flight flight scheduled international passenger flight new_york_city united_states geneva switzerland flight flight delta air lines september douglas performing flight registration crashed atlantic_ocean southwest halifax international airport entrance bay nova_scotia crash site kilometres shore roughly tiny fishing tourist communities cove passengers crew aboard died highest death toll douglas accident aviation history second highest air disaster occur canada arrow air flight crashed fatalities accidents passenger fatalities china eastern flight hull loss china flight search rescue response crash recovery operation investigation government canada took years cost million time approximately million transportation safety board canada report investigation stated material aircraft structure allowed fire spread control crew resulting loss control crash aircraft flight known shuttle popularity united_nations officials flight carried business executives scientists researchers involved aircraft aircraft douglas serial number registration manufactured operator bore title honor swiss cabin seats business class seats equipped seat flight entertainment system aircraft powered whitney engines logged total hours crash crew pilot command year old time accident approximately hours total flying time hours instructor pilot career fighter pilot swiss air_force described friendly person professional skills works precision officer year old approximately hours total flying time including hours instructor pilot swiss air_force cabin crew comprised flight crew members board flight qualified certified trained accordance swiss regulations joint aviation authorities flight timeline flight took new_york john kennedy airport eastern daylight time utc utc utc aircraft experienced unexplained thirteen minute radio cause determined communication radios tuning errors atlantic time utc flight crew detected cockpit determined smoke air conditioning system following captain request crew turned air conditioning vent minutes later returned smoke visible prompting pilots pan pan radio air traffic control controls air traffic province nova_scotia including flights route europe pan pan indicated urgency smoke cockpit declare emergency denoted crew requested diversion convenient airport accepted offer closer halifax international airport nova_scotia away logan international airport boston time nautical miles away utc handed traffic control plane halifax terminal control unit specialized unit managing traffic halifax utc crew requested distance aircraft descend feet advised aircraft nautical miles away halifax international airport utc crew fuel dump request halifax diverted plane margaret bay safer aircraft dump fuel distance nautical miles halifax accordance entitled case smoke unknown origin crew shut power supply cabin turned fans ceiling created vacuum ceiling space passenger cabin induced fire spread cockpit cutting power utc crew informed halifax fly manually followed times emergency seconds later crew declared emergency time declaring emergency words received flight flight data recorder stopped recording utc followed second later cockpit voice recorder aircraft briefly appeared radar screens utc utc altitude recorded feet according cockpit voice recorder shortly emergency declaration captain left seat fight fire spreading rear cockpit volume later found fused wreckage indicating captain attempted use fan flames captain return seat killed fire smoke killed crash known flight data recording shows engine shut engine fire approximately minute impact implying officer alive continued trying control aircraft final moments flight utc aircraft struck ocean estimated speed mph knots force order causing aircraft instantly crash location approximately meters uncertainty post crash response search rescue operation search rescue operation code named operation persistence launched immediately joint rescue coordination centre halifax halifax tasked canadian forces air command maritime command land force command canadian coast guard canadian coast guard auxiliary resources rescue resources approach crash site volunteer units units privately owned fishing boats operated cove margaret bay peninsula soon joined dedicated canadian coast guard vessel helicopters flown squadron crash site proximity halifax meant ships docked canada largest naval base halifax largest canadian coast guard bases base hour sailing time calls immediately went ships sailed soon possible margaret bay land based search including shoreline searching responsibility halifax regional search rescue organization responsible ground operations including military operations ground search rescue teams search recovery operation afternoon september apparent survivors crash halifax tasked dedicated assets helicopters royal canadian mounted police given overall command recovery operation remaining scene commander aircraft broke impact water debris sank ocean floor depth debris found floating crash area following weeks debris washed nearby initial focus recovery finding identifying human remains recovering flight force impact order aircraft fragmented environmental conditions allowed recovery human remains aircraft wreckage victims visually identifiable eventually identified dental records ray comparisons remaining identified dna tests canadian forces divers navy clearance divers port inspection divers ship team divers army combat divers working recovery request government canada government united_states larger dedicated salvage recovery vessel uss tasked recovery effort arriving philadelphia september crew salvage divers cockpit voice recorder flight data recorder found submarine detect underwater beacon signals quickly retrieved canadian navy divers september september stopped recording aircraft lost electrical power approximately minutes seconds impact recovery operation guided transportation safety board canada resources canadian forces canadian coast guard agencies area surveyed route survey laser line remotely operated vehicles locate items located debris recovered initially divers later october initiated heavy lift operation retrieve major portion wreckage deep water expected winter storms began october estimated wreckage recovered point investigation crash generally believed caused faulty cockpit entertainment system started certain groups issued aviation safety recommendations released preliminary report august final report final phase wreckage recovery employed ship queen netherlands remaining aircraft debris concluded december aircraft retrieved approximately aircraft debris cargo response victims families friends airport plaza house relatives friends victims crash hotel central location relative airport jerry head emergency management task force mayor new_york_city praised response partner delta air lines responding accident criticized trans world response flight crash investigation examination estimated million pieces debris recovered brought ashore inspection secure handling facility marine industrial park sheet harbour small material hand inspected teams officers looking human remains personal effects aircraft cargo hold material transported assembled inspected investigators multiple organizations transportation safety board canada national transportation safety board federal aviation authority air accidents investigation branch boeing whitney piece wreckage brought carefully cleaned fresh water weighed item placed specific area hangar based grid system representing sections plane items considered significant crash stored similar items large boxes box weighed moved custom built temporary structure hangar discontinued runway long term storage deemed significant investigation item documented photographed kept active examination hangar particular attention paid item showing heat damage burns unusual marks lack flight recorder data minutes flight added significant complexity investigation major factor lengthy duration transportation safety board team reconstruct minutes flight entirely physical evidence aircraft broken million pieces impact process time consuming tedious investigation largest expensive transport accident investigation canadian history costing million million years cockpit recordings aircraft cockpit near class passenger cabin reconstructed information gained allowed investigators determine severity limits fire damage possible origins progression cockpit voice recorder inch recording tape operated minute loop retained half hour flight failed minutes crash recording covered strict privilege section canadian transportation accident investigation safety board act publicly disclosed air traffic control recordings strictly privileged section act provides certain legal proceedings air traffic control released days crash air traffic control audio released probable cause investigation identified causes contributing factors crash final report important aircraft certification standards material inadequate allowed use materials ignited sustain fire consequently material propagated fire started ceiling right cockpit near cockpit rear wall fire spread intensified rapidly extent degraded aircraft systems cockpit environment ultimately led loss control aircraft investigators identified evidence flight entertainment system network trip circuit breakers investigation unable confirm arc lead event ignited covering blankets quickly spread materials crew recognize fire started warned instruments aware fire uncertainty problem difficult address rapid spread fire led failure key display systems crew soon rendered unable control aircraft light controls displays failed pilot forced steer plane intentionally plane course headed atlantic recovered fragments plane heat inside cockpit great ceiling started melt recovered standby attitude indicator showed aircraft struck water knots mph degrees nose degree bank attitude inverted impact force aircraft crashing atlantic_ocean later calculated times force gravity death passengers crew impact forces concluded crew aware nature problem immediately detection initial odor commenced approach rapidly possible developing fire related conditions cockpit safe landing halifax impossible recommendations recommendations relating changes aircraft materials testing certification inspection maintenance electrical systems flight data capture flight stopped lost power minutes impact general recommendations improvements fire detection fire fighting equipment training recommendations led widespread changes standards principally fire speculation september program fifth estate reported allegations suggesting device cause crash claims came arson investigator assigned file day crash sgt tom claimed suspicious levels elements associated arson discovered ordered remove references suspected bomb investigative notes claimed high levels wires explained prolonged exposure sea water recovery effort document obtained fifth estate showed placed wires sea water weeks testing wires showed traces victims passengers american french swiss american including delta air lines flight attendant united air lines flight attendant swiss including crew members french british german italian canadian greek afghanistan china india iran russia saudi_arabia spain sweden yugoslavia passengers board notable victims notable individuals died accident including head roger williams accomplished internationally recognized founder research clinic university utah traveling new_york geneva chair meeting world health