air corporation limited las operating royal national airline kingdom headquartered western founded years gradually began open kingdom self imposed isolation seven years welcoming foreign visitors airline commenced operations flights calcutta aircraft switch equipment occurred november order meet increased demand aircraft replaced operates modest scheduled flight network south asian region base airport currently consists destinations countries history indian border roads organisation built valley initially utilised helicopter operations indian armed forces royal government consideration king established royal charter april years king gradually began open kingdom self imposed isolation seven years welcoming foreign visitors airport located deep valley metres sea level surrounded mountains high metres time runway metres length giving government specific requirements choice aircraft operated required seat capable aircraft operating capabilities included high service ceiling high rate climb high major requirement aircraft capable flying kilometres round trip flight minimal infrastructure available purpose different aircraft types considered flight tests india deemed suitable indian government set committee study requirements light transport aircraft based competition government ordered delivery january option second aircraft delivery late seat landed airport january exact time landing number passengers board direction aircraft parked airport apron high airline inaugurated scheduled revenue flights february flight departing returning day flight weeks flight operated times week increased daily flight time service commencement airport consisted runway room air traffic control building ground floor acting check counter departure lounge lawn prior establishment department civil aviation january airline responsible operation maintenance airport infrastructure airline commenced flights bangladesh october jet era december million order placed british regional jet purchase aircraft financed government obtaining time country history commercial loan operational base shifted airport airline hired seven flight trained thai international november delivered airport introduction able widen network link delhi november january april year operational service airline achieved average load factor percent percent expected carrying passengers period runway airport lengthened metres metres reinforced heavier aircraft hangar constructed aircraft funded indian government airport development project aircraft king november order allow king party travel tokyo coronation emperor japan japan king travelled south asian association regional cooperation summit november returned order aircraft enter service airline november requirement stipulated government foreign tourists exception indian nationals enter leave air country tourism industry brought halt saw airline paying penalties tour operators problem somewhat second entered service november airline introduced executive class aircraft registered companies act service capital began january operate single aircraft year defect aircraft wing tanks detected check wings replaced wet leased cover maintenance launch customer april placed order systems aircraft deliveries initially scheduled place november january delays flight certification pushed expected delivery april systems cancelled program november receiving orders british european british european threatening legal action enforce contract systems aircraft manufacturer offered contract airline management decided acquiring aircraft citing potential problems spare parts aircraft future order find replacement management fielded submissions boeing determine products meet stringent operational requirements invited management demonstrate regional jet airline advised aircraft operations february largest aircraft land airport demonstrated aircraft airline october boeing withdrawn competition able source aircraft demonstrate airline fly expected order government concerns financing purchase october final decision delayed short period time government instructed management begin boeing conducted test flights airport february demonstrated met requirements airline operation signed memorandum understanding july seat powered engines delivery second half purchase jets valued million biggest single purchase largely responsible percent increase trade deficit previous year financial year government issued million government bonds pay aircraft second time history intended seek commercial loan aircraft october announced instead seek soft loan purpose november king birthday initiated services india kilometres site temple reached enlightenment pilgrimage year pilgrims previously pilgrimage day overland trip border town management plans acquiring traffic airline record profit route february following month result royal army efforts expel territory indian groups notably united liberation national democratic flights suspended december order prevent insurgents flights escape alleged bangladesh era arrived october date chosen buddhist consulted ensure aircraft arrived day buddhist calendar entering service commercial flights october took country wide flight honour crown prince second aircraft delivered december august air took delivery july governments india signed new air services agreement increased number weekly flights countries addition destinations served cities mumbai included services agreement granted fifth freedom rights indian cities onward destinations singapore domestic helicopter service inaugurated november line resolution council ministers april stated domestic services introduced thirty country identified introduction services saw example kilometres trip taking hour instead days helicopter operated operator air dynasty january seen hours service profits flights suspended december resumed october airline given rights fly cox authorities airline announced plans