tuition fees united_kingdom tuition fees introduced entire united_kingdom september labour government means funding tuition undergraduate certificate students universities students required pay year tuition result establishment national scotland wales northern_ireland different arrangements exist regard charging tuition fees countries united_kingdom history tuition fees conservative prime minister john major commissioned inquiry led sir ron funding british higher education years estimated additional funding billion needed period including million million order expand student provide support time students ensure adequate infrastructure response teaching higher education act enacted july introduced tuition fees countries united_kingdom act introduced means tested method payment students based money families earned starting maintenance grants living expenses replaced loans paid rate percent graduate income following newly governments scotland wales brought acts tuition fees scottish parliament established later abolished graduate replace fees wales introduced maintenance grants value risen england tuition fee caps rose higher education act act universities england begin charge variable fees year students courses academic year later introduced northern_ireland introduced wales cap rose year account inflation following review cap raised year sparking large student protests london review raised fees failed new fee system came use september adjustments forth budget proposed fee increase line inflation academic year onwards planned scrapping maintenance grants september changes debated delegated legislation committee january lack vote matter drawn criticism measures automatically law current systems england england tuition fees capped year institutions charging average fee year course currently total loan size available universities students private institutions eligible year loans onwards fee cap rise inflation maintenance grants available current students england scheduled cease academic year maintenance loans available living costs means tested loans scheduled increase size maintenance grant system phased vote autumn consider increase effective year universities advertised fees year anticipation vote passing spending review government proposed freeze threshold tuition fee loans figure previously set rise average earnings changes passed affect plan tuition fee loans cover loans taken commentators suggested rise tuition fees england poorer students applying university gap rich poor students slightly narrowed introduction higher fees universities tuition fees invest outreach schemes guardian noted number students applying university increased bigger rise scotland wales northern_ireland wrote gap richer poorer students tends open key stage key stage secondary school applying university money raised tuition fees spent instead northern_ireland tuition fees currently capped northern_ireland loans size available student finance loan income rises year graduates paying percentage earnings threshold scotland tuition handled student awards agency scotland charge fees defines young students young students defined children marriage civil partnership partner outside time education years fees exist outside young student definition typically undergraduate courses dependent year application type qualification fees system place graduate abolished met praise labour education spokesperson criticised scottish system failing address student poverty wales like english counterparts welsh universities able charge year tuition fees welsh students apply fee grants addition loan cover costs system applies welsh students study united_kingdom possible alternatives main proposed alternative ways funding university studies general taxation graduate tax funding general taxation tuition paid general taxation germany young people gain higher education qualification comparable figure fully partly funding universities general taxation criticised tax cut rich tax rise poor people pay derive benefit graduates generally earn qualifications pay current labour leader stated remove tuition fees instead fund higher education increasing national insurance corporation tax graduate tax labour leadership election andy said introduce graduate tax replace fees ultimately unsuccessful bid leadership graduate tax criticised way recover money students different country foreign students return home


post american world post american world non fiction book american journalist published hardcover formats early available paperback early updated expanded release followed book argues thanks actions united_states spreading liberal democracy world countries competing terms economic industrial cultural power continues dominate terms political military power countries china india global players fields book peaked new_york_times non fiction hardcover best seller list usa_today best selling books list reviewers commented writing intelligent sharp accessible general audiences reviewers wrote book similar extended essay style writing background time publication author year old married man living new_york working editor newsweek international immigrated united_states india university career graduated harvard_university political science earning yale_university worked managing editor foreign affairs magazine accepting editor position newsweek labeled liberal hawk political views shifted supporting reagan pro democracy agenda clinton pro market point felt subsequent years watched countries set records world tallest building largest factory largest richest person watched war iraq book future freedom democracy home abroad examines necessary conditions liberal democracy survive published initially supported intervention iraq criticized bush administration methods nation building trying force iraq liberal democracy economic rule law years developed theory shifting global power contributed wrote articles emerging national powers participating economic forums organizations synopsis content divided seven chapters chapter introduces thesis book post american world order emerging united_states continue powerful nation relative power diminished believes power shifts years shift power west renaissance shift power making shift countries especially china india non governmental organizations believes international organizations adapting emerging challenges focus problems arising potential market failures general crises terrorism expense focus problems stemming success development causing environmental degradation rising demand creating high prices second chapters examine factors led current power balance power shifted west fostered trade foreign peoples developed superior labour productivity capita power shifted strong democracy capitalist market argues success promoting free market capitalism led power dispersed countries economies decades large new players entering global market place compares era economic growth economic 1890s 1950s saw new players global powers time sees attitudes foreigners fourth chapter focuses china strategy small gradual reforms allowed quietly second powerful nation unlikely match decades come china strengths include philosophy reflects ideals ethics non foreign policy appealing notably africa western style policy demands reforms countries china weakness fear social unrest fifth chapter focuses india contrasted china india democratic political system constantly subject social unrest politicians losing elections political system characterized strong placing high priority regional interests national lists india advantages independent courts enforce contracts private property rights rule law established private sector business english speaking people sixth chapter compares american rise status use power draws parallels british_empire 1890s starting boer war 2000s starting iraq war difference british political power lost economic dominance 2000s huge economic power political influence defends suggest american decline warns internal partisan politics domestic ideological attack groups special interest power media weakening federal government ability adapt new global realities final chapter outlines power provides guidelines follow post american world envisioned style comparisons post american world pages long described book length essay thin book reads like long thoughtful essay written optimistic tone features little new research reporting contains insights identification trends reviewer wall_street_journal described tone infectious naive simplicity american spectator reviewer noted prose style reviewer guardian noticed writing displayed news magazine mannerisms view said similar journalist author thomas reviewed post american world called compelling review american conservative compared book poems white man burden written height british power warning imperial american spectator review listed adding similar themed books comparing decline west arnold study history paul kennedy rise fall great powers robert return history end dreams labeled post american world martin guardian labeled commentary review added works samuel francis list comparisons suggested books consider decline demise american publication sales book published company hardcover released early excerpts published newsweek national post new_york_times book entered new_york_times non fiction best seller list spent weeks thirteen spots peaking june spent weeks usa_today best selling books list peaking hour narrated released time review publishers weekly said narration light indian accent deliberate pacing creates sense ease allows listeners appreciate understand content paperback released year later late april spent weeks new_york_times non fiction paperback best seller list peaking book short listed prize best non fiction book seeks public debate global issues book published united_kingdom press imprint allen lane germany publisher reception reviewers called writing intelligent sharp review pittsburgh post gazette called short volume sharp amusing observations john foreign affairs saw characteristic insight reflected book reviewers policy economic affairs identified strengths breadth evidence support points use personal accounts research reviewer usa_today magazine wrote problems brilliantly ability communicate complex situations clearly plain language book accessible wide range readers media outlets picked story barack_obama reading book campaigning presidential election critics commented point view review published progressive called referring belief alternative free market capitalism cited examples policies advocated led disasters like collapse economy financial resulting financial crisis begun book published book maintains economic caused solved specific government policies asked february financial crisis asserted financial practices created collapse american practices contributed post american mentality answers disagreed view economic histories britain america portrayal ignores extended periods industries developed point capable competing countries likewise academic author found closely related national wealth national power argument dispersal global prosperity necessarily affect global balance power economist review found book arguments sources book addresses international national especially analysis china india nearly people sources cited based spent careers new_york washington corridor richard florida globe_and_mail michael american interest commented state centric framework real base power commentator florida cities like shanghai hong_kong china likened ruling narrative meet global elite emotional needs book focus reviewer criticized writing post american world missing precisely title promises discussion world look like dominated united_states errors concerning characterization buddhism indian religion birthplace india resulted politicians demanding apology printed correction


