suicide suicide act intentionally causing death risk factors include mental illness depression disorder personality disorders alcoholism drug abuse acts stress financial difficulties troubles relationships bullying previously attempted suicide high risk future attempts suicide prevention efforts include limiting access method suicide firearms treating mental illness drug proper media reporting suicide improving economic conditions crisis common little evidence effectiveness commonly method suicide varies countries partly related availability effective means common methods include hanging poisoning firearms suicide resulted deaths deaths makes 10th leading cause death worldwide rates completed generally higher men women males times likely kill females estimated million non fatal attempted year non fatal suicide attempts lead injury long term disabilities western world attempts common young people times common females males views suicide influenced broad themes religion honor meaning life religions traditionally consider suicide offense god belief life era japan form suicide known respected means making failure form protest practice outlawed british expected indian widow kill husband funeral fire willingly pressure family society suicide attempted suicide previously illegal longer western countries remains criminal offense countries 20th 21st centuries suicide rare occasions form protest suicide bombings military terrorist tactic word latin means kill oneself definitions suicide known completed suicide act taking life attempted suicide non fatal behavior self injury desire end life result death assisted suicide individual helps bring death indirectly providing advice means end contrast person takes active role bringing person death thoughts ending life taking active efforts discussion term commit use describe suicide object use commit argue carries implications suicide criminal morally wrong act growing consensus appropriate use completed suicide died suicide simply killed describe act suicide reflected mental health organisations media guidance despite efforts committed suicide similar descriptions remain common scholarly research journalism risk factors factors affect risk suicide include psychiatric disorders drug psychological states cultural family social situations mental illness substance frequently exist risk factors include having previously attempted suicide ready availability means life family history suicide presence traumatic brain injury example suicide rates found greater households firearms socio economic problems unemployment poverty discrimination trigger thoughts people leave suicide note appears account behaviors war veterans higher risk suicide higher rates mental illness post traumatic stress disorder physical health problems related war mental disorders mental disorders present time suicide estimates ranging admitted psychiatric unit lifetime risk completed suicide half people die suicide major disorder having mood disorders disorder increases risk suicide fold conditions implicated include personality disorders disorder stress disorder estimate half people complete suicide diagnosed personality disorder borderline personality disorder common people die suicide eating disorders high risk condition previous history suicide attempts accurate completed suicide approximately previous attempt attempted suicide complete suicide year die suicide years acts self harm usually suicide attempts self harm high risk suicide self harm end life suicide risk self harm suicide overlap approximately completed individual seen physician year death including prior month approximately completed suicide contact mental health services prior year type appear increase risk suicide children change risk adults substance use substance abuse second common risk factor suicide major depression disorder chronic substance acute associated combined personal grief risk increased substance associated mental health disorders people influence hypnotic drugs alcohol die suicide alcoholism present cases countries higher rates alcohol use greater density bars generally higher rates suicide treated alcoholism point life die suicide attempt suicide usually male older tried lives past deaths use heroin suicide approximately fold greater use alcohol psychological contribute increased risk suicide cocaine high suicide use cocaine risk greatest withdrawal phase significant risk attempting suicide point considering smoking cigarettes associated risk suicide little evidence association exists smoking suicide smoking causes health problems subsequently people want end life smoking affects brain chemistry causing suicide appear independently increase risk problem gambling problem gambling associated increased attempts compared general population attempt suicide rate suicide times greater general population factors increase risk problem include mental illness alcohol drug medical conditions association physical health problems chronic pain traumatic brain injury cancer kidney failure requiring hiv diagnosis cancer approximately doubles subsequent risk suicide prevalence increased persisted adjusting illness alcohol abuse people medical condition risk particularly high japan health problems listed primary justification suicide sleep disturbances sleep risk factors depression suicide instances sleep disturbances risk factor independent depression number medical conditions present symptoms similar mood disorders including brain adverse effects number beta states number psychological states increase risk suicide including loss pleasure life depression poor ability solve problems loss abilities poor impulse control play role older adults perception burden important suicide reason person feels society known suicide rates suicide appear decrease christmas study found risk greater males birthday recent life stresses loss family member friend loss job social isolation living increase risk married greater risk religious reduce risk suicide attributed negative stance religions suicide greater religion muslims religious people appear lower rate suicide data supporting strong appear difference rates attempted suicide rates young women middle_east higher rates lives escape bullying prejudice history childhood sexual abuse time spent foster care risk factors sexual abuse believed contribute overall risk evolutionary explanation suicide improve inclusive fitness occur person dying suicide children takes resources away relatives staying alive objection deaths healthy likely increase inclusive fitness adaptation different ancestral environment current poverty associated risk suicide increasing relative poverty compared person increases suicide risk farmers india died suicide partly issues debt china suicide times likely rural regions urban ones partly believed financial difficulties area country media media includes internet plays important role depicts suicide negative effect high volume prominent repetitive coverage suicide having impact detailed descriptions kill oneself specific means portrayed method suicide increase population trigger suicide suicide known effect named protagonist young killed emulated book risk greater death appears news media significant effect entertainment media opposite effect proposed effect coverage effective mechanisms protective effect term based character opera magic flute fearing loss loved planned kill friends helped media follows recommended reporting guidelines risk decreased getting buy industry difficult especially long term rational rational suicide reasoned taking life feel suicide logical act taking life benefit known suicide example elder ending life leave greater amounts food younger people community suicide cultures seen act respect courage wisdom suicide attack political action attacker carries violence understand result death suicide bombers motivated desire obtain missions carried duty higher cause moral obligation murder suicide act homicide followed week suicide person carried act mass performed social pressure members autonomy leader mass place people referred suicide pact situations continuing live people use suicide means escape inmates nazi concentration camps known killed deliberately touching electrified fences methods leading method suicide varies countries leading methods different regions include hanging poisoning firearms differences believed availability different methods review countries found hanging common method countries accounting male female worldwide poisoning use method varies markedly europe pacific region common latin_america easy access farming populations countries drug account approximately women men occur acute period death rate varies method firearms drowning hanging car exhaust jumping burning medication common attempted methods suicide differ common successful methods attempts drug developed world china consumption common method japan self known occurs hanging jumping common jumping death common hong_kong singapore respectively switzerland firearms frequent method young males method decreased relatively guns common united_states involve use firearms method somewhat common men women common cause hanging males self poisoning females methods comprised known underlying suicide depression believed result socio environmental psychiatric factors low levels brain derived factor directly associated suicide indirectly associated role major depression stress disorder obsessive disorder post studies found reduced levels psychiatric conditions brain believed low die suicide partly based evidence increased levels found death evidence includes reduced levels breakdown product acid cerebral spinal fluid direct evidence hard gather study changes genetic expression response environmental factors alter underlying dna believed play role determining suicide risk prevention suicide prevention term collective efforts reduce suicide measures reducing access certain methods firearms reduce risk measures include reducing access barriers bridges subway platforms treatment drug alcohol addiction depression attempted suicide past effective proposed reducing access alcohol strategy reducing number bars crisis common little evidence support effectiveness young adults recently thought suicide therapy appears improve outcomes economic development ability reduce poverty