organization pierce director operations great lakes region africa special mission secretary general democratic republic attempt negotiate peace accord regional war specialized theory heavy joseph son boxing world champion jake head aids program wife aids researcher mary victor professor university italy european radiation facility physicist working national laboratory identification royal canadian mounted police medical identified bodies weeks accident extreme impact forces body identifiable sight approximately bodies dna dna analysis referred largest dna identification project canadian history bodies identified canadian medical dental records bodies death rays large number dental rays meant bodies identified end october contacted relatives victims ask medical histories dental records blood samples relatives dna identification victims legacy memorials tributes memorial service held following year memorial service held nova_scotia memorials died crash established government nova_scotia east crash site kilometre mile north cove second private larger commemoration located west crash site near beach provincial park peninsula unidentified remains victims interred fund established fund maintenance memorials government passed act recognize charitable funds created including young victim louisiana robert martin provides money children need permanent memorial albeit publicly accessible created inside operations center airport simple plaque ground floor centre opening spiral staircase pays tribute victims september delta boeing acquired douglas merger agreed share liability accident offered families passengers financial compensation offer rejected favour billion suit supplier federal court dismissed claim february paintings including painter board aircraft destroyed accident impacts industry time accident douglas tri jet production produced freighter passenger version delivered overall delivered cargo freighter crash flight caused strong blow ironically system aircraft blamed causing accident installed attract passengers order ease airline financial difficulties finally went bankrupt shortly attack caused powerful disruption aviation transportation industry crash flight route new_york geneva route changed flight performed bankruptcy received international traffic rights began operating flights swiss international time flight changed flight operated crash television documentaries flight including fifth estate investigation pbs nova episodes disaster shows like history channel disasters century discovery channel national geographic channel seconds disaster march swiss television broadcast documentary called die von fire board tragedy flight nova created classroom activity kit school teachers crash example aircraft crash investigation canadian poet jacob collection folk disaster effect nova_scotia residents released copies audio recordings air traffic control associated flight recordings released days crash refused release audio privacy grounds argued canada access information act privacy act audio recordings constituted personal information canada federal court appeal rejected argument legal proceeding concerned air traffic control recordings air accidents supreme_court canada grant leave appeal decision consequently released copy air traffic control audio recordings canadian press requested recordings access information act key minutes air traffic control audio found toronto star web site


air hong_kong air hong_kong chinese cargo airline based hong_kong main hub hong_kong international airport airline operates express freight network destinations countries including china japan malaysia philippines republic china taiwan singapore south_korea thailand vietnam fleet general airline launch customer new variant head office located fourth floor south tower pacific city air hong_kong founded november local businessmen commenced charter services boeing freighter february june hong_kong largest carrier pacific acquired holdings airline acquired remaining february october pacific entered joint venture worldwide express eventually saw took stake cargo airline pacific retained holdings history air hong_kong established november local businessmen london airport included roger roger teamed sang hong_kong help fund business airline commenced charter services boeing freighter february bombay known mumbai britain scheduled services began october early airline boeing operated scheduled cargo service manchester traffic rights brussels guam melbourne osaka perth singapore sydney vienna schedule cargo service introduced new traffic rights city granted april march air hong_kong granted additional traffic rights darwin march airline operated scheduled cargo services brussels city manchester singapore fleet boeing boeing aircraft subsidiary general_electric capital entered agreement suspend lease payments airline boeing return option buy percent airline january pacific acquired percent airline shares million june option cancelled facing weak demands heavy financial losses airline forced terminate lease boeing boeing november january respectively boeing remaining airline fleet boeing scheduled cargo services brussels manchester osaka airline parent pacific acquired remaining percent airline shares february wholly owned subsidiary operational followed july air hong_kong ceased services brussels manchester focus services asia october pacific entered joint venture agreement worldwide express selling percent stake cargo airline exchange funds purchase medium size operate network asia pacific region hong_kong airline set aside million purchase million march pacific sold percent stake retained percent airline air hong_kong launch customer general freighter new variant new variant cargo loading system capable handling virtually type container door rear lower deck capable handling large items general freight airline took delivery new aircraft september eighth final aircraft delivered june new powered general_electric engines signed year maintenance cost hour programme january november air hong_kong received award operational excellence aircraft manufacturer achieving overall best performance aircraft operational reliability average delay time destinations air hong_kong operates cargo flights following destinations hong_kong hong_kong international airport main hub people republic china beijing beijing capital international airport shanghai shanghai international airport japan international airport osaka international airport tokyo international airport malaysia international airport philippines manila international airport singapore singapore airport south_korea seoul international airport taiwan republic china international airport thailand airport vietnam city tan son international airport terminated destinations belgium brussels india mumbai united arab united_kingdom manchester fleet september air hong_kong fleet consists following aircraft average age years airline launch customer general freighter new variant retired boeing boeing boeing boeing


airfield airfield located kilometres research station princess martha coast queen land antarctica owned operated norwegian polar institute consists metre runway glacial blue ice ice sheet airport located metres mean sea level kilometres coast airfield opened serves centre land air network multinational cooperation use year hub provide intercontinental traffic antarctica onwards research stations aircraft suitable inter operations intercontinental flights normally operate cape_town international airport hercules similar long range aircraft feeding services research station normally aircraft twin aircraft aircraft helicopters facilities airfield located kilometres princess martha coast queen land antarctica owned operated norwegian polar institute consists metre runway glacial blue ice allows aircraft serving instrument landing system instead visual flight rules apply buildings structures runway services provided research station ground handling including supply jet fuel provided crew crew supply services fire rescue service communications personnel stuck bad weather airfield follow protocol environmental protection treaty includes storing fuel barrels large tanks placed special absorb avoid equipment plans handle occur waste transported airfield cold dry climate located desert annual mean temperature summer temperature able reach lowest winter storms occur year occasionally outdoor activity impossible located south circle midnight sun summer polar night winter service land air network project coordinated project countries bases queen land norwegian land create coordinated logistics service reduce costs participating countries belgium finland germany india japan netherlands norway russia south_africa sweden united_kingdom services operated russian norwegian swedish hercules norwegian aircraft occasionally visited types aircraft flights operate cape_town international airport flight time hours hercules aircraft half hours services research stations operated type converted operated south african company logistics centre international operators services operated finnish dome japanese british german indian german russian princess belgian south african japanese norwegian swedish season people transported antarctica airport open commercial private flights history planning opened decided station placed location allow year round operations chosen location provided base research station time close blue ice runway time cargo passengers transported ship flown airport russian base late 1990s norwegian polar institute took initiative establish cooperation countries operate research facilities queen land january test flight representatives countries twin helicopter distribute crew supplies bases addition evaluating airfield evaluation performed january hub model summer operated south african company logistics centre international build permanent airfield norwegian polar institute bought snow tracked vehicle snow ice cutter works organized land based global positioning system laser system course season meters runway built included removing surface rocks filling construction included necessary ground facilities rescue service communications ground handling overnight facilities personnel stranded bad weather construction involved moving cubic metres ice snow airfield opened february queen norway new research station following day twin smaller aircraft services later operated logistics centre international taken use cooperation resulted availability larger aircraft suited research coordinated search rescue operations participating countries january airfield visited norwegian prime minister destinations


