs southern end peninsula landings difficult especially opposed single road connects gibraltar spain territory roads narrow steep restricted land area centuries gibraltar successive occupants built increasingly complex set fortifications incorporating territory natural features writing spanish historian del commented gibraltar stronghold topography little art proved irish writer george wright observed surface rock wholly occupied defensive works possible appeared batteries fortifications formed point pushes sea south highest point rock single point condition proceeding point entrance town fortifications magazines barracks batteries placed nature surface permit history period gibraltar fortifications evolved number stages permanent inhabitants north_africa said established fort mount eventually corrupted gibraltar guard watch events straits early gibraltar fortified time sultan min response coastal threat posed christian kings rock gibraltar renamed mount victory persist fortified town named city victory laid upper slopes rock unclear actually built surviving archaeological remains gibraltar portion wall metres long survives south main city gibraltar similar design defensive walls morocco protected settlement upper rock modern queen road firm archaeological evidence lacking city fell siege gibraltar fortifications repaired improved king ferdinand ordered construction town maintained control gibraltar resisting siege relinquished siege gibraltar defeating counter siege ended months sultan ali ibn ordered gibraltar strong walls halo surrounds crescent moon details rebuilt city known work biographer ibn written describes reconstruction gibraltar city expanded new defensive wall built cover western southern flanks towers connecting passages added strengthen existing fortifications strengthened repaired weak points exploited improved city occupied north eastern present day city reaching area grand casemates square upper castle road divided main quarters functioned series troops fall stages tower homage usually called castle properly refers entire fortified area city located highest point serving final tower formidable square situated largest towers built square metres strengthened rebuilding earlier tower bears eastern wall projectiles shot siege accessed single gate survives inscription visible 18th century recorded dedicated sultan area later called villa english old town spanish accessed english gate port area called spanish taken house arabic built separate access gates land gate gate sea gate grand casemates gates southern gate gate core city surrounded substantial defensive walls tall towers topped tower homage towers survive square based fitted clock victorian times stanley clock tower constructed design intended resist mining walls built lime based mortar local sand faced decorative simulate masonry builders later changed construction methods stone brick stronger structure southern flank walls survived relatively intact walls likely found underlying modern defensive walls constructed british south fortified city urban area known literally red sands named predominant soil area ibn visited city wrote walked round mountain saw works executed master late sultan morocco armament equipped additions master god strengthen strengthened wall mount formidable useful walls spanish period regained control gibraltar eighth siege threat following completion fortifications allowed fall decay cannon mounted batteries spanish naval commander elder warned king charles gibraltar defences seriously inadequate recommended line wall curtain extended way point southern tip gibraltar town southern wall strengthened advice ignored soldier writer noted gibraltar north west presumably referring north guns castle guns gunners garrison equipment numbers town walls essentially medieval resisted century artillery fall constantinople years earlier showed vulnerable walls face heavy artillery bombardment town inhabitants paid price neglect september pirates north_africa carried major raid taking advantage weak defenses hundreds gibraltar residents taken hostages slaves spanish crown responded gibraltar vulnerability building charles wall control southern flank rock wall builder italian engineer strengthened gate italian engineer extended wall upper rock point probably tower constructed spain southern coast period built eastern end linking gibraltar spanish mainland structure known devil tower demolished world war german engineer daniel thought employed improving gibraltar fortifications direct evidence spanish fortifications southern end town virtually identical design drawings posthumously published von architecture fortresses basis suggested designer gibraltar southern works 16th century works improved gibraltar defences significantly major shortcomings del noted gibraltar good wall corners remained work complete fortification plans drawn previous century felt exist withstand assault biggest weakness lack effective sea wall resist naval philip iii spain authorised works create new mole deep water harbour protected newly constructed gun platform del fort philip subsequently ordered major gibraltar fortifications hostile activity protestant powers northern europe particularly england dutch republic visiting gibraltar king found carriage fit gate walk town instead expressed displeasure gibraltar military governor said sir gate passage carriages exclusion enemies fortifications relatively thin walls strong counter artillery lined tall towers mount cannon don governor gibraltar produced report king recommending series changes territory fortifications series new batteries built line wall named saints new mole later renamed south mole built provide additional protection ships harbour north gibraltar san grand battery fully adapted mount cannon facing old towers pulled replaced old mole stretching bay gibraltar provided cannon sweep series defensive works constructed entrance town provided fire formidable constructed protect south town known del lady south ditch gate africa gates effectiveness new fortifications undermined continued failure spanish crown provide troops man august anglo dutch invasion force sailed bay gibraltar rapidly overcame poorly manned garrison don diego spanish governor gibraltar repeatedly called garrison fortifications strengthened avail admiral george fleet carried capture gibraltar guns opposed iron brass cannon gibraltar spanish guns manned regular soldiers gunners armed civilians gibraltar fell days fighting franco spanish army laid siege shortly able inflict substantial damage old spanish fortifications constant pounding anglo dutch garrison able repair worst damage repelled franco spanish attacks reinforced sea months french spanish abandoned twelfth siege gibraltar british period eighteenth century substantial development gibraltar fortifications took place british occupation territory present day little initially improve fortifications making modest upgrades repairing damage caused siege general james complained earl defence works general bad condition money cost afraid ill laid meant spent fortifications funds diverted corrupt officers repair houses town officers accused stealing cannons selling profit lisbon expressed concern prospect losing gibraltar given poor condition defences siege mounted spanish failed retake gibraltar british able reinforce resupply garrison sea following siege spanish began construction lines fortified structure entire width anchored major forts end intended block access gibraltar spanish mainland serve base future territory importance increased following britain defeat battle french naval victory led surrender british garrison improvements british siege focused north weight future attack likely heaviest area gate flooded turned known pear shaped body water blocked underwater ditches hidden obstacles prevent passage left narrow approaches town guarded barriers watched cannon loaded lethal devil tongue battery constructed old mole provide fire northern defences grand battery strengthened improvements lord term governor progress hindered relationship senior engineer william skinner gibraltar defences stronger earlier siege deficiencies fortress sight armed cannon number concealed fact consisted different brass iron meant greatly differing levels reliability required different types ammunition adding garrison logistical problems skinner agreed pressing threat combined land sea assault focusing weakest defences open ground south town point end peninsula disagreed construct defences great deal energy constructing new earthworks batteries series lines south new mole called prince wales lines said let day pass visiting works twice stay possibility going skinner disagreed placement new fortifications criticised use earth sun baked bricks enabled built great speed minimum cost stone skinner point works washed away rain years fundamental lasting changes colonel william green posted gibraltar senior engineer veteran soldier experience campaigns netherlands canada arrived gibraltar wealth knowledge latest methods fortification strongly supported successor governor lieutenant general edward wrote gibraltar faults opinion place europe vulnerable sea said gibraltar place according notions understood sea bay extensive garrison small funds scarce number improvements north defences sea wall south point severely damaged great storm green spent years reviewing state fortifications developing plan improve sent report board ordnance london following year travelled london present conclusions commission appointed william elder summed principal aims prevent possible landing sea improve quality garrison enemy distance artillery lengthy debate government approved plans green returned gibraltar implement territory fortifications largely based old spanish defences strengthened supplemented years sea wall spanish period represented weak point lack accommodation officers men garrison major problem green set thoroughly fortifications building new hospitals magazines bomb proof barracks casemates important improvements construction king fortification projecting sea wall old new mounted pounder guns inch guns flanks allowing heavy fire directed bay sea wall directions massive structure solid stone feet thick house men casemates carry improvements efficiently green raised soldier company