national park national park national park world heritage site located county colorado protects best preserved ancestral sites united_states created president roosevelt occupies acres near corners region american southwest sites including cliff dwellings largest preserve spanish green table best known structures cliff palace thought largest cliff dwelling north_america starting bce inhabited group nomadic indians known foothills mountain complex variety points found region indicates influenced surrounding areas including great basin san_juan basin rio valley later archaic people established semi permanent bce culture emerged local archaic population ancestral developed culture survived combination hunting gathering farming crops corn beans built end 12th century began construct massive cliff dwellings park best known following period social environmental instability driven series severe prolonged abandoned area moved south locations arizona new_mexico including rio plateau santa inhabitants indians occupants region spans southeastern utah northwestern new_mexico nomadic indians arrived area bce followed big game camped near rivers streams dried glaciers covered parts san_juan mountains earliest indians culture tradition defined largely way fashioned points left evidence presence region little indication lived central time bce area environment grew warmer drier change brought central pine forests animals thrive indians began inhabiting increasing numbers unclear seasonal occupants year round residents development period easier hunt smaller game crucial advance time region big game disappeared landscape archaic bce marks beginning archaic period north_america differ origin archaic population believe developed exclusively local indians called foothills mountain complex suggest variety points found indicates influence surrounding areas including great basin san_juan basin rio valley archaic people probably developed locally influenced contact trade immigrants outlying areas early archaic people living near utilized harvested wider variety plants animals indians retaining primarily nomadic lifestyle inhabited outlying areas region mountains tops created rock art left evidence animal processing environmental stability period drove population expansion migration major warming drying led middle archaic people seek cooler climate higher elevation brought increased coupled spring rains provided relatively plentiful amounts water late archaic people living semi permanent preserved goods started variety usually resembled sheep deer late archaic marked increased trade exotic materials marine shells pacific_coast way arizona archaic people worked rock art flourished people lived rudimentary houses mud wood early attempts plant eventually developed sustained agriculture marked end archaic period culture introduction corn region bce trend away permanent settlements archaic transitioned culture people characterized combination foraging farming skills use creation finely woven absence pottery corn staple people diet relied wild food sources crops addition fine named people fashioned variety household items plant animal materials including robes blankets clay pipes gaming pieces men relatively short muscular averaging feet tall skeletal remains reveal signs hard labor extensive travel including joint disease healed moderate associated iron buried dead near settlements included luxury items gifts indicate differences relative social status people known distinctive rock art found depicted animals people abstract realistic forms single works elaborate panels common subject flute player supplanted bow arrow pottery marking end era beginning iii era vessels major improvement pitch lined animal hide containers primary water storage containers region pottery protected seeds mold insects clay cook year round settlements appear time population san_juan basin increased markedly iii sites early 7th century sites years villages typically consisted small groups residences population approximately people beans new varieties corn introduced region settlements grown accommodate people construction large ground storage buildings began time store food family year retained residential mobility quickly relocate dwellings event resource consistently inadequate crop yields end 8th century smaller typically occupied years supplanted larger ones saw continuous occupation generations iii people established tradition holding large ceremonial gatherings near community pit structures ancestral marks end iii era beginning period transition characterized major changes design construction buildings organization household activities people doubled capacity food storage year built year round residences called household activities previously reserved subterranean moved ground dwellings altered function purpose spaces ones primarily community ceremonies continued house large extended families particularly winter months late 8th century began building square pit structures typically feet deep feet wide appeared half lived local populations grew found difficult survive hunting foraging increasingly reliant corn shift semi communal way life changed ancestral society forever generation average number households settlements grew average populations people population density increased dramatically dozen families occupying roughly space housed brought increased security raids encouraged greater cooperation residents facilitated trade clans late 8th century population augmented settlers south distinct cultural groups occupied villages large settlements laid claim resources found square miles km2 typically organized groups spaced mile apart approximately people living larger villages people dug massive pit structures square feet central gathering places structures represent early architectural expressions eventually develop era great houses canyon despite robust growth early century unpredictable rainfall periodic drought led dramatic reversal settlement trends area late villages abandoned years occupation population steady decline beginning 10th century saw widespread region people emigrated south san_juan river canyon search reliable rains farming migrated south ancestors emigrated years influence canyon grew supplanted region cultural center period marked growth outreach communities centered great houses canyon despite participation vast system retained distinct cultural identity regional innovation ancient tradition inspiring architectural 9th century influenced years great house construction late 9th century rendered dry land farming unreliable led growing crops near years crop yields returned healthy levels early 11th century population area began rebound agricultural prosperity increased people immigrated south farmers increasingly relied masonry era 11th century built check dams near slopes effort conserve soil runoff fields offset danger crop failures larger dry land fields early 11th centuries evolved smaller circular structures called usually feet style included feature earlier times called hole dug north chamber ancestral place emergence underworld time began away post mud style buildings marked period masonry construction utilized region early widespread 11th 12th centuries expansion influence area left visible mark form style masonry great houses focal point villages far view house largest considered classic construction likely began archaeologists argue begun early era timber earth unit typically inhabited years early 12th century regional control shifted away new_mexico southern region drought stressed region inhabitants leading temporary cessation great house construction iii severe drought led rapid parts san_juan basin particularly canyon extensive system collapsed people increasingly migrated causing major population growth area led larger settlements people reduced mobility past frequently relocated dwellings fields agriculture strategy order sustain larger populations dedicated labor farming population increases led expanded tree reduced habitat wild plant animal species relied deepening crops susceptible drought related failure system brought large quantities imported goods late 11th early 12th centuries including pottery shells late 12th century system collapsed goods imported quickly declined isolated surrounding region approximately years farmers lived small families typically located near fields walking distance sources water practice continued mid- late 12th century start 13th century began living canyon locations close water sources walking distance fields villages mid iii era architects constructed massive multi story buildings adorned pottery increasingly elaborate designs structures built period described world greatest archaeological treasures iii masonry buildings typically occupied approximately years double usable lifespan structures continuously inhabited years architectural innovations towers multi walled structures appear iii era population remained fairly stable 12th century drought start 13th century approximately people lived area saw moderate population increases following decades dramatic ones people region lived plains west locations yellow jacket near colorado canyon slopes multi family structures grew unprecedented size populations majority lived large housed families people 13th century saw years average rainfall region area suffered especially cold temperatures indicates tree construction cut major decline imports region time local production remained steady despite challenging conditions continued farm area severely dry period ended seven years continuous human occupation refer period great drought inhabitants left area warfare iii period built numerous stone masonry towers likely served defensive structures incorporated hidden tunnels connecting towers associated warfare conducted tools hunting game including bows arrows stone axes wooden clubs spears crafted hide basket shields battles periodic warfare occurred 13th century civic leaders region likely attained power prestige distributing food times drought system probably broke great drought leading intense warfare competing clans increasing economic social uncertainty century final decades led widespread conflict evidence partly burned villages post trauma uncovered residents village appear victims site wide massacre evidence violence documented central region violence peaked generally ascribed fighting evidence found sand canyon national monument suggests violent interactions occurred people outside region evidence attacks discovered members crow canyon archaeological center 1990s assaults occurred national monument castle rock dated considered effectively ended centuries occupation sites victims showed signs skull injuries suggest inflicted small stone axe undertaken survival strategy times starvation record indicates isolated region violent conflict widespread north_america late 13th early 14th centuries likely exacerbated global climate changes negatively affected food supplies continent migration region saw unusually cold dry conditions beginning 13th century driven emigration locations added population stressed environment agricultural society suffering drought region precipitation pattern brought rainfall spring summer snowfall autumn winter began fail rapid tens thousands people emigrated died starvation smaller communities corners region abandoned period ancestral long history migration face environmental instability end 13th century different region completely emptied descendants returned build permanent settlements drought resource contributed instability centuries ancestral occupation crops considered fatal flaw strategy left direct evidence migration left household goods including cooking tools clothing gave impression emigration estimated people lived region 13th century start 14th century area nearly relocated southern arizona new_mexico rate settlement unclear increases sparsely populated areas rio plateau santa correspond directly period migration believe settled areas near rio black white pottery widespread 14th century likely related households joined view migration continuation versus dissolution ancestral society culture relocated banks little