sticky bomb grenade hand anti tank commonly known grenade sticky bomb british hand grenade designed produced second world war grenade number anti tank weapons developed use british_army home guard hoc solution lack sufficient anti tank guns aftermath evacuation designed team including major stuart grenade consisted glass sphere containing explosive added stability mix giving head like effect covered powerful surrounded sheet metal user pulled pin handle grenade fall away expose sphere pin activate firing mechanism user attempt attach grenade enemy tank vehicle force break glass ball attached releasing handle activate second fuse detonate grenade faults design tests failed adhere dusty muddy tanks user careful freeing grenade easily stick uniform ordnance board war department approve grenade use british_army personal intervention prime minister winston_churchill led grenade going production approximately million produced primarily issued home guard british commonwealth forces north_africa accounting german tanks allied forces including special service force australian_army units new_guinea campaign french resistance issued quantity grenades development idea demolition anti tank weapon ideal irregular warfare work having explosive charge substantial area intimate contact surface target detonated effect explosion focused small area armoured plate thicker case device head charge enlisted science department cambridge_university experimented lengths bicycle inner tube filled represent explosive fitted wooden handles rubber solution sticky experiments prototypes proved difficult aim chance stick metal represent tanks end battle france evacuation british expeditionary force port june german invasion great_britain likely british_army equipped defend country event weeks evacuation field seven divisions army particularly short anti tank guns left france available britain ammunition scarce remaining guns regulations forbade single round training purposes circumstances considered idea general application british_army home guard charge department known created develop deliver weapons use resistance groups occupied europe charged development sticky bomb problem designing sticky bomb delegated enthusiastic genius robert stuart clearly sort flexible bag required contain explosive matter bomb landed target flexible bag hard throw trials satisfactory discussions problem office gordon master printer recruited magazine publishing employer directly working weapon suggested needed container annoyance war office store keeper obtained light demonstrate point spherical glass inside woven wool rigid thrown contact glass breaks bomb required shape experiments glass filled cold confirmed way grenade needed delay clear covered sticky substance ensuring bomb stayed place seconds having covered bomb non sticky handle required handle delay fuse ignited releasing sprung second time delay starts grenade leaves hand like found conventional mills bomb type hand grenade finding suitable significant problem unsuccessful experiments variety candidates somebody suggested sticky compound ancient times trap birds spreading tree branches waiting birds stuck performed better previously tested good tin labelled large letter indication tin came clues manufacturer got train found helpful taxi driver took brothers ltd company chief chemist soon working problem suitable matter weeks problem solved satisfaction filling bomb developed based variety stable glass containing main charge held pounds explosive described having consistency surface protected light metal case released pulling safety pin case fell away connected sprung inside case fitted number rubber spikes kept clear surface grenade early models strip tape round neck development continued problems service regulations written unconventional weapon mind sticky bomb inevitably fragile specially designed box fully meet army demanding requirements rough handling damage problems turn prime minister winston_churchill concerned state country anti tank defences learnt grenade urged development ordnance board war office approve grenade army churchill ordered tests conducted july personally viewing demonstration grenade ordered immediately production memo october simply read sticky bomb million couple days later anthony secretary state war added note cabinet minute recorded order ahead bomb anti tank anti enemy generally bombs home defence urgent available large quantities don mind come long home abroad emphasis original spite level pressure arguments trials disappointing possible bomb adhere surface wet covered film dried mud customary condition tanks major general june resist pointing churchill general understand trials entirely successful bomb failed stick tanks covered dust mud doubt sticky mixture devised major officials pushing bomb fact present succeeded viewed great churchill saw fit record arguments technical issue pointed lot stake british infantry home guard little fight tanks witnessed trials grenades evident little modern tank provide smoke needed hand weapon deliver coup punching armoured plate sticky bomb job little available memoirs recalled solved puzzle convey genuine concerns time right people thrown sticky bomb simply reliably stick vertical surface bomb stick thrown tank plates horizontal thinner reduced throwing range yards getting close possible ambush street fighting churchill considered meaning lacking imagination event invasion desperate fight war wrote envisaged use sticky bomb picture mind devoted soldiers civilians run close tank thrust bomb explosion cost lives undoubtedly added emphasis later recorded intended use slogan arguments endless delays early versions sticky bomb prone leaks transport concerns explosive charge pure susceptible knock mixture developed proved safe storage boxes december fewer produced rate production disappointing thousand week suggested original order million reduced minor improvements design significant replace glass plastic finally passing required tests sticky bomb grenade accepted ordnance board scale production service issue lieutenant general sir jacob reflected extraordinary feature business fact secretary state war minute addressed prime minister november said director artillery ordnance board able obtain details explosive contained bomb seeing bomb demonstrated june statement hardly hold water war office blame end april sticky bombs issued unit provided training view acute shortage anti tank weapons story approximately million produced design grenade hand anti tank consisted glass sphere contained approximately pounds semi liquid devised sphere covered coated liberal extremely substance nickname sticky bomb derived thin sheet metal formed halves placed sphere held place wooden handle inside second fuse handle contained pin pulled fall away second activate firing mechanism grenade grenade held ensure fuse triggered user run tank stick grenade hull force possible break sphere spread hull thick paste alternative user throw tank distance way released fuse activated grenade detonate grenade possess problems design users urged actually run tank place hand throw easily stick uniform process user placed situation attempting grenade loose whilst holding discovered time passed began deteriorate unstable difficult use grenade short range weapon users trained hide trench place tank went past stick grenade rear tank armour users relatively safe yards away long line handle detonated mark design plastic instead glass instead cap operational use according war office training pamphlet dated august sticky bomb regarded portable demolition device quickly easily applied effective armour inch thickness suitable use baby tanks armoured cars vulnerable points medium heavy tanks easiest application simply drop upstairs window ambush mobile tanks moving narrow road attack tanks parked night sticky bomb thrown place hand case advice use sufficient force break glass creating greater area contact resulting effective explosion finally option placing bomb pulling pin safe distance means length string credits australian_army developing technique sticky bomb directly tank instead throwing relatively safe distance bomb blast effect safe walk away provided bomb handle pointing away bomber handle shot away explosion like bullet gives date development tactic confirmed placing bomb throwing gives better allows thicker plates penetrated potential sticky bomb physical humour frequently proved neglected good example david novel slowly come quickly unfortunate officer attempting demolish loses dignity large section fabric incident sticky bomb featured british television comedy series dad army episode fallen idol lance corporal jack jones sticks grenade improvised target instructed keeps hold grenade stuck old lid dangers inherent weapon real bomb inadvertently stuck mid throw easily pulled soldier hand triggering firing mechanism putting mortal danger tragic accidents training july sticky bombs produced nearly sent abroad north south_africa middle_east greece useful service remainder stored ordnance depots distributed army home guard units calls total production cut clear manufactured end war probably grenade issued home guard units appeared taken liking despite flaws ordnance board approved grenade regular army units quantity provided training purposes number sticky bombs find way british commonwealth units participating campaign north_africa anti tank weapons advance town february accounted german tanks issued units australian_army battle battle bay allied units special service force obtained british large number supplied french resistance recognition royal commission awards considered claims managing director brothers legal representative edward wartime inventor time crown opposed granting award asked elements sticky bomb claimed invented replied claiming invention merely claim development bomb job commission recommended receive payment received contribution users users grenade included australia free french forces united_kingdom


english prototype self propelled gun english weapon carrier developed krupp official designation vehicle built germany featured turret deployed towed vehicle artillery piece krupp produced prototypes initially use shortened chassis later switched chassis developed self propelled gun mass production scheduled start february occurred development precursor end september krupp designed real self propelled artillery piece special purpose vehicle abbreviated similar design chassis mounted launching mechanism remove turret series tests accepted early january krupp built prototype vehicles armed light field abbreviated cannon based modified chassis prototypes fitted smaller cylinder engine power capacity vehicles ordered krupp completed prototypes final months saw service eastern prototypes design phase began krupp conceived new type self propelled artillery krupp produced prototypes serial numbers designated designed krupp similar design vehicle built iii ready march competing model overall slightly better performance vehicle decided utilize alternate chassis model production start october chassis choice changed december production intended commence february produced cancellation nazi high command thought production disrupt production needed quantity materials required construction weapon carriers great companies like krupp told halt production majority weapon carriers left production stage seen interesting general inspector troops agreed development worth disruption tank production development canceled february design turret distinguishing feature turret lifting attached chassis remove turret use concrete fortifications ground equally fired chassis vehicle designed carry artillery piece firing removal usage vehicle ammunition carrier recovery vehicle prototype turret armed production models chassis engine consisted steel hull thickness ranging millimeters sloped armour incoming fire effectively large ammunition making chosen ammunition carriers help alleviate losses ammunition transported original prototype engine cylinder production models cylinder chosen surviving vehicle believed survived war sole survivor originally display proving grounds transferred fort field artillery museum fort oklahoma world war self propelled guns shortly arrival fort restored fort logistics paint shop specification comparison

