louis louis edward january october british_army officer cavalry best known role death charge light brigade war born minor diplomatic official wife educated austrian pioneer school noted enthusiastic military theorist early graduation commissioned 10th austrian regiment serving austria hungary polish frontier known promoted senior lieutenant inherent austro hungarian armed forces succeeded transferring british_army 15th light deployed india eventually regimental riding master aide camp general george berkeley commander chief madras accompanying horse trials evaluate use cavalry mounts captain returning great_britain toured continental europe wrote books cavalry theory second cavalry history tactics universally acclaimed led adoption designed saddle british_army trusted voice cavalry matters dispatched middle_east early days war hunt appropriate mounts returning attached staff general richard role delivered order led charge light brigade percent light brigade soldiers killed wounded captured rendered unfit service including casualty charge contemporary accounts blamed failing properly communicate order accidentally deliberately modern historians blame lord commander british forces cavalry commander lord early life education born january elizabeth york county upper canada following father dismissal minor diplomatic post british milan accepted austrian pioneer school known fellow cadets father desire given chance enter prestigious branch armed forces meant regularly transferred cadet schools learn military enthusiastic cavalry noted excellent student military theory history multi nature austro hungary studied languages including hungarian subjects studied included fortification water engineering mathematics fencing swimming bridge building graduated pioneer school year early probably following recommendation prince 10th austrian regiment served austria hungary polish frontier noted language skills confidential report commended great zeal application highly popular regiment rising senior lieutenant despite status limited opportunities promotion promotions austrian army theoretically merit based gentry exchanged money unofficially secure father attempted commission british_army little success return united_kingdom coronation queen_victoria july secured interview lord somerset father negotiated austrian general permit leave austrian armed forces eventually following payment granted commission 15th light british_army april resignation austrian army formally accepted struck rolls october years death 15th light india despite negative associations service deliberately transferred regiment operating india initially travelled 15th maintained troop train new recruits command captain george key caught bombay arrived november soon arrival fell ill granted years sick leave starting march returned britain returned active service june depot lieutenant 19th went leave august riding master course exam returned march newly qualified attachment depot gave opportunity study practice cavalry theory met officers similar interest including captain key close friends time ended departed india october arriving madras 15th light stationed relatively peaceful area action time appointed regimental riding master august recognition expertise spare time raced horse arab beauty races october placed second races won stakes ladies purse year later entered success regimental riding master introduced substantial changes cavalry training programme use bars training individual soldiers teaching formation riding entire squads appointing dedicated soldier troop trained break new horses years regiment standard rose increasing reputation regiment inspected major general john man known high standards wrote system training horses teaching riding worthy generally known seat men uniform hand light firm hand heel work horses ranks steady degree expect regiment mounted entire horses staff officer joining staff general george berkeley commander chief madras aide camp january quickly close friends berkeley sons charles george enthusiastic horse racing accompanied berkeley tour region conducting horse trials evaluate use cavalry mounts promoted purchasing march despite successes recognised prospects far limited india england afford increased costs serving colonies time service india taken seriously officers high command sufficient advance accordingly obtained years sick leave january returned england intending tour europe write book cavalry theory grand tour cavalry theory brief period england colonel george key toured continent visiting countries including france russia sweden german states swedish horse guards von left particular impression later writing best regiments foreign cavalry seen impressed initially considering simply translating english russia attended military review cavalry passing germany observed saxon eventually following return october promotion commander regiment troop published book training cavalry horses new system parker parker dedicated berkeley book highly specialised intended practical use aimed specifically cavalry officers generally reaction book limited specialised nature work second book cavalry history tactics covered cavalry theory widely series recommendations including use foot saddle substantial improvements cavalry saddle existing saddle use considered high restricting use rider lower legs leading instability accordingly designed new saddle assistance sergeant depot focused reducing horse improved comfort weighed existing design resulting saddle tested april attendance duke cambridge inspector general cavalry reaction positive army commissioned new model cavalry known universal wood arch pattern design informally referred saddle cavalry history tactics received warmer reception training illustrated london news praising knowledge enthusiasm recommending civilians military review times approving decades continued received seen important ground breaking work book gave substantial prominence britain united_states discussed india praised manual cavalry officer understand profession reflect honour copy sent french imperial staff major general british staff having read book translated entire work war mission war fast approaching british_army needed way obtaining cavalry horses turkey method simply ship horses britain time consuming expensive result large number dying alternately horses bought middle_east suitable ones identified duke newcastle secretary state war needed experienced cavalry officer undertake search new found reputation logical choice newcastle struck 15th aide camp general richard march issued special service passport departed constantinople meeting steamship arriving turkey met british vice consul introduced invited view turkish regiments particularly impressed judging incapable russian cavalry charge finding horses small ordered finding appropriate british artillery cavalry report somerset baron commander british forces turkey included proposal trip syria claimed horses appropriate proposal eventually agreed went arrived discovered turkish officials bought army horses northern syria continued damascus failed find horses sufficient quality left city hopes making contact left train horses bought met steamship trent transported turkey staff officer returned british forces join light division aide camp royal_navy control black_sea russian treaty turkey austria enemy forces withdrawing eastern_europe despite favourable outcome british government wished negotiate russians strong position decision taken invade objective destroying capturing russian naval base personally considered unrealistic british forces knew little region port defences strength russian military estimates troop numbers varying distance away causing logistical difficulties identified target fellow staff officers plan assault eventually included infantry cavalry guns french soldiers guns cavalry required horses small number ships available heavy brigade second wave arrived light brigade relied sole unit cavalry force departed september began landing bay miles north light cavalry engage reconnaissance screening rest force moved transports fully ashore 18th 19th began marching heavy brigade force reached river day found force russian infantry light battery artillery infantry artillery hidden dip terrain british formed placement british cavalry heavy danger decided withdraw sent troop forward cover retreat body confidence russians thinking larger british force failed pursue retreating cavalry day later british force french general defeated russians battle alma spent battle liaison fluent french allied armies resumed marching september entered plains near british camp plateau approaches south north valleys small hill known causeway heights force waited supplies allied ships bombarded forts surrounding starting october forts proved particularly strong damage caused admiral killed time time allied navy bombard forts causing damage russians repair night allied armies waited strengthen positions increase resources prince commander russian forces desire provide victory following defeat alma formed plan cut british_army harbour secondary objective capturing harbour russian forces assembled october attacked 25th general covered russian left flank right general waited prepared support individual force came trouble turkish forces quickly overwhelmed forced flee ordered heavy light cavalry brigades lord line second set turkish occupied order confused infuriated set occupied turks abandoned meant leaving turks british infantry meet russian charge cavalry support despite wording interpreted order correctly require place light brigade mouth north valley position left cavalry dangerously exposed terrain able advancing russian troops feet away watched cavalry form mouth north valley minutes giving order changed mind returned original position time wished reinforce turks british infantry ordered heavy brigade cavalry regiments send defensive line angered splitting force half merely reduced cavalry overall effectiveness complied result fork russian cavalry attack encountered thin red line driven second fork crossing heights plain encountered regiments heavy brigade russians men initially surprised british cavalry approaching allowing commander heavy brigades charge russians point left lord charge light brigade raced later claiming duty ordered british charge eventually forced russians flee charge light brigade left light brigade plateau instructed defend position attack interpreted mean leave plateau brigade remained heavy brigade engaged russian cavalry objection light brigade officers prevented british cavalry adequately pursuing russians attacks mounted north valley retreated failure attack russians chose advance leading deciding attempt retake captured turkish fortifications light heavy brigades divisions infantry 1st division advanced swiftly 4th division deliberately making increasingly dispatched aide ordering cavalry advance advantage opportunity recover heights supported infantry ordered advance fronts interpreted mean await infantry support attacking minutes later infantry having arrived staff officers spotted russian artillery teams approaching fortifications equipment remove captured guns avoid guns taken dispatched carry message read lord wishes cavalry advance rapidly try prevent enemy carrying away guns troop horse artillery accompany french cavalry left immediate rode position shouted tell lord cavalry attack immediately fourth order russian forces included don field artillery battery containing guns drawn north valley regiments cavalry waiting carried message asked guns referred said indicated wide sweep arm causeway don battery north valley mile away brief debate ordered light brigade forward claimed ordered attack quarter given despite pointing russian artillery hand claimed told retire battle opportunity objective presented regardless brigade drew swords ordered advance valley explicitly asked join brigade fight