flexibility flexibility described mental ability switch thinking different concepts think multiple concepts simultaneously despite disagreement literature operationally define term flexibility component executive functioning research primarily conducted children school age individual differences flexibility apparent lifespan measures flexibility include task dimensional change card task multiple classification card task wisconsin card task test functional magnetic resonance imaging research shown specific brain regions activated person engages flexibility tasks regions include basal anterior posterior studies conducted people ages particular informed flexibility develops changes brain flexibility implications inside outside classroom person ability switch modes thought simultaneously think multiple concepts shown vital component learning definitions flexibility seen variety viewpoints synthesized research definition flexibility switch thinking specifically based switch rules broadly based need switch previous beliefs thoughts new situations refers simultaneously considering multiple aspects thought aspects specific object aspects complex situation terms flexibility include mental flexibility mental set shifting shifting task switching shifting attention switching shifting commonly flexibility refers mental ability adjust thinking attention response changing goals environmental researchers specifically described flexibility capacity shift switch thinking attention different tasks operations typically response change rules demands example cards based specific rules children considered flexible able successfully switch cards based color object based type object card flexibility broadly described ability adjust thinking old situations new situations ability overcome responses thinking adapt new situations able overcome previously held beliefs habits required new situations considered flexible lastly ability simultaneously consider aspects object idea situation point time refers flexibility according definition cards based specific rules children considered flexible sort cards based color objects type objects card simultaneously similarly flexibility defined having understanding awareness possible options alternatives simultaneously given situation contributing factors regardless definition researchers generally agreed flexibility component executive functioning higher order involving ability control thinking executive functioning includes aspects including memory emotional stability planning organization flexibility highly related number abilities including planning working memory individual better able suppress aspects focus important aspects color object focus kind object flexible sense better planning organizing employing particular memory strategies researchers argued flexibility component multiple classification originally described psychologist jean multiple classification tasks participants primarily children developed process developing skill classify objects different ways thinking similarly order flexible overcome tendency young children solely focus aspect object situation example children young solely able focus aspect object color object unable focus aspects color kind object research suggests individual thinking research suggested flexibility related abilities fluid intelligence reading reading fluid intelligence described ability solve problems new situations enables fluid reasoning ability able reason turn likely flexible furthermore able flexible shown ability switch simultaneously think sounds meanings increases reading flexibility shown related ability cope particular situations example individuals better able shift thinking situation situation focus situations general researchers field focus development flexibility ages flexibility shown broad concept studied different ages situations tasks ranging simple complex research suggests developmental spans infancy adulthood measures assessments variety assessments appropriate distinguishing different levels flexibility different ages common tests assess flexibility order appropriate age task task children shown object hidden location reach prompted search object location find activity repeated times hidden object location critical trial object hidden location second location easy reach child typically children younger year old search object location object previously hidden birthday children capable mentally switching locate object location demonstrating flexibility researchers agreed task simple task effectively measures flexibility infancy dimensional change card task dimensional change card task children initially asked sort cards single dimension color subsequently required alter strategy sort cards based second dimension shape typically year old children able sort cards based single dimension unable switch sort cards based second dimension year old children able sort cards based dimension switch cards second dimension multiple classification card task multiple classification card task children shown cards asked sort based different dimensions color yellow blue object type animals food simultaneously piles matrix yellow animals yellow foods blue animals blue foods task appears difficult research shown seven year old children incapable cards based dimensions simultaneously children focused dimensions separately age children capable cards based dimensions simultaneously demonstrates increase flexibility ages seven wisconsin card test wisconsin card test determine individual abstract reasoning ability change problem solving strategies needed test number cards presented participants figures cards differ respect color quantity shape participants given pile additional cards asked match previous cards typically children ages demonstrate flexibility needed test test test known color word naming test measure types cards deck color card displays patches different colors participants asked identify quickly possible word card displays names colors printed black white ink participants asked quickly possible final card type color word card displays names colors printed ink conflicting color word red printed yellow requires participants ink colors ignoring conflicting color names basic score card total time seconds participant takes respond verbally typically naming color word takes longer results errors color ink match color situation adults tend longer respond children adults sensitive actual color word likely influenced naming conflicting color word printed mechanisms underlying flexibility explored extensively methods human studies functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed variety distinct regions brain work concert flexibility predicted reliably including basal anterior posterior regions active engagement flexibility depend task factors involved flexibility assess behavior flexible thinking requires aspects attention working memory response selection goal maintenance studies task switching demonstrated network involved flexibility activation shown resolution interference irrelevant task sets study extended results demonstrating level switch type influenced recruitment differing regions depending participant asked set switch response switch switch set switch require switching task rules considered abstract response switch require different response mapping circle right button square left button vice versa lastly set switch require simple switch circle square activation level set switch anterior posterior fashion anterior set switches posterior resulting switches basal active response selection inferior frontal junction active representation task sets called domain general switching development children assessed traditional tests flexibility come surprise considering processes involved mental flexibility developmental abilities age children generally increases flexibility likely product protracted development network evident adults connections increased regional gray matter volume occurring birth mid twenties diminished flexibility noted variety disorders obsessive disorder people disorders exhibit varying aspects example obsessive disorder experience difficulty shifting focus motor responses children slightly different profile adjusting changing task maintaining ability respond face competing responses potential treatments lie juveniles marked decreases set shifting abilities possibly associated incomplete maturation associated consider people limited flexibility unable respond previously associated drug aging elderly experience flexibility aging brain undergoes physical functional changes including decline processing speed central sensory functioning white matter integrity brain volume regions associated flexibility shrink age greater task related activation older individuals compared younger individuals increase blood flow potentially related evidence blood flow measured bold response blood oxygen level dependence studies suggest exercise training inducing effects potentially serve intervention old age combat decline executive function implications education general learning educational applications flexibility executive function skills crucial success classroom settings life study examining impact intervention risk children classrooms found children received intervention years significantly peers compared age children randomly assigned control condition literacy unit developed school district received intervention achieved accuracy scores tests control self discipline flexibility working memory peers control intervention condition hand demonstrated accuracy involved study ultimately opted implement skills training techniques instead district developed curriculum indicative role flexibility plays education argument students taught greatly impacts nature formation structures turn affect students ability store readily access information crucial aim education help students learn appropriately apply adapt learned novel situations reflected integration flexibility educational policy academic guidelines expectations example outlined common core standards initiative standards based education