economy ohio economy ohio nominally 25th largest global economy sweden ahead nigeria according world bank projections 24th largest global economy sweden ahead norway according international monetary fund projections state projected billion according bureau economic analysis ohio ranked states best business climate site selection magazine based business activity database state edged texas nebraska governor cup award magazine based business growth economic development new report economics statistics practices quest young conjunction council state taxation cost ranks ohio nation tax environment study state local business taxes new investment provides state state comparison tax states ranked lowest effective tax rate new investment maine oregon ohio wisconsin illinois ohio commonly noted nation industrial capital dating roots belt ohio present day intelligence scientific dominance ohio states areas intelligent community forum list global smart communities columbus ohio receiving honors state colleges nation according news world report rankings ohio_state university ranked magazine awarding degrees fortune state ranked magazine best high schools overall state schools ranked country education week second texas having cities best places new college graduates according ohio considered center science industry museums dedicated columbus great lakes science center cleveland imagination station museum discovery state includes historically strong industries banking insurance accounts gross state product motor vehicle manufacturing research development steel production accounting nation raw output traditional industries include agriculture employing seven new developing sectors include green information food processing industries ohio biggest manufacturer rubber country largest sector midwest ranked fourth country green economic growth state recognized internationally fuel cell corridor recognized national solar center cleveland medicine research hub defense hub rubber capital world columbus technological research development hub cincinnati hub largest private sector employer ohio approximately employees april largest ohio employer headquarters ohio cleveland clinic approximately employees headquarters cleveland largest employer single location ohio wright air_force base nation manufacturing employees located ohio overview economy ohio nominally 25th largest global economy sweden ahead nigeria according world bank projections 24th largest global economy sweden ahead norway according international monetary fund projections state projected billion according bureau economic analysis new report economics statistics practices quest young conjunction council state taxation cost ranks ohio nation tax environment study state local business taxes new investment provides state state comparison tax states ranked lowest effective tax rate new investment maine oregon ohio wisconsin illinois ohio ranked states best business climate site selection magazine based business activity database state edged texas nebraska governor cup award magazine based business growth economic development ohio ranked council best friendly policy states according small business survival index guide ranked state overall best business climate including best litigation climate forbes ranked state best regulatory environment ohio colleges nation according news world report rankings ranked magazine best high schools overall state schools ranked country year ending july saw state ranked fourth nation job creation texas california new_york ohio private sector composed employers hire ohio non farm private workforce ohio developing technology sector home employers employ nearly people rate technology operations higher average ohio employment expected grow jobs approximately personal income grew average people employed ohio manufacturing sector major manufacturing employers include steel foreign based companies employed led japan united_kingdom germany france switzerland ohio exports constituted total exports destinations canada billion followed mexico china united_kingdom greece brazil japan germany france australia state nation 7th largest billion companies exported transportation equipment accounting billion machinery billion chemicals billion computer electronics products billion ohio country fortune companies include cardinal health nationwide insurance tire rubber progressive insurance american electric power corporation major employers following list employers headquarters ohio april following list employers world industries defense designated state hub high concentration aviation technology governor designated ohio innovation hub technology hub state aircraft engine manufacturing accounts nearly ohio defense industry workforce defense industry employs employment increasing despite overall decrease employment industry peak employees ohio ranked fifth states production products parts eighth number industry workers recently states employees ranked value produced worker workers industry annual average salary compared workers manufacturing sector generally nearly state defense employees work aircraft engine manufacturing sub sector connecticut larger aircraft engine workforce notable defense companies ohio include aviation corporation engines international aircraft braking systems france based inc develops systems fluid control commercial unit located state boeing central ohio technology center heath venture defense contractors including atlantic systems communications headquarters air_force program office international metals location produces france based aircraft originally headquartered moving pittsburgh 21st century invested billion state global research development center located mason manufacturing facilities county airport defense systems play smaller role industry ohio corporations awarded billion united_states department defense notable defense contractors include tire rubber company lockheed martin won contract develop space ship produces vertical launch missile armor holdings defense group united_kingdom based systems large facility west chester producing armored vehicles armor kits glass joint systems manufacturing center cooperation general dynamics armored combat vehicles including expeditionary fighting vehicle tank columbus based performance materials develops surface vessel energy corporation located falls gravity assisted power gap machines cooperation military united_states department defense currently maintains large supply center suburb columbus wright air_force base located partially named wright brothers ohio generally credited airplane employs residents air_force estimates wright annual economic impact region billion ohio ranked midwest 4th nation industry strength business facilities magazine related firms operating state employing million residents overall direct indirect related fields including healthcare billion investment making international leader ohio city regions locations country cleveland ranked columbus cincinnati overall economic impact industry ohio including healthcare amounted billion representing ohio economic output half industry located northeast ohio firms central southern ohio home companies certified manufacture medical devices research development employs directly residents agricultural contributed largest economic impact billion medical device manufacturers employ residents healthcare major hospital employers include cleveland clinic health system employees catholic healthcare partners cincinnati university hospitals cleveland columbus premier health partners healthcare inc company headquartered major healthcare real estate firm nation largest home medical health monitoring solutions companies recently announced relocation headquarters franklin ranked city united_states excellence health care ranking list america cities hospital care ohio cities listed include cincinnati cleveland cities cincinnati ranked nation emergency room care ranked region number nation lowest hospital mortality rate ohio home world class medical facilities led cleveland clinic locations world news world report ranked clinic fourth best hospital country heart center country 15th year row ohio_state university medical center ranked overall magazine ranked ohio hospitals best hospitals nation making state country total cincinnati children hospital medical center ranked nation hospitals overall children hospitals ohio ranked best apart news world report ranked ohio hospitals united_states ohio hospitals distinguished hospitals clinical excellence majority hospitals cleveland areas ranked ohio hospitals country emergency care service child magazine ranked cincinnati children nationwide children hospital columbus including emergency care rainbow babies children hospital cleveland university hospitals case medical center cleveland named major teaching hospitals riverside methodist hospital columbus hospital heights ranked minor teaching hospitals southwest general health center heights ranked large community hospitals mercy hospital union hospital dover medical center community hospital ranked medium sized community hospitals named medical center ohio_state university medical center columbus good hospital cincinnati medical center list teaching hospitals programs rated health network ohio hospital networks clinical excellence united_states ohio home chains including drug previously headquartered headquartered education ohio medical colleges sixth nation terms economic impact resulting direct indirect positions billion university system ohio nation largest comprehensive public system higher education member universities include university cincinnati billion annual economic impact largest employer cincinnati kent state university contributes billion economic impact northeast ohio university contributes billion economic impact northwest ohio agriculture ohio agricultural industries represent billion state economic output employing seven directly indirectly ohio agricultural market exports different products ohio ranks 1st production swiss cheese states 2nd eggs 3rd tomatoes 6th 9th corn grain agriculture food processing industries heavily ohio example ohio 3rd largest producer tomatoes united_states turn world largest processing plant nation beef production flower production number farms ohio stood covering acres km2 land farms operated residents aged average farm size acres km2 number farms slowly decreased number farms ohio stood land farms ohio decreased acres km2 land agriculture dairy sector ohio agriculture industry growing estimated number dairy cows ohio increased estimated dairy production ohio increased pounds pounds total cattle sheep state october neighborhood cleveland designated location largest urban agriculture district united_states roughly acres cultivation operations exist ohio lead producer products greenhouse nursery plants state producer white ash trees landscaping totalling annually california florida texas michigan ohio accounted nation production plants flowers headquartered nation fifth largest headquartered world leader research breeding lake county nursery offers varieties plants california based nursery company global leader operates springfield energy energy sector ohio composed thousands companies cities representing oil natural gas coal solar wind energy fuel cell hydroelectric related industries oil natural gas accounts billion annually sales generates million state second nationally solar energy industry manufacturing considered national solar hub nicknamed solar valley recognized internationally fuel cell corridor hamilton biggest municipal provider energy midwest largest country state led country alternative energy manufacturing according site selection magazine natural gas industry experienced growth great gas rush notable energy companies headquartered state including american electric power columbia gas ohio inc marathon petroleum company american municipal power inc cliffs natural resources murray energy oxford resource partners resources american hydrogen corporation energy rolls north_america energy systems inc subsidiary united_kingdom based rolls headquartered specializing gas compression power generation pipeline technologies ultra