allowed light brigade advanced russian guns opened fire shell splinter hit chest horse carried brigade starting point fell saddle dead russian artillery continued fire light brigade advanced heavy brigade saw light brigade overwhelmed russian artillery ordered saying sacrificed light brigade shall heavy help remainder light brigade eventually reached russian artillery havoc fleeing gunners pursuing russian cavalry artillery remainder valley despite outnumbered british cavalry pursued russians managed disrupt enemy time killed captured cavalry stayed abandoned artillery guns collected george retired british lines despite russian cavalry result dead wounded missing captured percent losses action lasted minutes legacy time death male member family line died friends plaque erected memory holy trinity church body remained possessions given colonel key including copyright cavalry history tactics house london interests estate charge tragedy resulted blamed william howard russell misunderstanding order issuing confusing message properly keeping eye terrain primarily blamed infuriated wrote letter horse guards parade claim commander chief forces resign command return britain unwilling court martial wrote pamphlet titled earl lord reflections series letters times revealed order highly ambiguous kind dispatch required officer battlefield time method delivery insisted urgency attack clear verbal order written order public opinion divided people attacked rallied defence major newspapers maintained status mere messenger destroyed light brigade lord defended saying captain idea mistake majority damned charge soon overshadowed bloody military failures continued failure siege terry brighton writes hell riders years charge historians generally agreed argue misunderstood order asked lord intended pointed wrong enemy guns sent light brigade destruction recent years suggested deliberately guns attacked brighton blame widely holding fault vast majority blame lies david messenger death agrees blame partially failing conduct adequate reconnaissance played david film charge light brigade film portrayed glory hungry officer symbol youth energy desperate reform army


inspector general september june royal_navy surgeon surveyor arctic explorer leading london graduated doctor medicine university year entered navy assistant surgeon served surveying expedition northern territory south_australia helping chart area west adelaide river returning biological specimens adelaide study appointed hospital later royal naval college joined british arctic expedition captain sir george serving staff surgeon hms discovery disease spread expedition dogs charged investigating cause findings later formed basis published work conclusion expedition received arctic medal service promoted fleet surgeon later career served ships hospitals received sir gilbert gold medal promoted deputy inspector general appointed principal medical officer naval hospital selected knight grace order saint john retirement promoted inspector general served president section navy army ambulance british medical association commander royal victorian order initiated founder past grand england father edward explorer lost expedition career early career graduated university doctor medicine january member royal college professional qualification april year august entered royal_navy medical service assistant surgeon appointed hms october transferred navy flagship hms victory moored portsmouth posted aboard hms assigned australian station selected serve naturalist survey expedition northern territory south_australia aboard hms expedition charged surveying coast area adelaide river aim selecting site future territory capital survey area west river darwin role naturalist collected specimens reptiles birds presented south australian institute later south australian museum timber donated adelaide garden later reported adelaide philosophical society geological findings coast northern territory said generally composed red grey sandstone small quantities writing south australian register george william francis director garden said species timber collected settled important question timber proposed capital noting member expedition originally intended return biological specimens adelaide failed francis wrote gentleman supplied time failed obtaining information appointed channel conclusion expedition received thanks parliament south_australia work research expedition later formed basis published work remarks natural history native population northern australia british arctic expedition return britain qualified january title surgeon royal_navy passing examinations royal college following month appointed royal hospital remained december promoted staff surgeon second class appointed hms discovery ships hms alert comprised british arctic expedition led captain sir george expedition aimed reach north pole pushing north smith sound island greenland ships slow progress sound repeatedly halted dense pack ice august year expedition greenland dogs began signs disease dogs experienced fits madness owing assumed close confinement wet decks want natural exercise fleet surgeon thomas alert charged investigating disease report noted disease similarity instance recorded greenland human beings having suffered advanced recovery animals instances entirely opposed recorded experience true august ships parted alert continued push north discovery waited reserve biological work extended collected wheat seeds left area expedition years previously planted seeds decks discovery second year shore glass according robert summary expedition experiment succeeded evidently attempt fancy difficulties relied supply wants entire ship crew expedition returned england october having failed reach pole gains cost men died deaths occurred party alert remaining discovery major committee inquiry investigating expedition determined lack fresh lime juice triggered outbreak fresh meat plentiful supply near discovery disease publicly defended included attack visited regretted proved valuable services fleet surgeon thomas staff surgeon assisted edward moss richard william officers great talent high character reward power gentlemen given careful officers work expedition awarded arctic medal promoted fleet surgeon later published report diseases incidental dogs smith sound diagnosis treatment findings expedition later career spent remainder career working ships hospitals surgical notes time survive november example serving aboard hms recorded failed attempt revive drowning victim james injected area immediately heart wet mouth awarded sir gilbert gold medal honour reserved royal_navy medical officers received final active promotion deputy inspector general appointed principal medical officer naval hospital chatham years later selected knight grace order saint john retired september honorary promotion inspector general continued active retirement navy twice serving president section navy army ambulance british medical association july serving capacity delivered introductory address annual meeting association address arguing light fresh air important treatment wounded sailors noted obtained sufficient quantity water line place sick quarters water line amidst sea fight traversed projectiles wrecked exploding shells course question sufficient space spared instead argued dedicated hospital ships action range sufficiently close collect wounded fight sailing regulations geneva convention free capture related article treatment wounded sea published philadelphia medical journal august expanded idea hospital ships paper british medical association presented paper annual meeting association entitled position john ambulance brigade regards capacity chief commissioner john ambulance brigade june james palace commander royal victorian order king george died june aged fellow royal geographical society society member army navy club royal_navy medical club folklore society addition works previously mentioned author published work entitled statistical report remarks condition welsh colony south_america initiated past grand england having previously grand standard bearer england founder lodge court lodge london navy lodge london chapter london past master master senior officer lodge lodge lodge prince wales lodge phoenix lodge jamaica lodge kent member orders knights knights malta life governor royal institution vice president royal school boys vice patron royal school girls family fourth son paul originally cornwall married jane sons daughter son walter died aged months pneumonia september father edward lieutenant royal explorer accompanied expedition douglas dog formed far eastern party dogs explore area expedition base land december died walking broke snow lid news death reached australia march australian newspapers including western sydney morning herald ran biographies noting surveying work northern territory arctic exploration returned australia year later telegram sent behalf australian people senior great loss son fame replied following day grateful thanks people australia sympathetic message


august officer american revolutionary war political leader north_carolina important figure early history southwest territory state tennessee french indian war captain local british colonial militia continued serving militia start revolution time enlisted north_carolina militia colonel appointed post brigadier general salisbury district participated initial phases american wars indians frontier june partly responsible loyalist defeat battle mill present battle august taken prisoner british exchanged participated campaigns including attacks faction originally ireland immigrated parents philadelphia pennsylvania colony age eighteen moved county province north_carolina married elizabeth graham active member community served multiple civil representative houses north_carolina house_of_commons unsuccessful candidate governor advocate anti movement appointed president legislative council southwest territory retired county tennessee died august age early life little known early life born ireland john scots descent elizabeth née griffin welsh descent appears clearly records immigration philadelphia age eighteen parents died voyage ireland worked relative farm taught survey land moved county north_carolina colony bought tract land seven miles salisbury land purchases following year married neighbor sister elizabeth graham eventually bore children sons james later major revolutionary war dying battle springs friends daniel time went hunting surveying expeditions french indian war increasingly active community affairs listed member north_carolina general_assembly sheriff justice peace county tax collector french indian war began extensive military career french indian war participant battles skirmishes notably battle fort battle fort james grant campaign southern war end achieved rank captain embraced cause rebels movement commanding local militia participated battle following month retired salem recover acute attack revolutionary war entered war colonel north_carolina militia following appointment county committee safety year regiment helped disperse loyalist groups south_carolina country notably snow campaign ninety south_carolina represented county fourth provincial congress halifax april helped develop write north_carolina constitution promoted brigadier general salisbury district summer following conference raised army men campaign local indians attacking colonists western frontier alliance british campaign regiment fort regiments james martin martin armstrong july groups traveled blue ridge mountains gap passed valley creek crossed river passed creek near present day town north_carolina crossed river near indian settlement moved onwards gap small engagement band men wounded conflict marched middle towns tennessee river met general andrew south_carolina september similar mission readily joined forces original regiments regiments