flight flight regularly scheduled passenger flight frankfurt germany february operated man forced pilot fly new_york_city john kennedy international airport aircraft landed safely surrendered peacefully incident charged air piracy united_states district court sentenced years prison flight flight international flight operated frankfurt international airport frankfurt germany international airport scheduled intermediate stop cairo international airport cairo egypt aircraft registration service august flight carried passengers crew born september egypt father economist political prisoner family moved morocco arrest escape persecution studied american school morocco described distracted emotional older sister went study college pennsylvania older brother enrolled college paul minnesota younger brother brook lived indiana attempted join siblings united_states denied student unable receive permission legally enter country months prior year old moved germany applied political asylum withdrew application asylum german government purchased ticket flight entered airport carrying starting pistol loaded prior reaching security placed pistol head covered indiana jones came time pass metal hat placed hidden pistol table retrieved prior boarding plane frankfurt airport took advantage airport security pistol deep hat placing hat table adjacent security guards strict incident took place allowed pass approximately minutes flight aircraft reached cruising altitude austrian entered forward black ski mask removed pistol leaving entered cockpit unlocked placing pistol pilot head said turn west shoot demanded aircraft flown new_york_city demanded political asylum united_states told plane need agreed allow stop germany aircraft landed airport noon local time surrounded law enforcement officials remained cockpit pistol pilot head threatened begin killing flight attendant minutes german authorities allowed plane depart threatened kill hostages promised surrender peacefully reaching united_states pilot able calm non stop flight new_york kept pistol pointed head duration flight removed ski mask later told newspapers spent hours trying build admitted having spent months planning men agreed arriving new_york sunglasses exchange pistol aircraft arrived john kennedy international airport remote runway man hostage negotiation team assembled air traffic control tower detective spoke radio assisted fbi special agent john flood port authority detective sergeant minutes negotiation traded pistol pilot sunglasses surrendered peacefully authorities passengers crew unharmed aftermath arrested charged air piracy united_states district court eastern district new_york brooklyn february judge ross ordered held bail trial remained convinced spend time prison granted asylum course trial twice found incompetent stand trial prescribed medication depression represented course day trial found guilty jury trial hour judge sterling johnson sentenced prison germany criticized severely international press security measures frankfurt airport allowed pistol board allowing aircraft leave frankfurt airport busiest airport europe time recently come fire bombing pan flight scotland alleged explosives loaded frankfurt bombing frankfurt airport performed numerous security reviews implemented stringent security procedures incident trans atlantic croatian nationalists flight september incident domestic new_york chicago flight forced fly paris france mentioned episode hostage die episode


powered passenger jet operated maximum speed twice speed sound mph cruise altitude seating passengers flown entered service continued flying years transports operated commercially soviet built operated shorter period time jointly developed manufactured british aircraft corporation anglo french treaty meaning harmony union reflects operation project united_kingdom france type known simply definite article aircraft built including prototypes development aircraft air france british received seven aircraft research development failed profit state owned bought aircraft huge destinations flew regular flights london airport paris charles airport john kennedy international airport new_york washington international airport adams international airport barbados flew routes half time time aircraft profitable found customer base willing pay flights career fastest commercial world aircraft regarded aviation icon engineering marvel criticised lacking credible market retired type crash general commercial aviation industry september attacks decision successor maintenance support development early studies origins project date early 1950s arnold hall director royal aircraft establishment asked morgan form committee study transport concept group met time february delivered report april time known drag speeds strongly related span wing led use short span thin rectangular wings seen control surfaces missiles aircraft like lockheed team studied team outlined configuration looked like enlarged short span produced little lift low speed resulted extremely long runs high landing speeds design required enormous engine power lift existing provide fuel needed large resulted based group considered concept instead suggested continued low level studies slender soon published series reports new wing known slender delta concept team including worked fact delta wings produce strong upper surfaces high angles attack vortex lower air pressure cause lift greatly increased effect noticed earlier notably qualities fully appreciated suggested mere curiosity effect deliberately improve low speed performance papers changed entire nature design overnight delta aircraft prior point designs different swept wing span noted lift vortex increased length wing operate suggested effect extending wing fuselage far possible layout good performance inherent short span offering reasonable landing speeds vortex generation design aircraft land nose high generate required vortex lift led questions low speed handling qualities design need long landing gear produce required angles runway presented idea meeting morgan present test pilot brown recalls morgan reaction presentation saying immediately seized solution problem brown considers moment true birth project transport advisory committee october ministry supply asked morgan form new study group transport advisory committee explicit goal developing practical design finding industry partners build meeting november decision fund development test bed aircraft examine low speed performance slender delta contract eventually produced page aircraft ultimately demonstrate safe control speeds low mph stated economic performance similar existing types burn fuel cruise able fly sorties given period time fewer aircraft needed service particular route remain economically long fuel represented small percentage operational costs time suggested designs naturally fell work model flying shorter range version flying morgan suggested passenger cost million develop production service smaller passenger short range version cost million ready service meet schedule development need begin production contracts let morgan strongly suggested involved similar project failed respond locked market believed dominated aircraft study contract awarded bristol preliminary designs based slender delta concept developed bristol armstrong responded internal design wing lower speed shorter range category early time group government looking partners develop designs september approached lockheed creation british aircraft corporation bristol team immediately started talks boeing general dynamics douglas aircraft aviation selected continued work slender delta considering basic shapes classic straight edge delta gothic delta rounded appear like gothic arch wing compound rounded shape advantages terms worked shapes practical concern grew important forced selection designs generally wants wing centre pressure lift point close aircraft centre gravity balance point reduce control force required pitch aircraft aircraft layout changes design phase common fore aft normal wing design addressed moving wing slightly fore aft account delta wing running length fuselage longer easy moving wing leave nose tail studying terms changes design changes fuel use flight immediately came fore wing evolving basic concept bristol original type small design pure slender delta wing evolved larger type wing partnership time similar political economic concerns france led plans late 1950s government requested designs government owned returned designs based slender delta suggested powered design flying jet powered designs similar aviation super won design contest medium range design deliberately sized avoid competition designs assumed drawing board soon design complete april company technical director sent bristol discuss partnership bristol surprised find team designed similar aircraft considering problem coming conclusions bristol teams terms economics later revealed original report marked eyes secretly passed french win political favour minor changes paper presented work teams found agree french modern large jet engines concluded buy british design earlier company experience use high heat metals maximum speed selected aluminium speed friction air metal aluminium begins lower speed speed development allow design fly americans finally involved agreed shaped wing right disagreements size range team focused passenger design serving routes french deliberately avoiding proved barrier common components designs shorter range version fuselage engines longer stretched fuselage engines leaving wing extensively designed teams continued meet time clear aircraft considerably similar spite different range seating arrangements single design emerged differed primarily fuel load powerful bristol engines developed allowed design powered engines cabinet response treaty development teams met french minister public works transport robert meeting minister aviation peter soon revealed cabinet french partnership companies companies proved venture likely belief government funding development partnership european company risk giving away technological leadership european partner plans presented cabinet negative reaction resulted economic considerations considered highly questionable especially based development costs estimated million repeatedly overrun industry treasury ministry particular presented negative view suggesting way project positive financial returns government especially light industry past record optimistic estimating including recent history suggests consider million cost turn low concern led independent review project committee civil scientific research development met topic july september committee ultimately rejected economic arguments including considerations supporting industry report october stated unlikely direct positive economic outcome project considered simple reason going concerned locked future markets conversely appeared project likely significantly impact important research efforts considerable argument decision proceed ultimately fell unlikely political time pressing admission european common market controlled charles felt special relationship unacceptable pan european group cabinet felt signing deal way common market entry main deciding reason moving ahead deal belief led original documents leaked french spoke european origin design continued block entry common market development project negotiated international treaty countries commercial agreement companies included clause originally asked imposing heavy penalties cancellation draft treaty signed november naming reflecting treaty british french governments led construction french word english equivalent concord words mean agreement harmony union officially changed concord response perceived slight charles french roll late british government minister technology tony announced change spelling created nationalist died stated represented excellence england europe memoirs recounts tale letter claiming talk england scotland given scotland contribution providing nose cone aircraft replied french scotland added acquired unusual nomenclature aircraft common usage united_kingdom type known article sales efforts new consortium intended produce long range short range version prospective customers showed interest short range version dropped