premium services star steel operate steel production facilities state cater energy exploration ohio consumed electricity fourth states history sector including offshore oil drilling platform world modern energy economy traditional nuclear oil coal gas industries research development ohio major research development center home institutions institutions companies state won awards given annually innovations recognized magazine finishing second california ohio_state university country public research institutions ohio ranked states conducting clinical trials including conducting clinical trials capita state high tech payroll billion high tech employees high tech locations industry ohio spent billion research development colleges spending billion billion contracts identified ranking 13th nationally ohio receives billion annually federal funds ranking insurance ohio major center insurance corporations ranking 6th states insurance industry based overall employment ohio ranks 4th casualty insurance states far gross state product period ohio insurance contribution ohio gross state product grew billion billion despite population growth ohio insurance employment expected grow continuously rate ohio home 3rd claim united_states states fortune companies ohio based insurance companies companies nationwide insurance columbus progressive corporation american financial group cincinnati cincinnati financial cincinnati ohio casualty subsidiary liberty mutual group inc subsidiary world largest vehicle glass replacement repair company south_africa headquartered columbus provides solutions insurance companies vehicle glass replacement repair medical mutual ohio headquartered cleveland largest medical insurance company ohio financial services ohio home commercial banks rank largest commercial banks united_states measured asset size ohio banks acquisition cleveland based national city pittsburgh based financial services eliminated fourth headquartered key tower cleveland fifth bank bank holding company fifth bank headquartered cincinnati currently second market share state tops ohio based banks state bank holding company national bank headquartered center columbus wright credit union headquartered member centers nearly billion assets serves member owners federal reserve bank cleveland located state notable institutions headquartered state include corporation commerce national bank federal bank midwest liberty savings bank park national bank germany based operates financial subsidiary dublin automobile manufacturing ohio native charles invented self starter automobile advancement contributed transport current state motor vehicle industry ohio mixed ohio motor vehicle industry produced billion items automobile production united_states ohio state production motor vehicles michigan billion account approximately ohio gross state product motor vehicle industry accounts united_states output ohio able produce motor vehicles accounting united_states production state michigan automobiles ohio department development estimates motor vehicle production establishments ohio employing people ohio motor vehicle production employees account united_states motor vehicle production employees despite sharp losses motor vehicle production industry able recover producing net gain vehicles general motors produced motor vehicles ohio production motor vehicles ohio followed closely major motor vehicle producers ohio include production ford production despite growth listed employment statistics grim number people employed motor vehicle assembly industry ohio reported 1990s motor vehicle parts production industry ohio december employment stood approximately employees number dropped employees despite growth facts loss employment likely directly affect ohio economy ohio bureau labor market information estimates assembly employees parts manufacturing employees major firms operating state include ford general motors major motor vehicle assembly production plants state include complex assembly auto plant east liberty auto plant ohio assembly north assembly france based group operates division june auto parts manufacturer america located announced million square foot expansion north american headquarters austria based automotive manufacturer announced million new investments production sites state september year new square foot facility inc subsidiary japan based based lebanon operational plymouth iron steel ohio considered historical center steel production state produces annually million tons billion state economic impact largest steel north_america located columbus columbus steel traces root 19th century ohio produces united_states raw steel sector objects purchased steel ohio ranks 2nd states 3rd sector iron steel seventy percent united_states manufacturing employees located ohio entire industry concentrated manufacturing sector employs paid workers individual ohio united_states industry paid workers united_states industry workers workers sector iron steel largest sector ohio industry paid workers despite ohio large presence iron steel market employment rates declined ohio generally attributed weakening national economy number ohio iron steel industry workers decreased ohio department development decreases continue coming years average annual salary iron steel industry workers ohio compared national industry average fortune iron steel manufacturers world headquarters ohio steel located company located industries located columbus notable companies include russia based facilities located warren based steel usa facilities columbus cleveland united_states steel corporation cliffs natural resources cleveland republic engineered products north_america largest supplier specialty bar quality steel located star steel subsidiary france based broke ground million production facility june august arizona based international technical announced plans construct square foot million production facility columbus pro joint venture steel japan based steel headquartered announced september million square foot expansion existing facilities rubber ohio historically strong industries rubber industry ohio ranks 1st states rubber production producing billion rubber shipments annually fortune rubber corporations located ohio tire rubber parker cleveland illinois ohio cooper tire rubber lake corporation cleveland ohio ranks 1st gross state product rubber industry state year period inflation adjusted production increased addition period rubber industry grew ohio exported billion worth rubber shipments rubber exports total sales canada largest ohio billion worth exports accounting census bureau addition billion worth material indirectly exported means goods including motor vehicles machinery despite increased production employment decreasing ohio rubber plastic industry ohio employed rubber industry workers rates declined workers ohio bureau labor market information workers ohio industry predict employment ohio decrease rubber products employment decrease industry currently employs ohio workers employs united_states rubber employees united_states employees october sweden based announced acquisition based million august china based broke ground north american headquarters signed agreement university manufacturing history william james founded business cincinnati called 1880s company introduced product ivory bar soap eventually began manufacturing sponsored radio dramas led soap operas today 8th largest company world market fully household products employees worldwide manufacturing operations located state headquarters based cincinnati henry edward williams founded williams general building supplies company cleveland factory opened river today company manufacturing distribution facilities ohio located columbus cincinnati grove city heights numerous locations country world world headquarters maintained cleveland company employs residents cleveland area james saloon owner invented mechanical cash register paving way production national cash register company based company prospered 21st century producing automated machines related products employing thousands eventually relocated georgia ohio native charles martin hall helped pioneer hall process aluminum inexpensive produce sold share pittsburgh reduction company known today operations state including facilities cleveland manufacture aluminum wheels named james working family invented portable vacuum cleaner production device began factory new berlin later renamed north today company known company headquarters located north parker company founded cleveland later parker corporation manufacture motion control technologies locations ohio country world headquarters maintained cleveland employing residents local area present overall ohio home manufacturing operations cincinnati ranked cleveland columbus respectively nation manufacturing jobs ohio leads nation general purpose machinery production machinery production ohio nation major industrial operations second nation total manufacturing payroll ohio nation manufacturing lost manufacturing jobs manufacturers crown equipment corporation headquartered new bremen employs residents state 7th largest manufacturer heavy duty equipment world recently unveiled new fork lift models employing fuel cell technology bringing total product specific inventory models technical industrial products headquartered kent manufacturer industrial products sales million headquartered leading producer glass products western hemisphere based corporation largest producer coated paper north_america sales billion corporation headquartered heights leading global environmental engineering company germany based operations state including ain columbus mac metals cleveland copper brass sales divisions cleveland industrial services division america sales division hamilton located cleveland vertical system elevators cincinnati elevator divisions cincinnati heights incorporated located aurora underwent million facility expansion united_kingdom based group facilities lancaster brush headquartered heights global supplier precious metals electronic engineered material systems products major facility manufacturer environmental power monitoring systems located columbus headquartered cleveland founded products employs residents state major manufacturer heavy duty lawn equipment advanced drainage systems headquartered employs residents manufacturing industrial components equipment international headquartered employs residents world largest aluminum manufacturing sheet metal park ohio inc located cleveland operates countries employees marine manufacturer aquatic travel components located cleveland cincinnati based global leader developing water based barrier functional coating newark based company manufacturer home lifestyle products brooklyn home american corporation world largest publicly traded card manufacturer sweden based recently announced moving wheel systems americas headquarters based corporation leading global manufacturer precision equipment based international limited leading global manufacturer carbon products facilities continents escort lead manufacturer radar detection devices navigational services headquartered west chester new_jersey based mountain corporation pets product manufacturer announced expansion existing operations state little toy manufacturer headquartered hudson global operations august switzerland based announced plans manufacturing operation september year italian owned north_america announced plans construction new million square foot facility neighborhood cincinnati broke ground later month serve headquarters lighting headquartered cleveland manufacturing operations state including awarded million expansion september global center excellence manufacturing energy efficient light october west_virginia based windows announced moving headquarters columbus north_america subsidiary belgium based headquartered monroe operates largest vinyl window north_america australia based announced september plans locate north american headquarters columbus area october california based opened customer innovation center showcase technology chemicals specialty chemicals headquartered columbus employing residents lead manufacturer performance materials