colorado river western new_mexico eastern arizona tend focus push factors drove away region environmental pull factors warmer temperatures better farming conditions plentiful timber relocation area near rio addition numerous settlements rio contemporary descendants live organization canyon exerted regional control late 11th early 12th centuries view region collection smaller communities based central sites related fully integrated larger civic structure ancient roads averaging feet wide lined identified region appear connect communities great house sites extent network unclear roads discovered leading great north road directly connecting sites ancestral called identified near road segments region purpose unclear shaped excavated thought directional indicate location great houses architecture best known large number preserved cliff dwellings houses built rock canyon walls structures contained blocks hard sandstone held mortar specific constructions similarities generally unique form individual topography different canyon walls marked contrast earlier constructions villages cliff dwellings reflected region wide trend growing regional populations close highly quarters 13th century buildings built stone windows facing south shapes buildings located closely reflected deepening religious celebration towers built near likely pottery versatile including pitchers food drink white pottery black designs emerged coming plants water management conservation techniques including use retaining dams emerged period styles sandstone mortar constructions surface cliff dwellings included shaped windows doors taken archaeologists including stephen evidence continuing reach system researchers elements style spiritual significance evidence continuing specific elite system construction sites consistent common architectural forms including towers pit houses space necessitated far concentration populations house typical cliff dwelling period home people shared small rooms built sharing walls builders areas space way areas considered limits construction astronomy astronomical observations plan farming religious ceremonies drawing natural features landscape masonry structures built purpose great houses region aligned cardinal directions positioned windows doors walls path sun rays indicate passing seasons sun temple thought astronomical observatory temple shaped alignment degrees true east west location orientation indicate builders understood cycles sun moon aligned major lunar occurs years sunset winter viewed setting temple platform south end cliff palace canyon canyon sun temple fire pit illuminated rays rising sun winter sun temple largest exclusively ceremonial structures built ancestral agriculture water control systems starting 6th century farmers living central cultivated corn beans combination corn beans provided complete protein conditions good acres land provide food family individuals year providing supplemented game wild plants increasingly relied corn staple success failure crop yields heavily lives slightly south increased exposure sun introduction pottery foods baked hot rocks dropped containers bring water brief beans boiled hour use widespread pottery region increased availability beans easier cook provided high quality protein reduced reliance hunting aided corn cultivation add needed nutrients soils grown likely increased corn yields practiced dry farming relied rain water crops utilized runoff springs natural collection pools starting 9th century dug maintained caught runoff summer showers spring crops hand believe prior 13th century springs sources water considered shared public resources moved increasingly larger built near water supplies control limited members surrounding community began constructing large water structures canyon bottoms box elder soon afterward work began far view approximately feet constructed lie east west line runs approximately miles suggests builders followed centralized plan system american society civil engineers designated structures national civil engineering historic landmarks analyses suggested collection retention water possible far view reservoir interpretation views structure ceremonial space procession roads adaptation culture hunting foraging typically harvested local small game organized hunting parties traveled long distances main sources animal protein came deer rabbits occasionally hunted sheep began starting 13th century consumption animal peaked deer primary protein source sites consumed large amounts corn deepened reliance staple crop blankets turkey feathers rabbit fur turkey deer bones despite availability fish area rivers streams evidence suggests rarely eaten supplemented diet gathering seeds fruits wild plants searching large land resources depending season collected nuts globe seeds species grass pear fruits provided rare source natural sugar wild seeds cooked ground mountain smoked wild tobacco ancestral considered material consumed discarded communities sacred piles viewed reverence starting iii period buried dead pottery scholars divided pottery invented corners region introduced south specimens shallow clay found canyon indicate innovation derived clay seeds repeated uses rendered hard water represent fired pottery region alternate theory suggests pottery originated rim area south brown paste centuries common era believe pottery introduced mexico evidence ancient pottery markets region believe local exchanged decorative families cooking crushed rock places like mountain desirable region traded activation analysis indicates black white pottery found produced locally cretaceous formations black white formation evidence pottery types moved locations region suggests interaction groups ancient shared common source raw materials black white pottery produced locations sand canyon castle rock evidence indicates nearly household member worked potter trench constructed away closer sources sizes vary larger ones feet long thought shared served families designs added vessels leaf brush iron pottery found 9th century sized individuals small families communal expanded 13th century larger feast sized vessels produced decorations appear grey entire vessels crafted way technique created rough exterior surface easier hold regular grey smooth 11th century vessels dissipated heat efficiently ones largely replaced older style tendency retain heat prone boiling likely developed ancient attempted mimic visual properties clay formations suggests ancient selected different different styles selected altered firing conditions achieve specific colors normal conditions turned grey fired morrison formation clay turned white southeastern utah turned red fired high oxygen environment rock art murals rock art found region uneven periodic locations numerous examples periods saw prolific creation saw little styles vary time examples relatively rare proper abundant middle san_juan river area indicate river importance travel route key source water common motifs rock art region include anthropomorphic figures procession animal people tracks lines concentric circles animals hunting scenes region population late 13th century subject rock art increasingly shifted depictions shields warriors battle scenes modern interpreted point depictions clans people starting late period continuing iii ancestral region created plaster murals great houses particularly murals contained painted inscribed images depicting animals people designs pottery dating far iii depict thought represent mountains hills surrounding landscape murals typically located face bench usually encircled room geometric patterns resemble symbols pottery represent basket making common motifs painted murals include colors red green yellow white brown blue designs use 15th 16th centuries ecology geography climate ecology refers human impact animals plants ecosystem shift medium large game animals deer sheep smaller ones like rabbits turkey centuries indicate hunting dramatically altered populations analysis pack rat indicates exception invasive species flora fauna area remained relatively consistent past years created streams eroded hard sandstone covers area resulted national park elevations ranging feet highest elevation park point terrain park transition zone low desert rocky_mountains region precipitation pattern meaning agriculture sustained snowfall winter autumn rainfall spring summer climate semi arid water farming consumption provided summer rains winter snowfall springs near villages feet middle areas typically degrees cooler reduced water needed farming cliff dwellings built advantage solar energy angle sun winter warmed masonry cliff dwellings warm blew valley air degrees warmer canyon summer sun high overhead village protected direct sunlight high cliff dwellings geology area spanish explorers named feature term true perfectly flat south proper geological term park smaller located slant contributed formation preserved area cliff dwellings late cretaceous period deposited sandstone rock formation found colorado beds fine sand stones accumulated deep water cretaceous sea high clay content causes expand wet leading sliding terrain formations group reflect changes environment area time point sandstone named point feature park elevation feet sandstone formed marine environment shallow water cretaceous sea massive fine cross resistant layers reflecting waves currents present time formation sediments approximately feet thick upper layers feature invertebrates formation middle formation content features deposited semi marine environments water swamps environment organic material composition thin coal running formation formation cliff house sandstone cliff house sandstone area youngest rock layer formed cretaceous sea completely result high sand content beaches dunes etc receives characteristic yellow canyon faces like point sandstone feet thick contains numerous fossil beds different types shells fish teeth sea zones feature determine formed ancestral constructed dwellings continuing cretaceous period early uplifting area colorado plateau san_juan mountains mountains led formation help erosion small channels water ran formation gravel later period rock south caused streams cut rapidly rock removing loose sediment forming vast seen today caused isolation surrounding rock today climate arid processes slowed mexican spanish missionaries explorers francisco seeking route santa california recorded travels reached green plateau region named high tree covered got close needed angle ancient stone villages white men travel route colorado plateau utah arizona new_mexico region long occupied treaty united_states government recognized ownership colorado land west continental divide interest land western colorado new treaty left strip land southwestern colorado border new_mexico miles north lies strip land warm deep found sanctuary high believing cliff dwellings sacred ancestral sites live ancient dwellings occasional visited john moss making observations known following year moss led eminent photographer william henry jackson canyon base jackson photographed publicized typical stone cliff dwelling william holmes jackson route reports jackson holmes included report survey federally financed efforts explore american west publications led proposals systematically study southwestern sites quest find ancestral settlements virginia journalist new_york daily graphic visited party rediscovered echo cliff house tier house balcony house discoveries inspired protect dwellings artifacts family cattle befriended members tribe near ranch southwest colorado tribe approval allowed bring cattle lower warmer present reservation winter word ancestral great houses spread member tribe told special cliff dwelling deep canyon near head houses old people ancient ones houses high high rocks bigger sacred place december richard cowboy charlie mason rediscovered cliff palace spotting ruins gave ruin present day richard family friends explored ruins gathered artifacts sold historical society colorado kept people stayed explored cliff dwellings photographer author frederick visited region described landscape ruins article later book land cliff illustrated hand drawn maps