maternal term maternal catch phrase early work psychiatrist john effects separating young children mother mother substitute effect loss mother developing child considered earlier work children effects hospital institutional care lead commissioned write world health organisation report mental health homeless children post war europe whilst head department children parents clinic london world war result monograph maternal care mental health published sets maternal hypothesis drew evidence existed time europe usa including main conclusions infant young child experience warm intimate continuous relationship mother permanent mother substitute find satisfaction enjoyment significant mental health consequences controversial influential monograph published different languages sold copies english version work went suggestions rank care essential development focused potential outcomes children deprived care publication highly influential causing widespread changes practices prevalence institutional care children changing practices relating stays small children hospitals parents allowed frequent longer visits monograph primarily concerned removal children homes political purposes discourage women working leaving children governments concerned employment returned returning servicemen publication highly controversial learning sparked significant debate research issue children early relationships limited data lack comprehensive theory account conclusions maternal care mental health led subsequent attachment theory following publication maternal care mental health sought new understanding fields evolutionary biology developmental psychology science control systems theory drew innovative proposition mechanisms underlying infant ties emerged result evolutionary pressure claimed good deficiencies data lack theory link alleged cause effect maternal care mental health later work attachment loss published central maternal theory children experiences relationships crucial psychological development formation ongoing relationship child important provision experiences discipline child care generally accepted maternal syndrome concept current use relation severe failure thrive area early relationships largely superseded attachment theory theories relating earlier infant parent interactions concept parental deficiencies seen vulnerability factor direct cause later difficulties relation institutional care great deal subsequent research individual elements deficiencies arise institutional care history traditions stressed grief mothers children little said historically young children loss mothers loss mother infancy frequently meant death breast fed infant 19th century french society system breast fed homes foster mothers returning biological family concern possible effect double separation child stress potential effect loss mother developing child concern actual experience maternal care anxiety child feel loss breast little theory based actual observations little effort consider effects real experiences loss following early infant experience mother rank suggested powerful role personality development birth trauma rank stressed traumatic experience birth separation mother birth uncomfortable physical event long rank introduction idea british physician early death limited influence suggested child basic need mother love greatest anxiety love lost 1930s david levy noted phenomenon called primary affect hunger children removed early mothers brought institutions multiple foster homes children pleasant surface indifferent underneath questioned disease emotional life comparable vital elements developing organism concerned high mortality rate hospitals institutions obsessed human contact babies rare went far replace sign saying wash hands twice entering ward saying enter nursery picking baby series studies published 1930s psychologist bill noted ability form relationships children compared matched group foster care study conducted 1930s noting decline young children removed sterile gave minded older girls care rose dramatically study attacked lack scientific achieved recognition decades later undertook research 1930s effects maternal investigation focused experienced abrupt long term separation familiar instance mother sent prison studies conclusions different investigations institutional adopted term depression describe child reaction grief anger partial emotional loss loved object proposed love object returned child months recovery prompt months symptoms increasingly deterioration called reaction total undertake direct observation conclusions disputed widespread acceptance years world war evacuated orphaned children subjects studies outlined reactions separation including ability cope forming relationships children material remained unpublished post war period gradually contributed understanding young children reactions loss unlike direct experience working deprived children work london child guidance clinic called investigation children early lives paper published proposed environmental factors paramount early childhood death mother prolonged separation second mother emotional attitude child followed study juvenile thieves collected clinic problematic parental samples looking environmental factor easy document prolonged early child mother thieves fourteen fell category characterised character fourteen suffered prolonged maternal opposed control group maternal care mental health work children effects hospital institutional care lead commissioned write world health organisation report mental health homeless children post war europe whilst head department children parents clinic london world war travelled continent america communicating social workers child including published literature issue authors mainly unaware work able draw findings highlight similarities described despite variety methods ranging direct observation retrospective analysis comparison groups addition work england undertaken anna children separated families wartime disruption work result monograph maternal care mental health published sets maternal hypothesis report followed publication version public consumption called child care growth love book sold half million copies worldwide tackled institutional hospital care policies removing children mothers physically neglected homes lack support families difficulties range areas cited lack adequate research suggested direction principal concepts theory quality parental care considered vital importance child development future mental health believed essential infant young child experience warm intimate continuous relationship mother permanent mother substitute found satisfaction enjoyment given relationship emotions guilt anxiety characteristics mental illness excess develop organised moderate way naturally extreme emotions control child developing personality stated complex rich rewarding relationship mother early years varied countless ways relations father siblings child believe development character mental health state affairs child relationship termed maternal term covered range complete uncommon institutions residential hospitals partial mother mother substitute unable loving care small child needs mild child removed mother care looked familiar trusted complete complete entirely capacity relationships partial result acute anxiety depression powerful emotions child regulate end product psychic disturbance instability character main focus monograph extreme forms focus child developing relationships mother father disturbed parent child relationships context complete earlier concept broken home terms social policy advised parents supported society parents dependent greater society economic provision community values children parents mothers children supported care child home child left inadequate care whilst mother sought work assumed mother illegitimate child usually left child fathers left small children hands mother provided children remain home proposals included proper payment foster homes careful selection foster frank discussions children parents ended care felt said approach point children loyal loved worst parents needed fact understood non strongly issue removal children homes emphasised strength tie children feel parents discussed reason children thrive better bad homes good institutions strongly favour support provided parents extended families improve situation provide care family removal possible maternal phrase mother permanent mother substitute commonly term maternal ambiguous unclear biological mother adoptive foster mother consistent adult gender relationship child emotional relationship experience type care called cultures questions exact meaning term means new following statement mary indicates early months life mother invariably child role figures especially father acknowledged significant received attention case term parental accurate child deprived interaction father figure mother figure better discourage use term encourage terms distortion instead implies word maternal word literally correct definition phenomenon consideration contemporary spoke mother term mean child actual mother person sex place child physical mother significant period time contemporary referred quasi mystical union mother child dynamic union mother child represent influence care practical effects publication maternal care mental health described preface publication maternal care effects wholly beneficial reference widespread changes institutional care children practice allowing parents frequent visiting hospitalised children norm placing homeless children foster institutions alternative hospitals change given added impetus work social worker james filmed effects separation children hospital collaborated making documentary film year old goes hospital according michael importance initial writings maternal lay emphasis children experiences relationships crucial psychological development formation ongoing relationship child important provision experiences discipline child care view rejected time argument attention need consider terms consistency time parental sensitivity children generally accepted theory sparked considerable interest controversy nature early relationships gave strong impetus mary described great body research perceived extremely difficult complex area departed theory saw sensory needs basis relationship infant mother food seen primary drive relationship secondary found conflict dominant theories children emotional problems entirely fantasies generated internal conflict aggressive drives events external world breach total later development attachment theory incorporating evolutionary principles effectively broke social learning theory view reinforcement proposed instead thrive emotionally children needed close continuous relationship later stated concluded contrary focus internal fantasy world child important area study child actually treated parents real life particular interaction chose actual removal children home particular time specific event effects studied believed effects child development addition views expressed importance child real life experiences relationship met sheer colleagues world war led far systematic knowledge required effects child early experiences colleagues pioneers view studies involving direct observation children merely interest essential advancement science area animal studies researchers years studied depression alcoholism aggression maternal infant bonding conditions phenomena laboratory animals experimental maternal harry mid-1950s begin raising