independence speech speech ceremony proclamation independence short political speech given june address marked independence modern day democratic republic belgium famous example attack prime minister gave address official independence nation modern day ceremony intended mark end belgian rule attended belgian including king speech large response speech argued end colonial rule depicted culmination belgian mission begun free state speech broadcast live radio world denounced interpreted belgium personally received widely condemned internationally showing time belgium granted independence state speech nearly provoked diplomatic incident belgium later gave speeches attempting adopt tone speech praised use political rhetoric considered landmark moment independence cited factor subsequent crisis murder speech widely reprinted depicted paintings film background colonial rule began late 19th century king belgium frustrated belgium lack international power prestige attempted persuade belgian government support colonial expansion largely basin belgian government idea led eventually create colony account support number western countries viewed useful rival colonial powers achieved international recognition personal colony free state turn century violence free state officials indigenous ruthless system economic extraction led intense diplomatic pressure belgium official control country creating belgian belgian rule based colonial trinity state missionary private company interests belgian commercial interests meant large amounts capital flowed individual regions specialised occasions interests government private enterprise closely tied state helped companies break strikes remove barriers imposed indigenous population country split nesting organised administrative subdivisions run uniformly according set native policy contrast british french generally favoured system indirect rule traditional leaders retained positions authority colonial oversight high degree racial segregation large numbers white immigrants moved end world war came social spectrum nonetheless treated superior blacks african nationalist movement developed belgian 1950s primarily black middle class movement divided number parties groups broadly divided ethnic geographical lines opposed largest national united organisation dedicated achieving independence reasonable time led main rival alliance des led joseph advocated radical ideology based calls immediate independence promotion regional identity aftermath rioting capital modern day independence agreed june constitution agreed creating semi presidential constitution proclaimed president prime minister speech background context speech given official ceremony held nation modern day marking end belgian colonial rule country official programme independence day celebrations began cathedral notre dame service began delegates returned nation residency belgian governor general leading musicians notably joseph band grand african jazz performed specially written songs commemorating independence included best known works official speeches main component day festivities began audience dignitaries belgium international press king representing belgium gave speech praised genius ancestor king begun initiative 1880s depicted end colonial rule culmination belgian mission spoke close relations hoped maintained countries following end king speech gave short address king attendance best wishes speeches applauded vigorously change schedule joseph president assembly presiding ceremonies invited address requested invitation came surprise audience expected ceremony thomas member government requested visit house morning june start ceremonies look early draft planned speech belgian jean van present meeting spent car journey reading speech making alterations script speeches given content speech begins addressing speech people praising independence culmination struggle nationalist movement result belgian concessions speech continued outlining personal suffering nationalists course struggle turned suffering ordinary people forced labour systematic racial discrimination land seizure wealth physical hand colonial state independence argued brought end forms suffering democratic institutions self government deliver social justice fair wages racial discrimination repression abolished pride africa example pan african movement called states particularly belgium support establish mutually beneficial relations equal independent countries appealed abandon tribal concluding appealed sacrifices future finally called people respect rights non indigenous settlers country warned breached laws exiled speech finishes observation independence decisive step liberation african continent long live independence african unity long live independent sovereign speech originally delivered french language analysis speech praised use political rhetoric particular speech cited functions rhetoric way framed independence proceeding function argued dynamics ceremony represent relations europeans early post colonial africa representing different stance speech hailed classic african nationalism praised providing response speech given example speaking truth power praised public traits independence ceremonies jean argued speech result growing frustration process independence believed represent purely nominal change government real effects blamed colleagues failing publicly oppose situation gender historians argued speech result growing feeling pointed influence belgian socialist delegates representatives president strongly ideology hoped public international help politically david van praised speech memorable argued damaged legacy party represented popular opinion van accused claim speak people divisive questioned appropriate given context address contained look look forward rage hope rebellion compared communist republican like subsequently murdered claimed attention public event reception speech applauded delegates audience nation broadcast radio country broadcast live belgium state broadcaster delivery ceremonies halted marched room short inspection local sites arranged lunch served cover delay official lunch held river break persuaded outgoing belgian resident walter van der second speech attempted strike tone countries second speech praised stated wish feelings interpreted second speech official act independence signed belgian prime minister foreign ministers countries bringing official ceremonies end delegates visited performance folklore stadium heading evening reception event gave speech evening written drank king belgian delegation returned brussels july majority international reaction extremely critical attack especially interpreted attack belgium nearly provoked diplomatic incident countries international observers speech attitude taken appeared confirm belgian american suspicions dangerous radical september january partly countries deposed power arrested executed governments initial address received mixed reception quarters widely supported believed merely highlighted fact inexperienced overly provocative comparison measured diplomatic approach members party including praised speech believed venue delivered inappropriate address notably acclaimed figures international pan african black power movements including speech heightened racial violence white settlers native result threat belgium deployed troops country amid mounting violence regions notably declared independence starting years violence political unrest known crisis legacy speech filmed delivery film speech survived fragments sections original audio survives speech later published multiple print editions altered propaganda better light death main collected edition speeches speaks french philosopher jean paul today speech forms important popular memory particularly claim represent ideological position modern politics scene painted noted artist distinctive cartoon like style result entitled painted hangs amsterdam speech film directed played role backed specially composed score entitled speech french composer jean


