william william alexander american professional player late 19th early 20th centuries known professionally william practice common era occasionally referred billy addition amateur pacific_coast champion times world champion contender cue sports discipline exhibition player europe inventor william modern cue chalk originally retirement circuit spent professional career chicago illinois peak household new_york_times ranked brilliant players veterans game holds world record points scored row particular shot type aside playing career founded lucrative sporting goods manufacturing business oil company investor director flower fruit farm operator eponymous inventor world class player lasting contributions cue sports innovations brought game industry resulting fascination players leather tips cue sticks cue chalk helps tip better grip cue ball briefly stroke prevents permitting player great deal spin ball vital position play spin intensive shots 1800s true chalk generally calcium suspended strings plaster players experimented substances true chalk effect game equipment cloth allegedly damaging fabric particularly impressed piece natural chalk like substance obtained france presented chemist electrical engineer william chicago analysis determined volcanic rock originally probably mount sicily rock starting place experimented different materials achieve cue ball action sought eventually narrowed search mixture illinois sourced substance form aluminum founding william company factory chicago securing patent march later left company active party retained subsequently run later cousin moved projects regular calcium chalk packaged marketed local scale parties english player jack twisting powder 1820s earliest recorded example considered dubious researchers company product emulated modern manufacturers differing compounds effectively modern product provided cue tip friction allowed tip better grip cue ball briefly previously spin ball consequently allowed precise extreme cue ball control likely curve shots plausible ultimately spawned new cue sport artistic basic draw follow shots pool games ball ball depend heavily effects properties modern chalk fortune invention company sold world player formidable specialist professional competitor straight rail early difficult cue sports especially later skilled difficult variant hold world champions 1890s rise professional contender moved east california center high quality playing began competitive professional playing career brooklyn new_york years age december brooklyn played exhibition featured great young champion frank gave demonstrations fancy shots illustration played match world champion jacob won high run average respectively living cincinnati ohio january year offered convoluted challenge veteran edward philadelphia pennsylvania play single match points substantial money period personally bet approximately modern dollars new_york_city new_york philadelphia cincinnati philadelphia preferred offered pay travel expenses cincinnati issued curious challenge november play challenger points pot including french champion edward bet specifically excluded names era sport george franklin challenge accepted known chicago pro thomas match future champion traveled way chicago apparently fan particular days issuing laden challenge described journalist uneasy seventeenth inning spectator world champion challenge match incumbent point total trailing badly sixteen previous innings rallied final inning game helped train match october year lost practice match averages high run total reported press specifically desired competitor upcoming seven man tournament second class professional players organized modern dollars added moved chicago chalk year noted comfortable margin averages evening match modern dollars december new_york_city hall point trailed badly pulled stunning run highest recorded run match year launch company evidently overcome reluctance face world champions having years experience product prototypes competed win december open tournament month new_york_city january double elimination man tournament arranged chicago handicapped event featuring players previous event world champions reach points william george butler having rely point handicap beat flat high run january second game high run defeated close game day later high run way comparison night january running steam took high runs lost high run day later defense better impressive high run making virtually impossible catch loss tournament 4th place 1900s world class competitor considered contender decade later world championship fine list entries anticipated march event january high run beat amateur champion pro innings despite scoring points innings point building solid runs innings things went way purposes inning win took revenge days later defeating close inning game january despite high run highest run record publicly available sources considerably higher night lost day exhibition game solid high run january prior championship madison square garden competing observed playing practice games pre event training hall new_york_city multiple occasions day stretch lost recorded matches series loss single point close victory surprising given preferred game articles era stress period american completely dominated east coasters 1910s 1920s setting record field noted world record run continuous points nurse form nurse shot stopped later anchor space rules instituted especially effectiveness nurse use repetitive predictable shots contemporaries led development advanced restrictive rules invented played professionally thwarted ease reliance nurse shots older games august tapped join panel notable players major hall help develop new system organized company time organizers world championships inspiration new system simply making possible newly challenged near hurting tournament revenues outcome considered potential ticket buyers system expected level playing field ways especially making easier skilled enter professional ranks 1920s respected figure industry wrote articles publications magazine focused topics january piece ventilation rooms era tobacco smoking prevalent farm operator described director oil company census invested money equipment corporation petroleum industry california operating farm ranch large operation employ staff included land canyon near california resided time described flower farmer specialists area later developed active community hosted large regional farm bureau meeting farmers ranch land mountain estate active known lasting contributions field variety developed william ranch provided supply university california berkeley california association comparison strains fruit shown resistant freezing proved second longest lasting storage varieties tested considered famous based contracted supply palace president china communism prestigious gardens asia eventually supplanted popularity dominant commercial strain today private life william youngest children born july small township san california struggling farmer william wife blue eyes dark hair feet inches tall adulthood education obscure september married alexandria december sweden immigrated october los_angeles remain years returned california chicago turn century period san_francisco apartment lived rural los_angeles suburbs farm later maintained modest house william business success couple extensive world travelers william died january aged california los_angeles county san valley canyon stream canyon creek local major residential canyon road running northernmost residential area named


murphy player murphy born august english professional player won world championship nicknamed murphy noted straight cue action long born raised murphy turned professional victory world championship considered major surprise lift title ranking tournament victories came malta cup championship players tour championship finals world open reached second world championship final won seven non ranking tournaments including masters completed career triple crown murphy won million prize money compiled century breaks professional career highest world ranking number maintained seasons following currently ranked number career born england murphy began playing age parents bought table christmas century break age practised centre players stephen mark williams played age secured year year sponsorship deal shoe company stated ambitions winning world championship world number turned professional age murphy coached steve season ray gave guidance given old cue father early career murphy began career tour renamed challenge tour time second level professional tour runner fourth event tour season season won fourth events challenge tour topping order merit rankings received world newcomer year award young player distinction year awards world professional association won english open championship murphy won professional tournament championship defeating mark davis semi final stuart final recovering level main tour victory brought qualification masters prestigious non ranking invitation tournament places members winner qualifying tournament limited number tournament showed promise televised match defeating world number building lead seven time world champion losing match maximum break championship early ranking results murphy reached final stages ranking event world championship hosted theatre lost round season reached final stages scottish open defeated drew henry round world championship lost final black round season murphy ranked number qualified final stages ranking tournaments cup murphy defeated steve davis second round losing john round victory davis murphy said greatest days career british open defeated dave round losing paul hunter second round players championship new scottish open lost eventual champion jimmy white second round failed reach world championship losing qualifying match stuart docked frame arriving late season murphy ranked number reached final stages ranking events including world championship victory grand prix new cup lost stephen round followed ranking semi final british open malta cup lost matthew stevens round world championship murphy won qualifying matches qualify world championship defeated world champions davis peter reach final face stevens world number trailed stevens end day world championship final played days comeback bring score frame winning breaks lift title century breaks year tournament murphy victory considered major surprise pre tournament odds win considered win world championship reach final alex terry age murphy second youngest player win world championship following lifted title previous world champion played matches seven lift title lowest ranked player number win tournament player won world championship ranking event win joe johnson run tournament earned nickname tournament doubled previous career prize money purchased mercedes house win july married fiancée new season improved ranking number usually guarantee qualification ranking events world champion qualified automatically tournament season number seed number seed world championship invited play premier league non ranking tournament second shot clock went round robin stage inaugural non ranking northern_ireland trophy reached quarter finals defeated ranking events season grand prix championship malta cup reached losing final frame matches respectively loss complained having play match outside table given world champion status revival pot black single frame knockout tournament staged murphy defeated final stevens murphy awarded year bbc east sports awards december masters murphy lost quarter finals reached second ranking final welsh open losing stephen lee world championship reached quarter finals fell victim called curse