office office security agency people republic china named date creation june established purpose coordinating executing persecution communist_party led office formal legal mandate described organisation office implementation arm central leading group dealing known central leading group dealing religions central office traditionally headed high ranking member communist_party standing committee frequently directs state party organs anti campaign closely associated powerful political legislative affairs committee communist_party china local offices established provincial district municipal neighborhood levels estimated number approximately country main functions offices include coordinating anti propaganda surveillance intelligence collection punishment adherents office reportedly involved sentencing torture death practitioners office mission expanded include targeting religious groups deemed harmful communist_party remains main priority background known form spiritual practice involves meditation energy exercises moral philosophy drawing buddhist tradition practice introduced northeast china spring end china boom initially enjoyed considerable official support early years development amassed following millions mid-1990s chinese authorities sought influence practices stringent requirements country denominations possibly response escalating pressure ties party state filed withdraw state run association following ties state group came increasing criticism surveillance country security apparatus propaganda department books banned publication july state run news outlets began criticizing group form feudal orientation odds official ideology national agenda april adherents demonstrated quietly near government compound request official recognition end escalating harassment security member draw attention gathering crowd reportedly called communist_party general secretary demanded decisive solution problem group representatives presented demands premier apparently satisfied response group dispersed peacefully reported deeply angered event expressed concern fact number high ranking communist_party officials members military establishment taken evening letter party ranks ordering crushed establishment june convened meeting address issue meeting described grave threat communist_party authority unprecedented country founding years ago ordered creation special leading group party central committee fully prepared work june office formed handle day day coordination anti campaign selected helm office mission time described studying investigating developing unified approach resolve problem office created legislation provisions describing precise mandate nonetheless authorized deal central local party state agencies called act close coordination office according ucla professor james june office came newly created central leading group dealing headed standing committee member deputy directors central leading group held high level positions communist_party including minister propaganda department leaders office able government party officials work case draw institutional resources personal access communist_party general secretary premier journalist johnson coverage crackdown earned pulitzer prize wrote job office country social organizations orders public security bureau churches temples newspapers media courts police quickly lined government simple plan crush measures excessive days wave arrests swept china end adherents dying custody structure office managed leaders communist_party china oversees office inception helmed senior member standing committee list office chiefs including time position includes recently practice appointing ranked party authorities run office intended ensure officials according james office situated administrative strata organizations state administration radio film television news agency china central television news publications bureau office plays role coordinating anti media coverage state run press influencing party state entities including security agencies anti campaign cook speculate office created outside traditional state based security system reasons number officials military security agencies practicing leading leaders fear organizations quietly compromised second need powerful organization coordinate anti campaign creation level party organization sent message ranks anti campaign priority finally leaders want anti campaign hindered legal bureaucratic restrictions established office soon creation central office parallel offices established administrative level populations practitioners present including provincial district municipal neighborhood levels instances offices established large corporations universities office takes orders office administrative level communist_party authorities organizational level turn local offices influence officers state party bodies media organizations local public security courts structure office overlaps communist_party political legislative affairs committee oversaw office simultaneously overlap reflected local levels office regularly aligned local sharing physical offices individual offices local levels minor variations organizational structure example local offices organized comes city province office consisted composite group education group education group charge propaganda work transformation adherents composite group charge administrative logistics tasks intelligence collection protection confidential information james wrote party decision run anti campaign office reflected pattern regime institutional choice use hoc committees permanent agencies invested power party functional state recruitment relatively little known recruiting processes local offices rare instances information available officers appeared drawn party state agencies political legislative committee staff public security officer office city officer previously worked public security bureau officers selected newly created office according officers volunteered position office selections random draw offices conduct recruiting efforts bring staff university degrees responsibility system order ensure compliance party offices implemented responsibility system extended levels society system local officials held related outcomes jurisdiction system fines imposed regions officials failed adequately showed instead creating modern system rule china government relied hoc orders personal connections wrote johnson example responsibility system shown handling protesters traveling beijing early years persecution persecution began hundreds practitioners traveled daily square offices beijing appeal rights order stem flow protesters capital central office held local authorities responsible ensuring region went beijing provincial government fined heads counties district went beijing wrote johnson county leaders fined heads local offices branches turn fined village chiefs fined police police administered punishment practitioners regularly demanded money costs johnson wrote fines illegal law regulation issued writing lists government officials announced meetings writing didn want public official told johnson functions surveillance intelligence surveillance practitioners intelligence collection chief functions offices local levels involves monitoring residences identify practitioners making daily visits homes known registered practitioners coordinating overseeing hour monitoring practitioners office necessarily conduct surveillance directly instead orders local authorities report regular intervals office basic level offices relay intelligence collected operational chain office instances surveillance targeted practitioners previously practice prison labor camps intended prevent office intelligence collection efforts bolstered cultivation paid civilian offices local levels found offer substantial monetary rewards information leading capture practitioners hour created civilians report related activity responsibility measures enacted schools neighborhood committees families held monitoring reporting practitioners ranks addition domestic surveillance office allegedly involved foreign intelligence officer turned testified job office involved analyzing intelligence reports overseas populations including united_states canada australia chinese agent working chinese embassy berlin recruited german dan sun act informant agent reportedly arranged meeting sun men purported scholars chinese medicine interested researching sun agreed pass information ostensibly hoping understanding practice men fact high ranking agents office shanghai sun maintained knowledge men corresponding chinese intelligence agents nonetheless convicted espionage according der case demonstrated important fighting chinese government points extremely offensive approach taken chinese intelligence agencies propaganda propaganda core functions office central local levels includes high ranking members communist_party propaganda department including minister propaganda deputy head central leading group propaganda ideological work coupled office organizational position main news propaganda organs gives sufficient influence direct anti propaganda efforts central level notes propaganda assaults launched leading state run newspapers late june shortly establishment office campaign officially announced effort overseen capacity deputy leader central leading group dealing country propaganda chief initial media attacks contained indirect references content aimed virtues weeks leading official launch campaign office set work preparing large number books editorials television programs denouncing group public july campaign officially began months following july david writes country media apparatus hundreds articles books television reports chinese public witnessed cultural revolution state propaganda initially appeal scientific argue complete opposition science communism people daily asserted july struggle science rhetoric appearing state run press centered charges followers dangerous health propaganda accessible masses government published comic books compared founder adolf_hitler central office directs local offices carry propaganda work includes working local media conducting campaigns educate target audiences schools universities state run enterprises social commercial enterprises instance central office issued directive engage propaganda work intended prevent interfering beijing olympics campaign referenced government web sites chinese province detention offices work local security agencies monitor capture adherents sentenced labor camps continue practice advocate sentenced prison number adherents detained china estimated hundreds thousands facilities practitioners majority offices china maintain informal network transformation facilities facilities specifically ideological practitioners subjected physical mental effort renounce central office began ordering neighborhood committees state institutions companies begin transformation facilities practitioners spared including students elderly year office reportedly relayed orders actively practice sent prisons labor camps renounce belief socially isolated monitored families employers central office initiated year campaign intensify transformation known practitioners documents local offices country revealed details campaign involved setting transformation required local authorities practitioners transformation sessions failed practice practitioners sent labor camps addition prisons labor camps transformation facilities office mentally healthy practitioners psychiatric facilities estimated approximately adherents held mental hospitals reports abuse common interference legal system majority detained practitioners sentenced labor camps thousand condemned longer sentences prisons charge organization undermine implementation law provision carries sentences exceeding years chinese human rights lawyers charged office regularly legal cases involving practitioners ability judges independently attorney noted cases defendants practitioners decided local offices legal standards november lawyers seeking represent practitioners noted presiding judge case seen meeting office agents lawyers including alleged office interfered ability meet clients defend court official documents support allegation interference office