infant university madison laboratory total partial isolation mothers attempt study maternal infant bonding states mental illness laboratory infant immediately removed mothers placed cloth wire mothers called iron researchers found attached mothers wire covered removed terror colleagues later develop evil artificial mothers meant fear infant designed brass contrary researcher hypothesis animals demonstrated attachment subsequent experiments study effects total partial isolation animals mental health bonding steel vertical chamber designed named pit despair found produce profound prolonged depression similarly found extended isolation bare wire left profound including self rocking later indifference external likened behavior later experiments devised test mother child bond mothers isolation early found mothers emotional development ability engage intercourse turn pregnant response colleagues created apparatus mothers named rape rack found gave birth cared little offspring writing monkey mothers experienced love kind devoid love mothers simply ignored children characterized evil abusive instances reported crushing infant face floor infant feet fingers case putting infant head mouth crushing like experiments heralded revolutionary criticized scientifically invalid cruel writing researcher legacy john student opined hand work monkey social development fostered view animals having rich lives filled intention emotion criticized conduct research ignore ethical discoveries maternal experiments continued 21st century remain controversial stephen early collaborator continued conduct maternal experiments laboratory vigorously criticized members congress controversy criticism aside profound differences ideas theoretical basis monograph controversial number ways profoundly disagreed necessity maternal equivalent love order function normally formation ongoing relationship child important idea early experiences consequences intellectual development controversial questioned extent hypothesis supported evidence criticism confusion effects primary attachment figure loss primary attachment figure particular failure distinguish effects lack primary attachment figure forms affect children institutions pointed explanation experiences broad heading maternal effects personality development kinds claimed explained work data time accommodated theory current brief time employment world health organisation possibility developing new goes describe subsequent development attachment theory addition criticism ideas distorted exaggerated purposes heightened controversy published maternal care effects mary close colleague contributed approval present recent research developments address work mean separation natural mother experience institutional care mothers necessarily resulted severe emotional children undergoing experiences develop children consequence claimed hour care person mother good day care good mothers work advised day permanent effect suited policies governments concerned finding employment returned returning servicemen world war fact view proper care provided roster view babies accustomed regular periods care key alternative care working mothers regular continuous addressed point publication called leave baby publication attempted address pointing requirement continuity care imply exclusive mother child pair relationship remark children better bad homes good institutions taken extremes leading reluctance children officers equivalent child care social workers remove children homes inadequate fact mentioned briefly issue partial family fully investigated monograph main focus risks complete complete michael significant contribution controversial issue maternal hypothesis monograph papers comprise definitive evaluation update early work maternal amassed evidence addressed different underlying social psychological mechanisms showed partially right wrong reasons highlighted forms found institutional care complexity separation distress suggested anti social behaviour linked maternal family importance maternal hypothesis vulnerability factor agent number varied influences determining path child recently advised attention complexity development roles genetic factors noting separation risk factors related poor emotional development fathers accordance prevailing social realities time assumption daily care small children undertaken women particular mothers referred primarily mothers maternal words parents parental fathers mentioned context practical emotional support provide mother monograph contains specific exploration father role discussion maternal role necessity filled women work mean natural mothers publication contains chapter effect paternal having limited research issue illustrated importance father relationship children hope expressed future research early research contributed significantly attachment theory covered relationships family members stated relation institutional care parental accurate preferred terms distortion michael maternal described new society classic field child care argued research showed matter parent child got long got parents influence child development parent important varies age sex development concluded aspects development parent special role person plays talks child person feeds child father mother brother sisters friends school teachers affect development influences importance differ different aspects development exclusive focus mother required children fathers attachment theory attachment loss volume attachment makes clear attached sensitive responsive social interactions mother female matter social reality mothers primary children likely primary attachment figure process attachment applies develop number according relates intensity engagement attachment theory relates development attachment relationships months age theories research relating earlier infant interactions social development suggests father child relationship primarily cultural construction shaped requirements society societies care assigned boys girls difference capacity found feminist criticism broad criticisms aimed idea maternal feminist critics case studies based conclusions involved complete lack maternal care view separation years life damaging subsequent research showed good quality care day harmless idea exclusive care exclusive attachment preferred figure hierarchy subsequently thought case developments attachment theory borne research view placed high emotional burden mother secondly criticised historical perspective saw views family life world war certainly hypothesis governments close needed residential governments keen pay mothers care children home advocated objected idea anatomy destiny concepts derived observations argued showed normal shared stable group adults maternal care important exclusive maternal today whilst early writings maternal seen background later development attachment theory significant differences time publication little research area comprehensive theory development early relationships aside central proposition importance early continuous sensitive relationship monograph social policy subsequent development attachment theory drew concepts information processing developmental psychology early formal statements attachment theory presented papers major work attachment published volumes attachment theory thinking nature early extensive research continues undertaken according attachment theory outlined john provided important understanding crucial risk protective factors social emotional development years life monograph maternal care mental health reviewed world literature maternal suggested emotionally available crucial infant development mental health broad statement generally accepted little remains underlying detail theory maternal superseded attachment theory child development theories research area extreme opening east european early 1990s following end cold war provided substantial opportunities research attachment aspects institutional research rarely mentions maternal historical context maternal syndrome concept rarely connection extreme failure thrive consideration range different lacks deficiencies different forms care lack care attachment aspect consideration constitutional genetic factors determining developmental outcome subsequent studies confirmed concept cycles disadvantage children unhappy homes reproduce deficiencies experience series pathways childhood number varied influences determine path particular child takes maternal concept outside mainstream psychology idea separation female profound effects considerable resonance outside conventional study child development united_states law tender years doctrine long applied custody given mothers decade decisions appear derived tender years concept involve contrary assumption year old young developed relationship parent concern harm separation mother characteristic belief systems alternative belief systems concerned effect young child separation care mother emotional attachment mother child advocates systems believe develop attachment said lead emotional trauma child separated birth mother adopted occurs day birth adoptive family provides possible love care beliefs time existence legitimate background today beliefs communication mothers largely confined unconventional william belief awareness mental communication mother child emotional attachment child mother phenomenon concepts connect easily assumption adopted children suffer emotional disorders beliefs attachment therapy based attachment theory bring age early development produce better outcome


bailey bailey born december september nicknamed mouse american psychologist applied behavior analyst played major role developing humane animal training methods promoting widespread implementation husband studied university minnesota skinner applied animal childhood education born christian prime grew minneapolis minnesota german born christian worked automotive supply store registered nurse father called mouse common german nickname little girls graduating high school senior class went university minnesota major latin minor greek financial times difficult family lost banking collapse great depression scholarship works progress administration award writers supported undergraduate education long research assistant fred skinner meet science requirement took psychology later explained thought painful science straight student recommended highly selective psychology class taught skinner skinner later called pro studied george norman kenneth paul bound later fame field emphasis skinner new training techniques course inspired major psychology minor child psychology study conditioning worked skinner teaching laboratory assistant published pivotal work behavior organisms trained rats skinner lecture notes classic text behavior organisms children skinner gave final proof behavior organisms considered prized possession undergraduate student met future husband came mouse knowing family called soon decided mouse joined psi national honor society psychology graduated bachelor_of_arts degree cum member graduating class average work earned bachelor degree married psychologist august children bradley elizabeth second graduate student work renowned skinner husband soon came work skinner graduate students collaborated skinner military research world war work involved training use navy teaching birds guide bombs actually sources incorrectly refer work project project assured colleagues actually referring missile guide saw commercial possibilities training left university minnesota