process moving global headquarters columbus following recent merger corporation provider specialty chemicals headquartered fortune company kentucky based performance materials located dublin columbus home world largest chemicals data chemical june america announced construction new north american headquarters square foot facility broke ground august located major distributor robots including research located cincinnati lead developer robotic technology america regional headquarters located mason companies include robot systems hamilton manufacturing company adept technology office cincinnati lockheed martin manufacturers laser enhanced sniper systems department defense steel cleveland operates largest hybrid laser arc facility united_states based division missouri based manufacturers hand held laser devices kent state university modern liquid crystal display liquid crystal institute ohio ranked states best environment development center devices ohio_state university awarded million frontier start 21st century goal returning million research university research institute awarded investments state major research include institute science technology university cincinnati university home professor world renowned won award nasa developing method converting steel mill waste iron particles recent recipient distinguished chair award instruments area company research development company focused bringing consumer applications founded instruments currently holds oldest intellectual property wonder material current research focuses properties energy storage applications batteries research based selected instruments spun materials purpose mass producing materials materials located currently world largest producer multiple research areas including energy storage thermal management transparent conducting films batteries ohio companies involved development include winner awards columbus cleveland clinic performance materials developers surface vessel leading research development operation winner federal government grants general_electric memorial institute solar tire rubber midwest logistics columbus corridor considered america logistics sector evident region expansion square foot distribution center major distribution center transportation employs amounting billion industry ohio added logistics jobs ohio 8th largest highway system 4th largest interstate system country ohio industry ranks 4th nation total economic output billion state ranks country total value shipments billion value shipments billion ohio fourth largest rail system ranked total economic output billion major employers include global germany based total quality logistics ups roadway express csx international air inc based cincinnati controls nation transportation business logistics headquarters industrial services north_america located based leading provider imagery services intelligence community csx began construction million facility north baltimore employing technology saudi_arabia based gulf contracting company national gateway project rival norfolk southern corridor project norfolk southern operates large facility columbus corridor company recently constructed cleveland ships october announced bid operations later month canada based great lakes lines announced port cleveland target international container service headquarters great lakes food processing ohio food processing industry produces billion food shipments annually frozen food industry largest sub industry surpassing state california million frozen food shipments ohio ships billion frozen food shipments annually ohio ranks 1st state united_states frozen food shipments ohio frozen food industry accounts united_states frozen food processing world largest food operating plants operated ohio world largest processing plant operated france based county announced million expansion facilities campbell operates world largest soup processing plant napoleon operates world single largest processing plant general mills operates world largest frozen pizza processing plant ice cream headquartered cleveland undergoing million square foot facility expansion operations major food processing companies ohio include cincinnati company columbus company cincinnati sunny delight cincinnati cincinnati boston beer company jim beam brands operations cincinnati food processing sub industries ohio leads include pet food nation pet food ranking 2nd nation dressing production ranking 2nd nation production ranking 4th soft drinks nation production ranking 4th county food processing facilities hamilton county followed franklin county stark county alpine cheese exclusive manufacturer western hemisphere norwegian cheese october announced million expansion existing facilities columbus major headquartered ohio include bob evans restaurants columbus dublin buffalo wild wings founded columbus located headquartered columbus restaurant founded cincinnati america second largest truck stop chain country headquartered fortune company fine dining state home producing employment positions industry generated million revenues million wages million visitors toured ohio year state ranked nationally production production include lake cameron mitchell restaurants headquartered columbus information ohio native thomas helped contribute modern communications world including stock contributions telegraph ohio resident woods invented sold american bell telephone company ohio 1st information industry terms establishments information industry ohio reached establishments united_states information establishments information establishments include printing publishing establishments broadcasting establishments telecommunications establishments ohio center largest facilities country approximately workers ohio working information industry total industry ranks 8th states number establishments 9th number paid workers prime sector ohio information industry broadcasting sector broadcasting sector ranks 9th states number establishments 11th number paid workers 11th contribution ohio gross state product billion telecommunications data information technology second half telecommunications companies announced million investments projects state result new employment positions major employers headquarters state include cincinnati bell ohio bell subsidiary cleveland ohio port clinton industries blue ash communications horizon companies operations state include communications time warner sprint networks inc telephone communications open range communications russell cellular communications frontier communications announced million investment state upgrade systems high speed internet services based world largest data enterprise company based world largest online automotive parts exchange headquartered nation largest information service inc magazine fastest growing companies list years row headquartered mason nation leading integrated automated communications firm software located cleveland employs india based group operates information center software subsidiary services located recently won workforce investment board southwest investing people award virginia based computer sciences corporation operations software located corporation headquartered develops software solutions companies microsoft columbus home microsoft district award winning firm headquartered columbus specializing data technology solutions based subsidiary cleveland based global information technology consulting firm european headquarters london focused solutions corporation largest holder licenses world headquartered cincinnati dublin based world leader enterprise value creation systems software headquartered cincinnati leading provider tier warehouse control systems based division micro center world leader technology change management software located dublin technologies global leader cloud computing based mobile workforce management based ohio suburb july announced construction million data center 9th facility dedicated eastern united_states followed announcement august construction million data facility constructed meet certification october south_korea based leading manufacturer began operating global software headquarters december france based announced million project existing operations columbus new square foot facility city followed new_jersey based software solution company announced january opening offices state world largest manufacturer announced construct new million headquarters area publishing main sector industry publishing sector ranks 9th states number establishments 10th number employees 13th contribution gross state product hill operates division columbus brown publishing company publications state recently sold ohio community media american legal publishing corporation headquartered cincinnati cities counties knight roots headquartered california block communications located owns major newspapers pittsburgh post gazette numerous television stations networks idaho illinois company headquartered cincinnati major american media company newspapers florida texas california owns television stations located markets baltimore phoenix legal ohio home world leading legal firms including jones day headquartered cleveland state home united_states largest firms including baker cleveland frost brown cincinnati columbus retail ohio home major retailers elder limited brands victoria secret pink victoria secret bath body works express big lots inc value city brands lane gap inc eddie major distribution centers columbus tourism voters approved ballot initiative allowing construction new state thirty months later casino cleveland developed rock gaming entertainment corporation ohio casino opened hollywood developed operated penn national gaming opened weeks later followed hollywood columbus opened october cincinnati expected state fourth final service casino opens march ohio especially famous largest amusement parks north_america draw tourists world cedar point kings island mason major attractions include rock roll hall_of_fame cleveland pro football hall_of_fame bass islands near national museum united_states_air_force world largest oldest military aviation museum located world largest conservation centers located cumberland columbus zoo nation premier zoo lake annual arnold sports festival columbus notable attractions include museum art national birthplace memorial egypt valley wildlife area county stan hall gardens cincinnati zoo botanical garden great lakes science center cleveland center science industry columbus museum discovery historic covered bridges located state great mound adams county future home national great lakes museum making largest great lakes museum collaborative project great lakes historic society port authority opened notable venues include intercontinental cleveland great southern hotel regency columbus hotel cincinnati film motion picture industry steady presence state decades production companies include films tri access video creative technology second story productions films cleveland area media magic productions includes emmy winning producer classic worldwide productions area productions mills james nation largest independent production companies studios media source ascension films columbus area bright light productions cage productions media southwestern ohio area studios sound stages include rise studios csi production concepts cincinnati cleveland audio visual west chester ohio film tax credit signed july projects received approval combined budget million spring legislation makes eligible projects production costs receive million locally employing legislation resulted movies filmed planned northeast ohio resulting million wages local employees economic impact million local businesses expenditures film state estimated total million filming locations include cincinnati marvel studios announced filming portions cleveland area largest film production state history films went production included boot tracks starring stephen confession starring leo starring fred film adaptation alex cross video game galaxy command slated production productions contribute million economic impact state academy_award winning films production occurring ohio included terms silence deer hunter rain man traffic notable films