able decrease suicide rates efforts increase social connection especially elderly males effective world suicide prevention day observed annually september support international association suicide prevention world health organization screening little data effects screening general population ultimate rate suicide screening come emergency departments injuries self harm shown help identify suicide suicide intention tests depression inventory depression scale older people high rate people test positive tools risk suicide concerns screening significantly increase mental health care resource assessing high risk recommended asking appear increase risk mental illness mental health problems number treatments reduce risk suicide actively admitted psychiatric care voluntarily possessions harm oneself typically removed patients sign suicide prevention contracts agree harm released evidence support significant effect practice person low risk mental health treatment arranged short term found effective community care improving outcomes borderline personality disorder tentative evidence specifically behaviour therapy reduces borderline personality disorder useful decreasing suicide attempts adults high risk evidence found decrease completed controversy benefit versus harm young persons newer appear increase risk older persons decrease risk appears effective lowering risk disorder depression nearly levels general population decrease thoughts suicide people approximately people die suicide mortality rate persons year suicide resulted deaths deaths rates suicide increased 1960s increases seen primarily developing world globally suicide tenth leading cause death suicide results death attempted suicide rates differ significantly countries time percentage deaths africa south east asia americas europe rates australia canada china india united_kingdom united_states south_korea ranked 10th leading cause death united_states cases year people seen emergency departments yearly attempting suicide country rate men 50s rose nearly half decade lithuania japan hungary highest rates countries greatest absolute numbers china india accounting half total china suicide 5th leading cause death sex western world males die times means suicide females females attempt suicide times attributed males lethal means end lives difference pronounced age males females dying suicide china highest female suicide rates world country higher men ratio eastern mediterranean suicide rates nearly equivalent males females highest rate female suicide found south_korea high rates south east asia western pacific generally social resulting depression people gender identity align assigned sex high risk suicide age countries rate suicide highest middle aged elderly absolute number greatest years old number people age group united_states greatest men older years younger people frequently attempt suicide second common cause death young males second accidental death young males developed world cause nearly mortality developing world rates similar makes smaller proportion overall deaths higher rates death types trauma south east asia contrast areas world deaths suicide occur greater rate young females elderly females history ancient athens person committed suicide approval state denied honours normal burial person buried outskirts city marker deemed acceptable method deal military defeat ancient rome suicide initially permitted later deemed crime state economic costs suicide came regarded sin christian europe condemned council work devil middle ages church drawn discussions desire case despite disputes occasional official catholic doctrine entirely settled subject suicide later 17th century criminal ordinance issued louis france extremely severe times dead person body drawn streets face hung thrown garbage additionally person property confiscated attitudes suicide slowly began shift renaissance john work contained modern defences suicide bringing proof conduct biblical figures jesus presenting arguments grounds reason nature suicide certain circumstances society began enlightenment questioned traditional religious attitudes suicide brought modern perspective issue david denied suicide crime affected potentially advantage individual essays suicide soul asked miserable existence advantage public receive shift public opinion large times initiated spirited debate motion suicide act courage 19th century act suicide shifted viewed caused sin caused insanity europe suicide remained illegal period increasingly target satirical comment gilbert sullivan musical idea executing killed english law began distinguish suicide homicide suicide resulted estate deceased permitted daylight burial england middle 20th century suicide legal western world social culture legislation western countries suicide longer crime western european countries middle ages 1800s remains criminal offense muslim majority nations australia suicide crime crime counsel aid attempting die suicide law explicitly allows person use force reasonably necessary prevent taking life northern territory australia briefly legal physician assisted suicide country europe currently considers suicide attempted suicide crime england wales suicide suicide act republic ireland word commit reference illegal organisations stopped negative india suicide illegal surviving family face legal difficulties government india decided repeal law germany active illegal present suicide prosecuted failure render aid emergency switzerland recently taken steps assisted suicide mentally ill high_court ruling granted anonymous individual longstanding psychiatric difficulties right end life united_states suicide illegal associated penalties attempt physician assisted suicide legal state washington people terminal diseases oregon people terminal diseases request help end life canadians attempted suicide barred entering laws allow border guards deny access people mental illness including previous suicide attempts religious views forms christianity suicide considered sin based mainly writings influential christian middle ages thomas suicide considered sin byzantine christian code instance catholic doctrine argument based thou kill applicable new jesus matthew idea life gift given god suicide natural order god master plan world traditionally buried forest ceremonies like horses cows believed mental illness grave fear suffering responsibility completing suicide counter arguments include following sixth accurately translated thou murder necessarily applying self god given free humans taking life god law disease number followers god recorded bible dire condemnation judaism focuses importance life suicide denying god goodness world despite extreme circumstances choice killed forced religion jews committed individual suicide mass suicide french persecution jews york castle examples grim reminder prayer jewish knife throat dying god acts received mixed responses jewish authorities regarded examples heroic state wrong lives anticipation islamic religious views suicide ran stating kill destroy state individual suicide unlawful sin stigma associated suicide islamic countries suicide generally considered equally murdering contemporary hindu society hindu scriptures state dies suicide spirit world wandering earth time died taken life accepts man right end life non violent practice death termed strictly restricted people desire ambition left responsibilities remaining life similar practice named self prevalent hindu society middle ages philosophy number questions raised philosophy suicide included constitutes suicide suicide rational choice moral suicide arguments suicide moral social terms range position act inherently immoral unacceptable circumstances regard suicide right believes come decision end lives young healthy opponents suicide include christian philosophers thomas arguably john stuart mill mill focus importance liberty autonomy meant rejected choices prevent person making future autonomous decisions view suicide legitimate matter personal choice supporters position maintain forced suffer particularly conditions disease mental illness old age possibility improvement reject belief suicide arguing instead valid resort enduring major pain trauma stronger stance argue people allowed choose die regardless suffering notable supporters school thought include scottish david american jacob advocacy advocacy suicide occurred cultures japanese military world war encouraged attacks suicide attacks military empire japan allied naval vessels closing stages pacific theatre world war japanese society described suicide tolerant suicide japan internet searches information suicide return time encourage facilitate suicide attempts concern sites push edge people form suicide online pre existing friends people recently encountered chat rooms message boards internet help prevent suicide providing social group isolated locations landmarks known high levels suicide attempts include san_francisco golden gate bridge japan forest england head toronto street golden gate bridge die suicide jumping construction locations suicide common constructed barriers prevent includes veil toronto tower paris empire state building new_york_city barrier constructed golden gate bridge appear generally effective notable cases example mass suicide killings suicide members peoples temple american religious group led jim jones ended lives drinking flavor aid laced thousands japanese civilians took lives days battle jumping suicide cliff cliff hunger strikes led bobby sands resulted deaths cause death recorded starvation self imposed suicide modified simply starvation death certificates protest dead families world war found july plot hitler life threatened public trial execution family took life species suicide requires attempt die feel said occur non human animals behavior observed seeking overcome competing bacteria triggering immune system response defenses workers noted brazilian small group ants leaves security nest sealing entrance outside evening threatened explode scattering protecting killing species soldiers explode covering enemies sticky reports dogs horses killing little conclusive evidence little scientific study animal suicide