hostile indians valley town near southern settlements present day northeast tennessee eventually indian tribes subdued cost fatalities regiment casualties indians severe end conflict regiments destroyed indian towns acres corn farms chased indians cattle afterward returned home route arrived salisbury early october disbanded troops later month authorized expedition recently raised cavalry force led captain william moore attack middle towns southern theater british viewed southern colonies especially lightly populated georgia vulnerable despite early victories won patriots charleston settlements south focus english attack starting governor richard north_carolina identified threat immediately ordered militia checking loyalists return salisbury received word october governor met north_carolina november discuss assignment apparently fleet british ships route new_york heavily key coastal cities able force reached border south_carolina early december proceeded establish headquarters near savannah south_carolina following month cities savannah taken february campaign severely weakened moved troops near supported general john battle creek march soldiers soon began april forces returned north_carolina loss charleston huge blow patriot cause posed significant threat neighboring north_carolina lacked adequate defenses saw danger calling remaining troops stationed south_carolina ordering soldiers salisbury rally near charlotte north_carolina force accumulated early june battle mill rallying troops charlotte received information loyalists gathering arms mill near present day north_carolina issued orders local officers disperse group evolved greater threat collecting troops counties moved men river crossed ford june sent word colonel francis county rendezvous miles mill near accumulated force men mountain creek miles away position approximately distance mill position resolved officers junction unrealistic given distance regiments limited time loyalist group grew large safely engage decided forces attack loyalist position immediately colonel johnson subordinates informed new situation forces left late evening june arriving loyalist position early morning june patriots took loyalists surprise confused loyalists firing cavalry forced fall patriots eventually forced loyalists retreat camp discovered mill stream point immediate attack loyalists expected messages sent advanced miles immediately forward met miles informed loyalists retreat battle losses savannah charleston battle practically driven continental_army south state defenses reduced number locally lead partisan militias response loss military presence congress sent gates distinguished reform continental_army charlotte north_carolina advice officers knowing capabilities troops battle gates marched south_carolina july men aimed capturing crossroads town north_carolina strategically important control south_carolina lord stationed men alerted lord gates movements august arrived august reinforcements increasing british presence men battle ensued dawn august positioned center continental formation north_carolina militia battle wounded taken prisoner detained months san florida later exchanged prisoner later war returned salisbury september release find home british troops short reunion family trained took command men allegedly began brutally attack militias communities according reports sent superior general disagreed tactics warning methods encourage loyalist cause reports later found false decided forces british surrounding militias wilmington north_carolina beginning loyalist force swamp october november continued force loyalists wilmington eventually surrounded city successfully cutting british communications supply lines commanding british officer major soon afterward informed surrender forces wilmington hastily evacuated wilmington fought west followed route taken seven years known accounts written campaign reportedly successful later life elected north_carolina senate war continued serve position opposed restoration loyalist lands supporting assisting serving council state ran unsuccessfully governor ardent anti national debate recently created united_states_constitution constitutional convention held north_carolina reservations constitution anti meeting requested challenge clauses clause challenged individually despite opposition samuel rarely contributed discussion final decision vote ratification constitution resulted losing seat state senate reputation colleagues relatively unaffected subsequently elected state acquired nearly acres washington district land trading acres salisbury government grants purchasing continental soldier tracts family slaves relocated area today county tennessee september years later appointed president legislative council southwest territory died county tennessee august legacy areas north_carolina county north_carolina county tennessee


waters victor waters june august australian military aviator serve fighter pilot royal_australian_air_force raaf world war time suffered significant discrimination australian society restrictions movement residence employment access services citizenship born northern new_south_wales raised queensland waters working joined raaf training initially mechanic volunteered flying duties graduated sergeant pilot flew south west pacific theatre completed missions mainly close air support end war risen rank warrant officer following discharge raaf attempted start regional airline unable secure financial backing government approval went died age early life fourth children grace waters née bennett waters born mission near northern new_south_wales june grew near george queensland educated seventh grade state school hearing tales pioneering charles smith amy johnson charles reading stories flash gordon rogers head clouds early age waters left school support family working alongside father ring paid shillings week seven day week sixth average wage time began working raaf career military officially barred restricted recruitment earlier periods significantly relaxed japan entered world war australia came direct attack time waters volunteered service raaf august brisbane accepted began training aircraft mechanic later volunteered flying service commenced initial training victoria december interviewer thought looked bit rough fighter waters believed lack education disadvantage studied nights keen pilot concerned allocated duty wireless operator showed transmission early asked imagine tail gunner lancaster halifax heavy bomber replied disappointed look face sir convinced achieve dream aviator waters separate selected pay chosen waters undertook basic flight instruction elementary flying training school new_south_wales flew tiger completed training received wings sergeant pilot service flying training school posted operational training unit victoria converted fighters leave waters reportedly new_south_wales carrying identity card racially institutions affecting time november posted squadron fighter unit based island dutch new_guinea arrived allocated chance previous pilot nicknamed plane black magic painted words nose waters found plane amusing coincidence chose retain stage war japanese aircraft non existent south west pacific theatre squadron main role ground attack bombing enemy positions waters flew sorties later air bases borneo mission aircraft struck cannon shell embedded cockpit flew hours possibility shell exploding time situation likened having loaded gun head tell said returning base best landing january promoted flight sergeant end war waters commanding operations included commissioned officers colleague described figure humble despite daring feats addition combat flying waters held raaf boxing title waters brothers edward jimmy waters served australian_army war end pacific war september considered australian component british commonwealth occupation force japan brother jim declined time later changed mind returned australia left air_force rank warrant officer january post war life legacy returning australia waters attempted start regional airline serving south west queensland able secure finance bureaucratic agreement reportedly wrote letters seeking government approval received reply flew plane racism military world war considered minimal waters served country found skills acquired valued peacetime wrote later having uniform simply returned weeks discharge air_force waters married children worked automotive mechanic forced cease union rules required serve waters briefly employed local council queensland road worker returning took away family properties stretching north queensland victoria personally estimated million sheep life waters applied housing commission accommodation allocated house brisbane august eventually bought property lived years died august age buried george cemetery waters commemorated ways australia post depicted portrait stamp fighter black magic australia remembers series black magic port named personal waters place park opened plains council dedicated waters park new_south_wales waters street australian capital territory named council erected monument waters local raaf identity squadron leader john jackson george council recognised waters memory achievements waters park memorial plaque circuit ridge new_south_wales


wilson general wilson september june united_states_army air forces general world war wilson enlisted maryland national_guard private served mexican border western world war transferring united_states_army air service war obtained regular commission qualified aerial observer pilot years influential instructor air corps tactical school wilson leading theorist embraced doctrine strategic bombing important aspect air power argued attacking industries brought halt necessarily having destroy factories doctrine wilson later basis army air forces strategic war plan developed world war wilson served chief personnel division war department general staff chief staff fifth air_force september returning united_states assistant chief staff united_states_army air forces organization commitments requirements time acting chief staff army air forces february wilson present battle official army air forces observer june assumed command air_force proving ground command war wilson served member board examined military educational system instituted series long lasting reforms diagnosed retired rank major general early life wilson born mill county west_virginia september seven children john hamilton wilson wife martha jane née john wilson worked number odd jobs mail carrier baltimore post office educated baltimore institute went work surveyor baltimore ohio railroad world war february wilson enlisted private maryland national_guard posted company 5th maryland infantry unit called active duty laurel maryland june service mexican border based eagle pass texas like national_guard units supported directly participate villa expedition occasionally cross border mexico wilson soon promoted corporal later sergeant 5th maryland regiment returned maryland february 5th maryland infantry called april following declaration war united_states german empire wilson promoted second lieutenant effective april posted company 5th maryland infantry time regiment moved camp alabama 5th maryland infantry absorbed infantry 29th division october camp wilson applied training aerial observer request accepted promoted lieutenant april june 29th division sailed new_jersey brest france travelled france entering line trenches sector france wilson applied training aerial observer response appeal american expeditionary forces headquarters time successful september reported air service concentration barracks saint training camp tours november posted 2nd corps school sur assigned squadron returned united_states july discharged army august wars wilson married older sister wife best friend ceremony home pittsburgh honeymoon miami florida settled baltimore couple eventually children jane born born