time champion successfully defended title theatre defeated season murphy moved number world rankings entering elite time automatically qualifying final stages ranking tournaments receiving automatic invitation masters northern_ireland trophy ranking event season lost lee quarter finals championship lost second round defeat stephen quarter finals masters followed second ranking title defeated ryan day final malta cup victory said relief rid hit wonder label match victory cope welsh open scored centuries consecutive frames second player grand prix final person best match went lose quarter finals world championship murphy defeated stevens quarter finals recovering knocking losing mark semi finals season ranked number highest ranking reached semi finals ranking events winning inaugural shanghai masters defeated round reached final pot black defeated grand prix reached semi finals lost sullivan despite leading semi finals followed northern_ireland trophy championship defeated occasions respectively making consecutive semi final losses championship ranked number successfully defended malta cup title year tournament ranking event victory final china open defeated semi final sixth semi final past seven ranking events lost final world championship provisional number world championship favourites reached second round losing ali carter loss murphy criticised state tables murphy maintained number ranking season won non ranking paul hunter classic defeating final lost round ranking tournaments including defeat world number mike championship october murphy wife separated years marriage wear wedding ring grand prix despite consecutive round losses attributed split wife murphy claimed ranking title championship defeating low quality final pink deciding frame effectively match ball victory meant joined davis alex john sullivan williams john tenth player won world title title place elite players world world championship concerns murphy estranged wife serve divorce papers play round match andrew defeated incident wife parents present arena asked leave went defeat earn place second world final time world champion opponent final trailed day beaten day final newspaper published kiss tell story involving murphy murphy maintained number ranking year season successfully defended paul hunter classic title defeating white final won premier league win sullivan final ending run consecutive wins tournament reached semi finals ranking tournament shanghai masters losing run semi finals better ranking tournament season championship defending champion lost eventual winner second round match murphy complained leaving arena frames saying believe needs toilet single frame reached quarter finals masters lost williams welsh open china open lost round matches stevens bond respectively world championship defeated lost carter quarter finals despite leading season reach final better ranking tournament season seasons ranked number dropped number seven season won classic non ranking tournament held china defeating having recovered murphy reached semi finals paul hunter classic players tour championship minor ranking series lost eventual winner murphy won open second european event players tour championship defeating matthew couch final reached final championship lost john murphy finished 1st players tour championship order merit couldn defend premier league title lost sullivan final reached semi finals championship lost eventual runner mark williams murphy lost round masters cope second round german masters joe round welsh open matthew stevens murphy won finals players tour championship victory martin winning fourth ranking title week murphy reached final championship league lost matthew stevens murphy reached semi final china open lost murphy tournament season world championship lost second round sullivan murphy began season ranked number seven defend classic title lost ali carter murphy reached semi finals australian open lost eventual champion stuart shanghai masters murphy reached quarter finals lost mark murphy tournament brazil masters defeated final murphy participated premier league ended league stage wins losses result advance play murphy reached quarter finals championship lost participated players tour championship best results came warsaw classic memorial trophy reached quarter finals lost matthew stevens respectively finished number order merit qualify finals defend title murphy reached masters final lost murphy reached semi finals ranking tournaments lost stephen german masters welsh open lost quarter finals world open mark murphy ended season round losses lost wild card china open jones world championship murphy began season ranked number tournament murphy classic lost round murphy tournament red world championship finished group wins matches advanced knock stage defeated james barry reach final lost mark davis reached quarter finals australian open lost peter murphy gone better ranking tournaments reached semi finals shanghai masters international championship lost john respectively murphy reached final championship courtesy tight victories teenager quarter finals twice chance pot final pink black win match ali carter murphy recovered points deciding frame win ultimately defeated good friend mark final participated players tour championship best result coming english event reached semi finals lost finished number order merit couldn qualify finals murphy began year reaching semi finals masters lost reached quarter final german masters lost round world championship murphy defeated martin advance second round faced winning quarter final faced tense match went deciding frame won consecutive frames level ultimately prevailed frame semi final murphy season began shock defeat alex davies qualifying round classic tournament use new format required players compete august january murphy lost stones pounds weight new diet fitness regime stated health fitness goals improve stamina concentration table group championship league second official maximum break round robin match mark davis round masters murphy came defeat produced comeback quarter finals trailed winning frames row clinch victory faced defending champion mark semi finals lost february playing jones minor ranking open murphy second break season professional career went win tournament defeating brien final capture title months following month defeated final world open winning fifth ranking title career ranking title years world championship murphy defeated cope reach quarter finals faced defending champion sullivan murphy won frames left sullivan requiring frame sullivan ultimately score won defeat murphy session spare october won bulgarian open defeating martin final weeks later reached final general cup lost ali carter november won open beating robert final second frame final achieved fourth maximum break career missing maximum previous occasions day matches joe murphy break missing blue ball match mark williams break ending green ball murphy player calendar year january masters murphy beat mark stephen mark allen route final murphy won match completing career triple crown world championship murphy seeded eighth beat robin hull joe perry anthony barry reach world championship final meeting tenth seed stuart final despite leading murphy fell session despite fighting level score murphy lost frames final rivalry murphy clashed stephen young players distinction occasions start grand prix match incident resulted docked opening frame shaken hands outset frame asked referee permission leave arena retrieve chalk forgotten away referee murphy spoke tournament director mike arrived scene docked frame technically ready start scheduled time angered surprised murphy docking frame speaking referee won match later commented rules rules heard like happening incidents came subsequent years world championship said don want fat world champion reference murphy beating murphy welsh open said chalk incident cake rivalry dislike think try hard beat hurt lost murphy currently leads head head murphy outspoken rivals criticising having toilet breaks complaining table conditions things murphy makes collective criticisms fellow professionals attending events branded players concerns prize money joke murphy criticism reserved sullivan murphy highlights sullivan lack playing style murphy noted straight cue action davis called best cue action seen long wrote times murphy improved tactical game world championship victory compiled century breaks maximum breaks career earnings million personal life murphy born grew home age bullied school parents split lived father tony professional mother world championship reported developed rift father member world board said spoken year willingly speak father called murphy moved season fiancée married july murphy wife filed divorce grounds infidelity people newspaper published revealing spent night escort girl met religious youth group murphy manager parker issued statement confirming murphy slept woman denied stating murphy sex dated claire introduced viewing public backstage final championship murphy currently engaged girlfriend proposing marriage restaurant native ireland christmas lives outside nottingham murphy christian meeting religious family holiday murphy known charitable nature having spent summer aid work wife donated tenth world championship church world championship murphy donated royal manchester children hospital charity century performance rankings timeline career finals ranking event finals titles runners minor ranking event finals titles runner non ranking event finals titles runners pro event wins paul hunter classic variant event finals runner maximum breaks


british open british open edition british open tournament held november brighton centre brighton england john won tournament defeating stephen frames scottish final lift ranking event title edition event semi finals defeated murphy defeated sullivan defending champion stephen lost quarter finals highest tournament break breaks tournament held second ranking events season following grand prix october won sullivan preceded ranking event season championship tournament summary british open second ranking event season grand prix october won world number sullivan time world champion defeated final preceded championship defending champion seven time world champion stephen defeated sullivan year final angry loss grand prix explaining way felt grand prix fact know capable total prize fund host broadcaster sullivan considered favourite mentor ray saying form life looks close moment players reached final grand prix sullivan said surprised performed tournament qualifying qualifying rounds played players ranked lower places final stage centre wales matches best frames semi finals highly regarded year old chinese player professional season won sixth consecutive match beat robin hull successful included likes murphy mark ryan day round round matches players ranked qualifying stage round took minutes malta tony turned professional born appearance ranking tournament european open winner stephen defeated australian world number murphy beat michael season beat dave mark king defeated ali carter belgian number minutes barry prevailed joe perry despite making highest break far john century break victory joe won consecutive frames overcome joe round winners round went face members continued run defeating jimmy white ranking event time called win satisfying date white commended opponent performance saying dangerous improved hell lot year champion matthew stevens sullivan extended unbeaten run matches defeated match lasted hours minutes featured lot tactical exchanges satisfied performance awful playing like come collect world champion ranked seventh slipped