personal photographs hosted son polar explorer adolf trained introduced scientific methods artifact collection recorded locations photographed extensively sites observed existing literature home grown expertise removed lot artifacts sent sweden eventually went national museum finland published cliff shipped collection artifacts event initiated concerns need protect land resources national park point pre site region gain federal protection site protected virginia efforts inform united_states european community importance protecting important historical material dwellings efforts included enlisting support women federation women clubs writing having published poems popular magazines giving speeches domestically internationally forming colorado cliff association colorado cliff purpose protect resources colorado cliff dwellings original artifacts possible sharing information people fellow activist protection prehistoric sites included located washington met members congress cause national park superintendent robert communicated belief park far significant hundreds artifacts taken end 19th century clear needed protection people general came created sold collection artifacts report secretary interior institution walter described vandalism cliff palace parties camped ruin winters reported specimens carried sold private individuals objects museums forever lost science order secure valuable material walls broken simply let light darker rooms floors invariably opened buried mutilated facilitate work rid dust great openings broken walls form ruin beams great extent single roof remains work destruction added resulting erosion rain left cliff palace sad condition artifacts located museums private collections usa world representative selection pottery vessels objects example british museum london president roosevelt approved creation national park federal act park effort preserve works man kind park named spanish term green table forests trees excavation protection spruce tree house cliff palace sun temple ruins stabilized early efforts led walter 1930s civilian conservation corps workers starting played key roles excavation efforts building trails roads creating museum exhibits constructing buildings project included excavations sites surveys excavation study sites considered largest effort project oversaw excavation long house house historical areas administered national_park_service listed national_register_of_historic_places administrative district listed register designated world heritage site travel awards sunset magazine named national park best cultural attraction western united_states services entrance national park route approximately miles east community miles west colorado park covers acres contains documented sites including cliff dwellings largest preserve protects important best preserved sites country park initiated site conservation program analyses data pertaining sites constructed utilized visitor research center located highway park entrance visitor research center opened december popular area miles visitor center national park area federal exclusive jurisdiction law enforcement emergency medical service structural fire duties conducted federal national_park_service law enforcement rangers national park post office code access park facilities vary season cliff dwellings open public museum open year spruce tree house open year weather permitting balcony house long house cliff palace require tour tickets ranger guided tours dwellings visible road open tourists park offers hiking trails peak season facilities food fuel lodging unavailable winter culturally modified trees years park suffered fires started lightning times drought burned acres forest half park fires damaged sites park buildings named pony long balcony house complex fires fires began day pony fires destroyed rock art sites long fire nearly destroyed museum built national park system spruce tree house largest cliff dwelling park prior fires surveyed approximately ninety percent park dense tree cover kept ancient sites hidden view pony fires previously sites revealed date iii periods uncovered fires extensive water features including check dams date iii periods february colorado historical society decided invest million budget culturally modified trees project national park mountain tribal park mountain tribal park adjoining national park east mountains approximately acres river hundreds surface sites cliff dwellings wall paintings ancestral cultures preserved park native american tour guides provide background information people culture history park lands national geographic traveler chose world destinations travel 21st century places selected key sites addition cliff dwellings boasts number ruins examples open public access include far view complex cedar tree tower house community balcony house balcony house set high facing east rooms cold winter visitors ranger guided tours enter climbing foot ladder crawling foot tunnel exit series toe holds cliff believed entry exit route cliff small village easy defend secure log dated likely built long people migrated area officially excavated national park visitors enter balcony house ranger guided tours cliff palace multi ruin best known cliff dwelling located largest center great southwest facing providing greater warmth sun winter dating years dwelling constructed sandstone wooden beams mortar rooms brightly painted cliff palace home approximately people likely important larger community nearby housed combined people rooms cliff palace largest cliff dwelling national park long house located long house second largest village approximately people lived location excavated project long house built occupied cliff dwelling features rooms tower central plaza rooms like typical cliff dwellings stones shaping fit stability overhead contain storage space grain include small holes wall rest village spring accessible feet located rear village oak tree spruce tree square tower houses house located contains rooms large nearby reservoir received charles mason brothers found site oak tree house neighboring fire temple visited hour ranger guided spruce tree house largest village feet spring rooms constructed believed people lived time protective location preserved short trail spruce tree house begins museum square tower house stops loop road driving tour tower tallest structure


street house anglo saxon cemetery street house anglo saxon cemetery anglo saxon burial ground dating second half 7th century discovered street house farm near authority cleveland england monuments dating far located vicinity cemetery discovered aerial photography revealed existence iron age rectangular enclosure excavations carried revealed graves dating 7th century remains buildings array jewellery artefacts found including worn young high status anglo saxon woman buried bed covered earth mound woman identity unknown artefacts layout cemetery similar finds east south east england contradictory indications occupants cemetery christian pagan signs traditions present represents fusion traditions conversion period christianity taking hold anglo pagan rituals displaced christians archaeologists suggested woman people buried migrated south bed common buried space single generation cemetery abandoned finds acquired museum display background vicinity street house farm located hill north east town known archaeologists decades area interest early long structure dating round built early bronze age excavated course seasons archaeologist discovered remains enigmatic structure dubbed street house circle wooden posts built centre structure approximately metres wide shaped posts encircled raised stone bank short period usage dismantled posts burned purpose unknown likely kind religious significance excavations involved dig archaeologist steve decided return site aerial photographs revealed presence rectangular iron age enclosure vicinity bronze age monuments initial excavations carried days september thought initially site purely iron age british depth excavation carried july survey revealed existence large dating iron age centre enclosure work revealed iron age ditches series pits evidently graves came complete surprise found date anglo saxon period artefacts dating excavated bones recovered acidic soil destroyed organic material long ago thirty graves found initial excavation archaeologists returned search settlement believed associated graves examples green lane crossing yorkshire 7th century graves associated prehistoric monuments initially thought street house graves similar example excavation uncovered graves realised cemetery far larger thought following year archaeological survey entire site attempted total graves found end dig forming complex monument laid unique square fashion central mound bed burial building possibly served excavations carried examine bronze age mound found near cemetery investigate areas iron age enclosure new excavation found ruins roman villa dating possibly important british located metres south saxon graves agricultural estate layout graves cemetery consists neat lines graves arranged east west alignment covering nearly square area metres layout seen known anglo saxon cemetery enclosure cemetery laid centuries older dating establishment cemetery boundaries probably intended serve deliberate link past clearly visible saxon times layout cemetery consciously reflected earlier enclosure apparent main entrance aligned enclosure graves laid highly ordered fashion double row north south sides grave set metres apart east west axis metres apart north south intercut arranged pattern formed square enclosure gap southern forming main entrance smaller gap eastern forming secondary entrance exit degree precision visible layout strongly suggests cemetery planned advance groups graves numbering cent total fit overall square plan cemetery older possibly british laid different groups people saxon times notable non standard woman dubbed saxon princess near centre enclosure burial attracted attention quality finds important grave cemetery second larger mound stood short distance away partly surrounded ring ditch burial found mound interpreted memorial important individual noteworthy saxon princess number cemetery north east quadrant arranged arc mound suggesting seen focal point cemetery discovery graves east west alignment prompted suggestions cemetery reflected christian tradition evidence overall contradictory occupants christians individual graves fairly uniform size usually measuring metres long metres wide original form metres deep rectangular plan rounded corners flat base bodies interred graves occupants buried clothes accompanied items owned given bodies survived thought size graves intended women laid fully extended substantial number small adult normal height laid way judging analogous saxon graves found england thought contained different methods burial versus fully extended indicate difference ethnic political religious identities graves marked plain triangular stones set end carved inscribed names christian similar markers found pagan graves interrupted cut possibly indicating presence wooden poles served markers supported wooden structures graves unusual north england comparable examples found kent south east addition graves buildings stood cemetery larger rectangular structure east west alignment identified left ground stood east interpreted chapel shrine smaller type sunken building thought chapel located close central area cemetery iron age located north west quadrant longer standing time cemetery laid buildings stood crest ridge especially prominent travelers arriving south cemetery laid single occasion short time thought entered south assembled south western area cemetery proceeding shrine carry burial rites deceased grave eastern entrance leave cemetery alternatively different groups people entrances reflecting fact graves fit overall square plan belong different group artefacts individual graves comprising cent total cemetery found contain artefacts certain types help identify gender occupants male graves instance tend contain weapons tools female ones associated jewellery belt hooks suspend keys small tools graves