Weapons, military equipment and programs


eagle cash eagle cash stylized sister program cash management applications use stored value card technology process financial transactions closed loop operating environments programs sponsored united_states department treasury armed forces programs administered treasury federal reserve bank boston use approved military facilities inside outside continental united_states systems utilize plastic payment card similar credit card embedded keeps track money stored card card acceptance devices allows soldiers card purchase goods services military posts carrying cash manage personal bank accounts deployment training program reduces american currency required overseas reduces theft saves thousands man hours labor helps reduce risk transporting cash battlefield environments increases security convenience service members helped reduce eliminate need cash money orders overview history originally developed system born pilot project aimed going basic training alleviate stress cost managing money away home military bases structured like small towns goods services available sale transferring wages cash order purchase desired products traditionally struggle system works soldiers receiving advance wages form card use purchase goods services recreational activities base shops stores end basic training balance card cash paid soldiers project great success eliminated need bases money hand saved soldiers approximately year banking fees time system expanded overseas use aftermath war bosnia personnel deployed peace keeping missions named overseas system functions similarly system added ability soldiers attach personal bank accounts card allowing load having access financial institutions home air expeditionary wing financial manager catherine miles explained article like gift card little money want comes checking account unlike regular cards eagle cash managed base batch processing ensures cards remained useful connections banks credit unions state severed system given widespread acceptance war iraq expanded military bases camp lines benefits savings soldiers benefits straightforward officers charge system benefits extensive transporting currency overseas costs military hundreds thousands dollars annually iraq war sent pay soldiers iraq cost security logistics support fees need world war practice producing military payment certificate use economy military stores reduces transaction times freeing personnel tasks like money orders counting coins months iraq war saved approximately hours processing time financial personnel prevents initial adoption system augmented like allow soldiers add funds card visiting base finance office originally requirement caused long lines cards reducing utility system conversion system developed corporation problems increased ability system provide easy cash soldiers away home granted soldiers deployed foreign land challenge date million cards issued process million electronic transactions valued billion


seven seven seven semi automatic pistol designed manufactured belgium trademark style intended emphasize manufacturer initials lightweight based weapon large magazine capacity controls low ability penetrate body armor certain cartridge types known cop killer nickname reported cultural phenomena wired tested campaign called risk police officers sales seven originally restricted military law enforcement customers pistol offered civilian shooters personal protection target shooting similar uses offered sporting ammunition seven introduction civilian shooters met vocal opposition gun control organizations campaign pistol subject ongoing controversy united_states seven currently service military police forces nations including canada france greece india poland spain united_states united_states seven use numerous law enforcement agencies including secret service years pistol introduction civilian market united_states increasingly popular civilian shooters history development seven pistol ammunition developed response nato requests replacement cartridge associated pistols guns nato called types weapons new cartridge shoulder fired weapon handheld weapon according nato new weapons termed personal defense weapons provide personal protection resort situations user directly endangered enemy nato published document outlining number preliminary specifications weapons new cartridge greater range accuracy terminal performance cartridge additionally capable penetrating certain types body armor shoulder fired personal defense weapon weigh magazine capacity rounds handheld personal defense weapon pistol weigh weight deemed desirable magazine capacity fewer rounds weapons sufficiently compact carried hands free user person times cab vehicle cockpit aircraft perform effectively environments weather conditions small arms manufacturer respond nato requirement started developing shoulder fired personal defense weapon small caliber high velocity cartridge type original cartridge called went production cartridge type discontinued replaced heavier slightly shorter weighing grains reduced length allowed seven development time jean louis filed united_states patent application delayed operating system intended seven pistol patent elements moving parts fire arm received following year officially announced development seven pistol prototype pistol publicly displayed following year improvements double action model pistol went production single action model called seven tactical introduced shortly afterward seven entered service national_guard greek purchased pistols special forces group nato evaluation nato conducted series tests intention cartridge replacement cartridge tests compared relative merits cartridge cartridge created german small arms manufacturer competitor results nato tests analyzed group formed experts canada france united_kingdom united_states group conclusion undoubtedly efficient cartridge german delegation rejected nato recommendation standardized halting process indefinitely result associated weapons independently adopted nato countries according preference seven pistol currently service military police forces nations world present historically sales seven pistol restricted military law enforcement customers new seven model introduced offered civilian shooters use sporting ammunition model incorporated modifications weapon design addition rail magazine safety mechanism fully sights offered sporting ammunition seven introduction civilian shooters met strong opposition gun control organizations campaign development seven pistol led introduction seven model approved sporting model incorporates conventionally shaped square trigger guard magazine release minor changes seven model introduced replacing model model slide black controls slightly different iron sights design seven semi automatic delayed pistol ammunition pistol concealed hammer materials extensively pistol design steel slide shell addition providing reduced weight greater resistance prevents unwanted light reflection slide shell gives pistol appearance constructed entirely slide interior barrel trigger springs similar parts steel pistol unusually lightweight weighing loaded round magazine seven size pistol having overall length height max width grip angle distinguished power pistols despite considerable length pistol ammunition grip particularly distance trigger grip measures identical military issue pistol seven barrel cold hammer forged lined total length rifled length barrel grooves right hand twist rate weighs small caliber gives barrel length comparable barrel stated service life rounds seven noted accurate current models seven single action having short light trigger pull lbf rail mounting accessories magazine safety mechanism prevents pistol firing magazine inserted grip texture current pistols extensively superior hold slide series narrow ridges rear aid trigger trigger guard surfaces grooves reduce finger slip trigger guard elongated ease firing wearing gloves seven currently offered different frame finishes standard black flat dark earth different iron sight systems sights low profile fixed sights ammunition particularly significant design seven pistol small caliber high velocity cartridge uses cartridge created response nato requests replacement cartridge commonly pistols guns cartridge weighs grains roughly half typical cartridge making extra ammunition allowing ammunition carried weight cartridge relatively small diameter unusually high number contained magazine cartridge loud report produces considerable muzzle flash roughly percent cartridge improving high velocity exhibits exceptionally flat trajectory design standard cartridge type ability penetrate protective nato vest stop conventional pistol bullets fired seven muzzle velocity roughly capable penetrating vest range layers material roughly equivalent stacked level vest panels range capable penetrating vest range helmet range states effective range maximum range cartridge fired seven pistol testing conducted county new_jersey sheriff department penetrated depth bare depth protected vest testing similar projectiles consistently turn base point pass media length create larger wound cavity skeptical bullet terminal performance subject debate civilian shooters united_states potentially poses risk damage conventional pistol bullets design limits risk lightweight poses risk damage event miss loses energy traveling conventional pistol bullet retains significant energy range exceeds engagement distances expected cartridge intended applications cartridge limited energy long range considered rely expansion hollow point bullet cartridge pistol considered suitable military use convention prohibits use expanding bullets warfare feeding seven pistol feeds box magazines unconventional feeds chamber use barrel feed ramp having chamber pistol feeding inherently reliable use pistol supplied round magazines standard round magazines jurisdictions magazines restricted law maximum capacity rounds seven accept extended round magazine additional base pistol additional cartridge chamber seven pistol total capacity rounds depending magazine type magazine seven magazine available manufacturers seven magazine cleaning removing magazine body constructed steel feed lips unlike conventional pistol magazine feeds dual feed lips follower appearance rifle magazine loaded manner pushing straight magazine pushing setup makes easy load individual magazine magazine slight finger spur holes left magazine body allow convenient estimate remaining ammunition controls controls excluding trigger seven earlier models grey contrast black frame slide cover similarly controls seven seven models black contrast flat dark earth olive frames located left weapon frame slide release located rear left frame controls protected accidental movements slight projections frame chamber indicator form pin inside tiny hole provided left slide round pin sufficient provide visible indication chamber status current models seven manual safety device located unconventional position control