fifteenth provisional rankings defeated smashed red balls break shot red break john time champion won beat drew henry said withdraw tournament pregnant wife went labour beat robert dismissed suggestions loss grand prix inspired play better tournament murphy defeated world number paul hunter second appearance ranking event attributed win happiness table murphy christian age said girlfriend claire wonderful woman engaged involved tremendous church time world champion world number mark williams father slipped eighth provisional rankings claimed victory minutes hard fought contest stephen lee defeated king winners carter andy anthony hamilton barry stuart round sullivan compiled century breaks lee 13th consecutive win 9th consecutive quarter final comments retirement previous match sullivan said point quoting day different total clearance win hamilton defeated williams fourth consecutive win world number tournament victory event year breaks win carter set match highest break far win fifth member lose defeated defeated murphy beat quarter finals quarter finals sullivan defeated match errors match sullivan attributed success mentor consecutive century breaks hamilton setting semi final clash sullivan won frames black second trailing requiring said played brilliant like practice hamilton said opponent proper talent defeated low quality match won frames high break won breaks closed match breaks said willing risk possible fine attending wife gave birth murphy beat fellow reach ranking semi final opponent semi finals semi finals best took minutes murphy scoring breaks completing victory total clearance highest break far time minutes minutes slower quickest best match semi finals international open dave murphy frames murphy managed score total points fourth murphy broke break yellow enabling break murphy pink break extended lead finished match break attributed performance shortening cue semi final ended sullivan match unbeaten run victory earn place final century breaks frames player consecutive century breaks including previous match won pink sullivan missed yellow sullivan won break break final frames match sullivan won previous encounters said seen like table great player probably best world moment match sullivan described young ones definitely best defeat meant lost bet placed sullivan win season ranking events final scottish best final defeated record fourth title victory said important career won ranking title victory event lost previous finals 25th major title 16th ranking title earned prize money afternoon session took frame won compiling break breaks allowed regain lead took eighth missed straightforward red leave end session evening session took ninth breaks 10th consecutive century breaks including 11th highest break continued run break 13th pulled break gave victory tournament anticipating birth child november father second time wife gave birth son oliver shortly loss championship main draw final qualifying qualifying tournament took place november wales century breaks qualifying stage centuries televised stage centuries


music barbados music barbados includes distinctive national styles folk popular music including elements western classical religious music culture barbados mix african british elements island music reflects mix song types styles instrumentation dances aesthetic principles folk traditions include movement satirical informal organization based british navy tea meetings bands numerous traditional songs dances modern barbados popular styles include contemporary folk world music barbados guadeloupe martinique trinidad cuba puerto_rico virgin islands centers caribbean jazz characteristics musical identity culture island musical culture perceived mixture african british certain unique elements derive indigenous sources tension african british culture long major element history included banning certain african derived practices black parodies british traditions simple entertainment basis participation music dance activities religious functional occur folk culture declined importance 20th century 1970s interested national culture history change heralded arrival popular national genre reflects heritage african origins helped resurgence national pride viewed barbados answer popular caribbean genres reggae jamaica trinidad respectively religious music christian churches plays important role musical identity especially urban areas distinctive musical cultural traditions derive parodies anglican church hymns british military drills british military performed drills provide security island population slaves modern tea meetings bands tradition folk songs come slaves practices white authorities british music cultural intellectual feel sense connection british isles maintenance british musical forms plantation houses featured music entertainment balls dances gatherings drum vocal dance music integral everyday life songs performance practices created normal everyday events special celebrations like christmas easter crop songs remain culture form rich folk repertoire western classical music socially accepted form musical expression including variety vocal music chamber orchestral music piano violin hymns religious music chamber music western tradition remains important music integral role services anglican church history inhabited prior 16th century little known music arrival portuguese english portuguese left little influence english culture music helped shape island heritage irish scottish settlers emigrated 17th century working tobacco industry bringing new music island middle 17th century saw decline tobacco industry rise introduction large numbers african slaves brazilian introduced island featured mixture latin music african influences soon developed indigenous barbados modern music largely combination english african elements irish scottish modern american caribbean especially jamaican influences 19th century grew fear slave revolts specifically use music tool communication planning revolution result government passed laws restrict musical activities slaves time american forms imported music brought barbados important elements modern music like bands emerged 20th century new styles imported barbados including jazz reggae barbados home performers new genres especially island produced indigenous style called important symbol identity folk music culture music european african elements minimal influence indigenous peoples island little known significant numbers asian specifically chinese japanese people moved barbados music little impact music earliest reference music come description slave rebellion rebels inspired fight music played skin drums animal horns slavery continued colonial authorities eventually outlawed musical instruments slaves end 17th century distinctly folk culture developed based influences instruments africa britain caribbean islands early folk music despite legal restrictions major life island slave population slaves music essential recreation dancing life cycle communication religious meaning african musicians provided music white landowners private parties slaves developed party music culminating crop festival began earliest crop festivals featured dancing response singing accompanied bones bottles containing varying amounts water folk song traditional folk songs heavily influenced music england traditional songs concern events current time composition emancipation slaves barbados victoria george elizabeth_ii song tradition dates influential folk songs associated island lower class laborers held folk heritage songs stories way england famously english sailor indian maid english plays opera george music samuel arnold performed london contemporary folk songs especially pioneering albums author singer songwriter anthony bold fusion indigenous rhythms african latin jazz pop east indian influences songs mountain album wings stranger king dog dog album limestone girl album blood mates eclectic style contemporaries songs poems novels demonstrates means hybrid mix african european cultural elements dance folk dances include wide variety styles performed holidays occasions dancers performers crop festivals example popular iconic culture known dancing costumes movement features song dance meant imitate passage british navy ship rough seas occasions feature african derived improvised rhythmic dances british dances marches jean dance important culture banned 19th century popular fertility dance performed outdoors plantation festivals functional allowed women men rarely vice versa dance eventually banned dance associated non christian african traditions instrumentation folk tradition home great variety musical instruments imported africa great_britain caribbean islands central instrument group culture percussion instruments include numerous drums pump tree trunk snare drum double headed bass drum bands folk musicians use tree bones jaw triangle bottles filled water widespread include pan shot recently imported folk percussion instruments include puerto_rico dominican_republic cuba string wind instruments play important role folk culture especially bow acoustic guitar modern groups use electric bass guitar distinctive instrument stretching guitar string sides house traditional wind instruments largely metal folk origins locally found materials villagers burned example bamboo tubes shells pipes modern groups use harmonica alto tenor saxophone trumpet religious music western classical play important role anglican church services barbados religion folk music closely everyday lives basis religious folk music anglican hymn kind praise song sung sundays day christian come family members sing praise god ask strength week work music religious musical traditions 1920s music plays role ceremonies provided emotional improvised performances accompanied addition anglican traditions music spread island recent years african american musical forms especially gospel spiritual baptist religion derives cult spread barbados 1960s internationally known religious music groups barbados barbados holidays festivals celebrations number holidays festivals celebrations play integral role folk popular music christmas easter important associated musical traditions distinctly festivities like crop festival movement original crop festival celebrated end harvest festivals held great house plantations included slaves plantation managers celebrations included drinking competitions song dance climbing pole musical accompaniment provided triangle drums guitar played slave crop festivals continue play culture feature music performers cutting costumes modern performers movement informal entertainment organization satire british navy began founded individual known variously moses ward moses wood hall seamen village structure organization mirrors structure british navy ship connected dock wooden house similar house leaders known lord high admiral captain navy ranks unit named like typical navy ship include actual names british ships places performances symbolize reflect passage ships rough seas dances music dance types society celebrations council barbados association movement christmas music based church concert hall performances typical north american christmas performed white christmas silver bells alongside works english composers like william henry davies thomas recent years reggae new elements local christmas traditions recently 1960s barbados home distinctive practice traveled house house singing hymns receiving rewards households bands tea meetings bands musical consisting bow flute triangle snare double headed bass drum bass drum provide rhythm flute gives melody drums light weight carried easily rural villagers cured bands based british military