july start scheduled flights mumbai march strategy management increase number indian tourists travelling low season months june august november february plans hold march airport able handle night flights airline able secure landing slots mumbai international airport plans services hong_kong singapore shelved airline posted profit million aircraft sold star october million left peru november december november issued royal establishing holding investments limited holding company manage existing future investments royal government result seven government owned companies including ownership transferred ministry finance newly formed holding company incorporated november holding investments announced december given tourism industry reliant head government agency overseeing tourism development responsible improving performance national airline march introduced new uniform flight consisting contemporary uniforms introduced centenary celebrations monarchy silver jubilee uniform chosen way competition fashion designers submitted entries winner receiving prize new uniform chosen competition jointly organised united_nations development programme promote textile industry culture government goes great lengths prevent outside influences culture immune problems affect airline industry world community large june citing price oil need contain operational costs airline reduced frequencies network announced increase offset increased costs whilst taking advantage lower cost jet fuel delhi airports small network reliant fifth freedom rights regularly aircraft international indian order rates aircraft higher normal circumstances whilst time earning extra revenue airline begin flights april airport india delay inaugural flight lack immigration customs facilities airport inaugural flight airport left airport june making international airline operate airport ceremony held attended krishna indian minister external affairs minister foreign affairs contemporary developments august airline flying airline people connecting outside world supporting emerging tourism export markets recently criticised particularly tourism industry infancy regards company relies biggest threat october government planned construction works expected feet length operational march allow service small aircraft seat category project financed million budget previously allocated development domestic helicopter services operational morning hours high winds afternoon making safe operations risky conducting feasibility study operating flights construction indian government acting government conducted feasibility study viability international airport near southern town year plan covers sum million allocated government development new airport preliminary survey conducted india survey team airports authority india return complete final survey september october project shelved government decided airport domestic flights construction domestic airport scheduled commence late airport proposing start operations june department civil aviation indicated weather airport able accept international traffic future vision plan royal government identified requirement improved external air links effort increase tourism revenue conducting feasibility studies commencement operations hong_kong singapore march airline commercial manager stated preliminary studies traffic singapore consist mainly official travel whilst traffic hong_kong mainly commercial good prospects tourism development april regional aircraft delivered month lease aircraft flights standby south asian association regional cooperation summit end april announced intention join international air transport association destinations operates scheduled flights following destinations fleet march fleet consists following aircraft operated month lease april evaluated airline possibility future purchase june purchased arrived bought view service domestic routes late


flight flight scheduled international passenger flight barcelona airport spain airport germany flight operated low cost carrier owned german airline march aircraft crashed kilometres north west nice french alps constant descent began minute routine contact air traffic control shortly reached assigned cruising altitude passengers crew members killed fatal crash year history company crash deliberately caused pilot previously treated tendencies declared unfit work doctor kept information employer reported duty flight locked pilot cockpit initiating descent caused aircraft crash mountain response incident circumstances involvement aviation authorities australia canada germany new_zealand norway united_kingdom implemented new regulations require presence authorized personnel cockpit times days incident european aviation safety agency issued temporary recommendation ensure crew members including pilot cockpit entire duration flight announced adopted similar policies voluntarily flight flight took runway barcelona airport march utc arrive airport flight scheduled departure time according french national civil aviation inquiries bureau bureau analysis civil aviation safety pilots confirmed instructions french air traffic control crossing french coast near toulon aircraft left assigned cruising altitude feet approval began descend rapidly air traffic controller declared aircraft distress descent loss radio contact descent time feet minutes radar observed average descent rate approximately feet minute feet second attempts french air traffic control contact flight assigned radio frequency answered french military jet orange air base intercept aircraft according radar contact lost time aircraft descended feet aircraft crashed remote kilometres north west nice crash deadliest air disaster france crash flight people died deadliest france flight turkish flight major crash civil france crash air france flight takeoff charles airport crash site crash site des kilometres east settlement road