found frame trigger guard trigger finger support hand thumb red dot visible safety pistol ready fire safety moved raised position activated red dot longer visible seven push button magazine release located left frame trigger guard intersects grip square shaped left handed shooters seven quickly easily left hand hold slide simultaneously left hand thumb push hold slide released moves forward freely complete slide assembly frame barrel captured spring removed slide level sufficient perform thorough cleaning pistol usa recommends authorized usa pistol reverse order use necessary sights accessories seven sight radius pistol currently offered sights fixed sights dot type sights consist square notch rear blade height sights targeted adjusted elevation dot type fixed sights offered low profile alternative sights adjusted fixed sights targeted ammunition available illuminated night sights aid use pistol dim lighting seven supplied hard case locking device keys magazine release reversal tool sight adjustment tool included fixed sights model cleaning kit owner manual round magazines round magazines restricted law seven conjunction wide range accessories offered manufacturers pistol rail accept tactical lights laser aiming devices use extended barrel pistol fitted sound developed advanced armament corporation manufacturers developed specifically use seven black aluminum length diameter weight israeli manufacturer defense offers complete conversion kit seven designated allows pistol shoulder fired personal defense weapon offers weapon system compatible seven allows shooter aim fire corners exposed variants seven original seven introduced discontinued manual safety device double action heavy trigger pull dan lbf double action trigger harshly criticized original seven grip pattern smoothly rail low profile fixed sights large circular shaped trigger guard designed facilitate use slide release slide newer models portion rear slide instead slightly concave aid pistol slightly different markings logo placed left frame trigger guard seven tactical seven tactical introduced shortly original double action model single action alternative short light trigger pull dan lbf current models addition manual safety device located frame current models slide release aside modifications tactical model identical original double action seven discontinued following introduction model seven seven individual officer model model seven pistol offered civilian shooters debuting discontinued favor model similar basic design tactical version differed rail slide trigger guard fully sights magazine safety mechanism incorporated design prevent pistol fired magazine inserted seven seven united_states government model approved sporting replacing model retained changes incorporated modifications including conventionally shaped square trigger guard tightly grip pattern larger magazine release originally offered sights starting offered low profile fixed sights model black frame finish grey controls standard offered limited quantities black controls model longer listed usa seven seven flat dark earth model built specifications seven brown frame finish black controls opposed standard black frame finish grey controls seven like model offered sights low profile fixed sights original model longer listed usa flat dark earth version new available seven seven olive green model built specifications seven model olive frame finish black controls opposed standard black frame finish grey controls seven like model model offered sights low profile fixed sights model longer listed usa current model seven seven model introduced standard version seven offered new model slide reported piece metal slide cover previous models piece metal slide apparently choice fixed sights model shown site fixed sight version model sights photographed shot rear sight sight version changed construction white straight edge sight references compared present dot target style sights described combat sights black frame slide flat black controls place grey controls models available flat dark earth frame color note slightly wider previous models fit custom earlier versions seven controversy seven pistol ammunition originally restricted military law enforcement customers new seven model introduced offered civilian shooters use ammunition usa marketed seven civilian shooters pistol suitable personal protection target shooting similar uses seven introduction civilian shooters strongly opposed gun control organizations campaign end sales seven pistol increased dramatically early pistol subject controversy united_states campaign stated commercially available ammunition penetrated level vest testing national rifle association shortly countered campaign claim stating gun control group adhered standard testing procedures offers armor piercing varieties cartridge military law enforcement customers varieties offered civilians classified bureau alcohol tobacco firearms explosives armor piercing stated cartridge variations unable penetrate types tests conducted usa michael barnes president campaign responded statements seven challenging executive vice president wayne shot pistol wearing vest responded campaign statements saying barnes demonstrated group complete utter disregard gun safety zeal restrict rights law gun owners year pieces legislation introduced united_states congress specifically targeting seven pistol ammunition federal ban plea act introduced house_of_representatives plea act introduced senate frank bill proceeded vote house senate march legislation introduced united_states congress new designation plea act bill failed proceed vote following years seven subject controversy reports pistol use drug mexican drug war united_states seven kill police officer news sources boston_globe reported incidents pistol shoot kill police officers civilians mexico according seven weapons favored drug mexican drug war smuggled seven pistol sell mexico mexico pistols smuggled south american countries july drive shooting colombia gunmen armed seven pistols opened fire group outside nightclub leaving people dead wounded november seven subject controversy united_states following shooting fort hood military base texas army psychiatrist major opened fire fellow soldiers seven pistol killing people wounding worst shooting place american military base shortly shooting usa responded fact sheet dismissing allegations nature pistol stating offered civilians sporting ammunition later month number gun control organizations campaign wrote collaborative letter president barack_obama citing weapon use fort hood shooter mexican drug calling ban seven pistol ammunition july legislation introduced united_states congress time new designation plea act like previous incarnations bill failed proceed vote house_of_representatives senate users military organization adopt seven national_guard greek purchased pistols special forces group seven service military police forces nations world military libya purchased seven pistols weapons controversial sale valued million million weapons military forces civil war rebel forces photographed captured examples war united_states seven currently law enforcement agencies including secret service military law enforcement organizations seven include


anti missile system developed army late 1950s early 1960s designed destroy soviet intercontinental missile hit targets united_states designed bell team initially based earlier hercules anti aircraft missile original given tri service designed intercept upper atmosphere mounting nuclear guarantee kill development greatly enlarged extended totally new design intended intercept larger area mounting successful tests model proved able intercept satellites nature strategic threat changed dramatically period developed originally expected face dozen nationwide defense feasible expensive growing fears soviet sneak attack led way protect strategic air command bomber bases ensuring strike force survive soviets claimed building hundreds missiles faced problem building missiles match air_force suggested close missile gap building instead adding debate number technical problems emerged suggested little capability sort sophisticated attack system topic intense inter service rivalry lifetime role given army united_states_air_force began long series critiques defense circles press army returned attacks kind taking page advertisements popular mass market news magazines promote spreading development contracts states order garner maximum political support deployment neared early 1960s debate major political issue question ultimately system limited effectiveness better decision proceed eventually fell president john kennedy fascinated surrounding system united_states secretary defense robert convinced kennedy cancel directed funding studies new concepts considered selecting concept addressed problems extremely high speed missile sprint greatly improved radars computer systems test site built briefly anti satellite weapon history early studies known study attacking missiles missiles carried army air_force contracts sent project wizard project consider problem shooting missiles type projects identified main problem detection target approach hundreds miles reached targets minutes existing radar systems difficulty seeing missile launch ranges assuming detected missile existing command control arrangements problems information battery time attack task appeared impossible time results noted system able work longer ranged missiles traveled high speeds higher altitude detection simpler longer flight times provided time prepare projects allowed continue research efforts transferred air_force force separated army air_force faced significant budget constraints cancelled order use funds continue surface air missile sam year merged wizard projects develop new long range sam design emerge decade later research air_force practically officially ended early 1950s army firmly established surface air missile field missile projects projects led bell working douglas army contacted university operations research office consider task shooting missiles like system report took years complete resulting defense united_states aircraft missiles comprehensive study progressing february army began initial talks bell march contracted bell team begin detailed month study problem section bell study returned army ordnance department arsenal december considered range threats including existing jet aircraft future powered aircraft flying knots short range missiles type flying speed vehicle traveling knots suggested missile common rocket serve roles changing upper stages fins use atmosphere aircraft fins thrust use atmosphere missiles considering problem study went suggest system effective time order worthwhile considered attacks missile reached highest point trajectory traveling slowest speed practical limitations eliminated possibility required launched time order meet middle imagine way arrange working shorter ranges terminal phase possible solution bell returned study delivered january demonstrated need intercept incoming mile altitude suggested abilities upgraded version missile given terminal speed miles second miles hour combined time missile climb altitude system required initially detected miles range relatively small size limited radar signature demand extremely powerful radars ensure destruction render fired feet given angular resolution existing radars limited range significantly bell considered active radar improved accuracy flew proved large practical command guidance system like early solution lose climbed atmosphere aerodynamic surfaces effective directed target rapidly possible leaving minor fine tuning later engagement