land question land question history prince edward island canada related question system ownership land island owners land parcels prince edward island favoured system renting tenants whilst tenants preferred system british government divided land prince edward island lots owned collect rent settlers tenants problems soon arose scheme low numbers tenants resulted collecting little rent turn led attempt acquiring land prince edward island government rent resulted colonial office intervention governor walter set motion compulsory acquisition removed office movement born goal convincing crown acquire land sell tenants members movement won seats general_assembly prince edward island attempts set motion scheme blocked british government following years number general assemblies attempted acquire land repeatedly blocked british government following unsuccessful attempt civil gradually pulled real estate market selling land piece piece local governments island sale occupants land prince edward island joined canadian confederation condition tenants system scrapped ending land question province background treaty paris resulted transfer prince edward island france united_kingdom system land ownership established island divided lots acres km2 settlers living parcels land rented owners lots land ownership lots land determined lottery held london winners political business military figures connections british government pressure worried nova_scotia legislature force property rights british government granted prince edward island autonomy initial conflict immediately establishment new system conflict arose american revolutionary war drove potential settlers away prince edward island caused problems firstly difficult fulfill obligation attached grants settle person acres years system commencement secondly meant paid rent tenants pay meant unable willing pay required crown conflict arose tenants lottery prince edward island land held london important figures united_kingdom actually live british north_america meant neglected obligations settlers government prince edward island passed quit rent act force pay maintain civil infrastructure island continued simply pay government led governor walter compulsory approximately half island process known year government held public auction sell land acquired following effort colonial office reverse action crown overturned sales conducted auction requested governor removed office colonial office movement movement born scheme proposed movement land crown default tenants given option purchasing land crown members movement won large majority general_assembly prince edward island law implement passed legislature government united_kingdom abandon principle supporting property rights refused grant bill royal tax placed land owned exchange collecting tax government promised abandon attempts enforce payment bill passed place tax land colonial office initially refused recommend royal comments lord durham led council royal bill despite change property arrangements prince edward island introduction taxes tenants unable possession land roman catholics given vote party won large majority general_assembly bill implement passed lower house rejected legislative council leader party william cooper travelled london meet colonial secretary turned away meeting instead secretary advised lieutenant governor prince edward island government recommend bill advocating movement settlement stewart liberals gained office prince edward island immediately went putting place measures gradually proprietor tenant system efforts generally limited effect largely samuel owned sixth island refused sell land tenants organised tenant league vowed resist collection rent efforts law enforcement quell rebellion little effect government island requested assistance british troops enforce collection rent british troops arrived colony successfully enforced collection unpaid rent tenant league appeared operation tenant league matter principle practical necessity rent paid tenants acre allowed rent unpaid years time following years pulled real estate market voluntarily sold property government sale land facilitated prince edward island joined canadian confederation terms island joining confederation sale estates land agreement join confederation contained clause outlining possibility federal government canada provide grant provincial government facilitate purchase land commissioners appointed provisions land purchase act outstanding proprietor owned land purchased provincial government rates decided commission largest bought new canadian province readily agree forced sale facilitated articles land purchase act monday august 23rd commission began largest estate landowner charlotte acres awarded acre miss challenged authority commissioners proceedings seeing award set aside appeal supreme_court claiming province appealing commissioner public lands took challenge supreme_court canada court case kelly sustained forced sale award friday august 27th commission estate robert bruce stewart largest resident proprietor owning acres father death robert bruce stewart inherited title lots parts lots having fought long hard legislation enabling land purchase act claim commission awarded lowest acre award acre


political animals animal politics political animals animal politics edited collection published edited green political david volume addresses emergence academic animal ethics informed political philosophy opposed moral philosophy edited collection published topic book length attempt explore limits literature substantial introduction editors features sole authored chapters split parts contributions flanders smith simon political animals animal politics arose workshop organised european consortium political research joint sessions conference attendees contributed volume contributors presented workshop political animals animal politics published animal ethics series edited andrew reviewers praised volume nature picking contributions flanders challenged inclusion environmentally focused contributions criticised failure include contributions key voices politically focused animal ethics literature robert garner sue smith sullivan production release david organised workshop entitled political animals animal politics european consortium political research joint sessions conference held university antwerp belgium april talking year organising conference broadly theme nature animals political theory workshop aimed fill gap political literature status animals previously considered margins work environment resource management primarily interested moral issues presented papers addition papers presented university susan university research centre university university flanders saint louis university robert garner university leicester paul university christopher university sydney university simon university smith university exeter catherine university workshop featured lecture belgian organisation global action interest animals workshop second day involved joined dutch party animals karen party foundation think tank footage day workshop shot included documentary film marathon hare marathon workshop wide range papers presented illustrated coming age animal politics sub field political theory workshop formed basis political animals animal politics collection edited earlier versions volume chapters having presented time originally editors intended discussion political theory movements animals real world politics final volume somewhat theory based political animals animal politics published format animal ethics series edited andrew series aims explore practical conceptual challenges posed animal ethics political animals animal politics edited collection devoted political turn animal ethics book length attempt seeking define literature book engages editors animal political philosophy identify academic literature meeting point animal ethics political philosophy real world theory driven politics literature time small morally focused animal ethics developed separate field right single key texts robert garner theory justice animals oxford_university press sue oxford_university press recognising editors identification political turn animal ethics garner writing sullivan argues literature distinct unified focus justice contributions literature authors argue imagine political institutions structures processes transformed secure justice human animals simply essential feature political turn focus justice synopsis political animals animal politics key aims chapters split sections aims analysis key innovations editors identify book introduction animal ethics thinking personal change thinking implementation rules norms conduct societal level second possible animal ethics environmental ethics green political theory increased presence animal protection laws benefit animals aside introduction book features single authored chapters animal advocacy discourse animal ethics iii introduction laws institutions benefit animals contributions human animal divide argues traditional appeals value animals failed sufficiently instead human relationships appropriately grounded ideas human human domination notions claims basis political transformation animals argues ideas properly understood ground idea human sympathy animals caring sustainable alternative politics ultimately argues change focus sympathy useful realistic political strategy agenda animal political theory purposes contribution takes standard animal ethics granted challenges mainstream animal tendency adopt language suggests animals individuals false status adoption liberal ideas come tom old form new form challenges extension citizenship animals instead sketches outline alternative proposal pays attention individual animals modes labels robert humans animals public reason animal rights flanders flanders argues animals politics politically considerable interests politics rights political decision making processes flanders argues animals excluded basic justice john held defended grounds refers basis comprehensive doctrines opposed public reasons arguments political realm potentially animal advocates nonetheless flanders argues animal issues matters basic justice affect humans animals rights alternatively animal cruelty fixed point political reasoning flanders concludes provides good starting point inclusion animals political decision making ecological recognition smith smith argues incorrect declare animals ethical terms opposed necessary humans ecological terms tasks linked smith rejects culture nature suggests politics recognition appropriate way think relationships draws feminist literature conceive recognition theory self relations allowing recognition human self concept challenges smith seeks recognition theories considered soft naive accounts justice instead offer appropriate mode thinking ecological animal ecological justice david contribution ways response challenges defining environmental justice aims step previous accounts animal rights requirements justice deploying mixed capabilities approach applicable ecosystems animals challenges criticisms capabilities approach specifically capabilities approach moves humans grounded existence conflicts capabilities claiming form democracy overcome problem posed conflicts mixed account claims provide form justice