completing founded animal behavior enterprises farm minnesota skinner tried dissuade abandoning graduate education commercial endeavor classmate paul bet fail check later hung framed office wall project training farm animals appear feed advertisements general mills went train animals different species animals animal trainers time including animals land cats cattle chickens dogs goats pigs rabbits rats sheep air ducks sea busiest trained animals given time training animals recreational facilities florida jungle flags created bird shows form program considered traditional entertainment fare major theme parks animal programs traced pioneering work established coin operated animal shows commercial featured trained rabbits coast federal savings television ran years holds record longest running commercial advertisement trained animals venues including motion pictures museums stores earlier animal trainers historically relied primarily punishment teaching animals instead followed skinner emphasis use positive reinforcement train animals rewards desired behavior students skinner later entered commercial animal training techniques dominated field found ways training complex behaviors train animals trained animal trainers establishing school instruction manual teaching animal trainers applied technology behavior analysis wild kingdom disney learned led government research remains classified day known projects included development ambush detection system relocated farm near hot springs arkansas opened zoo hot springs training facility showcase trained animals popular acts included chickens walked fortune cards danced music played baseball ran bases rabbits kissed plastic rode fire trucks sounded rolled wheels fortune ducks played drums played basketball introduce public applied technology behavior analysis numerous personal appearances exhibitions theme parks country appeared known television shows today tonight wild kingdom asked publications including life popular mechanics reader digest saturday evening post time wall_street_journal featured work public face ads referring zoo collaborated equally endeavors stirred controversy article organisms title involved play words referring skinner classic work behavior organisms outlined training difficulties instinct drift occur tendencies inherent species behaviors trainer attempting teach animal article recognized milestone history psychology designed implemented program improve techniques working profoundly mentally individuals human development center alexandria louisiana emphasized value positive reinforcement taught ward humane practices standard institutions kind training manual teaching mentally prepared remained use decades june died heart attack textbook described engineer continued writing researching training animals work bob bailey married robert bob bailey director training navy marine program general manager founded facility animal wonderland activities worked companions independence nonprofit organization trained dogs assist disabled individuals trained animals species graduate studies stopped left found returned school earned psychology university arkansas served professor psychology henderson state university retirement years produced educational films topics history film work included history analysis biographies documentary patient like apple student psychology change american classroom continued writing animals conditioning publications like american psychologist official journal american psychological association chief began internet instruction problem solving promotion science began bailey bailey conditioning workshops provided training animal trainers students world program study involved increasingly advanced levels physically mentally emotionally demanding workshops university arkansas inducted university college alumni academy distinguished alumni award recipients september died joseph hospital hot springs remembering mouse death numerous professionals field recognized death biographies art university central arkansas wrote obituary american psychologist psi psi honored member years biography henderson state year death arkansas historical quarterly featured retrospective figure state arkansas decades husband bob provided biographical tribute division recorder official publication division behavior analysis biographies appeared online henderson state university presents bailey endowed scholarship psychology select psychology memorial contributions memory scholarship arkansas kidney foundation husband bob continued teach developed bailey bailey conditioning workshops began archives history psychology ohio math science museum washington house collections documents items


object object understanding objects continue exist observed seen heard touched way fundamental concept studied field developmental psychology psychology addresses development children social mental capacities scientific consensus understanding object emerges human development jean swiss psychologist studied object argued object infant important accomplishments concept objects separate permanent existence theory development develop understanding end stage lasts birth years age thought infant perception understanding world depended motor development required infant link visual motor representations objects according view touching handling objects develop object early research child development expert jean conducted experiments collected tests studied object observing reactions favorite object toy presented covered blanket removed sight object considered earliest methods evaluating working memory infant started develop object reach toy try grab blanket toy developed appear confused interpreted signs evidence belief object ceased exist reactions started developing object frustration knew existed didn know reaction started developing object oblivious infant searched object assumed believed continued exist concluded young understand object explains cry mothers gone sight mind lack object lead errors children reach thing place older likely error able understand concept object younger researchers found errors consistently concluded type error failure memory fact usually tend repeat previous motor behavior stages stages object months stage babies learn body work vision blurred attention spans remain short infancy aren particularly aware objects know disappeared sight babies young minutes old prefer look faces primary achievements stage visual tracking hand closure months primary circular reactions babies notice objects start following movements continue look object moments discover eyes arms hands feet course acting objects stage marked responses familiar images sounds including parent face responses familiar events opening mouth infant actions emerges months secondary circular reactions babies reach object partially hidden indicating knowledge object object completely hidden baby makes attempt retrieve infant learns coordinate vision actions intentional child tends repeat similar actions object novel behaviors imitated months coordination secondary circular reactions deemed important development child stage child understands goal directed earliest understanding object emerges child able retrieve object observed stage associated classic error successfully hidden object location child fails retrieve second location months circular reaction child gains means end knowledge able solve new problems child able retrieve object hidden times view locate outside field months invention new means mental combination child fully understands object fall errors baby able understand concept items hidden containers toy hidden child seeing toy slipped given child child look discovery child able develop mental image hold mind manipulate solve problems including object problems based solely perception child reason object invisible displacement occurs evidence recent years original object account challenged series infant studies suggesting younger clear sense objects exist sight showed object month olds goes coordination secondary circular reactions stage aren supposed understand completely hidden object exists months old studies demonstrate idea study showed toy car moved inclined track disappeared screen end track researchers created possible event toy mouse placed tracks hidden screen car rolled researchers created impossible event situation toy mouse placed tracks secretly removed screen lowered car mouse study researchers experiment involving differently sized tall short order test response moved short wall wall specifically designed short disappear tested patterns disappearance tall wall impossible event young months displayed greater impossible event possible event indicated surprised impossible event suggested remembered toy mouse existed object location true tall second experiment research suggests understand objects earlier proposed primarily challenges framework disabilities actually demonstrate object earlier claimed disagreement relative levels difficulty posed use types covers different object positions controversy concerns object achieved measured motor acts regarded essential nature error challenged studies contributed discussion examined contribution memory limitations difficulty spatial localization difficulty motor act reaching location error criticism theory culture education exert stronger influences child development maintained factors depend practice culture provides developmental processes skills animals experiments non human suggest track displacement invisible targets invisible displacement represented development frontal linked acquisition object evidence human consistent example formation frontal peaks human infancy recent experiments near infrared gather data suggests activity frontal associated successful completion object tasks types animals shown ability object include dogs cats species birds crow food storing dogs able reach level object allows find food hidden beneath cups rotated similarly cats able understand object extent dogs cats fail understand apparatus direction cat tries enter direction longitudinal study found able reach level object humans task task able master study tested comparison long took food storing develop object necessary able live independently research suggests followed similar pattern human developing recent studies areas focus object physical disabilities cerebral intellectual disabilities syndrome etc affect development object study performed results showed area children intellectual disabilities performed weakly children disabilities lines social interaction tasks imitation tasks performed weakly children disabilities object acquired similarly related social interaction believe object predict achievement object plays critical role development children severe disabilities observed study recognizing mastery object ties child ability engage mental representation relationship language acquisition object related achievement self recognition study focused specifically effects syndrome object found reason children participated successful acquiring object social strength imitation imitation potential factor success factor impact children syndrome willingness child cooperate recent studies suggest idea object innate function young children reference theory established young children develop object age question arises occur particular perception existed minds young children object response pathways developing young minds studies suggest multitude responsible development object natural talent evidence suggests use variety cues studying object perception object tested physically hiding object object slightly view left visual cues examining object different found longer infant focuses object detected visual field flow events infant familiar