include air_force men black redemption men cash major_league spider man christmas story happy oil natural gas ohio early stages development exploration point pleasant deposits ohio wells hydraulic process enables energy companies tap deposits extract oil natural gas natural gas personal income ohio personal income earned billion average income state decades average income increased middle increased according bureau labor statistics average annual salary highest paid professionals state concentrated medical fields average annual income highest paid followed oral physicians average annual income selected professionals include airline pilots computer information research scientists chief executives financial managers engineers engineers art directors police officers construction laborers steel workers elevator state ohio residents overall capita personal income vary county median family income county cleveland clinic single largest employer cleveland emerging financial concentrations worthwhile note cities ohio declining populations overall growth capita income ohio increased housing according united_states census bureau estimated houses ohio estimated occupied national average rate occupation houses mortgage estimated cost owners month national average united_states census bureau estimates houses owner occupied national average estimated houses occupied median house value significant national average estimated houses interesting note houses ohio built houses houses way dependent utility gas late average home value cleveland cincinnati columbus clear capital home data index july showed cleveland columbus cincinnati led nation home value increases percent counties november average listing price county ottawa county union county warren county hamilton county historians suggest ohio birthplace public housing having submitted application public works administration state establish local public housing authority romanian immigrant cleveland credited pioneer public housing taxation new report economics statistics practices quest young conjunction council state taxation cost ranks ohio nation tax environment study state local business taxes new investment provides state state comparison tax states ranked lowest effective tax rate new investment maine oregon ohio wisconsin illinois according small business council ohio personal income tax rate ranks rate steadily declining tax reform dropping excess excess ohio replaced corporate income tax gross receipts tax called commercial activity tax cat businesses annual gross receipts subject annual minimum cat businesses annual gross receipts excess million subject annual minimum cat plus apply cat effective rate receipts million quarterly basis quarterly exclusion ohio average property taxes personal income taxes vary city district state overall average percentage income sales gross taxes simple personal income tax rates ohio


german pronunciation translated cyclone trade based invented germany early 1920s consisted hydrogen acid eye earth product infamous use nazi_germany holocaust murder million people gas chambers installed camps hydrogen poisonous gas cellular california 1880s research germany led development later known released hydrogen exposure water heat banned similar product germany chemical weapon world war purchased team included walter developed method packaging hydrogen sealed eye new product named known distinguish earlier version uses included clothing ships warehouses trains early emerged preferred killing tool nazi_germany use camps holocaust million people killed method executed selling product use humans hydrogen rarely industrial applications firms countries continue produce alternative brand names including successor renamed product mechanism hydrogen poisonous gas cellular prevents cell producing binding proteins involved electron transport chain protein contains containing iron groups component iron groups forming stabilized compound metal bonding result new iron complex group longer instead compound group longer accepts consequently electron transport halted cells longer produce energy needed human weighing kilograms death occurs minutes hydrogen history hydrogen discovered late 18th century 1880s citrus trees california use spread countries goods wagons ships mills light weight rapid dispersal meant application place tents enclosed areas research kaiser institute physical chemistry led founding state controlled consortium formed investigate military use chemical added eye volatile compound reacted water presence heat hydrogen new product marketed cyclone similar formula weapon germans world war soon banned und german gold silver sole owners beginning walter worked packaging hydrogen sealed eye earth new product labelled known distinguish earlier version named inventor patent application number dated june german patent office awarded patent december corporate structure marketing ceded cent ownership cent exchange right market products companies retained managerial control owned rights brand patent packaging system chemical formula owned cent owned owned rights process extract hydrogen waste products sugar processing process performed license companies combined resulting hydrogen agent form final product packaged equipment labels provided finished goods sent product companies acted distributors frankfurt hamburg territory split river handling clients west south east owned cent shares owned cent prior world war derived profits overseas sales particularly united_states produced license prior american united_states public health service freight trains clothes mexican immigrants entering united_states uses germany included clothing portable sealed chamber invented 1930s ships warehouses trains sales accounted cent sales revenue cent gross profits use holocaust early emerged preferred killing tool nazi_germany use camps holocaust chemical claimed lives roughly million people gas chambers installed camps victims jews far majority killed method died supplied concentration camps distributor camps occasionally bought directly manufacturers metric tons sold germany metric tons cent domestic sales sold concentration camps received tons tons remainder gas chambers lost product shelf life months conducted supplied offered courses safe handling use material purposes april german agriculture interior designated authorized chemical able use training governmental oversight commandant said use kill prisoners came initiative subordinates captain substance kill russian late august basement block main camp experiment repeated russian watching september block proved unsuitable mass killings basement difficult air operated july distance away site killings moved victims killed middle operation moved nearby satellite camp construction october gas chamber red house called bunker staff brick cottage converted facility tearing inside windows operational march second brick cottage white_house bunker converted weeks later according bunker held victims bunker held victims structures use mass killings early point nazis decided greatly increase capacity originally designed basement ground level converted killing factory installing gas tight doors dropped chamber ventilation equipment remove gas iii built design designed start centers constructed spring june operational victims killed structures nazis began shipping large numbers jews europe middle selected work crews immediately group selected die quarters total included children women small children elderly appeared brief superficial inspection doctor completely fit victims told undergo shower stripped belongings gas chamber delivered ambulance special bureau known institute actual delivery gas victims handled order supervising doctor doors shut men dumped roof holes chamber victims dead minutes doctor oversaw testified shouting screaming victims heard opening clear fought lives special work crews forced work gas chambers wearing gas masks dragged bodies chamber victims glasses artificial limbs jewelry hair removed dental work extracted gold melted gas chamber crowded typically corpses found half skin pink red green spots found mouths bleeding ears corpses burned nearby ashes buried thrown river soviet red army approaching poland mass took place october november head ordered operations cease legacy world war ended tried british military court executed providing use humans served principal operating officer held posts nazi government served years months prison released amendments code use hydrogen cleaner banned restricted countries hydrogen industrial processes companies germany japan netherlands resumed production war product sold germany countries produced sold company called product similar production czech_republic trade means hurricane cyclone czech subsequent use word trade names prompted angry reactions english speaking countries portable roller coasters provoked protests jewish groups british football equipment supplier issued apology stopped appeared box trainers receiving complaints simon center holocaust centre withdrew application american trademark word subsidiary und proposed use new line home united_states firm germany vacuum protests lodged simon center trademark application reported bbc news online readers french company product names cyclone cyclone renamed cyclone cap green cap protests jewish groups said horrible ignorance best record evil company know history product holocaust claim gas gas chambers relying evidence research fred found low levels prussian blue samples gas chamber walls ceilings attributed presence general buildings negative control sample material taken different camp building james chemist analyzed samples stated test flawed material sent testing included large chemical surface surface exposed chemical identified large size specimens meant chemical present institute forensic research examined claim stating formation prussian blue exposure bricks highly probable reaction techniques tested samples gas chambers chambers positive controls living quarters negative controls found chambers gas chambers living quarters explanatory notes


recreational drug properties effects produced comparable produced adverse effects reported following use including acute deaths reported following sole deaths combination sale banned countries including australia canada new_zealand united_states republic ireland united_kingdom bulgaria romania parts europe history development history claimed originally synthesized potential anti parasitic agent use farm animals references medical literature interest majority early work investigations potential use earliest clinical trials literature relating articles british medical journal 1950s discovered effects largely abandoned worm treatment appears literature 1970s investigated potential medication rejected research reported like effects liable abuse study suggested placed statutory control similar regulating use recreational history early 1990s united_states drug enforcement administration noted drug california reported illicit drugs long explosion drug use worldwide situation soon followed legislative control countries use grew sharply new_zealand initial complete lack regulation new_zealand government attempted ban product december necessary second reading bill happen time law passed widely estimated million pills sold new_zealand based began appear europe remained virtually unavailable rest world recently early pills containing active ingredients began appear city vancouver canada gained popularity late night party safer alternative illicit street drugs commonly available based party started widely available nationwide caused concern local authorities health canada subsequently gained media attention evaluation health canada order determine party pills pose significant health risk individuals time official decision specific restricted substances banned altogether canada united_states mimic production distribution derivative comes salt free base salt white solid base form slightly yellowish green liquid base causes burns countries purchase legal products produced small specialist laboratories raw materials purchased chemical supply agencies formed relatively cheap production techniques resulting product