advertisement covering pages promoting ran issue aviation week space technology advertisement predicted market aircraft boasted head start united_states project consortium secured orders non binding options long range version major day pan air france launch customers order book included continental japan american united air india air canada singapore iran air olympic middle_east time flight options list contained options testing design work supported preceding research programme studying flight characteristics low ratio delta wings delta modified flight tests high speed flight envelope page provided valuable information low speed performance construction prototypes began february built bristol test flight march piloted went october built flew raf april piloted brian prototypes presented public time june paris air flight programme progressed embarked sales demonstration tour september crossing followed suit june tour middle far_east visit united_states landing new dallas fort worth regional airport mark airport opening initially held great deal customer interest project hit large number order paris air crash competing soviet shocked potential buyers public concern environmental issues presented aircraft sonic boom noise pollution produced shift public opinion nations remained prospective buyers britain france china iran air france british successor took orders governments taking cut profits united_states cancelled boeing rival transport programme observers suggested opposition grounds noise pollution encouraged united_states government lacked competitor india malaysia ruled flights noise concern restrictions later relaxed professor douglas ross characterised restrictions placed operations president jimmy carter administration having act american aircraft manufacturers flew altitude test flight june considerable difficulties led dismal sales performance costs development times original projections arriving unit cost million world events sales prospects oil crisis think twice aircraft high fuel consumption rates new wide body aircraft boeing recently aircraft significantly efficient presented low risk option carrying load achieved passenger miles fuel boeing reached boeing douglas emerging trend industry favour cheaper airline tickets caused question market design general features delta winged aircraft engines based employed raf vulcan strategic bomber commercial aircraft employ design case fly wire flight control system system unique commercial aircraft employ hybrid circuits principal designer project sir russell deputy pioneered following technologies high speed flight double delta shaped wings variable engine air intake ramp system controlled digital computers capability thrust wire engines predecessor today controlled engines nose section better landing visibility weight saving enhanced performance mph cruising speed fuel consumption drag minimum engines efficient higher speed fuel consumption altitude feet gallons hour mainly aluminium construction low weight conventional manufacture higher speeds ruled aluminium regime allowing hands control aircraft climb landing fully electrically controlled fly wire flight controls systems high pressure hydraulic system lbf lighter hydraulic components independent systems blue green yellow emergency ram air turbine rat stored port inner jack supplying green yellow backup complex air data computer automated monitoring transmission aerodynamic measurements total pressure static pressure angle attack slip fully electrically controlled brake wire system pitch trim shifting fuel fuselage centre gravity control approach drag penalty parts sculpture reducing count saving weight adding strength auxiliary power unit visit large airports ground air start available powerplant needed fly long distances economically viable required high efficiency engines rejected larger cross section producing excessive drag found best choice engines engine twin rolls development bristol engine vulcan bomber developed variant strike bomber rolls engine proposed aircraft time initial design aircraft pass upper regime speeds switched times jet engines highly inefficient low speeds burned tonnes fuel maximum fuel load runway fuel jet high thrust produced engines idle outer engines run landing easier brake pad wear low weights landing aircraft remain stationary engines requiring brakes continuously applied prevent aircraft moving intake design engines especially critical provide low distortion levels prevent engine surge high efficiency likely ambient temperatures met cruise provide adequate performance diversion cruise low engine face distortion provide alternate path excess intake air engine variable intake features required meet requirements consisted rear ramps dump door auxiliary inlet ramp bleed exhaust supplying air engine intake supplied air ramp bleed aerodynamic design variable exit area secondary flow intake contributed good expansion efficiency cruise engine failure causes problems conventional aircraft aircraft lose thrust engine creates drag causing aircraft bank direction failed engine happened speeds theoretically caused catastrophic failure airframe computer predicted considerable problems practice shut engines aircraft predicted difficulties engine failure required air intake virtually zero engine failure countered opening auxiliary spill door extension ramps air downwards past engine gaining lift drag pilots routinely trained handle double engine failure air intake control units use digital provide necessary accuracy intake control world use digital given authority control essential system passenger aircraft developed electronics space systems division british aircraft corporation clear fitted prototype aircraft developed ultra electronics found accurate tasks hand thrust wire engine control system developed ultra electronics heating issues air compression outer surfaces caused cabin heat flight surface windows panels warm touch end flight engines hottest structure aircraft aerodynamic heating nose engineers aluminium aircraft familiarity cost ease construction highest temperature aluminium sustain life aircraft limited speed went cycles heating cooling flight cooling gained altitude heating going reverse happened descending slowing fatigue modelling test rig built repeatedly heated size section wing cooled periodically samples metal taken testing airframe designed life flying hours owing air compression plane travelled speed fuselage heated expanded obvious manifestation gap opened flight deck flight engineer console bulkhead aircraft conducted retiring flight flight engineers placed caps expanded gap cap cabin cool fuel heat sink heat air conditioning method cooled flight surfaces forward cockpit heated heat directly reaching cockpit restrictions majority surface covered highly reflective white paint avoid aluminium structure heating effects flight white finish reduced skin temperature degrees air france briefly painted predominantly blue exception wings promotional deal paint scheme air france advised remain minutes time restriction speeds scheduled long flights required extended operations structural issues high speeds large forces applied aircraft banks turns caused twisting distortion aircraft structure addition concerns maintaining precise control speeds issues resolved active ratio changes varying differing speeds including attached area wings active high speed additionally narrow fuselage meant aircraft visible rear passengers viewpoints aircraft passes critical particular airframe centre pressure shifts causes pitch force aircraft centre mass remains engineers designed wings specific manner reduce shift shift metres countered use trim controls high speeds dramatically increased drag instead distribution fuel aircraft shifted acceleration centre mass effectively acting auxiliary trim control range fly non stop atlantic_ocean required greatest range aircraft achieved combination engines highly efficient speeds slender fuselage high ratio complex wing shape high lift drag ratio required carrying modest high fuel capacity aircraft trimmed precision avoid unnecessary drag soon began flying model designed slightly larger fuel capacity slightly larger wings leading edge improve aerodynamic performance speeds objective expanding range reach markets new regions featured powerful engines sound fuel hungry noisy speculated reasonably possible create engine gain efficiency rolls given additional range greater making new commercial routes possible cancelled poor sales rising cost aviation fuel 1970s radiation concerns high cruising altitude meant passengers received twice extraterrestrial radiation travelling conventional long haul flight introduction speculated exposure travels increase likelihood skin cancer reduced flight time overall equivalent dose normally conventional flight distance unusual solar activity lead increase incident radiation prevent incidents excessive radiation exposure flight deck instrument measure rate decrease radiation radiation level high descend feet cabin usually maintained pressure equivalent feet elevation set altitude lower end range feet maximum cruising altitude feet typically cruise feet sudden reduction cabin pressure hazardous passengers crew feet sudden cabin leave time useful consciousness seconds athlete altitude air density low breach cabin integrity result loss pressure severe plastic emergency oxygen masks installed passenger jets effective passengers soon suffer despite quickly equipped smaller windows reduce rate loss event breach reserve air supply system augment cabin air pressure rapid descent procedure bring aircraft safe altitude minimum emergency descent rates aircraft noting higher operating altitude concluded best response pressure loss rapid descent continuous positive pressure delivered oxygen directly pilots masks flight characteristics commercial jets took hours fly new_york paris average flight time routes hours maximum cruise altitude metres average cruise speed knots mph twice speed conventional aircraft civil traffic operating cruising altitude dedicated oceanic tracks cross atlantic nature high altitude winds tracks fixed terms unlike north_atlantic tracks lower altitudes alter daily according forecast weather patterns cleared foot block allowing slow climb oceanic crossing fuel load gradually decreased regular service employed efficient cruise climb flight profile following delta shaped wings required adopt higher angle attack low speeds conventional aircraft allowed formation large low pressure entire upper wing surface maintaining lift normal landing speed miles hour high angle landing approach drag force curve raising nose increase rate descent aircraft largely flown throttle fitted reduce pilot workload thing tells moving occasionally flying feet appearing backwards mean going miles hour faster absolute delight fly handled beautifully remember talking designed late 1950s mid 1960s think absolutely amazing 21st century remains unique brakes way delta wing generated lift unusually strong rotation rise high angle attack degrees prior rotation wing generated lift unlike typical aircraft wings combined high rotation knots indicated increased stresses main way initially unexpected development required major redesign high angle needed rotation small set wheels added aft prevent main units swing great height need swinging clear main wheel tyres unit inflated twin wheel nose forwards tyres inflated pressure wheel assembly carries