climate buenos_aires buenos_aires capital argentina temperate climate classified humid subtropical climate climate classification distinct seasons summers hot humid frequent thunderstorms winters cool drier occurs average twice year spring fall transition seasons characterized weather central observatory highest recorded temperature lowest recorded temperature different climatic factors influence climate buenos_aires semi permanent south atlantic high influences climate year bringing moist winds northeast bring precipitation city form frontal systems winter storms produced cyclogenesis autumn winter hot temperatures high summer months form low pressure system called low northern argentina generating pressure gradient brings moist easterly winds city summer season contrast low pressure system winter combined strong southerly winds results drier season weaker easterly winds located buenos_aires variable weather passage contrasting air mass cold dry south warm humid tropical air north coastal location results strong maritime influence causing extreme temperatures hot cold rare general buenos_aires located humid subtropical climate zone climate classification maritime influences adjoining atlantic_ocean climate temperate extreme temperatures hot cold rare cold air coming directly south atlantic_ocean warmer winds southwest climate buenos_aires dominated semi permanent south atlantic high year brings moist winds northeast brings precipitation city winter brings frontal systems responsible precipitation city autumn summer produces storms generally located north city produces strong winds south southeast occasionally lead swelling flooding coastal areas south pacific high origin polar air masses responsible temperatures result clear dry conditions air masses originate south pacific high northeastern direction winter buenos_aires passing polar maritime cool moist air mass forms oceans located arctic regions southern tip south_america modified passes south american continent drier arrives buenos_aires cold air masses south pacific high pacific_ocean reach land south shorter height leads formation strong high pressure system center country high pressure system brings cold dry polar continental air masses buenos_aires cold fronts common winter summer south atlantic south pacific highs southernmost positions summer making difficult cold fronts enter city located area winds pass located weather variable contrasting air masses frontal storms wind brings cold dry air south warm humid tropical air produces sultry gentle wind usually northeast formed trade winds south atlantic high brings cloudy hot humid weather responsible bringing heat waves passage winds occurs cold passes leading strong gusts south southeast decrease humidity temperature increase atmospheric pressure cold winds meet warm humid air north thunderstorms produced winds formed high pressure system located southern argentina low pressure system southern brazil form bring long periods precipitation cloudy weather cooler temperatures common winter months brings highest wind speeds particularly winds combined astronomical tides responsible floods occur low lying areas inadequate drainage network infrastructure flat landscape low elevations buenos_aires lies metres sea level makes buenos_aires highly vulnerable flooding particularly heavy rainfall flooding impacts southern parts city low lying inhabited poor people low status urban heat island makes city warmer suburban rural areas average buenos_aires warmer surrounding areas owing urban heat island average heat island summer winter varies season influence day strongest july january contrast urban heat island effect nights intense january july southern major factor variation annual precipitation buenos_aires particularly spring summer year precipitation higher significant increase precipitation november january contrast years associated lower precipitation precipitation average october december seasonal weather spring springs buenos_aires typically mild day cool cold nights average high average low seasons city averaging precipitation days precipitation nonetheless precipitation events short duration spring characterized weather temperatures cold polar air south bring cooler temperatures extreme example november cold polar air south brought temperatures morning november polar air affected parts country bringing cold temperatures snow coastal parts contrast hot humid air north produces sultry days highest temperature recorded spring november cases heat waves occur particularly november summer summers hot humid average hot temperatures drop considerably night average high average low mean precipitation season hot temperatures high lead development low pressure system called low situated northern argentina south atlantic high generate pressure gradient brings moist easterly winds region favouring precipitation occurs form convective thunderstorms low south atlantic high bring warm tropical air north strongest summer low strongest higher heat waves common feature summers city heat waves place extra demand electricity usage leading shortages extreme cases power shortages heat waves cause traffic jams protests december heat wave longest heat wave recorded buenos_aires increased energy demand lead energy shortages power cuts protests government lack service traffic jams result protests heat waves short duration usually week followed passage cold dry wind brings violent intense thunderstorms strong gusts hail followed cooler temperatures lower humidity occasionally tornado form strike city tornadoes relatively weak rarely cause deaths greatest risk tornadoes occurs summer season favourable conditions severe storms damage cars houses disrupt public services transportation collection disposal urban solid waste autumn beginning autumn temperatures warm hot afternoon nights mild later season conditions cooler featuring mild cold nights average high low respectively precipitation averages season similar spring season characterized weather conditions temperatures temperatures high low recorded periods rainy weather occur usually short duration rarely occur occur early winter june august winter months buenos_aires winters cold mild temperatures day cold nights highs season average lows average lows rarely drop averaging days year central observatory day cold waves occur months periods cold temperatures persist days cold waves particularly severe winters lead increases energy demand cause significant energy shortages snowfall occasionally occurs surrounding areas city rarely buenos_aires proper start meteorological observations central observatory snowfall observed july winter storm june july city center having higher temperatures surrounding areas owing urban heat island effect precipitation comes frontal systems associated cyclogenesis strong southeasterly winds bring long periods precipitation cloudy weather cooler temperatures winters cloudy relative humidity high higher making weather dull grey cool occasionally warm air masses north bring warmer temperatures warm air masses bring sunny weather particularly afternoon come north northwest result trough located central argentina hand warm air masses brazil bring humid conditions featuring high humidity high cloud cover typical warm frontal system typical tropical maritime air warm air masses responsible high humidity cloud cover air masses leading temperatures nonetheless short lived low responsible bringing warm tropical air north weaker winter lower leading winds north intense shorter lived end winter august important changes atmospheric circulation warm humid air city higher solar radiation frequent weather disturbances west occur end winter end winter usually characterized heavy storms lightning popularly known santa storm august based years weather observations central observatory years seen stormy weather occurring days close august led heavy precipitation extremes temperature according central observatory reliable oldest records south_america highest temperature buenos_aires recorded january lowest temperature recorded july year record mean annual temperature hand year mean annual temperature precipitation year maximum precipitation city received precipitation hand year mean annual precipitation highest precipitation single day recorded february precipitation fell statistics books


year problem year problem problem problem theory forcing refers reconstructed temperature record reconstructed incoming solar radiation past years variations earth orbit varies periods years cycles variations incident solar energy drive changes climate earth recognised key factor timing initiation termination cycle range years related earth contribution variation smaller year problem refers lack obvious explanation ice ages roughly years past million years dominant corresponded years unexplained transition regimes known mid pleistocene transition dated years ago related year problem refers absence year geological temperature record past million years recognition year cycle temperature record reconstructed evidence useful indicator past climate oxygen denoted controlled mainly water locked ice absolute temperature planet allowed marine stages constructed late 1990s records air ice core marine sediments available compared estimates affect temperature ice volume described deep sea sediment record dominated year universally interpreted main ice age rhythm adjusted time scale ice core record fit assumed forcing analysis identify component record interpretation attributed linear directly proportional response forcing signal remainder compared similarly marine core record estimate proportion signal ice volume rest having attempted allow effect attributed temperature changes deep water year component ice volume variation found match sea level records based coral age thousand years expected pacing mechanism strong non linear jumps record appear year strongest pure ice volume record separate deep sea temperature record found vary directly phase temperature appears exert immediate effect air temperatures deep sea temperatures atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations concluded effect probably enters record influence concentration atmospheric identified cycle main challenges met model forcing ice ages explain problem year dominates climate past million years insufficient information separate component frequencies analysis making reliable detection significant longer term trends difficult analysis longer records stack marine james composite record helps million years longer term context clear proof mechanism responsible credible climatic resonance mechanism internal earth system earth climate system natural resonance frequency feedback processes climate automatically produce effect bell naturally rings certain pitch