reform developed increase high school graduation rates expected present classroom high level demands asking students demonstrate deep conceptual understanding application content knowledge skills new situations common core initiative essence flexibility teaching style focused promoting seen foster understanding especially disciplines information complex evident cases material presented manner fail transfer knowledge new domain impact teaching curriculum design alternative educational approach informed flexibility frequently computer supported instruction computers allow complex data presented coherent format allowing users access data needed widely example internet presents information terms documents include bits information links pathways applications teacher education involved teacher training sessions based video instruction teachers viewed footage master teachers conducting literacy workshop example teachers received laserdisc course content document allowed access content self directed manner flexibility provide dimensional open ended representation material enabling incorporate new information form connections knowledge research needed determine tool classrooms flexibility theory applied manner result students capable transferring knowledge domains researchers field advocate teaching style incorporates group problem solving activities demands higher level thought according process teacher initially poses single question number ways students discuss problem teacher asking questions forming questions students actively recalling prior knowledge point teacher provides specific conditions issue discussed students adapt prior knowledge peers generate solution curriculum designs tailored young children tools mind incorporate practices aim improve students capacity shift attention think outside box generate creative solutions learning applications classroom vastly different application seen study flexibility video games examining trait guise mental flexibility dutch researchers observed players person shooter games duty battlefield exhibited greater mental flexibility series measures non gamers researchers video game play controversial frequently graphic content effect games lead similar gains populations elderly face decline socially relevant public awareness flexibility increased recent years result online programs marketed seeking increase ability way specifically focusing flexibility training techniques created enhance brain fitness programs claim train speed accuracy memory attention flexibility problem solving presently programs requires research analysis clear benefits determined


march november austrian member second generation analysts author influential books notably character analysis mass psychology sexual revolution known radical figures history work character contributed development anna ego mechanisms defence idea muscular armour expression personality way body moves shaped innovations body therapy analysis therapy writing influenced generations intellectuals coined phrase sexual revolution according historian acted student uprisings paris berlin students walls threw copies mass psychology police graduating medicine university vienna deputy director clinic vienna described elizabeth large man style managed look elegant time tried reconcile arguing rooted sexual socio economic conditions particular lack called visited patients homes lived took streets mobile clinic promoting adolescent sexuality availability abortion divorce provocative message catholic austria said wanted attack prevention treatment 1930s increasingly controversial figure death work self published message sexual liberation disturbed community political associates patients dissolve muscular armour violated key moved new_york escape nazis shortly arriving coined term organism biological energy said discovered said called god started building devices patients sat inside harness reputed health benefits leading newspaper stories sex boxes cured cancer following critical articles new republic harper food drug administration obtained injunction interstate shipment associated literature believing dealing fraud magnitude charged contempt having violated injunction sentenced years imprisonment summer tons publications burned order court died prison heart failure year later days apply parole early life childhood born sons farmer wife née austria-hungary ukraine sister born year died infancy shortly birth family moved village father ran cattle farm leased mother uncle father accounts cold jealous man parents jewish decided raising boys jews brother robert brought speak german punished expressions forbidden playing local speaking children adult wrote extensively diary sexual maintained sexual experience age tried sex family maid shared bed regularly watch farm animals sex whip handle sexually horses daily sexual intercourse age servants wrote regular visits said visiting daily age developed sexual fantasies mother writing thinking impossible judge truth diary entries second daughter psychiatrist lore told christopher turner believed victim child sexual abuse explained lifelong interest sex childhood sexuality death parents taught home mother discovered having affair live tutor wrote affair published paper fall von der case taboo presented person patient wrote follow mother went tutor bedroom night feeling ashamed jealous wondering kill found knew briefly thought forcing sex pain threatening tell father end tell father protracted period mother committed suicide blamed tutor ordered house sent male gymnasium period skin condition appeared diagnosed plagued rest life leading commentators remark visited day wrote diary disgust women father died tuberculosis rampant inflation father insurance worthless money forthcoming brothers managed farm continued studies graduating unanimous approval russians invaded summer brothers fled losing wrote diary saw homeland possessions past left vienna undergraduate studies joined austro hungarian army world war serving years lieutenant italian men command war ended headed vienna law university vienna found dull switched medicine semester arrived city little offer overthrow austria hungarian empire weeks earlier left newly formed republic german austria grip famine lived soup dried fruit university shared room brother undergraduate wearing coat gloves indoors cold fell love medical student corpse largely biographer wrote loved medicine caught view world wrote later period question life lay learned clear concept life dominated study medicine time unsatisfactory denying principle creative power governing life satisfactory long long described practically handled considered supreme goal natural science introduction met asked reading list concerning left strong impression allowed start meeting patients september year years old undergraduate gave small income accepted guest member vienna association regular member october began analysis lived worked apartment street lived area vienna patients lore year old woman affair warned analysts involve patients early days warnings went according diaries ill november died sleeping cold room rented place meet parents forbidden meetings mother suspected daughter died illegal abortion possibly performed according christopher turner found daughter underwear allegation physician wrote diary mother attracted allegation damage later committed suicide blamed abortion turner wrote partners wife long term partners second wife insistence marriage graduation months death accepted friend annie pink pink fourth female patient medical student months shy 19th birthday affair married march father insistence witnesses annie known marriage produced daughters lore physicians lore psychiatrist war veteran allowed complete combined bachelor years instead graduated july graduating worked internal medicine city university hospital studied hospital psychiatric clinic professor wagner von won nobel prize medicine vienna began working clinic known vienna opened year assistant director worked berlin clinic offered free reduced cost men women suffering shell shock world war second clinic open direction berlin set max writes working labourers farmers students allowed away treating symptoms observing chaotic lifestyles anti social personalities argued symptoms obsessive disorder unconscious attempt gain control hostile environment including poverty childhood abuse examples called character armour repetitive patterns behaviour speech body posture served defence mechanisms according sought patients diagnosed believing free rage joined faculty institute vienna director training according regarded weekly technical chaired gave papers theory character structure arguing based examination unconscious character traits later known ego defences attended went develop therapy wife commentators remarked spoke according danish newspaper moment starts speak walking cat simply middle ages man sent exile keeps listeners sparking personality reflected small dark eyes der book der des character study self published study anti social personalities encountered argued need systematic theory character book won professional recognition including arranged appointment executive committee vienna society appointment objection paul second analyst according regarded found society dull wrote behaved like shark pond beginning published series papers idea ability release emotions muscles lose self idea came hobby horse argued psychic health ability love depended discharge sexual release sex act correspond excitement leads wrote fuck embrace intercourse real emotional experience loss ego spiritual self argued goal character analysis work character received community writes work unpopular start later ridiculed came known prophet better founder rest cure switzerland brother died tuberculosis disease killed father turner writes quarter deaths vienna caused 1920s contracted spent weeks winter year switzerland patients went rest fresh air widely available turner writes underwent political crisis returned home spring angry paranoid according annie months later annie streets july revolt vienna workers shot