spray prevent standing water thrown engine tyres rated mph starboard nose wheel carries single disc brake halt wheel rotation port nose wheel carries speed generators anti braking system prevents brake activation nose main wheels rotate rate additionally high average speed miles hour needed upgraded brakes like anti braking system prevents tyres losing traction brakes applied greater control roll brakes developed carbon based brakes use carbon equivalent steel brakes provided weight saving wheel multiple discs cooled electric fans wheel sensors include brake brake temperature tyre typical landing brake temperatures landing required minimum feet runway length fact considerably shortest runway actually landed cardiff airport nose nose developed marshall enabled aircraft switch streamlined reduce drag achieve aerodynamic efficiency pilot view taxi landing operations high angle attack long pointed nose view necessitated capability nose accompanied moving retracted nose prior lowered nose raised horizontal rise cockpit aerodynamic controller cockpit allowed retracted nose lowered standard horizontal position following clearing airport nose raised prior landing retracted nose lowered horizontal maximum visibility landing nose raised degree position avoid possibility damage federal aviation administration objected restrictive visibility prototype requiring alteration permit serve airports led redesigned production pre production aircraft nose window glass needed endure temperatures excess flight developed operational history scheduled flights scheduled flights began january london paris rio_de_janeiro routes flights sign air traffic control aircraft unique abilities restrictions french normal signs paris route azores began april congress banned landings mainly citizen protest sonic preventing launch north_atlantic routes secretary transportation william gave permission service washington international airport air france british simultaneously began service ban operations lifted february new_york banned locally ban came end october supreme_court united_states declined lower court ruling rejecting efforts port authority grass roots campaign led carol continue ban spite complaints noise noise report noted air_force time boeing speeds landing scheduled service paris london new_york john kennedy airport began november british singapore shared flights london singapore international airport aircraft painted singapore port british starboard service discontinued return flights noise complaints malaysian government reinstated new route bypassing malaysian dispute india prevented reaching speeds indian route eventually declared viable discontinued mexican oil boom air france flew twice weekly mexico_city international airport washington new_york_city september november worldwide economic crisis period resulted route cancellation flights routing washington new_york mexico_city included cross florida avoid creating sonic boom state accelerated high speed crossing gulf_of_mexico april world luxury tour charter british implemented changes routing allowed maintain passing florida east south periodically visited region similar chartered flights mexico_city acapulco december international leased air france british flights dallas fort worth washington international airport flown flight crews air france british crews took continuing flights london paris aircraft registered united_states home countries european registration covered operated retaining flights profitable typically booked forcing end tenure operator early years british service greater number shows passengers booked flight failed appear gate boarding aircraft fleet british interest following launch british services britain major airline british set task force headed gordon director investigate possibility operations seen particularly viable airline long haul network aircraft available purchase important reason interest british government aviation policy review opened possibility setting services competition established sphere influence counteract potential threat considered independent plans partnership considered likely set service route major source revenue profits scheduled route network task force assess viability daily service existing service route entered bid acquire eventually arranged aircraft leased respectively maintained air france envisaged fleet required high level aircraft cost effective decided operate second aircraft service atlanta halifax consideration given services houston points south american network later stage services launched point rising oil prices caused energy crisis led ambitions british buys outright future looked bleak british government lost money operating year moves cancel service entirely cost projection came greatly reduced testing costs test rig wings built data years shut despite government keen continue managing director sir john king convinced government sell aircraft outright british million plus year profits king recognised premier product market research revealed customers thought expensive actually ticket prices progressively raised match perceptions reported british ran profit unlike french counterpart british flew weekly service london miami stopping washington international airport air france british continued operate new_york services daily routinely flew adams international airport barbados winter holiday season prior air france paris crash french tour operators operated charter flights european destinations regular basis charter business viewed lucrative british air france british held promotional contest mark 10th anniversary airline private sector promotion lottery fly new_york held tickets valued offered contestants special compete million people retirement april air france british simultaneously announced retire later year cited low passenger numbers following july crash slump air travel following september attacks rising maintenance costs advanced introduced 1970s years later cockpit outdated little commercial pressure upgrade lack competing aircraft unlike era boeing retirement aircraft british fleet flight engineer aircraft eliminated role april virgin atlantic founder sir richard announced company interested purchasing british fleet nominal original price april british dismissed idea prompting virgin increase offer million claimed clause agreement required allow british airline operate ceased government denied existence clause october wrote economist final offer million intended operate fleet years come chances keeping service lack support continued maintenance suggested withdrawn reasons usually given apparent grounding profit carrying class passengers lack commitment director engineering cited having undermined resolve continue operating air france air france final commercial landing united_states new_york_city paris air france final flight took place june retired auction parts memorabilia air france held paris november people attended lots exceeded predicted values french retired kept functional short time end service case taxi runs required support french judicial crash aircraft fully retired longer functional french retired air paris airport near paris unlike museum systems kept functional instance famous nose lowered raised led rumours prepared future flights special occasions french currently rests auto museum germany flight paris followed spectacular transport barge road museum display place seen air france signed letter agreement donate national air space museum washington aircraft retirement june air france honoured agreement serial museum completion flight aircraft air france open service rio_de_janeiro washington new_york flown hours display center airport british british conducted north american farewell tour october visited toronto pearson international airport october flew new_york john kennedy international airport visited boston logan international airport october visited washington international airport october claimed flight london boston set flight record hours minutes seconds fastest flight new_york airport february taking hours minutes seconds seconds record set april week farewell flights united_kingdom visited birmingham october belfast october manchester october cardiff october edinburgh october day aircraft return flight cities low altitude october flight special manchester new_york landed simultaneously october queen illumination windsor castle honour reserved state events visiting dignitaries west bound commercial flight departed london british retired fleet october left new_york fanfare similar given air france round trips bay carrying guests including pilots edinburgh aircraft london having received special permission fly low altitude landing sequence captain new_york london flight mike final flight occurred november flew new_york airport seattle boeing field join museum flight permanent collection plane piloted mike les claimed flight time hours minutes seconds record cities museum pursuing collection final flight world wide took place november landing bristol fleet grounded drained hydraulic fluid certificates withdrawn chief pilot manager fleet estimated cost million maintain ownership stated fly lack support december held auction british artefacts including nose cone london proceeds raised majority going charity currently display sea air space museum new_york announced advertising spot scale model located retained model display museum restoration retired test flying trials work dismantled transported road restored essentially shell museum surrey remains open visitors museum youngest display air space museum paris february announced museum group volunteer air france technicians intend restore taxi power reported british save group french groups begun engines french museum intent restore condition fly demonstrations save group hoped flying london olympics happened work restoring operating condition september currently known housed museum exhibit organisation club announced raised funds million static display buy restore return service heritage aircraft air displays charter hire coincide 50th anniversary flight july reported planning permission granted construction museum bristol airport house intended form key exhibit new bristol aviation heritage museum return service plan september publicly revealed club secured million return aircraft service club president paul james said main obstacle project date money question heard found investor money longer problem help happen organisation aims buy currently display airport tentative date forward flight years maiden journey operators air france british international short term lease singapore short term wet lease accidents incidents air france flight july air france flight registration crashed france departing paris charles route john kennedy international airport new_york_city killing passengers crew members board flight people ground fatal accident involving according official investigation conducted bureau analyses pour aviation crash caused metallic strip fell continental taken minutes earlier fragment tyre left main wheel tyre exploded piece rubber hit fuel tank caused fuel leak led fire crew shut engine number response fire warning engine number producing little power aircraft unable gain altitude speed aircraft entered rapid pitch violent descent rolling left crashing tail low les hotel claim metallic strip caused crash disputed trial witnesses including pilot aircraft landed adjacent runway flight caught fire independent french