regimental bands played years special occasions like visiting royalty sound evolved years instrumentation bow commonly replaced flute bands common events independent bands generally accompanied range iconic characters including bears mother steel green upbeat modern sound distinctly blend african british tea meetings celebrations held society school halls feature solo group performance theatrical rhetoric activities declining following world war tea meetings recently revived regained widespread popularity held nighttime beginning continuing midnight hour break food drink tea meeting resumed popular music barbados produced internationally popular musicians worldwide pop superstar rihanna famous created developed local scene playing imported styles like american jazz indigenous style popular music barbados dates 1930s comedic song form accompanied guitar recent styles kept local scene alive produced number famous mixture styles especially popular 1960s time jazz scene grew stature home number famous performers modern popular music largely based reggae includes elements indigenous styles artists like modern popular music instrumentation borrowed folk bands popular bands popular music square defunct new wave singers largely include lead vocalist bruce barry recent winners crop experimental artist poet fiction writer anthony writes thoughtful poetic lyrics delivered musical style deeply rooted indigenous folk music strong elements african latin influences albums wings stranger limestone blood mates described groundbreaking highly original style prior 1930s called performed laborers village areas like mighty jerry known modern song tradition embraced humor lyrics continued 1960s accompanied guitar mid-20th century brought new forms music trinidad brazil united_states cuba dominican_republic barbados style came viewed inferior promoters like lord mighty dragon kept popular tradition alive shows globe theatre featuring pioneers mighty romeo sir don marshall lord radio boys mike performers set stage development popular 1960s early 1960s grew popularity stature led mighty competitions held quickly grew larger prominent island prominent contribution 1970s 80s style known blue beat incorporated folk songs ballads american blues country music distinctive sound created harmonica guitar beginning 1980s form stage presented pioneered trinidad widespread crop celebrations foundation national cultural foundation helped promote administer festivals attracted tourists industry result visible iconic culture internationally renowned including mighty red plastic bag style popular music created 1960s primarily fusion jamaican influenced wide variety british isles united_states include sea hymns instrumentation originally consisted bass guitar trap set electronic percussion instruments later augmented saxophone guitar widely seen integral instrumentation said reflect african origin music different kinds popular 1960s raw style dragon clay style industry grew immensely end 1970s produced popular stars like blue rhythm combo recent years seen resurgence interest quarters people like indicating encouraged national form reach international audiences inspire nation pride cultural heritage jazz jazz genre music united_states reached barbados end 1920s major performer island followed green played variety music including swing kind pop jazz little recorded music island radio broadcasts voice america major influence riots poverty occurred people like risen fame advocating reform year deported riots broke spreading island following year barbados labour_party formed adams political awareness black majority island spread kind jazz associated united_states social activism musician island keith campbell pianist learned play styles living trinidad time american soldiers stationed providing ready market bands play american music musicians period included small pianist 1950s rock roll popular island jazz bands found pushed aside wave musicians appeared island including later joined police band quartet mainstream audiences listening rock modern jazz retained small core followers 1960s foundation jazz club helped scene alive independence came focus black culture music like reggae british standards musical development jazz arose period pioneered groups like genre developed original works like morning lament composed artists like pianist adrian clarke popular 60s early 1970s jazz fan critic moore launched project jazz alive island alexander performance said caribbean jazz festival oscar performance trinidad inspired musicians radio program jazz jam broadcast starting caribbean broadcast corporation jazz club closed replaced long term clubs later 1980s jazz declined greatly popularity national cultural foundation organized international barbados caribbean jazz festival brief hiatus lack sponsorship resurrected gilbert international tours performances organized group called friends jazz jazz fusion musicians appeared scene period including nicholas raf rock rock music alive barbados bands years perform alternative rock metal music recently rock metal band standing formed band continues operate present day act genre signed american record label education academic study music remains limited song collections activities conducted remain significant holes scholarship recent immigrants china india presumably brought styles indian chinese lack archaeological historical records island indigenous music unknown 1970s increase general interest culture spurred greater study music given incentive radio television stations create maintain archives cultural practices modern barbados oral transmission remains primary mode music education opportunities people formally educated music kind elders island educated oral traditions held high esteem knowledge folk culture modern barbados home institutions musical education dedicated schools ballet dance place liz dancers number schools sponsor bands including secondary school steel orchestra music curriculum early childhood primary secondary education barbados community college associate degree programme music university west_indies campus barbados offer degree programs music matter fact recently university started offering students opportunity pursue minor music music institutions festivals main music festival barbados crop celebrated song dance tent competitions especially leading monday august day crop festival celebrates end harvest inaugurated ritual delivery harvest cart pulled champion workers crowned king queen event addition crop music plays important role holidays festivals easter fish festival example features street party music celebrate signing charter barbados fishing industry island festival commemorates arrival settlers annual december classical pops festival comprises star orchestra accompanied pop rock stars broadway performers opera singers film composers featured guests opera sports major easter holders season november independence day military bands play marches popular songs preceded weeks national independence festival creative arts national independence festival creative arts crop festivals sponsored national cultural foundation recently organized street party begins april ends day assists opera season fish festival festival dos jazz festival major musical institutions barbados include barbados chamber orchestra choral dance ballet groups known dance national barbados dance theatre company dance dance place dancing africa island music industry home recording studios largest blue wave track system paradise alley track system include chambers studio gray productions ocean lab studios

Music by nation, people, region, or country


music early modern scotland music early modern scotland includes forms musical production scotland early sixteenth century mid eighteenth century period court followed european trend instrumental accompaniment playing scottish monarchs sixteenth century patrons religious secular music accomplished musicians sixteenth century playing musical instrument singing expected accomplishment noble men women departure james rule london union crowns meant chapel royal castle largely fell disrepair major source patronage removed country important composers early sixteenth century included robert david early reformation sympathetic incorporation catholic musical traditions vernacular songs worship exemplified came dominate scottish led closure song schools disbanding removal organs destruction music books manuscripts emphasis placed resulting production series creation tradition singing despite attempts limit tradition secular popular music continued period saw adoption highland ballads probably date medieval period existed distinctive oral tradition advocated creation national musical tradition collaborated italian composer scottish opera gentle shepherd musical culture developed edinburgh number composers began produce collections lowland highland tunes italian musical forms middle eighteenth century number italian musicians composers resident scotland scottish composers national significance begun emerge court noble households era scotland followed trend renaissance courts instrumental accompaniment playing james major patron sacred music talented player introduced french court secular chamber music survives return mary queen scots france begin personal reign position catholic gave new lease life choir chapel royal destruction scottish church organs meant instrumentation accompany mass employ bands musicians drums like father played unlike father fine singer brought french musical influences employing players household james major patron arts general rebuilt chapel royal choir state occasions like baptism son henry followed tradition employing private entertainment members family went south throne england james removed major sources patronage scotland chapel royal began fall disrepair court westminster major source royal musical patronage abbey chapel charles royal visit reclaimed charles_ii restoration centre worship future james vii residency early sacked anti mob glorious revolution noble households resident musicians employed including players europe musical ability major achievements expected nobleman woman musicians clearly employed teachers children household male female evidence late sixteenth early seventeenth centuries lessons given variety instruments singing purchase sheet music instruments including highlands clan chiefs continued employ increasingly prowess ability ancestors key element underlying clan status heritage seventeenth century earliest printed collection secular music scotland publisher john forbes songs voices known forbes printed times years contained songs scottish origin church music outstanding scottish composer half sixteenth century robert canon abbey complex music performed large highly trained choir employed scottish chapel royal james patron figures including david best known work text john voices probably accomplished composers era work largely survived fragments survives church music half sixteenth century work thomas vicar compiled book lost sources continued unknown hands death reformation severe impact church music song schools collegiate churches closed disbanded music books manuscripts destroyed organs removed churches influenced early scottish reformation attempted accommodate catholic musical traditions worship drawing latin hymns vernacular songs important product tradition scotland spiritual popular ballads composed brothers james john robert adopted remained popular reprinted later came dominate scottish reformation hostile catholic musical tradition popular music placing emphasis biblical meant scottish commissioned assembly church drew work french musician contributions