known infectious tract involves stomach small signs symptoms include combination abdominal pain fever lack energy occur typically lasts weeks unrelated called stomach flu bacteria parasites fungus common cause children common cause severe disease adults common transmission occur eating prepared foods drinking contaminated water close contact individual infected testing confirm diagnosis typically needed prevention includes hand washing soap drinking clean water proper disposal human waste babies instead formula recommended children treatment involves getting mild moderate cases typically achieved drinking oral solution combination water sugar breast fed continued recommended severe cases needed given tube recommended children generally needed estimated billion cases resulting million deaths occur globally year children developing world commonly affected age billion cases resulting million deaths developing world children years age frequently year common adults partly development immunity signs symptoms typically involves commonly presents abdominal present signs symptoms usually begin hours contracting infectious agent viral agent condition usually resolves week viral causes associated fever fatigue muscle pain bloody cause likely viral likely associated severe abdominal pain persist weeks children infected usually recovery days poor countries treatment severe reach persistent common common child significant degree prolonged poor skin abnormal breathing repeat typically seen areas poor growth long term delays result occurs people following species syndrome occurs syndrome occur infection producing species causing low counts poor kidney function low red blood cell count breakdown children getting adults viral produce cause particularly bacteria species primary causes infectious agents cause syndrome non infectious causes seen occasion likely viral cause risk infection higher children lack immunity relatively poor viral known cause viral common cause children produces similar rates developed developing world cause episodes infectious age group common cause adults acquired immunity cause cases leading cause adults america causing greater localized typically occur groups people spend time close physical proximity cruise ships hospitals restaurants people remain infectious ended cause cases children developed world primary cause half cases associated exposure children bacteria cause cases common types species food contaminated bacteria remains room temperature period hours bacteria increase risk infection consume food foods commonly associated illness include raw meat eggs raw milk soft fruit vegetable developing world especially sub africa asia cholera common cause infection usually transmitted contaminated water food important cause occurs elderly carry bacteria developing symptoms common cause hospitalized frequently associated use infectious occur acute traveler usually type persistent form usually parasitic acid suppressing medication appears increase risk significant infection exposure number organisms including species risk greater taking pump antagonists parasitic number cause commonly species implicated group agents comprise cases children occurs commonly developing world agent causes type illness degree nearly occurs commonly persons traveled areas high prevalence children attend day care men sex men following disasters transmission transmission occur consumption contaminated water people share personal objects places wet dry seasons water quality typically wet season time areas world seasons common winter bottle feeding babies bottles significant cause global scale transmission rates related poor especially children crowded households pre existing poor status developing tolerance adults carry certain organisms exhibiting signs symptoms act natural agents occur occur wide variety animals non infectious number non infectious causes tract common include like certain foods disease disease non infectious source severe disease secondary occur food related conditions associated include poisoning consumption contaminated predatory fish associated consumption certain types fish poisoning consumption fish typically preserved food united_states rates emergency department use dropped common conditions seen emergency department rates largest decrease visits time period defined infection small large changes small typically ones large number required cause infection varies diagnosis typically diagnosed based person signs symptoms determining exact cause usually needed alter management condition cultures performed blood exposed food poisoning recently traveled developing world testing surveillance occurs approximately young children measuring population recommended kidney function checked concern severe determination person important assessment typically divided mild moderate severe cases children accurate signs moderate severe prolonged poor skin abnormal breathing useful findings combination include sunken eyes decreased activity lack tears dry mouth normal output oral fluid intake laboratory testing little clinical benefit determining degree use testing generally needed differential diagnosis potential causes signs symptoms mimic seen need ruled include disease tract diabetes short syndrome disease disease abuse considered differential diagnosis complicated somewhat person exhibits present abdominal pain small cases contrast large typical lungs tract children cause classical presents abdominal pain study found children initially diagnosed having prevention lifestyle supply easily accessible water good practices important reducing rates infection significant personal measures hand washing soap found decrease rates developing developed world alcohol based effective important especially places poor improvement generally breast milk reduces frequency duration avoiding contaminated food drink effective effectiveness safety world health organization recommended offered children globally commercial exist development africa asia reduced severe disease countries place national programs seen decline rates severity disease prevent illness non children reducing number circulating implementation program united_states substantially decreased number cases percent dose given weeks age oral cholera found effective years management usually acute self limiting disease require medication preferred treatment mild moderate oral therapy helpful children useful treating abdominal pain primary treatment children adults achieved drinking solution delivery required decreased level consciousness severe drinking replacement therapy products complex wheat rice superior based simple drinks especially high simple soft drinks fruit recommended children years age increase plain water specific preparations unavailable person willing drink tube young children administer require hours worth sufficient recommended breast fed continue usual fashion formula fed continue formula immediately free reduced usually necessary children continue usual diet episodes exception foods high simple avoided diet rice tea longer recommended contains insufficient nutrients benefit normal feeding shown beneficial reducing duration illness frequency useful preventing treating associated milk products similarly beneficial appears effective treating preventing children developing world helpful treating children utility single dose associated need fewer decreased helpful use possibly linked increased rate return hospital children preparation given clinical judgment reducing appear significant clinical benefit usually recommended symptoms particularly severe susceptible cause isolated suspected employed preferred higher rates resistance usually caused use managed agent treating bacteria treatment include species species treatment recommended superior world health organization recommends use young children bloody fever agents medication theoretical risk causing complications clinical experience shown unlikely drugs discouraged people bloody complicated fever commonly treatment recommended children cross immature blood brain barrier cause complex mild moderate cases theoretically possible estimated billion cases resulting million deaths occur globally annual basis children developing world commonly affected billion cases resulting million deaths occurring world nations fatalities children years age cholera causes million cases disease kills approximately people yearly developing world children years age frequently year result significant common adults partly development acquired immunity causes caused million deaths children majority occurring developing world death rates reduced significantly approximately million deaths annually year largely introduction widespread use oral therapy causing second common infection common cold result million cases acute approximately thousand deaths annually deaths children years age history usage time commonly known fever cholera specifically complaint number archaic names acute cholera historical term refer specifically cholera society culture associated names including revenge delhi belly door sprint played role military campaigns believed origin term glory main reason million visits physicians year united_states million visits france united_states believed result costs billion usd year resulting estimated costs billion usd year research number development example leading causes worldwide animals agents cause cats dogs humans common organisms large number toxic plants cause symptoms agents specific certain species occurs pigs resulting believed introduced pigs wild birds specific treatment available humans