required accurate tracks developed outgoing missile quickly comparison system like guidance updated engagement demanded new computers tracking radars higher processing rates systems earlier bell suggested offered solution data processing problem running simulated analog computers bell returned final report concept october indicating system state art november memo gave new names entire series original hercules army air_force army air_force involved fighting missile systems split army considered surface surface missiles extension conventional artillery surface air designs modern replacement anti aircraft artillery air_force considered nuclear extension strategic bombing role sort long range anti aircraft system domain integrate fighter fleet forces developing missiles roles leading considerable effort widely seen mid-1950s projects simply efforts army hercules began deployment air_force complained inferior army unfit guard nation army started missile efforts air_force responded starting army announced air_force reactivated wizard time long range anti system greater performance november memorandum secretary defense charles wilson attempted end fighting prevent solution limit army weapons mile range involved surface air defense miles memo placed limits army air operations severely limiting weight aircraft allowed operate degree simply largely case practice fell outside range limits army forced hand air_force result round fighting forces designed highly accurate weapon able attack soviet military bases europe compared intended attack soviet cities accuracy order miles losing army eliminated offensive strategic role return air_force complained long ranged effort center wizard meant strategic program carried army cancellation mean virtually surrender defense america future date report missile gap tasked president science advisory committee provide report potential effectiveness fallout shelters means protecting population event nuclear war chaired team completed study september publishing officially november survival nuclear age today known report policy ussr suggestions heavily developing military report suggested significant gap capability late 1950s spending levels report prepared august soviets launched followed successful launch october months series intelligence reviews resulted increasing estimates soviet missile force national intelligence estimate issued december stated soviets prototype missiles service claimed producing like numbers began rapidly released august suggested service latest reports suggesting existence gap predicted near panic broke military circles response began rush efforts centered missiles susceptible attack bombers especially future versions launched underground rushed appeared missile gap estimates late 1950s suggested soviets significantly point production finally catch soviets afford target bomber base warning system place sneak attack destroy significant bomber fleet ground airborne alert force small fleet ussr entire bomber fleet missiles launch leaving massive strategic advantage ensure happen report called installation active defenses sac bases hercules short term period new early warning radars missiles allow alert aircraft away missiles hit come late cover period consideration given adapted hercules land based version navy interim douglas aircraft selected build missiles known company designation essentially scaled hercules improved powerful single piece replacing hercules cluster smaller place limits wilson requirements ranges altitudes miles prototype launches planned rapid service entry consideration given interim system based original hercules missile efforts dropped likewise early requirements secondary anti aircraft role eventually dropped wilson signaled intention retire early began looking replacement exit interview days wilson told trouble rising army air_force anti missile missile new secretary defense took office october previously president best known invention concept brand management product little federal experience launch left little time ease position shortly taking office formed panel investigate issues panel examined army air_force projects found program considerably advanced wizard told air_force stop work missiles use wizard funding development long range radars early warning raid identification development network army handed job actually shooting gave free hand develop system saw fit free range limitations team designed larger missile greatly enlarged upper fuselage stages doubling launch weight version extended range taking place far miles miles altitude larger took missile speeds lower atmosphere missile fuselage covered completely heat shield protect airframe melting change combine aerodynamic controls control lower atmosphere thrust engines single set jet roles new earlier model received ahead development january date air_force officially told stop work wizard missile january national security council gave priority highest national priority additional funds requested program ensure initial service date fourth quarter denied delaying service entry time exchange ratio problems change fortunes decision army general james publicly stated soon replace strategic bombers nation main response turn events air_force stepped policy press release efforts army scenes defense department wizard research air_force developed formula compared cost needed shoot formula later known cost exchange ratio expressed dollar figure cost figure economic advantage favor offense build money needed shoot variety scenarios demonstrated case offense advantage air_force ignored problem working wizard soon army handed sole control efforts immediately submitted identified example fighting concerned formula correct answer turned entry body identification group sub group committee led william bradley studying issue penetrating soviet system delivered extensive report topic april suggested defeating soviet system difficult primary suggestion arm missiles concept known multiple entry vehicles modified radiation ensuring near miss damage mean soviets launch launch multiple building single new missile soviets added counter increased number counter smaller number new missiles cost balance favor offense basic concept remain primary argument decades turning argument delivered report agreed air_force original claims based cost went consider system noted use steered radars radar missile meant launch small number missiles soviets deployed single cause arrive time simply time shoot calculated arriving minute result hitting base time soviet missiles destroy noted system demands high rate fire active defense system order intercept numerous bodies arrive nearly simultaneously expense required equipment went question ultimate system project defender responded report ways turned newly created group examine report directed chief scientist york returned report broadly agreeing said considering need penetrate soviet potential system york noted report received charged begin studying long term solutions defense looking systems avoid apparently problem presented exchange ratio responded forming project defender initially considering wide variety far concepts like particle beam weapons huge fleets space borne missiles known project york began working lincoln mit radar research lab begin researching ways distinguish radar means project emerged pacific range electromagnetic signature studies project press problems midst growing debate abilities conducted high yield high altitude tests teak august orange august demonstrated number previously unknown effects notably nuclear grew large size caused air immediately radar signals effect known nuclear extremely worrying system like able track including growing awareness simple radar launched indistinguishable radars problem alluded public talks mentioned inability targets spread apart lethal radius required guarantee hiding destroyed lightweight slow began upper atmosphere allowing picked time close base time climb altitude defense department ordered study basic system time heavyweight group famous influential scientists forming core including worked manhattan_project later hydrogen bomb director high energy physics lab stanford_university brown director lawrence weapons lab similar report repeat recommended built significant changes allow better deal emerging problems focus fierce controversy press military circles testing started unclear development continue president defense thomas gates system worth cost highly skeptical questioning effective system developed 1960s harsh critic cost grounds edward simply stated exchange ratio meant solution build kennedy john kennedy campaigned platform weak defense solve missile gap win elections flooded calls letters urging continued concentrated effort army fought similar air_force tactics deliberately spread contracts states order gain political industrial support possible taking advertisements major mass market magazines like life saturday evening post promoting system kennedy appointed army general taylor chairman joint chiefs staff taylor like army brass major supporter program kennedy taylor initially agreed build huge deployment seventy batteries missiles initially favor system suggested smaller deployment batteries missiles contrary note forth recently appointed kennedy scientific advisor chair report began educate kennedy technical problems inherent system lengthy discussions david bell budget director came realize enormous cost sort reasonable system kennedy fascinated debate especially way scientists lined opposed positions system commented don understand scientists supposed rational people differences technical issue fascination grew eventually compiled mass material took corner room spent hundreds hours expert topic meeting edward kennedy demonstrated knew expended considerable effort bring level knowledge later note pressure decision built kennedy came feel thing anybody country concerned add debate clear missile gap fictional spy satellite mission august limits program appeared lower bound estimates follow mission late clearly demonstrated massive strategic lead new intelligence report published reported soviets able add time continued slowly moving deployment september approved funding continued development approved initial deployment system protecting selected metropolitan areas included washington baltimore new_york los_angeles chicago philadelphia detroit ottawa montreal boston san_francisco pittsburgh louis toronto buffalo deployment later overturned january development funds released agreed continue development funding declined provide funds production summed concerns way looking near term solution turned asking consider system depth agency returned new report april contained basic concepts system current form outlining sort role play war fighting scenarios instance protect sac bases requiring soviets attack base presumably mean damage targets considered addition new passive array radars computers allow attack dozens targets wider area finally concept replaced new high speed short range missile designed intercept altitudes low feet time long gone concept hoc suggested jack describing report president science advisory committee perfect work began high ranking military civilian officials began press deployment interim system spite known problems argued system upgraded place new technologies available opposed early deployment congressman daniel flood prime force immediate deployment argument deployment rested primary issues apparent system especially benefit cost ratio compared options instance fallout shelters save americans far money excellent demonstration approach defense issue noted second issue ironically came