appropriate thinking human individuals animal explores ways animals understood engaging political claim presents animals political dialogue humans arguing rights extended animals calls recognition interactions animals political particularly noticeable argues humans involved development new technologies example following building door dialogue boss office cat farmers cows robots argues recognition animal lead thoughtful forms democracy animal party politics parliament simon approach contributors political animals animal politics examines dutch party animals won seats house_of_representatives explores presence changed time established parties spent animal issues examining parliamentary speeches motions introduction members finds established parties began talk animal issues attributed conflict established parties allows study relevance limited concludes smaller parties affect government agenda remaining focused primary concern limits species advocacy observes distinction animals receive political protection individuals species argues form protection motivated desire preserve human experience species experiences animals politically motivated species advocacy argues highly advocates present animals sharing particular revered virtues result likes habitat genetic health focus advocates animals example polar bear preservation illustrates species advocacy tied broader political goals concerning humans competing visions value animals concludes advancement species advocacy limit achievement animal welfare rights goals slaughter animal sweden taking approach contributors explores laws surrounding animal welfare early 20th century sweden seeks offer grounding argument animal problematic animals harmful use analyses official documentation subject animal slaughter welfare drawing policy analysis discourse analysis debates political drawing animal cruelty blamed certain groups jews argues animal natural continuation old anti cruelty discourse sweden regulation slaughter animal protection laws served expand relations paving way animal exploitation expansion rights nature theory practice explores idea rights nature idea unorthodox seen success implementation introduces concept focus differences moral legal rights examining particular case ecuador rights nature constitution compared real world cases finally addresses learnt theoretical practical considerations concludes work topic left key lesson learnt significance innovation environmental politics claims remain inventive optimistic academic reception political animals animal politics reviewed garner environmental values british philosopher political studies review garner lamented absence key voices political theory literature animal ethics sullivan tony smith garner book meaning political animals animal politics takes role observer debate directly contributing leading sense addition felt book offered little consideration details work leading identifying absence discussion interest based rights approach superficial consideration account animal rights position lack context understand respective work smith sullivan considered chapter engages debate political turn general notes approach negative garner considers given green political theorist little sympathy animal political theory questioned success volume achieving second stated goal concerning animal environmental ethics considered contributions respectively smith clearly domain environmental ethics animal ethics questioning extent belong volume animal politics felt opening chapters introduction establish volume happy inclusion contributions given potential theoretical significance picked chapters respectively highlights suggesting contributions challenge volume second stated goal noting strong disagreed claims chapter garner highlighted contributions flanders commended editors putting book claimed likely superseded concluded political animals animal politics welcomed


croatia hungary relations croatia hungary relations refer relationship croatia hungary diplomatic relations states established january following croatia independence yugoslavia croatia embassy hungary embassy split previously independent kingdom croatia kingdom hungary entered personal union ruled king following ottoman conquests disastrous defeat battle croatian nobility elected holy roman emperor ferdinand new king croatia hungarian nobility divided annexed kingdom hungary keeping croatia hungary single crown hungarian revolution croatia sided austrians croatian ban helped austria defeat hungarian forces period 1860s failure policy apparent leading austro hungarian compromise creation personal union crowns austrian empire kingdom hungary issue croatia status hungary resolved croatian hungarian settlement kingdoms croatia united kingdom croatia following breakup austria-hungary defeat world war croatian parliament declared independence october decided join newly formed state serbs ending rule personal union hungary years treaty hungary lost southern croatia world war relations states defined cooperation nazis soviets yugoslavia revolutions breakup yugoslavia hungary recognised croatian independence rest european economic community supported croatia croatian war independence croatian hungarian high ranking officials usually meet times year trade croatia hungary amounted largely consisting hungarian exports croatia hungarian tourists contribute significantly croatian tourism total visited croatia including hungarian prime minister spends summer holidays decades countries coordinate development cross border infrastructure pan european corridors connect adriatic_sea countries sizable minorities living common border passed laws protect minority rights croatia hungary parties treaties members number multinational organizations including nato european_union present diplomatic relations croatia hungary established diplomatic relations january hungary recognised independence croatia january december croatia maintains embassy headed ambassador band general led honorary consul hungary maintains embassy split embassy headed ambassador offices include army air office republic croatia headed office economic affairs embassy republic hungary republic croatia headed economy trade croatian hungarian high ranking officials including heads state prime ministers foreign ministers meet times year addition croatian hungarian governments occasionally held joint sessions january economy infrastructure trade croatia hungary amounted decrease croatian exports hungary reached hungarian exports croatia worth overall trade volume represented percent total croatian foreign trade croatian hungarian trade comprises small fraction total hungarian foreign trade reaching percent total hungarian investments croatia rose sharply reaching fourth ranking year following investments exceeding million largely tourism manufacturing largest single investment year purchase percent stock million group group increased stake percent hungarian tourists contribute significantly croatian tourist industry total hungarians visited croatia tourists total million overnight stays hungarian tourists year ranking hungarian tourists seventh number nights spent croatia germans italians austrians dutch time hungarian tourists spent million million croatia representing sharp increase million million spent visited hungary excluding family friend visits overnight stays spending spending represented percent increase croatia hungary coordinate development infrastructure especially transportation routes pan european corridors connect adriatic_sea pan european corridor comprises road rail links hungarian croatian capitals port corridor road component primarily consists connecting motorway sections completed october rail component corridor largely uses route completed planned rebuilt increase capacity pan european corridor primarily consists december motorway completed infrastructure jointly developed croatia hungary includes million gas pipeline electric power lines kilometre border croatia hungary international road border crossings rail border crossings local traffic border crossings citizens croatia hungary cross border valid passport identity card stays days minorities according census hungarians living croatia representing percent population living hungary accounting percent total population hungarian minority croatia recognised constitution croatia minority rights including official use hungarian local governments education hungarian legislation enacted seven municipalities croatia introduced hungarian official use territory entire municipality depending distribution hungarian population hungarian minority organizations croatia hungarian minority guaranteed seat croatian parliament hungarian government recognised minority native hungary decided implement optional regulations european charter regional minority languages respect croatian language establish minority self government croatian minority hungary cultural autonomy croatian minority set local county self governments hungary concerns croatian minority rights hungary diminished president croatia assessed croatian hungarian minority policies appropriate croatian minority hungary particularly active scientific institute hungary croatian theatre established number migrants croatia hungary low people emigrated hungary croatia single person emigrated croatia hungary cultural scientific cooperation croatia hungary agreed cultural cooperation programme defines cooperation cultural exchange fields music theatre dance respect arts museums galleries literature publishing libraries archives film cultural heritage protection programme agreed november croatian ministry culture hungarian ministry national resources programme period represents continuation cultural cooperation cultural exchange outside framework formal agreements cultural educational scientific cooperation countries covered treaty march additional treaties regulating diploma june additional treaties scientific technological cooperation signed scientific educational cooperation awarding scholarships research projects treaties multinational organizations croatia hungary signed succeeded different treaties agreements originally signed hungary yugoslavia croatia succeeded relevant documents decisions arbitration committee december remain force regulating aspects relations countries including minority rights diplomatic relations cultural scientific cooperation