english writers particularly edition produced william english congregation geneva intention produce individual tunes proper tunes seventeenth century common tunes metre frequent congregations sing unlike trained sung parts hymns need simplicity church compositions confined settings personal reign james attempted revive song schools act parliament passed demanding councils largest set sang sufficient able said science new schools opened years act song schools provision grammar schools incorporated editions usually congregation singing melody trained singers tenor bass parts triumph national led end new common metre tunes published tunes church scotland composed parts actually contained tunes designed use published editions late seventeenth century works basic corpus sung popular music secular popular tradition music continued despite attempts particularly suppress dancing events like penny weddings tunes played large numbers musicians continued perform including simpson clear reference use highland french history mentions use battle george claimed replaced trumpet battlefield period saw creation great music reflected martial origins battle tunes marches gatherings highlands early seventeenth century saw development families including evidence adoption highlands martin martin noting description western isles scotland knew eighteen players lewis evidence ballads period date late medieval era deal events people traced far thirteenth century including sir patrick thomas evidence eighteenth century scottish ballads distinct showing pre christian influences inclusion supernatural elements scottish ballad remained oral tradition increased interest folk songs eighteenth century led collectors bishop thomas publish volumes popular ballads oppression secular music dancing began ease level musical activity reflected flood musical publications music verse tea table william classical music late seventeenth music accomplishment gentle classes increasingly skill pursued professionals enjoyed silent concert rooms incidental entertainment houses royalty nobles german flute probably introduced scotland end seventeenth century italian style classical music probably brought scotland italian composer travelled scotland introducing cello country developing settings lowland scots songs possibly hand scottish opera pastoral gentle shepherd music edinburgh prospered patronage figures including merchant sir john clerk noted composer growth musical culture capital marked incorporation musical society edinburgh group scottish composers began respond musical tradition creating james johnson characterised scots drawing room style taking primarily lowland scottish tunes adding simple figured features italian music acceptable middle class audience gained momentum major scottish composers like james william involved curious collection scottish songs include tunes alongside lowland ones setting fashion common middle century helping create unified scottish musical identity changing decline publication collections specifically scottish collections tunes favour incorporation british collections mid eighteenth century italians resident scotland acting composers performers included thomas 6th earl important british composers era known produced symphony


music madagascar highly diverse distinctive music madagascar shaped musical traditions southeast_asia africa england france united_states successive waves settlers island home traditional instruments reflect widespread origins owe existence introduction guitar early arab european originated mainland africa bamboo tube considered national instrument madagascar directly evolved earlier form carried settlers music roughly divided categories traditional contemporary popular music traditional musical styles vary region reflect local history instance highlands subdued vocal styles predominantly ethnic group inhabited area 15th century southern people trace ancestry african mainland cappella vocal traditions bear close resemblance singing style common south_africa foreign instruments acoustic guitar piano adapted locally create uniquely forms music contemporary musical styles evolved traditional styles modernized incorporation electric guitar bass drums synthesizer western styles popular music including rock gospel jazz reggae hip hop folk rock gained popularity madagascar later half 20th century music madagascar served variety sacred functions addition performance entertainment personal creative expression music played key spiritual ceremonies cultural events historic contemporary political functions late 19th century certain instruments types music primarily associated specific ethnic groups divisions fluid continually evolving traditional music music highly melodic distinguishes traditions mainland africa relative percussion instruments musical instruments vocal styles found madagascar represent blend widespread highly localized traditions common vocal style highlands instance differences prevalence particular instrument types similarly practice entering trance state typically induced music present western eastern coasts island vocal styles instruments ceremony vary music madagascar tends major keys scales coastal music makes frequent use minor keys likely early arab influences coastal ports music served wide range social spiritual mundane functions centuries vocal traditions vocal traditions madagascar southern vocal styles bear strong resemblance south african singing exemplified groups highland harmonies strongly influenced past years european church music reminiscent hawaiian vocal traditions highlands particularly 19th century vocal performance large groups called favored south western coastal regions singing performed elaborate ornamentation small groups musical performance madagascar associated spiritual functions music key component achieving trance state spiritual rituals practiced regions island believed spirit different preferred piece music association music ancestors strong eastern coast musicians cigarettes valued objects inside instrument tone hole instance offering spirits receive similarly music long central ceremony periodic ancestors wrapped mortal remains musical instruments instruments madagascar brought island successive waves settlers old world years ago earliest settlers indonesia brought oldest instruments including tube evolved box form distinct island later settlers arabian peninsula eastern coast africa contributed early instruments incorporated local musical traditions century influence instruments musical styles france great_britain began significant impact music madagascar 19th century instrument madagascar bamboo tube similar form traditionally indonesia philippines considered national instrument madagascar typically tuned mode produce complex music based parallel thirds accompanied melodic bass line strings traditionally cut raised surface bamboo tube contemporary form exists instead uses bicycle brake cables strings instrument sound strings allowed grow longer purpose instrument originally rituals creative artistic expression alike beginning mid-19th century playing instrument aristocracy extent possessing long symbolic nobility tubular form instrument likely 19th century aristocracy forms instrument exist island region eastern port city instance ceremonies rectangular box form called regions construct wood near box constructed metal thicker heavier strings produce different sound bamboo bicycle cable highlands simple guitar common southern highlands moving east particularly ethnic groups typically square rectangular today originally circular form shell later wood carved rounded shape names popular southern similar fishing line strings seven facilitate modification instrument tuning traditionally strings modern versions thirteen strings typically steel maximum rest sides neck fingers accompaniment primary melody played bow elaborate especially popular southern highlands southeast play accompaniment sung epic poems called 19th century highlands society kingdom considered slave instrument mature men permitted play evolved sound box carved resemble popular southern ethnic groups simplest form instrument family lava musical bow believed brought madagascar settlers mainland africa piano introduced royal court early 19th century envoys london missionary society soon afterward local musicians began creating compositions piano based technique piano compositions reached peak style 1920s 1930s declining 1940s today compositions period pianist theatrical composers like form canon classical music feature repertoire students piano modern acoustic guitar popularized madagascar adopted lower classes inspired piano style purchase costly piano reach early adapted piano style based style novel instrument create genre came known soon afterward guitar widely island producing explosion distinctive guitar styles inspired music played local traditional instruments finger picking favored technique frequently experiment original obtain desired range common drops sixth string fifth string enabling guitarist capture range vocal choir acoustic guitar style internationally promoted artists pioneering artist better known stage blends rhythms innovative open approximate sounds end blown flute believed oldest instruments island exists common known short foot long finger holes thumb similar end blown flute feet long holes far end open ended played blowing near opening master performance featured independence death september prompted national mourning shell similarly ancient instrument believed brought early indonesian settlers mainly played men features lateral blow hole style typically reserved ritual spiritual uses create music entertainment flute simple brought madagascar immigrants africa octave popular madagascar believed imported french colonists 20th century instrument commonly performed spirit possession ceremonies style called 1970s incorporated performance electrified music style integrated performance inspiring style bands today sound replicated synthesizer bands expense rarity instrument continue hold privileged place performance ceremonial music artists like half brothers gained success players brought contemporary style world music scene winning international awards performance variety european introduced 19th century monarchy notably include frequently use today largely restricted highlands bands perform traditional celebrations metal wood played types traditionally associated occasions found island highlands european bass drums snare drums introduced 19th century replaced earlier drum traditionally beat discourse speaker formal occasions art practiced men play women men play smaller drum male wood drum produces deepest sound reserved significant occasions ceremonies ancient festival royal bath bamboo filled seeds integral performance eastern coast island modern items condensed milk cans filled increasingly place traditional bamboo sort madagascar commonly conjunction ceremonies slave trade era called popularized madagascar imported brazil known early forms found island believed come original indonesian settlers earliest played uniquely pair women sits legs bars resting legs separate box woman strikes pair sticks keeping beat second plays melody bars range seven number differing lengths resistant wood called similar called played southwest ethnic groups contemporary music contemporary music comprises modern day compositions roots traditional musical styles created entertainment purposes typically intent eventual mass cassette compact disc radio internet modern forms music incorporate innovations imported instruments particularly electric guitar bass guitar synthesizer drum kit blend sounds new traditional