separate documents province province described legal cases practitioners approved office office organizational proximity political judicial committee better enables exercise influence supreme people court ministry justice central level counterparts local levels allegations torture killing sources reported officers involved ordering torture adherents custody letter chinese leaders prominent human rights lawyer relayed accounts officers beating sexually assaulting practitioners true accounts incredible violence heard records government torture people shaken routine practice office police assaulting women wrote described witnessing office colleagues beating elderly female iron bar event helped decision defect australia report special killings relayed allegations office involved torture deaths practitioners ahead beijing olympics johnson wall_street_journal reported practitioners tortured death transformation facilities run office central office informed local authorities use means necessary prevent practitioners traveling beijing protest ban order reportedly resulted widespread abuse custody expanded functions central leading group dealing changed central leading group dealing religions year mandate expanded include religions harmful practices continues office primary concern evidence local offices targeting members groups identify buddhist protestant denominations include carrying surveillance members engaging propaganda efforts members cases office performs functions unrelated monitoring persecution religions instance economist reported officers involved enforcing house arrest blind human rights lawyer best known opposition forced compulsory new set leading groups appeared mandate maintaining stability corresponding local offices established district major coastal cities tasked anti communist_party elements branch offices maintaining stability overlap significantly local offices sharing offices staff leadership cook write increased reliance hoc committees office stability maintenance offices indicate sense communist_party leaders existing state security services ineffective meeting needs officials increasingly relying arbitrary extra legal security forces protect hold power badly china human rights record threatens stability internal politics office work write


central commission discipline inspection central commission discipline inspection highest internal control institution communist_party china tasked enforcing internal rules regulations corruption party vast majority officials levels government communist_party members commission practice anti corruption body china modern commission established 3rd session 11th central committee december control systems existed previously central control commission brief period present disbanded cultural revolution internal operations agency government ministry supervision merged commission theoretically independent party executive institutions central committee historically work directed party leaders beginning term general secretary communist_party china november especially following assumption party leadership november undergone significant reforms independent party operations central committee according party constitution members elected national congress serve term years national congress elected elect secretary deputy secretary general standing committee elected officials endorsed central committee office secretary member standing committee served leader central leading group inspection work current secretary took office november history people republic idea control system inspired state revolution argued communist vanguard party levels needed system supervise party official elections performance writings led establishment soviet central control commission control system communist_party china structure imported china importance discipline supervision emphasised founding 2nd national congress amended party constitution chapter party discipline institution established safeguard party norms supervise behaviour establishment central control commission 5th national congress local party committees responsible supervising members control commissions established central provincial level 5th national congress amended party constitution adding chapter control commissions aims little attention operations partly control commissions actively participated party campaigns late 1920s early 1930s time commissions tended participate political struggles notably control system reorganised central review committee central party affairs committee central control commission despite changes duties responsibilities control bodies remained vague amendments party constitution 7th national congress argued amendments little clarify role control body party leadership expanded theoretical reasons existence argued party constitution control system born serve needs party ideological consolidation role reinforced party frequent campaigns real perceived enemies party organisation central committee established central commission discipline inspection differed predecessors respects responsible local organisations responsible corresponding party committees despite committees authority restrict behaviour reality established check party organisations central leadership political history early years powerful institution focused abuses party veterans senior officials rarely appeared record time investigating solving problems mentions press highlighted failures despite support central party leadership unable fulfill mandate provinces according people daily editorial party gave struggle proved unable persist dignity party discipline encountered great obstacles aware movement successes failures party leadership mass ideological campaigns tackle party corruption 1950s wake gang affair replaced powerful political force following years 8th national congress warned power independent local party committees power waned great leap forward organisation department chief weapons aftermath great leap combat corruption reverse played new role cultural revolution socio political movement lasted affected partly close ties highly ranked officials cultural revolution 9th national congress abolished removed party constitution replaced special case organisations central case examination group formed despite abolition congress little criticism directed cultural revolution deputy secretary min criticised red guards revolutionary youth movement independent party inspired cultural revolution disapproval focused career local committees talk internal party control system death arrest gang 11th national congress goals removing social influence gang implementing leadership policy removing local party reversing poor handed cultural revolution power struggle control system implemented 3rd session 11th central committee december formed new control system responsibilities identical abolition 3rd session convened 1st session elected secretary second secretary secretary permanent secretary election people purely symbolic new consisted generally people involved control affairs overwhelmingly members considered young taken seriously 1st session stated overarching goals protect party members rights enforce safeguard system collective leadership division labor individual generally oppose concentration power individual combat corrupt tendencies party handle individual complaints press highlighted fight corruption commission powerless local leaders ruled largely early 1980s 11th central committee forced enact emergency measures combat corruption instead fighting corrupt officials local branches focused rank file weapon advanced cultural revolution supported supporters democracy weakening power increased aftermath square protests despite commission position party china leading anti corruption agency leaders admitted deficiencies work secretary allegedly resignation eve 5th session 15th central committee protest commission successor found similar situation allegedly resignation august resigned end term unable increase independence committees end central interference activities late member standing committee head china security agencies placed investigation abuse power corruption decision state media announced july member senior ranked official founding people republic china tried convicted corruption related charges following investigation expelled june convicted abuse power intentional disclosure state secrets intermediate court family members said taken million million bribes sentenced life prison according scholar china brought disciplinary sanctions approximately million personnel cited similar numbers july december tried closed cases resulting officials receiving disciplinary sanctions imposed disciplinary sanctions party members officials women song age currently youngest serving provincial secretary institutional history founding abolition chinese control system inspired soviet control institutions notably party control committee according soviet established cure party bureaucratic evolved tool party system empowered extent soviet counterpart favoured mass ideological campaigns party disciplinary measures bad behaviour shared soviet fascination self correction like share obsession scientific administration seven separate procedures completed official placed investigation problems institutional example commission organisation provincial level response failures national conference established delegates noted problems lack independence party committees lack meaningful collaboration control commission level higher levels institutional balance favouring party committees led gang pack local commissions discipline inspection loyalists interest carrying responsibilities control commissions power appeal committee decisions required report work higher level control commission unlike organisation provincial level empowered examine approve change decisions lower control committees required verify composition control committees provincial level power investigate unreliable elements bonds forged ministry supervision supreme people strengthen anti corruption agencies control rapidly expanding party organisation increasingly elaborate state bureaucracy main goals reforms strengthen autonomy control commissions local ruling committees safeguard powers centre threatened gang affair party leadership 8th national congress autonomy control commissions reduced congress held conservative atmosphere leadership calling collective leadership institutions concept local control commissions having special rights carry duties decision making abolished 9th congress cultural revolution 11th national congress 11th national congress amended party constitution state central committee party local party committees county level party committees army units regimental level set commissions discipline system place december corresponding control system military established commission discipline inspection central military commission importance party regulation head member standing committee dual leadership system according lawrence sullivan 1980s saw lack independence problematic argued independent central committee involving committee power struggles opposed leadership saying loyalty central committee important fighting corruption chief problem early 1980s links local party committees local committees elected commission discipline inspection level higher level endorse reject proposed committee local responsible party committee organisers system aware danger believed connection central leadership able carry assigned task despite election committee supposed inspect institutional secured position corrupt committee members institutional structure nearly impossible carry mandate occasions attempted investigate leading officials experienced retaliation problems widespread leading secretary considerable cases shocking work occurred party leadership tried solve problems 12th national congress expanding jurisdiction authority amended party constitution stated responsibility safeguard party constitution important rules regulations assist party committees party style inspect implementation party line principles policies resolutions commission defender party party organisation rules regulations central committee democratic defined central committee amendment allowed local case