concerns soviet system existing entry vehicles blunt greatly slowed entered lower atmosphere relatively easy attack solution missile new sharp shapes traveled higher terminal speeds included number systems expected interception difficult soviet budget choice supported tried particularly telling exchange flood initially refuses choose option flood comes chicken egg comes develop good comes carry simultaneously maximum rate activity benefit later flood managed accurate statement flood thought broken problem country wanting things perfect send troops enemy kill defend hazard risks rule reason advance years spending hundreds millions dollars stop things accelerate development anti system believe wise recommend system effective anti device exactly state believe rests today flood aware destroyed cancellation gap convinced kennedy simply worth deploying earlier concerns cost effectiveness new difficulties terms attack size problems led cancel project january place decided continue work development based existing project office changed february reporting senate armed services committee february noted expected soviets initial system deployed later stated ready use noting defensive gap began effort deploy existing interim system matter press april led congress effort fund deployment closed session senate years debated decision continue planned development deployment army continued testing program december white sands missile range missile range testing debate team making rapid progress developing actual system test original models missile began white sands missile range attempt august live stage dummy broke shortly separation similar test october success followed stage attempt december complete test stages active guidance thrust successfully carried february data collected tests led changes design improve speed ascent test took place number missiles broke early test flights excessive heating control surfaces numerous changes worked system address additional tracking tests carried target tracking radars bell installation ascension island attempt track march data download cape acquisition radar information failed second test successful later year ascension site tracked series test launches generating tracking information long seconds white sands reached initial operation june tested balloons aircraft deployed sounding rockets hercules missiles completed white sands november testing complete system tests began month december passed feet hercules test target success repeated march june president kennedy vice president johnson visited white sands view missile launches including launch need test targets flying realistic profiles presented problem white sands fine testing basic missile guidance systems small test maximum range testing began point california missiles fly pacific consideration given point launch flying cape range safety requirements placed limits potential tests atlantic test range northeast high population density little land available building accurate tracking stations ascension suitable location eventually island selected miles california perfect navy base considerable housing stocks site known test site officially established october grew size eventually led entire island complex handed army navy july site took considerable land north airfield launchers located far southwestern corner island target tracking radars missile tracking radars control sites generators running northern airfield receiver distance away northeastern edge airfield minor army air_force fight broke targets tests army favored design fired pacific air_force recommended fired california army begun converting launchers hoc panel formed department defense considered issue decided favor official june secretary defense ended pad conversion additional production testing key development testing program miss distance indicator system independently measured distance target instant computers initiated concerns radars ranging measure systematic error ranging present test data hidden solution use separate frequency vehicle receiver received signal ground shift examined extract range information instruments eventually demonstrated tracking information accurate visual tracking small conventional provided flash seen long exposure photographs january acquisition radar achieved returns target april track january successfully transferred track june test target attempted began successfully tracking target nautical miles properly handed switched tracks missile fuselage nautical miles fuselage began break computer switched mode watched data originally calculated trajectory indicate begun tracking debris continued predict location system decided tracking debris wait debris separate begin tracking system failed properly record lost tracking regained second test july partial success passing kilometres target control system ran hydraulic fluid seconds approach causing large miss distance test successful guidance program updated stop rapid control cycling led fluid running attempt december successfully brought missile close distances second missile planned missile failed launch instrument problem similar test december suffered failure second missile passed metres target tests carried year test cycle successful bringing lethal range anti satellite use april asked team consider site operational anti satellite base main testing completed team responded system testing concept given project development straightforward conversion changes mainly concerned providing upper stage use new stage hydraulic pump batteries providing minutes power instead improved fuel provide higher peak altitudes test new upper carried white sands december reaching altitude nautical miles highest launch white sands point second test complete february reached nautical miles testing moved test march failed failed lock missile second april failed missile tracking beacon failed seconds intercept test time actual target consisting upper stage equipped miss distance carried complete success point kept state instant readiness teams continually trained missile site longer required alert returned primarily testing system kept active non alert role known program replaced based system program total launches including white sands carried program description originally intended straightforward development earlier hercules system giving ability hit range altitude maximum performance hercules theory hitting difficult aircraft travel faster computers guide simply select intercept point farther target compensate target higher speed practice difficulty detecting target early intercept point range missile demands larger powerful radar systems faster computers early detection early stages design bell suggested similar radars provide extended range tracking improve reaction times located bases local acquisition radar radar able track targets forward acquisition radar far positioned miles ahead bases provide early warning seconds tracking data targets far broadcast allowing detect square metre radar reflection nautical miles typical target nautical miles track stored bit file including location velocity time measure measure quality data clouds objects tracked single object additional data indicating width length cloud tracks updated seconds target view antenna rotated relatively slow rpm targets moved significantly far feed data sites time plans finalized plans far upgraded acquisition radar provided wide area early warning initial tracking information enormously powerful radar driven multiple broadcast foot wide arranged outside edges rotating triangle spun rpm simulated single antenna rotating times fast target seconds providing data earlier far concept signal received separate set situated centre foot diameter lens rotated broadcaster foot diameter dome multiple feed horns receiver allow reception vertical angles receiver dome large field wire forming flat ground plane operated frequencies giving frequency agility detection range order nautical miles target entire surrounded foot high fence located feet away antenna reflected signal away local objects ground create false returns powerful microwave energy close range far mandated safety limits potentially lethal yards order allow maintenance radar operating equipment areas shielded partial cage metal foil metal tunnel run outside fence blocked signal outside fence line radars completing system featured similar protection battery layout data passed appropriate firing battery attack able send data batteries battery self contained including radars computers missiles needed perform intercept typical deployment single defense center connected batteries spread miles targets picked illuminated discrimination radar known discrimination radar entire cloud signal allowed receiver accurately determine range cloud passing frequency separate range gate range resolution metres signal spread entire cloud powerful produced band ensure signal lost scanning areas moved focus beam cloud approached area observation constant data passed target ran initial processing objects cloud picked processing discrimination control computer ran tests tracks assigned probability able run different tests signals tests included measure radar return pulse pulse look objects variations signals strength changes frequency atmosphere primary method examining objects determine mass target high probability passed battery control data selected missiles radars attack started assignment target tracking radar target passed operated band allowing tracking target nautical miles range expected able double new based receiver design targets successfully tracked firing order received selected available missiles launch assigned missile tracking radar follow smaller radars operating band assisted missile provide missile tracking nautical miles wide variety available frequencies allowed operating single defense center information fed target intercept computer handled memory rom core memory ram guidance commands sent missiles flight signal nominal battery consisted single driving missiles basic battery layout attack normally missiles case failed flight typically targets attacked system stood hot backup flight expanded battery included driving eighteen missiles sites requiring higher traffic handling build larger systems instead deploy additional batteries fed defense center expected seconds develop track hand target seconds missile reach target sorts rates fully expanded installation expected able successfully attack bare minute rate recorded depend processing rate physical limit actual engagement normally place nautical miles accuracy limitations missiles guided accurately bring lethal foot range shielded missiles original similar original hercules featured revised control layout gas maneuvering high altitudes atmosphere thin aerodynamic surfaces effective longer metres metres wide metres diameter larger earlier hercules attempt fit existing hercules launchers instead models launched change numbering mobile surface launched launched missile designed intercept targets space need large maneuvering fins model featured rocket stage small control jets allow maneuver space maximum range miles altitude miles designed attack shock effects like hercules armed relatively small nuclear range altitude requirements grew better understanding weapons effects high altitude intended attack targets action heating relied releasing huge number high energy similar bomb hit enemy cause occur nuclear fuel rapidly heating primary hopefully cause melt work mounted enhanced radiation maneuver target shielded targets effective little feet specifications models mentioned sources sources explicitly list differences single table different sources appear confuse measures figures taken strategic defensive missile systems bell history