predecessor royal engineers skilled labourers military discipline improved garrison state preparation fresh siege quality guns improved pointing north plus mortars mounted line wall south room guns kept constantly loaded rounds positioned nearby reserve case surprise attack spanish historian remarked prepared garrison noteworthy things place cannon mortar known target twice day sunrise sunset battery commander guns checks gun loaded trained allotted target green improvements came time meet challenge great siege gibraltar despite siege defences continually improved green supervision batteries constructed north way summit rock gibraltar tunnels constructed original intention reaching rocky called notch north face rock cover blind angle mediterranean tunnel constructed air vent excavated explosives realised use shaft gun turned tunnel series galleries intervals overlooking bombard enemy lines continued siege feet tunnels excavated providing communications routes lines batteries north rock notch reached large gallery called george hall capable guns works carried repair rebuild improve defences incorporated old gate new casemates built area orange enlarged work carried amidst considerable controversy vigorous disagreements governors senior engineers time works carried pursued nineteenth century gibraltar remained peace years great siege longest periods peace history work continued develop fortifications driven large extent increasingly rapid pace change power range artillery grand casemates huge barracks built proposals forward rebuild line wall new practice general sir john thomas jones royal engineers conducted study gibraltar defences prompted major changes defined nature fortifications years come jones recommendations based number key assumptions threats faced particular sectors fortifications north strongly defended unlikely vulnerable second sea defences south breached face barrier south defences breached defender holding narrow pass heights hill easily jones men hill pass ought hold thousands bay fourth main threat green recognised years earlier town enemy sea wall town bypass land fronts able attack highly vulnerable rear jones recognised development powerful accurate artillery old system shoreline batteries extremely vulnerable proposed shoreline artillery pulled yards metres retired batteries situated higher hill equipped latest powerful guns firing barbettes positions easily seen sea effective range enemy ships flanked guns sea wall defended solely musket fire artillery support provided retired batteries jones recommendations immediately accepted practice series new batteries aligned roughly north south axis facing west harbour constructed including jones civil hospital queen_victoria lady prince wales cumberland batteries batteries fortifications constructed bay near south peninsula hill strengthened entire perimeter barracks north end blocking access higher ground sea wall town straightened strengthened building new curtain walls prince albert wellington defensive constructed prevent armoured enemy ship walls gibraltar guns reorganised upgraded pounder guns replaced pounders retired batteries equipped pounders wide variety old guns use including iron cast pounder complicated supply maintenance batteries peak fortress guns batteries positions british artist william henry ranges batteries rising sea tier tier extend entire sea northern town artillery decade later rapid introduction rifled artillery firing explosive shells beginning fortifications obsolete result recommendations colonel william coastal batteries upgraded armoured casemates constructed iron proposed build sea fort bay lines britain forts carried growing threat ultra heavy naval artillery led installation giant inch guns dubbed ton guns biggest heaviest muzzle loading artillery pieces anger particularly reliable suffering rate fire shot minutes soon replaced reliable powerful breech loading guns process pulling guns retired sites continued reached logical end point principal batteries peak rock feet metres sea level height weather communications problems gibraltar prone weather formation called cloud rock cables installed crossing rock allow batteries communicate observation posts situated lower observers plot movement enemy targets transmit coordinates batteries high conversion gibraltar armament breech loading guns led fortress defensive needs report generals william sir governor time recommended reducing guns easier maintain supply inch quick firing guns machine guns introduced coastal positions inch guns installed retired batteries smaller guns sufficient protect fast moving enemy vessels torpedo boats larger guns cover entire far north african shore fire right rock counter bombard land based artillery fourteen inch guns eventually installed fourteen inch guns provide gibraltar primary artillery defences inch pounder guns installed strategic positions coastline provide defence twentieth century start 20th century clear gibraltar bombarded relative spanish mainland proposals forward build new harbour east rock ships vulnerable direct artillery fire mainland abandoned vast expense marginal gains security new round carried provide accommodation garrison deep shelters casemates capable men ultimately decided gibraltar faced credible threat land defences organised deal threat sea event biggest threat gibraltar faced 20th century came air action seen gibraltar coastal defences world war occurred august inch gun devil gap battery engaged sank german boat travelling surface second world war presented greater challenge gibraltar defences result development long range bomber aircraft numerous anti aircraft positions established gibraltar built existing fortifications equipped inch anti aircraft guns march inch guns eventually guns plus guns numerous installed located gibraltar rocket early form anti aircraft missiles brought built guard amphibious landings especially eastern rock anti tank guns ditches obstacles installed facing guard land attack possibility attack land theoretical concern adolf_hitler sought spanish support carry operation invasion gibraltar enabled germans close entrance mediterranean great disadvantage allies projected gibraltar fall days event hitler failed reach agreement spanish dictator francisco franco gibraltar defences tested times air raids carried italy france caused limited damage light casualties italian submarine sabotage attacks damaged sank number ships bay despite nature axis attacks huge work war develop gibraltar fortifications new network tunnels dug rock accommodate vastly increased garrison tunnels amounted underground city secure bombardment capable men included hospital workshops ammunition magazines food stores capable holding rations feed entire garrison sixteen months power station water plant telephone exchange build runway extending bay eventual length yards metres width yards metres royal_air_force base gibraltar supported allied air operations battle atlantic mediterranean north_africa operation torch allied aircraft gibraltar single runway following second world war changes britain military commitments strategic environment eventually gibraltar role fortress royal_navy historic role mediterranean effectively taken united_states sixth fleet britain strategic interests shifted atlantic work took place gibraltar nato monitoring station observe naval traffic linking tunnels dug connect existing tunnels new storage chambers built access routes permit easier movement areas peninsula constructed work came end april marking end british_army years tunnel building inch guns mounted upper ridge rock remained service april guns lord spur batteries fired time october single battery anti ship missiles installed rock specially adapted version ship borne missile known directed type radar system reportedly withdrawn 1980s 1990s british ministry defence closed gibraltar naval dockyard greatly reduced military presence territory leaving locally raised royal gibraltar regiment main military force gibraltar gibraltar fortifications today gibraltar fortifications redundant british garrison withdrawn territory 1990s rapid military 1980s 1990s left civilian authorities large surplus military property best preserved fortifications upper rock nature reserve conservation area covers area gibraltar upper rock batteries preserved intact inch guns princess anne battery place making place world complete inch battery seen inch guns lord batteries visited ordnance removed surviving inch guns remain devil gap battery gun engaged german boat august battery ton inch guns restored inch quick firing anti aircraft gun site run gibraltar tourist board conjunction nature reserve 18th 20th century tunnels visited upper galleries known great siege tunnels north face rock gibraltar popular tourist attraction nature reserve number installed recreate appearance original 18th century gun batteries housed tunnels include number victorian pounder cannon original gibraltar gun carriages middle galleries world war joins original 18th century tunnels open world war tunnels lower galleries open visitors poor condition vandalism neglect contain relics military usage fortifications sea level survived original condition substantial number built drained world war site estate named likewise foundations estate flat ground retired batteries prime building spots gibraltar post war building boom disappeared recent developments city walls entirely survived progressively cleared modern structures restore like original appearance longer water edge extensive land parts fortifications converted civilian use years workers grand casemates barracks renovated converted restaurants shops electricity generating station built inside king 1960s demolished converted leisure centre north defences following course laid 11th century substantially intact significant portion original spanish walls seen rising saw tooth fashion grand battery gaps cut walls allow vehicle traffic enter city centre pedestrians walk wooden north ditch pass gate city tower homage continues stand grand battery lower slopes rock open public upper rock nature reserve walls south substantially intact gates bear arms charles columns representing pillars hercules reading plus ultra national motto spain flanking base royal arms arms gibraltar spanish governors ditch gates largely filled portion reused create cemetery adjoining gates south upper section charles wall intact walked lowest point section prince ferdinand battery site den gibraltar colony live defences gun far south peninsula visible built turned viewing platforms fortifications preservation gibraltar fortifications architectural heritage general problematic issue peninsula extremely short land early 1980s nearly half available land military usage comprising naval dockyard southern gibraltar upper rock significant property city walls addition runway military facilities recently gibraltar public sea military land usage military presence run property handed government gibraltar lacked resources look buildings land transferred led abandonment severe physical deterioration significant parts gibraltar military heritage prime example northern defences consisting king lines queen lines prince lines overlooking entrance gibraltar dating great siege shortly described merely vivid experiences visit gibraltar standing comparison famous military sites world john harris royal institute british architects capable providing great architectural experiences western world atmosphere great siege vivid evocative extreme gibraltar conservation society proposed scheme early 1980s preserve reopen lines surrounding batteries galleries magazines scheme ahead lines continued neglected despite scheduled ancient monument