higher party committee considered committee decision level faulty 12th national congress introduced dual leadership local responsible party committees higher level higher level standing committee 12th national congress retained regulation standing committee obtain endorsement party committee elected national congress central committee previously remained subordinate central committee central committee member suspected inform obtain ruling central committee begin investigation unlike 12th national congress 13th national congress reduced power general secretary wanted end china legal system reduce scope party discipline issues discipline inspection groups central party organisations abolished congress percent inspection groups chief lost seat standing committee aftermath square demonstrations reforms rescinded inspection groups commission power increased issued party members operate business work economic entity trade stocks accept gifts use public funds lavish entertainment 14th national congress strengthened local investigative powers according amended party constitution local initiate preliminary investigations members local party committee level formal investigation began investigation local obtain approval higher level corresponding party committee powers increased given responsibility officials appointment post system established order officially mentioned article regulation dealing cases party discipline violations came effect institution building present reformed 16th national congress secretary chief coordinator anti corruption efforts mainland position later known leader central leading group inspection work codified internal supervision regulation inner party supervision system interim provisions role assisting party committees organisation coordination anti corruption work terminology battle corruption changed congress fighting corruption fighting preventing corruption led leadership lasted 16th 18th national congress saw growth power influence demonstrated clearly increased attendance members sessions secretary established central inspection teams august teams led retired ministerial level officials reporting local party committees empowered initiate investigations conduct interviews review relevant documents opinion central inspection team important factor determining official disciplined teams played important role expulsion shanghai party chief member party corruption dual leadership system reformed term aftermath shanghai pension scandal central party leadership appointed leaders direct controlled municipalities beijing shanghai suggested preference outsiders leaders provinces beginning level began abolish practice control body party controlled organisation reforms organisation civil party government embedded party committee party group corresponding style department reforms consolidated control supervision resources including finances personnel auspices county level umbrella supervision organ party controlled bodies area jurisdiction umbrella organisation gave control party organisations tasked overseeing allowing efficient use resources reducing potential conflicts interest arising staff involvement operations party committee supposed regulate underwent round reforms general secretary elected immediate aftermath 18th national congress secretary independence day day operations party improving ability function control body 3rd 18th central committee fall party declared strengthen dual leadership system making defined procedure oriented practice signalled intention leadership country operate separate party apparatus local responsible higher level nearly substantive respects beginning chiefs country began shed concurrent executive positions create conflicts interest example chief serving vice mayor department head personnel began removing leading groups similar policy coordination consultation groups changes intended free resources solely focus work enforcing discipline 18th national congress established new organisations including new discipline inspection offices march central committee ordered establishment propaganda organisation departments departments central level institution central committee according china scholar establishment organisation department means leadership recruit outside established channels organisation department responsible party human resources related operations established internal office supervision disciplinary system officials office internal check officials ensures officials charged enforcing discipline operate rules jurisdiction officials administrative levels intends zero tolerance officials discipline exposed media break rules year set offices bodies directly reporting central committee organisation propaganda departments state council bodies offices known commissioned bodies report directly responsible institutions located organisation central level secretary known secretary term head elections secretary deputy secretary secretary general held 1st session held immediately national congress proposes elected secretary 1st session central committee approve reject secretary number elected deputies currently deputy secretary concurrently headed central leading group inspection work heads members member 12th national congress required head serve concurrently rescinded 13th national congress reforms later rescinded concurrent membership reintroduced 15th national congress standing committee highest body convened session elected 1st session requires approval 1st session central committee office standing committee presents report session national level organisation national people congress central committee holds session year sessions discuss past future work usually held january 18th standing committee members woman employs people merger internal functions grown offices office discipline inspection supervision case hearing office office circuit inspection work important divisions responsible investigating party discipline unlawful acts party members divisions investigate cases vice ministerial level remaining investigate officials level provincial governor vice governor chair vice chair provincial standing committees national people congress chair vice chair provincial political conferences city deputies addition institutions directly subordinate lower levels inspection teams central level commissions discipline inspection composition decided level endorsed party committee committee superior establishment discipline commissions local level decided upper level party committee main duties responsibilities local educate party members duties rights preserve party discipline uphold party decisions party members exercise duties accordance party constitution examine cases investigate corruption expected report findings regularly corresponding level party committee member local party committee involved corruption local ask party committee corresponding level level approve investigation reforms difficult carry responsibilities longer needed approval secretary corresponding level party committee officials appointed positions power institutions tasked supervise reforms increased independence party committee previously elected corresponding level party committee beginning membership selected upper level 3rd session 18th central committee reformed structure directly responsible office circuit inspection work sends inspection teams country help local inspection teams number grown authorised send inspection teams people liberation army despite weaknesses institutional design sense certain informal aspects rule compete formal procedures lower level organs tasked supervising examples outlined vague institutional positions declining effects time goes vulnerability patron network level dilemma open undercover investigation inspection teams initiate ordinary intensive inspection party organisations levels eyes provinces tribunal justice handing guilty innocent inspection teams empowered initiate formal investigations arrests met inspection team wrongdoing corruption general information passed organization department investigation completed need submit report central leading group inspection work region inspected individuals target investigation report uploaded website public regulations govern inspection team conduct states learn reports local party committees participate party disciplinary meetings manage letters phone calls visits issues party members officials organize forums understand public opinions local leaders communicate individuals review relevant documents records conduct surveys evaluate opinions public visit local bureau individual department consult government departments gain better understand ing issues work institutions central military commission military discipline enforcement body known commission discipline inspection central military commission modelled dual responsibility central military commission membership selected central military commission military disciplinary organisation established dissolved cultural revolution modern incarnation formed january direction central committee communist_party work largely carried general political department military highest political body head deputy chief general political department 16th party congress concurrent deputy secretary central commission discipline inspection occasionally directly intervened cases involving high ranking officers direct involvement cited high profile cases vice admiral lieutenant general completes investigation case usually given military prosecution authorities court martial unlike cases conclusions generally announced press releases details cases rarely publicly recorded occasionally conduct initial investigation alleged wrongdoing military officer handing case investigation ministry supervision ministry supervision established state council supervise government departments state organs public officials maintaining administrative discipline inception jurisdiction unclear government personnel party officials responsible issuing administrative sanctions public officials enforced party discipline enforced state law theory agencies operated separate spheres reality clear cut public servants party members began separate investigations person dual investigations claimed primary jurisdiction cases involving important party figures tried prevent work solve problem effectively merged identities remained separate internal offices merged conducted work minister supervision holds concurrent post deputy secretary organisations share website duties responsibilities inner party supervision local inner party supervision system system history dates 1970s 1980s internal supervision regulation reaffirmed powers central inspection teams clearly separated party decision making institutions ones issued list member responsibilities subject oversight local member supervision new information supervised explanations things supervision novel party member subject supervision leaders focus probably reaction fact institutions central party leadership including local facto ability supervise lower level party institutions defines forms inner party supervision peer peer presented moral institutional responsibility ordinary party members mechanism lodging complaints higher level party officials proposing dismissal unspecified according main problem ordinary party member complaint accuses official corruption guarantee personal petitions accommodated processed subject investigation approval higher level authorities system requires party committees higher levels supervise lower level committees according central party leadership regularly send central inspection teams regions state organisations state owned enterprises central inspection teams structure reformed hoc institutions fight corruption introduced formal criteria joining central inspection team empowered investigative authority peer peer supervision defined regular democratic life meetings duty standing committees report work party committee responsible primary goal peer peer supervision strengthen party members responsibility making feel collectively responsible party system supervised party committee higher level jurisdiction jurisdiction party discipline inspection system mirrors responsible cases involving party discipline state law party members