killed police injured experience changed wrote encounter human began doubt joined communist_party austria struck blow suddenly recognizes scientific biological social views institutions moment altogether natural self evident kind experience frequently encountered form voice belief form psychic illness regularly accompanied insight social political sex movement partly response shooting witnessed vienna opened free sex city working class patients clinic overseen physician lawyer offered called sex sex stood german society sexual politics offered mixture counseling advice writes argued sexual including young people unmarried unsettled political left immediately people seeking help took streets mobile clinic driving parks suburbs physicians talk teenagers men fitted women devices woman fell love medical school spoke children distributed sex education pamphlets door door die des published die des function presented copy manuscript birthday appear impressed replied thick handed took months write brief positive letter response interpreted rejection view matter complicated suggested single cause wrote worthy young man devoted hobby horse learn analysis feel respect complicated nature visit soviet_union wife visited soviet_union lecture tour leaving children care writes returned convinced link sexual economic oppression need integrate article published banner des german communist_party journal article explored compatible historical class struggle revolution concluded compatible applied psychology central theoretical statements period included sexual morality sexual struggle youth mass psychology class consciousness sexual revolution germany denmark sweden wife moved berlin november set working class areas taught sex education published pamphlets joined communist_party germany grew delay publishing pamphlets der der published english sexual struggle youth set publishing house published pamphlet subsequent involvement conference promoting adolescent sexuality caused party announce longer publish material march told contract international publishers publish character analysis cancelled writes certainly stance teenage sex character analysis published robert called masterpiece und und revised published english character analysis book sought character structure character structure result social processes particular reflection playing nuclear family les write proposed functional identity character emotional blocks tension body called character muscular body armour proposed muscular armour defence contained history patient example blamed jaw cancer muscular armour smoking judaism meant biting expressing armour bring memory childhood repression caused place end marriage affairs marriage annie ended began relationship dancer pupil living germany hitler chancellor january march year nazi newspaper published attack der der left vienna day moved denmark excluded danish communist_party november having joined promotion teenage sex publication year mass psychology regarded multiple complaints promotion abortion sex education attempted suicide teenage patient according turner expired renewed tried find support settle interviewed london jones joan james decided analysed unresolved hostility anna daughter jones contacted desire relocate england wrote wall stops understand person point view flies world unhappy person afraid end sickness moved instead sweden described better concentration camp placed surveillance police suspected hourly visits patients hotel room meant running prostitute government declined extend couple briefly denmark assumed onwards began treat patients outside limits restrictions sit opposite lay couch traditional position began talking answering questions instead offering stock ask analyst response noticed successful course patients hold bodies differently began try communicate body touch asked male patients shorts entirely female patients began body armour ask simulate physically effects certain emotions hope triggering presented principles called character august paper entitled und psychological contact current 13th international congress switzerland second wife said replaced method touching patient physical attack method eliminated doctrine neutrality argued reinforced patient wanted patients human press thumb palm hand hard jaws backs aiming dissolve muscular wrote purpose retrieve memory childhood situation caused repression session worked waves pleasure bodies called according twin goals therapy sessions intercourse briefly considered calling thought better conference asked resign international association revolutionary agenda ideas arrived conference furious treatment turner writes cemented reputation camping tent outside conference hall reportedly carrying large knife belt according psychiatrist paul declared goes norway october moved oslo norway professor psychology university oslo invited lecture character analysis ended staying years time norway attempted ground theory biology exploring metaphor fact electricity chemical substance argument proposed 1890s abandoned argued mechanical tension explain experience pleasure wanted know additional element present pleasure felt influenced work austrian friedrich argued paper und der person relay like switch mechanism electrical charge discharge wrote essay der discharge discharge proposed formula mechanical tension filling organs fluid charge discharge mechanical bought attached friends students volunteered touch kiss read volunteers young future chancellor germany time married secretary living norway organize protests nazis took measurements patients psychiatric hospital near oslo including patients permission hospital director described experiments die von und angst investigation sexuality anxiety experiments conducted called experiments published die des oslo february published english later called experiments origin life examined grew grass sand iron animal tissue boiling adding potassium having heated materials heat torch wrote seen bright glowing blue called believed rudimentary form life halfway life non life wrote poured cooled mixture growth media bacteria born dismissing idea bacteria present air materials writes origins theory said kinds blue smaller red ones shaped like called standing german death wrote book cancer found rotting tissue obtained local hospital injected mice caused cancer concluded energy cells aging injury cells undergo point deadly start form cells death cancer believed caused overwhelming growth opposition ideas scientists oslo reacted strongly work nonsense leading liberal newspaper launched campaign supported scientists newspapers march december articles letters appeared norwegian newspapers denouncing norwegian allowed examine preparations microscope wrote culture medium sterile bacteria ordinary concluded control measures prevent infection airborne bacteria believed accused ignorant basic facts accused having failed recognize living cancer cells sent sample bacteria norwegian biologist oslo institute blamed airborne infection views published country largest newspaper april alleged knew bacteria anatomy year medical student requested detailed control study responded work merit february expired norwegian scientists argued extension saying question handing fight rid decent manner best writer asked reason looked microscope trained biologist received support overseas march wrote press norway works distinct valuable contribution science founder progressive school england argued campaign largely ignorant like democracy norway proud intellectual tolerance affair especially following country expulsion government spot compromise found given royal decree issued wanting practice needed licence understood given affair issued public statement asked commission replicate experiments writes opposition work affected personality relationships left longer comfortable public bitterness researchers denounced personal life according period personal life despite professional problems relationship good considered marrying pregnant initially buying clothes furniture child doubts developed saw future unsettled great distress writes insisted abortion time illegal went berlin helped arrange began affair female patient actress married colleague according analysis stop relationship relationship end analysis start patient eventually threatened press persuaded harm time affair year old norwegian textile designer despite affairs writes newspaper campaign gained pace developed intense jealousy demanding separate life kind physically assaulted composer working considered calling police decided afford scandal behaviour took toll relationship asked accompany united_states said united_states teaching second marriage hitler annexed austria march wife daughters left united_states later year professor columbia_university traveled norway study offered help settle states managed arrange invitation new school new_york teach course biological aspects character formation walter student guarantee pulled strings official state department wrote diary sitting completely apartment waiting american utterly undertaking carry work america essentially great man rarity believe struggle playing role great man received august sailed norway august ship leave united_states war began september began teaching new school remained living street forest hills queens conducted experiments mice cancer built small cage examine lights said producing october secretary introduced years old time love started organizing life laboratory assistant began living street house christmas day weeks pregnant according turner insisted abortion years later son peter married writes personality changed experience oslo socially isolated kept distance old friends wife students united_states came know man colleague matter close called january wrote end relationship telling despair believed end dying like dog shortly arrived new_york said discovered biological cosmic energy extension idea called energy radiation study said seen injected mice sky night special argued soil air blue blue grey humanity divided knowledge physical aspect god spiritual colour sky northern lights