label applied conditions blood contains red blood cells called core typical feature syndrome seen frequently conditions including disease like syndrome associated caused range genetic produce variety clinical features primarily produce brain specifically basal diseases hereditary rare presence peripheral blood originated greek word meaning red blood cells caused altered distribution membrane membrane protein skeleton caused protein membrane common features core syndrome nearly present conditions share common clinical features features seen associated common feature core dance like movements particularly prominent face mouth cause difficulties speech eating movements usually abrupt irregular present rest sleep individuals suffer movements abnormal body affected individuals intellectual psychiatric symptoms anxiety paranoia depression obsessive behavior pronounced emotional instability onset differs individual usually ages affected individuals usually live years onset core disorder caused called gene protein protein associated protein known protein function unknown characterised progressive changes people bite tongue lips inside mouth eye movement seen cases worldwide specific particular ethnic group syndrome syndrome linked disorder caused gene blood type like syndrome causes movement disorder psychiatric symptoms particular features syndrome heart problems enlarged heart syndrome rare approximately cases syndrome worldwide linked mode inheritance prevalent males conditions causing conditions associated considered core associated condition caused disease like syndrome type dominant condition caused closely resembles disease disease syndrome history syndrome history movement disorders associated induced cases mitochondrial disease management currently treatment disorders medication administered decrease movements produced block treat control patients usually receive speech physical help complications associated movement physicians psychological problems accompany success reported deep brain physical protective devices useful preventing damage lips tongue typical history identified disease syndrome rare childhood onset disorder body fails produce low density low density symptoms include peripheral forms nerve noted north american physician frank later partnered identify describe causes symptoms disease affected children appear normal birth usually fail thrive year second form syndrome discovered american reported subsequently similar symptoms identified described british cases physicians described hereditary syndrome combined normal specific symptoms included movement disorders difficulty poor coordination patients mutilated lips diseases appeared sexes usually diagnosed infancy research research underway worldwide increase scientific understanding disorders identify prevention treatment methods known genetic provide basis studying conditions


abbreviated like tear inner lining located neck supplies blood brain tear blood enters arterial wall forms blood wall blood flow symptoms include head neck pain intermittent permanent stroke symptoms difficulty speaking impaired coordination visual loss usually diagnosed contrast enhanced scan occur physical trauma neck blunt injury traffic collision manipulation happen spontaneously spontaneous cases clear underlying tissue disorder affecting blood vessels treatment usually drugs common large neck conditions combined account non strokes young middle aged people recover completely minimal impact functioning remainder having severe disability small proportion dying complications described 1970s canadian miller fisher classification types neck type involves classified traumatic caused mechanical trauma neck spontaneous classified involved outside skull inside skull signs symptoms head pain occurs cases tends located head affected middle develops gradually dull pressure like character half consider distinct remainder similar suspected fairly common cases diagnosed basis pain blood flow affected vessel lead brain supplied happens cases temporary attack cases cases end permanent deficit stroke supplies brain lies posterior skull type stroke called posterior circulation problems include difficulty speaking lateral syndrome occurs fifth cases occurs experience lack coordination involvement develop visual loss visual field involvement visual lobe event involvement sympathetic tracts partial syndrome develop combination pupil apparently sunken eye face extends lies inside skull occur cases arises accumulation blood space characterized different usually severe cause range additional symptoms people possible symptoms occur sides symptoms occur time figure multiple vessel high causes causes grouped main categories spontaneous traumatic spontaneous spontaneous cases considered caused factors weaken arterial wall small proportion clear underlying tissue disorder syndrome type rarely syndrome syndrome type caused gene leads production type iii alpha protein causes skin weakness walls internal organs syndrome results gene production protein number physical including root reports genetic conditions type dominant kidney disease hereditary evidence associations weaker genetic studies tissue related genes yielded negative results blood vessels reported proportion cases appear increase risk numerous reports associated risk factors reports suffer weaknesses selection bias elevated levels gene appear increase risk people root people history traumatic traumatic follow blunt trauma neck traffic collision direct blow neck injury major trauma injury cases people report recent mild trauma neck sudden neck movements context playing sports report recent infection particularly respiratory tract associated trauma reported occurred month nearly time trauma minor difficult prove association mild trauma likely spontaneous cases fact caused relatively minor insults structural problems vessels reported association forms neck manipulation significant controversy level risk stroke neck manipulation manipulation cause present people seek manipulative treatment time conclusive evidence exist support strong association neck manipulation stroke association mechanism arise run transverse upper neck exiting level course changes vertical horizontal enters skull inside skull merge form joins circle total quarters outside skull high mobility area movement neck vulnerable trauma happen level second supplies number vital structures posterior number vital functions controls nerves face neck system coordinates movement finally participate sense vision occurs blood wall blood vessel likely tear inner layer allowing blood enter media lines evidence suggested blood instead arise small blood vessels supply outer layer larger blood vessels theories exist people sustain suffering tissue disorder underlying vulnerability samples skin indicated possibility genetic defect genes convincingly proven studies indicated blood vessels measured highly sensitive protein marker blood occurred mechanisms contribute development stroke symptoms firstly flow blood vessel disrupted accumulation blood vessel wall leading insufficient blood supply secondly irregularities vessel wall increase risk formation blood migration brain lines evidence appears predominant problem arterial typically occurs extends section explained fact arterial wall thinner lacks number structural supports section diagnosis exist demonstrate blood flow absence thereof gold standard cerebral digital involves large usually advancing point injected downstream flow captured continuous ray imaging vessel appear narrowed blocked area described rat tail string sign cerebral invasive procedure requires large volumes cause complications kidney damage directly demonstrate blood vessel wall opposed modern remaining use treatment contemplated modern methods involve magnetic resonance imaging use smaller amounts contrast invasive equivalent exclude advantage showing certain earlier tends available outside office hours performed rapidly best results achieved setting protocol known fat suppression useful provides little information close skull base detected require confirmation treatment treatment focused reducing stroke episodes damage treatment reported treatment main treatments involve medication drugs usually rarely medication blood administered occasionally treated controlled trials performed compare different treatment surgery exceptional cases analysis existing small treatment trials appears followed equally effective reducing risk stroke death regarded powerful therapy increase size affected relatively unsafe large stroke occurred transformation relatively common extends carrying risk appropriate rapid blood flow severely narrowed vessel despite use completely vessel stroke like episodes free floating blood visible typically continued months time flow usually improves strokes happen months development regard months sufficient professional guidelines recommend patients enrolled clinical trial comparing possible american guidelines state benefit currently established surgery surgery widely drugs treatments invasive risky typically reserved situations symptoms despite medical treatment medical treatment unsafe unacceptable bleeding tendency destruction blood achieved administration drug occurs naturally body activated accepted treatment heart attacks stroke unrelated small case series available drug administered cerebral directly affected data indicates safe place treatment uncertain involves affected like tube known therapy inside blood vessel performed allow blood flow severely narrowed vessel seal unclear technical success procedure translates improved outcomes cases problem resolves spontaneously time means performed extension section surgery carries high risk complications typically offered case deterioration treatments arterial repair procedures described spontaneous arterial involves arterial results overall functional individuals stroke appear vary young people stroke causes rate survival good outcome modified score generally possibly slightly better drugs studies combined mortality treatment initial episode experience episode month annual risk high blood pressure multiple higher risk episodes common younger family history diagnosis syndrome annual annually population studies united_states france increased attributed widespread use modern imaging true increase similarly living urban areas likely receive appropriate investigations accounting increased rates diagnosis dwelling cities suspected proportion cases people mild symptoms remains controversy common men women aggregate studies shows slightly higher men versus men average years old diagnosis women accounts strokes usually caused high blood pressure risk factors tend occur elderly cause strokes young middle aged people constitute cerebral relatively rare important cause history spontaneous described 1970s prior isolated case reports miller fisher canadian stroke physician working massachusetts general hospital noted string sign cerebral stroke patients subsequently discovered occur reported discovery paper notable cases australian cricketer hughes died november developing result struck neck cricket ball sheffield shield match november ball struck hughes base skull left ear caused complicated