wilson applied received regular army commission air service commissioned lieutenant july immediately advanced captain posted observation school post field oklahoma senior instructor sent field florida primary pilot training kelly field texas advanced training served instructor observation served washington office chief air service followed year tour duty philippines commander 2nd observation squadron return united_states wilson posted air corps tactical school field virginia instructor school moved field alabama promoted major february air corps tactical school wilson leading like school embraced doctrine strategic bombing important aspect air power wilson rejected parts doctrine called mass bombing cities break morale enemy instead preparing training course wilson drew knowledge critical breaks railroad systems disrupt entire system equally true industries attacking industries brought halt necessarily having destroy factories school identified transportation steel iron ore electric power key economic industries wilson termed doctrine industrial web theory industrial web theory relatively young junior officers nearly commissioned immediately world war viewed war abstract admitted conclusive proof theories firmly believed air power dominate future warfare certain technological limitations overcome wilson key advocates instructors tactical school known bomber mafia wilson walker major moon died future generals robert olds robert george espoused doctrine testimony commission federal aviation argument supporting creation independent air_force adopted doctrine industrial web theory host effects obtain required accuracy hit targets bombing daylight improved required mark appearing pursuit plane range accompany bombers able defend new tactics called formation flying maximize defense hostile pursuit aircraft requirement better bomber led development boeing flying fortress wilson accepted argument forcibly advanced fellow instructor kenneth walker fighter aircraft range speed accompany bombers probably shoot wilson attended command general staff school fort kansas graduating june considered course waste time devoted large ground officers duties devoid recognition airplane instrument war graduation returned air corps tactical school director department air tactics strategy promoted lieutenant colonel june november march assistant commandant school world war wilson promoted colonel october returned washington served office chief air corps brigadier general chief plans division transferred plans division war department general staff headed brigadier general wilson briefly chief staff major general walter frank air_force tampa florida months recalled washington serve war department general staff time personnel division headed major general john command general staff school classmate wilson promoted brigadier general june july left command infantry division wilson assistant chief staff september wilson chief staff major general george allied air forces southwest pacific area fifth air_force specifically requested general henry arnold send wilson replace chief staff air vice marshal william raaf officer wilson known years basis serving chief staff wilson addressed general loss brigadier general kenneth walker january successor brigadier general howard reconnaissance mission march wilson desire accompany mission tagged passenger bombing raid service southwest pacific wilson awarded distinguished service medal march arnold asked return wilson work staff wilson took long way visiting war theatres india china middle_east italy england wilson found army air forces chief staff lieutenant general anxious wilson return pay visit war theatres wilson found acting chief staff return wilson assistant chief staff organization commitments requirements february wilson present battle official army air forces observer promoted major general march june wilson replaced assistant chief staff major general service post wilson awarded oak leaf cluster distinguished service medal appointed command air_force proving ground command time airmen assigned command post war wilson served member board chief lieutenant general examined military educational system board met washington january final report chief staff united_states_army general army dwight recommended system joint colleges collectively form national security university direction joint chiefs staff addition existing industrial college national war college board recommended establishment joint administrative college joint intelligence college department state college wilson went argued establishment air university control army air forces wilson proposal accepted board recommendations resulted multi educational system effect today squadron officer school junior officers air command staff college middle level officers air university senior officers created old air corps tactical school air officers participate joint training army navy colleagues industrial college national war college joint forces staff college creations board classes began new institutions september january respectively october wilson diagnosed discharged grounds disability rank major general retired california wrote published memoirs entitled died june papers george marshall foundation


fighter pilot peter september march german luftwaffe air_force fighter ace recipient knight cross iron cross german des honour recognised extreme bravery battlefield outstanding military leadership received award shot enemy aircraft total credited aerial victories accumulated combat missions born volunteered service luftwaffe nazi_germany training pilot fighter pilot schools posted 52nd fighter wing operating eastern august fought aerial battles black_sea credited aerial victories briefly transferred western credited aerial victory eastern accumulated victories bringing score victories end fought skies france western allied invasion normandy claiming seven aerial victories converting jet fighter late flying shot north american february killed mid air collision squadron members march near childhood education early career born free state september second son bank manager wife maria older brother paul attended primary school street easter transferred oriented secondary school gymnasium applied career officer luftwaffe time travelling berlin deemed suitable age young volunteer military service outbreak world war school fellow students forced compulsory labour service assigned mechanical engineering institute intended study aircraft construction military service reassigned institute flight airfield leadership end march graduated school diploma accepted luftwaffe years initial application commencing july undertook weeks basic military training flight training regiment austria completion transferred flight school pilot license near early october days later training group returned flight courses flight training started improvised airfield flight october marked logged solo flight november landing minutes flight time training group returned february conducted cross country flights majority cross country flights flown april april round trip received instruction formation flying august operation german invasion soviet_union underway months completing flight training transferred 6th fighter pilot school near der completed final phase fighter pilot training upper june august transferring world war holding rank non commissioned officer similar rank sergeant august tasked new factory units eastern newly trained pilots reached group scheduled stop bad weather closed group grounded getting away headed day continued journey kilometres south ukraine days sent forth finally reached 2nd group 52nd fighter wing operating combat area arrival approached captain asked like fly conducted flights referred august flying marked black indicating aircraft stab flew combat mission august vicinity impressed performance time officially assigned transfer squadron decided stabs flight comrades nicknamed allusion german named form war soviet_union september scored aerial victory scored rapidly victories september promoted second lieutenant assigned fighter group east credited destruction flying fortress january victory actually separation shot severely damaged heavy bomber forced separate combat box counted aerial victory attacked aircraft bomber formation severely damaged aerial victory commission credited regiment brigade victory following aerial victory received knight cross iron cross february presentation award announced greater german radio official radio station ministry public enlightenment propaganda evening february late february sent peninsula eastern took command 4th squadron 52nd fighter wing squadron leader continued success claiming aerial victories march april claimed april april claimed 100th opponents shot luftwaffe pilot achieve century mark score stood aerial victories squadrons transferred river claimed final victories eastern group commander major ordered transfer west defence selected 4th officially assigned 3rd fighter wing time command bob invasion normandy invasion normandy started early morning june swing time arrived france western allies breaking normandy operation cobra 2nd group 3rd fighter wing stationed roughly kilometres southwest paris tasked ground support missions missions allied invasion forces claimed damaged july credited destruction numerous trucks ground support missions period august claimed aerial victory west total august taken free fighter sweep mission heavy bombers unit spotted formation minutes flying time attacked pass altitude metres hit starboard engines immediately set bomber fire observed crash kilometres southeast final tally august seven allied planes including august august august august flying death learned fly operational jet fighter december transferred 7th fighter wing flying squadron leader probation took february offensive counter air mission allied heavy bombers anglo american attack operation minutes flight roughly kilometres west berlin spotted american flying metres closing fast shot proceeding west near spotted metres shot achieving final aerial victory observed crashing forest kilometres northeast highest peak mountain range sunday march lower cloud ceiling metres time metres upper cloud ceiling metres rendering flight conditions outside official operational specification jet fully cleared instrument flight lower cloud ceiling metres major attending meeting hamburg senior officer duty 1st received order major operations officer engage heavy bombers initially argued weather conditions prohibited safe takeoff intervened ordered jets engage enemy order resulted death following mission killed following mid air collision shortly takeoff killed combat fighters direct order 1st 2nd 3rd decided lead flight taking flying hour returning trying engage enemy took followed chose experienced pilot trained instrument flight lead served yellow factory number took ordered form close formation flying wing tip wing tip took experienced engine failure minutes flight having travelled roughly kilometres flying metres ground aircraft experienced heavy blow collided jet spin came near hamburg berlin railroad tracks airfield immediately informed initially believed missing body recovered day near roughly kilometre away crash site apparently managed bail failed deploy parachute time injuries sustained crash aircraft fatal recovery party found upper forehead smashed found dead parachute body found machine gun bullets fallen airmen buried military honours including cemetery successor walter wagner accompanied mother funeral number laid grave largest sent recommended oak leaves knight cross recommendation approved finalized end war aerial victory credits credited aerial victories claimed combat missions western eastern tally eastern includes bombers fighters ground attack aircraft western claimed seven fighters engined bombers observation aircraft flew number ground attack missions destroying vehicles heavy transports ace indicates aerial victories ace day term fighter pilot shot single day indicates separation shot severely damaged heavy bomber forced separate combat box counted aerial victory awards iron cross 2nd class september 1st class november flying luftwaffe fighter pilots gold february der luftwaffe march pilot german cross gold april knight cross iron cross february pilot awarded posthumous knight cross iron cross oak leaves von processed request april official proof exists translation notes