col area known aircraft crashed southern minor peak lower western slopes site approximately kilometres west mount air france flight crashed sent helicopters locate wreckage aircraft largest piece wreckage size car helicopter landed near crash site personnel confirmed survivors search rescue team reported debris field covered square kilometres acres aircraft aircraft crashed year old serial number registered flew november delivered february leased june aircraft returned july remained airline time named finally transferred january aircraft accumulated flight hours flights original design service goal aircraft hours flights optional extended service goal approved extending aircraft service life hours flights provided required package service performed reached crew passengers final flight aircraft carrying passengers pilots cabin crew members countries germany spain count confused multiple citizenship status people board crew flight pilot command year old captain patrick years flying experience flight hours flying pilot year old officer joined september flight hours experience born december grew der bavaria german state took flying lessons aviation sports club accepted programme finishing high school starting received pilot training flight training school bremen germany airline training center arizona united_states took time flight training months informed flight training pilot school previous episode severe depression later completed training spent month waiting period working flight attendant gaining commercial pilot licence passengers passengers sixteen students teachers joseph gymnasium north rhine returning home student exchange institute del barcelona mayor described crash day history town bass maria singers flight investigation french bureau analysis civil aviation safety opened investigation crash joined german counterpart federal bureau aircraft accident investigation assisted federal bureau investigation fbi hours crash sent seven investigators crash site accompanied representatives international cockpit voice recorder damaged usable recovered rescue workers examined investigation team following week prosecutor robin announced flight data recorder fire usable found investigators isolated sets dna compared dna victims families cause crash according french german prosecutors crash deliberately caused pilot robin said pilot initially captain flight captain began mid flight briefing planned landing robin said captain returned probable toilet break tried enter cockpit locked door captain code unlock door lock code panel disabled cockpit controls captain requested entry knocked door received response captain tried break door descent pilot respond questions air traffic control transmit distress robin said contact air traffic control tower captain attempts break steady breathing cockpit voice recording screams passengers moments impact heard recording initial analysis aircraft flight data recorder concluded deliberately crashed aircraft set descend feet accelerated speed descending aircraft times aircraft travelling kilometres hour mph crashed mountain preliminary report crash published weeks later confirmed initial analysis aircraft flight data recorder revealed earlier flight barcelona practised setting altitude feet times captain cockpit investigation days crash german detectives searched properties removed computer items testing find suicide note evidence actions motivated political religious background search apartment detectives found letter waste indicating declared unfit work doctor stated received sick note day flight news accounts said hiding illness employers german law employers access employees medical records sick notes person work information medical conditions following day authorities searched home found evidence taking drugs suffered illness criminal investigators said web searches tablet computer days leading crash included ways commit suicide cockpit doors security provisions prosecutor robin said doctors told flying medical secrecy requirements prevented information available weeks preliminary report investigation found treated tendencies prior training commercial pilot temporarily denied pilot license treatments depression final report confirmed preliminary report findings saying pilot began showing symptoms depression years frequently unable sleep believed vision problems consulted doctors feared going blind motivated fear cause lose pilot licence began conducting online research methods committing suicide deciding crash flight aftermath political french minister interior bernard announced violence impact little hope survivors found prime minister dispatched scene set ministerial task force coordinate response incident german foreign minister frank walter flew crash site described picture horror german chancellor angela minister president north rhine travelled crash site following day spanish prime minister visited recovery operations base les mayor reacting deaths sixteen students teachers town said people shocked crash commercial chief executive officer visited crash location day following crash said day year history flights cancelled march pilots grief loss colleagues retired flight number changing flight number changed days following crash said saw reason change procedures reversed earlier statement introducing new policy requiring presence crew members cockpit times regulatory response incident circumstances involvement aviation authorities australia canada germany new_zealand norway implemented new regulations require authorized personnel present cockpit large passenger aircraft times united_states federal aviation administration civil aviation administration china european similar rule requirement european aviation safety agency recommended introduction similar legal changes announced similar changes policies british psychological society issued statement offering provide expert support