trade economic relations river navigation border control air transport free trade agreements signed repealed adoption similar agreements european_union agreements limited period application pertaining sporting event security croatia hungary members multinational organizations including united_nations organization security operation europe council europe nato world trade organization central european initiative addition hungary member european_union december croatia signed accession treaty expected member july countries taking implementation danube strategy focusing transport environmental economic development danube area involving countries banks history personal union died ending dynasty rule medieval kingdom croatia hungary claimed croatian crown opposition claim led war personal union croatia hungary ruled centuries croatia ruled parliament ban croatia appointed king period saw increasing threat ottoman conquest struggle republic venice control coastal areas gained control city state independent ottoman conquests led battle field battle ending decisive ottoman victories hungarian croatian armies king louis died assembly croatian nobility meeting chose ferdinand house new ruler croatia conditions provide protection croatia ottoman_empire respect political rights political disarray divided hungarian nobility elected kings simultaneously ferdinand conquest ottomans remaining hungary ruled ottomans known royal hungary annexed ruled kings hungary keeping kingdoms hungary croatia single crown rule 1830s 1840s romantic nationalism appeared croatia inspiring croatian national revival political cultural campaign advocating unity south empire primary focus establishment standard language hungarian promotion croatian literature culture hungarian revolution croatia sided austrians ban helped defeat hungarian forces period 1860s policy failure apparent leading austro hungarian compromise creation personal union crowns austrian empire kingdom hungary treaty left issue croatia status hungary resolved croatian hungarian settlement kingdoms croatia united kingdom remained facto austrian control retained status corpus introduced austria-hungary occupied bosnia following treaty berlin croatian military frontier abolished territory returned croatia renewed efforts reform austria-hungary croatia federal unit halted world war october croatian declared independence decided join newly formed state serbs ending rule personal union hungary years treaty world war treaty signed end world war allies world war hungary successor states austria-hungary treaty regulated status independent hungarian state defined borders compared kingdom hungary austria-hungary post hungary lost percent territory principal territorial division kingdom hungary romania czechoslovakia kingdom serbs treaty established southern border hungary rivers northern county retained hungary december state serbs comprising present day croatia joined kingdom serbia form kingdom serbs invasion yugoslavia axis powers began april world war ended surrender royal yugoslav army april time april hungarian army crossed border advancing southern territorial gains reversed yugoslav partisans red army confirmed paris peace treaties world war replaced cold war hungarian croatian relations substantially dictated soviet_union dominated eastern included hungary communist ruled yugoslavia turn comprised croatia constituent defined split situation ended revolutions end communism hungary breakup yugoslavia fall communism croatian independence hungary recognised croatian independence january rest european economic community member states established diplomatic relations croatia days later croatian war independence croatia obtained arms countries including hungary despite united_nations imposed arms december hungary croatia treaties agreements force regulating wide range activities relations including diplomatic cultural economic energy transport education minority issues furthermore hungary supported croatian nato membership request croatian accession european_union


born british political theorist currently senior lecturer political theory department politics university sheffield known work animal rights perspective political theory subject books introduction animals political theory animal rights liberation columbia_university press founding member centre animals social justice based think tank social political status animals joined department sheffield having previously faculty member centre study human rights london school economics work forms political turn animal ethics emergence academic literature exploring aspects human animal relationships political perspective known interest based account animal rights theory justice claims animals rights based possession significant interests account individuals strong interests grounding rights rights concrete things considered rights picture violation concrete rights necessarily rights represents injustice particular argues animals interests suffering death ground rights suffering death rights convert concrete rights example animal agriculture animal testing meaning killing animals making suffer purposes argues animals possess interest freedom owning animals aspect thought generated responses including political theorist robert garner philosopher john argue reasons claim animals possess interest freedom proposed cosmopolitan alternative sue picture political animal rights book defended account criticism said welcome attempts develop alternative political theories animal rights research variously punishment war human rights life education studied department politics sheffield undergraduate taught james specialist environmental politics sparked interest political environmental philosophy received class honours degree politics university subsequently obtained political theory london school economics time met went phd supervisor received phd department government thesis supervised paul kelly acting advisor entitled moral obligations non humans year published peer reviewed research article animal rights animal experiments interest based approach paper reworked version chapter non human animals experimentation moral obligations non humans appeared winner journal second annual essay prize academic career completing studies joined centre study human rights initially fellow lecturer published articles political studies defending liberty thesis idea animals lack interest freedom claim attracted article length responses political theorist robert garner philosophers john book introduction animals political theory published consider animals perspective political theory book introduces readers debate inclusion animals accounts justice addresses historical dimension question arguing disagreement classical exploration issue unanimous rejection medieval considerations disagreement contemporary treatments considers place animals liberal feminist political theory concluding single tradition sufficient account place animals politics worthwhile offer debate founding member centre animals social justice think tank aims bring academics policy makers view understanding social political status animals january faculty member department politics university sheffield lecturer political theory senior lecturer political theory second book animal rights liberation released year columbia_university press book based research completed phd offers extended defence theoretical basis practical consequences interest based rights account animal ethics edited special section journal global policy international animal protection section included articles philosopher oscar environmental law scholar stuart animal law scholar white introduction contributed inaugural issue journal law ethics philosophy sue paper argued cosmopolitan alternative proposal picture mixed human animal state group differentiated political rights animals reply piece contribution included named bbc radio new generation work animal rights research research interests animal ethics environmental ethics rights theory human rights contemporary political theory broadly leading figure garner calls political turn animal ethics precisely means disputed similarly tony key figure political turn animal rights peter identify discipline animal politics work major separate animal ethics literature authors variously refer explores relationships humans animals perspective political theory writing garner sullivan explored nature political turn garner sullivan argue new literature importantly unified distinct traditional approaches animal ethics presenting focus justice key feature write crucial distinctive feature contributions properly said mark political turn way imagine political institutions structures processes transformed secure justice human animals interest based rights approach advocates interest based rights approach animal rights distinguishes value approach tom account rights set limits pursuit suggests rights grounded interests follows joseph right rights things equal aspect interest sufficient reason holding person duty draws aspects account serves basis analysis animal rights liberation interests sufficient grounds holding duty judging considering strength interest considerations example individuals strong interest free expression things considered fact protection greater interest victim interest free expression context important difference rights concrete rights exist abstract level outside particular circumstances rights translate concrete rights considered particular situations free expression example illustrates account moral rights claims intended form democratic informing political communities strength interest determined consideration value individual understood purely relationship individual time individual interest satisfied personal identity animals argues possess significant interests suffer killed right suffer right killed rights translate concrete rights depends situation question explores consequences account animal rights liberation arguing exceptions animals concrete rights killed suffer animal testing animal agriculture entertainment environmental purposes cultural practices despite right use animals account highly contrasted animal rights accounts interest based rights approach draws number theories particularly framework presented commentators possible middle ground rights theory account offered peter singer theorist advocate interest