usually characterized attacks red tender hot swollen joint pain typically comes rapidly hours joint base big toe affected half cases result kidney stones cause combination diet genetic factors occurs commonly eat lot meat drink lot beer overweight underlying mechanism involves elevated levels acid blood high levels acid crystals deposit joints surrounding tissues attack occurs diagnosis confirmed seeing crystals joint fluid blood acid levels normal attack treatment anti drugs improves symptoms acute attack levels acid lowered lifestyle changes frequent attacks provides long term prevention taking eating diet high low fat dairy products affects western population point lives common recent decades believed increasing risk factors population syndrome longer life changes diet older males commonly affected historically known disease kings rich man disease recognized time ancient signs symptoms present multiple ways usual attack acute red tender hot swollen joint joint base big toe affected accounting half cases joints heels knees fingers affected joint pain usually begins hours night mainly lower body temperature symptoms rarely occur joint pain including fatigue high fever long standing elevated acid levels result symptoms including hard deposits acid crystals known extensive lead chronic bone erosion elevated levels acid lead crystals resulting stone formation subsequent cause acid related relatively high levels blood underlying cause occur diet genetic acid acid kidney primary cause cases cause people develop point risk varies depending degree levels risk year level greater risk year lifestyle causes account include strong association consumption alcohol drinks meat include physical trauma surgery studies early 2000s found factors relevant specifically moderate consumption rich vegetables beans associated total consumption protein alcohol consumption strongly associated increased risk wine presenting somewhat risk beer spirits consumption coffee dairy products physical fitness appear decrease risk believed partly effect reducing resistance partly genetic contributing acid level genes found commonly associated variations approximately double risk loss function cause hereditary reducing absorption unopposed rare genetic disorders juvenile kidney disease seen syndrome complicated medical conditions frequently occurs combination medical problems syndrome combination abdominal resistance abnormal levels occurs nearly cases conditions commonly complicated include lead poisoning kidney failure solid organ body mass index greater equal increases male risk chronic lead exposure lead contaminated alcohol risk factors harmful effect lead kidney function syndrome associated medication associated attacks low dose increase risk increase risk include acid drugs associated combination disorder occurs final acid form forming deposits joints surrounding tissues microscopic walled ring proteins blocks interaction crystals cells avoids naked crystals break walled minor physical trauma joint medical surgical stress rapid changes acid levels breach trigger local immune reaction key proteins cascade evolutionary loss breaks acid humans higher condition common precipitation acid understood normal levels likely levels increase believed important acute episodes include cool temperatures rapid changes acid levels matrix proteins increased precipitation low temperatures partly explains joints feet commonly affected rapid changes acid occur factors including trauma surgery stopping starting calcium channel associated lower risk compared diagnosis diagnosed treated investigations classic acute base great toe known fluid analysis diagnosis doubt rays useful identifying chronic little utility acute attacks fluid definitive diagnosis based identification crystals fluid fluid samples obtained joints examined crystals light needle like morphology strong negative test difficult perform requires trained observer fluid examined relatively soon temperature affect blood tests classic feature occurs nearly half time people raised acid levels develop utility measuring acid level limited defined level greater males females blood tests commonly performed white blood cell count kidney function rate white blood cells elevated absence infection white blood cell count high documented differential diagnosis important differential diagnosis considered signs infection improve treatment help diagnosis fluid stain culture performed conditions look similar include particular located joint mistaken basal cell prevention lifestyle changes decrease acid levels lifestyle choices effective include reducing intake food meat consuming adequate limiting alcohol consumption avoiding low diet men decreased acid levels intake day decreases risk coffee tea consumption associated lower risk secondary sleep release oxygen cells treatment occurrence attacks treatment initial aim treatment settle symptoms acute attack repeated attacks prevented reduce acid levels tentative evidence supports application ice minutes times day decrease pain options acute treatment include anti drugs options prevention include lowering acid levels cure disease treatment associated health problems important lifestyle poorly studied unclear effect people usual line treatment specific agent significantly effective improvement seen hours treatment recommended weeks recommended certain health problems bleeding kidney failure heart failure historically commonly alternative preferred better effect profile absence superior effectiveness risk effects additional pump given evidence work acute attack fewer effects alternative unable tolerate high effects primarily upset limit usage lower effective tolerated interact commonly prescribed drugs found effective exist lead improvement injected joint joint infection excluded condition approved usa treat option people administered weeks reduces acid levels likely useful high rate effects number useful preventing episodes including including including usually started weeks acute resolved theoretical concerns attack combination months recommended person attacks destructive joint changes exist found cost effective lowering measures increased acid levels continue indefinitely chronic use time attack recommended levels brought attacks continue indicates treatment failure overall appears effective typically preferred acid indicated hour collection results acid found recommended person history kidney stones hour indicates indication block acid production long term therapy safe tolerated people decreased kidney function stones caused small number individuals cases recommended treatment acute attack usually resolves seven days people second attack year increased risk diabetes syndrome kidney disease increased risk death partly association resistance increased risk appears independent treatment episodes acute develop chronic destruction joint surfaces joint occur years ear processes aggressive treatment dissolve kidney stones frequently affecting people occur low promoting precipitation acid forms chronic kidney occur affects western population point common million people affected rates approximately doubled rise believed increasing life changes diet increase diseases associated syndrome high blood pressure factors influence rates include age race season year men women rates united_states twice likely males african descent european descent rates high pacific rare australians despite higher mean acid concentration group common china urban sub africa studies found attacks occur frequently spring attributed seasonal changes diet alcohol consumption physical activity temperature history term initially derived latin word meaning drop liquid according oxford english dictionary derived notion dropping material blood joints known antiquity historically referred king diseases disease kings rich man disease documentation disease egypt description big toe greek physician commented noting absence women described alcohol later onset women associated kidney problems thick sediment white indicates pain disease region joints joint troubles hands feet frequent persistent occur cases seldom attack boys woman women suppressed obtained lifelong security wine thomas english physician described occurrence early hours morning older males patients generally old men men worn youth brought premature old age habits common premature excessive like exhausting victim goes bed sleeps good health clock morning awakened severe pain great toe rarely heel ankle pain like parts feel cold water poured follows little fever night passed torture turning affected perpetual change posture body pain tortured joint worse fit comes dutch scientist van described microscopic appearance crystals english physician alfred identified excess acid blood cause animals rare animals ability produce breaks acid humans great ability common animals include fish amphibians non mammals specimen known sue believed suffered research number new study treating including result better outcomes low dose costs thousand times available use limited response versions development