marketed extremely high end user prices high times bulk cost raw ingredients marketed ostensibly supplement avoid meeting laws apply drugs despite fact value late drugs act ensured longer classified marketed supplement new_zealand retailers claim natural product describing pepper extract high fact drug entirely synthetic found occur naturally shown mixed mechanism action acting systems similar fashion like actions increase concentrations surrounding cell increasing activation surrounding lower effect high affinity action antagonist like negative feedback causing increase released acts non selective wide variety binding explain mild effects high partial antagonist effects explain peripheral effects expressed densely gut binding explain common effect known involved development effects effects largely similar study finding unable distinguish administered users report general feeling perception certain taste colour music enhanced average duration longer typically lasting hours reports long hours depending dose recent study shown drugs share certain traits effects user experience following initial effects feelings wonder energy rapid mood elevation enhanced enhanced appreciation music increased desire slight increase skin decreased appetite repetitive thought patterns actual perceived changes body temperature mild jaw increased heart rate pupils photo mild dry mouth slight described leaking small loss control later effects mild like symptoms common high fatigue similar acid increased hunger confusion depression particularly frequent heavy use tolerance research tolerance sparse evidence online sources claim tolerance central action develop quickly associated body recovery uncommon users able sustain week long intake toxic effects appear significant effects associated use reportedly produces mild severe drug effect wears manufacturers new_zealand started including recovery pills contain allegedly ease major effects include pupils blurred vision mouth extreme confusion symptoms anxiety chest pain collapse problems retention severe toxic effects include adverse psychiatric events respiratory failure syndrome seizure blood concentrations measured confirm clinical death investigation study majority toxic effects information came study conducted april september study recorded presentations associated party use emergency department hospital new_zealand recording prospective data collection form aim study patterns human related use based party pills patients presented occasions patients mild moderate experienced symptoms anxiety retention significantly fourteen toxic recorded patients suffering life threatening status severe respiratory concluded appears induce toxic normal subjects results study like showed cause unpredictable individuals data collection reliant self reporting drug users result reporting reporting factors like frequent presence alcohol drugs risk fatality retrospective study carried emergency department found presentations minor contribution database cases producing significant cases individually combined alcohol illicit drugs resulting complications exist example publicised case combination year old new_zealand ben combination february nearly resulted death induced coma effort prevent dying later recovered case year old taken died massive cerebral hours hospital admission addictive effects year users new_zealand classed dependent users said difficult stop legal party pills people reported illegal drugs reported use perceived harmful people use easy stop want continue use drug feeling helps reach higher levels mood energy studies undertaken animals indicated substitute addicted rats tenth potent produces weaker addictive effects legal issues drug classified schedule controlled substance united_states following report incorrectly stated times potent fact times potent banned australian states victoria state legal changed classification september date illegal federal schedules enacted australian states territories banned substance japan australia japan admit scheduling decisions primarily response schedule classification given usa instances use reported law enforcement authorities countries banned greece poland italy ireland malta estonia denmark sweden canada classified schedule iii controlled substances controlled drugs substances act classified products containing act consequently manufacturing supplying legally hold relevant licenses salt products containing blend resulted suppliers healthcare products regulatory agency successful home office announced plans ban launched consultation proposal october announced december related class drugs drugs act controlled convention compounds legal world countries use restricted manufacturing recreational use unknown subject european monitoring centre drugs drug addiction risk assessment results determine control placed european_union risk assessment comes result joint report concluded needs looked detail results published june report concluded use lead medical problems long effects unknown taking concession basis european commission decided ask council place control convention substances march requested countries place control year france complied based recommendation new_zealand government passed legislation placed derivatives class new_zealand drugs act ban intended come effect new_zealand december law change following year sale listed illegal new_zealand april amnesty possession usage drugs effect october point completely illegal chemical derivatives agent agent agent designer drugs known technically


compound formula white powder water widely numerous materials products including glass cement foods batteries fire aid tapes occurs naturally mineral produced wide group native oxygen type favorable properties including good transparency high electron mobility wide strong room temperature properties valuable emerging applications transparent liquid crystal displays energy saving heat protecting windows electronics thin film light chemical properties pure white powder nature occurs rare mineral usually contains yellow red color changing white yellow heated air white cooling color change caused small loss oxygen environment high temperatures form non nearly water degraded acid bases solid slowly produce corresponding forms cement like products mixed strong solution best described cement forms cement like material treated acid related materials major component cement produced reaction oxygen standard oxygen pressure reaction heating carbon converts lower temperature react violently aluminium rubber oil heating causing fire explosion hazard hydrogen reaction commercially physical properties structure main forms cubic structure stable ambient conditions common form stabilized growing cubic structure cases centers characteristic geometry converts motif relatively high pressures symmetry reflection crystal relative given point transform symmetry properties result structure point group space group ratio close ideal value cell group materials bonding largely corresponding property accounts formation structure strong polar bonds oxygen planes electrically charged maintain electrical neutrality planes reconstruct atomic level relative materials surfaces flat stable exhibit reconstruction fully explained mechanical properties relatively soft material approximate scale elastic smaller relevant iii high heat capacity heat low thermal expansion high melting temperature beneficial exhibits long lived optical low lifetime high stated highest comparable property makes important material applications require large electrical properties relatively large direct band gap room temperature advantages associated large band gap include higher breakdown ability sustain large electric fields lower electronic noise high temperature high power operation tuned type character absence intentional typically origin type character subject remains controversial alternative explanation proposed based theoretical calculations hydrogen responsible type easily achieved group iii elements oxygen group vii elements reliable type remains difficult problem originates low type compensation abundant type problem observed measurement type type material complicated samples current limitations limit electronic applications usually require junctions type type material known type include group elements group elements copper silver form deep produce significant type room temperature electron mobility strongly varies temperature maximum cm2 data hole mobility scarce values range cm2 production industrial use produced levels tons year main processes indirect process indirect french process metallic melted temperatures typically oxygen air accompanied drop temperature bright particles transported cooling collected bag house indirect method popularized france commonly known french process product normally consists particles average size weight world manufactured french process direct process direct american process starts diverse contaminated products reduced reduction heating source carbon produce indirect process lower purity source material final product lower quality direct process compared indirect wet chemical process small industrial production involves wet chemical processes start solutions precipitated solid temperatures laboratory synthesis numerous specialised methods exist producing scientific studies niche applications methods classified resulting form bulk thin film temperature low close room temperature high process type deposition growth solution parameters large single crystals cubic centimeters grown gas transport phase deposition synthesis melt growth high pressure growth melt problematic growth gas transport difficult control leaving method preference thin films produced chemical deposition phase laser deposition synthesis atomic layer deposition spray etc ordinary white produced laboratory solution hydrogen gas produced heating synthesized variety including etc obtained mentioned techniques certain conditions liquid solid method synthesis typically carried temperatures solution providing basic environment certain improve aspect ratio achieved adding metal growth solution morphology resulting tuned changing parameters relating precursor composition concentration thermal treatment temperature heating rate aligned pre seeded glass grown basic environments pre creates sites crystal synthesis common pre methods include thermal use physical deposition methods deposit thin films pre performed conjunction methods electron beam designate sites prior growth aligned solar cells field devices history compounds probably early humans processed forms paint medicinal composition uncertain use probably eyes open wounds mentioned indian medical text thought date mentioned greek physician 1st century mentions canon medicine mentioned preferred treatment variety skin conditions including skin cancer longer treating skin cancer widely treat variety skin conditions products baby powder cream anti romans produced considerable quantities brass copper early process copper reacted thought produced heating ore shaft liberated metallic ascended condensed process described 1st century recovered mines india dating second half millennium presumably way produce brass 12th 16th century recognized produced india primitive form direct synthesis process india manufacture moved china 17th century european established bristol united_kingdom main usage white white accepted pigment oil paintings mix oil problem solved synthesis paris producing oil paint large scale white manufactured europe success white paint advantages traditional white lead white essentially permanent sunlight bearing air non toxic economical white clean valuable making colors makes dry film colors example late 1890s early 1900s artists white ground oil paintings paintings developed cracks years recent times rubber industry resist 1970s second largest application high quality produced french process added paper filler application soon displaced applications applications powder numerous principal ones summarized applications exploit precursor compounds material science applications high index high thermal binding protection properties consequently added materials products including glass