like lacks judicial authority limited investigating allegations corruption party discipline power prosecute supposed transfer cases investigation supreme people supreme people court despite formal jurisdiction loosely defined ability begin investigations administer party sanctions led slow transfer transfer cases supreme people according graham young responsibilities deal types offences mistakes mistakes mistakes revolutionary actions andrew wrote looking offences based annual reports provincial contained provincial responsibility includes types offences exercise power spiritual pollution seeking use party authority advance families friends relatives corruption acquisition dealing foreign exchange public funds according regulations typically list general types mistakes political economic duty opposition party socialist morals violations integrity laws regulations overlaps responsibilities prevent party rules norms non criminal behaviour party constitution defines jurisdiction implement party basic line principles policies correctly exercise powers entrusted people honest upright work hard people example carry forward style hard work plain living forge closes ties masses uphold party mass line accept criticism supervision masses oppose oppose trend power personal gain petition system investigative procedures case investigated person needs petition main petition office complaints office petitions usually sent offices institutions supreme people court supreme people national people congress party leadership high petitions filed website commission receives cases office circuit inspection work sends inspection teams country case handled division director case hearing office director petition sent department heads ministry employing offices members investigation steps preliminary evidence complaint management preliminary confirmation disciplinary violations approval opening case investigation evidence collection case hearing implementation disciplinary sanctions appeal disciplined official continued supervision management case step begins petition formally accepted proof suspicion wrongdoing process depends position accused person vice ministerial deputy gubernatorial rank investigation approved standing committee approved standing committee request permission investigation investigation provincial party leader accepted investigate member backing retired high level leaders required case approved subject enters double designation appear designated location designated time subject questioned specific disciplinary violations length unspecified subject protected state legal system system gives precedence legal system investigation party leaders according chinese media instituted prevent subject protection patron network scholars agree genuine threat investigative teams suspect subject site detention prevent interference local preserving investigation integrity subject detained unspecified location hour suicide watch team accompanying officially called working hour shifts corporal punishment accused theory treated proven guilty despite force according flora easily occur basic procedural guarantees removed soon begins problems forced confessions occurred trained officials areas controlled local regulations level important duties authority issue interpret regulations recent years issued regulations behalf central committee including internal supervision regulation regulations inner party supervision provisions disciplinary penalties provisions establishing responsibility system party construction clean government interim leading integrity report importance law struggle corruption emphasised early 1980s pointed anti corruption effort political struggle successful fought institutional environment 4th session 15th drew similar conclusion important thing uphold improve system institutions guarantee party strong leadership socialist prosperity sure system functioning means laws regulations policies education despite 16th national congress anti corruption system based campaign style events formal procedures partially 1940s movement legacy idea campaigns institutions best weapon corruption best seen establishment central party steering committee 1980s central leadership preferred way combat corruption enforcement depended largely leadership sharp increase corrupt activities 1990s led party change course 15th reviewed estimated corruption related party regulations documents run 16th national congress estimated considered viable period published plan building honest morals controlling corruption volume complete regulations building honest morals controlling corruption party effort party anti corruption system procedures 16th standing committee passed regulations requiring local combat corruption methods signaling intent organisation department state owned assets supervision administration commission issued joint regulations honestly conducting business leaders state run enterprises according analyst pace institutional anti corruption development unprecedented

Central Commission for Discipline Inspection


provisional government oregon provisional government oregon popularly elected government created oregon country pacific_northwest region north_america existed march provided legal system common defense american pioneers settling area inhabited indigenous nations region geography natives known people european descent tours authorized turn 18th 19th centuries organic laws oregon adopted stating settlers agreed laws time united_states_of_america extend jurisdiction according message government rising population beginning flourish chief entrance civilization land ignorance government branches included legislature judiciary executive branch executive branch executive committee consisting members effect single governor position created judicial branch single supreme judge lower courts legislative committee served legislature oregon house_of_representatives established background series assemblies held years valley french prairie death prominent young february left heir oregon country left future property uncertain jason lee chaired meeting organised discuss matter 17th proposed creation authority pioneers centered governor french canadian settlers blocked measure instead judge positions appointed attempts pioneer government numbers american increased travel oregon trail initiated william gray wolf meetings early created bounty system predators livestock discussions began settlers gathering held americans french canadians participating proposal forming provisional government voted twice vote rejected presented report inclusion governor second vote individual item proposed july organic laws oregon modeled iowa organic law ordinance adopted white colonists valley establishing provisional government oregon structure organic laws drafted legislative committee june adopted july formal constitution document outlined laws government years later july new set organic laws drafted revise clarify previous version newer version adopted majority vote people july constitution like document divided government departments judiciary branch executive branch legislature definition executive branch previously modified late person committee single governor change took effect appealing military aid american government aftermath massacre settlers detailed structural weaknesses provisional government nature compact formed citizens republic subjects official representatives monarchy ties political union drawn closely produce stability strength sufficient form efficient government union democrats republic wealthy aristocratic subjects monarchy formed right allegiance respective governments political jealousy strong party feeling tended render acts government nature weak insufficient executive branch set laws people created person executive committee act executive second executive committee elected served june december amendment organic laws eliminated executive committee favor single governor taking effect june time george elected governor governor provisional government reelected served legislative branch provisional legislature held session mainly oregon city met different times year meet members left california gold fields legislature enacted laws sent memorials congress incorporated towns organizations granted licenses run ferries establishment oregon territory legislature replaced house oregon territorial legislature judicial branch provisional government included judiciary forerunner oregon supreme_court consisted single supreme judge justices peace supreme judge elected people legislature select presiding judge replacement needed supreme_court original jurisdiction legal matters lower court justice courts created hear original matters controversy involve land disputes judges provisional government ford peter russell future united_states senator james districts existence provisional government authority restricted pioneer settlements generally located valley entire oregon country decreed covered administrative divisions initially created july later districts district claimed lands west river line extending course south river district adjacent east northern border confluence rivers district directly north district eastern border extending mouth river district contain territory wasn decreed districts located east district north district extent land claimed north vague south northern boundary united_states despite government defined extend lands east rocky_mountains north mexican territory california attempts controlling lands north columbia river influence hudson bay company fort vancouver june columbia river declared northern border provisional government december expansive american claim oregon boundary dispute parallel north adopted december districts renamed counties additional districts created time original including vancouver clark counties government positions included recorder treasurer attorney sheriff recorder position later position secretary state laws course nearly years provisional government settlers passed numerous laws law allowed people claim acres km2 improved land solidified later congress adoption donation land claim act law allowed government organize militia order executive legislature organic laws inhabitants guaranteed process law right trial jury rights established cruel unusual punishment defendants property compensation legislature decreed african americans reside oregon country david hill voting bill punishment administered months residency thirty stripes law actually enforced struck july legislature passed new law prohibiting african americans territory differed original law applied african americans entering passed different means enforce despite facing legal discrimination denied suffrage threatened violence black pioneers remained oregon uss shark region commanding officer estimated black settlers legislature passed law banning sale ardent spirits concern native americans hostile finances prior creation provisional government economic activities oregon european descendants country focused fur trade system called wheat credit established 1830s french canadian settlers french prairie farmers market value given valid use stores item transactions french canadian later american pioneers beaver skins organic laws authorised voluntary donations measure deemed scheme provided funds tax real estate personal property created covered year expenses year property tax doubled poll tax levied failure pay resulting acted tax collectors position difficult poverty colonists pay owed taxes paid wheat gathered appointed locations district largely warehouses small silver coins peru mexico freely circulated legal tender minor financial agreements completed lieu currency agricultural products wheat hides beef pork butter lumber articles export territory pioneer recalled lack currency receiving transactions overcome lack circulating coins gathered flint left production local indigenous paper owed written given customers supplies store coins remained prized item settlers example sale lots oregon city property manager offered paid traveler visited oregon arrival american merchants reported stores sold goods rates lower united_states merchants united_states established region economic vendors pressed charge sales pioneers company years