Fortifications and military installations


fort washington fort civil war era fortification constructed hills district_of_columbia usa intended prevent confederate artillery threatening washington navy yard guarded approach bridge connected known washington built fort expanded war joined subsidiary forts fort fort following surrender army northern virginia dismantled land returned original owner saw combat abandoned war site fort planned grand fort circle park system city washington system parks fully implemented site fort today park maintained national_park_service historical marker stands near fort original location planning construction following virginia state joining confederacy federal troops marched washington arlington region northern virginia intended attempt virginia militia confederate soldiers seize capital city united_states seven weeks forts constructed banks river approaches major bridges chain bridge long bridge bridge connecting virginia washington georgetown river forts built planning surveying ordered enormous new ring forts protect city unlike fortifications construction new forts defend city directions direct route arlington mid july work interrupted battle bull run army northeastern virginia marched south soldiers previously assigned construction duties marched instead battle days followed union defeat bull run panicked efforts defend washington perceived imminent confederate attack makeshift trenches earthworks resulted largely confined arlington direct approaches washington july days battle george named commander military district washington subsequently renamed army arriving washington appalled condition city defenses quarter defense offer vigorous resistance respectable body enemy position numbers troops number character defensive works single defensive work commenced maryland prevent enemy city heights easy range occupied hostile column resistance remedy situation orders taking command greatly expand defenses washington points compass forts constructed sufficient strength defeat attack area particular concern region maryland south river confederate artillery floated secret mounted south river threaten washington navy yard washington arsenal lay junction rivers prevent threat coming pass brig john chief engineer defenses washington directed line forts constructed heights southeast river fort western end fort eastern end forts eastern branch river known intended constitute continuous defensive line arlington line defended virginia approaches city instead merely intended deny confederate artillery position provide warning sneak attack washington southeast general illustrated october report saying enemy enter city direction object works prevent seizing heights occupying long shell navy yard arsenal works secure assault auxiliary object construction roads readily thrown point fort located heights fort line begin construction begun september fort located directly south washington navy yard navy yard bridge crossed river connected suburb washington city work progressed rapidly christmas report general indicated fort completed armed despite speed went engineers favor report indicates sites fort entirely wooded conjunction broken character ground selection sites frequently embarrassing labor preparing great experience surveying preparing site fort serve engineers construction future forts washington service army clearing brush forest away site fort allowed clear fields fire fort cannon yards direction technique applied later great effect fort stevens wartime operation summer fort heavily garrison assigned winter report commission study defenses washington describes fort work considerable dimensions built armed casemates reversed fires recommended northwest southwest angles platforms rifled guns east deep flanks work sides requires additional precaution study recommended commission ordered secretary war inspect forts surrounding washington late report deficiencies addition examining fort commission analyzed smaller works supported fort fort identified report battery intended fort fort regarded fort guarding head branch mentioned additional platforms field guns ditch gorge necessary support fort subsidiary positions military road constructed fort tributary roads led fort forts eastern branch line roads eventually widened large ring road mile perimeter washington fact noted map city defenses fall commission examining defenses noted work roads washington requires regiments days equivalent labor shape inspection brig howe inspector general artillery found fort equipped garrison poorly trained fort armed pounder barbettes pounder field inch siege mortar inch rifled mortar ammunition listed complete men single company heavy massachusetts volunteer artillery comprised garrison time artillery infantry following confederate raid washington resulted battle fort stevens new assessments weak spots washington defenses years construction fort attack fort stevens fort perimeter greatly increased addition subsidiary forts additional rifle pits trenches completion military ring road report christopher volunteers recommended fort receive pounder rifled guns pounder pounder bolster defenses control position center eastern branch defenses august replaced capacity chief engineer defenses washington col alexander war winding alexander duties consisted primarily maintaining expanding existing defenses building new forts october report col alexander brig richard head army corps engineers lists series improvements fort impressive defenses constructing new magazines bomb traverses platforms grading report reads post war use surrender robert lee army northern virginia april primary reason manned defenses protecting washington ceased exist initial recommendations col alexander chief engineer washington defenses divide defenses classes kept active class kept reserve state second class abandoned entirely class fort fell class category thought fort needed defend washington navy yard thanks status class fortification fort continued receive regular maintenance continually garrisoned final armistice work strengthen defenses added summer fort fresh grass better traction improve look fortification abandonment conclusion fighting military budgets forts designated class status deemed surplus guns removed surplus equipment sold land returned original owners fort officially closed march following closure fort abandoned elements woods rapidly reclaimed land journalist george alfred published washington outside inside picture narrative origin growth abuses governing city work covered history washington inception present day civil war defenses washington figure prominently later portions book uses state fort example forts decade built fort circle parks fort remained constantly deteriorating condition commissioners district_of_columbia pushed congress pass bill consolidate aging forts fort circle system parks ring growing city washington envisioned commissioners fort circle green ring parks outside city owned government connected fort drive road order allow washington citizens easily escape confines capital bill allowing purchase forts turned private ownership war failed pass house_of_representatives senate despite failure similar bill passed house senate allowed creation national capital parks commission oversee construction fort circle parks similar proposed authorized begin purchasing land occupied old forts turned private ownership following war records indicate site fort purchased total duty purchasing land constructing fort parks changed hands times 1920s 1930s eventually culminating department interior national_park_service taking control project 1940s great depression crews civilian conservation corps embarked projects improve maintain parks control district authority time fort members trimmed trees cleared brush maintaining constructing park buildings non park buildings discussed land city department education proposed building school park land authorities local water utility suggested construction water tower suitable tall hills park second world war interrupted plans post war budget cuts instituted president harry postponed construction fort drive land parks purchased construction ring road connecting pushed projects managed find funding president approved supplemental appropriation request construct swimming pool associated facilities fort park president john kennedy began pushing congress finally build fort circle drive washington national_park_service openly questioning plan time washington grown past ring forts protected century earlier city surface roads connected parks albeit linear route envisioned plan link fort park fort parks grand drive quietly dropped years followed continuing use land site fort converted public park land local african american catholics constructed lady perpetual help church land owned local physician remaining grounds fort purchased nearby residents reportedly walked family cows fort park school bell today church stands adjacent grounds park washington department parks national_park_service jointly manage acres park land stand site fort today authorities manage approximately acres contain recreation center ball fields national_park_service manages remaining wooded contains remains forts area site museum institution facility devoted history african americans