fire blue sexually excited frogs wrote argued red cancer cells plants charged began build said concentrate earliest boxes laboratory animals human sized foot tall box built december set basement house turner writes lined rock wool sheet iron chair inside small window boxes multiple layers materials caused concentration inside box times stronger air said patients expected sit inside naked tested plant growth mice cancer wrote supporters july definitely able destroy growth proved fact parts body disappearing diminishing remedy world claim thing licensed medicine united_states began testing boxes human beings diagnosed cancer case test stopped prematurely subject heard insane stories false hospitalized state mental hospital case father year old girl cancer approached help complained american medical association practising licence asked supporters stick criticism believing developed grand unified theory physical mental health experiment december wrote albert saying scientific discovery wanted discuss january visited home princeton talked nearly hours told discovered specific effective energy respects differently known electromagnetic energy said disease weapon fight fascist signed letter president roosevelt august warn danger nazi_germany building bomb urged united_states establish research project agreed object temperature raised apparent heating source suggesting bomb encouraged meeting hoped invited join princeton institute advanced study meeting gave small days performed experiments basement involved taking temperature inside near device stripping cage compare temperatures observed increase temperature argued caused assistants pointed temperature lower floor ceiling concluded effect simply temperature gradient inside room experiments regard matter completely solved wrote february responded page letter tried change mind rule influence convection told taken certain measures including introducing horizontal plate wrapping blanket hanging ceiling burying underground placing outside wrote circumstances temperature difference remained fact marked open air respond future correspondence write regularly reporting results experiments threatened years later publish previous exchange replied devote time matter asked advertising purposes believed change heart conspiracy kind related communists prompted rumours ill published correspondence affair arrested fbi lost position new school writing director johnson saved lives secret experiments johnson aware claims cure cancer told new school appropriate institution work evicted street neighbours complained animal experiments supporters including walter gave buy house settled avenue december days pearl harbor day germany declared war united_states arrested home fbi taken island held weeks identified time associate professor medical psychology director institute left sleep floor large hall surrounded members fascist german american feared kill returned transferred hospital ward questioned books fbi found searched home including hitler life biography russian alphabet book children threatening hunger strike released january remained key figures list enemy alien control unit meant placed surveillance turner writes victim mistaken identity william ran new_jersey distribute communist material fbi acknowledged mistake november closed file released pages file german immigrant described associate professor medical psychology director institute president research physician foundation biological life energy security investigation begun determine extent communist commitments board alien enemy hearing judged threat security security investigation concluded project staff engaged subversive activities violation statute jurisdiction fbi purchase november purchased old farm dodge pond maine near acres km2 land calling started spending summers room cabin built laboratory larger cabin observatory decided live year round year moved new_york son peter daughter idea creating centre study colleagues moved including physicians interest ran press institute artist william joined assistant later marrying houses museum holiday cottages available rent cottage lived legal problems articles enjoyed largely press united_states journal medicine called creation work discussed journal american medical association american journal nation given writing positive reviews listed american men science reputation took sudden april articles published harper new republic entitled strange case man blames cancer unsatisfactory sexual activities scientific journal ultimate target according turner saw akin wrote named sexual according cosmic energy fact cosmic energy discovered seen demonstrated named town maine builds rented patients presumably derive claimed falsely said cure cancer argued growing cult dealt copy new republic article wrote issued press release published july director medical advisory division federal trade commission wrote food drug administration asking investigate claims health benefits assigned investigator case learned built concluded dealing fraud magnitude according suspected sexual kind questions asked women associated point work came increasingly attention authorities infant research center established infant research center aim preventing muscular children birth meetings held basement house forest hills turner wrote children treated later said sexually abused woman said assaulted associates years old children asked stand naked group basement described children daughter lore told turner believed father abused acknowledged evidence believed abused child developed interest sex childhood sexuality sexual allegations apart people discussed hurt physically children pressed hard body muscular armour son peter wrote autobiography book dreams pain caused daughter william new_yorker cartoonist wrote pressed hard therapy difficulty breathing said woman sexually assaulted according turner nurse complained new_york medical society taught year old son arrested case dropped agreed close divorce divorced september ostensibly thought affair continued working years divorce suspected having affairs persuaded sign confessions feelings fear hatred locked away archives institute wrote documents denouncing having affair ran institute press said discovered energy called deadly radiation played role designed rows foot aluminium pipes mounted mobile platform connected cables inserted water believed energy atmosphere cause rain turner described box turned inside conducted dozens experiments calling research cosmic engineering drought farmers maine offered pay rain save crop morning july according daily_news based account anonymous eyewitness probably peter rain began fall evening crop survived farmers declared satisfied received fee injunction years interviewed physicians students patients asking professor university oregon bought told inspector knew device found helpful wife sat quietly hours day attention triggered responses called government tools red developed powerful friends government including president believed protect air_force flying sure right july arrived writes visitors chased people away gun looking adjacent property told read work interact ordered leave february united_states attorney district maine filed page complaint seeking permanent injunction sections federal food drug act prevent interstate shipment ban promotional literature refused appear court arguing court position evaluate work letter judge john february wrote factual position case world science today permit enter case food drug administration action mind imply admission authority special branch government pass judgment pre atomic cosmic energy rest case confidence hands injunction granted default march judge ordered parts instructions destroyed books mentioned withheld chasing according turner injunction triggered deterioration mental health early came believe planet attack energy called said saw flying shaped like thin windows leaving streams black deadly radiation wake believed aliens scattering destroy earth son spend nights searching believed found roll suck energy claimed shot armed fought called scale battle arizona rented house base station contact space wrote remote possibility father outer space late began affair patient married student patient psychologist decades later fury earth main biographer child year left marriage repaired affair ended june months later began relationship time aurora medical researcher november moved apartment towers washington live pseudonym walter contempt court arizona associates sent mail state violation injunction inspector posing customer requested associate michael charged contempt court looking inventory absence refused attend court arrested held days supporter posted bail representing hearing admitted violation pleaded guilty hinted judge apparently suggested psychiatric evaluation wife communicated jury found guilty sentenced years imprisonment sentenced year day foundation fined associated literature destroyed book burning june officials arrived supervise destruction sold time new_york agents allowed destroy supervise destruction friends son peter axes agents watched destroyed placed american flag june agents returned supervise destruction promotional material including copies books american civil liberties union issued press release criticizing book burning coverage release poor ended asking help annoyed failed criticize destruction england poet read signed letter protest published july remaining new_york destroyed collins sons built august tons books journals papers burned new_york public 25th street material included copies books including sexual revolution character analysis mass psychology published german discussed added mention english editions caught injunction cited worst examples censorship history supposed observe destruction psychiatrist victor associate wrote expenses labor provided institute press huge truck help hired felt like people executed dig graves shot thrown carried box box literature imprisonment appealed lower court decision october court appeals upheld december wrote times director fbi requesting meeting appealed supreme_court