american customers reported british company prices double small american merchant class officers loaned settlers credit fears creditors demanding farmers lead wheat receipts issued government declared valid currency law wheat currency ridiculed establishing financial standards merchants facto local market wheat flooded causing decline value legislature repealed previous regulations december making gold silver treasury drafts valid currency creditors territory able protect financial standing removing wheat tender poll property taxes collected course government far short expenses amounting california conquest california ongoing mexican american war american settlers began newly seized land created demand wheat proceeds sale barrels flour amounted start gold rush caused immense rise demand products markets economic transactions pioneer settlements oregon increased greatly number visiting vessels triple previous years oregon lumber wheat sent new markets rates times higher significant amounts gold dust began valley common oregon exchange company authorized legislature begin producing beaver coins early production began march week dissolution provisional government settlement hudson bay company mounting debts government scarcely hope force company posts adhere authority establishing agreement priority employee company francis elected position treasurer july carrying french canadian vote august chief factor john pay taxes join provisional government time member legislature david hill bill august deny employees citizenship suffrage measure failed pass demonstrated feelings ultra americans company held conference plans administration territory columbia river named vancouver begun chief factor found provisional government satisfactory way pursue debts owed settlers protect company property claim additionally felt government openly declare independence outside powers elected head retire negotiations ended condition sales settlers taxes paid provisional government sound agricultural company amounted year employees included government chief trader james douglas appointed justice vancouver signing agreement fellow employee henry peers elected legislature sessions vancouver court records correspondence remain claims filed british subjects covering forts vancouver vancouver particular covered claims british reaction agreement generally negative seen william son prime minister arrived small flotilla days signing oregon country gathering intelligence defensive capabilities posts voiced minority view compact benefit peace prosperity community large militia organic laws laid plans militia battalion mounted commanded officer rank major annual male wanted considered citizen military failure fines remains modern oregon law sexes included age range organic laws power militia executive committee officer militia times insurrection invasion war december learning massacre chief factor james douglas governor legislature met discuss situation major henry lee placed charge company called oregon rifles december ordered location force established fort lee december additional force men meet oregon city december group prosecuted war east command war continued according archbishop sent talk whites explain murderers number killed whites dead party imprisoned transported oregon city group asked offered militia stated missionaries teach christ died save people die save people military court found guilty hanged june oregon city subsequent history signed june oregon treaty ended dispute united_kingdom great_britain ireland united_states dividing oregon country 49th parallel extended sovereignty region effective control occur government officials arrived united_states years later august united_states congress created oregon territory territory included today states oregon washington idaho parts montana wyoming appointed governor oregon territory president joseph lane arrived oregon city march governor lane kept legal code dissolved provisional government immediately law authorizing beaver coins incompatible united_states_constitution article section creation washington territory removed northern half oregon territory established february state oregon composed roughly western half territory remaining eastern section added washington territory states created oregon territory


elections croatia regular elections croatia mandated constitution legislation enacted parliament presidency parliament county assemblies city town city municipal councils offices presidential elections held period parliamentary elections including upper house parliament held addition nationwide local elections croatia held elections elect members european parliament following accession july president croatia elected year term direct vote citizens round system requiring runoff elections candidate wins percent votes round members parliament elected year term multi seat additional members elected special reserved croatian national minorities november legislation provides election members parliament political parties won seats croatian parliamentary elections held won seats parliamentary election croatian democratic union croatian peasant party croatian people party liberal democrats croatian social liberal party social democratic_party croatia county city town elected year terms majority votes cast applicable local government units runoff election candidate majority round voting members county city town councils elected year terms proportional representation entire local government unit single constituency croatian citizen age candidate presidential parliamentary local government elections provided sufficient number endorsements croatian voters obtained croatian elections relatively regulated regulations include spending limits annual donation limits limitation number endorsed candidates election lists regulations governing media coverage voting takes place polling stations croatia abroad monitored electoral board observers station ballots consist list candidates election list numbers indicate vote votes counted hand state electoral commission publishes official results handles complaints supported county city town electoral commissions local elections decisions electoral commissions appealed constitutional court croatia parliamentary elections parliament croatia croatian consists members elected year terms number elected multi seat territorial defined basis existing county borders necessary amendments achieve uniform number eligible voters constituency plus minus percent eleventh constituency citizens croatia living abroad number seats held constituency fixed parliamentary election held december constitutional amendments abolished scheme number mps elected eleventh constituency proportional ratio number ballots cast general election method led eleventh constituency mps additional members parliament elected twelfth constituency encompasses entire country candidates constituency elected voters belonging recognized minorities croatia minority mps hungarians italians elect czech minorities jointly elect minorities elect final mps voters listed voter registry provided office maintains croatia vital records voter normally officially declared parents birth citizen declare change information later office days ahead elections polling station voter need declared declared unknown elections voters officially declared belong recognized minorities croatia choose vote applicable list corresponding national minority list voter unknown non declared vote applicable list minority list voter declared recognized minority vote applicable list declared standard formula applied vote percent election threshold parliamentary elections element voting exists letting voters choose list candidates single member list percentage votes candidate exceeds elected open list system list ranking maintained candidates meet parliamentary elections elected total mps election silence enforced day day elections ending polling stations close exit polls published political parties fund campaigns donations assets government parliamentary seat won instance seat won parliamentary election brought party smaller sums paid parties candidates failing win parliamentary seats provided received percent votes cast constituency parliamentary election parliamentary election 8th assembly parliament constituted december elections croatian parliament originally held later february fall government june proposal dissolution parliament forward parliamentary opposition gained support majority members parliament vote issue held june approved majority votes officially took effect july early election elect members 9th assembly held september previous parliamentary elections parliamentary elections held croatia included elections parliament elections chamber deputies parliament existence elections parliament elections chamber counties upper house parliament elections held multi party elections years communist rule candidates seats social political council croatia seats municipalities council croatia seats associated labour council croatia parliament chambers time round election saw turnout percent runoff election turnout percent croatian democratic union won seats social democratic_party croatia won previous chamber deputies elections parliamentary elections held chamber deputies croatian parliament beginning elections number seats chamber deputies later parliament significantly changed ranging croatian parliamentary elections held number seats parliament limited parties won seats single election croatian peasant party croatian people party liberal democrats croatian social liberal party political parties won parliamentary seats election order alliance previously known democratic alliance croatian christian democratic union croatian citizen party croatian democratic alliance croatian democratic peasant party croatian independent democrats croatian party croatian party rights croatian party rights action democratic centre democratic assembly liberal party party liberal democrats democratic_party croatian party social democratic action croatia following parties won special seats reserved national minority representatives order democratic_party croatia democratic union hungarians croatia german people union national association danube croatia independent democratic party party democratic action croatia people party addition numerous won seats party lists list won seats territorial election list parliamentary seats won belong individuals parties instances members independent switched political party chamber counties elections constitution croatia adopted croatian parliament chamber deputies elected months earlier members enacted legislation creating new territorial organisation croatia included counties represented new chamber counties croatian election members chamber held february county acting multi seat constituency mps elected county basis proportional representation addition president croatia appointed members chamber counties complete strong membership second election chamber counties held april chamber deputies abolished constitutional amendment presidential elections president croatia officially president republic croatian elected year term direct vote citizens majority vote required win runoff election held candidate majority round presidential elections regulated constitution dedicated legislation defines technical details appeals similar issues citizen croatia older candidate presidential election candidate endorsed voters endorsements required form list containing address personal identification number voter signature presidential elections regulated act parliament election silence force day elections previous day ending evening polling stations close exit polls published time presidential term cut short death resignation removal office resulting early election elections president republic scheduled place years incumbent having possibility election president currently term limited year terms presidential election presidential election presidential election croatia held days current president term stated constitution croatia current president serves term began february lasts years election held date december january current 4th president republic run reelection second term eligible candidate president lost election