investigation found wheel installed left main gear plane caught fire feet metallic strip lay december continental john taylor mechanics found guilty november french court overturned conviction saying mistakes continental taylor responsible prior accident arguably operational passenger world passenger deaths kilometres travelled zero prior non fatal accidents rate tyre damage times higher safety improvements wake crash including secure electrical controls lining fuel tanks specially developed burst resistant tyres flight modifications departed london july piloted chief pilot mike hour minute flight mid-atlantic iceland attained returning raf test flight intended resemble london new_york route declared success watched live crowds ground locations flight passengers accident took place september landing shortly world trade center attacks united_states commercial flight passengers employees normal commercial operations resumed november aircraft service new_york mayor greeted passengers accidents incidents suffered previous non fatal accidents similar april british registration chartered flight new_zealand sydney suffered structural failure flight speed aircraft climbing accelerating heard crew notice handling problems assumed heard minor engine surge difficulty encountered descent feet vibration felt aircraft lasting minutes upper rudder separated aircraft point aircraft handling unaffected aircraft safe landing sydney air accidents investigation branch concluded skin rudder separating rudder structure period time accident moisture past rudder furthermore production staff followed proper procedures earlier modification rudder procedures difficult adhere march british registration scheduled flight london new_york suffered structural failure flight speed cruising approximately feet mean sea level crew heard difficulties handling noticed instruments gave irregular indications crew suspected minor engine surge hour later descent sudden severe vibration began aircraft vibration worsened power added engine engine power reduced crew shut engine successful landing new_york noting increased rudder control needed aircraft intended approach course skin separated structure rudder led upper rudder separated flight concluded repair materials leaked structure rudder recent repair weakening bond skin structure rudder leading breaking flight large size repair difficult repair materials structure prior accident severity effect repair materials structure skin rudder appreciated trial involving continental crash flight established flight tyre failures involving including near crash airport june involving air france flight tyre pierced plane fuel tank damaged port engine electrical cables loss craft hydraulic systems aircraft display comparable aircraft direct competition soviet nicknamed western european journalists outward similarity alleged soviet espionage efforts resulted theft ostensibly assist design result rushed development programme prototype substantially different machines significantly shorter range low bypass engines aircraft poor control low speeds simpler wing design addition required braking land anti lock brakes crashes paris air pre delivery test flight later production versions refined competitive retractable better low speed control engines providing nearly fuel efficiency range speed passenger service commenced november crash aircraft taken service aircraft inherently unsafe structural design consequence automated production method chosen speed manufacturing american designs boeing lockheed larger seating people running years boeing redesigned delta layout extra cost changes helped kill project operation military aircraft shown sonic capable reaching ground experience oklahoma city sonic boom tests led environmental concerns hindered commercial success american government cancelled project having spent billion large aircraft comparable strategic bombers principally russian experimental experimental american experimental impact environmental flight trials developments civil aviation industry largely accepted governments respective opposition noise particularly east_coast united_states forged new political agenda sides atlantic scientists technology experts multitude industries beginning environmental social impact seriously led directly introduction general noise programme aircraft flying john kennedy airport found expected partly pilots temporarily engines reduce noise residential areas commercial flights started claimed aircraft technical director quoted saying certain present evidence calculations airport context production worse aircraft service fact better produced nitrogen exhaust despite complicated interactions chemicals understood result degradation layer altitudes cruised pointed lower flying produce flights vertical transit gases layers restricted small fleet meant overall layer degradation caused david national oceanic atmospheric administration united_states warned fleet aircraft similar produce cent drop global levels higher previously thought cent drop estimated increase non skin cancer worldwide cent said particles produced highly fuel believed removing fuel reduce destroying impact transport technical leap forward boosted public understanding conflicts technology environment awareness complex decision analysis processes surround conflicts france use acoustic fencing alongside tracks achieved 1970s controversy aircraft noise issued maps sources typically flew miles imp passenger public perception normally perceived privilege rich special circular way return flight ship charter flights arranged bring trip means moderately enthusiasts aircraft usually referred british simply france known definite article french grammar introduce ship aircraft capital distinguish proper common spelling french common means agreement harmony peace pilots british official publications refer singular symbol national pride example fleet occasional selected royal events major air shows special occasions formation red arrows final day commercial service public interest great erected airport significant numbers people attended final landings event received widespread media coverage years test flight announced winner great british design quest organised bbc design museum total votes cast beating design icons mini mini skirt jaguar type tube map special missions heads france united_kingdom flew times presidents regularly french aircraft foreign visits queen elizabeth_ii prime ministers edward heath jim margaret john major tony blair took charter flights queen trips barbados silver jubilee middle_east united_states pope john paul flew british prime minister flew british san_juan second economic summit held united_states hosted president ford beach hotel puerto_rico june special flights demonstrations air shows paris air shows celebrations example airport anniversary aircraft private charters including president multiple occasions advertising companies including firm olympic torch winter olympics observing solar records fastest flight new_york london february british hours minutes seconds touchdown aided mph february charter flight flew london sydney opposite world time hours minutes seconds including stops set records including official westbound world eastbound world world air speed records october commemoration anniversary columbus new world landing spirit tours chartered air france world hours minutes seconds lisbon portugal including stops santo domingo acapulco honolulu guam eastbound record set air france charter spirit tours august promotional flight world new_york international airport hours minutes seconds including stops guam honolulu acapulco 30th flight anniversary march flight hours aircraft western world combined way museum flight november set new_york_city seattle speed record hours minutes seconds specifications data wall_street_journal story international civil aircraft richard seamen aircraft museum general characteristics crew pilots flight engineer capacity passengers high density layout length wingspan height fuselage internal length fuselage width maximum external internal fuselage height maximum external internal wing area weight useful load powerplant rolls dry thrust lbf thrust lbf maximum fuel load maximum weight performance maximum speed mph knots cruise altitude cruise speed mph knots cruise altitude range nmi service ceiling rate climb min lift drag low speed approach fuel consumption operating maximum range thrust weight maximum nose tip temperature runway requirement maximum load weather radar notable appearances media


flight flight known accident norwegian controlled flight terrain canada twin approach airport norway incident occurred october killed nineteen people board including crew scheduled flight route trondheim airport airport aircraft crashed held low altitude parallel investigations carried police district accident investigation board civil aviation conflict arose cooperation norwegian airline pilots association want police investigation report finished caused police use years gain court permission access evidence report found technical problems aircraft found pilot errors laid large responsibility airline lack proper organization routines charged accident lead major operations procedures accident flight scheduled flight trondheim airport airport operated canada twin aircraft registration serial number delivered aircraft flown hours met service requirements pilot command jan years old held pilot license employed held certificate january pilot command january flown hours total landed times airport months prior accident officer years old training united_states converted certificate hours flight twin pilot command hours prior working employed landed times airport months preceding accident officer medication pains permitted flying prescribed physician training aviation medicine traces substance found pilot body accident crew started duty airport central european time utc round trip trondheim airport intermediate stops airport airport airport airport flight way flight canceled stop bad weather aircraft landed trondheim airport return flight operate flight trondheim plane crew overnight trondheim passengers boarded kilograms cargo estimated flight time minutes aircraft maximum weight kilograms aircraft took kilograms prior departure ground handling agent ground handling calculated passenger load mean aerodynamic chord passengers observing seating passengers pilot command calculation mistake thought passengers need reality rearranged meet limits distribution weight aircraft left trondheim airport ascended cruising height meters confirmed hpa gave height reading meters meters respectively pilot command officer knots mph wind gusts knots mph pilot command decided descent plan involving initial descent meters meters making swing aircraft descend meters head beacon minimum height set meters flight information service announced new weather data wind changed knots mph gusts knots mph crew planned use runway wind directly craft crew decided add height descent officer stated descent completed pilot command started approach time height showed metres aircraft turned aircraft reached center line aircraft confirmed aircraft descended meters passed beacon officer confirmed visual contact field pilot command stated height meters confirmed officer seconds later pilot command stated descend aircraft hit trees located meters mean sea level aircraft hit hill kilometers airport distress signal received search rescue