instruments use traditional instruments innovative ways contemporary artists adapt musical heritage today market manage preserve melodic dominated sound distinguishes traditional music percussion heavy traditions mainland africa highlands 1950s 1960s variety bands highlands area performing covers european american hits adapting mainland african tunes local audiences madagascar got 1970s members blended traditional sounds soft rock enormous enduring success emerged superstar shortly afterward adapting instrumentation rhythms vocal styles create distinctly radio friendly sound open enthusiastic support president assured band regular performances association presidential functions band came define important contemporary musicians highlands include play simultaneously solo featuring guitar played style fusion band based england highly accomplished solo vocalist roots artist blunt social political critiques propelled group popularity coastal styles distinct contemporary forms music rooted local musical traditions emerged coastal regions 1960s chief tempo dance music styles especially popular madagascar achieved crossover success style originated northwest style centered southwest key coastal styles include diego northeast coast popularized davis southwestern interior performed groups southern region northeast popularized jerry southern tradition performed bands like sega music neighboring reunion island mauritius today popularized like relative newcomers funky energetic form dance music dominated ringing electric guitars real synthesized response vocals propelled heavy electric bass driving percussion section typically including drum kit represents electrified version musical style traditionally performed rituals performed mama addition tempo vocal style tendency minor keys attribute arab influence stands contrast major key dominance highland music shares structure features middle section called broken primarily instrumental voice serves urge energetic dancing vocalists audience launch intricate hand beat music like energetic form dance music originated traditional music southwestern region recently adapted contemporary instruments electric guitar bass guitar drum kit generally rapid form music features guitar performance style inspired traditional compositions influence south african township music evident guitars vocals performed female singers repeat variations short refrain song music performed manner ceremonial occasion south birthday celebration community party funeral risen national popularity mid-1980s argue 1970s truly began garner similar level widespread appreciation mid-1990s release sleeps compilation album genre achieved international exposure major label compilation showcases traditional commonly performed rural villages years ago synthesized remixed style heavy rotation radio stations performed national stars like regional styles contemporary music achieve level national recognition attained nationally internationally acclaimed musicians draw musical traditions coastal regions compositions note largely acoustic roots band southeast plays acclaimed acoustic guitarist inland south near popularized style guitar band performs fusion central east african dance styles popular music wide range foreign music styles popularized madagascar including french performed artists reggae gospel music pop rock performed bands green jazz popularized artists hip hop broke mainstream mid popularity artists recently bands like experimenting fusion hip hop traditional musical styles instruments performance music music long served variety secular sacred purposes madagascar song accompany daily tasks provide entertainment preserve history communicate social political messages music likewise integral experience spiritual ritual ethnic religious groups island secular performance ethnic groups music help advance repetitive task missionary madagascar 19th century described observing singing rice fields timing music movements bodies note plant stalk similarly songs accompany long journeys music accompany form entertainment songs female spectators matches traditional form body wrestling popular coastal regions preservation oral history achieved musical performance madagascar instance oral histories form musical performance called current form represent combination original single verse epic poem called performed men play singing loudly strained pitch soprano range structure song complex unlike musical styles parallel thirds predominant harmony southern ethnic groups perform simplified variations featuring example solo musician accompanying instrument sings lower natural pitch address diverse themes performed southern groups praise songs recalling favorably memorable event musical styles serve form artistic expression highly genre emerged conjunction french introduction subsequent rise theater theatre beginning late 1910s vocal style characterized female use vocal ornamentation delivered nasal tone offset tenor rapid moving line sung men inspired musical duet style popularized final decades colonial period vocal applied love themes accompanied composition piano occasionally guitar musical performance highlands took distinctly political role song day long spectacle music dance stylized form traditional known performed troupe competition origins uncertain oral history attributes modern form 18th century king reportedly employed musicians gather public royal speeches announcements entertain public works projects building rice surrounding time musicians formed independent continue use non threatening performance format explore sensitive social political themes public arena today remnants tradition court musicians persisted end 19th century queen iii final monarch dynasty official groups state musicians queen prime minister city queen troupe consisted musicians slavery abolished musicians groups members slave class directed free year christmas directors group arrange performance queen new original composition queen select winner court musicians earliest originally performed traditional instruments drums course 19th century increasing european influence led court musicians alike increasing use foreign instruments violins tradition court musician died abolition monarchy madagascar french colonization tradition continued thrive musical styles abroad merged pre existing musical traditions create distinctly sounds foreign roots example tune based french popularized court 19th century specific form partner dance accompanies piece dancers form long chain male female pairs woman pair facing forward holding hands advancing rhythm music origins dance today tradition performed beginning social event concert kick festivities sacred performance music common element spiritual ritual ceremonies island instance members traditionally invited perform ceremonies central madagascar coastal regions music crucial helping medium enter trance state ritual trance medium possessed ancestral spirit spirit believed prefer particular tune style music enter medium suitable piece music performed ceremony british missionaries london missionary society arrived reign king subsequent spread christianity madagascar coupled introduction missionaries developed language hymns nascent church wave missionaries obliged depart madagascar hymns developed anthems early converts persecuted queen policies missionary richardson improved rhythm harmony original hymns considerably influenced european musical styles originally church music performed slaves seated groups church 1870s european style adopted members church rising feet sing


music baltimore music baltimore largest city maryland documented far city regional center western classical music jazz early baltimore home popular opera musical theatre important music maryland city hosted major music publishing firms 19th century baltimore saw rise native musical instrument manufacturing specifically instruments african american music existed baltimore colonial era city home vibrant black musical life 1860s baltimore african american heritage start 20th century included gospel music end century baltimore jazz recognized scene jazz fans produced number local performers gain national city major stop african american east_coast touring circuit remains popular regional draw live performances baltimore produced wide range modern rock punk metal bands indie labels catering variety audiences music education maryland state standards implemented baltimore city public school system music taught age groups city home higher education music institute renowned music education facility area nationally decades city home number higher education music largest nearby university sponsors performances kinds classical chamber music baltimore home baltimore opera baltimore symphony orchestra similar performance groups major music venues baltimore include establishments offer live entertainment point federal hill history documented history music baltimore extends little known cultural lives native americans lived chesapeake_bay prior founding baltimore colonial era opera theatrical music major musical life protestant churches important avenue music performance education baltimore rose regional performance industrial commercial center home important music publishing firms colonial north_america 19th century baltimore grew greatly documented music expanded include abundance african american music city played crucial role development gospel music jazz musical institutions based baltimore including institute baltimore symphony orchestra fixtures respective fields music education western classical music later 20th century baltimore produced notable acts fields rock hip hop colonial era local music baltimore traced concerts advertised local press concert programs featured compositions locals alexander taylor european composers like von bach opera came baltimore performance opera touring company soon followed american premier work performance john performed american company lewis soon followed creation theatre baltimore funded thomas wall adam maryland company resident theatrical company city established despite ban theatrical entertainment continental congress maryland state openly ban giving special permission maryland company perform baltimore plays repertoire wide ranging modifications including addition songs managers maryland company trouble finding qualified musicians play theatre orchestra maryland company american company performed sporadically baltimore early philadelphia company alexander thomas began dominating based street theater formal singing schools documented musical institution baltimore common colonial north_america prior revolutionary war established baltimore singing schools taught instructors known masters singing masters taught vocal performance techniques use christian singing school baltimore founded courthouse students include future john cole publishing published maryland baltimore collection church music alexander consisting hymns complex pieces described anthems joseph established shop baltimore sons thomas benjamin ran shops new_york philadelphia successful publishing firm start 19th century remained prominent company folded responsible sheet music publication star banner arranged thomas published european stage pieces works americans like james alexander music collected serial format musical journal piano spanned volumes largest collection secular music country late 18th century americans like william establishing bold new style vocal performance markedly distinct european traditions john cole important publisher tune collector baltimore known pushing european outlook american music responded new techniques especially cole continued publishing soon began