demon core demon core kilogram millimetre diameter mass involved accidents briefly went separate accidents los laboratory resulted acute radiation poisoning subsequent deaths scientists harry louis incidents spherical core referred demon core manufacturing early history demon core like second core bombing nagasaki solid kilogram inch diameter sphere consisted parts ring designed joined surface core device trinity nuclear test bombing gunnery range july ring refined shipped site washington state los laboratory inventory document dated august shows los expended components trinity nagasaki bombs possession finished hands quality control material los section ready september certain date allowed complete fourth core stabilized phase hot pressed desired spherical shape found readily sphere coated august major general wrote general army george marshall chief staff united_states_army inform bomb type scheduled ready delivery target good weather august 24th gained days manufacture expect ship final components new_mexico august 12th 13th providing difficulties manufacture transportation theatre arrival theatre bomb ready delivery suitable weather august 17th 18th marshall added released japan express authority president president harry waiting effects attacks august bomb scheduled anticipated ready august dropped august pre japan surrender august preparations field core remained los incident core assembled designed cents percent critical mass state takes small additional enhancing factors cause core prompt critical state extremely rapid power increase fortunately factors common environment circumstances like compression solid metallic core eventually method explode bomb addition nuclear material provision external reflect core experiments conducted los leading fatal accidents designed guarantee core close critical point arranging seeing little reflection required approach august core produced burst radiation led harry death physicist mistake performing experiments core working security guard private robert seated desk feet away core placed stack reflective bricks addition brick moved assembly closer attempting stack brick assembly accidentally dropped core caused core self sustaining critical chain reaction despite quick action moving brick assembly received fatal dose radiation died days later acute radiation poisoning second incident physicist louis seven los personnel los laboratory conducting experiment verify exact point mass core material critical positioning leaving los showing technique graves use final test operation crossroads nuclear tests scheduled month later bikini required operator place half spheres core tested manually lower core thumb hole manually moved closer farther away measured relative activity core allowing close completely result formation critical mass lethal power excursion protocol thing preventing blade standard straight manipulated scientist hand given local expert performing test dozen occasions trademark blue jeans cowboy boots observers reportedly told dead year continued performing day accident slipped outward fraction inch lowering allowing fall place core instantly flash blue light wave heat skin core releasing intense burst radiation estimated lasted half second quickly twisted wrist shell floor heating core shells stopped seconds initiation reaction prevented ended accident position body apparatus shielded radiation received lethal dose gamma second died days later acute radiation poisoning nearest person graves watching shoulder partially shielded received high non lethal radiation dose graves hospitalized weeks severe radiation poisoning developed chronic vision problems result exposure died years later heart attack heart attack caused hidden complications radiation exposure cause genetic father died cause studies radiation person involved received accident latest dated table reference building treated paul long unidentified incidents core originally known referred demon core hands experiments stopped remote control machines designed survivors perform experiments personnel quarter mile distance operation crossroads core intended operation crossroads nuclear tests accident time needed decline scheduled test series named charlie cancelled unexpected level underwater baker test inability target warships later melted material reused core


multiple gun motor carriage multiple gun motor carriage known half track self propelled anti aircraft gun army world war armed caliber heavy barrel machine guns developed response requirement mobile anti aircraft vehicle vehicle produced white motor company july time combat americans landed january replaced heavily armed multiple gun motor carriage april evolved series unsuccessful prototypes selected given official placed production half produced converted production lines specifications half track feet inches long feet inches wide feet inches high inches suspension wheels vertical springs tracks fuel capacity range miles vehicle powered cylinder white horsepower cubic inches gasoline engine compression ratio power weight ratio horsepower ton weighed tons armor vehicle inch thick inch thick vehicle armed inch heavy machine guns placed mount machine guns fired remotely powered small electrical motor near turret guns aimed mark sight vehicle crew commander driver gunner ammunition development early experiments october development began produce vehicle response long standing requirement anti aircraft vehicle protect army troop convoys aerial attack vehicle produced development half track anti aircraft armament machine guns machine gun mount truck power operated mount mount electro dynamic martin company aircraft type turret evaluation test vehicles led design preferred half track replacing mount half track chassis half track chassis stage development use configuration longer chassis half track store ammunition vehicle originally designated accepted production multiple gun motor carriage july total examples variant produced july half converted white motor company reaching army deliveries began late service history served landing corps fifth united_states_army january anti aircraft weapon initial landing later ground support weapon repel heavy german attacks replaced months later multiple gun motor carriage april examples deployed overseas army transferred united_kingdom lend lease prototypes variant heavy machine guns mount truck model like prototype tested june july proving grounds rejected excessive ammunition prototype mount half track car cancelled april variant essentially mount replaced mount replaced accepted half track martin turret designed use bombers derivatives martin turret replaced based half track accepted half track july total examples variant saw action ground support weapon repel heavy german attacks replaced april half track variant armament slightly different half track chassis built international lend lease program supplied britain converted regular half tracks total produced international


english cannon usage cannon great_britain possibly battle english scots forts featuring cannon batteries built cannon tudor navy cannon later english civil war extensively battlefield cannon abroad english years war primitive artillery battle age discovery establishment thirteen colonies cannon saw use british armies north_america rival colony new france later american revolutionary war 18th century present day royal regiment artillery formed artillery british_army royal_navy developed 18th century disappeared use 1850s western cannon period cannon british_army royal_navy longer ranged destructive 19th 20th centuries history early development english cannon saw use years war small numbers mentioned english wardrobe accounts preparations battle believed shot large arrows simplistic important directly controlled royal wardrobe according contemporary poet jean english cannon taken mean individual shots guns time taken primitive artillery similar cannon appeared siege later year mounted wheels tudor navy rise fort end middle ages development cannon revolutionary changes siege warfare europe castles susceptible artillery fire england significant changes evident 16th century henry_viii began building device forts artillery fortresses counter threat invasion france spain built state strategic points form powerful cannon batteries architectural true castles served purely military function serving residences deal castle remains impressive device forts perfectly symmetrical low circular centre cannon gun ports set walls fort formed firing platform shape allowed lines fire addition low curved designed cannon english warfare cannon saw use tudor navy cannon gun shot french adapted naval use english late 16th century significant advantage previously naval warfare cannon relatively long barrel light construction fired solid round shot projectiles long ranges flat trajectory ships able fire cannon broadside english mary rose built portsmouth equipped guns upgrade earliest purpose built warships serve english navy thought served merchant ship crew consisted sailors soldiers gunners age discovery rivalry developed european colonies importance cannon naval warfare increased merchant vessels armed cannon aggressive activities english engaged spanish treasure fleets helped provoke anglo spanish war main factors fleet review elizabeth accession showed navy consist ships philip spain launched spanish england running battle lasting week scattered defeated english navy 17th century description gunner art given english civil war period century john roberts covering modes calculation ordnance pieces work printed london wilson sold george thames street lower tier english ships line time usually equipped cannon naval gun fired pound solid shot cannon fired pound shot fact called royal cannon fired pound shot discontinued 18th century seen establishment thirteen colonies cannon saw use english armies north american mainland rival colony new france french outnumbered fortifications artillery superior english cannon ships english colony massachusetts bombarded quebec french batteries badly damaged ships hulls struck colours english flagship english brass field guns landed shore entirely ineffective woods spontaneous retreat left cannon abandoned shore french victory showed quebec cannon old england brought 18th century 18th century artillery raised royal warrant specific campaigns disbanded royal warrant george regular companies field artillery men strong raised april companies grouped independent artillery companies gibraltar form royal regiment artillery regiment expanded rapidly companies divided battalions cadet company formed quebec finally captured french indian war british cannon installed fortifications built walls effectiveness siege batteries french returned defenders leave field guns retreat city british cannon proved effective heavy french batteries allowed hold long reinforcements companies royal artillery battalions invalid companies comprising older unfit men employed garrison duties january troops royal horse artillery raised provide fire support cavalry joined november personnel mounted royal irish artillery absorbed additionally adopted royal_navy lower muzzle velocity round shot intended create deadly wooden splinters hitting structure enemy vessel fact main cause casualties shorter quarter weight equivalent long gun example pounder weighed ton pounder long gun weighed tons manufactured usual naval gun counted ship line rated number guns result classification royal_navy vessels period carrying pieces ordnance described carrying initially successful widely adopted 1820s greater emphasis placed accuracy long range gunfire weight broadside small powder charge able project heavy relatively limited distance short barrel low muzzle velocity short range increased risk burning nearby materials increasing risk fire disappeared royal_navy 1850s development steel cannon william george armstrong joseph operation describes operation 18th century british cannon cannon manned gunners soldiers artillery officers right gunner prime piece load powder left gunner powder magazine ready fire cannon officer command soldiers stood cannon ram cannon hold second soldier left charged providing bullets prior loading cannon cleaned remove sparks dirt powder added followed paper hay ball thrown cannon aimed elevation set quadrant degrees ball range times gun level range angle horizontal line called random shot officer artillery ensure cannon served water available dip cool pieces rounds late said pounder fire shots day summer winter pounder fire little easier served mentions occasions shots fired pieces space hours space introduction time resulted guns easier handle required half gunpowder long guns allowing fewer men crew long guns mounted naval garrison carriages napoleonic wars british gun team consisted numbered gunners fewer crew needed previous century gun commander sergeant aimed gun cleaned bore water shots intention remaining fresh charge introduced inserted bag powder reversed drive time pressed thumb vent hole prevent draught fan flame charge loaded charge vent hole filled vent powder command fire piece