based account animal rights garner identifies james steve philosophers previously language interest rights identifies addressed possibility interest based approaches animal ethics significant recent academic literature identifies strong emphasis animal interests context rights theory singer style key components political turn liberty thesis liberty thesis animals possible exception great interest freedom nonetheless claims animals interest freedom restricting animal freedom result suffering regardless interest freedom animals possess interest suffering argument following moral right freedom needs sufficient interest freedom sufficient interest freedom implies freedom contributes person case autonomous persons freedom contribute autonomous persons undermine ability frame pursue conception good non human animals autonomous persons freedom contribute non human animals non human animals interest freedom non human animals moral right freedom argues animals victim injustice simply owned claims ownership animal understood absolute control said animal owned animals individual creatures interests understanding owned animals way challenges alternative accounts frame owned animals variously living artifacts slaves citizens beings strategically situated alongside humans animal rights liberation argues wrong owning animals long interests respected wrong example scientific tests agricultural purposes book critique singer animal liberation saying explores premise liberation animals want need liberty thesis grounds animals non specific instrumental interest freedom meaning freedom valuable animals achieve things valuable possessing freedom thesis value freedom animals non pragmatic approach arguing animal advocate wrong deny animals possess interest freedom links freedom value animals arguing undermined arguing garner thesis grounds garner claims weight argument marginal cases extent argument works animals garner suggests work humans leading counter intuitive consequences garner ties autonomy merely liberty life means argument imply humans interest life nonetheless garner argues liberty thesis destructive animal rights animal rights positions claims significance endorsing claim animal use problematic merely right suffering garner suggests long way achieving abolitionist goal end animal industry authors praise drawing attention previously examined issue abolitionist theorist jason draws attention argument animals interest owned argument follows possession understood restriction freedom object board case human children board objection possession case involves animals non lethal use animals cause suffering consistent respect interests animals provided animals treated exclusively means human ends animals including sales consistent respect animals interests provided transfer cause suffering rights possess use transfer items core concept property property status animals compatible respect interests animals claims argument invalid assumes animals harmed owned killed suffering inflicted assumes ownership compromise interests particular owned animal assumptions false claim instances possession use transfer possibly violate interests individual systematic treatment individual kind entity possessed transferred entity like object entity moral patient interests construction object subordinates interests patient similar patients benefit individual international animal rights research concerns animal rights international cosmopolitan perspective alternative proposal proposes drawing cosmopolitan theory picture suggests interests citizens animals animals comparable interests offering sovereignty free living animals denies importance animal mobility consider criticism valuable question extent picture compatible liberty thesis offer defence picture criticism importance animals interests territory legitimacy offering benefits members particular societies denied non members despite citing picture example aims inspire people develop alternative political theories animal rights view lack clear focused coherent set international standards policies animal protection important contributing factor gulf theoretical legal animals treatment world steve argues theoretically acceptable drawing simon account war states war protect animals nonetheless pair argue acceptable practice research critical use claims dignity debates genetic engineering animals questions use animals human entertainment literature holds animals possess interest treated ways concept dignity sympathy standard criticisms dignity concept redundant paper defends criticisms counter claims endorse dignity responded article claiming problems identifies problems common concepts dignity concepts arguing conclusion leads conception devoid ethics recent literature exploring questions human rights perspective criticised grounds human rights theory contains unresolved problems claimed inquiry contribute resolving problems claims contribution human rights literature offers insights entirely original insights questions institutional rights rights solely belonging humans holds human rights rights grounding human rights claims distinct grounding human obligations animals attempts distinguish human rights rights beings ultimately fail published work environmental ethics punishment concerning argues building thomas claim prison justified classic theories punishment institution justified basis account punishment select books animal rights liberation new_york columbia_university press introduction animals political theory england articles sullivan robert garner animal ethics political critical review international social political philosophy multiple names authors list link prison appeal idea criminal law philosophy steve humane intervention international protection animal rights journal global ethics case group differentiated animal rights law ethics philosophy human rights rights critical review international social political philosophy evaluating approaches human rights ethical theory moral practice animals interest liberty political studies ownership justice animals animal rights animal experiments interest based approach chapters inter species solidarity labour rights animals garner robert sullivan political turn animal ethics london international life liberty pursuit happiness rights animals garner robert ethics killing animals oxford oxford_university press born chains ethics animal ethics captivity oxford oxford_university press


united armenia united armenia classical armenian reformed known greater armenia great armenia armenian nationalist concept referring areas traditional armenian homeland armenian highland currently historically populated idea unification historical lands prevalent 20th century advocated individuals organizations institutions including nationalist parties armenian revolutionary federation heritage idea united armenia incorporates claims western armenia eastern turkey region georgia overwhelmingly inhabited western armenia significant armenian populations early 20th century longer armenian population eastern turkey completely genocide long armenian presence area largely ended armenian cultural heritage mainly destroyed turkish government dominated government republic armenia declared formal unification armenian lands bases claims turkey treaty effectively subsequent historical events territorial claims turkey seen ultimate goal recognition armenian genocide hypothetical genocide recent armenian movement movement began sought unify soviet armenia result subsequent war armenian forces established effective control surrounding districts succeeding facto unification armenia armenian nationalists consider stage united armenia history claims origins term united armenia created armenian national awakening second half 19th century period armenian populated areas divided russian_empire eastern armenia ottoman_empire western armenia earliest uses phrase united armenia english society friends russian freedom edition free russia monthly quotes confidential report russian governor sent nicholas containing suggestions future policy convinced exists nationalist movement aims restoration independent armenia past writes ideal great united armenia idea independent united armenia main goal armenian national liberation movement late nineteenth early twentieth centuries 1890s low intensity armed conflict developed major armenian parties armenian revolutionary federation ottoman government calls great powers reforms armenian provinces armenian aspirations independence resulted armenian civilians slaughtered order sultan named young revolution felt situation improve year later massacre took place turkish armenian relations deteriorated balkan wars ottoman government pushed accept reforms armenian provinces early world war armenian genocide eastern ottoman_empire ottoman government following years estimated million killed survivors found refuge countries events known armenian genocide officially denied turkish state claims killings result civil war ottoman government successfully ended thousand year armenian presence western armenia western armenia occupied russian_empire campaign world war parts occupied areas especially van armenian autonomy briefly set russian army left region revolution ottoman_empire quickly regained territories small number irregular armenian units special committee set february revolution took power russia october revolution soon signed armistice stop combat turkish armenia russian forces abandoned positions left area weak armenian control set treaty brest signed march ottoman army started regain lost territories taking april russia signed treaty brest ottoman_empire april federation proclaimed independence russia fragile federation armenia georgia collapsed turks invaded region armenian units defeated turks battle kilometers away armenia future capital preventing complete destruction armenian nation book american scholars frank titled stakes war listed solutions armenian question proposed different parties second proposal titled united armenia described follows union territories turkish russian persian armenia result area constitute independent state considerable section area form clear majority population sure intelligent progressive element numbers greatly reduced long series extensive destruction property territories potential force reduced form bar gaining numerous racial elements territory republic armenia