cement rubber concrete manufacturing foods batteries fire etc rubber manufacture use rubber industry acid rubber protect rubber fungi medical applications light industry industry significant particular compositions relatively high heat capacity thermal high temperature stability coupled comparatively low expansion desirable properties production affects melting point optical properties low expansion secondary improves reducing change function temperature helps prevent heat capacity decreased thermal increased small amounts improves development glossy brilliant surfaces moderate high amounts produces surfaces regard color complicated medicine mixture iron iii called minerals historically called mixed formed applications reflecting basic properties fine particles properties reason added materials including cotton fabric rubber oral care products food packaging enhanced action fine particles compared bulk material exclusive observed materials silver property results increased surface area fine particles widely treat variety skin conditions products baby powder barrier treat cream anti component tape called tape athletes prevent soft tissue damage protect damage skin caused light spectrum approved use food drug administration completely ingredient blocks rays light common physical dioxide considered non slightly absorbed skin use dioxide small particles light appear white concern absorbed skin study published found mean blood levels blood samples traced applied human skin days traces found samples contrast comprehensive review medical literature says evidence absorption found literature enhance activity shown average size enhance activity enhancing effect concentration dependent test strains effect reasons interfere protein developed resistance bacteria pumping activity cell second interfere protein responsible cell cigarette filters constituent cigarette filters filter consisting iron removes significant amounts hydrogen hydrogen tobacco smoke affecting flavor food added food products including breakfast source necessary nutrient purpose foods include trace amounts intended nutrient linked contamination pork exports chilean pork crisis contamination found contaminated pig feed pigment white pigment dioxide paper chinese white special grade white artists use white pigment oil painting started middle 18th century partly replaced poisonous lead white painters van main ingredient mineral makeup scale dioxide provide strong protection radiation blocking sunglasses use space protection following research scientists jet propulsion laboratory containing powder long utilized metals especially effective iron iron difficult protect organic leads lack retain flexibility adherence surfaces years highly type transparent transparency lowest energy saving heat protecting windows coating lets visible spectrum reflects infrared radiation room energy saving let radiation room heat protection depending window coating pen protected applying coating coating reduces oxygen pen layers outdoor applications coating protects solar radiation decreases rate photo prevention nuclear depleted atomic mass prevention nuclear water necessary transformed radioactive reforming step remove hydrogen natural gas following compounds prior reformer poison catalyst temperatures converted water following reaction replaced fresh consumed potential applications electronics wide direct band gap room temperature common potential applications laser light applications overlap similar room temperature compared larger binding energy times room temperature thermal energy results bright room temperature combined led applications instance transparent conducting layer provide better light properties favorable electronic applications include stability high energy radiation wet chemical radiation resistance makes suitable candidate space applications promising candidate field random produce pumped laser source pointed tips result strong electric field field aluminium layers transparent constituents cheaper toxic compared generally tin application begun commercially available use contact solar cells liquid crystal displays transparent thin film produced field effect need junction avoiding type problem field effect use conducting channels sensors devices detecting changes electric current passing gas molecules hydrogen gas achieved clusters surface addition appears effective hydrogen molecules atomic hydrogen increasing sensitivity device hydrogen concentrations parts million room temperature response oxygen considered applications magnetic etc room temperature room temperature observed clear originates matrix secondary phases textile fibers coated shown capable self powered everyday mechanical stress wind body movements center characterization georgia institute technology reported producing electricity generating device called flexible charge pump generator delivering alternating current stretching releasing mini generator creates voltage converting close seven percent applied mechanical energy electricity researchers wires lengths device scaled smaller size safety food list generally recognized safe substances non toxic hazardous generated melted high temperature problem occurs melting brass melting point brass close boiling point exposure air occurs steel result nervous called metal fever reason typically steel removed reviews comprehensive review materials devices pages growth pages chapter comprehensive science technology volume edited isbn growth pages sci mater free download transition metal present status field pages matter growth devices pages mater sci basics applications pages material physics applications pages quasi dimensional metal materials synthesis properties applications pages mater sci dimensional solution growth functional properties pages light energy pages pure


chemical compound elements nitrogen formula white high melting point solid relatively attacked hot hard scale stable commercially important generally understood referred term production material prepared heating atmosphere nitrogen sample weight increases progressively chemical combination nitrogen iron catalyst reaction complete hours weight increase nitrogen absorption detected addition phases chemical corresponding varying degrees state reported literature example sin phases products obtained high temperature depends reaction conditions time temperature starting materials including container materials mode existence come question prepared route reduction dioxide nitrogen atmosphere examined powder developed 1950s following large scale method powder production use low purity raw caused contamination iron results needs nitrogen convert powder second important route commercial production reduction earliest method production considered cost effective industrial route high purity powder electronic grade films formed chemical deposition variants enhanced chemical deposition deposition layers usually methods low pressure chemical deposition technology works high temperature vertical horizontal tube enhanced chemical deposition technology works low temperature vacuum conditions different tension stress occur depending deposition process especially technology tension reduced adjusting deposition parameters produced method reduction followed contains carbon particles particles produced temperature range possible synthesis reactions processing difficult produce bulk material heated melting point nitrogen application conventional hot press techniques problematic bonding achieved lower temperatures adding additional materials aids commonly induce degree liquid phase cleaner alternative use spark heating conducted rapidly seconds passing electric current powder dense obtained techniques temperatures crystal structure properties exist structures designated phases phases common forms produced normal pressure condition phase synthesized high pressures temperatures pearson symbol space group structures respectively built corner sharing sin regarded consisting layers nitrogen sequence respectively layer phases layer phase related plane way tunnels formed running parallel axis unit cell plane relates structure contains instead tunnels cubic designated modification literature analogy cubic modification type structure coordinate nitrogen coordinates nitrogen longer sequence results phase having higher phase phase unstable compared phase high temperatures liquid phase present phase transforms phase major form applications general main issue applications technical performance cost cost come number production applications accelerating automobile industry major applications automobile industry material engine parts include diesel engines faster start chambers chambers lower emissions faster start lower noise reduced engine emissions spark engines rocker arm pads lower wear lower engine exhaust gas control increased acceleration examples production levels estimated annually hybrid balls races steel good shock resistance compared ball performance representative example use main engines nasa space shuttle ball harder metal reduces contact bearing track results friction times longer lifetime higher speed weight ability operate starvation higher resistance higher operation temperature compared traditional metal balls weigh balls ball found high end automotive industrial wind turbines especially useful applications electric magnetic fields prohibit use metals example tidal flow meters attack problem electric field demonstrated superior bearing reach production nearly challenges associated reducing cost cost reduced substantially production volume increased times expensive best steel superior performance life rapid adoption million bearing balls produced machine tools applications growth estimated year higher selected consumer applications line computer disk drives high temperature material long high temperature applications particular identified materials capable surviving severe thermal shock thermal generated hydrogen oxygen rocket engines demonstrate capability complex configuration nasa scientists advanced rapid technology inch diameter single piece chamber component hot fire tested hydrogen oxygen survived cycles including minute cycle material temperature main material space probe medical applications material alternative spinal fusion devices surface contributes materials strength reliability compared metal working cutting tools major application cutting tools bulk material cutting tools thermal stability resistance wear especially recommended high speed cast iron hot fracture thermal shock resistance mean cut cast iron hard steel based surface speeds times quicker obtained conventional materials use cutting tools dramatic effect manufacturing output example face gray cast iron doubled cutting speed increased tool life parts edge reduced average cost compared traditional tools electronics chemical barrier manufacturing integrated circuits electrically different structures mask bulk layer superior dioxide significantly better barrier water molecules major sources instability layers analog chips deposited contains hydrogen experiences strong stress crack films thicker higher strength commonly available respectively compounds nitrogen hydrogen layers deposited following reactions films stress worse electrical properties strength process layer photo drum source domestic gas good elastic properties popular material sensing elements atomic force history reported preparation claire friedrich method heated placed inside packed carbon reduce oxygen inner reported product termed chemical composition paul reported product composition obtained heating paste mixing coal clay line blast heated pure nitrogen produce reduction nitrogen heating carbon nitrogen remained merely chemical curiosity decades commercial applications company falls new_york applied patents manufacture application union commercial production tubes rocket boats melting metals british work started aimed high temperature parts gas turbines resulted development reaction hot pressed advanced research project agency department defense placed million contract ford gas turbines properties known natural occurrence discovered 1990s tiny size mineral named pioneer mass alfred mineral detected earlier exclusively soviet