opponents claim point resonance developed million years ago weak non existent preceding million years feasible continental drift sea floor spreading rate change possible causes change free components earth system considered cause earth systems thermal thousand year long term changes accumulate year problem elizabeth find master slave climate systems natural frequencies forcing started ice ages late pleistocene explain large periods inter react effect possible significant originally overlooked deep effect climate small shift caused year year cycles big impact comparison cycles possible mechanism suggested account passage earth regions cosmic dust eccentric orbit dusty clouds space act incoming radiation earth scenario abundance produced solar rays splitting gases upper atmosphere expected decrease initial investigations find drop abundance idea effect deemed unnecessary possibility cycle acts system effect cycles key moments pushing system locally stable state triggering swift melting phase small cycles similar suggestion holds year cycles solely responsible ice ages characterized slow buildup ice volume followed relatively swift melting phases possible ice built cycles melting cycles solar mechanism account periodic fluctuations solar proposed explanation waves occurring sun modeled way explain observed climatic shifts earth signal appears finding land oceanic effect describes trends arising trends relative importance land dwelling oceanic variation plausible cause phenomenon ongoing research recovery higher resolution ice spanning past years ongoing project help shed light matter new high precision dating method developed team allows better factors involved puts ice core stronger temporal endorsing traditional hypothesis climate variations controlled northern hemisphere new chronology inconsistent theory year cycle establishment leads different forcing components method uses direct control nitrogen oxygen ice core bubbles principle great improvement temporal resolution records significant hypothesis international climate modelling exercise nature demonstrated climate models replicate year given forcing carbon dioxide levels late pleistocene history ice sheets implicated year response forcing larger ice sheets lower elevation continental crust sit vulnerable melting


climate argentina climate argentina complex subject vast size country considerable variation altitude wide range climate types argentina seasons winter june august spring september november summer december february autumn march featuring different weather conditions summers season country season winters normally mild north cool center cold southern parts experiencing frequent frost snow southern parts country surrounding oceans cold intense prolonged areas comparable latitudes northern hemisphere spring autumn transition seasons generally feature mild weather regions different contrasting general northern parts country characterized hot humid rainy summers mild winters periodic northeast characterized high temperatures abundant precipitation year uncommon west lies region region argentina precipitation region decreases westwards resulting vegetation changing forests east shrubs west northwest argentina predominantly dry hot rugged topography makes diverse ranging cold dry thick center country includes east drier region west hot summers occasional tornadoes thunderstorms cool dry winters southern parts country dry climate warm summers cold winters characterized strong winds year strongest precipitation world high elevations latitudes experience cooler conditions mountainous zones heavy snowfall geographic characteristics argentina tend create extreme weather conditions leading natural disasters negatively impact country economically socially large cities located flat topography poor water drainage making vulnerable flooding severe storms lead damaging hail storm high winds causing extensive damage houses infrastructure displacing thousands people causing significant loss life extreme temperature events heat waves cold waves impact rural urban areas negatively agriculture main economic activities country increasing energy demand lead energy shortages argentina vulnerable significantly impacted climate change temperatures increased century observed changes precipitation variable areas receiving areas changes impacted river flow increased frequency extreme weather events led retreat glaciers based projections precipitation temperatures climatic events likely increase severity create new problems associated climate change country seasons winter winter june august northern parts argentina generally warm central parts mild southern parts cold frequent frost snow climate southern parts country surrounding oceans resulting cold weather intense prolonged comparable latitudes northern hemisphere northern parts country temperatures average central parts cooler average extreme south mean temperatures higher altitudes average winter temperatures june july temperatures normally similar august temperatures rise precipitation varies widely winter months highest extreme northern region northwestern parts mean winter precipitation exceeds humid averages north areas bordering averages spring spring september november similar autumn mild days cool nights mid october large variety wild urban flora bloom temperatures range north center del province higher altitudes springs mean temperatures temperatures grow warmer spring progresses spring precipitation country varies greatest amounts northern buenos_aires province region average precipitation exceeds arid regions arid diagonal lowest spring precipitation average precipitation summer summer december february temperatures range average north mean center country southeastern parts buenos_aires province temperatures cooler summer maritime influence extreme south country temperature averages high altitudes average summer mean precipitation varies country eastern parts province province northern province province receiving precipitation season region buenos_aires province average hand region dry precipitation averaging occasionally lower regions receives monthly precipitation central northern parts country january usually month average monthly precipitation places exceeding places autumn autumn march generally mild forests display red orange autumn foliage especially mid april frost arrives notably earlier south later north mean temperatures exceed northern parts country touch central parts country higher altitudes autumn progresses mean temperatures fall regions march warmer north mean temperatures range march central parts country mean temperatures march dropping mean temperature del province extreme south occasionally lower precipitation highest northeast argentina lowest regions northeast argentina mean precipitation exceed buenos_aires province northwest argentina mean autumn precipitation ranges western parts northwest argentina western precipitation higher averaging regions precipitation average northwest precipitation decreases autumn progresses dry season example province march averages precipitation averages contrast precipitation increases particularly western parts precipitation exceed regional climate argentina possesses wide variety climatic regions ranging subtropical north far south lying region features mild humid climate consequently wide variety country including subtropical rain forests semi arid arid regions temperate plains cold south despite diversity thirds argentina arid semi arid general argentina main climate types warm moderate arid cold determined latitude range altitude relief features mean annual temperatures range far south north south american continent nation climate influenced mountain chain western border maritime influences atlantic_ocean subtropical climate dry season climate classification humid subtropical climate main features climate high temperatures abundant rainfall year abundant rainfall makes water extended periods drought uncommon region positive water balance average annual precipitation ranges southern parts province approximately eastern parts precipitation slightly higher summer winter generally decreases east west north south summer humid season ranging low high season rain falls convective thunderstorms autumn seasons places receiving summer precipitation falls mainly convective thunderstorms winter season precipitation ranging west east precipitation winter comes frontal systems particularly spanish strong southeasterly winds bringing long periods rain cooler temperatures strong winds spring similar autumn mean precipitation summers hot humid winters mild warm northern parts region warmer southern parts heat waves temperatures exceed summer months winter months cold air masses south push temperatures freezing resulting frost cold fronts brief intense areas south higher altitudes snowfall extremely rare mainly confined province significant snowfall occurred region center north subtropical climate hot humid summers mild dry winters climate classification west semi arid climate east humid subtropical climate natural regions world located tropical temperate latitudes desert precipitation temperature relatively region mean annual precipitation ranges eastern parts province low west southwest summer witnesses maximum precipitation summer rains intense torrential rain common occasionally causing floods soil erosion winter months precipitation sparse eastern areas receive precipitation western areas influenced moist air atlantic_ocean eastern areas west bringing precipitation result vegetation differs eastern areas covered forests marshes subtropical wet forest western areas dominated medium low forests trees dense shrubs grasses parts region precipitation highly variable year year region hottest argentina mean annual temperature mean summer temperatures occasionally reaching region hottest summers country winters mild brief mean temperatures july ranging northern parts southernmost parts temperatures reach high summer cold waves fall northwest northwest argentina predominantly dry hot subtropical owing rugged varied topography region diverse depending altitude temperature distribution precipitation consequently vegetation differ climate classification region different climate types semi arid arid temperate dry season temperate dry season respectively highest altitudes alpine precipitation highly seasonal concentrated summer months distributed irregularly country topography generally decreases east west eastern slopes mountains receives precipitation year places receive annually owing precipitation high rainfall slopes creates thick jungle extends narrow strip ranges temperate valleys location major cities average precipitation ranging rainfall mainly concentrated summer months falling short heavy bursts