john marshal royal_air_force sir john june july known jack senior commander royal_air_force raf serving chief air staff pilot royal flying corps world war saw action squadron middle_east earning military cross squadron western awarded belgian wars commanded squadron england indian wing earning distinguished service order operations published air power armies examined use air power targets battlefield held operational commands second world war air officer commanding coastal command credited turn tide battle atlantic use long range bombers german boats june closing stages war commander chief raf mediterranean middle_east deputy lieutenant general commander chief mediterranean allied air forces conducting operations italian campaign yugoslavia went serve raf senior post chief air staff early 1950s considered strong proponent strategic bombing nuclear retirement published books including autobiography held ceremonial appointments somerset early life world war son major arthur adelaide née born india june educated lame legs result rejected army service received commission second lieutenant royal flying corps july help family connections appointed special reserve flying officer september confirmed rank second lieutenant september saw action squadron egypt credited arresting escape sultan ali men following sultan defeat mentioned despatches october wounded thigh england promoted temporary rank captain december awarded military cross january returned combat april flight commander squadron western squadron converted royal aircraft factory soon promoted substantive rank lieutenant july appointed belgian order september awarded belgian march transferred newly formed royal_air_force april having promoted temporary rank major july posted central flying school instructor july inter war years having left raf flight lieutenant august applied rejoin offered short service commission rank february flight commander squadron operated bristol fighters north west frontier india joined staff training staff duties air ministry february year married grace son daughter attended raf staff college promoted squadron leader january commanded army cooperation squadron flew bristol fighters raf april october joined air planning staff operations intelligence air ministry attended staff college appointed raf directing staff officer january promoted acting wing commander january substantive july officer commanding indian wing march awarded distinguished service order operations november january published air power armies examination use air power targets battlefield work advocated army operation cut enemy reinforcements supply use aerial bombardment weapon enemy morale acknowledge limitations theory stating conditions envisaged book campaign land primary problem time defeat enemy army field war great naval power sea principle threat empire time action hostile air forces country possessions aim objectives air forces empire described book following posting india promoted acting group captain appointed deputy director plans air ministry promoted substantive group captain july mentioned despatches february took director plans december appointed air aide camp king january second world war promoted air commodore day second world war september succeeded air aide camp group captain january raised temporary air vice marshal permanent april air officer commanding bomber group appointed companion order bath mentioned despatches january appointed assistant chief air staff april closely involved planning combined allied air offensive europe conference january able influence britain secretary air sir chief air staff air chief marshal sir charles portal agree proposals led round clock bombing policy germany mounting daylight precision attacks raf conducting area bombing night appointed coastal command acting rank air marshal february disposal squadrons equipped heavy bombers credited turn tide battle atlantic allies favour employing stretched long range bomber force boat threat close cooperation naval forces promoted temporary air marshal june advanced knight commander order bath birthday honours commander chief raf mediterranean middle_east january deputy lieutenant general commander chief mediterranean allied air forces role conducted operations italian campaign yugoslavia establishing balkan air_force theatre joined air council air member personnel april rank air marshal substantive june awarded grand cross greek order phoenix september war service earned appointment commander belgian order august knight grand cross norwegian order march post war career promoted air chief marshal january continued serve air member personnel responsible overseeing wartime raf october urging chief air staff marshal royal_air_force sir arthur succeeded general sir william slim commandant imperial defence college dubious accepting position sought assurances line post chief air staff particularly light preference air chief marshal sir succeed appointed knight grand cross order bath june principal air aide camp king july event took chief air staff january chose vice chief air staff promoted marshal royal_air_force june late reluctantly involved australian government quest suitable raf officer serve chief air staff royal_australian_air_force eventually selected air marshal outstanding candidate australian post trying avoid called years ago referring air chief marshal sir charles controversial tenure chief air staff australia britain early years second world war leader raf coined term force denote planned trio strategic jet bombers vickers page victor vulcan contributed decision build designs played key role promoting nuclear weapons effective instrument early cold war british strategy raf argued bombers important conventional forces drastically reduced time government seeking significant public expenditure savings believed unlikely united_kingdom able meet communist offensive use tactical nuclear weapons key great employed title book wrote retired sides atlantic term chief air staff dominated korean war later life completing term chief air staff december succeeded air chief marshal sir william retired raf january attended coronation queen elizabeth_ii june retirement published books autobiography central blue great served honorary air commodore county devon maritime headquarters unit royal auxiliary air_force wife lady appointed serving sister order hospital john jerusalem july march appointed sheriff somerset following year commissioned deputy lieutenant somerset april director aircraft governor schools death married florence priest née died princess hospital wiltshire july son john joined raf rising rank group captain


july december luftwaffe military aviator world war ground attack pilot credited destruction tanks number ships claimed aerial victories destruction vehicles types artillery anti tank anti aircraft positions armored trains numerous bridges supply lines flew ground attack missions exclusively eastern usually flying dive bomber missions flying born province volunteered military service luftwaffe following flight training served aerial reconnaissance unit outbreak world war europe transferred dive bomber force posted france flew combat missions dive bomber pilot beginning operation june september credited severely damaging soviet battleship effectively action months posted luftwaffe main testing ground experimented equipped anti tank role eastern flew combat destroying numerous landing craft destroyed 100th tank october february appointed group commander iii 2nd ground support wing march credited tanks destroyed combat missions logged placed command october flew combat mission december following day destroyed tank achievements awarded knight cross iron cross golden oak leaves swords diamonds presented adolf_hitler january severely injured combat february requiring right lower leg time hospital march began flying surrendering forces airfield release captivity april owned operated company emigrated argentina founded relief organization nazi war criminals helped fugitive nazis escape latin_america middle_east helped conceal protect doctor concentration camp responsible selection victims killed gas chambers worked arms industry military advisor juan president argentina secured financially lucrative government military contracts active military adviser arms dealer regime chile activities placed observation central intelligence agency west german federal election returned west_germany candidate far right german party elected following uprising ended second presidential term forced frequently acted foreign representative german companies business south_america spokesman german people union nationalist political party founded died buried early life career born july province kingdom prussia present day administrative district county lower poland child lutheran minister wife martha née older sisters children raised number different parishes included present day present day present day boy poor scholar keen attended primary school oriented gymnasium secondary school graduated university preparatory high school diploma late attended compulsory labor service working banks december joined luftwaffe officer cadet following basic training flight training began june 3rd air warfare school near berlin june officer candidate joined 1st group dive bomber wing present day airport assigned 1st squadron dive bombing training non accepted peers difficulties learning new techniques considered unsuitable combat flying december transferred reconnaissance flying school air observer training operational aerial reconnaissance promoted second lieutenant january june posted 2nd squadron long range reconnaissance group world war friday september german forces invaded poland starting world war europe shortly invasion moved present day time close polish corridor air observer flew long range reconnaissance missions poland flew missions brest railway line earned iron cross 2nd class november following invasion submitted requests transfer dive bomber force march posted regiment 43rd training regiment based vienna later served regimental adjutant time regiment participated sporting events including cross vienna relay race october took place championship late june transferred 3rd dive bomber wing old unit renamed based france fly operationally battle britain regarded poor pilot serving non role promoted lieutenant september early transferred dive bomber squadron specialized training unit new dive bomber pilots according account finally learned master man dive bomber mid april assigned 2nd dive bomber wing named world war fighter ace max based greece poor reputation pilot preceded spent battle crete non combat role time commanded wing commander major headed group commander captain war soviet_union june moved preparation operation invasion soviet_union initially campaign headquarters unit iii placed control viii 8th air corps led general der general von 2nd air fleet command field marshal albert supported northern left flank army group center main objective army group command von capture capital soviet_union moscow ordered shuttle production facility maintenance overhaul aircraft heard radio news invasion soviet_union june day flew aircraft present day southeast assigned commanded flew combat missions dive bomber pilot soviet tank troop deployments vicinity june weeks campaign flew ground support missions armored units 3rd group advancing transferred iii