delayed delayed deferred ability resist immediate reward wait later reward generally delayed associated resisting smaller immediate reward order receive larger enduring reward later growing body literature linked ability delay host positive outcomes including academic success physical health psychological health social person ability delay relates similar skills patience impulse control self control involved self regulation broadly self regulation encompasses person capacity adapt self necessary meet demands environment delaying reverse delay preference smaller immediate rewards larger delayed rewards refers fact value reward decreases increasing delay ability delay rewards control personality system caps factors affect person ability delay strategies use distracting cool thoughts increase delay ability factors strength connections frontal researchers focused govern choices delay reinforcement studied manipulate order delay age plays role children years old demonstrate marked lack delayed ability commonly seek immediate small difference males females suggest females better delaying rewards ability wait seek immediate reinforcement related avoidance related behaviors clinical anxiety attention deficit disorder depression father theory discussed ego role balancing immediate pleasure driven desires morality driven choices block expanded research topic found lack ego control stronger effect ability delay rewards reward desirable finally environmental social factors play role example delay affected self imposed external nature reward degree task engagement required delay early mother child relationship characteristics person previous experiences unreliable promises rewards poverty contemporary expectations research animals comprises body literature describing delayed characteristics easily tested human samples ecological factors affecting skill background processing system supported theory self regulation called personality system caps suggests delaying results ability use cool regulatory strategies calm controlled strategies hot regulatory strategies emotional automatic reactions faced hot processing person thinks object causing especially appealing elements subsequently able resist immediate reward use cool strategies translate control behavior effective cool strategies involve distraction restructuring perception appealing example study pre adolescent boys problems boys showed reduction verbal physical aggression cool strategies looking away distracting effective type distraction imagining desirable reward takes attention away immediate stanford experiment seminal research delayed famous experiment conducted walter 1960s 1970s stanford_university colleagues interested strategies children resist presented year olds told children options ring bell point summon eat wait returned minutes later earn message small reward bigger reward later children broke ate able delay earn follow experiments found children able wait longer certain cool distraction techniques covering eyes hiding desk singing songs imagining instead changed way thought focusing similarity cotton ball taste children waited longer evaluated teenagers adults demonstrated striking array advantages peers teenagers higher sat scores social self self worth rated parents mature better able cope stress likely plan ahead likely use reason likely conduct disorders high levels adults high likely drug problems addictive behaviors divorced overweight minute able delay translated reduction body mass index years later positive outcomes requires ability short term reward favor higher future ability delay appears rejection sensitivity tendency anxious anticipating rejection year follow experiment individuals vulnerability high rejection sensitivity shown strong delay abilities higher self esteem self worth skills comparison individuals high rejection sensitivity low delay year olds compelling longitudinal findings converge studies showing similar pattern ability resist early life translates persistent benefits settings years test studies data shed light delayed team led university recruited original participants gave delayed task instead resisting adults instructed suppress responses images happy faces neutral fearful faces high pre successful controlling response emotional faces pressing button response happy faces suggesting high continued better ability resist colleagues brains participants functional magnetic resonance imaging completed task researchers high likely use cool regulation strategies control responses manifest activation right low use hot strategies activate ventral area linked addiction results showed differential brain activity mirrors research delayed conducted gray yale_university demonstrating individuals chose larger delayed rewards smaller immediate rewards hypothetical situations showed greater brain activation anterior factors affecting ability factors way person frames situation heavily influences decision outcome research hot cool strategies suggests children represent waiting real reward focusing reward hot qualities taste smell sound feel etc self control delay decreases directing attention symbol reward focusing abstract cool qualities shape color number etc enhance self control increase delay optimal self control longest delay achieved directing attention competing item especially hot qualities competing item example delays increased thinking taste smell waiting eat candy illustrates individual ability manipulate representation external goal directed purposes delaying controlling impulse immediate requires control ventral located system reward center pleasure center system react potential instant pleasure instinct associated reasoning rational thought active brain determines focus person attention enables better framing delayed early adulthood develops matures complicated connected rest brain older children adults find tasks easier young children reason relative ability remains stable development children better control grow adults better control practicing deferred beneficial abilities life factors focus acquisition teaching delayed developed techniques increasing ability delay behavior analysts capitalize effective principles reinforcement shaping behavior making rewards contingent person current behavior promotes learning delay important note behavior modification succeed reward value participant reward meaningful providing delayed immediate serves little purpose reward strong desired behavior behavior delaying skill shown learning delay promotes positive social behavior sharing positive peer interactions example students learn delay better able complete assigned activities simply activity promise delayed reward task completion likely researchers found choice instant versus delayed influenced factors including reward negative positive reinforcement past study focused experiment main concentrations time added conditions preference participants experiencing loud noise variable amounts time seconds buttons turn noise manipulated button turning noise short time turning noise extended time participants found willing turn noise immediately seconds turning seconds second delay issued findings illustrate participants chose delay relief noise instantly silence shorter time individual delay study researchers tested people willingly choose instant delayed offering set hypothetical money receive presently telling wait month money results suggested willingness delay depended money offered showed wide individual variation threshold later reward immediate reward value reward stem way describes potential reward prospect theory states people heavily loss people tend value considered lost given evaluated potential gain duration time delay duration time eventual reward affects participants choice immediate delayed study demonstrated reward granted extensive time months years monetary reward instead bulk participants choose immediate reward delayed reward large delayed limits delay long judged worth effort takes wait training applications classroom settings year elementary classroom south wales teacher having difficulty keeping girls task designated private study times teacher reached aid behavior analysts delayed behavior modification plan place study gave limits amounts questions children ask exceed limit given rewards token economy rewards example delayed way cool processing instead having girls focus attention seeking behaviors distracted teacher students teacher focus questions needed ask help teacher focused gaining focusing final reward increased delays giving children goal promise positive reinforcement good behavior girls dropped rate question asking attention seeking applications compared children generally demonstrate greater influenced reward quality frequency reward effort obtain researchers shown behavior patterns changed implementation simple self control training procedure competes frequency quantity reward delay gradually increased study demonstrated verbal activity waiting reinforcement increases delay participants study children diagnosed demonstrating trained prefer reward rate manipulation quality systematically increasing delay changing criterion design post assessment children illustrated self control transfer dimensions reinforcement increase quality preference direct training resulting increase quantity preference lifespan birth unable wait wants needs met exhibit defining lack impulse control age developing children able retain gain control immediate desires increasingly able developmental study progression impulse control delay lifespan including deficiencies development closely related attention behavior problems effects age children years old display effective strategies delaying looking reward thinking features years old children able demonstrate better self control recognizing counter productivity focusing reward year olds choose instead actively distract use self instructions remind waiting produces reward greater value years old children develop ability differentiate employ abstract versus thoughts order distract minds reward increase delay delaying strategies developed capacity resist relatively stable adulthood performance delayed tasks adolescent performance tasks designed measure similar processing parallels corresponding development circuit pathways connect frontal lobe brain regions declines self regulation impulse control old age predict corresponding declines reward delaying strategies specifically reduced temporal decrease cooling strategies effects gender studies gender differences small significant effect found indicating base rate females able delay rewards males typical percentage difference found sexes measures personality social behavior effect related slight gender differences found delay value delayed reward higher levels boys studies needed analyze minute difference begins certain age stable magnitude lifespan researchers suggest gender difference correspond mother tendency sacrifice wants needs order meet child frequently father clinical factors contemporary clinical psychology perspectives self control called master virtue clinical social suggesting ability delay plays critical role person overall psychological adjustment people better ability delay report higher self esteem experience productive ways responding anger early delay ability shown