hiv aids approximately people hiv positive represents country population government initially slow respond epidemic leadership hastings prevalence hiv aids increased drastically disease identified hiv prevalence rates estimated high pregnant women food crisis resulted loss agricultural productivity prevalence hiv aids degrees government involvement leadership resulted gradual decline hiv prevalence people living gained access therapy widely available public non governmental organizations taking advantage hiv testing services successful television radio campaigns government non governmental organizations levels awareness hiv aids high general population men adopted attitudes response epidemic convincing death aids inevitable hand implemented techniques partner selection try reduce risk infection women developed strategies protect hiv women likely hiv positive men epidemic affected sexual relationships partners cooperate protect disease addition teachers exclude hiv aids uncomfortable discussing topic feel issue children exposed information hiv aids school finally epidemic produced significant numbers leaving children vulnerable abuse exploitation history case hiv aids reported central hospital president hastings power time responded small scale prevention initiatives created national aids control programme division ministry health manage growing epidemic believed issues relating sex including hiv transmission addressed public sphere time illegal citizens discuss epidemic openly introduced year world bank medium term plan combat epidemic hiv prevalence increased drastically point president addressed nation need coordinated response hiv aids epidemic introduced year policy known national strategic framework like year world bank medium term plan plan largely ineffective response problems national aids control programme established created national aids commission unlike prevented public information epidemic ensured information hiv aids available radio television newspapers billboards despite efforts hiv prevalence significantly influencing national agricultural productivity period experienced aids related nationwide famine gained access drugs donation global fund fight aids tuberculosis malaria election new president government increased substantially soon election experienced tensions implementing anti corruption program distracted government addressing nation food hiv aids related crises despite obstacles successfully developed national aids policy appointed principal secretary hiv aids presidency awareness risk perception despite limited health educational infrastructure knowledge hiv aids high people living urban rural according study involving households women likely learn hiv aids radio television health workers local female members social networks men likely access information hiv aids radio television unlike women likely gain information hiv aids male friends men interviewed said heard hiv aids epidemic radio said learned hiv aids visits local health facilities supports fact people access information epidemic radio sources personal traits age gender location education positively negatively hiv aids awareness levels example older women demonstrated higher levels knowledge hiv aids younger women men typically greater access education social resources hiv prevention transmission women men average able list ways prevent hiv transmission women able list ways women surveyed understood husbands likely contract hiv intercourse prostitutes women high risk groups addition men raised urban environments average informed hiv aids men raised rural environments presumably urban children typically greater access educational resources rural children men women higher levels education correspond increased knowledge hiv aids men women received secondary school significantly likely understand complex aspects disease fact people appear healthy hiv positive finally people lost friends family members disease likely greater knowledge hiv aids personal exposure problem aforementioned study surveyed women men indicated despite knowledge awareness people feel personally susceptible hiv infection average adults surveyed study male female believed likely contract hiv die aids greater hiv aids awareness men correspond increased perceived risk hand increased levels knowledge hiv aids positively perceived risk women study conducted rural smith indicated concerns personal vulnerability hiv aids declined year time frame probably increased use strategies gave people sense control fact participants study claimed worried hiv aids simply adopted standpoint epidemic respondents probably felt successfully reduced risk exposure personal changes education students expressed high levels dissatisfaction hiv aids related education support receive school according survey students secondary students believe hiv aids schools provide adequate understanding disease government non governmental organizations conducted campaigns improve awareness hiv aids schools significant shortage age appropriate audio visual educational materials relating hiv aids available instructors particularly rural areas addition teachers identify students classes personally affected epidemic friends relatives suggests school based support hiv aids minimal despite lack support surveys indicate children affected epidemic usually experience hiv aids based discrimination school teachers required address hiv aids instructors committed helping students understand avoid disease face obstacles prevent informing students hiv aids productive ways example teachers advise students remain faithful sexual partners engage sexual relations feel uncomfortable discussing sexual matters students believe limited training hiv aids direct classroom discussions disease addition teachers feel community members deny extent epidemic believe hiv aids addressed classroom affected groups hiv aids epidemic affected men women children certain factors sexual orientation gender age influence infection patterns hiv aids usually transmitted sex epidemic significantly impacted homosexual male population addition women likely hiv positive men suggesting women particularly vulnerable hiv aids finally disease affected children young adults directly indirectly children hiv positive number increased dramatically epidemic began men vast scope hiv aids epidemic men believe hiv death aids inevitable older men particular claim hiv aids epidemic punishment issued god supernatural forces men refer irresponsible sexual behaviors explaining believe death aids inevitable men claim unprotected sex natural necessary good lack use sex partners finally men identify hiv positive having undergone testing hiv preferring believe infected avoid adopting undesirable measures use strict fidelity beliefs men continue engaging sexual relations despite prevalence hiv aids despite widespread feelings men believe avoid hiv modifying personal behaviors men decide change behaviors reduce risk infection unlikely use consistently particularly marital intercourse instead usually continue engaging sexual relations alter ways choose sexual partners example selecting sexual partners men survey peers determine potential partners likely exposed virus men choose sexual partners based external appearances peer recommendations believe women violate traditional gender norms example wearing modern clothing likely carry hiv young girls perceived sexually inexperienced considered pure perception people concerned particularly girls exposed virus sexual harassment abuse instructors women according traditional gender roles men operate primarily formal work sector responsible supporting families paid labor women valued domestic skills responsible agricultural labor care work gender based division labor decreases women autonomy increasing vulnerability hiv aids home women lack power limited access education formal employment resources sense financial personal independence women able work formal sector typically earn significantly money men completing tasks making difficult elevate status women convinced husbands putting lives risk engaging sexual relations protection secondary status unwilling initiate discussions hiv aids home women view divorce viable option husbands hiv positive refuse protect virus wearing marital intercourse lack education training needed seek employment women usually able support children outside marriage commercial sex work money despite vulnerability women rural believe certain extent control health tell husbands hiv aids epidemic sexual infidelity extremely dangerous encourage refrain engaging sexual contact addition women convinced appealing vulnerability children probably orphaned parents contract hiv convince husbands use consistently sexual encounters women seek support friends family members believe husbands unsafe behaviors putting lives risk finally resort women warn husbands visit traditional marriage counselor demand divorce husbands refuse remain faithful actively prevent transmission disease children number orphaned children increased dramatically hiv aids epidemic began certain surveys indicating experienced death parent hiv aids hiv transmitted sexually married couples engage unprotected sexual relations children increased risk double children lost parents hiv aids older children lost parents hiv aids responsible care younger siblings double drop school migrate urban areas try support siblings girls orphaned hiv aids unusually high rates school parents die hiv aids extended family members usually children primary double adopted grandparents close relatives extended family members provide crucial support hiv aids sources indicate extended family members parents died hiv aids example family members unable support adopted children arrange early marriages female victims domestic violence sexual abuse evidence suggests risk exposed hiv teachers value sexual partners believe children exposed virus children particularly vulnerable exploitation adults offer money exchange sex unable afford basic feel compelled accept gifts exchange sex desperation interviews indicate teachers school administrators definition sexual assault believe sexual relations teachers students appropriate long children schools strict policies sexual abuse children hesitant accuse adults wrongdoing administrators unwilling unable investigate truth accusations marriage relationships couples starting use intercourse frequently use marital sex viewed inappropriate people reported regularly sexual intercourse people believe necessary sex high risk partners sex workers use marital sex implies infidelity believe marital use religious purposes marriage sexual pleasure reproduction study published men claimed use wives sake avoiding unwanted hand concerned sexually transmitted discussing use sexual partners different sources information discussion hiv aids married couples hearing information hiv aids local health facilities conversations friends family members people likely address risk hiv addition women likely men mention dangers hiv aids suspect engaging sexual relations according study higher levels education correspond greater knowledge hiv aids education levels significantly impact likelihood couples discuss hiv related prevention strategies economic impact study conducted care international districts central region considers hiv aids affected economic rural skilled laborers infected hiv usually unable work shift agricultural