small caliber high velocity cartridge designed manufactured belgium cartridge somewhat similar developed conjunction personal defense weapon seven pistol response nato requests replacement cartridge nato conducted series tests intention cartridge replacement cartridge tests compared relative merits cartridge cartridge created competitor nato group subsequently recommended cartridge citing superior performance testing german delegation objected process indefinitely halted firearms personal defense weapon seven pistol service military police forces nations world united_states firearms currently numerous law enforcement agencies including secret service addition seven firearms cartridge subsequently number weapons arms developed firearms masterpiece arms offers different firearms cartridge produced number varieties currently offered civilian shooters history development cartridge designed response nato requests replacement cartridge according nato requirement new cartridge greater range accuracy terminal performance cartridge additionally capable penetrating body armor responded nato requirement developing cartridge associated weapons personal defense weapon seven pistol original cartridge called introduced grain plastic core propelled muzzle velocity roughly fired united_states patent application design filed jean paul patent high performance received cartridge discontinued replaced uses shorter weight grains fired muzzle velocity roughly shorter length allows seven pistol developed time introduced modified version magazine adapted use cartridge specialized varieties developed alongside round bullet sound suppressed use seven pistol went production nato evaluation nato conducted series tests intention cartridge replacement tests compared relative merits cartridge cartridge created german small arms manufacturer competitor results nato tests analyzed group formed experts canada france united_kingdom united_states group conclusion undoubtedly efficient cartridge points nato group cited superior effectiveness percent greater unprotected targets equal effectiveness protected targets cited sensitivity extreme temperatures cited greater potential risk barrel erosion addition group pointed close nato design manufacture process allowing manufactured existing production lines group noted firearms existed longer period time firearms seven pistol production time pistol new concept german delegation rejected nato recommendation standardized halting process indefinitely result associated weapons independently adopted nato countries according preference seven currently service military police forces nations world present hollow point cartridge introduced civilian shooters alongside new variant seven pistol met controversy variety discontinued year variety introduced grain max quickly discontinued favor newer varieties currently offered civilian shooters use firearms followed variety currently produced restricted military law enforcement customers ammunition types briefly manufactured winchester today belgium united_states national rifle association added firearms tactical police competition standards allowing law enforcement agencies compete event firearms starting federal began producing new round civilian shooters designated design details cartridge designed specifically use personal defense weapon seven pistol subsequently number weapons upper receiver rifles cartridge changing barrel magazine groups arms developed firearms masterpiece arms offers different firearms cartridge weighs grams grains roughly half typical cartridge making extra ammunition allowing ammunition carried weight cartridge relatively small diameter relatively high number contained magazine cartridge loud report produces considerable muzzle flash fired pistol roughly percent cartridge improving high velocity exhibits exceptionally flat trajectory design variety cartridge ability penetrate protective nato vest stop conventional pistol bullets fired capable penetrating vest range level vest range sporting variants classified bureau alcohol tobacco firearms explosives armor piercing according cartridge effective range maximum range fired effective range maximum range fired seven testing similar projectiles consistently turn base point pass media length create larger wound cavity skeptical bullet terminal performance subject debate civilian shooters united_states potentially poses risk damage conventional pistol bullets design limits risk lightweight poses risk damage event miss loses energy traveling conventional pistol bullet retains significant energy range exceeds engagement distances expected cartridge intended applications cartridge limited energy long range conversely considered rely expansion hollow point bullet cartridge firearms considered suitable military use convention prohibits use expanding bullets warfare cartridge cases covered special coating easier extraction high chamber pressures lack case tapering addition coating ensures proper feeding function magazines cartridge dimensions cartridge case capacity grains americans define shoulder angle alpha degrees common twist rate cartridge grooves lands grooves land width recommended type small rifle according official commission pour des guidelines case handle psi pressure regulated countries rifle cartridge combination maximum pressure sale consumers cartridge types prototype early prototype round earliest examples lightweight grain metal jacket bullet core propelled muzzle velocity roughly abandoned favor heavier shorter duty introduced offered superior performance prototype slightly reduced length change allowed seven pistol developed time fired grain bullet muzzle velocity roughly steel aluminum core manufactured plain black black white tip color classified armor piercing ammunition sale currently restricted military law enforcement customers testing houston police department fired bare exhibited penetration depths ranging testing royal canadian mounted police fired distance exhibited average penetration depth passing level vest called cartridge designed easier bullet spotting dim light chemicals packed rear create light trail visible manufactured red red black tips performance trajectory identical reason classified armor piercing ammunition sale currently restricted military law enforcement customers hollow point discontinued late grain hollow point bullet copper jacket aluminum core length unmarked hollow nose depth opening classified armor piercing testing usa penetrate level vest fired seven called speed cartridge featuring grain sierra game king boat tail low muzzle velocity distinctive crack created rounds conjunction sound muzzle report reduced greatly decreased muzzle velocity benefits slightly reduced force identified white tip color sale currently restricted military law enforcement customers training training round discontinued considered early version grain copper aluminum core bullet propelled muzzle velocity green tip lead free commercially available cartridge features lead free produces similar round replaced late uses grain copper aluminum core bullet identified unmarked hollow void tip silver colored classified armor piercing currently manufactured belgium sporting round introduced discontinued favor cartridge featured lead core grain max bullet propelled muzzle velocity roughly fired seven tip max bullet acted wedge enhancing expansion bullet classified armor piercing testing usa penetrate level vest fired seven identified red tip sporting round currently offered civilian shooters addition uses lead core grain max loaded muzzle velocity roughly higher blue colored tip instead red color tip manufactured contract distributed united_states federal cartridge company lead free uses lead free roughly higher muzzle velocity green painted tip sale currently restricted military law enforcement customers american eagle federal cartridge company produces round american eagle brand designated cartridge uses grain total metal jacket use copper bullet pictures thick copper jacket manufacture muzzle velocity slightly lower non ammunition elite ammunition wide variety ammunition offerings belgian ammunition manufacturer belgium developed specialized projectiles designed armor penetration controlled possible ammunition bullets widely available use nato noted cartridge sensitive small changes powder charge overall length bullet inserted bullets weighing grains recommended optimal use applications twist rate distance bullet travel complete revolution firearms barrels stabilize bullets weighing grains specifications fired longer barrel muzzle velocity roughly faster muzzle velocity roughly faster fired shorter barrel seven pistol muzzle velocity roughly slower muzzle velocity roughly slower