contained gender specific goods associated females males female graves predominantly located north west cemetery males south east possible paired graves pattern apparent saxon country graves contained items found graves type short sword blade edge found grave weapon found cemetery discovery weapons grave goods extremely rare value meant typically passed father son buried person originally measured centimetres long broken pieces handle survived blade decorated punched pattern edge smaller domestic knives found graves items iron belt sets keys grave knives discovered knives resting variety jewellery found total recovered graves small number found remaining graves indicative styles changed 6th century customary women wear relatively plain time form century fashion small number high quality attached wire carried bag unusual discovery grave remnants necklace comprising iron age gold coins tribe modern lincolnshire time roman conquest britain holes coins years old time buried convert items jewellery excellent condition suggests long currency possible buried shortly rediscovered saxon times discovery roman coins saxon grave period unique street house cemetery likely valued cross shaped designs coins reverse jewellery found street house cemetery elaborate gold found grave apparently worn chain thread survive small millimetres diameter decorated gold shape figures similarity form merely design typical jewellery comparable examples found yorkshire grave gold measuring millimetres diameter found excavation decorated elaborate like incorporates circular settings red stones survived found alongside necklace saxon princess bed burial important grave spectacular set artefacts found near centre cemetery grave deep wide pit high status individual buried wooden bed iron fittings body lying bed likely woman high ranking noble descent possibly royalty quantity quality jewellery found grave indicative woman ranking anglo saxon society highly unusual dozen known street house northerly known remains body bed surviving artefacts pieces held bed enabled burial reconstructed considerable detail bed ash wood held variety iron plates staples nails stays decorative measured metres ornamental canvas cloth timber posts traces cloth grass reed found attached nails indicating possible nature pieces showed signs repair reuse suggesting bed use time burial specially raises possibility bed deceased woman significant bed person dismantled brought cemetery repaired burial jewellery consists gold glass gold wire fragment jet hair pin probably forming necklace place neck body pieces consist gold elaborate shield shaped jewel red larger shaped gem centre rest thin layer gold leaf reflect light increase created recycled older pieces jewellery size shape thickness individuals different quality piece outstanding comparable artefacts found famous anglo saxon cemetery suffolk design unique known parallels anglo saxon creator best country time shape significant link early christianity long associated love fertility birth symbol classical roman counterpart venus said floated ashore shell famous depiction birth venus 4th century christians adopted symbol rebirth baptism life journey heavenly reunion god came particularly associated later adopted badge analysis conducted ray found highly gold consisting gold remainder consisting silver copper likely gold came melted coins dynasty currency underwent similar time link trading cultural links existed anglo saxon england continental europe time grave found short distance away contained jewellery including gold silver glass thought close connection woman bed burial relative lady waiting buried mistress interpretations historical context time cemetery use 7th century britain divided number kingdoms ruled different ethnic groups native north scotland native west england wales south western scotland immigrant angles east south modern england south eastern scotland early 7th century north east england parts scotland ruled saxon kingdoms modern yorkshire north river forth time kingdoms merged form powerful kingdom considerable connections political trading cultural anglo saxon kingdoms demonstrated burial ground found street house practice burying people beds uncommon north bed found far southern england essex suffolk wiltshire found graves thought come kent jewellery strong parallels finds east iron age gold coins found grave came tribe lived east suggests owner likewise local identity woman bed known archaeologists excavated site suggested female member local aristocracy probably princess outsider personal status strong act catalyst site companions similarly group people high status outside region average life time short years men years women possible cemetery exclusively members princess community ceased member died fit short period usage years judging age artefacts found excavations steve site believes buried graves dug afterward grave probable male grave linked close proximity graves offset rest graves cemetery raises questions occupants related cemetery provides hints woman local connections religious buried soon time active region abbey abbey founded woman known came similar aristocratic background lived east bed common unclear woman christian features typically christian east west orientation graves cited support christian affiliation hand cemetery built ancient pagan site obvious reason christian princess buried alongside fellow christians christianity spreading region time possible christian features cemetery simply local social convention favouring christian styles burial rituals non christians steve considers bed burial pagan sort rare female equivalent ship laid vehicle deliver suggests centre pagan cult active alongside local christians argued cemetery represents fusion christian pagan saxon customs end 7th century practice burying people consecrated ground church norm examples known christians buried ostensibly pagan fashion case late 7th century princess sister buried traditional mile east sister john blair argues church early saxon england tolerated christians given pagan burial rites effect pagan site consistent advice given pope gregory great saxon converted christian use destroyed pagan festivals rites converted christian ones interpretation cemetery continuity pagan past increasingly present conservation acquisition display discovery announced november finds displayed press museum near local member parliament time lent support campaign artefacts cleveland saying essential kept area museum merely deposited museum london guarantee permanent display want treasures kept local people view local heritage aid understanding past culture minister margaret confirmed house_of_commons debate british museum object acquiring finds held october found finds treasure terms treasure act rules treasure require panel experts determine market value find half paid half landowner landowner street house waived share wanted ensure local museum able purchase artefacts heritage lottery fund provided museum grant fund purchase create new anglo saxon gallery display artefacts finds purchased museum april underwent conservation specialists durham university york archaeological trust tools anglo saxon period replica bed created exhibition richard expert early cole medieval style short film princess anglo saxon museum world narration stephen prior opening exhibition finds display days town hall attracted nearly visitors exhibition proved extremely popular october attracted visitors months april exhibition attracted praise museum won prestigious renaissance museum title annual journal arts council awards


ancient remains roman settlement important military staging post posting station near junction street roman military road north wales street site parish wall england owned run national trust roman site museum site english_heritage wall roman site romans came establish fortress early years invasion britain land support large amounts soldiers important cross roads large scale posting station settlement developed successive bath houses built serve official travellers growing civilian population known mainly detailed excavations concentrated sites bath house evidence substantial settlement possible temples remains visible today stone bath house built approximately ceased military function civilian settlement settlement reached peak 2nd 3rd centuries time occupied hectares acres end 3rd century town relocated high defensive walls street romans left early 5th century settlement went decline modern village wall emerged land occupied site mentioned presumably represented place reconstructed grey wood old welsh modern welsh possibly represented species tree prominent site ash ford identifies community fort listed cities britain history previously identified lincoln history native settlement likely small native settlement occupied site advent romans possibly main trading station boundary british tribes east later tribal centre west original capital later important roman british city hill fort tribes offered little resistance roman rule military staging post roman built large timber fortress near site current church housed campaigns governor good defensive position poor farmland surrounding fortress support large numbers soldiers period initial fortress replaced smaller developed large scale posting station troops moved fortress early administration posting station built provide lodging official travelling street bath house built travellers growing civilian population bath house completed workers needed provide wood bath house look animals repair vehicles official travellers civilian population provided services native settlement grew period onwards occupy hectares acres roman 1st 2nd century pottery found street field site street round depression ground mark site roman large vessel likeness found near modern church site temple rectangular crop mark field north west bath house visible dry weather site temple legion settled existing stone surfaced road needed allow reliable movement street given stone surface past date coins found centre beneath road evidence indicate street constructed layout thought street built street stretched london direction chester street metres wide crossed street connected south west yorkshire north east early bath houses foundations built site associated bath house uncovered archaeologists rooms bath house emptied stone foundations exposed work left lower levels traces earlier wooden construction dated fully occupied terrace sleeper beam construction walls painted simple linear decoration assumed roof consumed building destroyed fire rooms arranged square courtyard approximately metres construction later buildings known layout date destroyed uncertain probably near beginning 2nd century destruction layers contained dating glass bowl dated 2nd century evidence layout second courtyard building constructed posts set vertically foundation trenches walls plaster rooms painted vivid colours courtyard large metres metres deep cut underlying sandstone second deliberately dismantled construction filled time contained dated time second fort abandoned town ceased military site military features ditch associated small fort ditch filled secondary formed filling contained coin dated pottery suggesting early date earliest bath house discovered excavation construction trench building worn coin dated condition coin believed building erected thought building built military period surviving masonry high quality finely dressed stone wall metres thick thought second fort bath house ended approximately end military period site civilian development second bath house ceased military probably leaving town authority capital time new bath house built best understood built stone base storeys high fronted roof probably supported wooden columns centre large door formed main entrance interior building entrance hall courtyard floor central area probably open sky containing garden timber posts resting foundations edges supported balcony entrance hall flanked similarly sized rooms probably accessible central courtyard west contained washing facilities leading away central building room east possibly western courtyard small rooms opened central