lake ontario ordnance works lake ontario ordnance works acre military installation located county new_york united_states approximately north falls property purchased war department world war location production tnt property sold war united_states department energy currently owns acres original property falls storage site located storage radioactive materials produced development america bombs approximately percent original site currently occupied homes school national shrine lady farms local federal government operations toxic waste facility meets criteria defense site portion property listed cleanup site history war department purchased acre farmland east new_york location manufacture tnt location selected proximity chemical manufacturing plants fort new_york central railroad water electrical power headquarters located vegetable canning factory site private landowners living farmers orchard given days torn burned homes located periphery boundary kept construction tnt plant began january employed workers production storage areas occupied approximately acres near center property remaining acres undeveloped zone hospital fire department power plant hall water supply system waste treatment facility located tnt manufactured months plant decommissioned produce bombs processed air products nearby manhattan engineer district began site storage radioactive created processing ore war assets administration sold transferred acres original property remaining acres given newly formed atomic energy commission acres sold transferred area falls storage site located remained possession government buildings operations building beginning building powerhouse production tnt operations lasted year building renovated separation plant interior building hardware instrumentation disposed building demolished concrete concrete erected east boundary immediately porter center road publicly accessible fence signs warning radioactive material ran road drums containing short tons highly radioactive loaded concrete dismantled interim waste structure construction interim waste structure completed located entirely falls storage site acre mound storage radioactive waste grass covered interim cap designed contaminated radioactive materials stored site including world largest concentration placed structure rochester burial site laboratory waste animals injected experiments university rochester shipped site burial army operations united_states_army given acre parcel land original property located northeast boundary beginning housed surface air missiles intended protect nearby hydroelectric power project property currently licensed new_york army national_guard weekend training site air_force operations acre parcel land original property given united_states_air_force located experimental rocket fuel plant called test annex site private waste treatment facilities chemical corporation petroleum purchased large portion original property private landowner use dump site waste management inc currently owns operates acre treatment storage disposal recovery facility near center property hazardous waste remaining northeastern united_states location contaminated desk news anchor tom disposed modern disposal services operates property uses approximately private residences mobile home park located site school small farms acre national shrine lady attracts thousands visitors annually located site safety concerns new_york state assembly task force toxic substances wrote born crisis war federal site manifested sloppy record keeping procedures inadequate mapping buried technological regard waste storage removal clear site chosen storage radioactive materials place report added radioactive waste stored barrels stacked author strand wrote book army corps engineers currently charged cleanup readily admit don know went extensive study conducted united_states_army corps engineers concluded evidence potential source areas releases contamination surface water soil associated ground disturbances evaluated site currently approximately acre percent original site meets criteria defense site making eligible environmental restoration funds available army portion property containing contaminated listed cleanup site


station group station group norwegian air station military located north norway operated royal norwegian air_force serves detachment squadron operates sea king helicopters search rescue operations surrounding arctic sea areas northern norwegian sea sea arctic sea station helicopters standby given time station group located civilian airport air wing main air station northerly base employees airfield built triangular taken luftwaffe expanded laid wooden taken abandoned plans opening emerged uncertainty value war caused prolonged debate financing air station largely funded north_atlantic treaty organization nato opened civilian terminal cold war norway allow allies peacetime use airfield runway extended squadron established history airfield proposals airport stemmed military considerations despite norwegian policy neutrality fear norway occupied foreign powers advantage country strategic position norwegian military wanted airfields constructed country increase air_force mobility regarded key location given increased soviet peninsula increased military funding granted allowed triangular runway built following year detachment royal norwegian navy air service taken luftwaffe german occupation norway world war planning attack soviet_union designated primary air base northern norway september main runway extended meters constructed wood built allowing air base house bombers air station prime function war facilitate attacks arctic convoys expansion continued parallel meters long air station october operation german retreat norwegian air_force took control airfield commenced reconstruction year air_force operated service air station airport correspondence oslo service lasted season later runway serve air late 1940s wooden runway removed construction projects interest rose coup état fears soviet intervention norway located norway soviet_union border particular interest military specific plans articulated construction carried norway entry north_atlantic treaty organization nato dramatic effect military strategy regarded sacrificed case soviet invasion airfield closed runway remained consisting short section wooden runway rest grass strip occasionally small aircraft plans interest military leaders airport returned air_force mainly concerned reach easternmost parts norway main air station allowed soviet norwegian air space alternative locations considered radar built nato supported reconstruction partially raised increased focus nato northern flank serve nuclear program nato ready provide funding norwegian authorities wanting delay construction cited lack personnel man station lack times war government decided nuclear stored norway peacetime eliminating nato strategic need air station removed investment program united_states concerned peninsula prime source soviet attack north_america new discussion location arose main alternatives estimated cost nok million nok million better instrument landing weather conditions allowed longer runway main advantage better suited civilian traffic government parliament approved construction condition receive nato funding new concerns raised nato defense caused proximity soviet_union lack military forces lack natural obstacles initial response norwegian air_force airfield easily soviet_union current shape means destruction useless following norwegian retreat later costs estimates rose nok million include meter runway meter square meters apron lack funding meant airport meet nato air base standards permitted airfield nato point view emergency landings nato proposal investment program approved norwegian government december north_atlantic council june parliament passed plans august construction carried simultaneously airport airport combined primary airports airports opened cold war credibility massive retaliation strategy caused nato shift flexible response strategy increased importance fly reinforcements war situation nato proposed expanded nato standards planned host detachment fighters fighter bombers act fighters transports helicopters airfield supplies including fuel ammunition month war efforts nato saw need case soviet attack deploy brigades consisting men course week simultaneously host squadron tactical aircraft expansion estimated cost nok million nato fund million approved parliament nato adjusted plans later year reducing apron area square meters increasing construction lasted consisted extending runway meters constructing communications building network internal roads upgrades followed pressure armed forces establish squadron fighters following warsaw pact invasion czechoslovakia august september ministry decided upgrade garrison men followed extension runway better air defense cold war norway enforced policy allied aircraft operate north effort minimize tension soviet_union specifically allied aircraft permitted operate east 24th east west use airfield motivated provoke soviet_union norway shared land border increased allied military presence decrease popular support nato membership restrictions strengthened following incident spy aircraft route shot soviet territory mid-1960s nato unsuccessfully attempted convince norwegian authorities allied operational border 24th 27th east norway prohibited nuclear stored soil preventing serving role base nuclear armed bombers nato military interest peaked late 1960s increased range soviet aircraft 1970s diminished need troops combined norwegian tension nuclear policies caused united_states favor primary areas defense squadron later squadron squadron operated regular training missions fighter aircraft parliament decided establish search rescue squadron sea king helicopters bought ministry justice december squadron enacted original stations helicopters major mission april thirteen fishermen rescued sank