operating singing school cole baltimore home major music publishers included focused european style music like cole samuel collected distinctly american styled songs published baltimore included notes broad array music education techniques common example system derived work interpreted american mason system widely baltimore techniques tried developed local singing master james based italian system 19th century 19th century baltimore large african american population home vibrant black musical life especially based region numerous protestant churches city boasted major music publishing firms instrument manufacturing companies specializing instruments opera choral classical performance groups founded era prominent established classical tradition baltimore street theatre street theatre hosted touring local productions early 19th century following civil war number new theatres opened including academy music ford grand opera house opera house owned music society ford successful home fewer different opera companies start 20th century new_york theatrical syndicate grown dominate industry region baltimore common stop touring companies african american music 19th century maryland largest populations free african americans totalling fifth free blacks country baltimore center african american culture industry home african american writers professionals largest black churches country african americans institutions baltimore assisted fortunate food clothing drives charitable work instance mass black civil war country occurred baltimore meeting independent order odd battle monument square marking anniversary emancipation proclamation african american celebration occurred years later celebrating right vote guaranteed african americans fifteenth amendment united_states_constitution bands played including brass bands baltimore blake born musician early age hired house musician run perfected piano style riffs eventually completed charleston compositions like blake pioneered eventually known stride style end 1890s stride later closely associated new_york_city technique characterized playing right hand steady beat left successful performers east_coast performing prominent mary madison reed church music black churches maryland hosted musical political educational activities african american musicians got start performing churches including anne brown anderson cab 20th century disputes prevent musical cooperation included sacred secular music church frequently worked divides church visited establishments visiting performers major african american church music baltimore known baltimore including smith union baptist mitchell centennial methodist julia baptist churches offered music education beginning early 1870s francis academy charles albert born berlin maryland major composer gospel music style drew african american christian hymns folk music traditions earliest musical experience likely included services musical tradition eastern shore maryland christian prayed sang night preacher adult working churches maryland delaware new_jersey settled pastor philadelphia eventually opening large church called temple united methodist church publishing john cole major music publishers baltimore city home vibrant publishing tradition 19th century aided presence biggest firms era illustrated music publications prominent music publishers baltimore era included george arthur frederick james miller samuel fred known nationally established baltimore based firm partners names remain unknown sons eventually joined field company known published baltimore musical gazette contained concert news printed music educational biographical essays articles pianist composer charles contributors instrument manufacture baltimore home piano building businesses william charles emigrated united_states founded firm henry began manufacturing company prominent respected piano manufacturers country dominant corporation southern market company fire destroyed factory aftermath civil war demand southern area sales concentrated end 19th century sons william established firm leading piano companies country built sales west north created new designs best selling piano manufacturer country regarded japanese government chose supplier schools death william company went public 20th century company absorbed corporations manufactured korean producer christian originally germany settled baltimore going manufacture brass instruments high quality output included brass instruments sixteen keys drum horn owned patents brass instruments praised great improvements won silver medal london great exhibition earned high marks instruments metropolitan mechanics institute exhibitions institution possesses adorned shrine music museum university south possession drum known uses key mechanism patented died son continued business classical music orchestra formed professional orchestra baltimore orchestra premiered works early years including prominent danish composer director orchestra ross founded baltimore symphony orchestra orchestra performed orchestra ceased exist orchestra lasted traveling opera companies visited baltimore 19th century performing pieces like performances known singers like institutions outside baltimore presented opera city including chicago lyric opera metropolitan opera early 19th century choral associations common maryland baltimore immigration numerous germans groups formed purpose instruction choral music eventually performing popularity choral associations helped garner support local population putting music education city public schools baltimore society important associations traditions maintained 20th century organizations like bach choir choral arts society society baltimore symphony chorus education singing schools baltimore number 1830s singing masters began incorporating secular music curriculum churches early 1830s attendance increased drastically especially founding important institutions academy established musical institute founded john hill william academy institute quickly rivals gave successful performances baltimore singing masters new terminology describe programs term singing school falling favor founded glee school era focusing entirely secular music contrast religious musical instruction middle 19th century remained based singing masters taught period time continued new locations introduction music baltimore public schools caused slow decline popularity private youth singing instruction response growing demand printed music schools publishers began offering collections evangelical tunes directed rural schools formal adult musical institutions like society musical association grew popularity following civil war 20th century early 20th century baltimore famous musical export duo blake noble found national fame new_york blake particular legend stride style later baltimore home vibrant jazz scene producing number famous performers phenomenal jazz musician paul use hammond organ later iconic baltimore jazz middle 20th century baltimore major music media include richards popular african american radio personality buddy host popular eponymous vein american iconic symbol popular music baltimore time african american vocal music specifically established early home baltimore recently baltimore home number known rock pop punk hip hop performers classical music major musical organizations baltimore founded musicians trained institute music include baltimore choral arts baltimore opera company baltimore symphony orchestra organizations excellent sponsor numerous performances year baltimore produced number known modern composers classical art music famously including philip glass minimalist composer glass grew 1940s working father record store east baltimore selling african american records known race music exposed baltimore jazz rhythm blues baltimore opera company traced founding opera school direct company founded known soprano artistic director following decade company modernized receiving new funding sources ford foundation led hiring time production manager program consisting operas season schedule expanded performances company commissioned american composed thomas bernard opera debut great success historic moment american opera baltimore symphony orchestra 19th century replaced new orchestra organized club included author club ensured orchestra funded company country reformed baltimore symphony orchestra began leadership conducted orchestra orchestra reorganized private institution led stewart director orchestra arranged orchestra members receive faculty appointments helped attract new talent orchestra claims joseph president orchestra beginning music director began modern history ensured creation institution undisputed leader arts community state maryland established regular performances professional atmosphere orchestra music director david orchestra recorded major record labels went international tours orchestra tour soviet baltimore chamber music society founded hugo commissioned number renowned works known series controversial concerts featuring 20th century composers baltimore women string symphony orchestra led stephen martin time women barred baltimore symphony orchestra allowed baltimore colored symphony orchestra early 20th century baltimore home african american oriented music institutions drew rich tradition symphonic music chamber concerts documented large baltimore american local periodical inspired jack thomas appointed conductor city supported african american performance groups charles harris led baltimore colored chorus symphony orchestra strike led company dissolution thomas black army director music department morgan college founder baltimore institute higher musical education charles harris leader baltimore colored city band took group black neighborhoods baltimore playing marches music switch jazz like music upbeat tempo meant dancing harris musicians played early jazz clubs musical establishment time readily accept style fred director municipal music baltimore exerted powerful control repertoire bands forbade jazz henderson prominent black emphasized advertising group play jazz prestigious institute debated jazz music symphony orchestra produced renowned pianist wilson music critic american harris eventually replaced harris conductor orchestra city musical fixture said point taught single african american music teacher baltimore world war william chairman board trustees institute began process integrating institution denied entrance regarded african american performers based solely race including anne brown duncan black performer new_york_city opera forced study frank member faculty outside director soon ended segregation baltimore symphony orchestra conducted african american jack thomas request officially integrated support mayor howard jackson paul graduated followed cyrus enter preparatory musical integration gradual process lasted unions african american white musicians merged form musicians association metropolitan baltimore baltimore hometown african american classical opera tenor cole african american popular music field 20th century popular music baltimore major center development east_coast producing legendary performer composer blake later baltimore jazz home legends field chick holiday city jazz scene traced early 20th century style spread country locally baltimore home vibrant african american musical tradition included beginning slow tunes ending lively numbers similar new_orleans music gave rise jazz pennsylvania avenue known simply avenue avenue major scenes baltimore black musicians 1920s 1950s early home blake noble baltimore long major stop black touring circuit jazz musicians frequently played pennsylvania avenue way engagements new_york pennsylvania