valleys southern parts region drier north greater height eastern slopes northern mountains presenting significant barrier blocks moist winds atlantic pacific oceans valleys receive precipitation year characterized sparse vegetation adapted arid climate area west region average altitude desert blocking easterly winds northwest extension precipitation region averages year high isolation strong winds low humidity dry conditions temperatures northwest argentina vary altitude temperate valleys temperate climate mild summers dry cool winters regular valley mean annual temperatures range depending altitude valleys province climate temperate arid large thermal long summers long frost free period valleys south province province southwest parts del province arid temperatures summer high averaging january winters mild averaging cold fronts south bringing cold air cause severe valleys province province contrast wind occurs winter months raise temperatures strong gusts causing crop damage temperatures region colder mean annual temperature owing high altitude region characterized cold large range sunny year region arid semi arid climate region wide range latitude combined altitudes ranging nearly means variety different climate types general region temperate climate valleys higher altitudes having climate highest altitudes conditions persist year round average annual precipitation ranges generally unpredictable annual rainfall occurs october march constitutes warm season contrast winter months dry eastern southeastern areas region receive precipitation western areas receive summer rainfall precipitation highly variable year year appears follow cycle dry wet years periods years wet years easterly winds caused subtropical south atlantic high stronger causing moisture flow region dry years winds weaker summers region hot generally sunny winters dry cold region wide range altitudes ranging nearly temperatures vary widely cross san_juan province san province climate mean annual temperatures ranging region range great high temperatures day followed cold nights locations altitudes present conditions persist year round altitudes wind characterized warm dry air cause temperatures exceed occasionally occurred cold waves common caused cold air south making frequent cold fronts winter months bringing temperatures fall freezing occasionally higher altitudes region land appropriate agriculture raising livestock flat area interrupted southern portion climate characterized temperate humid dry season featuring hot summers mild winters according climate classification weather variable contrasting air masses frontal storms impact region annual temperatures range north south precipitation increases east ranges south west northeast precipitation fairly evenly distributed year easternmost parts western parts precipitation concentrated summer months winters drier influenced southern responsible variation annual precipitation year leads higher precipitation year leads lower precipitation summers hot humid coastal areas modified cold current afternoon thunderstorms bring intense amounts precipitation common heat waves bring temperatures range days thunderstorms known frequent lightning highest convective cloud tops world severe thunderstorms produce intense floods including flash floods consistently active tornado region outside central southeastern usually followed day strong winds south bring cool dry air precipitation summer high monthly amounts averaging places autumn arrives march brings periods rainy weather followed dry mild stretches cool nights places east receive rainfall autumn west rains weather quickly dry generally frost arrives early april southernmost areas late north ends mid september dates vary year year frost rarely intense prolonged occur year winters mild frequent cold spells temperatures usually mild day cold night precipitation results frontal systems associated cyclogenesis bring long periods precipitation cooler temperatures particularly southern eastern parts dull gray damp weather characterize winters occasionally tropical air masses north southward providing relief cool damp temperatures snowfall extremely rare snow usually lasts day climate classified arid semi arid temperate cool temperate defining characteristic strong winds west blow year round stronger summer winter favors factor making region arid major factors influence climate region south pacific high south atlantic high isolation pronounced eastern western areas north south orientation creates barrier humid air masses coming pacific_ocean forming extensive rain shadow causing region arid south lower elevation reducing rain shadow effect del province allowing forests thrive atlantic coast located subtropical high pressure belt low pressure zone meaning exposed westerly winds strong south little land block winds located semi permanent pacific_ocean atlantic_ocean low movement high low pressure systems ocean currents determine precipitation pattern influence pacific_ocean general circulation patterns barrier caused results strongest precipitation world precipitation decreases west east ranging west foothills central high precipitation region allows forests thrive glaciers permanent region receives precipitation year region combination low precipitation strong winds high temperatures summer months cause high rates precipitation concentrated winter months northeastern southern parts precipitation evenly distributed thunderstorms occurring summer snowfall occurs mainly west south result strong temperatures relatively cold latitude cold current high altitude characteristic temperature pattern distribution presence parts region northern parts rio negro province province mean annual temperatures range western santa province del province mean temperatures range higher altitudes stretching province del province mean annual temperatures strong westerly winds decrease perception temperature wind particularly summer annual range temperatures lower similar latitudes northern hemisphere owing region higher latitudes stronger maritime influence statistics shown mean monthly temperature precipitation selected places argentina overall averages country based latitude grid year round averages totals displayed conversions imperial units temperature precipitation overall averages extremes high according world meteorological organization highest temperature recorded south_america province december low lowest temperature recorded south_america province june precipitation average annual precipitation negro province considered place argentina average annual precipitation recorded province validity data dubious owing fewer years data record monthly precipitation argentina precipitation recorded contrast place san_juan province receives precipitation year highest recorded day rainfall total occurred april rain fell astronomical observatory causing massive flooding power outages natural disasters floods argentina characteristics country highly vulnerable floods floods damage infrastructure cause loss life increase risk diseases negatively impact agricultural productivity main economic activities country large cities productive areas lie near rivers plains highest risk flooding particularly northeastern central parts country including greater buenos_aires plains cover land area country including areas characterized flat landscape proper water drainage basins flat landscape highly susceptible flooding river following high rainfall floods months particularly river owing large basin extreme case year floods river persisted year negatively area socially economically major flooding events river include frequent 1980s higher precipitation trends similarly buenos_aires province flooding occurs river poor water drainage major flooding events province occurred causing damage agriculture production flooding events occur years owing higher rainfall flooding affect urban centers northwest number people affected economic losses lower owing lower population flooding access safe water outbreak occurred following flood dust storms argentina highly dependent water supplies originating outside borders making highly vulnerable changes water supply climate change frequent devastating years decade severely affected agricultural production reduced economic growth drought worst drought years cattle died hunger huge corn wheat fields affected estimated country lost billion drought drought affected farming corn causing losses billion drier parts country highly prone dust storms include areas west buenos_aires average dust storms year parts owing climate certain areas highly prone dust storms owing extensive areas closed depressions presence salt flats rock source fine material travel large distances periods strong wind dust storms frequent particularly agricultural areas dust storms effect large areas leading numerous impacts dust storms lead loss crop livestock affecting local economy productive lost dust storms leading loss soil productivity increase soil erosion negatively affect crop productivity long term addition impact agriculture dust storms damage cars buildings lower visibility roads affect air quality affect water quality rivers lakes severe storms argentina experiences frequent year occur south american tornado alley spanish los includes provinces province santa greater buenos_aires frequency tornadoes similar found tornado alley north_america exact number tornado occurrences year owing lack data regions frequent intense convective systems occur november april region occupies cold air meets warm humid air brazil dry air coming air masses produce intense storms frequently produce larger number convective storms higher chance storms produce relatively weak rarely cause deaths strongest tornado recorded argentina occurred tornado struck san santa tornado scale winds mph making worst tornado latin_america caribbean severe storms impact large cities damage cars houses disrupt public services transportation collection disposal urban solid waste foothills vulnerable hail force humid air atlantic upwards intensifying thunderstorms making hail likely city located foothills experiences frequent impact agriculture region caused losses urban rural areas estimated wine fruit production experience yearly losses million million respectively hail occur summer occur winter particularly east warm humid air north frequently cold air south leading convective thunderstorms produce hail storm caused extratropical cyclones recorded coastal areas storm formed strong winds blow land formed interaction semi permanent south pacific high low pressure system atlantic southeast argentina creating strong winds south southwest brings worst storm occurs high pressure system southern argentina atlantic_ocean low pressure southern brazil causing strong winds southeast