decided february review case march sent federal prison committed suicide months release richard psychiatrist admired examined admission recording paranoia manifested persecution ideas reference patient feels outstanding discoveries gradually period years explained failure ideas universally accepted thinking sic flying prison sent air_force encourage ideas reference march transferred federal examined time decided mentally competent personality intact stressed days later 60th birthday wrote son peter calm certain thoughts mathematics time kind things fully aware worry happen know pete strong decent thought visit know world turmoil feel boy age experience coming way fully digest getting belly speak getting right track truth fact honesty fair play board sneak applied presidential pardon avail peter visited jail times prisoner said known flying guy sex box man told peter cried lot wanted peter let cry believing tears great letter son october said looking forward released november having served sentence parole hearing scheduled days date wrote peter date meal howard johnson restaurant near peter school death failed appear roll november found bed fully clothed shoes prison doctor said died night sudden heart failure buried vault asked dig left instructions religious ceremony record played maria sung anderson granite read simply born march died academic journals carried obituary time magazine wrote november died famed associate follower founder foundation better known unorthodox sex energy theories heart attack federal serving year term distributing invention energy violation food drug act telephone booth size device supposedly gathered energy atmosphere cure patient sat inside common cancer reception legacy richard wrote brilliant teacher 1920s older analysts wanted attend technical vienna according came consider paranoid psychologist wrote slide concluded consensus inside outside community best seriously ill inaccurate rumours late 1920s hospitalized paul second analyst later said detected called similarly analyst declared way daughter lore psychiatrist believed sexually abused child argued tended dismiss ill fold work split pre good post bad date illness onset depending parts work speaker disliked preferred 1920s work character political regarded 1930s oriented research despite mental health work character idea muscular contributed development known ego psychology gave rise body helped shape therapy analysis student alexander therapy arthur work influenced generation intellectuals including william norman founder school england french philosopher wrote history sexuality impact critique sexual repression substantial austrian american philosopher paul edwards said pursuit intensified edwards attachment wrote years friends regarded akin paul john bell started teaching course new_york university division continuing study taught time writing biography making longest running course taught division known figures including sean allen paul jack william robert wilson owned including shape eggs wrote enthusiastically village_voice result place pilgrimage symbol liberation popular culture continued influence popular culture death turner writes evil based places jane excessive machine dies pleasure killing machine burns mysteries organism directed director appearance woody allen sleeper smith album horses based life song album space ritual invention love camp box bob_dylan desire eponymous gangster spends time prison reading character opera italian composer kate bush single described arrest eyes son peter wrote father story book dreams video song features bush peter robert wilson play hell confrontation american government beat rhythm writings compilation album writings adapted music australian designer produced range furniture famously chair science mainstream scientific community dismissed theory james historian science franklin marshall college wrote dominant narrative death point looking closely science legitimate science apparently response book burning new_york publisher began major works physicians organized study groups associates baker established annual journal published founded american college princeton new_jersey according contributors journal worked research laboratory founded james institute science renewed interest november archives francis library medicine harvard_university left instructions unpublished papers stored years death james began studying laboratory experiments norway harvard_university press published biologist writes work oslo represented cutting edge light time lapse micro cinematography argues dominant narrative incorrect story complex interesting speaking christopher turner son peter said father nineteenth century scientist wasn twentieth century scientist didn practice science way scientists today nineteenth century mind came crashing twentieth century america boom works


attention deficit disorder attention deficit disorder mental disorder type characterized problems paying attention excessive activity difficulty controlling behavior appropriate person age symptoms begin age present months cause problems settings school home recreational activities children problems paying attention result poor school performance causes particularly modern society children good attention span tasks find interesting despite commonly studied diagnosed mental disorder children cause unknown majority cases world health organization estimated affected million people affects children diagnosed criteria diagnosed criteria rates similar countries depend diagnosed diagnosed approximately times boys girls people diagnosed childhood continue symptoms adulthood adults condition condition difficult tell apart disorders distinguish high levels activity normal range management recommendations vary country usually involve combination counseling lifestyle changes british recommends line treatment children severe symptoms medication considered moderate symptoms refuse fail improve counseling canadian american guidelines recommend therapy line therapy aged children therapy recommended line therapy aged children treatment effective months long term effectiveness unclear adults tend develop skills medical literature described symptoms similar 19th century diagnosis treatment considered controversial 1970s controversies involved teachers parents media topics include causes use treatment healthcare providers accept genuine disorder debate scientific community mainly centers diagnosed treated condition officially known attention deficit disorder add known reaction childhood signs symptoms adults behavior common academic difficulties frequent problems relationships symptoms difficult define hard draw line normal levels end significant levels requiring begin according symptoms present months degree greater age cause significant problems functioning settings social school work home criteria met prior age order receive diagnosis divided predominantly predominantly combined type individual type following symptoms excluding situations symptoms better explained psychiatric medical condition easily distracted miss details forget things frequently switch activity difficulty maintaining focus task bored task minutes enjoyable difficulty focusing attention organizing completing task learning new trouble completing turning assignments losing things toys assignments needed complete tasks activities listen spoken easily confused slowly difficulty processing information quickly accurately struggle follow instructions trouble understanding minute details individual type following symptoms excluding situations symptoms better explained psychiatric medical condition seats talk nonstop dash touching playing sight trouble sitting dinner school story time constantly motion difficulty quiet tasks activities inappropriate comments emotions restraint act regard consequences difficulty waiting things want waiting turns games conversations activities symptoms tend away age turn inner teens adults people likely problems social skills social interaction forming maintaining friendships true half children experience social rejection peers compared non children people attention prone having difficulty processing verbal language negatively affect social interaction drift conversations miss social cues difficulties managing anger common children poor delays speech language motor development causes significant particularly modern society children good attention span tasks find interesting associated disorders children occurs disorders time commonly associated conditions include learning disabilities found occur children learning disabilities include developmental speech language disorders academic skills disorders considered learning disability frequently causes academic difficulties syndrome found occur commonly population defiant disorder odd conduct disorder occur cases respectively characterized behaviors aggression frequent temper lying stealing half odd develop personality disorder adulthood brain imaging supports conduct disorder separate conditions primary disorder characterized poor attention concentration difficulties staying awake children tend stretch appear order remain alert active mood disorders especially disorder major disorder boys diagnosed combined likely mood disorder adults disorder requires careful assessment accurately treat conditions anxiety disorders found occur commonly population obsessive disorder occur shares characteristics substance use disorders adults increased risk substance abuse commonly seen alcohol reason altered reward brains individuals makes evaluation treatment difficult substance problems usually treated greater risks restless legs syndrome found common iron restless legs simply requires careful assessment differentiate disorders sleep disorders commonly exist occur effect treat children common sleep disorder therapy preferred treatment problems sleep initiation common individuals deep significant difficulty getting morning children sleep onset association persistent bed language delay developmental coordination disorder language delays include processing disorders short term