serving term eligible run reelection possible candidates incumbent president 3rd president croatia previous presidential elections presidential elections held croatia time august concurrently parliamentary elections voter turnout percent result victory received percent vote round election ahead seven candidates candidate runner election received percent vote second presidential election modern croatia held june incumbent ran opposed candidate nominated received percent votes respectively round voting secured term presidential elections held january fill office president incumbent died december round voting saw candidate croatian people party percent vote followed percent mate nominated receiving percent runoff election modern croatian presidential election held february won picking percent vote voter turnout percent round percent runoff round fourth presidential election held january candidate secured round victory incumbent enjoyed substantial lead candidates received percent vote ranked candidates independent managed percent respectively voter support ultimately won reelection receiving percent votes runoff held january recent croatian presidential election held december picking percent vote followed milan independent independent receiving percent vote respectively second round voting held january defeated percent vote local elections croatia county city town elected year terms majority votes cast applicable local government units runoff election candidate majority round voting members county city municipal councils elected year terms proportional representation entire local government unit single constituency number council members defined councils based applicable legislation electoral committees tasked determining national minorities represented council required constitution adding members council belong appropriate minorities selecting candidate lists election silence elections croatia enforced day elections previous day ending polling stations close exit polls announced nationwide local elections held croatia recent local elections elect county councils city town councils elections led won majority county council county elections led won majority county councils including city council single remaining county council election won coalition won county elections city mayoral election won county elections won county election european parliament elections croatia elected members european parliament election held accession number members european parliament reduced country elected regular election elections regulated special legislation enacted provisions legislation similar parliamentary election legislation main difference members european parliament elected single constituency encompassing croatia instead multiple parliamentary elections referendum croatia called parliament president issue falling parliament issue president considers important independence unity existence republic constitution amended parliament constitution referendum signatures percent registered croatian voters collected signatures law collected day period regulated article constitution croatia requires parliament passes act referendum outcome binding referendum called advisory referendum modern croatia croatian independence referendum croatian european_union membership referendum marriage definition referendum majority voted favor public initiatives collect support percent voters referendum successful concerning croatian cooperation international criminal tribunal yugoslavia concerning accession croatia nato concerning arbitration agreement croatian border issues concerning labour act political campaigns croatian citizen aged candidate presidential parliamentary local elections order official candidate signatures croatian citizens aged collected submitted state electoral commission days following publication decision hold elections official gazette republic croatia endorsements list comprising address personal identification number pin citizens supporting particular candidate citizen endorse single candidate election commission endorsement lists publishes candidate list daily newspapers croatia croatian delivers croatian diplomatic missions publication parliamentary elections member election lists submitted state electoral commission number croatia member list candidates submitted croatian constituency member list submitted ethnic minority representatives case endorsements required election list valid lists supported political parties group voters independent list candidate lists simultaneously procedure applies local elections council election lists require endorsements town city county council lists respectively city council treated county council election law number voter signatures mayoral county candidate nominations ranges mayoral elections towns residents town mayoral candidates mayoral elections cities residents cities populations endorsements cities residents exception county election candidates require endorsements candidates running mayor need voter endorsements nominations valid candidates running european parliament seats need croatian citizens hold citizenship member state european_union having permanent temporary residence croatia nominations valid endorsed croatian voters funding funding political parties independent politicians election campaigns relatively highly regulated comparison developed western applicable legislation encompasses cash receipts provision free services labour volunteers products forms support including membership fees legislation government budget provides funding political parties non partisan political representatives percent previous year budget expenditures additional funds appropriated local government budgets funds distributed elected members parliament councils political parties affiliated receive percent funds election candidate slate dedicated bank account handle election campaign donations related funding campaign related expenditures maximum donation single party candidate slate year regulated cases individuals set euro regardless purpose companies legal persons limited local elections euro parliamentary european parliament elections euro presidential elections candidate party slate applicable total campaign expenditures limited million million euro candidate presidential elections million euro candidate slate european parliament parliamentary elections euro candidate mayoral elections euro candidate county mayoral elections cities residents larger county seats mayoral election campaign expenditures cities towns limited depending local government population euro population exceeds residents euro population units euro smaller self governing units candidates parties legally required publish financial reports detailing funding state electoral commission state office legally required turn receipts exceeding legal limits favour central government budget days parliamentary elections leading political parties reported campaign spending follows croatian democratic union spent million million euro social democratic_party croatia spent million million euro croatian people party liberal democrats spent million million euro croatian peasant party led coalition reported spending million million euro croatian party rights spent similar presidential election candidates receiving percent vote awarded equal sum election campaign decided government days election set euro presidential election representing percent decrease sum determined previous presidential election sum set half million similarly government political parties parliamentary seat won parliamentary election seat given euro sum euro paid parties candidates failing win parliamentary seats receive percent votes constituency addition national minority representative candidates running minority ballot failing win parliamentary seats winning percent votes constituency receive euro minority comprises percent total population croatia european parliament election candidates county mayoral election candidates receiving percent vote entitled receive costs determined government ahead election media coverage promotion legislation requires presidential parliamentary election candidates guaranteed equal opportunity present discuss platforms media addition paid advertising parliamentary election campaign covered media including nationwide television broadcasters period broadcasters included croatian nova aired hours news different programs news reports total included reports dealing directly elections analysis news coverage indicated evenly matched coverage combined ruling party official government statements main opposition party received average percent share coverage percent share interviews aired nova gave slight advantage government gave coverage differences small resulted matching political parties received considerably coverage received average approximately percent coverage received percent parties received percent coverage national television broadcasters air programs candidates talk platforms organise debates paid promotion largely followed pattern dominant parties field organization security operation europe noted report largest parties reported advertising spending actual value largest proportion expenditure television ads election silence force day elections previous day ending evening polling stations close exit polls published time voting appeals polling stations set public buildings country voters vote assigned polling station according permanent residence voters deployed abroad armed forces voters croatian ships imprisoned voters allowed vote voters residing croatia traveling abroad election day vote croatian diplomatic missions polling stations open voters present polling stations closing time allowed vote polling stations closed early registered voters voted presidential election ballots contain list candidates verified state electoral commission order pin candidate names political parties endorsing candidate note candidate running independent names preceded numbers parliamentary election european parliament election ballots contain slate person heading list addition candidates necessarily candidate particular list included specific political party coalition putting forward list usually head party coalition national level lists order preceded number voting number associated particular candidate ballots marked positively indicating candidate vote cast considered valid blank ballots ballots multiple numbers multiple candidates indicated invalid official results announced published state electoral commission voter registry register voters croatia defined law register lists citizens croatia aged stripped voting rights court decision register organized according legal residence maintained government offices counties city citizen croatia request review register amendments personal information supported applicable documents voter register confirm right vote polling station verify voter endorsements candidates election lists submitted electoral commissions voters expect travel croatia abroad election day require inclusion provisional list allows vote polling station assigned residence failing voter obtain excerpt registry election day allowed vote pattern irregularities discovered concerning list citizens croatia turn die estimated register contained large number irregularities erroneous entries public attention directed issue monitoring elections advertising campaigns according specializing election monitoring register improved room improvement census indicated large number voters registry leading claims half million voters registry included complaints appeals political parties candidates voters endorsed particular candidate state presidential parliamentary european parliament elections file complaints state electoral commission irregularities election process hours disputed activity european parliament elections voter complaints required endorsed voters percent voters commission finds complaint valid order election process directly affected disputed activity repeated possibly election date insufficient time left commission provide decision hours complaint submitted decision appealed constitutional court croatia hours petitioned court return ruling hours local council elections complaints processed county city town electoral commissions appropriate mayoral elections complaints filed county electoral commission apply mayoral elections complaints submitted state electoral commission case county elections time appeals procedure presidential parliamentary elections monitoring elections governed state electoral commission electoral boards members bodies required university degree law members political party state electoral commission prepares manages elections accordance legislation lower ranking election commission board members issues bodies work state electoral commission publishes candidate lists legality political campaigns publishes election results members election boards legal deputies present assigned polling stations times polling station open board identity voters list registered voters records turnout turnout number later checked number votes cast number votes exceeds turnout election polling station repeated votes tallied hand information records kept polling station state electoral commission monitoring performed non governmental organizations specializing election monitoring monitoring organisations headquartered croatia abroad set limited monitoring mission observe presidential elections parliamentary election held monitored observers fielded number organisations political parties