storm caused flooding coastal areas leading extensive property loss damage main natural factor erosion coastlines flooding result storm particularly destructive flat coastal areas rio shores basin cold waves argentina regularly receives cold air south reach low latitudes owing influence cold waves usually accompanied severe extremely cold conditions devastating impact country economy extremely cold conditions partially completely activities large areas center country addition cold conditions lead energy shortages winter months increased demand low temperatures brought cold waves cause damage plants severely affecting agricultural production devastating local economy climate change according national government scientists climate change predicted significant effect climate argentina increase annual precipitation argentina 20th century particularly northeast center country agricultural production expanded west areas previously dry middle 20th century contrast region seen decrease precipitation leading reduction river flow years trends observed increase river stream flows country excluding rivers originating increase extreme precipitation events led considerable losses increase precipitation led precipitation year year northern parts country higher risk prolonged mean temperatures increased slightly lower global average temperatures increased caused retreat glaciers affecting water availability arid areas country depend higher temperatures reduce winter snowfall causing river flow decrease turn reduce hydroelectric energy production losses observed half 20th century lack snow highest peaks region impacted agriculture production decrease available water rivers outside mean temperatures increased slower rate increase minimum temperatures decrease maximum temperatures decrease number days frost increases frequency hot nights heat waves country decades mean temperatures predicted increase scenarios fifth assessment report scenarios projected warming pronounced summer months predicted trend precipitation clear temperature northern central regions precipitation predicted increase central western argentina precipitation predicted decrease argentina potentially vulnerable climate change projected changes based models current problems create new problems associated climate change argentina scientists predict glaciers continue melt areas disappear predicted region face potential water crisis increase water demand caused reduction river northern similar situation projected negative impact fruit vegetable growing owing reduction river flow colorado rivers north central parts country higher temperatures lower precipitation projected region lead higher intensifying leading heat waves frequent intense negatively agricultural production placing demand energy needs intense precipitation common increasing likelihood suffering events flooding population lives urban areas near body water rivers lakes oceans climate change extend habitats carrying tropical diseases malaria southwards coastal regions argentina suffer permanent flooding associated sea level rise predicted storm frequent coastal areas affecting locations buenos_aires general overview geography climate argentina argentina overview descriptions climate provinces argentina include climatic statistics selected locations province spanish national communication argentina climate change spanish second national communication argentina climate change spanish maps imagery spanish climatic spanish climate statistics climate stations argentina period data stations argentina spanish spanish climatic statistics selected locations argentina period spanish data stations operated spanish


air mass thunderstorm air mass thunderstorm called ordinary single cell garden variety thunderstorm thunderstorm generally weak usually severe storms form environments convective available potential energy cape present low levels wind shear lifting source crucial factor thunderstorm development usually result uneven heating surface induced weather fronts low level boundaries associated wind convergence energy needed storms form comes form solar radiation air mass thunderstorms quickly longer hour threats lightning light moderate heavy rainfall heavy rainfall interfere microwave atmosphere lightning characteristics related characteristics parent thunderstorm induce near thunderstorms minimal rainfall unusual occasions weak small hail common temperate zones summer afternoon like thunderstorms mean layered wind field storms form determine motion deep layered wind flow light outflow boundary progression determine storm movement thunderstorms hazard aviation pilots advised fly layers regions better visibility avoid flying thunderstorms regions hail falls parent thunderstorm vertical wind shear hazard near base thunderstorms generated outflow boundaries life cycle trigger lift initial cloud heating ground producing areas winds converge forcing air upwards winds blow terrain increasing elevation moisture rapidly liquid drops water cooler temperatures high altitude appears clouds water liquid heat released air causing dense surrounding dry air air tends rise process convection term convective precipitation creates low pressure zone beneath forming thunderstorm known cloud typical thunderstorm approximately water lifted earth atmosphere form areas minimal vertical wind shear thunderstorm rainfall creates moist relatively cool outflow boundary storm low level quickly causes dissipation small hail strong wind gusts occur association thunderstorms common locations appearance known single cell thunderstorms typical summer thunderstorms temperate occur cool unstable air follows passage cold sea winter cluster thunderstorms term cell refers separate principal thunderstorm cells occasionally form isolation occurrence thunderstorm develop outflow boundary sets new thunderstorm development storms rarely severe result local atmospheric instability term air mass thunderstorm storms brief period severe weather associated known pulse severe storm pulse severe storms poorly organized minimal vertical wind shear storm environment occur randomly time space making difficult forecast formation dissipation single cell thunderstorms normally minutes motion major ways thunderstorms wind propagation outflow boundaries sources greater heat moisture thunderstorms mean wind speed earth lowest kilometres earth atmosphere younger thunderstorms steered winds closer earth surface mature thunderstorms tend tall gust leading edge outflow boundary moves ahead thunderstorm thunderstorm motion tandem gust factor thunderstorms heavy precipitation air mass thunderstorms thunderstorms merge likely numerous thunderstorms exist proximity motion stronger thunderstorm normally future motion merged cell stronger mean wind likely processes involved storm motion weather radar storms tracked prominent feature tracking scan scan convective precipitation convective rain precipitation occurs clouds falls showers rapidly changing intensity convective precipitation falls certain area relatively short time convective clouds thunderstorms limited horizontal extent precipitation tropics appears convective hail good convective precipitation thunderstorms mid latitudes convective precipitation intermittent associated boundaries cold fronts lines warm fronts high rainfall rates associated thunderstorms larger heavy rainfall leads fading microwave starting frequency severe frequencies lightning relationships lightning frequency height precipitation thunderstorms found thunderstorms radar returns kilometres height associated storms lightning flashes minute total lightning rate size thunderstorm velocity land relationships fail tropical oceans lightning low precipitation thunderstorms leading causes aviation concerns areas thunderstorms form isolation horizontal visibility good pilots evade storms easily moist pilots navigate layer order better point storms flying thunderstorms advised hail likely fall areas outside thunderstorm main rain shaft outflow boundary forms shallow layer rain cooled air spreading near ground level parent thunderstorm speed directional wind shear result leading edge dimensional boundary stronger outflow boundary stronger resultant vertical wind shear


united_states rainfall characteristics united_states rainfall differ significantly united_states united_states sovereignty late summer fall extratropical cyclones bring majority precipitation falls western southern southeast alaska annually winter spring pacific storm systems bring hawaii western united_states precipitation moving east_coast bring cold season precipitation carolinas mid-atlantic new_england states lake effect add precipitation potential great lakes great salt lake finger lakes cold season snow liquid ratio united_states averages meaning inches snow inch water summer north american monsoon combined gulf california gulf_of_mexico moisture moving subtropical ridge atlantic_ocean bring promise afternoon evening air mass thunderstorms southern tier country great plains subtropical ridge tropical cyclones enhance precipitation southern eastern sections country puerto_rico united_states virgin islands northern islands guam american ridge jet stream brings summer precipitation maximum great lakes large thunderstorm areas known convective complexes plains midwest great lakes warm season contributing annual precipitation region southern affects precipitation distribution altering rainfall patterns west midwest southeast tropics evidence global warming leading increased precipitation eastern portions north_america frequent western portions general eastern united_states east mountains pacific_northwest valley sierra nevada range portions nation average rainfall exceeding inches year drier areas desert southwest great basin valleys northeast arizona eastern utah central wyoming increased warming urban heat islands leads increase rainfall cities alaska averages inches precipitation year areas southeast alaska receive inches south central alaska nearly rain southeast alaska snow average anchorage receives inches precipitation year inches snow northern coast gulf alaska receives inches precipitation annually western sections state northern peninsula desert inches precipitation annually locations average inches precipitation inland inches falls year precipitation falls winter tends stay season events lead drier normal conditions events dry wet conditions precipitation increases percent pacific positive west september extratropical cyclones pacific_ocean inland region southward migration jet stream cold season shift jet stream brings annual precipitation region brings potential heavy rain events west_coast occasionally experiences ocean effect showers usually form rain lower elevations south mouth columbia river occur