avenue attracted african americans far away north_carolina known vibrant entertainment home prostitution violence jazz perceived single important venue outside acts royal theatre finest african american theaters country opened theater popular performing circuit included philadelphia howard washington chicago apollo theater new_york like apollo audience royal theater known receiving performers didn live standards music venues segregated resistance tour featuring williams resulted african american boycott segregated theater hoping threat lost business popular cause change policy pennsylvania avenue center black cultural economic life baltimore home numerous schools theaters churches landmarks street entertainment venues significant including penn hotel african american owned hotel baltimore built local bars establishments didn feature live music major feature generally solo pianist local bar jazz club major music venues time included comedy club tavern new albert importantly club club minority owned united_states opened founded charles local businessman baltimore american prominent african american periodical based baltimore early mid-20th century city home black music media radio figures importance included richards blake noble baltimore blake prominent musicians east_coast early 20th century known unique style piano playing eventually basis stride style perfected world war harlem blake known figure local scene helped baltimore centers east_coast philadelphia washington joined medicine performing maryland pennsylvania moving new_york play academy music returning baltimore blake played saloon venue owned alfred colorful characters working girls saloon basis known corner chestnut low played annie sporting house rough establishment known play city win number national piano concerts blake hired work park noble singer blake approached songwriting partnership collaboration fault premiered tucker maryland theater success grew quickly soon numerous songs performed country including broadway famously baltimore buzz gypsy blues love find way duo received greatest acclaim musical shuffle piece bring african american jazz humor broadway widespread acclaim shuffle led changes theatre industry nationwide producing demand african american performers leading newly integrated theatrical companies country shuffle came baltimore ford theater blake struggled reserve seat mother ford remained strictly segregated race jazz baltimore developed local jazz scene local black periodical baltimore american noted popularity areas years later black henderson boasted act included jazz music vulgar suggestive dancing local jazz performers played baltimore street area known block located gay streets jazz audiences music venues area amusement parks baltimore prominent venues included richmond market old fifth regiment castle hall fisherman hall 1930s largest club pennsylvania avenue home louis band toured great acclaim region group baltimore self apply jazz label led john known john society jazz band included pianist rivers chambers organized band played daily maryland theater 1920s popular early jazz performers baltimore joseph rochester worked starting dance known jazz remained popular 1920s royal theatre important jazz venue baltimore 20th century produced city musical leaders rivers chambers led royal band chambers multi founded rivers chambers orchestra leaving royal favorite maryland high society royal chambers succeeded trained tracy band royal men rhythm included charlie parker point royal band members join touring acts came baltimore day jobs defense industry world war including shortage musicians war led aspects segregation including royal band began hiring white musicians soon war royal conductor chambers orchestra fixture baltimore came include thirty musicians divide smaller groups performances chambers collected musicians country like louisiana performers orchestra included roy guitarist brown responsible orchestra characteristic song cut old pine tree rivers chambers orchestra continue play years baltimore early jazz pioneers included female jazz united_states sister jazz legend cab like baltimore prominent black musicians studied frederick high school william wilson renowned performer conductor african american symphony baltimore baltimore home chick jazz heralded musical star despite born crippled age years later jazz include pennsylvania avenue declined 1950s baltimore jazz scene changed left bank jazz society organization dedicated promoting live jazz began holding weekly series concerts featuring biggest names field including duke john tapes recordings legendary jazz begin released legal complications baltimore known jazz having produced recent performers like hart mark gross adams thomas ron city style combines experimental intellectual jazz philadelphia north southern tradition earliest known baltimore include arnold sterling williams andy collins johnson famous fields fields got start jump blues band early 1950s saxophone playing prominent band style despite national reputation opportunities fields refused perform outside region remains local legend 1960s hammond organ critical baltimore jazz scene led jimmy smith left bank jazz society played major role locally hosting concerts promoting performers popularity jazz declined greatly beginning 20th century aging audience city continued producing local performers hosting vibrant jazz scene baltimore home major scene middle 20th century began considered groups record commercially 1950s baltimore home numerous african american vocal groups talent scouts city big stars bands emerged city including cardinals plants groups connected street gangs members active scenes johnny page competitive music dance african american street gang culture success local groups pressure mounted leading territorial rivalries performers pennsylvania avenue served rough boundary east west baltimore east producing cardinals honey boys west home plants developed city vocal harmony sound originally known led recorded soon know hit song considered recording kind formative influence development rock roll considered earliest rock roll band result continue recording launching hits like chapel tell crying chapel soul baltimore known soul music major african american urban areas philadelphia home number soul record labels 1960s 1970s including born artists included joe arthur gene eddie parker dynamic fred martin soul venues baltimore period included royal beach beaches black people use punk rock metal modern scene rose prominence boston new_york_city respectively new wave musicians david natives baltimore area frank adam counting vocalist baltimore notable baltimore area rock acts 1970s 1980s include crack sky face dancer star epic recording artist tony island nights member australia little river band player abc raised heights area written songs tina turner don johnson thomas baltimore hardcore punk scene overshadowed washington included locally renowned bands like law order fear god bands played bars like marble bar terminal illegal space author described apex baltimore hardcore scene 1980s saw development local new wave scene led bands accused mission thunder comes thee alter legion set later decade bands like house grey march success recorded early baltimore punk musicians moved local bands end 1990s local fascist fascist prominent magazine identified major trends local music including rise psychedelic folk singer songwriters like entrance house hip hop dance fusion called baltimore club pioneered like rod lee recently baltimore modern music scene produced performers like jason dove animal collective rock double dagger mary beach house lower future islands oak plan dan music beat sick witch hat body adventure associated new weird america movement city baltimore produced indigenous rock opera theatrical company volunteer baltimore rock opera society operates charles village group far rock operas featured original scores media organizations baltimore indigenous music media includes city paper baltimore sun music monthly frequently advertise local music shows events baltimore blues society renowned blues periodicals country baltimore american local periodical important media 20th century baltimore documented city african american musical life recently number new media sites risen prominence including states best local music blog government names best online arts community baltimore home number non profit music organization famously including left bank jazz society hosts concerts promotes jazz baltimore organization grace way baltimore scene organization mission young artists performance opportunities baltimore non profits play greater role city musical life similar organization american cities organization jazz cool places works genre presenting performers significant locations club windows society preservation american roots music puts jazz blues concerts roots cafe venues baltimore local music venues point federal hill music field guide points fell point cat eye pub moon saloon bar particularly notable addition number famously including lounge major jazz venue 1960s owned football player moore legendary music venues baltimore shut including shops churches bars destinations legendary pennsylvania avenue center city jazz scene royal theater premiere destinations african american performers east_coast marked simple plaque theater having demolished statue holiday remains pennsylvania avenue plaque reads don think singing feel like playing horn try comes feel major concert halls baltimore lyric opera house modeled amsterdam reopened years renovations year joseph symphony hall opened designed symphony hall permanent home baltimore symphony orchestra designed auditorium college opened joseph auditorium located baltimore museum art opened hosts concerts baltimore chamber music society university hall important concert venues oldest use education public school system baltimore city music education grade level high school point optional beginning grade approximately years old baltimore students begin learn melody harmony rhythm taught echo short melodic rhythmic patterns begin learn different musical instruments distinguish different kinds sounds types songs students progress grades teachers detail require proficiency elementary musical techniques students perform rounds second grade example movement dance enters curriculum grade beginning middle school sixth grade students taught mature aesthetic understand respond variety forms music high school students choose courses instrumentation singing exposed music areas curriculum theater drama classes public school instruction music baltimore began prior professional singing masters dominant form formal music education state music institutions like baltimore symphony orchestra programs aimed youth education organizations similar focus blake center exists promote african american culture music youth adults dance classes age groups workshops programs higher education baltimore famous institute higher music education institute music founded instruction begin original grant george funded academy music director affiliated university baltimore region home institutions musical education including university college morgan state university present concerts state university offers minor music morgan state university offers bachelor fine arts master arts degrees music state university offers undergraduate programs music music technology arthur library collects primary sources relating music baltimore archives maintained maryland historical society university home library levy collection important collections american sheet music country contains pieces including original works bond perfect day song