national diet national diet japan legislature composed lower house called house_of_representatives upper house called house houses diet directly elected parallel voting systems addition passing laws diet formally responsible selecting prime minister diet convened imperial diet result adopting constitution diet took current form adoption post war constitution considered constitution highest organ state power national diet building located tokyo composition houses diet elected parallel voting systems means seats filled given election divided groups elected different method main difference houses sizes groups elected voters asked cast votes individual candidate constituency party list national japan years age vote elections changed japan parallel voting system confused additional member system nations house_of_representatives members elected single seat single member past post system elected separate electoral party list system proportional representation house members elected means single non vote remaining elected open list single national list constitution japan specify number members house diet voting system necessary qualifications vote returned parliamentary elections allowing things determined law guarantee universal adult suffrage secret ballot insists electoral law terms race creed sex social status family origin education property income generally election diet members controlled statutes passed diet source contention concerning seats response changes population distribution example liberal democratic_party controlled japan post war history gained support rural areas post war era large numbers people relocating urban centers seeking wealth number assigned seats diet rural areas generally representation urban areas supreme_court japan began exercising judicial review laws following decision election district received times representation district osaka supreme_court indicated highest electoral japanese law greater districts violation article constitution recent elections ratio amounted house census election house_of_representatives election candidates lower house years old older years older upper house candidates japanese nationals article japan constitution diet members paid million month salary entitled employ funds free train tickets round trip airplane tickets month enable travel forth home districts powers article constitution describes national diet highest organ state power sole law making organ state statement forceful contrast constitution described emperor exercised legislative power consent diet diet responsibilities include making laws approval annual national budget government ratification treaties initiate draft constitutional amendments approved presented people referendum diet conduct investigations relation government article prime minister designated diet resolution establishing principle legislative supremacy executive government agencies article government dissolved diet passes motion confidence introduced members house_of_representatives government officials including prime minister cabinet members required appear diet investigative committees answer inquiries diet power judges convicted criminal irregular conduct circumstances order law bill passed houses diet emperor role emperor similar royal nations emperor refuse law legislative role merely house_of_representatives powerful chamber diet house_of_representatives usually house bill house delay adoption budget treaty approved house_of_representatives house power prevent lower house selecting prime minister wishes furthermore appointed confidence house_of_representatives prime minister enjoy order continue office house_of_representatives upper house following circumstances bill adopted house_of_representatives rejected amended approved days house bill law adopted house_of_representatives majority thirds members present houses agree budget treaty appointment joint committee diet house fails final action proposed budget treaty days approval house_of_representatives decision lower house deemed diet houses agree candidate prime minister joint committee house fails designate candidate days house_of_representatives decision nominee lower house deemed diet activities constitution session diet convened year technically house_of_representatives dissolved election lower house dissolution house usually closed emperor diet house_of_representatives act advice cabinet emergency cabinet diet extraordinary session extraordinary session requested quarter members house beginning parliamentary session emperor reads special speech throne chamber house presence membership house constitutes public thirds present agree house presiding officer exercises casting vote event tie members house certain arrest diet session words spoken votes cast diet enjoy parliamentary privilege house diet determines standing orders responsibility members member expelled thirds majority vote member cabinet right appear house diet purpose speaking bills house right appearance cabinet members history japan modern legislature imperial diet established constitution force constitution adopted february imperial diet met november document entered operation diet consisted house_of_representatives house peers house_of_representatives directly elected limited franchise universal adult male suffrage introduced house peers like british house_of_lords consisted high ranking nobles word diet derives latin common assembly medieval germany constitution largely based form constitutional monarchy found nineteenth century prussia new diet modeled partly german partly british westminster system unlike post war constitution constitution granted real political role emperor practice emperor powers largely directed group called elder law bill constitutional amendment diet emperor meant emperor longer decree veto diet emperor complete freedom choosing prime minister cabinet constitution prime ministers chosen enjoy confidence diet imperial diet limited control budget diet veto annual budget budget approved budget previous year continued force changed new constitution world war proportional representation system house introduced major electoral reform post war constitution instead choosing national constituency candidates individuals previously case voters cast ballots parties individual listed officially parties election selected basis parties proportions total national constituency vote system introduced reduce excessive money spent candidates national critics charged new system benefited largest parties japan socialist party social democratic_party fact sponsored reform


embassy united_states embassy united_states_of_america diplomatic mission united_states opened general capital trust territory italian administration upgraded embassy status july recognized independence appointed ambassador embassy served counter soviet influence cold war served base united_states agency international development large presence country embassy moved dilapidated building central new compound outskirts city violence quickly city late december civil war january ambassador contacted state department request closure evacuation embassy approval given following day violence collapse central government prevented countries diplomats civilians international airport uss guam uss stationed coast dispatched staff embassy american civilians foreign diplomats gathered embassy seeking evacuation embassy closed january american foreign diplomats civilians helicopter embassy compound guam december embassy compound repaired serve headquarters personnel unified task force following transition control base worked parties establish peace formally recognized newly established federal government january secretary state john visited stated plans reopen embassy soon government presented real estate deed land reserved new embassy compound came months president obama nominated post ambassador ambassador withdrew months later history state department sent establish diplomatic post july united_states general opened embassy italy time capital trust territory united_nations trust territory italian administration scheduled independent addition establishing presence staff charged political research developing relations future leaders july trust territory italian independent united planned briefly extant state british form republic united_states recognized established diplomatic relations republic day general elevated embassy status andrew lynch appointed ambassador july presented credentials july point officially ambassador like diplomatic posts africa cold war primary purpose embassy counter soviet influence region contain spread communism time sino soviet split china actively competing influence developing world including activities beginning 1960s engaged development projects counter influence communism staff united_states agency international development carried projects comprised substantial number embassy staff decades educational programs given emphasis embassy years independence sizable peace corps presence protecting power united_kingdom severed diplomatic relations united_kingdom dispute administration ethnic northern frontier district providing assistance embassy tasked protection british embassy compound properties opened following year assist peace corps activities represent british interests northwestern region british administration embassy went lock day war israel neighboring arab countries supported viewed israel protector embassy subjected minor demonstrations coup état brought power embassy blockaded soldiers prevented movement persons compound hours ambassador managed briefly visit embassy route foreign ministry formal complaint embassy blockade wake coup government patrons soviet_union china days coup peace corps ordered leave days soon extended week volunteers housed homes embassy staff evacuated air_force plane foreign assistance act prohibited foreign assistance nations ships engaged trade vietnam vessels observed port development assistance terminated government responded military prohibiting local residents visiting embassy restricting travel embassy staff kilometres closed program staff rest embassy ended late 1970s soviets patrons wake war turned west support sought access airports ports exchange military equipment economic aid july embassy moved new acre compound outskirts largest embassy sub africa site acquired mid-1960s later turned golf course frequented embassy staff prelude closure late 1980s increasing rebellion rule president country began descend civil war criminal violence increasing seasoned diplomat james bishop appointed ambassador bishop embassy lebanon day war erupted prompted evacuation americans hours bishop diplomats marines remained city conflict ambassador bishop gained valuable experience organizing evacuations 1980s serving deputy assistant secretary state africa previous post ambassador bishop overseeing voluntary evacuation embassy staff civilians civil war spread left march ambassador bishop returned washington