arctic air mass western canada drawn westward pacific_ocean typically way valley returning center low pressure strong onshore flow brought mountain ranges west focusing significant precipitation rocky_mountains rain shadows occurring basin great basin central valley california lower colorado river valley general rainfall amounts lower southern portions west_coast biggest recipients precipitation coastal ranges olympic mountains sierra nevada range lesser amounts fall continental divide cold season precipitation region main supply water area rivers colorado river rio acts main source water people living portion united_states events increased precipitation expected california southerly storm track california enters wet pattern thunderstorm activity tropics associated julian increased precipitation diverted pacific_northwest northerly storm track lake effect snow great salt lake southern southeastern sides great salt lake receive significant lake effect snow great salt lake lake effect affect weather year lake effect largely contributes inches inches annual snowfall amounts recorded south east lake average snowfall amounts exceeding inches mountains snow light dry desert climate referred greatest snow earth mountains lake effect snow contributes approximately year salt_lake_city approximately city precipitation contributed phenomenon north american monsoon north american monsoon occurs early july september originating mexico spreading southwest united_states mid july allows wet season start southwest summer early fall seen remainder west united_states affects arizona new_mexico nevada utah colorado west texas california north american monsoon known summer southwest mexican arizona monsoon called desert monsoon large affected area desert water values near inches brief torrential thunderstorms occur especially mountainous terrain activity occasionally enhanced passage westward moving upper cyclones moving subtropical ridge remnants tropical storms tropical cyclones eastern pacific contribute moisture monsoon system bring percent average annual rainfall southern_california flash flooding danger monsoon season dry raging rivers instant storms visible storm cause flash flood tens miles away lightning strikes significant danger dangerous caught open storms suddenly appear golf courses arizona thunderstorm warning systems annual rainfall new_mexico occurs summer monsoon desert plants adapted advantage brief wet season considered relatively wet ranked play vital role managing threat providing moisture higher elevations feeding desert streams heavy monsoon rain lead excess winter plant growth turn summer risk lack monsoon rain summer reducing excess winter plant growth drought great plains winds rocky_mountains aid forming dry line major drought episodes united_states associated upper subtropical monsoon ridge west plains weakening western edge bermuda high summer southerly low level jet draws moisture gulf_of_mexico additional moisture comes local sources especially vegetation maximum precipitation generally occurs late spring early summer minimum precipitation winter events storm track shifts far northward bring normal conditions form increased snowfall states hot dry summers convective season plains ranges september organized systems thunderstorms known convective systems develop region period bulk activity occurring midnight local time time maximum precipitation day gradually varies late afternoon near slopes early morning near ohio river valley reflecting west east propagation convective systems convective systems bring percent annual warm season rainfall plains especially long lived organized type convective system called convective complex produces average annual warm season rainfall plains midwest lines account large thunderstorm complexes region gulf_coast southeast cold season subtropical jet stream brings upper level moisture pacific_ocean cold season ahead storm systems significant moisture drawn gulf_of_mexico increases moisture atmospheric column leads precipitation ahead extratropical cyclones portion increased precipitation falls gulf_coast southeast stronger normal southerly polar jet stream rare ocean effect possible coast eastern florida area memphis tennessee state mississippi rainfall winter spring georgia south_carolina annual precipitation occurs late winter february march alabama annual rainfall maximum winter spring dry summer warm season summer subtropical ridge atlantic_ocean bringing increasingly humid air warm atlantic caribbean gulf_of_mexico water values exceed inches afternoon evening thunderstorms break western periphery subtropical ridge southeast daily basis summer time second rainfall maximum year georgia time main rainfall maximum florida evidence shows increased air pollution causing rainfall reach maximum intensity middle week late summer fall tropical cyclones region atlantic gulf_of_mexico supplying portions area quarter annual rainfall average fall time rainfall minimum louisiana gulf moisture range far north northern high plains bringing higher air states wyoming montana great lakes cold season extratropical cyclones bring moderate heavy snowfall cold season systems particularly moving eastern united_states lake effect snowfall possible low level cold winter sweeping canada combine relatively warmer lakes produce dramatic lake effect snow eastern southern shores great lakes lake effect precipitation produces significant difference snowfall great lakes small distances lake effect snowfall accounts percent annual snowfall near coasts great lakes lake distinction great lake capable completely freezing winter relative frozen resulting ice cover lake effect snow lake influence great lakes allows region lie humid continental climate regime warm season late spring summer time year region weather systems cause precipitation jet stream north region summer increases likelihood severe weather develop stronger upper level divergence vicinity convective complexes region plains august june peak month michigan systems contribute annual precipitation region remnants tropical cyclones occasionally northward region overall contribution precipitation region minimal spring summer areas near shores relatively cooler great lakes develop sea rainfall amounts near immediate coastline northeast average precipitation region coastal plain mountains inches inches precipitation falls annually area slight changes precipitation distribution year example vermont summer maximum winter minimum contrast portland maine fall winter maximum summer minimum precipitation maximum precipitation seen peak times summer peak pronounced cold season coastal extratropical cyclones known bring bulk precipitation region cold season track parallel coastline forming natural temperature gradient gulf stream moving coastline mountains largely shield new_york_city philadelphia picking lake effect snow ocean effect possible near cape finger lakes new_york long lake effect precipitation lake effect snow finger lakes occurs upstate new_york lakes freeze bay effect fall delaware bay chesapeake_bay massachusetts bay basic criteria met ocean effect possible gulf stream southeast warm season summer early fall convective systems area canada great lakes tropical cyclones remains occasionally region south southwest recently region experienced couple heavy rainfall events exceeded year return period october october suggest increase heavy rainfall coast pacific islands hawaii snow usually associated tropics falls higher elevations big island reaches altitude feet winter months snow rarely falls mount island notable extreme rainfall second highest average annual rainfall earth inches storm systems affect state heavy rains october march showers common island chain thunderstorms relatively rare local climates vary considerably island topography regions based location relative higher mountains coast area hawaii summer precipitation maximum sides face east northeast trade winds receive rainfall sides drier rain cloud cover late winter spring events drier average conditions expected hawaii northern islands tropical marine climate seasonal northeast trade winds dry season stretches december june rainy season july november average annual precipitation inches percent falling rainy season frequent island chain lead excessive rainfall guam guam climate east northeast trade winds year average annual rainfall island inches distinct dry season january june rainy season july december frequent island lead excessive rainfall years dry season precipitation averages normal threat tropical cyclone triple normal years extreme shorter duration rainfall events possible american american climate regime dominated southeast trade winds island wet annual rainfall averaging near inches airport amounts closer inches areas distinct rainy season tropical cyclones occasionally visit november april dry season lasts october events precipitation averages percent normal events lead precipitation amounts average close percent normal atlantic islands puerto_rico pronounced rainy season april november commonwealth encompassing annual hurricane season commonwealth topography rainfall varies greatly island del averages inches rainfall yearly island averages inches year despite known changes tropical cyclone activity changes southern known relationship rainfall puerto_rico cycle values north_atlantic high winter precipitation lower average puerto_rico documented cases snow falling puerto_rico occasionally brought publicity stunt united_states virgin islands climate united_states virgin islands sustained easterly trade winds year rainy season lasts september november hurricanes prone visit island chain average rainfall island chain ranges inches annually inches east hill changes global warming increasing temperatures tend increase leads precipitation average global temperatures risen average global precipitation increased precipitation generally increased land north declined tropics 1970s eastern portions north_america increase number heavy precipitation events areas past century increase 1970s prevalence especially tropics united_states total annual precipitation increased average rate percent century greatest increases east north central climate region percent century south percent hawaii region decrease percent excess precipitation crop losses expected increase billion dollars annually years