production land labor intensive crops sacrificing opportunity grow profitable labor intensive crops tobacco family members fall ill hiv aids relatives invest time treatment care reducing household productivity addition family members infected hiv households use money normally invest agriculture cover medical expenses decreasing economic stability household level finally adults contract hiv children remain home school work fields threatening long term productivity economic advancement care international proposes strategies reduce destructive economic impact hiv aids rural households recommend introducing new technologies improve productivity allow households affected hiv aids continue supporting agriculture women villages unable support children husbands die hiv aids helping women acquire traditionally masculine agricultural skills decrease vulnerability improving agricultural productivity household community levels care international recommends increasing cooperation community level establishing labor food banks areas devastated hiv aids epidemic finally care international highlights importance increasing access information hiv aids help families prepare cope economic associated epidemic impact health services hiv aids epidemic characterized drastic declines number health workers available provide treatment care increasing strain health services half hospital related hiv aids currently faces significant deficit human resources doctors practicing world health organization essential health package recommends placing health workers health facility country vast majority health facilities fail meet standard migration developed countries search better opportunities known brain drain partially responsible shortage health care workers health care workers personally affected hiv aids epidemic fact average nurses die hiv aids year hiv aids epidemic resulted high levels health workers leave work spend time hiv positive friends relatives government failed respond declining number time employees working health sector health workers absent frequently abandon jobs unable cope heavy patient loads afraid working medical environment increase risk infected hiv adopted task shifting strategies overcome shortage workers available hiv aids treatment care task shifting successful regions involves training specialized health workers perform health related tasks require professional training initiation therapy example district hospital health workers spend week learning initiate therapy classroom setting additional weeks practicing knowledge supervised clinical setting completing course legally ministry health guidelines allowed initiate therapy form task shifting involves training health oriented hiv testing counseling nurses additional task taken steps slowing spread hiv aids increasing access improving testing services treatment options efforts funded international donors including world bank global fund world health organization president emergency plan aids relief joint united_nations programme hiv aids world bank lent million global fund agreed million donated million prevention treatment campaigns therapy number people therapy increased dramatically past decade estimated people gained access treatment addition improving access therapy introduced world health organization treatment guidelines therapy improved quality treatment available proposal new treatment plan cost million year rejected global fund threatening ability continue expanding access treatment ministry health population began developing plan distribute drugs population sites providing drugs lighthouse trust fights hiv aids provides drugs cost month queen elizabeth central hospital provides therapy department drugs patients free districts different private providers sell drugs particularly cities patients afford receive drugs private sector addition private providers currently required obtain certification selling drugs practice closely monitored finally employees receive access drugs health insurance policies provided employers practice widespread advent drugs hiv aids disease people access afford treatment therapy remains largely inaccessible people example south east region low access drugs rural areas poor health infrastructure combined widespread famine sustained high quality therapy difficult impossible addition donations global fund fight aids tuberculosis malaria fund therapy programs distributed medication come served basis making drugs accessible male urban educated population explicit policies fair distribution drugs individual health care workers responsible deciding receive treatment inevitably leads distribution distribution effectively prevent sexual transmission hiv factors limited widespread distribution people living non urban areas difficulty typically available bars social locations significant impact hiv prevention people oppose believe sex enjoyable question ability prevent transmission hiv despite factors unmarried couples started consistently concern fear hiv aids epidemic increased non governmental organizations population services international organization improve health organization information resources related family planning conducted campaigns advertising use effective form protection hiv aids provides men women significantly improved availability women particular efforts population services international organizations widely available people voluntary counseling testing people living areas high rates hiv aids face psychological barriers deciding undergo testing hiv example people prefer know hiv positive obstacles face gaining access drugs view hiv aids death sentences simply believe hiv negative practice strict consistently use sexual intercourse denial prevalence disease despite barriers mobile static testing services widely available recently testing counseling sites existed certain non governmental organization aids counseling resource organisation provide door door counseling testing services drastically improved accessibility hiv testing


hereditary hereditary disorder classified acute caused coded gene inherited dominant fashion individuals identified unlike acute intermittent individuals present findings similar found addition acute attacks abdominal pain characteristic acute like attacks induced certain drugs environmental diet changes molecular testing narrow diagnosis identify specific genetic defect overall rare diseases combined forms disease estimated exact difficult determine reduced signs symptoms patients affected present similarly acute acute intermittent patients present symptoms shared acute includes acute attacks abdominal pain findings seen increased skin exposure sunlight increased individuals absence triggering factors common include certain drugs alcohol changes changes sunlight light trigger skin individuals present findings earlier age caused gene codes responsible sixth step converting iii gene located produces strand bases length inherited dominant fashion meaning normal activity cause symptoms reproductive fitness impacted affected individuals reported acute demonstrates reduced meaning individuals carry disease causing express symptoms individuals specific compound severe characterized skin exposure light rare disease exact difficult determine reduced acute overall estimated united_states lower cases reported worldwide diagnosis diagnosis delayed rarity disease varied non specific findings patients present measurement recommended screening test patients suspected having acute elevated indicative acute additional testing narrow specific type identification specific based results laboratory findings including blood tests distinguished acute findings presents similarly distinguished based analysis typically high performance liquid detection results testing samples collected acute attack typically distinguishing presence individuals affected elevated common finding known predominant species non specific finding necessarily acute caused liver disease lead poisoning certain bone disorders treatment cure caused activity treatment acute symptoms acute recommended therapy acute attacks acute attacks severe cause death treated quickly correctly typically required administration appropriate drug selection key avoid symptoms drugs interact poorly proper drug selection difficult comes treatment accompany anti seizure symptoms worse anti seizure drugs thought safe patients management symptoms difficult liver option symptoms progressed advanced combined liver kidney undertaken patients failure long term treatment acute centered avoidance acute attacks eliminating factors drugs changes females attacks cycle managed effectively birth control reduced family members patient carry presenting symptoms molecular analysis best way identify patients express laboratory testing identification patients allows adjust lifestyle avoid common triggering factors