prepare new appointment soon appointed deal crisis included gradual evacuation american civilians rapid closure embassy august aware violence going countryside ambassador bishop felt odds better leave favorable circumstances august ambassador bishop visited united_states central command military command middle_east northeast africa worked military experts review embassy evacuation plan satisfied central command realized conduct evacuation prepared hours visit iraq invaded kuwait assets response ambassador bishop arrived september primary interest ambassador maintain military permission access airfields ports negotiated especially important given intervention kuwait strategic location near arabian peninsula mouth red_sea saudi_arabia allow troops soil embassy home large number staff spread unrest countryside making work increasingly difficult civil war spread country late year increasing level criminal violence december security situation began deteriorate significantly december ambassador bishop told audience standing room meeting recommending voluntary evacuation children diplomatic staff non essential personnel december number official personnel city reduced private americans city half estimated left small arms fire daily occurrence stray bullets shells landing embassy complex december violence escalated significantly rebel groups entered city ambassador claimed nature extent violence immediately clear december diplomats including stationed offices city collected housed ambassador residence marine house compound located road morning december defense nearly killed vehicle sprayed bullets evening soldier shot tires vehicle carrying defense official attempts nations diplomats particular italian embassy negotiate foreigners leave unsuccessful road shooting gallery preventing safe outside embassy reach new year day american civilians began seek refuge embassy closure evacuation ambassador bishop requested evacuation american community january indicating evacuation planned italian french german evacuation efforts preferred evacuation military state department authorized evacuation january ambassador bishop specifically requested evacuation military initiating operation eastern exit ambassador bishop spent considerable time discussing plans evacuation diplomatic posts ultimately heads missions ambassadors staff sought refuge embassy compound evacuated initial plans called united_states_air_force dispatch transport aircraft international airport diplomats unable contact government obtain clearance aircraft land airport clear dangerous travel embassy airport uss guam uss began transit coast forces 4th marine expeditionary brigade january incidents including exchanges gunfire suggested embassy security detail insufficient hold armed uss guam uss arrived helicopters soldiers time scheduled arrive january embassy marine guards job limited protecting ambassador bishop urgent request washington soldiers parachute embassy defend ships arrived request denied ambassador told advance element marines vessels reach embassy following morning helicopters carrying man security detail marines navy seals reached embassy compound morning january left day foreign nationals seeking evacuation arrived embassy compound including soviet ambassador staff soviet_union embassy embassy compound prepared main evacuation occurred early morning hours january waves helicopters civilians fourth security detail ambassador left ships midnight utc final wave reached ships total taken embassy including ambassadors heads missions americans armed observed entering embassy compound final wave departed doors main building embassy reportedly blown open rocket propelled grenades hours embassy evacuation employees embassy known foreign service nationals evacuated local banks closed time embassy unable pay ambassador left keys warehouse embassy compound permitted needed embassy compound set initial office small room city public works department building shortly italian contractor built downtown according john vice consul miserable effort felt stood years extremely lucky building remained decades time closed old dilapidated buildings state department according ambassador bishop july embassy relocated new acre compound road local district grounds consisted joint administrative office marine house marine security guards ambassador residence building united_states information service american school recreational complex local community foot water tower storage maintenance buildings recreational complex comprised half compound included pool tennis courts golf course outside walled embassy maintained complex apartment complex embassy staff located road office military cooperation situated half blocks embassy proper ambassador residence largely constructed glass protective barriers story overlooked embassy walls ambassador bishop ordered bars installed glass additional security protective measure closure failure led multinational mission included military forces ensure aid distributed military entered december moved quickly secure abandoned embassy airport port following day key military staff moved embassy establish headquarters mission main headquarters located embassy complex disrepair buildings stripped bare foot debris trash covered floors bodies found areas premises personnel promptly set cleaning compound living spaces work areas room arrival assembly area old warehouses razed new barracks heads erected place navy support elements arrived later imported extra materials president george bush visited headquarters embassy day visit december january language radio station radio broadcast embassy compound mission transitioned control changed operation restore hope operation provide comfort accordingly embassy premises occupied personnel serve headquarters military withdrew mission march personnel withdrawn march united_states diplomatic mission diplomatic mission closure embassy nonetheless officially severed diplomatic relations embassy kenya serves base diplomatic mission currently led special representative james worked parties establish peace centralized government january formally recognized federal government established august june state department announced united_states reopen diplomatic mission timeline soon february president barack_obama nominated foreign service veteran new ambassador united_states nomination withdrawn following secretary state john visited announced planned reopen embassy indicated set premises government begun upgrading diplomatic representation country president prime minister ali presented real estate deed land reserved new embassy compound


ministry finance soviet_union ministry finance union soviet socialist ussr russian formed march important government offices soviet_union known people finance russian union level established july signing treaty creation ussr based people finance russian soviet socialist republic formed ministry led minister finance prior nominated chairman council ministers confirmed supreme soviet minister member council ministers russian civil war immediately usually confiscated property support government operations following short period stability civil war introduced governmental taxes population structure differed little predecessor notable difference soviet ministry finance ministry later ministry prepared state budget joint process republican local branches ministry structure went changes soviet government conservative approaches change soviet leader introduced reforms rule consequence considerably hurting ministry prestige founding early history ministry predecessor people finance russian soviet socialist republic established decree second russian congress soviets november october appointed following introduction new economic policy responsible state bank state bank soviet_union november issued note calling appointment newly established post people finance took control organisation formal position ratified november council people renamed council ministers people finance renamed ministry finance soviet government launched building program headed group group oversaw construction building housed employees people finance close connections finance building referred building building designed reputation best examples standing soviet architecture architects tried building collective feel building finished denounced remnant leftist joseph regime unlike soviet buildings ongoing campaign save chairman council ministers initiated economic reform ministry finance reform fully implementing reasons helped reform fail duties responsibilities formation soviet state late 1910s early 1920s people finance russian soviet socialist republic created differ greatly imperial russia ministry finance system soviet finance ministry heavily structure predecessor humble beginnings main task people finance property robbery printing creating money taxation immediate aftermath october revolution russian civil war soviet government forcibly confiscated property support government inflation 1920s printing money nearly ceased goods harder years simply property left fund government operations anymore civil war property ceased government taxes introduced ministry tasks summed charter ussr ministry finance prepares draft ussr state budget bears responsibility ussr state budget receipts expenditures rule ministry lost power example foreign trade investments approved ministry finance finance union approved foreign investment ministry vital importance charter soviet government gave ministry broad legislative power nearly organisations sort financial aspects ministry finance set standards rules accounting power issue regulations detailed application tax legislation common feature united_states department treasury soviet regulations differ highly manner ministry finance usually exercised powers jointly government agencies charter states ministry finance right participate state committee prices price setting ussr participated setting salaries year plans state planning committee state bank ussr finance ministry started budget preparation process preparing instructions forms schedules upcoming state budget prepared preliminary balance revenues expenditures data estimated state planning committee preliminary budget sent instructions union finance union union branches ministry finance prepared budget estimate information received lower union information given union ministry finance state budget conceived union ministry negotiated compromise republican local branches soviet republic given state budget economic committees supreme soviet voted state budget received support policy organisation positions leading office ministry minister finance titled head ministry offices deputy minister finance seen ministry second command deputy ministers finance focusing responsibility specific area example financial regulation soviet automobile industry departments departments ministry finance highly subjected direct control local party control committees departments distinctive budget head department control recommended minister finance approved council ministers head department control union recommended republic minister finance council ministers department control ministry finance enforced financial discipline following means laws supervising financial discipline controlling implementation state budget controlling activities financial organs controlling national insurance workers examining activities state bank controlling functions internal financial control controlling activities chief senior department control finance union controlled implementation national budget republican finance local counterparts department exercised control enterprises institutions directly subordinate soviet government department budget department took drafting budget soviet failed august coup ministry finance claimed authority ministry finance ussr state bank bank foreign economic activity meant institutions carry orders consent government ministry finance continued functioning government issued decree completing takeover soviet financial system succeeded ministry economics finance russian federation ministry finance russian federation soviet minister finance acting minister period transition ministers following persons headed ministry ministers deputy ministers