psychological testing monitoring pilots european federation associations issued statement supporting psychological testing selection pilots stated forecast life events mental health problems individual pilots predict unique ways pilots cope said priority given psychological help relatives friends victims aftermath disaster ceo proposed random checks pilots psychological fitness extant physician patient laws politicians began echoing laws exceptional cases compensation parent company offered victims families initial aid payment separate legally required compensation disaster professor aviation law technical university berlin quoted post said expected airline pay million compensation montreal convention sets victim cap event airline held liable proved insurance specialists said pilot hid illness employer deliberately crashed passenger aircraft facts affect issue compensation applicable exclusion clause insurance policy insurance company set aside million million financial compensation victims families cost aircraft german law allow damages broad discovery generally available law american jurisdictions law firm signed families crash victims clients filed lawsuit behalf april united_states district court district arizona arizona based airline training center attended training commercial pilot commemorative shortly crash memorial stone memory victims erected near crash site following month relatives victims senior politicians rescue workers airline employees attended memorial service cologne cathedral parents invited service attend remains sixteen school children teachers arrived home town burial months crash residents held white roses passed children school eighteen trees victim planted memorial day remains seventy german victims arrived burial errors victims death certificates caused delay lawyer representing families thirty victims said burying remains help relatives achieve closure


imperial flight imperial flight lockheed engine registration chartered united_states_army transport new recruits columbia south_carolina training november eastern time zone est aircraft crashed attempted land field near richmond virginia apparent impact related injuries seventy passengers crew members died result carbon ensuing fire smoke crew members captain flight engineer survived escaping burning wreckage second deadliest accident american history single civilian aircraft accident investigated civil board cab attributed cause numerous errors committed flight crew poor management improper maintenance airline cab concluded flight crew capable performing function assuming responsibility job presumed flight crew lockheed like era normally individuals captain pilot command left seat officer known right seat flight engineer rear seat accident flight unusual respects officer captain senior total flying time experience designated captain according later testimony captains agreed prior flight senior serve sitting right seat junior serve pilot command sitting left seat second person actually sitting flight engineer position student flight engineer supervision official flight engineer assigned flight sitting emerge later testimony post crash hearing combination led confusion cockpit final flight segment making decisions giving orders pilot command operating engine fuel controls flight engineer flight history engined chartered departed columbia south_carolina est landed newark new_jersey picked group passengers departed pennsylvania picked additional passengers departed baltimore maryland picked final group passengers departed south_carolina flight segments later testify cab hearing flight engineer opened cross feed number engines seen drop fuel pressure number fuel pressure gauge initial takeoff columbia final flight segment baltimore columbia crew experienced fuel flow right engines eventually leading shut multiple unsuccessful attempts crew restore proper fuel flow engine operation flying thrust left engines operating normally point captain decided land field called richmond international airport near richmond virginia precaution crash crew attempted extend gear landing encountered difficulties hydraulic power landing gear aircraft normally supplied right engines shut crew initially selected runway landing decided runway realized high landing runway decided climb runway climbing operating engines thrust number engine left failed leading rapid loss eventual stall aircraft crashed trees fire broke entire aircraft flames smoke captain flight engineer able escape trapped inside wreckage overcome carbon poisoning exit later reveal investigation accident investigated cab included hearings surviving captain flight engineer testified based investigation cab concluded fuel pressure fluctuations number right engines noticed flight engineer takeoff likely caused boost pump failure action long engines kept running normally according cab opening cross feed number fuel tanks leaving open boost pump flight flight engineer likely caused number tank run dry resulting failure right engines fuel exhaustion starvation final flight segment cab concluded proper fuel management procedures followed engines kept running normally restarted shut crew fuel flow right engines causing shut unable restart ensuing landing resulted crash additional flight crew mistakes highlighted cab investigators highly critical imperial management maintenance flying procedures cab final report stated study information available board concluded flight crew capable performing function assuming responsibility job presumed board concludes management personnel imperial aware manner company operations accomplished believed maintenance practices imperial employees management manner maintenance personnel records kept company confirms conclusion cab issued following probable cause statement board determines probable cause accident lack command coordination decision lack judgment lack knowledge