armenian national council declared independence armenian provinces recognized ottoman_empire treaty june defeat world war ottoman_empire allies signed armistice turkish troops left republic armenia established control city surrounding territory including mount anniversary republic armenia government newly founded country symbolically declared union eastern western armenia control turks alexander armenian prime minister read declaration treaty years republic armenia established april united_states officially recognized determined later april supreme council principal allied associated powers paris british prime minister lloyd george french prime minister italian prime minister requested united_states accept mandate armenia decision determine boundaries armenia turkey president wilson agreed act draw mutually acceptable border nations july state department founded committee arbitration boundary turkey armenia headed william treaty signed august september committee submitted report defined border armenia turkey guaranteed access mediterranean_sea armenia proclaimed turkey border regions frontier line territory square miles square kilometers ottoman_empire given armenia based calculations committee ethnic structure population muslims turks greeks expected case armenian refugees return population months committee submitted report state department president wilson received november days later wilson signed report entitled decision president united_states_of_america frontier turkey armenia access armenia sea turkish territory adjacent armenian frontier report sent ambassador paris hugh campbell wallace november december wallace delivered documents secretary general peace conference submission allied supreme council fall republic late september war erupted armenia led turkish nationalists government grand national assembly led took place turks captured october turkish army invaded country north east november proclaimed armenia soviet state december armenia soviet state according joint proclamation armenia defence minister soviet representative armenia forced sign treaty government grand national assembly night december treaty wilson award remained dead letters soviet invasion armenia november soviet leader declared old borders armenia declared void mountainous recognized integral parts socialist republic armenia despite assurances kept control months march soviet russia government grand national assembly signed treaty moscow treaty ceded turkey treaty signed grand national assembly government armenian georgian treaty moscow post world war end world war europe soviet_union territorial claims turkey joseph pushed turkey returning pre world war boundary russian ottoman provinces soviet_union claimed straits turkish straits crisis expected turks shocked red army triumph washington london accept writes added motives debated home abroad emergence armenian question revived hopes territorial unification june soviet foreign minister informed turkish ambassador moscow ussr demanded revision border turkey claimed areas soviet government organized living abroad survivors armenian genocide lebanon syria greece iran romania france moved soviet armenia office strategic services predecessor cia document dated july reported armenian revolutionary federation changed extreme anti soviet sentiment rise soviet power end war memorandum sent moscow conference head armenian church expressed hope justice finally rendered liberation turkish armenia annexation soviet armenia armenia communist leader defended claims describing vital importance armenian people soviet armenian suggested earned right contribution soviet struggle armenian organizations supported idea relations west soviet_union deteriorated backing turkey soviet claims agenda death officially abandoned claims ending dispute late cold war wave armenian nationalism started mid-1960s soviet_union came power granted relative freedom soviet people era april 50th anniversary armenian genocide mass demonstration took place thousands poured streets commemorate victims genocide goal challenge authority soviet government draw government attention genocide persuade soviet government assist lost lands taking account demands commissioned memorial genocide memorial built hill completed 1960s 1970s saw rise underground political armed struggle soviet_union turkish state outside armenia underground nationalist party called national united party founded secretly operated soviet armenia late 1980s imprisonment founding members led advocated creation united armenia self determination members arrested party banned blamed moscow bombings historian jay states actually caused explosion determined according 1970s recognition armenian genocide important objective armenian cause political parties linked recognition genocide dream greater armenia turkey recognition genocide constitute legal basis armenian claims western armenia mid-1970s late 1980s armenian militant considered terrorist groups operated middle_east western_europe notably armenian secret army liberation armenia carried armed attacks turkish diplomatic missions world affiliated groups justice armenian genocide armenian revolutionary army carried similar attacks mainly western_europe david argues organizations inspired year old armenian genocide survivor assassinated turkish officials california act revenge turkey largest composed armenian young adults claimed revenge armenian genocide turkish state denies concept united armenia ultimate goals june european parliament initiative greek mps formally recognized armenian genocide william roy claim armenian genocide result activities armenian militant groups western european countries conflict february popular nationalist movement emerged soviet armenia autonomous small armenian populated jurisdiction soviet movement demanded unification entities reviving idea united armenia february supreme council regional legislature issued request transfer region soviet soviet armenia moscow government declined claims hundreds thousands people demonstrated support idea days later february anti armenian broke seaside industrial city forcing thousands leave june supreme council soviet armenia voted accept armenia june supreme soviet refused transfer area armenia saying leading members committee group intellectuals leading demonstrations arrested december freed december soviet armenian supreme council supreme council declared unification entities january took place time meantime armenia left homes moved respective countries pro independence members elected majority armenian parliament election august armenian parliament passed resolution sovereignty tensions grew larger soviet forces deported thousands armenian operation ring april unsuccessful august soviet declared independence september republic proclaimed independence september armenian independence referendum held overwhelming majority voting independence armenia soviet_union november parliament abolished autonomy december independence referendum held minority gained vote favor independence conflict escalated scale war captured armenian forces armenian forces took control originally disputed districts surrounding region agreement eventually signed according thomas factors contributed victory armenian political military chaos greater russian support superior fighting skills armenian republic facto control territories taken war current armenian revolutionary federation foundation left wing nationalist armenian revolutionary federation known known main advocate united armenia having affiliated organizations armenian communities abroad regarded influential armenian institutions world especially according researcher party clear historical justice achieved ethnic armenian united armenia addition existing political boundaries include western armenia party program states goal creation free independent united armenia united armenia include inside borders armenian lands given armenia treaty provinces free independent united armenia party main slogan adopted supreme objective 10th party congress paris bureau chairman stated party congress relations armenia turkey mean acceptance require rights pressure turkey achieve victory international recognition fact genocide creation united armenia heritage party platform national liberal heritage party makes explicit reference territorial claims leader members expressed support heritage supports formal recognition republic armenia introduced bills recognition armenian national assembly attempts voted ruling republican_party leader post soviet armenia foreign minister hinted western armenia vague instance speech future plans stated existence government belonging people awareness national interest western armenia future children leading party member stated open letter presidents armenia organizing armenia create base liberation entire homeland april conference armenian genocide centenary stated armenia restore territorial integrity claiming territory historic homeland asked realistic armenian claims historic lands heritage leader responded today romantic tomorrow opinion piece published jerusalem post april wrote turkey occupies western armenia called creation armenian national historic western armenia added negotiations turkey armenia triggering sovereign official frontier including limited provisions armenian black_sea territories claimed modern use united armenia armenian revolutionary federation encompasses following areas aftermath war republic supported republic armenia took control territory km2 including districts outside originally claimed borders autonomous creating zone districts guarantee solid land corridor armenia proper displaced area meantime armenia forced respective countries remaining homes nearly impossible tensions groups grown worse start conflict republic known remains internationally today republic armenia republic facto functioning entity republic territory internationally recognized republic armenia population armenian minority forced leave war areas outside original borders taken armenian forces war sparsely inhabited city exception people settled end conflict armenia negotiating group presidents foreign affairs ministers countries meeting alongside russian french american trying find solution frozen conflict described experts armenia regularly exchange fires clashes border region known known comprises districts province georgia overwhelmingly