ground level function rooms uncertain probably private accommodation users largest room lay north east corner chamber heated system added time building completed west lay public bath house separated road metres wide street paved area led building east continuing round north large doors centre eastern opened large covered courtyard courtyard settlement size expected candidate site far north end bath complex room contained wood fired system heating system present floors supported pillars tiles hot gases room circulated floor pillars drawn sides building box tiles embedded walls escape finally barrel vaulted roof late roman defences abandoned bath house lost public buildings near end 3rd century bath house destroyed fire time solid defences built include bath house sites reason bath house abandoned determined reason probably economic sites britain appear abandoned time imply end posting service costly reorganisation late defences built street approximately metres east site defences consisted stone wall metres thick fronted ditches contemporary turf rear area walls hectares acres northern western sides identified foundations wall south west corner uncovered western section wall found standing metres high shallow foundations soil wall believed built period thought construction defences related general uprising welsh tribes occurred time revolt soon guard series strongholds including established length street 4th century archaeological remains come defences outside suggesting population defences 4th century latest coin found time emperor dated roman administration collapsed beginning 5th century found site time post roman abandonment later occupation settlement significant time listed 9th century writes wall appearing undoubtedly correctly ascribed appears major towns military depots york london chester place important consequence inclusion strategic city late defences led description british possibly outpost established knowledge period immediately roman departure historical archaeological evidence present lost importance development nearby 7th century seat bishop place emerged historically new wall referred remains late roman defences parts standing early 19th century


grave circle grave circle 16th century royal cemetery situated south lion gate main entrance bronze age citadel southern greece burial complex initially constructed outside fortification walls ultimately enclosed fortifications extended 13th century grave circle grave circle found outside walls represent major characteristics early phase civilization circle diameter contains shaft graves total nineteen bodies buried suggested mound constructed grave funeral erected objects found series gold death masks additionally deceased sets weapons ornate gold silver cups site excavated archaeologist following descriptions homer gold masks unearthed known death mask ruler according greek mythology proved date circa centuries earlier supposed lived background end 3rd millennium circa indigenous inhabitants mainland greece underwent cultural transformation attributed climate change local events developments destruction house tiles continuous contacts areas western asia minor albania bronze age people equipped horses surrounded luxury goods constructed elaborate shaft graves main centers culture located northeast built defensive hill elevation covers area shaft graves found elevation new greek speaking royal dynasty economic power depended long distance sea trade grave circles found outside walls represent major characteristics early phase civilization history shaft graves essentially variant rudimentary middle tradition features derived early bronze age traditions developed locally mainland greece grave circle formed circa new elite burial place probably restricted men continuation earlier grave circle general social trend higher burial investment taking place entire greece time grave circle site larger funeral place middle period time built late probably small palace graves ruling family remained outside city walls evidence circular wall site period took place circa immediately local rulers abandoned shaft graves favour new imposing form tomb developing south fortifications extended grave circle included inside new wall double ring wall built area appears site sacred circular construction possibly altar found grave burial site monument attempt 13th century rulers appropriate possible heroic past older ruling dynasty context land surface built level ceremonies graves erected new entrance lion gate constructed near site findings grave circle diameter situated southeast lion gate site surrounded rows space rows filled earth grave circle contains shaft graves smallest measured largest measured depth shaft grave ranges grave mound constructed erected probably erected memory rulers buried depict scenes total nineteen bodies men women children found shafts contained bodies exception grave single burial findings found grave golden masks graves supposed mask found grave additionally gold silver cups including cup silver siege found deceased number gold rings buttons found graves equipped sets weapons especially swords depictions objects fighting hunting scenes objects designed social rank deceased instance decorated objects art considered real weapons ornate grave clearly indicate significant status deceased items heads double axe display clear influences time grave circle built conquered crete recognized providers finest design objects decorated style buried grave circle indigenous hand certain motifs fighting hunting scenes clearly style excavations site greece subjected modern archaeological excavation excavated german archaeologist inspired homer descriptions termed gold began digging following accounts ancient 2nd century described prosperous site mentioned according local tradition graves followers including children buried citadel discovered excavation satisfied opinion homer historical accuracy valuable treasures objects unearthed grave circle series gold death masks including proclaimed death mask cleared shafts recognized graves mentioned stopped exploration fifth grave explored believing finished grave circle year later found sixth shaft grave proven grave circle date 16th century traditional time war century supposed participated historical valuable objects found graves suggest powerful rulers buried site supposed lived centuries later graves belonged ruling dynasty according greek mythology history channel documentary exodus suggested objects related events exodus departure ancient egypt argued tribe dan linked greek mythology view widely supported


valley kings valley kings arabic valley gates kings arabic valley egypt period nearly years 16th 11th century tombs constructed powerful nobles new kingdom eighteenth twentieth ancient egypt valley stands west bank opposite modern heart consists valleys east valley majority royal tombs situated west valley discovery new chamber discovery tomb entrances valley known contain tombs chambers ranging size simple pit complex tomb chambers principal burial place major royal figures egyptian new kingdom number privileged nobles royal tombs decorated scenes egyptian mythology clues beliefs rituals period tombs opened robbed antiquity idea power area focus archaeological exploration end eighteenth century tombs continue stimulate research interest modern times valley famous discovery tomb rumours curse famous archaeological sites world world heritage site rest exploration excavation conservation continues valley new tourist centre recently opened geology types soil valley kings located alternating sandwich dense limestone rock form cliffs valley nearby soft layers rock originally deposited million years ago time precursor mediterranean_sea covered area extended inland today pleistocene valley carved plateau steady rains currently little year round rain egypt occasional flash floods hit valley dumping tons debris open tombs quality rock valley inconsistent ranging finely coarse stone potential structurally occasional layer caused construction conservation difficulties rock expands presence water forcing apart stone surrounding thought tombs altered shape size depending types rock builders encountered builders took advantage available geological features constructing tombs tombs existing limestone slopes edge rock spurs created ancient flood channels problems tomb construction seen tombs iii father started broke tomb construction abandoned instead tomb looking tomb iii extended excavated tomb started father tomb returned early style bent axis probably quality rock excavated following royal tombs project investigated valley floor ground penetrating radar found modern surface valley cliffs descend beneath series abrupt natural shelves arranged descending metres bedrock valley floor area hills subject violent thunder storms causing flash floods valley recent studies shown active flood stream beds leading central area valley central area appears flooded end eighteenth dynasty buried tombs metres debris tombs dug actual bedrock debris showing level valley present level event later leveled floor valley making floods deposit load valley buried tombs forgotten discovered early 20th century area subject royal tombs project ground scanning radar investigation showed proved history hills dominated peak known ancient peak pyramid shaped appearance probable echoed old kingdom thousand years prior royal carved isolated position resulted reduced access special tomb police able guard iconic pyramid complexes plateau come symbolize ancient egypt majority tombs cut rock contain sections cut ground level rock cut tombs egypt date old kingdom defeat egypt rulers began construct elaborate tombs reflect newfound power tombs son exact location remains unknown probably seventeenth dynasty royal tombs valley identification disputed advisor notes tomb advised king place tomb valley identity actual tomb unclear probably valley primary approximately contains tombs beginning possibly earlier reign ending non royal continued tombs despite valley kings contains tombs favorite nobles wives children nobles meaning tombs actually contain kings nobles royal family unmarked pits rest time construction commenced separate valley queens royal official site ancient times great majestic millions years life strength health west spelling usually great field start eighteenth dynasty kings buried valley large tombs non royal buried small rock cut chamber close tomb master iii tomb constructed western valley son moved tomb construction thought unfinished originally intended return religious end eighteenth dynasty returned royal nineteenth twentieth saw increase number valley queens later iii constructing massive tomb burial sons respectively kings buried valley tomb located buried tomb burial located viii buried pyramid age tomb king associated temple located close pyramid tomb king hidden temple located away burial closer cultivation facing temples places visited festivals held notably beautiful festival valley sacred consort son left temple order visit temples deceased kings west bank tombs constructed decorated workers village located small valley valley queens facing workers tombs routes hills daily lives workers known recorded tombs official documents events document recorded worker strike detailed strike exploration valley area major area modern exploration centuries area site tourism antiquity especially roman times area illustrates changes study ancient egypt starting antiquity hunting ending scientific excavation despite exploration investigation noted tombs actually completely recorded tombs graffiti written ancient tourists located greek latin graffiti smaller number languages majority ancient graffiti found contains thousand earliest positively dated graffiti dates members napoleon expedition egypt especially drew maps plans known tombs time noted western valley located tomb iii description contains volumes total area european exploration continued area nineteenth century boosted translation early century early century area visited working henry salt discovered tombs including west valley year end visits declared tombs found note remained found