cape later history responsibility sea kings originally included sinking government decided instead lease super helicopter removing archipelago portfolio runway extended including widening meters receiving new runway lighting range sea kings determined radio range long range missions sea kings flown assistance aircraft serve radio point allowing record kilometers mission air station converted station group main air station ministry justice considered search rescue services looked moving squadron airport rationale proximity hospital typical minute shorter flight time coast location longer travel time inner parts plans hindered opposition air_force establish military station norwegian armed forces announced carry major restructuring decrease activity long term plan close garrison facilities station group located peninsula sticks north northern station military facilities located western runway civilian facilities eastern runway meters aligned roughly north south asphalt parts concrete instrument landing system category directions airfield saw aircraft movements including civilian operations squadron detachment sea king helicopters norwegian air ambulance service organized regional health authorities medical personnel provided hospital trust remaining personnel military detachment flew missions hours sea kings primary role search rescue mission portfolio northern sea missions squadron operates management joint rescue coordination centre northern norway located detachment secondary responsibility air ambulance management hospital winter helicopters follow coastal flight route heading east west avoid sea kings operational radius kilometers combination possibilities allows parts norwegian exclusive economic zone covered issues helicopters fly higher meters altitude general dynamics fighting based regularly use monitoring training fighter aircraft reach norway russia border minutes helicopters reach border thirty minutes primary use fighters training shooting range civilian sector airport main airport serving central areas including municipalities primary airline operating airport daily flights dash aircraft airport passengers classified international airport accidents incidents june people board experienced control problems north pilot ejected survived officer killed march lost power meters altitude pilot survived aiming aircraft area altitude meters feet june savannah micro aircraft crashed minutes departure flight instructors board instructors killed accident


old old known dover fort 16th century fortification island isles built government edward protect islands french attack overlooking old harbour anchorage helen pool housed battery artillery pieces positioned square gun platform rocky bank stone wall built protect attack beach sides respectively small room provide living quarters garrison later constructed gun platform following english civil war old occupied attacked parliamentary forces sir robert blake blake naval guns ranged fort fierce fighting taken battery guns maintained end 18th century fortification disused ruins placed state island arthur smith 21st century controlled english_heritage open tourists protected scheduled monument law history 16th century old built protect isles french attack tensions france grown reign henry_viii war henry initially responded coasts england constructing new artillery forts designed defend longer range cannons common 16th century henry son year old edward inherited throne facing renewed war france edward lord protector king appointed brother thomas england lord admiral thomas inspected isles personally concluded vulnerable french invasion result inspection sir francis lieutenant general ordnance tasked february improve defences islands supported shipment lead help construction money raised dissolution monasteries england building work initially focused island carried direction john captain castle need modern defences wanted use work programme increase political influence island old built programme work positioned high ground protect old harbour overlooking harbour nearby anchorage helen pool complete held battery guns fired targets attempting enter harbour engaged ships approaching isles north east edward fell power removal new survey carried captain william confirm new fortifications suitably located islands building work isles continued expanding include neighbouring island mary oak trees south wales dispatched islands early islands lacked suitable sources timber orders given send bows arrows ingredients required gunpowder islands construction teams kept work end old appears completed crown resources badly stretched decision taken end expenditure isles total spent improving fortifications islands survey suggested cost garrisons project come total edward successor queen mary intended establish garrison soldiers islands uncertain numbers achieved 17th century old saw military action end english civil war making england coastal defences seen actual fighting isles supporters charles civil war short period parliamentary control rebelled favour charles formed base parliament concerned dutch hostile england counter piracy occupying islands gaining use england parliament sent sir robert blake charge naval task force retake islands blake arrived helen pool april set taking island attacking harbour old blake deployed force men small boats landed wrong island recalled ships day men landed beaches fighting ensued attackers driven blake men landing saw fierce resistance guns probably turned landing parties assault force killed guns blake ships guns longer range old fell blake went use basis taking mary remained important fortification invasion parliament invested islands defences carried survey calling dover fort charles_ii restored throne edward sent isles inspect defences recommended repairs carried old centuries crown form cornwall leased islands family followed august smith inspected christian orders duke reported decayed walls standing recommended repaired cost william noted visit battery guns old guarding harbour time writer john saw site end century guns removed walls remained good condition considered military utility brought service lease passed arthur smith agreed pass properties including ministry works 21st century controlled english_heritage successor ministry open tourists protected scheduled monument law architecture old comprises paved square gun platform approximately metres metres metre thick low granite walls probably somewhat taller built built rocky forms lower courses walls reached flight stairs platform originally north west north east corners walls probably forming possible roof platform south west corner platform lean powder locker shelter watch compartment south wall store ammunition small room metres metres added west construction main building possibly english civil war equipped windows fireplace formed living quarters troops bank defends described variously metres metres high similar found forts period thames river england remains defensive stone wall wall destroyed coastal erosion design conservative period echoes forts built reign henry_viii contrast nearby fortification harry walls built time adopted contemporary design employed


camp camp detention facility established final days battle croatian war independence camp set yugoslav people army shared control facility croatian troops facility originally industrial storage site located southern outskirts city close proximity barracks consisted warehouses surrounded wire fence established november brought days end battle camp usually spent days camp interrogated beaten killed passed camp closed march united_nations protection force deployed area inmates killed camp figure includes approximately people missing presumed dead events camp formed issued international criminal tribunal yugoslavia trials ongoing trial terminated following death background following electoral defeat government socialist republic croatia croatian democratic union croatian ethnic tensions serbs worsened yugoslav people army confiscated weapons croatia territorial defence forces minimize resistance august tensions escalated open revolt croatian serbs centred predominantly populated areas parts eastern croatia revolt followed unsuccessful attempts serbia supported montenegro serbia provinces obtain approval yugoslav presidency operation croatian security forces january skirmish insurgents croatian special police march supported serbia supporters asked presidency wartime powers declare state emergency request denied march came control serbian president preferring campaign expand serbia preserve yugoslavia publicly threatened replace serbian army declared longer recognized authority presidency end month conflict escalated croatian war independence stepped increasingly supporting croatian insurgents preventing croatian police intervening early april leaders croatian revolt declared intention integrate area control known serbian autonomous serbia government croatia viewed declaration attempt croatian government responded forming croatian national_guard garde development hampered united_nations arms introduced september october croatia declared independence yugoslavia second half saw fighting war yugoslav campaign croatia culminated siege battle battle ended november captured city nearly months fighting time croatian authorities began systematically non civilians areas control area eastern primarily motivated aim changing ethnic composition favour serbs refugees fled western following operation croatian army timeline storage facility located southern edge city district metres barracks consists sheet metal warehouses surrounded wire fence located perimeter fence metres feet away storage facility turned detention camp brought november final days battle shortly captured district served detention facility paramilitary groups held transported prison camps serbia executed nearby site area responsibility 2nd assault detachment commanded major commanding officer garrison camp security provided croatian volunteers military police battle allied forces started taking civilians remaining camp transferring shelters city november cyrus toured united_nations fact finding mission given escorted tour sites near city including camp departing belgrade according international criminal tribunal yugoslavia prosecutor del