equipment resulting loss power engines creating emergency situation crew handle aftermath accident revealed imperial fined flying marines previous regina cargo soldiers killed crash near washington transported douglas owned company time news magazine reported general times dangerous number fatalities passenger mile scheduled according time military effectively forced rely imperial carry troops combination laws congress mandated use civilian air carriers economic reasons second pentagon bid services select lowest turned financially companies poor safety record result accident congress concerned safety practices supplemental carriers chairman senate aviation mike immediately sent telegram cab urging sweeping probe supplemental carrier industry congress passed law requiring supplemental carriers apply certification cab carry liability insurance maintain financial status new rules caused business years industry partly troop equipment carrying needs vietnam war


wright brothers wright brothers august january april american brothers aviation pioneers generally credited building flying world successful airplane controlled sustained flight powered heavier air aircraft december miles south hawk north_carolina brothers developed flying machine practical fixed wing aircraft build fly experimental aircraft wright brothers aircraft controls fixed wing powered flight possible brothers fundamental breakthrough invention axis control enabled pilot steer aircraft effectively maintain method remains standard fixed wing aircraft kinds beginning work wright brothers focused developing reliable method pilot control key solving flying problem approach differed significantly time emphasis developing powerful engines small wind tunnel collected accurate data enabling design build wings propellers efficient patent claim invention flying machine invention system aerodynamic control manipulated flying machine surfaces gained mechanical skills essential success working years shop printing presses motors machinery work particular influenced belief unstable vehicle like flying machine controlled balanced practice powered flights late conducted extensive tests developed skills pilots bicycle shop employee charlie taylor important team building airplane engine close collaboration brothers wright brothers status airplane subject counter claims parties controversy competing claims early edward historian aviation heritage national historical park argues excellent self taught engineers run small company business skills temperament dominate growing aviation industry childhood wright brothers seven children born wright english dutch ancestry susan catherine german swiss ancestry born near indiana ohio brothers married wright siblings twins born died infancy elementary school given expelled direct paternal ancestry goes samuel wright essex england sailed america settled massachusetts father traveled bishop church united christ brought home toy helicopter younger sons device based invention french pioneer paper bamboo rubber band foot long played broke built later years pointed experience toy spark interest flying early career research brothers attended high school receive family abrupt richmond indiana ohio family lived 1870s prevented receiving diploma finishing years high school diploma awarded posthumously april birthday late early struck face hockey stick playing ice skating game friends resulting loss teeth vigorous athletic injuries appear especially severe withdrawn planned attend yale instead spent years largely time cared mother ill tuberculosis read extensively father library assisted father times controversy church expressed lack ambition dropped high school junior year start printing business having designed built printing press help joined print shop march brothers launched weekly newspaper west news subsequent issues listed publisher editor april converted paper daily evening item lasted months focused commercial printing afterward clients printing jobs friend classmate high school paul rose international acclaim ground breaking african american poet writer brief period printed weekly newspaper edited national bicycle spurred invention safety bicycle substantial advantages penny design december brothers opened repair sales shop wright cycle exchange later wright cycle company began manufacturing brand endeavor fund growing interest flight early saw newspaper magazine articles probably photographs dramatic germany brought important events institution secretary samuel successfully flew steam powered fixed wing model aircraft mid year chicago engineer aviation authority octave brought men tested types sand dunes shore lake michigan august killed events lodged consciousness brothers wrote letter institution requesting information publications drawing work sir george began mechanical experimentation year wright brothers presented unified image public sharing equally credit invention biographers note took initiative writing machine plans deeply involved person singular author james asserts impossible imagine bright supplying driving force started work kept going room store ohio conferences presidents kings leader beginning end ideas control despite fate brothers favored strategy practice order master art control attempting motor driven flight death british hang crash october reinforced opinion reliable method pilot control key successful safe flight outset experiments regarded control flying problem believed sufficiently promising knowledge issues wings engines existed wright brothers differed sharply experienced practitioners day notably maxim built powerful engines attached equipped control devices expected air previous flying experience agreeing idea practice saw method balance control shifting body weight inadequate determined find better basis observation concluded birds changed angle ends wings bodies roll right left brothers decided