protect development variety emotional later life aggression features borderline personality disorder skills characterize mental illness difficulty delaying tendency choose short term rewards expense longer term benefits forms disorders disorders acting disorders link delayed directly involve impulse control example attention deficit disorder aggressive behavior associated difficulty delaying children substance abuse gambling addictive behaviors adults study teenagers young adults stronger abilities delay likely drink alcohol smoke cigarettes marijuana study found contrast delayed children longer significant controlling words associated delayed influence stem high intelligence delayed suggests tie delayed benefit investigation disorders difficulty delaying plays role disorders like anxiety depression behavior anxiety avoidance feared anxiety provoking situations seeking immediate relief comes avoidance person pull instant larger reward overcoming fear anxiety caused avoidance reflection anxiety clear example person avoids task engaging enjoyable immediate activity instead obsessive disorder case anxiety related struggle delay unable resist temporarily torture obsessive thoughts long run experiment find significant differences samples healthy controls delayed finding substantially improved delayed obsessive personality disorder depression associated lower capacity delay direction cause effect clear depressed person difficulty pushing engage previously enjoyed activities deliberately short term comfort demonstrating impaired ability delay evidence individuals engage deliberate self harm cut able tolerate emotional distress able tolerate physical pain argued delay need way end emotional pain quickly growing body research suggests self control akin muscle strengthened practice words self control abilities fact source hope struggle skill treatment impulse control issues involves teaching individuals realize acting immediate urges turn practice delaying anxiety disorders process occurs exposure feared situation uncomfortable eventually trains person mind body situations threatening originally feared exposure therapy effective individual delay resist urge escape situation early shed insight long term gains help individuals construct pro con list certain behavior sections short term long term outcomes behaviors self injury substance use avoidance generally long term acting harmful urge delayed generally results long term benefits realization powerful impetus change drives viewed struggle delay person efforts overcome drive according classic theory person composed ego driven pleasure principle wants physical pleasure wants ego operating reality principle serves moderate desire instant guided person sense morality according theory person difficulty delaying plagued conflict ego adequately regulate battle experiences psychological distress form anxiety researchers describe nuanced universally positive view delayed david jack block person tendency delay delay element broader construct called ego control defined person ability control ego control ranges ego end ego according tendencies thought relatively stable individual tends grab rewards immediately available cost long term gain tends delay pleasures cost view delay certain settings inappropriate costly settings block draw distinction ego control model delayed seen general tendency contain specific instance ego model supported research delayed seen skill arises apart models block explored association ego control ego delayed choice paid study sessions delaying payment session case earn addition interest results supported models delayed teens tendency delay associated ego higher rated responsible consistent likable sympathetic generous hostile moody self rebellious independently associated ego control higher rated tends control needs favors conservative values number areas researchers noted individual differences ego control overall play larger role delayed incentives larger writing described delayed mixed bag concluded participants exhibited delay better self control sense unable avoid general smart adjusted tend somewhat environmental social factors control factors affecting ability delay depend delay self imposed delay terminated person waiting externally imposed person institution self imposed physical presence reward aid delaying hand delay externally imposed children able wait long reward present suggesting greater frustration circumstances task engagement engaging work assigned task generate effective distraction reward enable person wait longer delay long reward having reward present work easily accessible creates negative frustration akin providing motivation example child children playing outside finishing motivated wait turn factor work task engagement adds delay work interesting reinforcing quality inherent attention reward reduce work productivity distraction work motivation finish mother child relationship positive emotions behavior month old displays separation parent better years later cooling strategies order delay suggests emotional skills processes required social similar utilized goal directed delay maternal attachment influences development child ability delay interaction found mother level control close child stays mother exploring environment children controlling mothers explore environment far distance able employ cooling strategies delay rewards longer similarly children stay close non controlling mothers use cool strategies demonstrate longer delays suggests children controlling mothers better learned distract effectively avoid additional effects emotional speculated unknown greater capacity delay effective strategies seen mothers responsive supportive particularly times self regulation child indicating maternal highly demanding times crucial development self regulation self control emotional reliability researchers investigated reliability reward affects ability delay reliability reward refers reward received matches person expecting promised terms quality quantity example researchers told children receive better art supplies waited children successfully waited reward better supplies found use poor shape comparing children ones received promised rewards reliably revealed different results subsequent tests measuring delayed children learned researcher promise unreliable quickly succumbed eating waiting average minutes conversely children learned researcher reliable able wait average minutes waiting minutes researcher return order double reward social cultural influences difficult teach delayed children grow expecting large instant reward years schooling societal impacts current media trends effect teaching people expect instant idea waiting good job earned working frequently emerging adults today society desire immediate found relationships current studies marriages end divorce ability delay people end relationships work society today makes increasingly easy receive instant time spend thinking time reflection leads big ideas espoused united_states making creative evolution evolutionary theory argue selection deferred trait costs risks associated delaying behavior cost basic opportunity cost associated time spent waiting waiting individuals lose time find food seeking high food conveys clear evolutionary advantage risks associated patient risk animal food known risk second risk chance reward cut short predator known termination risk costs risks create situations fitness individual threatened examples reward delay occurs real world example animals eat fruit option eating fruit right away waiting delaying risk plays individual fruit chance individual come foraging nuts outer shell creates delay animals store food eating likely survive harsh conditions delaying evolutionary advantage likely strong genetic component deferred direct link established complex genetic interactions necessary perform simplest tasks hard gene study behavior reason multiple genes likely responsible deferred research necessary discover genetic delayed animal studies delayed deferred animal behavior linked delay ecological factors individual fitness mechanisms research behavior conducted animals rats delay animals faced choice wait reward receive reward right away reward length time waiting reward increases reward discounted gradual rate data suggested rewards constant rate unit waiting time occurs random foraging related risk sensitivity animals relating risk delay risk sensitivity acts function delay study conducted given choice medium reward knew receive versus risky choice choice reward monkey large reward percent time small reward percent ultimate preferred choice speculated action risky large delayed reward reasoned viewed large reward certain large reward time eventually longer delay test theory gave test varying time opportunities choose reward found interval increased number times chose risky reward decreased occurred varying interval time affect choices study suggests research looking varying risk sensitivity different species needed provided choice small short delay reward large long delay reward preference additionally delay time small short large long reward increases shift preference larger delayed reward evidence supports ecological factors predicting reward preference simple models number ecological factors affect delayed behavior animals real world situations makes sense inherent uncertainty future study looked reward context specific differing time space small large rewards able test factors affected decision making showed travel longer distances larger food rewards wait long conversely wait longer travel far concluded behavior directly normal feeding behavior species feed large distances looking insects capturing eating insects requires quick decision action hand eat tree takes time require cover large distances similarities humans animals especially led comparative research groups future research animal models expand understanding people decisions instant versus delayed real world