working time great rival salt french consul general head egyptian service nature exploration valley changed appointed english archaeologist howard carter chief inspector upper egypt young man discovered new tombs explored clearing start 20th century american davis excavation permit valley team led edward discovered royal non royal tombs including discovered possible period finding thought remained burial items recovered announced valley completely explored found davis publication tombs book closes comment fear valley kings exhausted davis death early lord acquired concession valley employed carter explore systematic search discovered actual tomb november expeditions continued explore valley adding greatly knowledge area mapping project designed new signs tombs providing information plans open tombs tomb development location earliest tombs located cliffs slopes storm fed example locations soon descended valley floor gradually moving slopes valley filled debris explains location tombs buried valley floor architecture usual tomb plan consisted long inclined rock cut corridor descending halls possibly descending path sun god underworld burial chamber earlier tombs corridors turn degrees tomb earliest shaped burial chambers example tomb layout known bent axis burial upper corridors meant filled rubble entrance tomb hidden period layout gradually straightened intermediate axis tomb typical tombs open public generally straight axis late nineteenth twentieth dynasty tombs iii tombs respectively tomb axes straightened slope disappeared late twentieth dynasty feature common tombs originated actual barrier intended stop flood waters entering lower parts tombs later developed magical purpose symbolic shaft later twentieth dynasty excavated room present decoration majority royal tombs decorated religious texts images early tombs decorated scenes underworld describes journey sun god hours night time tombs decorated book gates shows sun god passing gates divide night time ensure tomb owner safe passage night earliest tombs generally sparsely decorated non royal nature totally late nineteenth dynasty book divided underworld massive containing deities deceased waiting sun pass restore life placed upper parts tombs complete version appears tomb burial iii saw book earth underworld divided sections sun disc pulled earth ceilings burial chambers decorated burial onwards book heavens describes sun journey hours night time lengthy hymn sun god began appear tomb equipment burial provided equipment enable continued existence comfort present tombs ritual magical items divine equipment king lifetime example specially constructed burial tomb numbering modern stands kings valley tombs numbered order discovery vii discovered tombs open antiquity rediscovered 1990s dismissed previous investigators west valley tombs prefix follow numbering system number tombs owners remain unknown merely pits storage open tombs valley kings located east valley tourists facilities found eighteenth dynasty eighteenth dynasty tombs valley vary good deal decoration style location fixed plan tomb unique shape twisting turning metres entrance burial chamber metres surface tombs gradually regular tombs iii good examples eighteenth dynasty tombs bent axis simple decoration imposing tomb period iii located west valley investigated 1990s team university japan open public time powerful influential nobles started buried royal family famous tombs joint tomb possibly parents queen discovery tomb best preserved tomb found valley period return royal end period marks change layout royal intermediate axis gradually giving way straight axis later western valley tomb commencement thought started gateway series steps close tomb tomb successor likely tomb started decoration similar style later burial mean original tomb explain smaller size unusual layout royal tomb period tombs located smaller central area centre east valley possible contain period close burial famous discovery modern western howard carter november clearance conservation work continuing royal tomb discovered largely intact tomb entered excavation march considered major discovery valley grave goods notwithstanding minor king probably numerous treasures central area radar believed tomb chamber announced july official designation actual existence tomb dismissed supreme council nearby tomb rarely open visitors unique features extensively decorated decoration shows transition pre tombs 19th dynasty tombs followed nineteenth dynasty nineteenth dynasty saw tomb layout decoration tomb king dynasty finished death king little truncated descending corridor burial chamber vibrant decoration contains king central location means frequently visited tombs shows development tomb entrance passage decoration son successor tomb known tomb tomb tomb son usually thought finest tomb valley extensive relief work paintings rediscovered referred fortunate day son great constructed massive tomb state currently undergoing excavation conservation franco egyptian team led christian vast size length larger area tomb father time opposite tomb enlarged earlier small tomb unknown eighteenth dynasty noble numerous sons known rooms excavation work underway probably largest tomb valley originally opened robbed antiquity low lying structure particularly prone flash floods hit area washed tonnes debris material centuries ultimately vast size currently open public son eventual successor tomb open antiquity extends metres ending burial chamber contained set decorated typically open public years kings dynasty constructed tombs valley follow general pattern layout decoration notable tomb decorated especially ceiling decoration twentieth dynasty ruler dynasty actually tombs constructed started eventual tomb son iii broke tomb abandoned order complete tomb nineteenth dynasty female tomb burial chambers later extensions making tomb largest royal tombs metres tomb iii known bruce tomb harper tomb decoration largest tombs valley open public located close central rest area location superb decoration usually makes tombs visited tourists successors offspring iii constructed tombs straight axes decorated manner notable tomb open antiquity containing large graffiti tomb intact decorated scenes religious texts joint tomb known tomb decorated sunk relief carvings depicting illustrated scenes religious texts open antiquity contains thousand graffiti ancient greek latin excavation later clearance tomb later construction workers covered earlier burial protected tomb earlier discovery looting tomb open antiquity seen graffiti left walls roman visitors located central valley stands slightly tomb extends total distance metres including extensive chambers decorated finished hasty incomplete nature rock cutting decorations decorated little half length tomb indicate tomb completed time death completed hall pillars serving burial chamber notable tomb dynasty tomb son tomb small simply converted unfinished corridor decoration extensive tomb newly restored open visitors dynasty decline end new kingdom egypt entered long period political economic decline priests grew power effectively administered upper egypt kings ruling controlled lower egypt attempt open tombs start dynasty high priest adding valley began heavily plundered dynasty priests opened tombs moved tombs order better protect removing treasure order protect bodies later moved single near known located cliffs overlooking famous temple mass contained large number royal found great state disorder placed unidentified moved tomb dozen royal later relocated later intermediate period later periods introduced open tombs times tombs churches stables houses minor tombs valley kings majority numbered tombs valley kings considered minor tombs present yielded little information results investigation poorly recorded explorers received little attention noted tombs small consisting single burial chamber accessed means shaft staircase corridor series corridors leading chamber larger multiple tombs minor tombs served purposes intended lesser royalty private contained animal apparently received primary burial cases tombs served secondary functions later material found related secondary activities tombs open antiquity majority discovered 19th early 20th centuries height exploration valley tomb tombs found describe trials tomb date late twentieth dynasty mayer describes robbery tomb probably written year took showed tomb king spent days breaking present opened tomb entered found bronze wash bronze valley suffered official virtual civil war started reign tombs opened removed collected large tomb contained sixteen hidden tomb years later moved contained royal tombs locations lost robbed soon actual closure period tourism tombs open public tombs opened rarely open time officials occasionally close open restoration work number visitors led separate charge entry tomb west valley open tomb separate ticket needed visit tomb tour guides longer allowed lecture inside tombs visitors expected proceed quietly single file tombs minimize time tombs prevent crowds damaging surfaces decoration photography longer allowed tombs tourists nearby led overall drop tourism area days week average thousand tourists visit main valley days cruises arrive number rise thousand levels expected rise west valley visited tomb open public


sculpture sculptures spanish sing round sculptures human figures carved distinctive element tradition southern maya area precise purpose sculptures unknown appear focus public ritual directed ruling elite tradition found southern maya area recognized sculptures non maya description monuments generally crude round sculptures extremely fat human figures usually seated cross legged enormous swollen figure arms legs heads round normally eyes closed possess prominent lips monuments generally gender usually carved kind rock combination large small grains mineral common foothills central_america occasional examples figures crafted materials types rock variations theme including complete sculptures deliberately sculptures consist head recognised belonging style body sculptures wearing clothing apparently naked examples prominent sculptures emphasis examples sculpture chest ornaments sculptures seated examples sculptures corresponding general type fat norm sculptures vary enormously size weight smallest examples weigh little grams measure centimetres monuments weigh tons measure metres dating dating sculptures problematic earlier known sculptures found original context investigators 1950s 1970s argued style derived pre culture judged lasted based dating investigations santa focused answering dating problem dated santa monuments combination dating evidence dating monuments late indicate style later derivative earlier heads answer question ethnicity monuments reused later peoples region sin arguing theory sculpture influenced art form direction style appears south north lies north coast gulf_of_mexico indicate expected north south origin style interpretation sculptures interpreted variety manners investigators sculptures represent dead ancestors alternatively associated babies poorly understood fat god mythology monuments associated group supernatural entities associated domestic interpretation based sculpture found western el_salvador interprets figures pregnant women term possibly act giving birth theory sculptures represent deceased individuals bodies closed eyes faces position limbs monuments following natural boulder impression position corpses found later maya burial possible monument san_juan portray placement jade mouth sculpture suggested monuments burial markers sculptures found directly associated human remains belize monuments found original locations impossible know originally served burial markers alternative interpretation monuments representations suggested body position represented sculptures type depicted sit ceremonial sites found locations sites body position symbolic figures seated cross legged arms wrapping body holding object monuments known display collar neck jewellery suggestive pedestal bases known sculptures sin antigua guatemala santa del los guatemala el_salvador honduras represents sites sculptures equivalent