good way flying machine turn bank lean turn like bird like person riding bicycle experience thoroughly familiar equally important hoped method enable recovery wind machine lateral balance achieve effect man wings eventually discovered wing twisted long inner tube box bicycle shop investigators regarded flight different surface surface elevated thought terms ship rudder steering flying machine remained essentially level air train automobile ship surface idea deliberately leaning rolling undesirable enter thinking investigators including sought elusive ideal inherent stability believing pilot flying machine able react quickly wind disturbances use mechanical controls effectively wright brothers hand wanted pilot absolute control reason early designs concessions built stability wings deliberately designed powered wings inherently unstable susceptible upset gusty cross winds flights flight july wing test building flying foot wingspan wings twisted end wings produced lift end lift unequal lift wings tilt bank end lift rose end dropped causing turn direction lower end controlled attached led sticks held opposite directions twist wings brothers went hawk north_carolina begin manned experiments reply letter octave suggested mid-atlantic coast regular soft sandy landing surface requested examined weather_bureau data decided hawk receiving information government stationed hawk remote closer places suggested including california florida spot gave privacy reporters turned experiments lake michigan circus visited camp season saw experiments powered flights based design size work 1890s aviation pioneers adopted basic design herring hang double called flew experiments near chicago data lift published designed wings surface brothers discover principle took advantage better lift surface compared flat discussed scientifically sir george work carefully studied wings proving flight advantage flat surfaces wooden wings wright wires version modified bridge building design initially built mounted horizontal elevator wings apparently believing feature help avoid protect crash like killed incorrectly believed tail necessary according wright biographers probably exercise authority older brother protect harm want explain bishop wright got injured caused severe stability problems modified site brothers flew days early autumn hawk tests probably october aboard flew far ground men holding ropes tests chains local boy ballast tested wing control ropes ground tested suspended small tower dozen free single day october tests brothers miles south kill devil hills group sand dunes feet high camp years lift expected brothers encouraged craft elevator worked accidents small number free meant able wing true test pilot lay flat lower wing planned reduce aerodynamic drag ended pilot supposed lower vertical position opening wing land feet arms wrapped framework discovered pilot remain prone wing danger landing flights position years hoping improve lift built larger wing area dozens flights july august distances stalled times parachute effect forward elevator allowed safe flat landing instead nose dive incidents strongly design delivered major produced lift calculated pointed opposite intended direction turn problem later known adverse wing control trip home deeply remarked man fly thousand years poor lift led question accuracy data air pressure value use years accepted equation lift equation lift wing produce years wide variety values measured identified knew example lower number traditional intent confirming correct value performed calculations measurements collected free flights results correctly showed close similar number traditional significantly predicted lift learn errors actually existed data tables brothers bicycle new type experiment model size counter acting flat plate according dimensions specified attached extra bicycle wheel mounted horizontally local street create apparatus observed wheel rotated instead remaining formula predicted experiment confirmed suspicion standard lift drag error built foot wind tunnel shop october december conducted systematic tests dozens miniature wings devised mounted inside tunnel hold wings looked crude bicycle scrap metal critical ultimate success wright brothers devices allowed brothers balance lift drag accurately performance wing wings worked looked viewing window tunnel tests yielded valuable data known showed poor lift entirely incorrect value published data fairly accurate tests detailed wind tunnel tests traveled chicago invitation lecture western society engineers september presented thorough report experiments complemented talk slide photographs speech public account brothers experiments arm tests wing shapes mistakenly assumed data apply wings different shape took huge step forward basic wind tunnel tests wings shapes curves followed detailed tests tests according biographer fred howard crucial experiments conducted short time materials little expense important discovery benefit longer narrower wings terms wings larger aspect ratio wingspan divided chord wing dimension shapes offered better lift drag ratio broader wings brothers tried far knowledge accurate number designed crucial discovery wind tunnel reducing depth wing divided chord wings significantly greater highly inefficient feature copied directly fully confident new wind tunnel results discarded data basing designs calculations characteristic caution brothers flew previous versions rewarding wind tunnel work produced expected lift new structural feature fixed rear vertical rudder brothers hoped eliminate turning problems realized wing created differential drag greater lift end wing increased drag slowed end wing making swivel nose pointed away turn behaved improved wing design enabled consistently longer rear rudder prevented adverse effectively introduced new problem pilot attempted level turn failed respond wing persisted turn slide