operation started immediately pilots passengers killed remaining thirteen passengers injured cause weather area wind knots mph clouds heavy rain reports aircraft equipped ground proximity warning system required requirement aircraft flight data recorder cockpit voice recorder airline chosen install interviews surviving passengers showed perceived problems flight sudden impact passengers navigation professional parts cockpit seat able confirm navigational display readings interviews locals indicated aircraft followed normal path report accident investigation board civil aviation characterized accident controlled flight terrain report pointed errors pilots systematic failures norwegian aviation authority particular report commented lack descent base turn procedure criticized crew failed time correctly ending nautical miles airport flying pilot canceled instrument landing changed visual landing darkness sufficient visual references terrain approach aircraft position controlled available navigational aids pilots focusing extra cockpit activity non flying pilot identified necessary sight airport crew aware distance terrain small margins meters meters caused pilots cooperation crew follow regulations crew resource management stopped visual identification airfield airline criticized having standardized operative concept crew fully respected followed aftermath man twenties nearly accident ran nearby farm saying aircraft fallen help ran aircraft farm residents arrive site crash site subject rain southwestern wind causing victims quickly freeze wounded farmhouse base operations emergency crews wounded carried farm received initial treatment transported hospital arriving seventy people participated emergency work accident fifth fatal accident twin norway fourth fatal accident years company executive management met evening accident chief executive officer traveled investigate crash site fatal accident started position stopped advertisements period accident announced november accelerate replacement twin canada dash aircraft new canada dash aircraft denied accident influenced decision instead cited financial reasons chief operating officer announced july step strain accidents undertaken series operational amendments recommendation commission including reorganization aircraft operation division quality insurance division company reporting systems concern pilots follow company routines resulting company grounding pilots follow policy errors observations receive additional training retired company invest million norwegian nok improve safety aircraft written accident immediately accident paid compensation nok survivors survivors deceased claimed damages million nok including people demanded million disabled demands raised insurance company airline agreed compensate passengers additional nok cash nok worth free travel investigation police investigators national criminal investigation service technician arrived site august flights resumed airport secured area meters investigation debris aircraft landed trees crashing aircraft instrument landing system airport tested norwegian aviation authority october november faults found parallel investigations undertaken police district criticized given access cockpit voice recorder police authority represented accident investigations emphasized legal obligation submit tapes police police asked tapes flight ministry transport communications supported line reason rules norwegian airline pilots association want records criminal cases pilots investigation board stated forward information supported criminal violations police district stated necessary independent police investigation identify criminal violations norwegian data director supported police request tapes norwegian airline pilots association recommended members cooperate police way stating police sit wait report commission november issue brought parliament liberal party minister transport communications stated want interfere january police announced bring pilots court force undergo police questioning pilots piloted previous shift aircraft landed airport half hour accident test flown previous maintenance spell days accident february started extensive investigations culture pilots initiated interviews dozens pilots managers company investigate systematic failures company district court ruled april favor court questioning pilots police brought demands receive district court ruling december supported police demands issue appealed accident board ministry issue resolved august court appeal dismissed appeal required tape handed police tape handed pilots accident board cooperate contents hand notes asked police matter courts needed assistance february handed report ordered commission revealed absent safety procedures report based recommendation international civil aviation organization consideration organizational structure aircraft operate investigating aviation accidents june criticized commission working slow stating victims needed answers accident happened lack cooperation police commission main source delays similar delays occurred flight resulted statute limitations having come effect time report published temporary report presented survivors march report laid responsibility accident airline final report published july laid responsibility accident company operating routines report contained recommendations improvements company norwegian authority decided september charge accident


national flight national flight domestic passenger flight new_york_city new_york miami florida exploded january national douglas carrying crew passengers perished civil board investigation concluded plane brought dynamite bomb criminal charges filed blame bombing determined suicide bombing suspected investigation remains open today victims retired navy vice admiral edward medal honor recipient veteran world wars flight history national new_york miami route usually flown boeing flight january aircraft scheduled fly miami grounded cracks discovered cockpit replacement procedure hours perform national transferred passengers flight aircraft reserve passengers boarded replacement planes come served basis passengers boarded lockheed aircraft flew miami arrived safely remaining passengers boarded douglas departed airport miami flight accompanied pilot flight engineer plane departed new_york scheduled arrive miami january aircraft registration described good condition whitney engines accumulated hours flight time prior flight flight flight plan called fly south new_york wilmington north_carolina east atlantic_ocean fly south miles ocean palm beach florida crew maintained radio contact national radio controllers air traffic control reporting clouds instrument flying conditions crew checked wilmington airport later reported flying beach radio beacon radio contact airplane aftermath losing contact aircraft national coast guard navy began intensive search southeastern coast united_states search called following day national received word plane north_carolina farmer richard heard sound engine cutting followed tearing metal explosion later morning finding airplane wreckage fields drove north_carolina nearest phone called wilmington airport report downed plane approximately highway patrol officers responded led crash site bodies wreckage scattered area acres km2 covering farm fields pine forests day search rescue investigators able locate bodies persons board missing bodies later found main crash site remaining body found snow marsh approximately miles main site initial reports speculated aircraft mid flight newspaper reporter indicated largest piece wreckage observed portion wing piece aluminum believed piece airplane skin found beach miles rest wreckage investigations civil board cab department transportation primary investigators crash flight wreckage taken hangar nearby wilmington airport fuselage wood chicken wire frame investigators able recover approximately fuselage assembled frame wilmington hangar investigators able identify point origin area immediately ahead leading edge aircraft right wing material recovered beach including portion wing general area investigators unable recover material irregular shaped area positioned leading edge extending forward ahead wing bodies brought local high school gymnasium await autopsy identification fbi team county ordered passengers crew determine cause death passengers crew perished aboard flight victims vice admiral edward navy retired recipient medal honor veteran world wars victims included vice president continental bank cuba student university miami insurance victims standby passengers flight reservations julian frank body found main crash site julian frank new_york lawyer body recovered snow marsh located west cape fear river frank body sustained significant injuries including legs debris embedded body frank injuries significantly different extensive passengers furthermore frank injuries inconsistent type injury usually incurred aircraft accident frank twice second time recover debris embedded body autopsy revealed lower ripped muscle tissue extensively mutilated torn small pieces wire brass miscellaneous articles including hat limbs fingers right hand fractured bones finger left hand missing observed numerous patches areas similar close range gunshot human finger bones discovered wreckage primary crash site time crash frank accused running charity investigation manhattan district attorney office alleged million dollars series bombing crash national flight came shortly crash national plane national flight exploded gulf_of_mexico november cause explosion believed bomb passengers robert spears enlisted substitute board plane place spears heavily fbi indicated motive insurance fraud similarly julian frank covered life insurance policies including purchased day crash cab sent material recovered frank body fbi laboratories testing analysis analysis determined wire fragments found embedded frank body seats right hand low carbon steel wire inches diameter fingers recovered wreckage embedded face plate travel alarm clock life jacket beach found parts flight bag embedded tested positive black frank right hand found dioxide substance found dry cell batteries addition evidence collected frank body samples taken air hat rack located right aircraft near leading edge wing samples contained compounds civil board concluded severity frank injuries numerous found embedded body attributed proximity explosion furthermore chemical compounds detected area explosion point origin consistent generated dynamite explosion dioxide samples collected seats near focal point frank body indicated dry cell battery located near explosive cab determined based blast pattern dynamite charge placed underneath window seat row cab chief investigator oscar testified senate aviation effect january day fbi formally took criminal aspects investigation theories theories considered investigators flight involved collision given crash site proximity wilmington airport investigators reviewed flight plan documents determine aircraft area record aircraft military missiles having fired furthermore wreckage flight confined general locations primary crash scene near secondary scene beach debris accounted belonging theory presented expert shortly crash engine fire catalyst accident theory engines right wing caught fire engine fuselage causing explosive alternatively julian frank known desperately afraid flying panicked hit window weakening subsequently blew theory pilots passengers aware emergency aboard allowed begin making preparations emergency landing theory supported wide right turn aircraft appeared prior crashing fact passengers found wearing life jackets bombing engine fire theories commonly held theories advanced investigation days explosion national pilots members airline pilots association sent telegram federal aviation administration telegram claim routine proficiency flights performed pilots caused unnecessary stress aircraft test flights pilots underwent months required pilots aircraft violent maneuvers damage aircraft final report civil board indicated investigated variety alternative theories including metal fatigue failure cabin leading explosive propeller blade failing striking cabin malfunction cabin system leading structural failure foreign object striking plane penetrating cabin lightning strike fuel explosion oxygen bottle explosion cab able rule theories course investigation conclusions civil board concluded flight brought dynamite explosion passenger cabin explosive charge located beneath extreme right seat seat row report pointed julian frank close explosion assigned blame explosion occurred approximately significantly damaging structural integrity aircraft forcing wide right hand turn descended suffered flight crashed cab concluded final report fbi assumed control criminal investigation january case remains open