monument relevant found associated legged stone altar throne originally positioned diversity monuments falling tradition monuments support argument monuments represent individual rulers monuments viewed ancient peoples region depiction ancestors distribution sculptures distributed pacific slope southern mexico guatemala el_salvador highlands examples found maya guatemala honduras figure found far away northern belize dated middle core distribution area falls humid zone land consisting volcanic soil rubble carried mountains naturally occurring varying sizes provided practical raw material sculpture sculptures found prominent ceremonial centres mexico guatemala examples found sites pacific_coast guatemala including alto earliest examples monuments dated middle majority dating late preserved examples late sculptures found coastal plain highlands small monument found major maya city guatemala variation exact features fat bodies short thick large heads wearing wide collar faces depicted lines heavy coarse legs curve body parallel ground arms bent greatest concentration sculptures site found concentrated monument plaza large monuments found site kilometres pacific coastline sculptures sin related sculpture reused later peoples found fill dating late classic period monuments sin found fragments missing heads evident suggesting damaged erected later occupants site style monuments date late monuments similar alto seven monuments sculptures monuments represent complete figures monuments small sculptures monuments sculpture head style monument sculpture found guatemala honduras honduras important maya site archaeologists found sculpture northwest platform west great plaza found monuments found late classic great plaza valley el_salvador small example excavated underneath late levels structure el_salvador date middle monuments found resting large terrace santa el_salvador site near consisting platforms monuments large especially santa monuments important dating style sculpture el_salvador conform alto style boulder sculpture monuments grouped ceremonial centre santa monument nearly spherical sculpture smallest monuments site measuring metres high monument massive metre high split half middle monument finely carved figure stylistic sculptures found alto guatemala measures metres high sculptures measured metres height diameter monuments arranged north south line metre wide terrace projecting hill clearly represents female figure interpreted sculpture late earth goddess small site located island lake western el_salvador site identified late maya settlement sculpture typical alto style traits closed eyes neck wrap arms clearly marked naval grooves forming portions nose mouth includes unusual features clearly indicated breasts wide legs closed later carved addition irregular oval order represent open eyes probably period likely idol mentioned spanish colonial official diego letter written mentions natives island large stone idol form woman


michael july june english archaeologist specialised early medieval landscape course career university bristol university_of_oxford published books archaeological subjects keen discipline widely known appearing resident academic channel_4 television series time team born working class family developed early interest studying subsidiary geography university birmingham began career working oxford city county museum began work public outreach running classes presenting series subject radio oxford appointed county archaeologist somerset developing interest aerial establishing reputation pioneer landscape term invented earliest books subject began university_of_oxford tutor university bristol activities working archaeological tour guide greece teamed television producer tim taylor created shows focused bringing british popular consciousness short lived time signs followed successful time team produced channel_4 responsible identifying sites excavation selecting specialists appear programme known viewing public trademark colourful flowing appointed specially created post professor landscape bristol university undertook year project investigating manor somerset retired university posts continued working time team commenced writing regular articles british magazine death believe leave significant legacy death archaeologists claimed major impact helping discipline british public biography early life education born july working class family west cabinet maker wife developed early interest teachers grammar school attempted dissuade pursuing father gave books christmas present subsequently spent time visiting archaeological sites playing family attend university studied geography university birmingham albeit subsidiary graduating taught excavations influenced figures thesis supervisor harry archaeologists philip philip development settlement west peninsula early career gained time employment working field officer oxford city county museum time living tent worked sites monuments record taught classes based museum teaching fitted closely staunch belief open interested devotion public outreach presented radio series broadcast radio oxford moved county archaeologist somerset set new site record oversaw excavation sites revealed construction motorway taught adult education classes time university bristol developed passion aerial charter private planes order undertake aerial photography pioneer landscape responsible term book landscape archaeologist james_bond authored landscape towns extended use landscape urban areas recognising contribution discipline elected fellow society london position county archaeologist finding safe returned temporary position tutor local studies oxford_university external studies department year ran study tour greece peter hardy continue run annually number years visiting returned west country tutor university bristol extra mural department organised weekend evening courses region introducing thousands interested people period authored interpreting landscape founding time team june producer tim taylor invited work new episode television series channel_4 called time signs broadcast june july series focused historical development area flooded reservoir devon making heavy use archaeological data brought archaeologist project order explain techniques experimental audience august promoted position reader landscape bristol university continued write subject book monasteries initially planned title volume monasteries landscape publisher insisted shorter title taylor subsequently decided work new archaeological television series format time team whilst taylor organised film production project channel_4 located suitable sites gathered team specialists appear field archaeologists lewis artist victor historian robin bush knew actor television presenter tony robinson met archaeological course greece successfully requested present early stage agreed episode feature practical process enactment alongside field time team broadcast attract million viewers episode icon viewing public writing guardian christopher noted hair beard black country accent instantly british public describing popular success attracted large public following acted chief archaeological adviser programme end series nineteen starring episode later comment started idea continue long enjoyed working time team crew commenting great gang real party people saw time team extension work tutor telling interviewer way reaching million people people village hall commenting popularity time team role exposing british public interview remarked motive people possible interested profession enjoy think interesting personal aim basis think success time team encouraged wider public interest led increasing numbers students applying study archaeological courses british universities current magazine years autumn channel_4 started time team fan club members months supporter council british young archaeologists club gave regular talks branches found giving public lectures year subject time team describing public feedback encouraging appointed position professor landscape bristol university department continuing education post designed explicitly post moved centre historic environment department subsequently instrumental setting master degree screen media department feeling bit frustrated time team primarily number robinson proceeded present episode series time traveller explored archaeological sites counties bristol broadcast july august gained largest local audiences time slot students king alfred college winchester participated year project led investigate manor somerset type site study development medieval villages published results project project somerset rural landscape explored written christopher followed popular account project interpreting english village alongside academic publications wrote books general audience published channel_4 books spin time team television series time team companion written lewis published based fictional british town book looks settlement progressed modern day examines remains period left archaeological record followed rubbish guide wrote tony robinson dedicated rubbish describes fictional excavation site ordinary suburban garden discusses evidence different archaeological periods field methods techniques legal proceedings problems archaeologists britain face retired bristol university subsequently professor emeritus appointed honorary visiting professor university exeter university durham university worcester year university winchester awarded honorary doctor letters began writing regular column travels journal british publication council british worcester university awarded honorary doctorate year number colleagues released honour entitled people places essays honour michael final years february reported left time team explained position western daily press stating producers number changes series consulting process time team considered bad annoyed number archaeologists including surveyor stewart small finds specialist helen illustrator victor seen roles diminished new presenter mary ann model bachelor degree introduced result episodes contained lot interview magazine british said time come leave money lot soul went feel angry july received lifetime achievement award british archaeological awards bristol university professor mark praising making past accessible october channel_4 announced twentieth series time team december signed petition advocating support somerset rural life museum seeking financial june announced died unexpectedly home somerset lee head channel_4 factual programming announced terribly news planning tribute night consisting time team episodes screened july selected works personal life known commitment integrity life dominated old fashioned loyalty vegetarian describing keen european friend noted right wing politics special venom margaret fought manner authority including university especially came uniform included pottery astronomy listening classical music cooking supported number charities causes including woodland trust international liked live private like life commented time feel monk couldn cope self described solitary person found somewhat annoying television celebrity recognised members public son james children partner broke later entered relationship landscape historian hall survived death lived called 60s somerset reporter steve visited home noted filled labyrinth books maps seemingly different projects different stages room commented life suffered poor health afflicted early 1980s suffered brain march hospitalised weeks experience sent depression eighteen months time read autobiography actress jane gone experience believed aided recovery legacy believe leave significant legacy commented case britain archaeological community failed develop work time team teaching public outreach accomplished die felt celebrity archaeologist replace ultimately felt situation british angry sad british magazine described times despite strong differences personalities bring british public went note reminded archaeologists job meant ordinary people point government notice colleagues bristol university stuart prior mark commented brought living rooms half nation left legacy shape discipline decades come writing website antiquity christopher described best known face british adding different areas medieval legacy live emma described somerset premier archaeologist obituary somerset website following death colleague francis noted remarkable archaeologist dig warm loving nice man colleague commented incredible knowledge way making accessible people tony robinson wrote real child 60s bit rebel series contradictions best academic archaeologists country real love teaching ordinary people old black country imagine heart absolute gold noted subject tens thousands people enjoy value solely lee head channel_4 factual programming described brilliant helped popular