lower wing hit ground spinning aircraft called digging apparently fixed rudder resisted effect wing attempting level turn wrote diary night october studied new vertical rudder brothers decided rear rudder solve problem rudder connected pilot cradle single movement pilot simultaneously controlled wing rudder tests proved trailing edge rudder turned away end wings drag lift opposing pressure produced turning rudder enabled wing reliably restore level flight turn wind disturbance furthermore banked turn rudder pressure overcame effect differential drag pointed nose aircraft direction turn eliminating adverse short discovered true purpose vertical rudder role change direction flight rudder sailing aim align aircraft correctly banking turns turns wind disturbances actual turn change direction roll control wing principles remained superseded wing new method achieved true control turns time october major milestone september october longest lasting seconds covering feet hundreds controlled rudder convinced ready build powered flying machine axis control evolve wing roll lateral motion forward elevator pitch rear rudder march applied famous patent flying machine based successful aviation historians believe applying system axis flight control equal significant addition power peter asserts perfection essentially represents invention airplane adding power brothers built powered wright preferred material construction spruce strong lightweight wood pride west surface designed carved wooden propellers purpose built gasoline engine fabricated bicycle shop thought propeller design simple matter intended adapt data library research disclosed established marine air propellers found sure starting point discussed argued question concluded propeller essentially wing rotating vertical plane basis data wind tunnel tests design propellers finished blades feet long spruce decided twin propellers counter rotating cancel act greater quantity air single relatively slow propeller leading edge wings march entry indicating prototype propeller efficient modern wind tunnel tests reproduction propellers efficient conditions flights remarkable feat actually peak efficiency wrote engine manufacturers met need sufficiently lightweight powerplant turned shop mechanic charlie taylor built engine weeks close consultation brothers weight low engine block cast aluminum rare practice time wright taylor engine primitive version fuel pump gasoline gravity fed fuel tank mounted wing chamber cylinders mixed air fuel air mixture heat forcing cylinders propeller drive chains resembling supplied manufacturer heavy duty automobile chains cost thousand dollars contrast government funds given samuel man carrying great wingspan weighed horsepower engine powered flight camp kill devil hills endured weeks delays caused broken propeller shafts engine tests shafts replaced requiring trips won coin toss second flight attempt december takeoff causing minor damage december sunday brothers attempts day weather good message family referred trial having partial success stating power ample error lack experience machine method starting machine undoubtedly flown beautifully following repairs finally took air december making flights level ground freezing miles hour flight feet seconds speed miles hour ground recorded famous photograph flights covered approximately feet respectively altitude feet ground following wright account final flight day started fourth flight clock feet time covered machine better control course feet little feet machine began pitching downward struck ground distance ground measured feet time flight seconds frame supporting rudder badly broken main machine injured estimated machine condition flight day people witnessed flights adam john daniels snapped famous flight photo pre positioned camera government coastal crew area businessman johnny moore boy lived area men hauled fourth flight powerful gust wind flipped times despite crew attempt hold severely damaged airplane flew brothers shipped home years later restored lending locations display british museum dispute finally installed institution washington current residence sent telegram flights father requesting inform press journal refused publish story saying flights short important brothers wishes telegraph operator leaked message virginia newspaper highly inaccurate news article reprinted day newspapers including issued factual statement press january flights create public excitement people knew news soon faded paris club france members stimulated reports wright successes took news seriously increased efforts catch brothers modern analysis professor fred henry demonstrated wright unstable trained trouble establishing legitimacy built decided avoid expense travel bringing supplies outer banks set airfield prairie cow pasture miles northeast received permission use field rent free owner bank president invited reporters flight attempt year condition photographs taken engine troubles winds prevented flying manage short hop days later fewer reporters present library congress historian fred howard noted speculation brothers intentionally failed fly order cause reporters lose interest experiments true known poor showing local newspapers virtually ignored year half glad free distraction reporters absence reduced chance competitors learning methods hawk powered flights decision begin withdrawing bicycle business concentrate creating marketing practical airplane financially risky wealthy government funded unlike maxim wright brothers luxury able away invention secrecy intensified encouraged advice patent attorney henry reveal details machine prairie lighter winds harder use longer starting rail foot rail hawk flights revealed problems longitudinal stability solved adding ballast supports elevator spring summer suffered hard landings damaging aircraft causing minor injuries august making takeoff finally exceeded best