airport airport norwegian regional airport located island municipality norway operated meter asphalt runway aligned airport owned operated municipality served operated canada twin aircraft commenced seaplane operates years later helicopter services introduced planning airport started late 1960s unfavorable weather conditions prolonged finding suitable location decision build airport taken construction began following year airport opened june fatal flight accident took place april heavy wind caused structural failure twin airport closed helicopter services commenced opened history early aviation aircraft land royal norwegian air_force services started commenced sea plane services island canada aircraft routes operated times week charter service subsidies municipalities airline parked aircraft rowed passengers land frequent operator charter services service flew airport island community weekly services helicopters doubled serving search rescue duty case needed flights cancelled regional airports opened service taken september want operate helicopters operations service operated twice day day weekends sixteen seat subsidies million norwegian nok granted route service transported passengers helicopters landed helicopters bought december operations offshore helicopters second bought march operated offshore helicopters service merged offshore helicopters new service took route introduced seat bell helicopters january high maintenance costs service islands handled passengers tonnes post cargo landings received subsidies nok million establishment proposals airport launched government late 1960s meteorological report concluded island highly susceptible strong winds west cause problems air traffic locations considered norwegian meteorological institute concluded suitable location terms weather test flights showed alternative estimates showed airport significantly lower existing caused local politicians wish existing service pressure caused politicians support airport initial protests site mayor accepted location conducted sufficient test flights establish wind conditions airport caused mountain airport opposed location airport planning airport ran parallel regional airports airport airport airport airport airport construction approved parliament norway april construction began municipality granted concession operate airport august airports opened june nok million spent constructing airport operative history airport plagued bad wind conditions low airport highest number country flights canceled months operation periods low navigational aids moved increase safety runway lights installed installed mountain costing nok million introduced self imposed restrictions landing october aircraft allowed land wind came south wind speed exceeded knots mph including gusts additional restriction introduced following incident january modified november april flight crashed minute killing board cause accident high wind speeds airport airport immediately closed incident public flights taken airport flight private flights use airport occasion ministry transport communications decided january permanently close airport temporarily closed accident airport civilian airport europe operated shortest time service resumed helicopter flights january construction new started opened february old airport bought private individual converted terminal building private dwelling uses control tower small scale chocolate factory facilities airport located north island located level section land south runway meter tall mountain asphalt runway measured meters aligned terminal building café connected rest island dirt road destinations airport served canada twin airline operated trips round trip weekend addition weekly trips connected airport returning service ministry transport communications accidents incidents january twin final approach control regained meters height sea incident caused airport temporarily closed april flight crashed minute killing board caused high wind speeds excess construction dimensions cracking tail rudder vertical crashing plane sea seconds


airport airport norwegian municipal regional airport municipality county norway airport general aviation extensive activity bergen air transport operates airport scheduled route times week bergen airport airport aircraft movements passengers airport single meter runway flight information service instrument landing system connection airport water uses lake landing airport opened following year safe started services oslo low patronage forced airline abandon route runway extended municipality hoped establish charter services realized started flights oslo terminated year later low patronage air team started flights oslo replaced bergen air transport services bergen history plans airport serving launched director tourist office late early held meeting owner safe representatives airline saw possible gateway promised start flying airport serving built time started flying smaller airports norway fleet aircraft traveling norway encouraging municipalities build regional airports stating wanted smaller airports central authorities planning succeeded having similar airports built issue discussed politically april municipalities reached agreement concerning financing ownership airport seven airport construction airport cost norwegian nok included meter runway sufficient plans included possibility extend runway meters allow landing larger aircraft douglas construction took seven half months airport opened november operating costs estimated nok year excluded air traffic control covered state safe started test flights march service taking minutes oslo airport scheduled service inaugurated stop safe route oslo airport passengers travel twice day airports tickets costing nok service seasonal flown summer half year airport proved passengers resulting route terminated end season season service operated contract safe started month service weekly round trips securing nok guarantee municipality cover losses route abandoned single season general aviation activities airport gradually increased early 1960s popular airport located good wind air pressure conditions flying oslo stationed established pilot school forced close failing ends meet municipality granted nok county municipality granted nok runway extended meters new section runway laid time gravel runway sufficient allow friendship metropolitan operate plan serve international charter flights winter bring tourists neighboring mountain resorts time heated political debate state grants airport airport expanded central grants airport succeeded attracting regular charter services opening planned october delayed following year airport flooded week scheduled date construction work resulted legal dispute municipality consulting company initial filling proved insufficient additional filled costing additional nok municipality demanded consulting company cover nok extra cost started norway helicopter pilot school airport met protests neighbors affected noise pollution day long municipality sued locals wanted prohibit school operating air airport visited boeing safe general dynamics fighting falcon royal norwegian air_force march granted concession scheduled services route started august seat super king air flew twice day days week route possible instrument landing system installed airport nok million cost paid paid nok new landing lights upgrades included new terminal included café second story seating people ticket sales check managed subsidiary norwegian state railways months lost nok million route average selling tickets flight oslo march leg oslo dropped service reduced route proved eventually terminated later month oslo airport location controversy new airport decided located public discussion general aviation operated local aircraft owners wanted small general aviation authorities decided close airport completely instead general aviation distributed private airports eastern norway including air team started flights bergen air team gradually moved operations including pilot school closed october airline experienced patronage given longer travel time people addition business travel airline offshore workers north_sea bergen airline stated intended open routes copenhagen british airport operator announced negotiations purchase airport close oslo speculated municipality confirmed negotiations establish limited company operate airport jointly owned air team municipality bergen air transport started flying bergen transported passengers following year summer company attempted fly airport forced lack passengers airport saw arriving departing passengers increased following year fell increasing patronage varied significantly year year stayed range passengers year november airport closed scheduled traffic norwegian civil aviation authority safety requirements bergen air transport forced aircraft airport following investment nok airline nok million municipality scheduled services commence municipality ambitions upgrade airport higher standard allow serve charter aircraft weighing tonnes long tons short tons passengers plans abandoned neighboring municipalities rejected giving grants necessary technical upgrades municipality instead started program increase popularity airport targeting companies neighboring municipality encourage use airport instead going oslo airport airport nok invested october meet safety requirements starting october security control introduced september bergen air transport bought new hangar giving ample space expansion new arrival departure facilities facilities airport consists meters runway aligned county road crosses runway forcing road close runway use flight information service located meters mean sea level category fire fighting rescue vessel airport equipped instrument landing system connection airport lies water uses landing area landing meters center line runway airport operated limited company owned municipality dominated general aviation organized airport aircraft movements passengers making scheduled airport norway fewest passengers retailer aircraft including based airport destinations