action method clients use spontaneous role playing dramatic self presentation investigate gain insight lives developed jacob includes elements theater conducted stage space serves stage area props therapy group direction licensed real life past situations inner mental processes acting present time participants opportunity evaluate behavior reflect past incident getting played present deeply understand particular situations lives offers creative way individual group explore solve personal problems variety clinical community based settings utilized group setting members group serve agents enacted drama form group therapy instead individual executed group benefits group members experience relevant connections insights lives best conducted produced person trained method called director session client group protagonist focuses particular personal emotionally problematic situation enact stage variety scenes enacted depicting example memories specific client past unfinished situations inner dramas fantasies dreams preparations future risk taking situations expressions mental states scenes approximate real life situations inner mental processes members group support protagonist playing significant roles scene step double plays role protagonist core theory creativity believed best way individual respond creatively situation readiness respond moment encouraging individual address problem creative way reacting spontaneously based impulse begin discover new solutions problems lives learn new roles inhabit focus spontaneous action developed theatre directed vienna early 1920s observed conventional scripted theatre found interested required work founded troupe 1920s work theatre impacted development theory methods participants explore internal conflicts acting emotions interactions stage session typically minutes hours focuses principally single participant known protagonist protagonists examine relationships interacting actors leader known director specific techniques including doubling role reversal session broken phases warm action post discussion typical session number clients gather clients chosen group protagonist director calls clients assist protagonist performance portraying characters utilizing doubling role reversal clients act number scenes order allow protagonist work certain scenarios obviously beneficial protagonist helpful group members allowing assume role person apply experience life focus session acting different scenarios simply talking different elements session stage props lighting etc reality scene sections typical session warm action sharing warm actors encouraged enter state mind present aware current moment free creative use different ice breaker games activities action section session time actual scenes place finally post discussion different actors able comment action coming personal point view critique sharing experiences protagonist scene following core techniques protagonist asked act experience client steps scene watch actor steps role portrays scene doubling job double conscious thoughts feelings person unable express guilt fear anger etc cases person unaware thoughts unable form words express feeling double attempts conscious form unconscious expressed material person doubled right double statements correct necessary way doubling wrong role playing client portrays person object problematic client speaks thoughts aloud order build self knowledge role reversal client asked portray person second actor portrays client particular scene prompts client think person benefits client sees portrayed second actor psychological applications non clinical clinical arenas non clinical field business education professional training clinical field alleviate effects emotional trauma specific application clinical situations people suffering dysfunctional reason utilized treatment children suffered emotional trauma abuse role play story telling children able express emotionally reveal truths experience able openly discuss new ways behavior theory child development offers insight children suggested child development divided stages finding personal identity recognizing oneself mirror stage recognizing person role reversal stage role playing techniques based stages believed help individuals continue emotional development use techniques related concepts term relation definition study social relations individuals relationships broadly set ideas practices focused promoting human relations involves techniques identifying organizing giving feedback specific preferences individual example session allowing group decide protagonist shall employs credited founding like utilizes theatrical form means therapy terms synonymous focuses patient group unit addresses group goal explore social events collective community patterns group order bring positive change transformation group dynamic believed form micro examining dynamic small group individuals patterns discovered manifest society anonymous divided main categories crisis deals group responses catastrophic event political attempts address inequality issues society diversity considers conflicts based prejudice racism history founder group movement developed theater based acting focus exercise originally effects seen simply positive effects poem reveals ideas central practice describes purpose meeting eye eye face face near tear eyes place instead tear eyes place instead look attended lectures autobiography recalled experience students filed singled crowd asked responded start leave meet people artificial setting office meet street homes natural surroundings analyze dreams courage dream analyze tear apart let act conflicting roles help parts student university vienna gathered group prostitutes way discussing social stigma problems faced starting called support group experiences like inspired began develop moving united_states introduced work american began work children eventually moved large group sessions held impromptu group theatre hall sessions established psychological circles non continued teach method leading sessions death important field 37th director certified known primarily creation curve utilized way understand session structured uses image curve explain parts session warm activity integration warm exists patients place creativity order open act activity actual enactment process finally curve moves integration serves closure discussion session considers session brought real life sort widely practiced work practitioners opened doors research possibilities psychological concepts group therapy expansion work growing field drama therapy utilizes main elements methods group therapy organizations find place types therapy post divorce counseling children organizations american society group australian new_zealand association british association international association group group processes


solomon solomon september february polish psychologist pioneer social psychology united_states created seminal pieces work impression formation prestige suggestion topics social psychology work follows common theme psychology greater sum parts nature fundamentally parts stated social acts understood setting lose meaning isolated error thinking social facts failure place function known experiments demonstrated influence group pressure opinions review general psychology survey published ranked 41st cited psychologist 20th century early life born warsaw poland september jewish family grew small town poland emigrated age family united_states lived lower east new_york dense area jewish italian irish immigrants friends called education shy moved united_states speak english went neighborhood public school attend 6th grade result language barrier difficult time understanding class learned english reading charles later attended harris high school selective high school attached city college new_york high school attended city college new_york literature science interested psychology end undergraduate career reading work william james philosophers years old received bachelor science went pursue graduate degree columbia_university initially interested social psychology interested help murphy murphy gain summer fellowship investigated children members culture master thesis statistical analysis test scores children supervision received master degree doctoral examined learning curves form assigned topic received phd exposed psychology murphy young faculty member columbia interested psychology meeting working closely adviser columbia max founders psychology later close friends family life met florence miller library east broadway lower east new_york_city married relationship reported easy good rock remained married florence entire life son peter peter professor economics university married sons david peter died heart failure age parents wife career began teaching career brooklyn college moved college stayed years major center scholars psychology time united_states german immigrant faculty members time left found institute studies university moved university pennsylvania taught professor psychology retired emeritus visiting posts harvard mit impression formation interested humans form impressions human beings intrigued able easily form impressions humans complex structures specifically interested impressions people established principles regulated impressions concluded know person grasp particular structure demonstrated experiments forming impression following elements organized process characteristics perceived differently relation characteristics central qualities discovered causing distinction peripheral qualities relations harmony contradiction observed conducted experiments asked participants form impression hypothetical person based characteristics said belong central characteristics impression formation experiment groups exposed list exactly characteristics cold warm list characteristics given group listed group intelligent warm determined practical cautious group intelligent cold determined practical cautious group people told person warm group people told person cold participants asked write brief description impression formed hearing characteristics produced check list consisting pairs opposite traits generous wise etc words related list characteristics heard participants asked indicate traits matched hypothetical person described found different impressions found based characteristic list general impressions far positive impressions based results written descriptions hypothetical person meaning characteristics list change related hypothetical person described warm cold person qualities changed word words honest strong reliable affected words warm cold shown importance forming participant impressions characteristics considered basic understanding person characteristics considered secondary characteristic list changed subjects manipulating words blunt instead words warm cold affect impression person warm cold called warm cold central characteristics blunt peripheral characteristics order effects impression formation experiment found order presented traits hypothetical person drastically influenced impression formed participants formed example participants read following lists intelligent critical critical intelligent series starts desirable qualities ends undesirable qualities reverse true series result slight difference people perceive person able person possesses certain shortcomings merits people perceive person problem abilities hampered difficulties meaning words list change majority subjects list list words critical positive meaning negative meaning similarity difference impression central experiment presented participants groups characteristics participant exposed group words listed set quick helpful set quick clumsy helpful set slow helpful set slow clumsy helpful notice characteristic helpful sets participants asked sets resemble set sets resembles set percent cases set seen similar set percent cases people reported set similar set set said resemble set percent cases percent cases said resemble set closest identical elements set set notice words set set similarity sets based number shared elements set participants reported word quick set similar meaning slow set similarly quick set perceived similar meaning slow set reached following conclusions based experiment meaning characteristic changes based change environment meanings words quick slow change based words presented associated real life meaning word quick set associated assurance movement set word associated forced effort helpful everyday life perceive quick person different quick clumsy person perceive quick slow similar sharing quality expert change meaning characteristic determined relationship characteristics set quick set clumsy fast set indicates care work set indicates poor motor coordinate physical perceive overall impression integrating relationships different qualities person form different impressions qualities differ dynamic consequences interaction qualities participants considered quick slow characteristics cooperate think quick clumsy characteristics cancel prestige suggestion result world war 1940s