memory weakness difficulty following instructions slow speed processing spoken language difficulties listening distracting environments cause cause cases unknown believed involve interactions genetic environmental factors certain cases related previous infection trauma brain twin studies indicate disorder inherited parents determining cases siblings children times likely develop disorder siblings children disorder genetic factors believed involved determining adulthood typically number genes involved directly affect involved include genes associated include common variant gene called estimated responsible cases variant present people particularly responsive medication repeat variant causes increased effects induced associated protein coupled results wide range including symptoms reflecting split attention evolution played role high rates particularly traits males women attracted males risk increasing frequency genes gene pool claimed traits adaptation helped males face dangerous environment example increased behavior certain situations traits beneficial society harmful individual high rates increased reproductive fitness benefited society adding diversity gene pool despite detrimental individual certain environments traits offered personal advantages individuals quicker response predators superior hunting skills people syndrome likely environment addition environmental factors play role alcohol intake pregnancy cause alcohol spectrum disorders include symptoms like children exposed certain toxic substances lead develop problems resemble exposure associated increased risk evidence conclusive exposure tobacco smoke pregnancy cause problems central nervous system development increase risk extreme premature birth low birth weight extreme neglect abuse social increase risk certain pregnancy birth early childhood include children traumatic brain injury later develop cases brain damage studies suggest minority children artificial food associated increased prevalence like symptoms evidence weak apply children food united_kingdom european_union place regulatory measures based concerns minority children certain foods symptoms research support popular beliefs caused eating refined sugar watching television poverty family chaos symptoms certain people society diagnosis represent family poor educational system individual problem cases explained increasing academic expectations diagnosis method parents countries extra financial educational support child youngest children class found likely diagnosed having possibly older classmates behaviors typical occurs commonly children experienced violence emotional abuse according social construction theory societies determine boundary normal abnormal behavior members society including physicians parents teachers determine criteria number people affected leads current situation arrives levels times higher obtained thomas supporter theory argued invented discovered current models suggest associated functional brain systems particularly involving pathways originate ventral area project diverse regions brain govern variety processes pathways pathways project directly responsible executive function control behavior motivation reward perception motor function pathways known play central role larger models additional pathways proposed brain structure children general reduction volume certain brain structures greater decrease volume left sided posterior shows individuals compared controls brain structures circuits found differ people pathways previously thought elevated number people appears elevated numbers adaptation exposure current models involve system possess treatment increase activity systems additionally pathways involved executive function motivation symptoms arise certain executive functions control control working memory executive functions set processes required successfully select monitor behaviors facilitate chosen goals executive function occur individuals result problems staying organized time keeping excessive maintaining concentration paying attention ignoring regulating emotions remembering details people appear long term memory long term recall appear attributed working memory criteria executive function deficit met children study found individuals impaired executive function task compared individuals rates brain maturation increasing demands executive control person gets older fully manifest early adulthood associated children children find difficult focus long term short term rewards exhibit behavior short term rewards individuals large positive reinforcement effectively improves task performance improve persistence children intelligence overall studies shown people tend lower scores intelligence tests significance controversial differences people difficulty determining influence symptoms lower scores intellectual capacity studies higher represented studies exclude individuals lower despite scoring average points lower standardized intelligence measures result accurate understanding diagnosis diagnosed assessment person childhood mental development including ruling effects drugs medical psychiatric problems explanations symptoms takes account feedback parents teachers begun teacher raises concerns viewed extreme end continuous human traits found people responds confirm rule diagnosis imaging studies brain consistent results individuals research purposes diagnosis north_america criteria diagnosis european countries usually use criteria diagnosis times likely criteria classified psychiatric disorder additionally classified behavior disorder defiant disorder conduct disorder personality disorder diagnosis imply disorder associated conditions screened include anxiety depression defiant disorder conduct disorder learning language disorders conditions considered disorders sleep diagnosis ongoing area investigation value currently unclear united_states food drug administration approved use evaluate statistical manual psychiatric disorders formal diagnosis qualified professional based set number criteria united_states criteria defined american psychiatric association based criteria sub types predominantly type presents symptoms including easily distracted poor concentration difficulty completing tasks predominantly type presents excessive difficulty waiting remaining seated immature behavior destructive behaviors present combined type combination subdivision based presence long term lasting months symptoms considered symptoms appeared age occur environment home school work symptoms appropriate child age evidence causing social school work related problems international classification diseases symptoms disorder analogous conduct disorder defined present condition referred conduct disorder disorder classified disturbance activity attention disorders disorders unspecified referred syndrome adults adults diagnosed criteria including signs present age questioning parents guardians person behaved developed child form assessment family history adds weight diagnosis core symptoms similar children adults present differently adults children example excessive physical activity seen children present feelings constant mental activity adults differential diagnosis symptoms low mood poor self image mood swings confused disorder borderline personality disorder symptoms anxiety disorders personality disorder developmental disabilities mental effects substance abuse withdrawal overlap disorders occur medical conditions cause type symptoms include seizure disorder lead hearing disease sleep drug interactions disease head injury primary sleep disorders affect attention behavior symptoms affect sleep recommended children regularly assessed sleep problems children result symptoms ranging classic ones eyes sleep cause type symptoms management management typically involves counseling combination treatment improve long term outcomes rid negative outcomes entirely include good evidence use recommended line treatment mild symptoms aged psychological include input behavior therapy therapy family therapy school based social skills training peer intervention organization training parent management training behavior modification best support parent training education found short term benefits little high quality research effectiveness family therapy evidence exists shows similar community care better specific support groups exist sources help families cope training social skills modification medication limited beneficial effects important factor reducing later psychological problems major depression school failure substance use disorders formation friendships people involved activities regular physical exercise particularly exercise effective add treatment children adults particularly combined medication best intensity type exercise improving symptoms currently known particular long term effects regular exercise individuals include better behavior motor abilities improved executive functions including attention control planning processing speed domains better memory causing effects exercising medication effect medication executive function believed short term effects exercise increased abundance brain medication treatment choice effect short term people appears improve symptoms reported teachers parents number non alternatives added therapy good studies comparing appear equal respect effects appear improve academic performance little evidence effects social behaviors recommended children long term effects age group known long term effects generally unclear study finding benefit finding benefit finding evidence harm magnetic resonance imaging studies suggest long term treatment decreases brain structure function found subjects lack addiction liability preferred risk recreational use guidelines use vary country united_kingdom national institute health care excellence recommending use severe cases switzerland strongly limits authorised united_states guidelines recommend age groups occur result lack response later loss effectiveness particularly common adults approved based school aged children causing practitioners use weight based benefit based label instead