tropical cyclone rainfall tropical cyclone rainfall developed determine rainfall characteristics past tropical cyclones tropical cyclone rainfall help forecast current upcoming tropical cyclone impacts degree tropical cyclone rainfall impact depends speed movement storm size degree vertical wind shear significant threats tropical cyclones heavy rainfall large slow moving non tropical cyclones produce heaviest rains intensity tropical cyclone appears little bearing potential rainfall land satellite measurements years intense tropical cyclones produce noticeably rainfall water flooding tropical cyclones remains significant cause fatalities particularly low lying areas anticipating flood event inland flooding common tropical cyclones factors lead excessive rainfall tropical cyclones slow motion seen hurricane hurricane lead high amounts rainfall presence mountains hills near coast like mexico haiti dominican_republic central_america madagascar china japan acts rainfall potential forced flow mountains strong upper level forcing trough moving associated cold case hurricane floyd lead high amounts systems moving average forward motion larger tropical cyclones drop rainfall spot longer time frame average small tropical cyclones combination factors especially seen hurricane central_america season flooding related slow moving hurricane stan broad circulation led deaths general distribution tropical cyclone investigate rainfall distribution tropical cyclones early 1900s found larger proportion rainfall falls advance center eye center passage highest percentage falling right quadrant father cuba found tropical cyclones highest rainfall rates rear quadrant training non moving band normally tropical cyclone heavier rainfall rates concentrated center rainfall found heaviest tropical cyclone inner core eyewall central dense overcast degree latitude center lesser amounts farther away center rainfall tropical cyclones concentrated radius gale force knots mph winds rainfall common near center tropical cyclones overnight land outer bands active heating day act restrict center cyclone recent studies shown half rainfall tropical cyclone nature chart right developed meteorological assume gale radius miles fairly cyclone consider effects vertical wind shear local amounts exceed chart factor topography wind shear tends amounts shown table relation storm size larger tropical cyclones larger rain shields lead higher rainfall amounts farther cyclone center generally longer time frame rainfall falls spot larger system compared smaller system difference seen concerning rainfall larger small storms increased sampling rainfall larger tropical cyclone compared compact cyclone words difference result statistical problem slow motion rainfall magnitude storms moved slowly loop succession days lead highest rainfall amounts countries calculated inches rainfall day expected half degree miles center mature tropical cyclone tropical cyclones progress forward motion knots limit duration excessive rainfall quarter day yield inches rainfall true water miles coastline outside features cyclone moves farther inland cut supply warmth moisture ocean rainfall amounts tropical cyclones remains decrease quickly vertical wind shear impact rainfall shield vertical wind shear forces rainfall pattern tropical cyclone highly precipitation falling left shear left words southwesterly shear forces bulk rainfall north northeast center wind shear strong bulk rainfall away center leading known exposed circulation center occurs potential magnitude rainfall tropical cyclone significantly reduced effect interaction frontal boundaries upper level tropical cyclone upper level trough related surface distinct northern area precipitation seen ahead axis upper level trough type interaction lead appearance heaviest rainfall falling left tropical cyclone track precipitation hundreds miles kilometers tropical cyclone stronger upper trough picking tropical cyclone significant left track shift rainfall distribution tends mountains moist air forced slopes coastal hills mountain chains lead heavier rainfall coastal plain heavy rainfall lead landslides cause significant loss life seen hurricane central_america global distribution globally tropical cyclone rainfall common northern hemisphere southern hemisphere mainly normal annual tropical cyclone distribution half thirds tropical cyclones form north equator rainfall concentrated near 15th parallel steep seen latitude northern hemisphere stronger warm water currents seen hemisphere allow tropical cyclones remain tropical nature higher latitudes south equator southern hemisphere rainfall impacts common january march north equator tropical cyclone rainfall impacts common june november japan receives half rainfall united_states tropical cyclone rainfall statistics inland flooding tropical cyclones caused majority fatalities united_states changed hurricane katrina impact shifted deadly aspect tropical cyclones storm surge historically deadly aspect strong tropical cyclones average tropical cyclones tropical depression strength lead rainfall united_states annually contributing quarter annual rainfall southeast united_states storms form atlantic basin systems remnants mexico eastern pacific basin average storm total rainfall tropical cyclone lower atlantic basin inches percent storm total falling hour period highest point total seen inches fell central texas printed media ray hurricanes princeton_university press princeton tropical hill book company inc new_york terry tucker hurricane hamilton press bermuda related external links individual tropical cyclone rainfall pages united_states mexico individual tropical cyclone rainfall pages puerto_rico virgin islands maximum amounts lower united_states state typhoon rainfall statistics china deadliest intense united_states tropical cyclones ready hurricanes


climate south west england climate south west england classed oceanic according climate classification oceanic climate cool winters warmer summers precipitation year round experienced winter annual rainfall millimetres millimetres higher ground summer averages range winter averages range south west second area united_kingdom majority winds coming south west north east government organisations predict area experience rise temperature hottest region united_kingdom inland areas low altitude experience precipitation highest summer temperatures winter lower coast frequent comparison coast comparison higher ground experience lowest wind speeds total sunshine hours coast typical climate inland areas noticeable north east region comparison inland areas coast experiences high minimum temperatures especially winter slightly lower maximum temperatures summer rainfall lowest coast snowfall rest region coastal areas parts peninsula receive sunshine general coastal climate prevalent south west region south west areas inland high altitude experience lower temperatures precipitation rest south west approximately twice rainfall lowland areas factors result highest levels snowfall lowest levels sunshine exposed areas coast definition information article relates met office definition south west england covers cornwall devon somerset north somerset bath north east somerset south gloucestershire city bristol isles smaller area government south west england region covers gloucestershire wiltshire region loosely described west country temperature south west experiences seasonal temperature variation extreme united_kingdom sea closer proximity inland areas south west inland areas united_kingdom sea seasonal temperature sea february march result cornwall devon february daily ranging inland devon isles sea influence north east region causing january month mean minimum temperatures months july august hottest year daily range coast cornwall inland areas north east somerset north somerset sea surrounding south west peninsula highest annual mean temperature sea united_kingdom temperature close coastal areas cornwall isles experience annual mean temperatures similar sea prevailing wind sea north east region annual mean temperature decreases closer sea influence annual temperature range highest west cornwall range approximately north east region range approximately inland areas affected altitude mean temperature decreases altitude increases altitude metres mean temperature sea influence south west usually prevents cold temperatures temperatures periods cold easterly air flow recorded january minimum temperature recorded cornwall noted isles inland areas experienced colder conditions exeter international airport devon cornwall north east region temperatures reached somerset extremely high temperatures heat waves rare south west occurrence caused south easterly air flow blows hot air mainland europe combined strong summer sunshine hottest recorded temperature south west august sands devon sunshine average annual sunshine totals rise hours coast higher totals recorded region southern coast english channel northern coast bristol channel hours annual sunshine expected inland areas south west june highest monthly sunshine totals recorded hours point cornwall hours long somerset winter months hours monthly sunshine occasionally recorded december days sun recorded general june month days longest december azores high pressure system affects south west england extends north eastwards british isles azores influential summer high pressure reduces cloud cover process spring summer sea cool compared air temperature causing convective cloud cover convective cloud forms frequently inland especially higher ground reducing sunshine coastal areas south west hours sunshine rainfall rainfall south west caused atlantic depressions convection rainfall autumn winter caused atlantic depressions active summer large proportion rainfall caused sun heating ground leading convection showers thunderstorms isles annual rainfall totals coastal areas cornwall devon typically receive rainfall annually altitude increases rainfall highland areas cooler causing moist air cool point rises high ground forming clouds rain kilometres plymouth metres higher double rainfall areas fall rain shadows higher ground lower levels rainfall near exeter east parts central somerset east hills north east region receive year bath bristol area receives sea reaches highest temperature late summer autumn lowest late winter spring result highest rainfall expected autumn lowest spring months rainfall autumn winter monthly rainfall variable coast months recorded millimetres months millimetres point station region recorded millimetres rain number days millimetre rainfall pattern quantity rainfall late spring summer days month recorded rain coastal areas days north east days high altitude winter values increase coast north east days high altitude heavy spanning hours rare south west include disaster august caused millimetres rainfall falling locally hours june millimetres fell cornwall june millimetres fell hours somerset north village flooded august peak hourly rainfall millimetres recorded approximately people rescued helicopter cars swept sea december onwards somerset levels suffered severe flooding wider winter storms united_kingdom levels low lying area feet mean sea level prone flooding