social interested propaganda wondered people believe want believe people believe sacrifice war effort everyday life noticed people persuaded messages differently based identity author prestige author speaker likely person believe social prior studied phenomenon disagreed interpretations main conclusion change evaluation requires change content meaning response result change context meaning message interpreted differently depending author message suggests participants accepting message based author making meaning quote based author called question present theory underlying psychological process concerning effect group forces formation change opinions attitudes critiques experimental approach different including moore investigations evaluation change investigation effects prestige evaluation statements investigated detail articles basic procedure mentioned participant makes judgment particular issue later time judge problem information certain groups prestigious people evaluated problem subject changes judgment direction groups people prestigious people considered degree influence exerted participant judgment critique main finding prestige alter statements political economic questions experiment subjects rated set quotations point scale agreement disagreement statement quotes followed names public people subjects informed names author true source asked select true author month subjects rated quotation true author listed quotation subjects rated earlier respect political opinions individuals measure prestige found participants rated statement differently referred different author specifically rating statement tended rise referred prestigious author main conclusions unchanged object judgment undergoes change evaluation prestige author viewed acting statement regardless content merit statement participants simply view statement having higher value author higher prestige findings suggests change object judgment judgment object suggests person object judgment based content person base meaning quote context believes true person said quote resulting different meanings statements based author evidence claims conducted experiment college students read statements author statement instructed describe statement meant groups students read statements different authors associated main finding reorganization statement based understood author statement participant felt meaning quote differed depending wrote statement example following quote presented groups subjects blind fail old style capitalism primitive period gone forever capitalism complete low wages maximum profits minimum turnover rejected collective fought justified public regulation competitive process thing past participants thought bridges known union leader author interpreted passage expression accomplishments labor face opposition capital contained resolve defend gains attack president chamber commerce time author interpreted passage perspective policy interest business especially business conducted similar classic study participants reading statements attributed jefferson major points makes participants completely blind experiment making arbitrary choices based bias claims participants acting reasonable change evaluation judgment context judgment meaning judgment changed suggested participants logical remained despite change author critique conducted experiment similar investigated prestige affects evaluation literary materials college students asked rank set prose passages according literary quality passage included known author passages actually written author participants rated authors earlier terms literary standing found passages identified highly acclaimed authors received higher rankings suggested results largely influenced environment laboratory experiment experiment designed passages differences participants faced dilemma asked distinguish neighboring participants appear find task obvious participant attends clues help decision fear looking ridiculous participant approach task expected like dislike information varies author participant conclusions quotes based piece information varies experiments known experiments main finding group pressure change opinion obvious facts wanted examine experiments extent social forces alter people opinions aspect group influence important size majority experiment conducted male participants told experiment visual judgment participant group people knew true aims experiment introduced participants naive real participant participants shown card line followed card lines labeled participants asked line matched line card length line question called trial real participant answered trials subject feel ease experiment participants gave obvious correct answer fourth trial respond clearly wrong answer certain points trials said wrong answer trials answered incorrectly considered critical trials participant ignore majority senses majority ignore clearly obvious fact aim real participant change answer respond way stick clearly obvious answer found considerable percentage followed majority suggested procedure created doubt participants mind seemingly obvious answer participants reported correct rejected line equal standard line found effectiveness group pressure increased significantly person people unanimously responding incorrectly increase found participant confederate pose supporting partner responded correctly power majority influence participant decreased substantially told colleagues idea study brought childhood experiences poland recalls seven years old staying night recalls seeing grandmother pour extra glass wine asked glass wine said prophet asked glass uncle assured uncle told watch closely time came filled sense suggestion expectation thought saw level wine cup drop bit early life succumbed fostered idea investigate later life work metaphors looked metaphors variety different languages old testament hebrew greek chinese thai found similar meaning sensory term cold english corresponding personality trait concluded metaphors language reflects person attempt understand true properties person object associations showed simple properties enter associations easier unit different units notable influences stanley advisor princeton_university completed national differences largely influenced theory social legacy according research led critical ideas persist social influence research believed social interaction reflects ability individual people information group norms viewpoints perceptions group members point view manifested important theories social identity theory self theory source inspiration work social roberts second emphasized independent thought disagreement group members cornerstone group functioning believed settling differences group members actually understand shortcomings beliefs notion embraced social scientists like pursued rationale basis theory minority influence group situations incorporated conflict theory believed relationship non simple opposite influential idea suggested resistance explained unique social psychological processes instance function aware person influenced group distortion perception degree person believes group consensus correct distortion judgement badly person wants accepted group distortion action exact terms directly ported literature researchers adopted perspective majority minority influence multiple processes lastly suggested group influence change people perceive example obscure major ideas large cited frequently important speaks power group influence end life disappointed concerned direction social psychology going 1980s wrote sense current expansion vision expansion surface depth failure imagination social psychology exciting human usual sense term sum discipline wrong track worried social asking deeper questions help change improve world died age february home pennsylvania selected work letter rock study stanford revision scale unpublished thesis personality development children unpublished paper experimental study learning archives psychology studies principles attitudes determination group ego standards journal social psychology forming impressions personality journal abnormal social psychology doctrine suggestion prestige imitation social psychology psychological review social psychology cliffs hall use metaphor description persons expressive language worcester clark university press opinions social pressure studies independence minority unanimous majority psychological metaphor psychological inquiry person perception behavior california stanford_university press problem theory associations process free recall theory research promise new_york harper row verbal behavior general behavior theory cliffs hall american journal psychology problem associations american psychologist conditions association psychological principle symmetry proceedings american philosophical society process free recall evidence non factors acquisition retention journal psychology hay organization serial learning american journal psychology note strength association journal psychology paired association related unrelated pairs nonsense figures american journal psychology studies space orientation perception upright displaced visual fields journal experimental psychology studies space orientation perception upright displaced visual fields body journal experimental psychology shared reality social makes objective handbook motivation vol new_york solomon legacy group research personality social psychology roberts collective mind organizations flight decks administrative science quarterly


norman norman south african author psychiatrist scientist 1980s described winter depression seasonal disorder sad pioneered use light therapy treatment born educated south_africa moved united_states complete medical training established private practice conducted research national institute mental health researcher senior researcher years studied disorders mood sleep biological rhythms psychiatrist describe seasonal disorder sad research sad led write winter blues books topic recently written book meditation technique conducted research potential influence stress disorder total written books including topic jet published scholarly papers early life education born raised south_africa received equivalent university completed internal medicine surgery general hospital moved united_states education resident chief resident new_york state psychiatric institute columbia presbyterian hospital career began private practice suburbs washington time began research fellowship frederick national institute mental health maryland beginning year career researcher research fellow senior researcher director seasonal studies institute led research participants effects seasonal disorder sad later studied phenomena spring fever authored book beat jet named clinical professor georgetown medical school medical director capital clinical research associates maryland currently ceo received special recognition award society light treatment biological rhythms published book emotional revolution new science feeling transform life early career learned meditation technique south_africa found medical student medical resident didn time practice years later patients dramatic improvement result began practicing began recommending patients published healing transformation meditation debuted number seven new_york_times best sellers hardcover advice miscellaneous list earlier year published preliminary research potential influence post traumatic stress disorder written scholarly publications writings featured american journal