approximately people held facility november including civilians approximately people detained prisoners war included taken hospital people transported camp separated based ethnicity suspected croatian police personnel separated colonel service visited camp day described conditions international committee red_cross denied access camp arrival facility prisoners selected execution survivors reported escorted shots heard seen surviving prisoner later reported witnessed killing prisoner camp serbian victim throat prisoners beaten shot wounded abused november gradual transfer prison serbia started transfers caused clash croatian wanted control generally kept camp days transferred estimated civilians prisoners war passed camp camp closed march united_nations protection force deployed area according survivors killed large number deaths unconfirmed considered missing figure includes missing presumed dead seventeen victims buried graves detention facility according croatian government inmates leave camp alive figure repeated croatian lawyers march trial phase croatia serbia genocide case international court justice serbia legal team maintained figure killed exaggerated conceded crimes committed camp based findings found inmates killed stated impossible court determine exact number deaths aftermath events camp formed different trial charges brought prosecutors included unlawful confinement imprisonment torture acts non civilians including held camp died trial completed leader radical party associated white eagles charged unlawful confinement killing people camp buried mass grave near site massacre near village south unspecified number people brick yard adjacent camp croatian leader eastern held office president eastern western charged unlawful confinement murder people later buried compound trials ongoing site camp marked commemorative plaque laying ceremony november site compound restored original use storage facility


fortifications malta fortifications malta consist number walled cities forts towers batteries fortifications built thousands years mid-20th century result islands strategic position natural desirable powers earliest known fortifications malta defensive walls built bronze age settlements romans byzantines built number defensive walls important settlements little remains survive today late medieval period main fortifications malta capital coastal towers posts fortifications malta greatly improved islands ruled order john built new fortifications fortifications upgraded medieval defences end 18th century malta extensive fortifications grand harbour coastal defence system consisting towers batteries following brief french occupation islands fell british rule 1870s 1900s number forts batteries built malta coastline great fault 1930s 1940s fort campbell series number anti aircraft batteries constructed fortifications built malta malta fortifications considered best examples military architecture world major general porter royal engineers called malta powerful artificial fortress world book history fortress malta book story malta murray wrote complete system fortifications extant world defensive structures malta british architect hughes referred malta fortifications sheer concentration majesty judge historian said world fortifications extensive impressive outstanding malta ancient medieval fortifications fortifications malta built bronze age sites identified possible fortified settlements best preserved village close modern town inhabitants village built high shaped bar access village wall built facing inland showing people living village afraid attacks land sea founded fortified city highest points island far away sea eventually city taken roman empire renamed city renamed arabs led present fortifications modified number times time dismantled rebuilt 16th 18th centuries foundations ancient roman medieval remains recently discovered excavations remains round towers found malta believed date late roman periods possible historians dispute locations sense defensive systems according arabs captured malta besieged captured sacked dismantled fortress definitely fortified settlement hill existed bronze age city fortifications improved years northern walls city stand today built 15th century crown built middle ages castle definitely existed 13th century involved battle malta early 16th century belonged family early 15th century local militia number watch posts islands cases fortified coastal posts towers known built point peninsula fortifications harbour area islands north african port city tripoli given order saint john emperor charles knights settled town capital soon arrival order rebuilt calling fort saint later entire town began surrounded new fortifications similar style order earlier defences rhodes land built following attack order realised need build defences forts built fort saint tip peninsula site fort saint michael new fortified city began built fort saint michael named grand master built ottomans attacked great siege malta fort saint fell fierce fighting ottoman general killed knights held relief force arrived end siege fortifications destroyed attacks rebuilt grand master jean decided build new fortified capital peninsula stone new city laid called city walls constructed mainly remain largely intact day include ditch ruined fort saint rebuilt integrated city walls area strengthened number times later 17th century especially building development new technologies 17th century realised fortifications designed strong withstand heavy attack lines original land built 18th century suburb developed lines land known today town right santa lines began built land fronts works suspended lack funds remained unfinished years following fall ottomans second line fortifications lines began built unfinished santa lines begun works stopped lack funds time built crucial parts constructed eventually effort complete santa lines early 18th century planned ditch fortifications constructed fort san built lines fort built commanding eastern arm grand harbour irregular plan following coastline fort improved later 18th century fort saint extensively modified upgraded building batteries defences fort built island harbour protect western flank baroque fort square shape corner major fort built trace malta order major fortification harbour area fort built point built protect entrance fort saint fort architecture different order earlier forts small 18th century standards described revolutionary influential malta fortifications early example fort forts built british later 19th century longer capital city order strengthened city defences gradually upgraded medieval walls gunpowder fortress juan built corners city land central built grand master martin century city damaged sicily earthquake repairs course 18th century rebuilding city entrance replaced larger gate architect charles modifications completed plans strengthen city implemented order focused fortifications harbour area defences improved order city devastated ottoman raid took entire population slaves city entrance southern walls later completely rebuilt city northern walls retained original medieval form early 17th century modifications included construction magazines battery coastal fortifications despite significant fortifications harbour area rest islands remained 17th century prone attacks raid changed tower built island longer exists demolished british administration following years towers built islands group towers built built formed significant intended protect vulnerable sections coast attack towers collapsed demolished towers survive day seven towers built smaller towers built communication link warn order base grand harbour attack saint tower built large tower intended built style towers towers built towers built collectively known towers grand master built survive day series towers built fourteen towers built known towers based towers function communication link towers built mainland malta having identical design survive intact ruins fourteenth tower tower built slightly different design coastal built tower constructed tower collapsed rebuilt early 2000s good condition onwards batteries built coasts malta batteries built existing coastal towers batteries destroyed years ruins intact including anthony mary batteries survive including george built coastline inland positions remains survive today including fort built island intended new fortified city like eventually replace island capital unsuccessful eventually fort built saw action french occupation importance eventually diminished converted hospital 19th century 1990s interior fort began redeveloped outer barracks remain intact saint tower battery strengthened ditch like enclosure complex renamed fort reigning grand master fortifications exception tower dismantled rebuilt british later 19th century fort fell apart knights fortifications years individuals families built fortifications mainly fortified residences private notable surviving example tower built french occupation french evicted order malta mediterranean campaign order surrendered couple days initially welcoming french rebelled couple months number reforms looting churches insurgents took control briefly independent towns villages main island leaving french blockaded defended harbour area insurgents helped british hastily built fortifications mainly intended repel possible french counter attack time bombard french positions harbour area insurgents camps men camps responsible number batteries vicinity important batteries batteries battery battery battery fortifications surrounded entire harbour area stretching way design batteries based coastal batteries built order 18th century consisted long stretches rubble walls armed guns taken coastal fortifications saint mary tower fortifications tested french counter attack fort repelled batteries fortifications survive intact pre existing buildings seen san battery insurgents fortifications location fort saint built later late 19th century british fortifications nineteenth early twentieth centuries british took islands later colony initially fortifications alterations military theory time royal_navy mediterranean_fleet regarded reliable protection invasion fact british civil commissioner henry wanted demolish majority fortifications british period forts order rearmed refitted altered number