command appointed technical officer role responsible supervision technical aspects routine maintenance modifications july awarded iron cross 1st class flying luftwaffe ground attack fighters gold gold august adolf_hitler shifted viii northwards support army group north command von attempt capture present day saint_petersburg consequence decision august iii ordered airfield south flew numerous combat missions support 16th army 18th army advancing northwards soviet navy baltic fleet capital ships supported heavy cruisers maxim bombarded german forces advance subsequently ordered attack soviet naval task force september flew mission task force claiming hit bomb september armed armor piercing bombs attacked soviet ships based harbor scored hit causing fire hit causing enormous explosion action months day iii flew second mission soviet fleet participate mission accident rendered aircraft iii commander ordered hand alfred regular air gunner led attack flying intense anti aircraft fire took direct hit attacking killed action october joined new radio operator air gunner army group center opened operation battle moscow september viii placed command october awarded honor luftwaffe der luftwaffe december german cross gold gold pilot iii receive distinction end december flown mission january received knight cross iron cross des presentation january nominated knight cross severely damaging battleships sinking heavy cruiser rendering actions land targets credited damaging destroying bridges artillery positions armored trains tanks assault guns winter fought combat zones rivers near hills vicinity pockets pockets resulting german retreat following defeat battle moscow area west railway line early granted home leave vacation stayed parents present day got married wife took skiing vacation austria march august appointed leader transferred present day located kilometers miles north peninsula beginning august flying squadron leader 9th squadron flew missions black_sea september damaged gross register tons grt merchant ship harbor flew combat mission following day early november briefly hospitalized don treated november appointed 1st squadron flew unit battle ordered 1st dive bomber wing elements dive bomber wing break soviet opposition air november defended airfield occupied attacks soviet cavalry division day flew combat missions defense following combat mission nominated awarded knight cross iron cross oak leaves des mit december anti tank operations february flew combat mission forces 57th army vicinity sent fourteen days home leave spent skiing following vacation ordered luftwaffe main testing ground command luftwaffe experimenting anti tank role armed millimeter inch wing april promoted rank age april anti tank unit later located airfield peninsula airfield time flying missions near flying credited destruction soviet landing crafts flying cannon equipped attacks filmed onboard gun camera shown die released german cinemas production supervised censored ministry public enlightenment propaganda joseph der nazi propaganda magazine published luftwaffe reported actions volume april awarded oak leaves knight cross achievements combat missions member german armed forces honored received oak leaves hitler personally office new berlin july day battle flew combat missions cannon equipped soviet tanks area destroying mission total credited tanks destroyed day day squadron flew support 2nd division das advance group 5th guards tank corps possibly belonging 22nd guards tank brigade attacked von days 5th guards tank corps lost approximately tanks july walter iii killed action near days later appointed leader iii morning august respectively completed combat mission air gunner achieve mark morning october respectively completed combat mission pilot achieve mark event celebrated airfield south attended general der kurt commanding general 4th air corps redesignated 2nd ground support wing october october flying near credited destruction 100th tank flew mission november credited seven tanks destroyed november achievement november awarded knight cross iron cross oak leaves swords des mit und 42nd member german armed forces honored day awarded knight cross iron cross presentation hitler wolf poland day lieutenant colonel 52nd fighter wing present award ceremony received oak leaves knight cross defeat eastern january led iii defensive support 8th army offensive january 2nd ukrainian command attacked german 8th army soviet operation successful led german forces encircled battle pocket january february january credited destruction soviet tanks battles claimed tank victory january flew mission january officially appointed iii february promoted major march dated october march landed soviet lines save downed crew captivity eighth mission day target area bridge spanning near unable wheels aircraft sunk soft ground headed german held territory foot pursued soviet troops men attempted swim river fourth drowned attempt soon captured wounded small arms fire shoulder escape returned german held territory following day return previously troop doctor iii joined new radio operator air gunner completed combat mission march day flew sorties prelude offensive april june credited destruction tanks kilometers north achievement mentioned propaganda radio report mentions march day mentioned reported tank kill awarded knight cross iron cross oak leaves swords diamonds des mit und march tenth member seventh pilot received award presentation hitler home alps near following presentation went vacation stayed wife son returned eastern flying join based southeast flew combat mission june destroying tank day destroyed bombs cannon event earned mention broadcast june commander chief luftwaffe marshal presented combined pilots observation badge gold diamonds und gold mit golden flying luftwaffe ground attack fighters pennant gold mit july iii transferred romania central sector eastern red army attacking operation flying airfield targeted targets ukraine area july moved san triangle missions armored columns flown august claimed tanks destroyed earning fourth mention number tank kills reached including destroyed cannon fighting credited tank kills august taking total tank kills cannon august aircraft hit anti aircraft fire vicinity resulting forced landing injured leg suffering broken ribs unit ordered transfer romania hungary august onwards operated airfields kilometers northeast vital oil near northeast lake near near near wing commander promoted september appointed leader replacing october handed command iii kurt november wounded thigh emergency landing fighter airfield near following release hospital flew subsequent missions leg plaster cast december completed combat mission day reported tank destroyed december promoted colonel awarded knight cross iron cross golden oak leaves swords diamonds des mit und person receive distinction award presented hitler hitler headquarters mountains battle january january received hungarian golden medal bravery presented hungary head state hungary february credited destruction tanks near river earning fifth mention february attack 13th tank shell hit aircraft badly wounded right foot crash landed inside german lines observer gunner stemmed bleeding taken field hospital leg knee hospitalized zoo tower berlin flying operationally modified rudder pedal march claimed tanks destroyed end war april day hitler final birthday spent evening talking hitler air raid shelter located near berlin according john author book adolf_hitler based statement book pilot personal interviews hitler ordered charge jet fighter aircraft refused preferred flying desk job time left midnight determined fall soviet hands left ground personnel led westward airfield north prague landing airfield held united_states_army air forces fighter group men lock brakes collapse landing gear render aircraft useless order wiped surrendered forces taken prisoner war months held captive prison camps england france taken bavaria later life april released captivity interned family fleeing advancing red army found refuge parents helped look work offered office job accept position owned operated company emigrated argentina travelling austrian italy rome help south aided austrian titular bishop bought fake red_cross passport cover took flight rome buenos_aires arrived june south_america moved argentina close friend president argentina juan dictator nazi_germany admirer argentina founded lit comrades work comrades act relief organization nazi war criminals prominent members included officer sweden demanded soviet_union war crime charges kurt member sentenced years war crimes committed austrian war criminal german spy chile august group maintained close contact internationally wanted son von addition war criminals fled argentina assisted nazi criminals imprisoned europe including food parcels argentina paying legal fees argentina acquainted notorious nazi concentration camp doctor war criminal member propaganda war correspondent unit initially worked driver later helped relocate brazil introducing nazi supporter travelled chile meet walter inventor mobile gas chamber argentina lived villa roughly kilometers populous city rented house operated wrote wartime memoirs spite book published november buenos_aires discussion ensued germany allowed publish book known nazi book supported nazi policies book later edited published united_states cold war intensified title pilot supported german invasion soviet_union french fighter pilot befriended wrote foreword french edition book pilot published pamphlet legend legend claimed germany war defensive war crusade world 1950s friends writer proponent introduced number nazi spain middle_east help secured financially lucrative governmental military contracts active military adviser arms dealer regime cocaine generals chile addition contact state secretary ministry public enlightenment propaganda nazi_germany following military civilian uprising ended second presidential term forced leave argentina following years south_america frequently acted foreign representative german companies including international german consulting engineering firm input development united_states_air_force aircraft designed solely close air support including attacking tanks armored vehicles ground targets according historian peter based files german federal intelligence service central intelligence agency cia research revealed cover company close contact members nazi party represented walter agent observation cia contacts established sold discarded equipment federal defence latin_america according assisted establishing contact friedrich member main security office involved operation according close links military services peru early founded company called star company employed number officers war found refuge latin_america involvement contact network officers sport political ambitions missing leg remained active playing tennis skiing mountain climbing competed international skiing competition held competition took fourth place men place went climbed highest peak americas meters extension highest point western hemisphere southern hemisphere deteriorating weather conditions turn short summit december ascended argentine meters feet fifth highest volcano times second expedition team photographer killed fall body recovered buried expedition suffered stroke april returned west_germany leading member neo nazi nationalist political party german party west german federal election candidate elected according journalist editor chief die character political speeches statements claiming speaking behalf german soldiers world war heavily criticized western allies world war having supported germany war soviet_union political demeanor subsequently alienated comrades foremost concluded article statement longer spokesman german people union nationalist political party founded published abstract biography book der heroes immortal german soldiers publication classified