sleep sleep recommended environmental practice intended promote better quality sleep recommendation developed late 1970s method help people mild moderate evidence effectiveness individual recommendations limited inconclusive assess sleep people present conditions depression offer recommendations based assessment sleep recommendations include establishing regular sleep schedule care exercising physically mentally close limiting worry limiting exposure light hours sleep getting bed sleep come bed sleep sex avoiding alcohol hours having peaceful comfortable dark sleep environment assessment practice sleep knowledge sleep practices assessed measures sleep index sleep awareness practice scale sleep self test younger individuals sleep assessed adolescent sleep scale children sleep scale recommendations choose recommendations improving sleep quality individual presented form patient education sleep schedule set recommendations relates timing sleep adults getting hours sleep associated number physical mental health sleep recommendation allowing time sleep frequently advise hours sleep obtained night instead helpful sleep normal conditions detrimental nighttime sleep negative effects sleep performance found depend duration timing shorter midday focus importance awakening time morning generally having regular sleep schedule activities exercise activity facilitate sleep quality people exercise experience better quality sleep exercising late day delay falling asleep increasing exposure bright natural light daytime avoiding bright light hours help promote sleep wake schedule aligned nature daily light dark cycle activities reduce activity promote falling asleep engaging activities recommended conversely continuing important work activities planning shortly bed shown delay falling asleep similarly good sleep involves time spent thinking worries emotionally shortly trying fall asleep induce frustration prevents falling asleep situations person advised bed try brief time generally people experiencing difficulties sleep spending time bed results deeper continuous sleep frequently recommend eliminating use bed activities sleep sex foods substances number foods substances found sleep effects digestive demands avoiding including coffee energy drinks soft drinks tea chocolate pain hours recommended sleep specialists substances activate systems maintain alcohol near frequently discouraged alcohol induce initially caused alcohol disrupt significantly fragment sleep smoking tobacco products bed thought reduce quality resting decreasing time spent deep sleep leading sleep nocturnal consumption large meal requiring effort hunger associated disrupted sleep recommend eating light lastly limiting intake prevent sleep environment arranging sleep environment quiet dark cool recommended noises light uncomfortable temperatures shown disrupt continuous sleep recommendations frequently studied include selecting comfortable eliminating visible bedroom clock prevent focusing time passing trying fall asleep systematic review studies concluded medium firm custom inflated best pain neutral spinal alignment effectiveness sleep studies use different sets sleep recommendations evidence improving sleep improves sleep quality weak inconclusive research sleep principles conducted clinical settings need research non clinical populations strength research support recommendation varies researched supported recommendations include negative effects noisy sleep environments alcohol consumption hours sleep engaging mentally difficult tasks sleep trying hard fall asleep lack evidence effects certain sleep recommendations including getting comfortable removing bedroom worrying limiting recommendations effects exercise complicated evidence base effects example depend length timing conjunction cumulative sleep individual recent nights support showing positive sleep outcomes people follow sleep recommendation inconclusive evidence sleep effective treatment research studies shown improvement patients receive sleep education combination therapy practices special populations sleep central component therapy sleep recommendations shown reduce eliminate symptoms specific sleep disorders require additional treatment approaches continuing difficulties sleep require additional assistance healthcare providers college students risk engaging poor sleep unaware resulting effects sleep irregular weekly schedules campus environment college students likely variable sleep wake schedules week drink alcohol near sleep sleeping environments important sleep education college campuses similarly shift workers difficulty maintaining healthy sleep wake schedule night irregular work hours shift workers need strategic drinking practices necessary work productivity safety timed carefully shift workers need sleep individuals awake additional sleeping environment changes include reducing disturbances turning phones posting signs bedroom doors inform sleeping symptoms low mood energy individuals depression likely behaviors counter good sleep taking day consuming alcohol near consuming large amounts day addition sleep education bright light therapy useful treatment individuals depression morning bright light therapy help establish better sleep wake schedule shown effective treating depression directly especially related seasonal disorder individuals breathing difficulties experience additional barriers quality sleep addressed specific variations sleep recommendations difficulty breathing cause sleep reducing ability stay asleep achieve sleep individuals additional considerations given potential bedroom environment improve ability breathe sleeping sleep ways careful management controllers implementation sleep strategies include advice timing sleep food intake relationship exercise sleeping environment recommendations depend knowledge individual situation presented form patient education attention role sleep promoting public health grown increase number resources available print internet organizations running public health initiatives include national sleep foundation division sleep medicine harvard medical school created public websites sleep resources tips sleep videos sleep self assessments poll statistics sleep tools find sleep professionals cooperative agreement centers disease control prevention american academy sleep medicine established coordinate national healthy sleep awareness project aims promote sleep awareness history term sleep introduced book published psychologist peter introduced concept context modern sleep medicine book outlined list rules intended promote improved sleep similar concepts credited published related original book publication international classification sleep disorders introduced category inadequate sleep inadequate sleep chronic disorder published removed iii classifications felt reliably clinical practice specific sleep recommendations changed time example advice simply avoid sleeping pills included early sets recommendations drugs help sleep introduced recommendations concerning use complex


mouth mouth severe tooth decay loss teeth tooth fracture acid erosion oral problems potentially extended use drug colloquially termed crystal names condition thought caused combination effects drug grinding teeth dry mouth lifestyle factors oral frequent consumption drinks present long term users legitimacy mouth unique condition questioned similar effects drugs teeth images mouths anti drug campaigns condition difficult treat involve fight tooth decay drugs increase dry mouth oral instruction medically dangerous active users cardiac problems result interaction local drug signs symptoms highly addictive drug produces dramatic increase energy negative health effects include dental problems discussed illegal drug dental literature notable effect long term use dental health development tooth decay teeth drug users appear dark process occur regions teeth tooth surface narrows junction crown root usually found cheek teeth tooth surfaces adjacent eventually tooth area near crown affected decay erosion dental mouth progress slowly advancement hindered intermittent practices decay lead tooth severe pain cases teeth permanently damaged removed weight loss dental effects use contribute appearance premature aging seen users effects mouth similar syndrome disease causes lack results tooth decay users experience joint jaw dental attrition tooth wear owing grinding teeth caused drug occur continuously chronic use drug cause inability open jaw long term users experience dry mouth causes causes mouth combination effects lifestyle factors present users dry mouth grinding teeth oral frequent consumption drinks nature dental effects long term use attributed effects reduction increases likelihood dental erosion disease clear use drug decreases mechanism unclear theory drug causes blood vessels decreasing flow thought activation alpha levels dramatically increased use factors compounded occurs users drug induced increases characteristics produced use drug includes high protein content contribute sensation dry mouth long term use cause habits routine actions body different common use result tooth wear diseases habit affect development mouth particularly drug effects occurs phase referred drug induced increase behaviors long term users cause accelerate symptoms mouth failure pay attention oral excessive food intake especially foods drug users report strong sugar consume large amounts high sugar altered mental state accompanies use lasts longer common drugs increasing time user engages drug induced behavior acid manufacturing process academic reviews supported idea acid contributes dental decay speculation oral consumption drug causes tooth decay raising users mouths mouth generally severe users drug smoke treatment mouth difficult treat patient stops persistent drug use makes changes nutrition practices unlikely drug users lack access dental treatment willing participate course action poverty willing seek dental treatment resist discussing drug use providing dental treatment individuals use dangerous potential combination local cause heart problems increased risk effects patient treatment treatment mouth usually attempts increase flow halt tooth decay encourage changes important restoration dental health adequately treat condition drugs increase mouth treat dry mouth protect dental health problems approved food drug administration treat low caused syndrome potential effectively treat dry mouth caused use education oral long term users required changes diet necessary recovering drug users receiving dental treatment use sugar free beneficial consumption water avoidance effect help patients mouth uncertainty controlled studies mouth aspects unclear condition popularized media coverage case reports systematic studies conducted tie use symptoms commonly described mouth ties dental scholars study drug use difficult dental researchers find users study drug unique effect dental health questioned academics note long term use drugs causes dental problems academic reviews contradicted perspective mouth status condition favor unique status reviews cite differences caused occur reasons cocaine use scope tooth decay found long term users society culture users lived asia early 2000s use drug increased dramatically parts world decade areas use drug common mouth widespread condition expensive treat strained public health resources prompting concerns dental authorities countries burden treatment images mouth usually considered disturbing anti drug campaigns placed billboards condition mentioned media coverage included media portrayals drug abuse demonstrate scope drug effects provoke disgust audience opponents argue term negatively stereotype users falsely portrayed inevitable characteristic