special vehicle german half track saw widespread use world war main role prime small towed guns anti tank gun carry troops addition gun trailer basic engineering german half tracks developed era military automotive department final design testing farmed commercial firms understanding production shared multiple companies chosen develop smallest german half tracks spent years design series prototypes chassis formed basis light armored personnel carrier approximately produced making widely produced german tactical vehicles war participated invasion poland battle france balkans campaign fought western eastern north_africa italy description unique german half track designs hull frame power provided cylinder water cooled litres gasoline engine horsepower semi automatic transmission seven forward reverse gears driver selected desired gear initiated shift depressing clutch attain mph driver cautioned exceed mph luftwaffe limited vehicles non tactical speed mph extend life rubber track pads tracks wheels steering steering system set gentle turns wheels brakes applied tracks farther steering wheel turned drive track saving complicated common teeth rear suspension consisted double overlapping layout mounted swing arms sprung bars wheel mounted rear vehicle control track tension wheels mounted leaf springs shock ones vehicle impacts upper body baggage compartment separating driver compartment crew compartment bench seats sides vehicle seat storage accommodate men fold forward canvas mounted upper rear body erected pieces mounted protect crew weather design development preliminary design german half tracks early war ing military automotive department nazis took power designs turned commercial firms development testing assigned develop smallest cross country tracked vehicle prototype produced cylinder horsepower type engine mounted rear followed kept engine added extra weighed tonnes long tons short tons vehicles automotive prototypes tonnes long tons short tons horsepower type engine mounted troop compartment fit prototype left drawing board succeeded trial series prototypes weighed tonnes long tons short tons horsepower engine different transmission differed detail prototypes models intended service chemical troops air defense troops series pre production ordered differed details trial series delivered november march vehicle renamed light ton semi tracked vehicle mass production model differed mainly having different tracks engine proven compression gasoline decreed use october modified new cylinder heads shorter change engine power deliveries began october machines production line demonstrated army october early machines fuel tanks litres gal litres gal replaced single litres gal tank early production run engine replaced late differed little bored litres increase power horsepower hull rear reinforced allow vehicle tow heavier loads like anti tank gun infantry gun air added later loads equipped air brakes designated model semi automatic transmission replaced manual transmission original metal upper bodies replaced wood conserve steel chassis light armored personnel carrier based shortened suspension actually shared components engine contracted design new version road wheels strengthened axle strengthened arm improved track increased ground clearance prototypes completed delivered september retained factory development proceed new version proposed emergency development program february armored engine driver compartments development completed june production seven factories assembled models built approximately november completed december built december assembled november completed built november completed december producing chassis light shortage armored bodies meant completed wooden upper bodies eighty known delivered march numbers include chassis built armored ammunition carriers vehicles variants chemical detection vehicle outbreak world war ninety intended delivered equip chemical troops production plan mentions produced rate thirty month total built month mention report complete vehicles january production continued definitely chemical vehicle fitted capacity space barrels chemicals left room crewmen bench seat barrels rear chassis wall barrel cover area metres barrels platforms tracks outer rails significant number differences standard model including fuel tanks totaling litres gal tunnel accommodate auxiliary powered reduced road range kilometres metres long metres wide metres high depending weighed kilograms kilograms loaded spreading speed mph seventy built equipped litres gal tank spray system lay poison gas barriers spray swung forth cover width metres approximately built april army high command des ordered tanks vehicles storage spray system disabled vehicles modified carry rounds anti tank ammunition vehicles issued rebuilding units stage war equipped rocket launchers organic anti tank guns carried mount special platform fold rear panels platform specifically designed mount readily accept mount vice versa accommodate gun mount vehicle wider taller normal metres wide metres weighed kilograms folding seats fitted platform crew gun mounts gun shield fitted ready ammunition rear panels rear contained round magazine usually towed ammunition trailer special single axle trailer rounds gun sights rangefinder vehicles built fitted loading ramps cable act reinforced tail gate allow mounted trailer quickly fitted rifle racks given sheet metal covers protection weather mounted beginning platform wasn widened later war progressed guns fitted gun shields carried mount wider lighter platform enlarged accommodate vehicle width increased metres height returned normal vehicle initially vehicles modified wider platform special designation given earliest known use september older december luftwaffe ordered sets armor plate vehicles plates covered sides driver compartment fitted versions production began deliveries army luftwaffe exact numbers known broken separately production reports rate built february completed beginning awarded contracts delivered delivered ordinary field modifications vehicles fitted anti tank gun cab engine compartment armored usually carried complete usually mounted wheels pivot mount end war vehicles equipped triple mount drilling german conical pivot mount deployment use initially planned use vehicle light guns trailers authorized substitute light armored personnel carrier model saw use tow heavier weapons like ammunition trailers served maintenance supply companies tank units delivered romania anti tank guns chemical troops battery authorized eighteen held battalion level issue batteries lieu needed necessary substituted appropriate type units authorized equipped heavy rocket launchers november seven tow launchers platoon leader tow anti tank gun similarly units usually retained like removing special equipment turned unit reorganized early war army anti aircraft company organized total eighteen guns carrying ammunition barrel fielded platoon guns ammunition later companies reorganized total carrying guns carrying ammunition examples army organizations differed depending unit period substituted basis detailed records survive luftwaffe light anti aircraft units appear organized batteries guns usage sweden war broke september sweden maintained policy neutrality support policy rapid upgrade aging military equipment necessary guns vehicles aircraft manufactured domestically purchased abroad artillery guns vehicles purchased germany winter deliveries started vehicles partly trucks partly sub arctic climate autumn delivered guns 8th artillery regiment northern city close arctic noteworthy swedish terms significantly heavier gun ones german_army towed vehicle sweden called short sweden tried purchase ongoing war impossible orders went copy specific requirement swedish army track links use war bought surplus norway delivered total training gun crews 1950s early 1960s sold highest airfield ended villages surrounding mid 1970s traced sold abroad known left sweden sold fourteen known locations collectors museums world


3rd year type naval gun 3rd year type naval gun centimeter breech loading naval gun designed world war imperial_japanese_navy served primary armament class dreadnoughts completed end war coast defense turrets guns salvaged 1970s wreck japanese battleship currently display japan description gun wire wound construction overall length meters bore meters long weighed kilograms including type breech motion short arm mechanism like british inch naval gun designed time chamber volume litres initially gun fitted twin gun turrets elevation range initially equipped type kilogram armor piercing capped shell muzzle velocity superseded type shell weighed kilograms fired muzzle velocity range meters available kilogram high explosive shell muzzle velocity meters second special type shell developed 1930s anti aircraft use gun firing cycle round seconds turrets aboard class ships replaced mid-1930s turrets stored unfinished class battleships storage turrets modified increase range elevation gave maximum range meters firing cycle reduced seconds gun initially known 3rd year type naval gun redesignated 3rd year type naval gun march comply terms washington naval treaty forbade guns larger year type refers breech block design began year period breech block design inch inch inch inch inch naval guns service class dreadnoughts ships use gun class class dreadnoughts class battlecruisers cancelled washington naval treaty gun deployed coast defense turrets intended close turret deployed islands mounted korea aft turrets wreck salvaged 1970s july august september following year turret guns restored installed grounds imperial japanese naval academy hiroshima gun turret maritime museum popularly known museum hiroshima museum maritime science tokyo shells bombs obsolete type shells modified create type armor piercing bomb attack pearl harbor armor piercing cap removed body tapered reduce weight new thinner base plug installed filling replaced kilograms bomb weighed kilograms beginning improved version bomb built nose thick contained kilograms weighed kilograms weapons comparable role performance era inch naval gun british equivalent caliber mark gun american equivalent gun german equivalent


known guided bomb developed united_states_army air forces late 1940s mating guidance system earlier radio controlled weapon british pound bomb saw brief operational service korean war withdrawn service design development development began february bell aircraft awarded contract united_states_army air forces development large guided bomb combination radio command guidance system smaller range guided bomb british developed pound earthquake bomb known combining range describing weapon guidance system pronounced similarly popular man fictional character redesignated developed project code wing body mounted near weapon center gravity rear bomb octagonal tail surface containing control surfaces intended boeing bomber bomb combination joint army navy piloted aircraft radio automatic flight remote control command link joint army navy utility radio automatic flight remote control receiver provide manual command guidance range visual tracking bomb course aided mounted tail weapon board aided system drove bomb control surfaces guidance system considered effective proved testing accuracy feet addition pounds nominal weight based wing control surfaces boosted weight additional pounds result size weight weapon fit inside bomb bay instead weapon carried semi mounting half weapon exposed increased drag carrying aircraft addition causing turbulent affect handling operational history project reached testing stage end world war avoided cancelled proceeding low priority project limited testing conducted additional testing new_mexico led approved operational service korean war saw combat use december replacing operational service smaller weapon determined small effective use bridges hardened targets solely 19th bomb group previously conducted combat missions drop combat took place december largest bomb combat war strikes north korean bridges hardened targets improved accuracy conventional dumb bombs led confirmed destruction high priority targets approximately months combat use included hydroelectric plant proving effectiveness guided weapons conventional targets bridges thirty missions flown december march weapon success led contract production additional missiles march strike went group commander aircraft destroyed result premature bomb aircraft suffering mechanical difficulties weapon preparation proved final mission weeks following mission suffered bomb time loss aircraft investigation proved fault lay construction bomb tail breaking impact bomb wire removed rendering unsafe weapon modifications solve problem damage safety issues increased maintenance costs compared conventional bombs fact bomb guidance system required clear day use rendering bombers vulnerable enemy fighters required weapon released prime altitude aircraft danger enemy combined weapon poor reliability bombs dropped successfully destroyed targets result production order canceled following program terminated august