far right wing publication german scholars alfred public scandals october inadvertently triggered chain events later dubbed scandal 51st reconnaissance wing latest unit hold held reunion members unit including world war secretary state federal ministry defence authorized event fearing spread nazi propaganda german air_force near ordered meeting held news decision reached walter time commanding general nato second allied tactical air_force world war fighter pilot reached inspector air_force requesting meeting allowed held later confirmed request meeting held premises decision agree attended meeting signing book making political statements routine press event journalists questioned deputy interview generals compared past nazi neo nazi supporter career prominent social democrat leader member german communist_party 1930s lived moscow world war allegedly involved operations calling described honorable man hadn stolen family silver remarks public federal minister defense military law ordered generals early retirement november member social democratic_party germany heavily criticized actions christian democratic union opposition scandal contributed minister retirement early february german debated scandal consequences scandal subsequently triggered military tradition discussion federal minister defense ended introduction guidelines understanding tradition september world cup held argentina visited german national football team training camp german media criticized german football association viewed visit sympathetic military dictatorship ruled argentina following argentine coup état president justified visit stated criticizing visit insult german soldiers german team captain fostered criticism stating world cup argentina country governed law order seen single political prisoner land visited german team world cup spectator world cup final switzerland world cup sweden visited german team following victory argentina june welcomed team manager personal life married times marriage nicknamed produced sons divorced according news magazine der reason divorce wife sold decorations including oak leaves diamonds american collector refused argentina march der published denial selling decorations stated intention married second wife née marriage produced son born following divorce married née death funeral died suffering stroke december buried december burial ceremony appeared low altitude grave situated middle regularly flown military aircraft officers denied deliberately flying aircraft funeral photographed giving nazi funeral investigated law banning display nazi symbols federal minister defense declared flight aircraft normal training exercise summary military career flew combat missions eastern world war majority undertaken flying flown ground attack variant credited destruction tanks severely damaging battleship sinking cruiser destroyer landing craft claimed destroyed vehicles types artillery anti tank anti aircraft positions armored trains numerous bridges supply lines credited aerial victories fighter aircraft shot forced land times anti aircraft artillery wounded times rescued stranded enemy held territory awards honor luftwaffe der luftwaffe october wound badge gold pilot observer badge gold diamonds german cross gold december iii iron cross 2nd class november 1st class july flying luftwaffe gold diamonds pennant gold july gold diamonds pennant knight cross iron cross golden oak leaves swords diamonds knight cross january oak leaves april 42nd swords november iii 10th diamonds march major iii 1st golden oak leaves december 8th 1st foreign hungarian gold medal bravery january italian silver medal military mentioned times march march june august february references promotions publications


turkish greek died prominent ottoman military commander governor death participated ottoman campaigns second quarter 15th century fighting byzantines crusade repeated raids transformed local byzantine ottoman opened way conquest time administration settled new peoples founded town economy set ottoman rule area centuries come life known birth date early life son conquered ottoman governor mentioned governor fought byzantine governor supporters struggle governor early led major expedition june year peninsula southern greece cavalry breached recently rebuilt wall ravaged interior peninsula unopposed attacked byzantine towns settlements like aside expedition probably reconnaissance mission ultimately aimed venetian possessions area venice main driving force attempts unite christian rulers greece ottoman advance soon byzantine historian reports presence shores black_sea time campaigned defeated local tribes tributary ottoman state ali participated campaigns suppressed revolt led andrew despite devastation visited expedition raid byzantine able restore position gradually years bring entire peninsula control breached destroyed took prevent falling hands byzantines constant threat renewed turkish invasion independence continuous gifts tribute november participated battle john ended ottoman defeat retreat burned villages persuaded sultan abandon follow consequent earth strategy hungarian advance hungarians badly battle subsequent action able capture sultan son law creating impression overall victorious campaign contemporary ottoman sources blame rivalry defeat claim serbian participate battle fell favour result banished sultan prison soon restored position present campaign reportedly strength insisted assault aided artillery bombardment ottomans breached byzantine defences ravaged result officially reduced ottoman vassal state early october sons led large force sultan ordered remain winter order prevent thomas assisting brother emperor constantine siege constantinople stormed penetrated raiding byzantines little resistance son captured ambush imprisoned fall constantinople great repercussions brothers thomas unpopular subjects rebellion broke autumn supported local immigrants native greeks spread quickly sultan called turkish aid son arrived december successes departed securing release brother captivity revolt october forced intervene fortresses rebellious populace advised compose differences rule departed peninsula brothers unable reconcile soon reverted western powers sultan retaliation campaigned seized northwestern half country ottoman province rest followed recalled october died august buried near memorial tomb survives day city descendants wealthy landowners end ottoman rule late 19th century exception sons rise wider prominence legacy ranked great practically semi autonomous ottoman lords 15th century balkans likes instrumental establishment ottoman rule central greece general aside campaigns conquest brought turkish settlers settled string villages province strengthen ottoman military control addition according arab language biography scottish traveller david reported extant 1830s institute greek militia mountainous regions central greece later took measures restore order prosperity province notably foundation foundation town small pastoral settlement attract protect local greek orthodox population granted special privileges special administrative status religious tax prohibition ottoman troops passing town endowed mosque destroyed greek annexation church nicholas survives day endowed public buildings monasteries schools bridges province took care maintain foster cotton silk wool textile industry extent later generations attributed introduction new techniques based yellow plant manufacture materials spread rest western_europe family tree encyclopedia islam


john henry john henry dick august march sailor united_states_navy late 19th early 20th centuries african american chief petty officers navy notable surviving catastrophic explosions navy ships uss maine uss early life career born august enlisted navy new_york_city november uss maine mess attendant maine exploded havana mysterious circumstances night february explosion occurred felt ship lift went dark worked way aft climbed captain ladder deck dove overboard rescued motor launch officers men aboard maine night survive explosion according obituary appeared los_angeles_times ship assignment reported saw action china boxer rebellion explosion assigned ship raising steam departure san_diego california july suffered boiler explosion sent men machinery air killed men aboard reportedly saved officers men swimming shore time men awarded medal honor extraordinary heroism displayed time explosion later career worked efforts raise sunken submarine uss honolulu hawaii qualified master probably african american sailor credited involved development underwater cutting torch served ships leaving active duty service united_states entered world war april recalled service june chief gunner mate cruiser african american chief petty officers navy served rank transferred fleet reserve march october retired rank chief gunner mate time navy navy boxing champion different weight classifications navy career boxing instructor united_states naval academy maryland later life retirement navy employed master sound navy yard washington qualified master civilian duties world war tried return active service denied account age volunteered tour navy training facilities defense plants inspirational visits african american sailors death died washington march survived wife alice funeral navy chief awards good conduct medal navy expeditionary medal spanish campaign medal china relief expedition medal campaign medal mexican service medal victory medal


coat arms polish pronunciation english march october polish soldier military commander called fellow hungarian friend michael fathers american cavalry born warsaw following father footsteps interested politics early age soon involved military revolutionary affairs poland polish lithuanian commonwealth leading military commanders bar confederation fought russian domination commonwealth uprising failed driven exile following recommendation benjamin franklin emigrated north_america help cause american revolutionary war distinguished revolution notably saved life george_washington general continental_army created cavalry legion reformed american cavalry battle savannah leading daring charge british forces wounded died shortly remembered hero fought independence freedom poland united_states numerous places events named honor commemorated works art people awarded honorary united_states citizenship married descendants despite fame controversies surrounding place date birth burial personal life born march manor house family warsaw eldest son crown tribunal town notable inhabitants brother family bore coat arms family roman catholic early youth attended elite college run male religious order catholic_church warsaw finish education evidence gilbert laid cornerstone monument erected honor savannah ceremony took place richard turner high priest georgia chapter conducting ceremony sources claim member army lodge maryland lodge chicago named lodge issued claims obtained degree master mason june buried honors date surviving documents actual membership found military career started military career page christian joseph duke vassal polish king spent months court court interned palaces russian forces occupying area returned warsaw father gave village time title bar confederation family took election new polish monarch august december father involved bar confederation saw king russian puppet sought russian commonwealth confederation actively opposed russian forces stationed poland recruited unit february signed act confederation declaring official supporter movement march received rank commanded cavalry march april agitated polish military successfully convincing forces join fought battle april near victory april near engagement april resulted defeat early garrisoned forced retreat allied reinforcements defeated retreated monastery defended siege royalist forces weeks june eventually forced surrender taken captive russians june released exchange