research archives general biological molecular journal disorders continues conduct research adolescent sad treatments sad effects light therapy seasonal disorder rhythms cited mainstream media expert topic sad according web site received new_york district branch prize paper written resident psychiatric institute alumni prize best research performed psychiatric institute resident public health service medal anna foundation award depression research public health service outstanding service award seasonal disorder referred pioneer research seasonal disorder coined term began studying use light therapy treatment interest studying effects seasons mood changes emerged emigrated mild climate south_africa northeastern usa resident program new_york state psychiatric institute noticed energetic productive long days summer versus shorter darker days winter team admitted patient depression observed seasonal changes thought previous research release night able help colleagues treated patient bright lights helped successfully manage depression conducted formal follow study confirm success results published officially describing sad pioneering light therapy effective treatment method research sad light therapy inconclusive controversial researchers agree conclusions effect light therapy time day light administered written books topic sad seasonal disorders seasons mind winter blues winter blues result research publications widely acknowledged winter depression sound medical basis involving changes body mood centers associated exposure light later identified form reverse sad experience summer season books norman seasonal disorders new_york press isbn norman seasons mind winter blues books isbn norman authored beat jet new_york henry company isbn norman winter blues new_york press isbn norman john way feeling good new_york harper collins isbn norman emotional revolution new science feeling transform life new_york citadel isbn norman healing transformation meditation new_york hay house isbn norman gift unexpected benefits life difficulties setbacks new_york isbn norman super mind boost performance live richer life meditation new_york isbn


july february american professor author born boston massachusetts lived city nearly entire life attended boston latin school completed education harvard_university harvard distinguished chess player briefly studying germany returned united_states state hospital held academic appointments harvard_university medical school headed boston hospital opened pioneering study brain particular interests shell shock published books including shell shock problems nearly case histories president american psychological association boston society held advisory positions chemical warfare service record office influential mentor guided known figures medicine psychology worked early career influence obtain promotion boston introduced later helped establish foundation bears family comparative psychologist robert called master married physician college professor austin children interest chess continued life enjoyed intellectual gatherings home art collector friend walter age died pneumonia trip new_york_city deliver lectures medical societies early life born boston martin olive paternal ancestors included passenger plymouth colony leader olive descended early residents new_hampshire maine frederick parker gay longtime friends posthumous biographer wrote parents successful academically mother years father supervised cotton waste factory established business earned money ensure work undergraduate graduate studies mother said learned read took responsibility education influenced academically paternal aunt greek scholar graduated college cousins prominent attorney bath england attended boston latin school father aunt arthur sparked lifelong interest language meaning words despite tall solid build walking miles day school awkward manual labor athletics graduated boston latin school awards reading essay writing received bachelor_of_arts degree harvard college undergraduate path shaped notable faculty members learned comparative anatomy nervous system biologist george howard parker studied psychology william james took class logic taught graduated degree philosophy entered harvard medical school despite previous academic success science struggled courses focused medicine receiving harvard noted chess player described harvard best player newspaper article ivy league chess tournament probable long engaged tournament harvard win cup chess team lifelong friends walter noted art collector received medical degree went germany studied medicine institute university months career appointments returning germany interned boston city hospital instructor harvard medical school assistant state hospital named assistant professor psychology harvard_university professor harvard medical school titles held death year massachusetts commission mental diseases laboratory assistant emma contracted infection autopsy died developed arm undergoing aggressive surgery recovering months wrote outline autobiography traveled extensively europe felt unable concentrate research referred period wasted year led boston hospital opened department boston state hospital death served strategic advisory role army chemical warfare service world war attaining rank major past president american psychological association president boston society death professional included american genetic association national association american association massachusetts medical society society experimental biology served editorial capacity publications including journal nervous mental disease member board scientific directors record office led biologist charles lobbied state laws restrictions immigration public approval office waned 1930s associated closed coined word study racial decline professional contributions studied organic basis mental illness time camps professionals known informally brain spot men mind twist men debated biological psychiatric disorders perspective eclipsed death mind twist hypothesis mental illness promoted dynamic adolf perspectives alfred theories explored long ago rejected world war era conducted early studies shell shock believed shell shock resulted mind inability align sensory experiences war life events said process physical causes resulted transformed events war mental condition shell shock problems called term shell shock compared terrible life balance thing know traumatic surgical shock condition initially captured public interest thought result traumatic force head shell shock known resulting physical injuries patients arguments cause interfered effective treatment end war returned boston state hospital reorganized relieved boston named director massachusetts psychiatric institute unit boston free previous hospital administration duties able concentrate research priorities scientific work writing hoped publish books cover observations research laboratory second book clinical work boston hoped increase enthusiasm psychiatric hospitals report expansion psychiatric social work final work requirement academic post overview expressed great deal interest research inclined work classification nomenclature definition psychiatric philosophical concepts said realized work ridiculed psychiatric dictionary include definitions near lying psychological philosophical term push mental single thing think proposed category classification system psychiatric adopted particularly interested favored renaming found differences brains patients changes ignored dismissed investigators decades attention findings medical literature 1990s changes criteria application findings modern patients shortly death wrote presented non non note advantages mental term live published mary founded field psychiatric social work applying industrial employees kingdom book psychiatric social work published death introduction book physician richard wrote highlighted collaboration doctor social worker physician diagnosis social worker better able provide resources treatment influence state hospital met worked published years received job offer pennsylvania hospital insane capacity massachusetts commission mental diseases petitioned board create position assistant salary refuse pennsylvania offer boston hospital planned join father general charles frederick practice steered interests mental health foundation later established focus president american association family opened school teaching facility mentally ill children years death considerable influence early career comparative psychologist robert working philosophy department harvard passed promotions studied animals asked design mental testing techniques applicable patients hospital received half time appointment boston shortly elected president american psychological association developed army mental testing program world war autobiography called master personal life married austin college mental lecturer university graduate daughter minnesota governor austin wrote parker gay limitations professional responsibilities placed marriage cook maid bath steward wife little time husband children daughter anne sons younger son early writer english language published names including norway communist_party candidate alabama gubernatorial election older son austin developed committed suicide years father death elder life busy according colleague boston hospital considered said people fell classifications mental disease felt type seldom saw undoubtedly appeared carried away enthusiasm latest interest worthwhile interested wrote experienced chronic minor accompanied partial vision loss hours attributed mental strain episode kept boston city hospital week said diagnosed acute brain tire similar event years later diagnosed according gay physical examination months death indicated problem specific condition diagnosed member local chess clubs described new_york_times obituary foremost amateur chess players america arrived laboratory spending night playing chess death metaphors appropriate man friends described intellect allowed play blind chess matches simultaneously state hospital introduced called opening frequently traveled boston new_york_city participate walter bringing scholarship discussions contemporary social science topics friends artists analyzed dreams guests discussed meaning work artist influenced friends began write experimental poetry member club social intellectual group young harvard academics death traveled new_york_city february lecture medical societies spoke society new_york february delivered mental lecture new_york academy medicine following day developing pneumonia february despite care presbyterian hospital physicians prince george hotel died february age acting laboratory director boston death published parents brain study following brain parents undertook study examine hereditary links brain structure prominent frontal lobe associated planning ability noted small tracts said difficulty detecting certain base brain small significance finding unclear distinctive features brain appear mother father later wrote experienced singular difficulties producing considerable mental discomfort year life according impending death felt pressure complete unfinished research tasks quoted saying shall live long hurry lots busy works outline modern systematic diagnosis treatment presented thirty seven case histories solomon shell shock problems presented eighty case histories war literature range general psychiatric diagnosis kingdom psychiatric social work presented case histories posthumous mary