usually safe effects use large commonly associated symptoms rare events appear occur approximately individuals weeks starting therapy administration medication found effectively resolve symptoms acute regular monitoring recommended long term treatment therapy stopped periodically assess continuing need medication decrease possible growth delay reduce tolerance long term range treatment associated addiction dependence associated elevated risk substance use disorders conduct disorders use appears reduce risk effect safety pregnancy unclear diet modifications benefit children analysis found children improvement symptoms free acid decreased eating artificial food coloring benefits limited children food simultaneously treated review found evidence support removing foods diet treat review found elimination diet results small overall benefit review support clear link disease stated routine screening disease people use free diet standard treatment discouraged iron effect symptoms small evidence lower tissue levels associated absence demonstrated rare outside developing countries recommended treatment evidence modest benefit acid recommended place traditional medication year follow children diagnosed combined type found difficulties regardless treatment lack thereof fewer individuals college degree compared general population aged years older proportion children meeting criteria drops half years following diagnosis occurs regardless treatments adulthood cases affected likely develop mechanisms mature previous symptoms estimated affect people aged diagnosed criteria diagnosed criteria rates age group estimated children north_america appear higher rate children africa middle_east believed differing methods diagnosis difference underlying frequency methods rates countries diagnosed approximately times boys girls difference sexes reflect difference females likely diagnosed males rates diagnosis treatment increased united_kingdom united_states 1970s believed primarily changes condition diagnosed readily people willing treat true change common condition believed changes criteria release increase percentage people diagnosed especially adults history long human condition sir alexander describes mental book inquiry nature origin mental written clearly described george terminology describe condition changed time included minimal brain reaction childhood iii attention deficit disorder add changed iii split diagnosis type type combined type terms kept terms included minimal brain damage 1930s use treat described medication approved use united_states introduced 1950s 1970s society culture controversies diagnosis treatment controversial 1970s controversies involve teachers parents media positions range view normal range behavior hypothesis genetic condition areas controversy include use children method diagnosis possibility national institute health care excellence acknowledging controversy states current treatments methods diagnosis based dominant view academic literature keith early advocates recognition disorder spoke new_york_times article contrast peer reviewed medical literature review indicated adults widely differing rates diagnosis countries states countries races suspect factors presence symptoms playing role diagnosis consider example behavior turning previously non medical issue school performance medical healthcare providers accept genuine disorder small number people severe symptoms healthcare providers debate mainly centers diagnosis treatment larger number people severe symptoms united_states major_league_baseball players diagnosed making disorder common population increase coincided league ban raised concern players mimicking symptoms history ban use sport media commentary number public figures given controversial statements tom cruise described mixed salt street drugs criticized view stating treatment cause addiction evidence reduced risk later substance addiction children treated susan spoke publicly house_of_lords need wide ranging inquiry dramatic increase diagnosis possible causes comments followed bbc program highlighted research suggested better forms therapy long term bbc trust criticized program research showing improvement children behaviour staying medication years study found medication offer significant improvement time long term benefits medication found better children treated behavior therapy special populations adults estimated adults children continue experience symptoms adulthood rest experiences fewer symptoms adults remain disorganized life use non prescribed drugs alcohol mechanism problems include relationship job difficulties increased risk criminal activities associated mental health problems include depression anxiety disorder learning disabilities symptoms adults differ seen children children climb run excessively adults experience inability relax talk excessively social situations adults start relationships display sensation seeking behavior short tempered addictive behavior substance abuse gambling common criteria criticized appropriate adults present differently lead claim diagnosis

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder


called simply cases synonym game straight rail games derive overarching title family games generally played cloth covered metre tables feature heated slate beds simplest form object game score points counts cue ball opponent cue ball object ball single shot invention exact date origin somewhat obscure thought 18th century france large array disciplines prevalent today historically apparent date development straight rail artistic games predominantly games combining elements listed champion game game straight rail games hybrids pocket english played table descendant games american ball cowboy pool etymology word simply means strike rebound use reference spelled sources differ origin variously shortening spanish portuguese word french word describe red object ball suggested turn derived yellow orange tropical asian fruit known portuguese corruption original fruit language india known star fruit simply folk etymology fruit bears resemblance ball direct evidence modern french word means successive collision currently mainly reference cannon shots multiple vehicle car crashes equipment cloth cloth cover tables 15th century predecessor company famous maker cloth formed cloth tables type dyed green wool provides fast surface allowing balls travel little resistance table bed green color cloth originally chosen emulate look grass colored 16th century green color serves useful function humans higher light sensitivity green color green cloth permits play longer periods time eye strain balls modern balls highly typical diameter millimetres significantly larger heavier pocket counterparts ranging grams typical weight international olympic committee recognized world authority technically permits balls small major manufacturer produces balls longer facto standard standard balls games consist completely white cue ball second cue ball typically red black dot aid cue balls red ball sets balls second cue ball solid yellow types ball sets permitted tournament play balls different materials history game including clay wood ivory including steel dominant material mid-20th century ivory search substitute ivory use environmental concerns based economic motivation fear danger elephant hunters spurred new_york table manufacturer announced prize substitute material viable substitute balls invented john material volatile highly exploding manufacture cues cues specialized making different typical pool cue people familiar cues tend shorter lighter overall shorter thicker butt joint wooden joint pin high end examples wood wood joint piece cue feel fast conical smaller tip diameter compared pool cues typical cues length weight lighter straight rail heavier tip diameter makes cue significantly aids handling larger heavier balls compared pool cues acts reduce called defined displacement cue ball path away parallel line formed cue stick direction travel factor occurs time english employed effects speed games plays large role shots require extremes english coupled great speed combination typically possible contrast pool wood cues vary widely quality cues heated slate slate bed table heated room temperature helps moisture cloth aid balls rolling consistent manner generally makes table play faster heated table required international rules especially important requirement games artistic heating table beds old practice queen_victoria lived table heated tubes aim time chiefly ivory balls use electric heating tournament held december jacob new_york_times announced fanfare time history world championship heated table history games straight rail straight rail referred straight ball game game free game europe thought date 18th century exact time origin known known french french french game early times taking names french popularized object straight rail simple point called count scored time player cue ball makes contact object balls second cue ball ball single stroke win achieved reaching agreed number counts straight rail inception restriction manner scoring technique freezing balls corner rails meet vastly increasing counts resulted rule allowed counts ball driven away techniques continued develop increased counts greatly despite prohibition especially development variety nurse techniques important rail nurse involves progressive object balls rail moving centimeters count keeping close positioned end stroke near configuration nurse replicated straight rail popular europe considered fine practice game additionally europe hosts professional competitions known ancient greek olympic competitions straight rail featured disciplines players compete straight rail played professionally uncommon today champion game new game appearing called champion game limited rail considered game straight rail designed specific intent frustrating rail nurse game employed diagonal lines table corners regions counts restricted cutting triangular spaces corners taking away nursing surface end rails long rails ultimately despite divergence straight rail champion game simply