times latest military technology 1850s british built fort area battery built later 19th century parts lines santa lines fortifications demolished way extensions malta dockyard 19th 20th centuries british built barracks parts island point colonel william produced report entitled memorandum reference improvements defences malta gibraltar rendered necessary introduction iron ships powerful rifled guns gave malta gibraltar halifax bermuda status imperial fortress programme improve malta fortifications began soon number new forts batteries built including point battery fort fort lines built heights shaped trace ditch meant protect dockyard harbour attacks abandoned early 1900s technology saw use world war starting victoria lines originally known north west built northern malta dividing heavily populated south system defences consisted line fortifications flanked defensive towers gun artillery batteries planned san battery battery actually built forts built lines fort fort fort lines completed exercises proved dubious defensive value entire system decommissioned exception coastal towers today parts lines collapsed parts countryside including forts survive fort fort built cover gap victoria lines harbour area british built number forts protect harbour included fort san fort fort saint paul battery battery built respectively following italian ironclads ton guns british feared italian attack malta ships fire malta batteries destroying keeping outside guns range prevent british requested ton guns built installed malta cambridge battery battery built specifically house guns construction batteries began complete gun exists new series fortifications built house breech loading guns battery battery garden battery battery battery fort fort built malta world wars aftermath early 20th century fortifications built malta new military installations airfields began built world war seaplane base raf airfield built airfields built interwar period second world war including raf far raf raf raf raf airfield crisis onwards british built malta defence case italian invasion built world war exist especially north eastern island restored cared demolished destroyed considered architectural historic value fort built malta fort campbell built near late design fort completely different earlier fortifications malta designed counter new threat aerial bombardment irregular plan perimeter guarded machine gun posts rifle buildings inside scattered create concentration buildings fort exists largely ruins second world war war rooms built serve war headquarters defence malta later headquarters allied invasion sicily war air raid shelters dug limestone rock islands government individuals families protect civilian population malta italian german aerial bombardment shelters exist open public anti aircraft batteries gun positions radar stations built course war fortifications decommissioned 1950s 1970s left abandoned variety purposes private residences restaurants police stations farms barracks converted housing estates forts historic military buildings use armed forces malta barracks fort fort present day conservation restoration today architectural historical value malta fortifications widely acknowledged serve tourist attractions fortifications included list virtually surviving fortifications listed national inventory cultural property islands malta national heritage register fortified city listed world heritage site fortifications malta harbour area fortified cities victoria lines tentative list world heritage sites 1970s onwards fortifications especially abandoned dilapidated beginning 21st century number fortifications restored undergoing restoration national trust malta din art responsible restoration number coastal fortifications 1970s onwards towers batteries restored din art include tower tower tower mary battery tower mark tower tower mary tower tower din art currently restoring anthony battery tower restored number fortifications including battery battery currently restoring battery onwards began restoration fort island project restoration included rebuilding chapel anthony bombed world war restored fort development point 19th century garden battery believed destroyed world war rediscovered point project decided restore plans restore fortifications restoration began started slip clay slopes steel rods inserted walls reinforce course restoration number archaeological remains found including remains roman medieval walls original entrance number features restoration started project described biggest century evicted public lands fortifications restoration upper fort saint completed chapel michael bombed world war rebuilt restoration parts fortifications began restored fortifications interpretation centre fortifications interpretation centre public institution dedicated communicating exhibiting malta military architecture located building adjoining saint andrew city walls building originally magazine artillery school built reign late 16th century floor destroyed world war rest building subsequently examination hall building restored upper floor rebuilt project financed european regional development fund opened february includes information guides fortifications malta going fortifications focusing especially built order british contains models forts panels describing fortifications world putting malta fortifications context malta fortifications featured number times islands coat arms malta contains mural crown gold port turrets visible represents fortifications malta status city state coats arms regions malta similar crown turrets visible mural crown visible turrets seen coats arms indicating status capital city capitals version turrets visible seen coats arms victoria indicating status city coat arms features representation santa maria tower demolished tower addition towers featured coats arms armed forces malta air wing malta stock exchange town coat arms feature representation barracks reflecting role british military founding town


gatehouse gatehouse 15th century stone fortification founded start 12th century gatehouse controlled entrance outer courtyard dissolved gatehouse nearby stretch wall parts survive gatehouse passed control cathedral local 16th 17th centuries store hay modern farm occupies site controlled english_heritage open visitors gatehouse storeys main entrance lodge ground floor domestic chambers upper floors english_heritage considers building finest medieval gatehouse history gatehouse probably built 15th century formed entrance outer courtyard small institution founded following norman invasion beginning 12th century mary abbey york known special right sanctuary criminals granted henry allowing shelter reach church ring bell gatehouse originally formed range buildings running outer courtyard controlled access institution power status anglo scottish border dangerous 15th century monasteries area like protective fortifications 16th century decline closure came result dissolution monasteries england wales henry_viii help speed process closing institution appointed prior henry minister thomas royal commissioners visited finally surrendered crown belongings sold taken henry depending value lands given cathedral rest soon fell disrepair gatehouse local intact use minister gatehouse later passed state care english_heritage open public preserved protected law grade listed building architecture english_heritage considers building finest medieval gatehouse closely resembles larger fortifications forming storey building built red sandstone stands edge modern farm occupies site original gatehouse metres floors linked spiral staircase north east corner adjacent barrel vaulted cellar marks range buildings ran alongside gatehouse seen external walls gatehouse topped ground floor includes barrel vaulted entrance lodge metres size second floors formed single rooms approximately metres internally domestic chambers officials small bed chambers walls roof predominantly built dating current structure probably built possibly building converted use north east gatehouse metres medieval red sandstone wall metres high probably originally east wall chapter house medieval wall windows running staircase end


artillery fortification constructed henry_viii device plan response fears imminent invasion england built near kent strategic point river_thames operational equipped pieces artillery garrison men captain probably storey shaped building designed prevent enemy ships progressing river landing invasion force stripped artillery demolished remains building ground archaeological investigations 1970s uncovered parts foundations background built consequence international tensions england france holy roman empire final years reign king henry_viii traditionally crown left coastal defences local lords communities playing modest role building maintaining fortifications france empire remained conflict maritime raids common actual invasion england unlikely modest defences based simple towers existed south west sussex coast impressive works north england general fortifications limited scale henry broke pope paul iii order long standing marriage wife catherine catherine aunt charles holy roman emperor took personal insult resulted france empire declaring alliance henry pope encouraging countries attack england invasion england appeared certain device henry issued order called device giving instructions defence realm time invasion construction forts english coastline programme work river_thames protected mutually reinforcing network south river east opposite bank fortifications strategically placed london newly constructed royal vulnerable attacks arriving thames estuary major maritime route percent england exports passed village adjacent town metres apart formed particularly important communications point river formed centre long ferry traffic passengers capital cross ferry river resulting local lined point invasion force able easily thames point sides estuary landings difficult construction designed clerk king works james master ordnance christopher robert serving project martin john acting local fort built chapel field crown bought land william field previously dissolved henry_viii reformation work quickly completed operation equipped artillery guns initially commanded captain sir edward small garrison men including second command porter soldiers seven gunners men supported reinforcements fort come attack fresh fears invasion prompted work carried sir richard lee prominent military engineer peace declared following year uncertain exactly shape fort took archaeological investigations suggest probably shaped storeys tall circular facing river battery positions main defences modern angular added later king estimated spent building developing fortification destruction orders issued artillery pieces removed taken tower london fort demolished brick stone site reused repair tower site probably rediscovered excavations destroyed building canal basin canal road gordon pleasure gardens later 19th century archaeological investigations uncovered foundations protected law scheduled monument