pledge arms lobby end hostilities considered pledge non binding public declaration effect reaching camp end july agreeing pledge place weakened authority popularity father considered court heated debates followed reinstated active duty early september unit besieged numerically superior forces time old fortress served base operations december previous year staunch defense able break russian siege april june operated near failed town criticized fellow departed lithuania allies force men june attempted larger revolt russia despite decisive military successes able assemble strong army deliver confederate staging point excursion received international notice gained reputation effective military leader bar confederation moved unit skirmishes defeated battle september spent rest year rebuilding unit region february moved near march helped subdue mutiny based subsequently operated southern lesser poland force defeated battle june conference confederate leaders met joseph holy roman emperor complimented actions july camp captured von forced retreat austria early august met french charles disregarded order instead raid night august departed september control monastery september met family wife charles duke impressed september commandant nonetheless continued facto commander confederate troops stationed september january commanded polish forces siege monastery successfully defended series engagements largest november followed siege december january defense enhanced reputation abroad popular confederate song included lyrics intended pursue growing prevented real option february operated february victorious night february march forces besieged march year members war council military adviser time described spontaneous proud ambitious friend prince enemy family brave honest popular commanders refusal follow orders adhere discipline met time described short thin pacing speaking quickly women drinking furthermore enjoyed fighting russians daring extent forgot safety battles resulting failures battlefield advanced refusing coordinate operation alexander support defeated battle forces victorious battle briefly besieged relieved retreated suffering major losses july pressured declared strictly adhere orders confederacy previously disregarded october responsibilities war council increased month involved plan kidnap king initially opposed plan later supported condition king harmed attempt failed weakening international reputation involvement attempted kidnapping known austrians expelled territories spent following winter spring time followers defeated captured killed increasingly distanced leaders confederation left monastery went prussia meantime bar confederation defeated fighting ending summer overall seen famous accomplished confederate leaders time acted independently orders confederate command detractors included reputation loose cannon leaving prussia sought refuge france unsuccessfully attempted join french army opponents poland accused attempted proceedings began court june warned stay away poland risk death court verdict declared july stripped dignity honors demanded possessions confiscated sentenced death attempted recreate confederate force ottoman_empire russo turkish war progress turks defeated barely escaped sea france found debt unable find army enlist spent year france imprisoned times debts allies gathered funds arrange release time efforts friend recruited benjamin franklin met spring service american revolutionary war united_states northern franklin impressed wrote poland officer famous europe bravery conduct defence liberties country great invading powers russia austria prussia highly useful service subsequently recommended general george_washington accept volunteer continental_army cavalry said renowned europe courage bravery displayed defense country freedom departed france june arrived massachusetts near boston july arrival wrote washington came freedom defended serve live die august met washington headquarters falls outside philadelphia showed riding stunts argued superiority cavalry infantry washington unable grant officer rank spent months traveling washington congress philadelphia awaiting appointment military engagement british occurred received september battle continental_army troops began yield washington bodyguard men reported enemy cut line retreat washington ordered collect possible scattered troops came way employ according discretion secure retreat army subsequent charge disastrous defeat continental_army cavalry earning fame america saved life george_washington result september orders congress washington brigadier general continental_army cavalry point cavalry men strong organized regiments men scattered numerous infantry formations primarily scouting duties immediately began work reforming cavalry wrote regulations formation september patrol west philadelphia spotted significant british forces moving continental position informed washington prepared battle encounter interrupted major storm organized october took battle spent winter army valley forge argued military operations continue winter idea rejected general staff turn focused cavalry force stationed assistance requested general anthony wayne washington dispatched foraging expedition southern new_jersey wayne danger encountering larger british force sent oppose movements cavalry rode south british february minor encounter british commander lieutenant colonel thomas apparently convinced facing larger force expected prepared withdraw troops delaware river pennsylvania cooper ferry present day gloucester city wayne joined forces attack position february awaited suitable weather conditions cross resulting skirmish involved men larger forces horse shot cavalry wounded american officers serving difficulty taking orders scarcely speak english ideas discipline tactics differed enormously accustomed resulted friction americans fellow polish officers discontent unit delays pay personality regular source discontent peers superiors subordinates unhappy suggestion create unit denied despite wayne circumstances prompted resign general command march return valley forge went met general gates suggested creation new unit gates recommendation congress confirmed previous appointment rank brigadier general special title commander horse authorized formation corps light infantry corps known cavalry legion recruited mainly baltimore headquartered henry later commemorate verse legion banner august numbered men americans foreigners general charles lee commented high standards legion training father american cavalry demanded men trained tested cavalry tactics personal finances money congress scarce order assure forces finest equipment personal safety later year controversy arose related legion finances local populace troubles continued death complained received inadequate funds locals officials forced spend money cleared charges death autumn ordered little egg harbor engagement october known affair little egg harbor legion suffered heavy losses following winter stationed time new_jersey ordered sullivan expedition dissatisfied command intended leave service return europe instead asked reassigned southern february washington instead ordered south_carolina southern arrived charleston finding city crisis general benjamin lincoln commander southern army led army georgia bid recapture savannah captured british late british commander brigadier general responded lincoln launching raiding expedition savannah savannah river south_carolina militia fell british advance force followed way charleston arrived military leaders establishing city defenses british advanced legion engaged forward elements british force badly encounter legion infantry numbering men skirmish virtually wiped forced retreat safety city guns historians credit action decision withdraw savannah day despite ongoing negotiations possible surrender charleston decision likely based news received lincoln larger force returning charleston face troops gone originally intended early historian criticized actions engagement ill judged ill conducted disastrous episode minor strategic consequence little enhance reputation unit frequently suffered malaria stationed charleston remained active service beginning september lincoln prepared launch attempt retake savannah french assistance ordered join forces general combined forces serve forward elements lincoln army captured british outpost near river units acted advance guard allied french units admiral charles rendered great services siege savannah assault october commanded cavalry french american death burial attempting rally fleeing french forces cavalry charge mortally wounded reported display today georgia historical society savannah charleston museum reported wound wounded carried field battle taken aboard south_carolina merchant brig wasp command captain samuel died days later having regained consciousness death perceived american patriot supporters heroic boosted reputation america historical accounts time place burial vary considerably according contemporary accounts witnesses including aide camp received symbolic burial charleston october buried sea witnesses including captain samuel wasp claimed wounded actually later removed ship taken plantation town near savannah died buried march grand tour united_states personally laid cornerstone monument savannah georgia remains square city alleged examined forensic study year examination including dna analysis ended skeleton consistent age occupation healed wound skull forehead consistent historical records injury sustained battle bone defect left believed caused remains military honors tributes commemoration united_states long commemorated contributions american revolutionary war october united_states congress passed resolution monument dedicated monument built bust added collection american heroes united_states capitol president william revealed congress sponsored general statue congress passed resolution recognizing october year general memorial day large parade held annually fifth avenue new_york_city separately day celebrated illinois places monday march previous attempt failed congress passed joint resolution honorary citizenship sending president barack_obama approval duly signed november making seventh person honored poland relative obtained cancellation brother sentence mentioned literary works numerous polish authors including adam adolf wrote drama america museum dedicated museum opened poland united_states people celebrated birth death exist numerous objects art paintings statues commemorate 100th anniversary death composed march years earlier composed opera days life commemorative medals stamps issued towns counties united_states named numerous streets parks structures bridge number educational academic polish american institutions named navy submarine uss named 19th century united_states revenue cutter service cutter polish frigate named fort active american_civil_war named honor statue commemorating titled general stands eastern end freedom plaza washington equestrian statue roger williams park providence rhode_island statue carter depicting horse signaling forward charge sword right hand erected connecticut polish historian wrote monograph noted accomplished polish people grouping polish military heroes prince mysterious stranger episode abc warner brothers western television series features adam west frederick declared descendant married direct heirs story line frederick concert pianist defends oppressed polish miners western town series character tom befriends legal hearing young woman sue studying concert pianist appears episode wealthy irish father dennis popular culture season episode west wing entitled stirred mentioned president describes polish brigadier general russian prussian military came colonies commanded cavalry american revolution statue fictional town stars hollow series girls singer songwriter stevens wrote song entitled day illinois album