fresh water occasional salt water people attempted drain area hundreds years december january heavy rainfall led extensive flooding houses acres agricultural land including north hay affected village abandoned cut snowfall snowfall normally occurs november april short occur october higher ground snow usually months december march snow rarely falls temperatures greater snow settle temperatures normally lower south west number days snowfall increases altitude approximately increase altitude number days snow falling increases days average fewer days winter snow fell islands south west coastal areas devon cornwall slightly days average near estuary inland areas received days snow falling days snow fall noted particularly north east areas received average days year snow falling similarly ratio days snow falling altitude number days snow ground increases days increase altitude south west rare snow ground average lowland areas record lying snow years period snow settled average fewer days year isles coasts devon cornwall inland areas average days snow lying year days snow falling higher north east region days snow lying expected high grounds south west region british isles affected severe rare occurrence united_kingdom occur especially cold easterly winds continent meet atlantic depression causing prolonged high winds occurred february snow accumulated inland devon causing winds knots mph january snow deep bristol area convective showers january left parts cornwall deep snow isles wind south west second exposed area united_kingdom second western scotland strong winds caused deep depressions close british isles winds stronger winter half year depressions strength frequency increase mean wind speeds summer speed peak gusts mean wind speed follow similar pattern year mean wind speeds generally lower north east region inland areas lowland somerset mean wind speed thirds coastal cornwall increase altitude inland areas generally increases mean wind speed similar wind speeds recorded highest parts coast majority strongest winds south west north east atlantic depressions pass west east united_kingdom atlantic depression reaches united_kingdom winds usually blow south south west change west north west depression leaves depression passes english channel strong winds occur east north east scandinavia majority winds spring north east coastal areas south west usually experience calm light winds wind direction time figure north east inland areas islands exposed highest number days year gale force winds averaged consecutive minutes gale force wind defined knots mph modern scale recorded approximately days year isles coastal cornwall north east inland number days decreases plymouth coastal devon receives days somerset receives seven long north west somerset receives wind speeds vary local topography wooded urban areas sheltered hills receive fewer days lower wind speeds december gusts knots mph point cornwall knots mph mary isles knots mph head cornwall widespread winds burns day storm january overturned vehicles damaged buildings caused highest wind speed period recorded stations knots mph plymouth knots mph knots mph recorded building bristol knots mph exeter international airport knots mph plymouth maximum hourly mean speed knots mph knots mph bristol channel floods january apparently caused thousand deaths destroyed small cause disputed european future according study met office years average temperature likely increase south west average summer day increase region highest annual temperatures united_kingdom estimated millimetres increase winter precipitation rise temperature lead outdoor citrus cultivation possible sea level rises cause spring tides rise region harbour walls increase sea level centimetres following announcement government united_kingdom called local authorities organisation prepare consequences major government investments consider risks result future climate change report environment agency said years investment need double building flood defences order maintain current levels flood protection counter effects climate change flooding rivers sea currently puts properties risk devon cornwall significant risk current flood defence schemes protect properties flooding richard regional director environment agency south west said latest climate change data shows risk flooding coastal erosion continue increase future rising sea levels frequent heavy storms million flood risk management cornwall devon somerset south gloucestershire wiltshire spent includes spending continuing rising sea levels likely cause flooding somerset levels drainage board charged looking cleaning keeping clear environment agency overseeing work rising sea levels work required maintain current sea defences likely expensive proposed inland seas created climate charts


climate tampa bay area tampa bay area humid subtropical climate warm humid summers frequent thunderstorms drier winters freezing temperatures occurring years area experiences significant summer wet season nearly thirds annual precipitation falls months june september area listed united_states department agriculture zone northern limit royal grown highs usually range year round known hot summers tampa official high reached city time record temperature time record high exactly county lies peninsula tampa bay gulf_of_mexico city tampa lies smaller peninsula tampa bay proximity large bodies water temperatures introduces large amounts humidity atmosphere general local communities coast larger temperature ranges single day seasons year seasonal weather spring spring tampa area usually mild dry highs 70s lows 50s calm occasionally disturbed arrival late season cold fronts collision cold air mass warm humid local air create line brings brief heavy rain strong winds small tornadoes area dramatic example storm century march smaller scale events brief intense caused freighter strike partially collapse original sunshine bridge occur year summer temperatures hot mid mid october approximately rainy season weather consistent highs low 90s lows accompanied high humidity daily chance afternoon typical summer weather pattern heat produced powered gulf atlantic sea breeze occasionally simultaneously build white clouds threatening interior florida peninsula usually resulting storms drift slowly westward bay area rain reaching tampa easterly winds light sea breeze gulf_of_mexico strong occasionally storms survive gulf_of_mexico seen night beaches spectacular light shows nighttime storms offshore driven land breeze dermal counterpart daytime sea breeze afternoon storms typically bring brief periods heavy rain frequent cloud ground lightning usually followed clear cooler evening times grow severe bringing gusty winds small hail torrential rain occasional tornado florida rank usa terms tornadoes square mile majority small weak short lived relatively common tampa bay gulf_coast strong summer thunderstorms occasionally moving onshore short lived tornado tampa bay area referred lightning capital world accurately called lightning capital north_america measured average number days thunderstorm activity year summer west central florida receives lightning world true lightning leaders lake victoria region africa central amazon river basin thunderstorms tampa bay area approximately october decreasing yearly average year florida averages deaths injuries lightning strikes usually occurring tampa university florida lightning expert martin calculated average resident half mile lightning strikes year energy local electric utility spends usd annually repair equipment damaged lightning strikes autumn temperature average rainfall decline september turns october highs moderate 80s heat leads lower generated humidity fewer convection generated unusual mid october everyday rain frequent hurricane season extends end november area affected hurricane tropical storm fall winter winters tampa bay area generally dry mild highs season average near sunny skies occasional passage cold bring rain followed days cooler temperatures lows rarely drop freezing occurrence happens average year deep cold significant concern diverse range freeze sensitive agriculture industries area frozen precipitation rare area great tampa suffered known bay effect snow coming tampa bay officially snow tampa fell january accumulation amounted inches area unprepared frozen precipitation schools businesses roads closed snow melted away afternoon residents southern county reported light snowfall december snow fell official weather stations weather record indicates light fell day winter local history tampa set records consecutive days high temperature reach tampa experienced consecutive days low temperature freezing area received mix rain possibly january tampa time record low temperature occurring cold snap december tampa bay area receives cooler conditions dry season tampa bay area drier warmer normal precipitation sunshine trends frequent summer thunderstorms tampa pronounced wet season receiving average total inches rain june september inches remaining months year combined historical averages late summer especially september augmented tropical cyclones easily deposit inches rain day outside summer rainy season area precipitation delivered occasional passage weather tampa precipitation data falls near median area nearby communities interior tend receive bit rain year closer coast bit area receives plentiful sunshine year averaging total hours possible total daily sunshine highest sun angle increased hours daylight rainy season begun tropical systems june november hurricane season atlantic basin caribbean_sea tropical activity occurring mid august mid october rain dropped tropical systems important component area annual precipitation vital water supply communities tampa bay area feels effect passing tropical systems year direct hits uncommon estimates probability hurricane making landfall tampa bay area given year range historical record shown area vulnerable large storm great gale destroyed village tampa tampa bay seen landfall hurricane taken hit major hurricane tropical season atlantic hurricane season historically busy tampa bay area region affected record hurricanes year lesser extent passed tampa tropical storms making way state east_coast forecast direct hit tampa bay south southwest worst case scenario local storm surge flooding storm sudden unexpected turn northeast brought tropical storm force winds region devastating port charlotte area instead threatened area moved north eastern gulf_of_mexico remained far west central florida brought bit rain wind tampa bay eventually coastal alabama florida panhandle tampa climate