detective chief inspector fictional character bbc soap opera played appearance march investigating shooting mitchell steve storyline shot returned storyline killed returned january storyline stalking departing months later returned episodes august conclude storyline july returned killed storyline brought feelings explored segment bbc entitled video diaries documenting character thoughts storyline involved relationship explored appearance bbc describing relationship romance negative ultimate dream day bars daily_mirror tony stewart calling arch enemy character criticised police detectives felt habit discussing investigation details suspects colleagues accepted bribes properly represent profession response bbc said sought advice police consultant storylines involving storylines arrives albert square march investigating mitchell shooting case detective chief inspector identifies main suspects adam dan sullivan steve owen martin mark lisa benjamin arrests dan shooting later acquitted lack evidence dan set fact lisa shot later arrests little attempted murder husband morgan alex little claims self defence victim domestic violence hands trial ends treatment little revealed jackson visits evidence killed girlfriend lisa helps set honey trap order obtain confession kate price paul fails kate falls love fires arrests insufficient evidence confession released later emerges lisa safe innocent later arrests dennis den set armed robbery reappears albert square mitchell larry lamb murdered arrives scene people suspect butcher charlie brooks waits questioning questions makes televised appeal witnesses later interviews provided girlfriend carter henry days later red found scene murder visits female locals checking hands seeing upset heather knowing vulnerable lives talks heather christmas day heather accidentally tells wasn interviews later visits home asking clothes wearing christmas day shows clean shirt closes hoping blood stained clothes able wash tip arrests sam mitchell sam accuses mother mitchell barbara windsor murder confirms talk questioning sam police station released charge sam detained jumping bail visits insists people trouble asks cold christmas day asks knows gone missing january arrests told took advantage stole recording having sex dumped canal refuses talk shows footage dumping shows recovered admits visiting christmas day claiming threatening wanted recording denies murdering charges days later tells saw leave queen_victoria christmas day bust queen_victoria bar left places scene denies murdering tells murder charge dropped charged theft wayne hughes attend funeral watching people reactions hope new lead returns grave asks explains didn believe said cancer returned following week mitchell samantha spots boyfriend jack scott talking jack tells fishing information new leads boss threatens case reviews suspects decides question jack asking questions answered café hughes discuss new information obtained ensuring chinese style rumours ending certainty arrest sees square struggle knocks arrested charged assaulting police officer released bail suspects saying shown true colours later field karen enters pub officers arrest suspect frightened leaves police officers arrest dot june brown accused cotton dot jack confronts sending officer arrest dot unsettling locals realises new information tells fled finds queen remarks new forensic profile found dna screening white males shortly begin hughes accepts bribe jack dna samples disappear receives anonymous tip police search flat finding engagement ring went missing night murder arrested later released lack evidence james calls police saying bradley charlie attacked christmas day police arrive arrest spots phone rings officers chase roof falls death investigation ends police believe bradley killed killer actually turner january fox parish gives letter death homeless man died car lot insurance adds murdered thompson thanks information arrives begins trailing asks tell town wanting ensure imprisonment targets son ben interviewing death ben abused finds questions continues press falling ben changes statement telling told jump building push arrests murder ben reveals stalking informs partner charged murder ben pleads statement secret tells accept father learn ben involvement arrest eventually discovering ben lies passes information ben arrested day release helps ben hide involvement heather murder tells police station contact ben accusations charges ben dropped visits eventually slip suggests ben ultimately bring august reappears ben confesses heather murder believe confession thinking lie attention ben arrested charged murder helps luke crisp wright convince jay brown ben heather killer july informed samantha newman police new dealing murder making arrest house knocks door shocked wants speak ben murder door face attempts delay ben flee ben eventually arrested development characterisation nicknamed female daily record profile website describes fearless nonsense copper criminal fraternity east daily times described tough mirror called scary nancy banks smith guardian characterised strict described haired copper said detective rubbish hudson daily_mirror similarly opined saying useless stated making right pig ear investigating lamb murder daily_mirror tony stewart characterised introduction returns appeared march shot storyline storyline main suspects dan sullivan steve owen lisa mark source daily record said sooner later truth going lot going left march unsuccessfully identifying shooter turned lisa appeared january april november december november returns police suspect murdered wife lisa daily_mirror said words mitchell heard times jane prime suspect got good news says arresting suspicion murder police portugal found jacket unfortunately covered blood blood returned march july august november longer stint december killed returns november reported reprise role digital_spy forum members previously pointed return hinted photo official website feature script quoted saying know exactly makes adding hook times standing dock december episode returned investigate murder mitchell source told digital_spy score settle far foot place years ago vengeance people frame murder difficult job hands wants pin return said came completely blue knocked thought great surprise finished year run national theatre appearing new play called england people nice couldn come better time returned december know murdered turned correct speaking said correctly guess week live episode memory shot storyline different suspects including hard turned lisa knew wasn going culprit couple scenes following episode shot december thought person audience forgive away theory turned right sunday mirror thought killer left february returned january returned framed kevin daniels death homeless man died accidentally car lot fire insurance according inside soap police begin questioning fiancée death return investigation set bring face face old time stop bad boy permanently bars digital_spy reported opens investigation death finally returned single episodes august killed july revealed reprising role continuation killed storyline whilst viewers know bobby culprit samantha cameron reportedly arrest murder arresting innocent suspect related media bbc viral promotion develop storyline killed main character videos new section video diaries launched encompassing events december onwards diary style point view insight provided character thoughts feelings events surrounding week beginning introduction christmas day home feet eating pie watching doctor christmas special instead called work murder bloody victim mitchell time mitchell ruined night leads mitchell wrapped nick new years day best present videos discussed evidence suspects brought relationship video diaries talks suspects evidence episode sam episode talks butcher episode discusses motives end series episode seven boss threatens fire capture culprit got got pin address immediate area door stopped suspects questioned arrest tell mitchell wife daughter butcher jack getting closer need time course boss putting pressure says losing touch case case somebody going ain going penultimate episode announces dna results come aired final episode video diaries aired february days departure episode case closed song hello plays killed storyline focus bbc described episode caught killer hello looking don tell didn spot chemistry pair wouldn like planned got bars hope endless love revisited reception returned december mirror said disliked sexual tension western mail discussed kate storyline saying betrayal capital order day square week cop kate plot interested shop shop dilemma kate finds hard cope waits confession nail good interview east daily times remarked frequently asked photo taken role real life police detectives criticised portrayals detectives colleague wayne hughes saying viewers talking residents case accepting bribes believe police operate way reality bbc insisted police consultant adding heightened fiction things represent real life spokesperson said police consultant shows like casting jane simon brian described having appetite making random arrests simon added list suspects includes entire northern hemisphere time daily arrests like formula pit stop got fine art kevin sullivan sunday mirror commented killed storyline despite widespread albert square life saga killed gives toss potential murderers bradley charlie gang hint guilt absurd sorry keeps arresting boiler evidence spent years building career miss yeah way nick real high tyler inside soap return saying explain charge case couldn catch bus let killer