expanded dimensions space defined existing prohibition sufficient stop nursing succeeded champion game adding rules curb nursing techniques variation divide table marked regions called spaces spaces define areas table surface player score threshold number points object balls region games drawing inches corners entire table divided rectangular spaces drawing certain distance length table set number inches parallel rail divides table rectangular additionally drawn meets rail called anchor spaces developed stop number nursing techniques exploited fact object balls count limit place differences game defined measures number points allowed space ball leave region generally games particular restrictions given numerical names indicating characteristics number indicated inches centimeters depending game second dot indicates count restriction spaces example prominent games origin indicates drawn inches distant rail counts allowed short second short space ball leave directly short contrast french invention lines drawn centimeters distant rail count restriction spaces history variations including incarnations discipline 1930s overtaken pocket popular europe far_east called original indirect game britain descendant game dating game referred direct translation english languages spanish german object game score meaning object balls rail struck hit second object ball defunct number years revived late 1860s alternative straight rail reasons developed alternative use rail nurse popular europe called object object balls rail contacted contact cue ball second object ball difficult game averaging point inning professional level play averaging world class play average means turn table player makes point misses making point shots origin game entirely known undisputed crow louis missouri popularized game 1870s publication states invented game tournament took place january louis participant new_yorker winner high run tournament points high average game played players era voicing dislike introduction trophy popular giants disciplines agreed game especially challenge match september world champion later took passion world straight pool title holder played advertised multi day match points eventual winner final score retains great popularity parts europe asia latin_america popular game played today pool far widespread principal governing body sport union staging world championships late 1920s international olympic committee recognized world pool association synchronized artistic artistic called fantasy french players compete performing shots varying difficulty set shot maximum point value assigned perfect execution ranging point minimum lowest level difficulty shots climbing point maximum shots deemed highest difficulty level total points available player governing body sport shot artistic match played defined position venues millimeter tolerance shot established manner players allowed attempts shot general shots making game point shots require high degree skill devoted practice specialized knowledge perform world title competition started required use ivory balls requirement dropped highest score achieved world competition jean highest score competition overall set belgian walter march competition held belgium beating previous record game played predominantly western_europe especially france belgium netherlands competition disciplines straight rail und like actually cup straight rail


george george russian december december russian born pool cue maker arguably prominent member profession referred standing refer cue stick arriving worked toy furniture making jobs avid pool player purchased pool room business partner started making cues gifts friends quickly business wanted purchase turned approximately cues year cue making career spanning death cues highly valued collectors items prominently featured martin film color money cues generally separated distinct classes time periods related cue construction blank era burton spain blank era blank era original cues verified realize tens thousands dollars auction life career early life george born russia december immigrated united_states years age family parents younger sister mary settled new_york_city originally named according given new george immigration officials processed island employment job wooden toy designer maker working educational equipment company located west 23rd manhattan building blocks schools built children furniture company located village jane street job lost middle finger band saw wooden mold replacement plastic finger friends realize loss long incident skills deepened began building detailed pieces time applied patent folding leg mechanism invented granted marriage children working met woman named future wife lived directly street toy company married bought home brooklyn years later george sons gregory george named father source love stability rock allowed ability craft according writers encyclopedia patience strong sense independence afford george time necessary great artist needs order perfect craft transition avid player especially game straight pool taking competitions spending time known practitioners sport purchased brooklyn based pool hall partner frank located 50th street 5th avenue running room began repairing cues hobby soon idea sparked design manufacture line pool cues end number cues given friends christmas gifts practice went began receiving orders cues cues conversions popular company manufactured cues piece cues joint middle allow player break cue sections ease transport time started private industry dominated large manufacturers career death cues year time basis relative private excellence product quickly known professional players end receiving orders cues fill given time constraints accordingly sold interest pool room converted garage shop building cues time continuing abilities unlike large manufacturers day emphasis playing ability fine reflecting values held years business cue construction cue finishes cue design cues decorated attempts building art cue market starting 1980s onward cues relatively plain grand ornamentation trademark construction techniques standard industry use irish wrap material block style pattern cue wrap commonly employing alternating ivory pieces named rings george died age posthumously honored american association hall_of_fame february inducted service category congress america hall_of_fame cue details distinct classes cues produced different time periods related cue construction blank era burton spain blank era blank era referred butt portion cue completed cue turned produce final shape certain features added wrap joint mechanism butt cap blank variety defining cue shared features spanning year career cue straight maple based belief single direction maple grain provided superior integrity maple maple steel joints butt caps exclusively small number cues feature ivory joints ivory butt caps making highly valued collector items distinguishing reddish brown employed irish highly sought leather wrap rare departure distinct value different length specified cues standard inches length addition rings decorative rings commonly incorporated including colored silver contrasting wooden rings decoration small mother pearl dots diamonds series window shaped maple pieces commonly adorned butt window usually featuring aesthetic effect features common lines era notably absent absent including ivory signing cues long standing controversy exists finish argues oil finish cues insists later cues coated spray era started repairing cues working pool room started converting house cues custom cues house cues started building cues purchased cue line construction house cues converting fine working era likewise including frank paradise paradise cues eugene cues named arnold following footsteps earlier master building blank scratch expensive process large manufacturing facilities turned good quality beautiful points sound construction case entire workshop consisted single equipment confines modest garage building difficult expensive burton spain era contacted burton spain spain recently begun making supplying closest rival frank paradise spain fascinated technology came cue split middle set perfect improve spain original intent predominantly right spain superior high demand instead turned making time continued took spain offer seeing quality buying spain advantage able spain specifications period began incorporating elaborate details cues including eponymous rings innovation later install rings wrap butt sleeve wrap wrap believed aided keeping balance point higher cue spain sold cue business tool die maker john davis assisting spain number years continued buying davis era met pennsylvania native tournament working designer common time started designing selling pool cues stable job path started production manufactured chicago later began making impressed addition men fast friends customer buying apiece cues era straight maple bearing points included normally colored black green white orange place cues era spanning years life considered finest career class unconfirmed rumors cues period included prominence estimated produced cues lifetime mid-1960s forged cues started circulating market recognized premier cue maker era referred cues achieved wider recognition prominently featured martin film color money sequel classic film film tom cruise character vincent presented beautiful cue paul newman character fast eddie vincent takes cue reverence obvious told eddie associated general public highly valued rare cues cue actually film genuine cues model renamed custom look like filmmakers feared cue damaged filming especially light scene set pool room cruise character rapidly cue time song london original considered valuable production original cues verified realize tens thousands dollars auction example purchased collector syracuse herald journal article collection thirty original cues cues estimated worth million dollars cues said equivalent cue collecting world van respectively fake cues existence matters 1980s permission license surviving family line began manufactured large quantities adam custom cue company