armenian populated area geographically isolated rest georgia remains economically socially isolated georgia according enjoys wide cultural autonomy certain georgian analysts observe region practice armenia georgia easier armenian georgian region foreign visitors claim difficulties determining country generally live reasonable inter ethnic harmony georgia fairly strong fear future sense disputed armenia georgia brief armed conflict took place nations december united democratic alliance local civil organization main organization advocating armenian autonomy region founded soviet_union campaigns referendum autonomy believed organization close links armenian revolutionary federation claims united armenia world agreed demands raised high degree self government federal georgia able sustain strong link georgian armenian relations bureau chairman declared party congress want strong stable autonomous georgia enjoys state care leader united democratic alliance arrested freed article suggested alliance little influence today presidency remained facto semi independent november appointed governor able power issue 1990s clearly perceived dangerous potential ethnic conflict georgia actual armed conflict occurred taking account importance relations governments armenia georgia pursued careful policy avoid tension armenian government territorial claims georgia called autonomy armenia georgia relations traditionally friendly time time tensions arise countries recent years status armenian churches georgia status armenian language georgian public schools matter dispute argues armenia influence highly dependent georgia imports viewpoint shared georgian analysts armenian nationalist activist alexander suggested long term solutions issue region remains georgia rights armenian population protected facto unification republic armenia loses armenian population western armenia eastern turkey western armenia refers area eastern turkey significant armenian population prior armenian genocide result genocide officially live area today groups armenian origin reside area peoples group armenian ethnic origin live black_sea coast province group secret live turkey especially eastern parts country impossible determine fact identity hidden estimates range millions low depending criteria determine armenian genocide area inhabited turks smaller numbers near turkish armenian border people northeastern provinces turkey generally armenian nationalist groups claim area east boundary drawn president wilson treaty armenian revolutionary federation groups supporting concept united armenia claim treaty signed august ottoman_empire allies including armenia legal document determining border armenia turkey armenia deputy foreign minister claims armenia territory granted republic armenia wilson scope treaty armenia today according treaty determined current turkish armenian border legal value signed internationally subjects russia turkey suggested armenian government file suit international court justice dispute border armenia turkey november celebrated anniversary award posters maps treaty hung official position armenia armenia independence soviet_union armenian government officially territorial claims turkey armenian government avoided explicit formal recognition existing turkish armenian border armenian president robert stated genocide recognition lead legal consequences territorial claims armenian president addressed conference dedicated anniversary wilson award july meeting armenian president students resort city student asked armenia return western armenia future responded statements considered turkish officials encouragement young students fulfill task generation occupy eastern turkey visit days later turkish prime minister denounced statements described claimed told young ready future war turkey demanded apology calling statements response armenian deputy foreign minister stated words interpreted context july forum armenian lawyers 100th anniversary armenian genocide organized ministry armenia prosecutor general sensational statement particularly stated according news agency seen territorial claim armenia turkey official level prosecutor general carrier highest legal authority country statement equivalent official statement response turkish ministry foreign affairs released statement july denouncing statements according turkish statements reflect prevailing problematic mentality armenia territorial integrity neighbor turkey statement said aware claim land turkey armenian tradition says armenian founded living ancient times province kingdom armenia new kingdom armenia established kingdom region present day provinces 16th century control passed dynasty persia geographic position frequently suffered earlier wars persia ottoman_empire 14th 18th centuries concerned lands surrounding areas potentially pass ottoman hands decided institute earth policy forced including armenian population leave homes persian provinces south river russo persian war russia treaty persia forced russian envoy persia reported armenian families persia migrated prior migration muslim armenian families living province according russian_empire census population armenian numbered total population proportion armenian prior world war disputed armenia countries brief independence armenian population largely fled area ottoman invasion june british troops left area armenia succeeded establishing control returned homes summer violence erupted leaving dead armenian villages destroyed soviet takeover region treaty moscow known treaty brotherhood signed government grand national assembly soviet russia march according treaty autonomous territory auspices condition relinquish party treaty signed grand national assembly armenian georgian october treaty reaffirmed turkish government soviet governments armenia agreed region constitutes autonomous territory protection number significantly according soviet census autonomous republic soviet period felt pressured leave according soviet census resided total population thousand left amid conflict august armenian national academy sciences started petition transfer jurisdiction armenia nationalist movement unite armenia example slow course twentieth century example feared happen war clashes occurred armenian forces armenia border war spill turkey close ally threatened intervene armenia invaded center attention destruction armenian cemetery 2000s according research armenian architecture armenian churches monasteries destroyed 1990s armenian government claims calls nationalist circles including heritage youth wing prominent war veteran forcibly annex case attacks director museum literature written question committee ministers council europe claimed seizure main military goals armenia writing harvard international review based historian suggested armenian started talk return public opinion public opinion data concerning united armenia concept popular according daily_news university charles university prague suggest concept popular armenian researcher wrote magazine armenia support pleas use recreate greater armenia idea held matter cost widespread armenian historian wrote true share vision united armenia political program territorial aspirations sustained nonetheless deep sense injustice generally felt turkish denial genocide lack kind compensation genocide losses survey armenia asked kind demands armenia turkey agreed armenia territorial claims said territorial claims said territorial moral financial said demands according survey asked agree somewhat agree turkish recognition armenian genocide result territorial compensation believe online publication wrote appears pragmatic population believes possible demands turkey relative majority consider realization territorial claims turkey unrealistic according survey asked having formal armenia respondents definitely favor status accepting certain circumstances oppose asked independent country definitely favor status accepting certain circumstances said accept culture concept creating united state include armenian populated areas main theme armenian revolutionary songs famous performers songs widely known examples songs written short animated cartoons released national cinema center armenia called road home produced armenian animator robert tells story group school children taking trip liberated enemy territories island country live called historical armenia series aired public television armenia interviews stated today shooting film going return western armenia convinced definitely place reaction turkey december turkey countries recognize independence armenia soviet_union armenia turkey relations deteriorated war turkey aligned turkey shares heritage countries generally seen allies region expression nation states describe relations countries turkey believe armenia territorial claims main reason armenian administration pushing global recognition armenian genocide turkish ministry culture tourism credits idea great armenia armenian president according turkey considers armenian policy activities powerful groups national security interests territorial integrity armenia failure recognize agreement frequent public references eastern turkey western armenia provides turkey turkish pictured official armenian state emblem turkey interprets sign greater armenia vision alive according daily_news foreign policy experts draw attention fact armenia territorial claims turkey citing certain phrases armenian constitution declaration independence armenia declaration independence passed august officially declaring beginning process establishing independent positioning question creation democratic society signed president supreme council president armenia article declaration read republic armenia stands support task achieving international recognition genocide ottoman turkey western armenia turkish historian political scientist characterized armenian claims eastern turkey racist demand regard territory history armenian majority population demands genocide claims fact deny existence turkey current borders president stated decree president republic genocide people artificial territorial division essence created implementing policy lands concept greater armenia began propagated president son statements armenia past main enemies world stated past centuries armenian effort great armenia obsession expense historically lands repeatedly committed crimes humanity terrorism mass ethnic people