august january english museum curator archaeologist described father london modern specialist roman london magical practices publishing books subjects course life born brighton began archaeological career assistant brighton museum attaining external degree university london served royal_air_force world war assistant keeper museum london relocated organise opening new national museum returning work museum produced synthesis known material roman london published roman city london following amalgamation museum london museum establish new museum london appointed senior keeper soon promoted position deputy director retired position remained active archaeological community publishing ritual magic studies roman london giving public lectures country keen supporter standing conference london body designed monitor saw negative impact english_heritage having city biography early life museum born august southern english coastal city brighton raised primarily mother father having died years old undertook sixth form studies municipal school boys whilst began working brighton museum assistant museum curator assistant archaeologist rivers inspired museum collection helped catalogue embarked university london external degree completed main focus degree allowed intermediate courses developed keen interest archaeological evidence religion magical practices took place britain past following outbreak second world war royal_air_force transferred intelligence division interpretation aerial photographs result posted india java conflict ended returned work brighton museum took post assistant keeper museum london job retain time museum lacked premises assisting keeper norman cook establishing exhibit royal exchange post war years city archaeological community largely preoccupied roman medieval structures damaged blitz subsequent urban redevelopment married colleague museum went son daughter november sent establish national museum museum constructed time day officially achieved independence april exhibits having previously university museum arrival found construction delayed returning months campaigned archaeological excavation sites prior redevelopment resulting establishment department urban museum published important academic paper study roman coins found river specialist particular aspect british able wide range evidence develop picture life roman settlement located city london publishing roman city london project suggested years previously publisher represented detailed study roman london published years produce known british remains city providing suggestions additional archaeological remains likely located archaeologist described landmark study roman london later archaeologist harvey called historical synthesis book established reputation wider audience followed works aimed general audience roman london looked evidence british occupation wider greater london area london surveyed archaeological evidence region early middle ages museum london retirement senior keeper museum london promoted position deputy director responsible designing museum roman gallery served president london middlesex archaeological society retired entitled studies london history presented published honour recognising years service archaeological field university london awarded doctorate retirement continued active role researching london past published london city romans updated account information obtained previous decade half book ritual magic appeared written combat identified widespread neglect ritual aspects archaeological record assessment widespread neglect later archaeologist described rare contribution discipline historian religion praised cautious balanced arguments work opining read archaeologist thought widespread ignorance folklore uneasy changes london archaeological establishment english_heritage early 1990s strongly supporting establishment standing conference london monitor english_heritage actions continued talk archaeological subjects final lecture magic protection home given extra mural students december following short illness died cardiac arrest king college hospital london january leaving wife children grandchildren legacy came known father london modern harvey describing father figure london according fellow archaeologist work london earned honoured place british obituary british magazine max director museum london described generous knowledge friendship energetic active end stated universally loved admired having example influence place london firm writing independent peter commented quiet manner obscured determination advance scholarship


cross cross known cross early medieval scottish standing stone located estate near angus scotland recorded 15th century legal document describing boundaries described 17th century robert cross rare eastern scotland cross thought date tenth century exhibits distinctive scottish mission influences common monuments area tradition folk etymology suggest cross marked burial site leader norse army defeated king battle barry stone likely derive extinct village celtic location cross hills approximately kilometres northwest angus scotland situated centre kilometre long avenue leading east north east wood road grid reference avenue estate leads road site house description cross carved old red sandstone stands metres high approximately metres wide base metres wide arms approximately metres thick stands low earth mound metres wide east west metres wide north south metre high centre wood avenue facing east west faces sides sculpted cross suffered significant notably west face obscured designs stone bears symbols allen joseph anderson classification system class iii stone intact crosses age comparatively rare vulnerability damage ones eastern scotland cross cross remains crosses include heads found shaft fragments found stones crosses stood western face divided sections section completely antiquarian alexander gordon described stone records panel holding scene figure man right hand left completely depiction holding bow lowest panel having symmetrical floral design eastern face usually interpreted depiction christ flanked angels robert earliest description stone described scene moses giving law carving cross shows distinct similarities stone point irish ecclesiastical influence designs north south edges originally seen like scandinavian origin consist wave crest features bear closest similarity irish art late tenth century treatment symmetrical design lower portion west face irish face figures east face identical type case figures carrying objects characteristic early medieval irish history cross currently thought late early era monument dating 10th century earliest record legal document describing boundary lands owned sir thomas owned earl boundary described running great stone cross mentioned context battle barry described detail antiquarian robert erected present position moving feet wood avenue bread east west east stages portrait man work figure second stage men moses painted tribes israel rank sam heads hard moses christ set east world west rank moses age second rank man head bolt albeit hand bow rank draught stone sam work supposed leader norse expeditionary force defeated armies king battle barry tradition sixteenth century historian states fled battle scene defeat imminent caught slain point cross stands battle main protagonists including known historically cross likely derive village trace village seen today ceased exist time ordnance survey map published surveyed location indicated map half mile east cross found earlier spelling variations example called documents celtic scandinavian etymology burial near cross attributed body far bank god bread stone quarter man thee bone thee bone reasonable man age pan bread hand sword thought chief little information burial exists goods found kept castle typical bronze age artifacts found fairly commonly area


egyptian capital city ancient egypt attested ancient writers including classical historian cites centre confederacy tribal confederation leader united egypt began steep decline importance dynasty iii capital relocated memphis location border competing intermediate period proximity certain possible military importance ensured continued significance old new kingdoms brief respite eventually lost position regional administrative centre roman period ancient heritage remained significant religious centre housing tomb regional deity ancient egyptian religious seen example book dead played role mythical place heaven precise location unknown mainstream consensus places vicinity ancient modern location derived use describe corresponding appear greek demanded egyptian original popular suggested passage bce amended found revealed passage key geographic indicator english river additional detail support theory included followers jean locating modern day neighbouring town possibly proposals location lost favour expense theory founder director egyptian museum suggested sultan supported near mainstream consensus continues locate near inscribed statue fragment mentioning said found history pre early periods archaeological site located evidence population concentration region dates fourth millennium bce cited earliest royal burial site egypt early point city resigned political rank continue enjoy supreme religious importance history functions understood reference role centre confederacy dynasty early period specifically dynasty dynasty taken according confirmed dynasty late dynasty royal tombs principal regional old kingdom importance short lived certainly national political role ended beginning dynasty iii bce memphis chief religious political centre nonetheless retained regional significance dynasty probable seat upper egypt administrative official responsibility valley south delta antiquity eponymous capital viii upper egypt seat wars intermediate period bce demanded recognition upper egypt city walls cited autobiography left capable force appears purchased neutrality grain following death northernmost fall sway dynasty bce progress north armies halted iii dynasty battle recorded teaching king later years war allies waged land began upper hand bce campaign brought revolt possibly certainly support army command firmly control second intermediate period eighteenth century bce experienced autonomy proposes dynasty kings better called dynasty event royal seat likely capital new kingdom late period city steady decline appears halted briefly dynasty bce enjoyed renewed prominence based geographical connection possible military importance certainly office mayor occupied notable new kingdom figures participated construction subject block statue herald member royal household travelling companion iii min tutor prince iii nonetheless declined settlement little significance historic period misleading reference seventh century bce king reflection ignorance subtlety egyptian political hierarchy certainly roman period supplanted capital early city foundation religion home tomb dead god temple resting place included bull death god placed head local high priest temple called prophet chief title suggests reflection decline status city chief died reign bce broke tradition new kingdom predecessors buried laid rest lion goddess restoration temple reign probably overseen evidence succession office chief period succeeded elder brother called father post new kingdom succeeded office son ancient egyptian religious played role mythical place heaven particular set book dead significance seen certain rituals god joy round reference city