known sea produced sea targets crabs invertebrates identified formed stored cells activated released causes increasing release junctions derived useful channel research certain structural aspects sea target channels resembling function completely different ways source discovery highly potent produced sea stored cells sea species family present european coasts atlantic_ocean mediterranean_sea derived organism isolated isolated team researchers naples italy animals collected bay naples team isolated series lost toxic activity resulting techniques liquid team chain published details effects tissue preparations including nerve muscle findings published journal structure chemistry formula molecular mass point acid sequence markedly known sea known genes highly originate precursor terminus determines mature activated consist bonds researchers suspect stored effects triggering precursor modified released active form sites targeted maturation suggest active structure sea studying channels potential applications physiology research mature base pair responsible single acid replacement region leading difference structural organization genes high degree suggests different biological function confirmed isolated different sequence channel binding sea produced related better understanding differences offer insights function particular acid despite markedly gene sequences affects similar classes alternatively certain aspects structure genes found sea block potassium channels target activity causes massive release nerve junction turn causes strong muscle exact target clarified similar action junction slow voltage channels motor tested activity crab injected crab minimum dose triggered muscle crab causing minute median lethal dose unknown function nature sea produce cells cells contain called triggered response occurs result injury target organisms including capture prey defense predatory organisms species natural setting establish relationship crab sea identifies shells inhabited crab provides protection crab intimidating potential predators avoid shells bearing return protection sea gains advantage broader distribution food sources crab moves ocean floor


sic known compound carbon chemical formula sic occurs nature extremely rare mineral powder mass produced use grains form hard widely applications requiring high endurance car brakes car plates electronic applications light early radios demonstrated sic electronics devices operate high temperatures high large single crystals grown method cut gems known synthetic high surface area produced contained plant material discovery early production early experiments non systematic recognized include reduction potassium potassium passing electric current carbon rod embedded sand robert sydney dissolution silver paul heating mixture albert heating stream wide scale production wide scale production credited edward attempting prepare artificial diamonds heated mixture clay aluminum carbon iron bowl called blue crystals formed believing new compound carbon aluminum similar discovered rare naturally occurring sic mineral examining rock samples found canyon arizona mineral named honor synthesized sic routes including dissolution carbon melting mixture calcium reducing carbon electric patented method making powder february developed electric batch sic today formed company manufacture bulk sic initially use company settled electric aluminum company judge decision gave priority broadly founders reducing substances method said trying dissolve carbon discovered presence hard blue black crystals believed compound carbon named material analogy hard substance scale use sic followed electronic applications beginning 20th century radios henry joseph round produced led applying voltage sic crystal observing yellow green orange experiments later repeated soviet_union natural occurrence naturally occurring found minute quantities certain types deposits virtually sold world including synthetic natural found small component canyon arizona ferdinand material named discovery naturally occurring sic initially disputed sample contaminated saw blades market time rare earth remarkably common space common form found carbon rich stars examples found condition primitive found space exclusively beta analysis sic grains found revealed carbon indicating origin outside solar system sic grains originate carbon rich giant branch stars sic commonly found stars infrared production rarity natural synthetic recently diamond gem quality simplest manufacturing process combine sand carbon electric resistance high temperature fine particles plant material rice converted sic heating excess carbon organic material producing metal converted sic heating material formed varies purity according distance heat source pale yellow green crystals highest purity found closest color changes blue black greater distance darker crystals pure nitrogen aluminium common affect electrical sic pure called process sic powder high temperature species carbon gas ambient like single crystals sized slightly colder substrate process yields high quality single crystals sic phase high growth temperature modified process involving induction heating yields larger single crystals inches diameter having section times larger compared conventional process cubic sic usually grown expensive process chemical deposition sic layers grown employing gas liquid phase approaches pure prepared thermal atmosphere low temperatures relative process method formed shapes prior structure properties exists forms sic characterized large family similar structures called variations chemical compound identical dimensions differ viewed layers stacked certain sequence alpha sic commonly encountered formed temperatures greater crystal structure similar beta modification sic crystal structure similar diamond formed temperatures recently beta form relatively commercial uses increasing interest use support owing higher surface area compared alpha form pure sic brown black color industrial product results iron rainbow like crystals caused layer dioxide forms surface high temperature sic approximately makes useful parts melt known pressure highly currently interest use material electronics high thermal high electric field breakdown strength high maximum current density promising high powered devices sic low thermal expansion experiences phase transitions cause thermal expansion electrical type nitrogen type aluminium metallic achieved heavy aluminium nitrogen detected sic sic sic temperature crucial difference observed magnetic field behavior aluminium sic type contrary sic type attempt explain difference noted sites important carbon sites sic carbon sic sites different environments explain different properties sic sic uses cutting tools arts popular modern low cost material manufacturing processes grinding water jet cutting particles paper create grip tape exceptionally strong composite aluminium discovered development laboratory produced composite commercial product took years commercial cutting tools reinforced composite introduced market structural material 1980s 1990s studied research programs high temperature gas turbines europe japan united_states components intended replace turbine blades projects resulted production quantity mainly low impact resistance low fracture like hard composite armor armor plates dragon skin produced pinnacle armor uses support material high temperature firing glass glass casting sic shelves considerably lighter traditional shelves december particles mentioned way produce new strong plastic suitable use automobile micro electronics automobile parts carbon carbon composite high performance brake discs able withstand extreme temperatures carbon carbon composite carbon fiber reinforced sic discs road going sports cars performance cars including chevrolet corvette specific high performance form diesel filters sic oil reduce friction emissions electric systems earliest electrical application sic lightning electric power systems devices exhibit high resistance voltage reaches certain threshold point resistance drop lower level maintain level applied voltage drops recognized early sic voltage dependent resistance columns sic connected high voltage power lines earth lightning strike line raises line voltage sufficiently sic column conduct allowing strike current pass earth instead power line sic columns proved conduct significantly normal power line operating placed series spark gap spark gap rendered lightning raises voltage power line conductor effectively connecting sic column power conductor earth spark gaps lightning unreliable failing strike arc needed failing turn case material failure contamination dust salt usage sic columns originally intended eliminate need spark gap lightning sic lightning lightning protection tool sold brand names sic largely displaced gap use columns electronic circuit elements power electronic devices research early mass production providing advantages fast high temperature high voltage devices devices available followed junction gate high power switching currently developed major problem sic elimination defects edge screw hollow closed core triangular defects basal plane result devices sic crystals initially displayed poor reverse blocking performance researchers tentatively finding solutions improve breakdown performance apart crystal quality problems interface sic dioxide hampered development sic based power gate mechanism unclear dramatically reduced defects causing interface problems commercial rated introduced market followed commercial rated sic switches sic barrier popular packages companies started earlier implement bare chips power electronic sic found wide market spread circuits power conferences international conference integrated power electronics systems report regularly technological progress sic power devices major challenges fully capabilities sic power devices gate drive sic devices require gate drive voltage levels different counterparts example packaging sic chips higher power density power devices able handle higher temperatures exceeding limit new die attach technologies required efficiently heat devices ensure reliable phenomenon discovered commercial based sic yellow sic manufactured soviet_union 1970s blue ones sic worldwide 1980s production soon stopped showed times brighter difference efficiency unfavorable indirect sic direct favors light sic important led components popular substrate growing devices serves heat high power astronomy low thermal expansion high thermal desirable mirror material astronomical growth technology chemical deposition scaled produce diameter like space equipped sic thin fibers measure gas temperatures optical technique called thin involves placement thin hot gas stream emissions temperature sic fibers diameter fifth human hair fibers thin little flame temperature remains close local gas temperatures measured heating elements references heating elements exist early 20th century produced berlin offered increased operating temperatures compared metallic elements today melting glass non metal heat treatment metals float glass production production electronics components pilot lights gas etc nuclear fuel particles important material coated fuel particles type nuclear fuel found high temperature gas cooled bed layer gives coated fuel particles structural support main barrier release products nuclear fuel composite material investigated use replacement light water composite consists sic fibers wrapped sic inner layer surrounded sic outer layer problems reported ability join pieces sic composite jewelry jewelry called synthetic mineral similar diamond important respects transparent hard scale compared diamond index compared diamond somewhat harder common cubic unlike diamond strongly reason cut axis crystal minimize effects lighter density resistant heat diamond results stone higher good loose stones placed directly wax ring lost wax casting diamond remains undamaged temperatures popular diamond substitute diamond thermal closer diamond substitute thermal diamond testing devices distinguish diamond gem distinct slight green yellow light stones curved string like diamonds steel production dissolved basic oxygen making steel acts fuel additional energy liberated allows process scrap charge hot metal raise tap temperatures adjust carbon content cheaper combination carbon produces cleaner steel lower emissions low levels trace elements low gas content lower temperature steel catalyst support natural resistance exhibited discovery new ways cubic sic form larger surface area led significant interest use catalyst support form employed catalyst support technique applied paste surface aluminium plate paste dry ink applied trapped surface wiped bare areas plate ink plate printed paper rolling bed press result print painted marks paper production produce high temperatures considered promising methods large scale practical applications