climate climate statistics usually mean weather usually year interval measured assessing patterns variation temperature humidity atmospheric pressure wind precipitation atmospheric particle count meteorological given region long periods time climate differs weather weather describes short term conditions given region region climate generated climate system components atmosphere climate location affected latitude terrain altitude nearby water bodies currents climates classified according average typical ranges different commonly temperature precipitation commonly classification scheme climate classification originally developed system use incorporates temperature precipitation information studying biological diversity potential effects climate changes spatial classification systems focus origin air masses define climate region study ancient climates direct observations climate available 19th century include non evidence sediments found lake beds ice evidence tree rings coral climate models mathematical models past present future climates climate change occur long short variety factors recent warming discussed global warming definition climate ancient greek meaning commonly defined weather averaged long period standard averaging period years periods depending purpose climate includes statistics average day day year year variations panel climate change definition follows climate narrow sense usually defined average weather statistical description terms mean relevant quantities period ranging months thousands millions years classical period years defined world meteorological organization quantities surface temperature precipitation wind climate wider sense state including statistical description climate system world meteorological organization describes climate reference points compare current trends past considered normal normal defined average climate element temperature year period year period long filter variation short able longer climatic trends originated international meteorological organization set technical commission meeting technical commission designated thirty year period reference time frame standard agreed update climate subsequently completed basis climate data january december difference climate weather summarized popular phrase climate expect weather historical time spans number nearly constant determine climate including latitude altitude proportion land water proximity oceans mountains change periods millions years processes plate climate dynamic circulation ocean leads warming northern atlantic_ocean compared ocean basins ocean currents heat land water regional scale density type vegetation coverage affects solar heat absorption water retention rainfall regional level alterations quantity atmospheric greenhouse gases determines solar energy retained planet leading global warming global cooling determine climate numerous interactions complex general agreement broad outlines understood historical climate change concerned climate classification ways classify climates similar regimes originally defined ancient greece describe weather depending location latitude modern climate classification methods broadly divided genetic methods focus causes climate methods focus effects climate examples genetic classification include methods based relative frequency different air mass types locations weather disturbances examples classifications include climate zones defined plant generally climate classification originally designed identify climates associated certain common classification schemes produce distinct boundaries zones define gradual transition climate properties common nature spatial simplest classification involving air masses classification widely accepted form air mass classification air mass classification involves letters letter describes moisture properties continental air masses dry maritime air masses moist second letter describes thermal characteristic source region tropical polar arctic monsoon superior air dry air formed significant downward motion atmosphere letter designate stability atmosphere air mass colder ground labeled air mass warmer ground labeled air mass identification originally weather 1950s began establish based idea based classification scheme spatial classification system categories scheme dry polar similar continental polar dry moderate similar maritime superior dry tropical similar continental tropical moist polar similar maritime polar moist moderate hybrid maritime polar maritime tropical moist tropical similar maritime tropical maritime monsoon maritime classification depends average monthly values temperature precipitation commonly form classification primary types labeled primary types tropical dry mild mid latitude cold mid latitude polar primary classifications divided secondary classifications rain forest monsoon tropical humid subtropical humid continental oceanic climate mediterranean climate climate polar ice cap desert rain forests characterized high rainfall definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall millimetres millimetres mean monthly temperatures exceed months year monsoon seasonal prevailing wind lasts months region rainy season regions north_america south_america sub africa australia east asia monsoon regimes tropical grassland located semi humid climate regions subtropical tropical latitudes average temperatures remain year round rainfall millimetres millimetres year widespread africa found india northern parts south_america malaysia australia humid subtropical climate zone winter rainfall snowfall associated large storms steer west east summer rainfall occurs thunderstorms occasional tropical cyclones humid subtropical climates lie east continents roughly latitudes degrees away equator humid continental climate marked variable weather patterns large seasonal temperature places months average daily temperatures month temperature meet criteria arid climate classified continental oceanic climate typically found west coasts middle latitudes world continents southeastern australia accompanied plentiful precipitation year round mediterranean climate regime resembles climate lands mediterranean basin parts western north_america parts western south_australia southwestern south_africa parts central chile climate characterized hot dry summers cool wet winters dry grassland annual temperature range summer winter climate little precipitation monthly temperatures months year large parts area cold winters winters climates usually include months temperatures averaging occurs far northern hemisphere north belt including vast areas northern russia canada polar ice cap polar ice sheet high latitude region planet moon covered ice ice caps form high latitude regions receive energy solar radiation sun regions resulting lower surface temperatures desert landscape form region receives little precipitation usually large seasonal temperature range high low depending location daytime temperatures summer low nighttime temperatures winter extremely low humidity formed rain shadows mountains block path moisture precipitation desert devised american climate classification method monitors soil water budget monitors portion total precipitation vegetation certain area uses humidity index index determine area moisture regime based average temperature average rainfall average vegetation type lower value index given area drier area moisture classification includes climatic classes humid semi arid values arid values humid regions experience precipitation year arid regions experience greater precipitation annual basis total percent earth considered arid semi arid including southwest north_america southwest south_america northern small southern africa southwest portions eastern asia australia studies suggest precipitation effectiveness moisture index summer winter index effectively determine number species numbers given area index studies climate change thermal classifications scheme include regimes climate low annual mean temperatures generally experiences short summers potential centimetres centimetres climate lacks persistent heat persistent cold potential centimetres centimetres climate persistent high temperatures abundant rainfall potential annual excess centimetres record modern details modern climate record known taking measurements weather instruments past centuries instruments study weather modern time scale known error immediate environment exposure changed years considered studying climate centuries past study past climate great period earth history uses evidence ice sheets tree rings sediments coral rocks determine past state climate demonstrates periods stability periods change indicate changes follow patterns regular cycles climate change climate change variation global regional climates time reflects changes average state atmosphere time scales ranging decades millions years changes caused processes internal earth external forces variations sunlight intensity recently human activities recent usage especially context environmental policy term climate change refers changes modern climate including rise average surface temperature known global warming cases term human united_nations framework convention climate change uses climate non human caused variations earth undergone periodic climate shifts past including major ice ages consisting glacial periods conditions colder normal separated periods accumulation snow ice glacial period increases surface reflecting sun energy space maintaining lower atmospheric temperature increases greenhouse gases volcanic activity increase global temperature produce period suggested causes ice age periods include positions continents variations earth orbit changes solar output climate models climate models use methods simulate interactions atmosphere oceans land surface ice variety purposes study dynamics weather climate system projections future climate climate models balance nearly balance incoming energy short wave including visible electromagnetic radiation earth outgoing energy long wave infrared electromagnetic radiation earth results change average temperature earth talked applications models recent years use consequences increasing greenhouse gases atmosphere primarily carbon dioxide greenhouse gas models predict upward trend global mean surface temperature rapid increase temperature projected higher latitudes northern hemisphere models range relatively simple complex simple heat transfer model treats earth single point averages outgoing energy expanded vertically convective models horizontally finally coupled atmosphere ocean sea ice global climate models solve mass energy transfer exchange climate way scientists predict climate change prediction division international research institute climate society columbia_university began generating seasonal climate forecasts real time basis produce forecasts extensive suite tools developed including ensemble approach required thorough model accuracy level climate