gas compound called chemical formula defining component tear gas commonly referred gas riot control agent exposure causes burning sensation tearing eyes extent subject eyes open burning nose mouth throat membranes causing nasal discharge difficulty breathing partially subject gas volatile substance active substances easily solid compound room temperature gas generally accepted non lethal discovered americans ben roger college chemical derived letters scientists developed tested secretly wiltshire england 1950s 1960s animals subsequently british_army servicemen volunteers effect animals developed tear protection fur production synthesized reaction reaction weak base like production method changed substance discovered bases free methods microwave promotion suggested improve production substance properties discovered compound properties certain effect tear gases harmless wet handle dry powder disastrous use solid room temperature gas variety techniques solid usable melted sprayed form dissolved organic dry powder micro form thermal grenades generation hot gases siege dissolved organic known solution dispersed explosive force highly volatile crystals precipitated formed fine air effects types tear gas riot control agents produced effects ranging mild tearing eyes immediate widely known different types tear gas developed worldwide popular strong effect effect person depend packaged solution size solution size factors determining effect human body chemical moisture skin eyes causing burning sensation immediate forceful shutting eyes effects usually include tears streaming eyes exceptional nasal discharge burning eyes nose throat areas restricted breathing burn skin highly concentrated induce severe immediate effects wear hour exceptional nasal discharge feeling burning highly irritated skin persist hours affected clothing need washed times thrown away secondary effects people objects contaminated gas cause secondary exposure including healthcare professionals police addition repeated exposure cause described non lethal weapon crowd control studies raised doubts classification causing severe damage significantly damage heart liver september released study commissioned john united_states office special counsel investigate use fbi branch mount compound concluded determined mainly factors gas masks occupants trapped room suggests gas masks occupants trapped distinct possibility kind exposure significantly contribute cause lethal effects study associated exposure consistent reported effect abnormal change cells israel gas reported cause death december israel defense forces questioned report reports suggest cause death fact impact high velocity gas chest egypt gas reported cause death protesters street near square november protests dissolved classified harmful irritating eyes respiratory system repeated exposure cause skin cracking contamination removed washing soap water solution water use spray form police forces temporary subdue attackers persons violently aggressive officers trained use application spray routinely exposed training blank pistol carrying powder form released public fired relatively close ranges fully expose target effects employed potent defensive weapon regions blank firing pistols legally permitted use predominantly police criminal attacks countries use war prohibited terms chemical weapons convention signed nations nations signing reasoning prohibition pragmatic use easily trigger retaliation toxic chemical weapons nerve agents nations signed chemical weapons convention restrictions use gas egypt north_korea domestic police use legal countries chemical weapons convention prohibits military use gas extensively police start uprising independent commission inquiry concluded police gas protests situations police fired gas private homes unnecessary manner particular incident witnessed commission investigators police fired tear gas containing projectiles short range kitchen living room home according opposition activists families dead individuals died result gas march december allegedly died impact gas remainder said died effects gas independent commission inquiry received information deaths use gas allegedly died impact effects gas canada police force montreal increased use gas crowd control police policy use resort incidents protesters seriously injured having gas fired point blank range raised concerns training officers montreal riot squad particularly relation use force cyprus tested field british_army cyprus time known code egypt widely egyptian police military forces january onwards hong_kong police tactical unit hong_kong hong_kong police force rounds projectiles riot gun launched hand thrown hong_kong september hundreds unarmed demanding democratic elections hong_kong protests known umbrella movement gas content purchased hong_kong government british weapons manufacturer crowd fend gas apart police gas spray witness protection firearms section independent commission corruption hong_kong iraq iraq successfully developed 1970s 1980s produced tons substance firstly later worldwide acting agent united_states deployed iraq war helicopter green zone baghdad israel israel police forces spray gas riot control situations widely demonstrations palestinian territories israeli west bank barrier philippines tear gas suppression mutiny led tear gas fired building people building including reporters affected sri_lanka known tamil tigers sri_lanka group sri_lanka gas government forces september use hindered army progress ultimately proved ineffective preventing army positions cases insurgents gas united_kingdom northern_ireland gas extensively area northern_ireland battle day riot august total containing containing released densely populated residential area august inquiry set investigate medical effects use conclusions viewed political context time pointed necessity testing gas riot control agent rioting belfast following year known falls army fired densely populated falls road area july breakdown long british_army ceased northern_ireland great_britain gas gas routinely deployed british mainland seen use rare cases use gas mainland military training carried hostage siege north london address soldiers asked throw grenades hope bringing incident conclusion hostage brought civilian issue gas mask effect siege trough gate second non military use gas mainland hour frank shot police home gas police dogs gas quell rioting area liverpool march leicester gas broke march shooting incident occurred following performance pretty university year old student university employed security staff event received gunshot wounds abdomen taken hospital condition believed life threatening injured described broke gas tear gas sprayed following event following england riots consideration given making gas water cannon riot control measures available police use event disorder british armed forces use gas annually test equipment initial training introduce recruits gas introducing small enclosed space known confidence test facility chemical induce production recruits carried drills remove exposed seconds experience effects confident masks work spray spray routinely british police introduction issued item equipment police officers protection assist dealing violent incidents month trial sixteen police forces england began march march asylum taken police station east london whilst suffering excited police sprayed spray held ground approximately minutes subsequently died mental health charity mind called suspension use spray mentally ill people proved safe spray police forces form hand held containing solution dissolved propelled nitrogen spray police generally concentrated american police forces liquid stream directed user points accurate metres officer authorised carry spray personal protection equipment completed training course use spray includes sprayed solution trained helping person recover successfully restrained law classed prohibited weapons making unlawful member public possess forces opted replace spray spray forces estimated february dan ford received permanent face sprayed arrest police ford subsequently advised doctors stay sunlight months incident cousin lewis quoted saying look like looking melting man liquid face indication frequency use police officers reading deployed personal spray occasions half year period april spray times period introduction september united_states police forces united_states federal bureau investigation law enforcement officials siege riot police pittsburgh pennsylvania september gas riot control techniques disperse assemblies vicinity pittsburgh summit berkeley california bloody thursday events people park midday memorial held student james rector non shot killed police plaza university campus honor thousand people peacefully assembled listen speakers remembering life national_guard troops surrounded plaza donned gas masks pointed inward helicopters dropped gas directly trapped crowd escape possible gas caused acute respiratory distress temporary people including children elderly injured ensuing panic gas intense carried memorial hospital patients operations nurses students nearby jefferson franklin elementary schools affected members united_states armed forces exposed initial training training courses equipment maintenance exercises melted demonstrate importance properly wearing gas protective mask agent presence quickly reveals improper fit seal mask rubber face following exposure wearing mask recruits ordered remove masks endure exposure room exercises encourage confidence ability equipment protect chemical attacks event requirement graduation united_states_army basic training air_force basic military training navy basic training marine_corps recruit training gas form grenades extensively united_states marine_corps united_states_army service schools gas final field exercise scout sniper basic course simulate compromised addition escape exercise trail tears event graduation course events marine_corps basic reconnaissance course including runs escape exercises students going course given opportunity bring wear gas mask event usually worn donned gas masks removed end exercise hours running wearing gear virtually impossible vietnam reported thousands tons gas forces vietnam bring open north vietnamese forces battles like easter offensive gas routinely greek riot police mat order quell student labour protests riots quell protest july riots seattle amnesty international reported manufactured company pains subsequently amnesty called export ban receiving regime fully trained use shown usage contrary manufacturer instructions september guardian newspaper revealed company legal export private security company breach united_nations sanctions guardian reported militia flush buildings death government south_africa israel south korean government seoul balkan conflicts serbia malta police nationalist party supporters tear gas protests genoa italy quebec city canada anti demonstrations quebec city summit americas malaysia federal reserve unit known use tear gas citizens rallied clean fair elections called rallies canadian norwegian australian defence forces train personnel gas manner similar usa basic chemical biological nuclear training gas released burning usually building reserved purpose gas training person enters building unprotected fit clear gas mask leaving drills drinking mask practised norwegian units exposed gas engaged physical activity push ups france repeatedly gas refugees camps