hawk effort flight feet decided use weight powered catapult easier tried time september september flew complete circle history manned heavier air powered machine covering feet minute half best flights november december exceeding minutes covering nearly miles circles end year brothers accumulated minutes air flights acres pasture remarkably virtually unchanged today original condition aviation heritage national historical park adjacent wright air_force base scrapped battered repaired aircraft saved engine built new airplane iii offered marginal performance maiden flight june flights longer seconds suffered bone potentially fatal crash july rebuilt forward elevator rear rudder enlarged placed feet farther away wings installed separate control rear rudder instead linking wing cradle axes pitch roll independent control modifications greatly improved stability control enabling series dramatic long flights ranging minutes miles quarter mile course prairie september october longest flight miles minutes seconds ending safe landing fuel ran flight seen number people including invited friends father neighboring farmers reporters showed day second appearance field previous year brothers declined fly long flights convinced achieved goal creating flying machine practical utility offer sell photos flights taken brothers photos damaged great flood survived intact ohio businessman root technology saw flights including circle articles wrote magazine published eyewitness reports prairie flights early hop local saw root offered report scientific american magazine editor turned result news widely known outside ohio met skepticism paris edition herald headlined article years come newspapers celebrate hometown wright brothers national heroes local reporters missed important stories history happening miles james cox publisher time daily_news later governor ohio democratic presidential nominee expressed attitude public days admitted years later frankly believed newspapers published articles long flights reporters photographers lack eyewitness press coverage major reason disbelief washington europe journals like scientific american editors doubted alleged experiments asked newspapers alert allowed sensational performances escape notice october brothers visited important europeans coming years colonel later superintendent royal balloon factory wife visiting united_states investigate exhibits louis world fair given letter introduction patrick alexander favorably impressed showed photographs aircraft flight wright brothers certainly lack attention received fearful competitors stealing ideas patent flew day october refused fly firm contract sell aircraft wrote government britain france germany offer sell flying machine rebuffed insisted signed contract giving demonstration unwilling photographs airborne american military having recently spent product nation foremost scientist twice river like handful mortar particularly claims unknown bicycle makers ohio doubted wright brothers continued work semi obscurity aviation pioneers like american entered european skepticism european aviation community converted press anti wright brothers stance european newspapers especially france openly calling founder club france publicly brothers claims spite published reports specifically wrote articles stated french public demonstration powered flight paris edition new_york herald summed europe opinion wright brothers editorial february flown flown possess machine possess fact difficult fly easy flown flights france publicly admitted injustice contracts return hawk wright brothers flights spent time attempting persuade european governments invented successful flying machine prepared negotiate contract sell machines experimented engine setup miami river ohio hopes flying water experiments proved unsuccessful letters military expressed virtually interest claims brothers turned attention europe especially france enthusiasm aviation ran high time face face talks government officials businessmen met aviation representatives germany britain traveling shipped newly built model france anticipation demonstration flights france met frank lieutenant army division writing superiors way person presentation board ordnance fortification washington returned time board favorably impressed contrast previous indifference input army signal corps issued specification december inviting bids construction flying machine military contract submitted bid january early brothers agreed contract french company went hawk practice private important public demonstration flights required contracts privacy lost new_york newspapers heard tests sent reporters scene contracts required fly passenger modified installing seats adding upright control tests passenger seat charlie fixed wing aircraft passenger short flights safety promise father fly newspaper accounts time mistakenly took flight brothers flying later day flying solo seven minutes suffered worst crash acquainted new control apparently moved wrong way slammed sand miles hour emerged cut nose accident ended practice flights airplane flying career return flights october wright returned outer banks conduct safety tests new october minutes seconds record held years sport began 1920s public showing brothers contracts army french syndicate depended successful public flight demonstrations met certain conditions brothers divide efforts sailed europe fly near washington facing skepticism french community outright newspapers called began official public demonstrations august horse racing track near town france flight lasted minute seconds ability banking turns fly circle amazed stunned including pioneer french louis following days series technically challenging flights including figure demonstrating skills pilot capability flying machine far surpassed pioneering aircraft pilots day french public thrilled feats field thousands wright brothers instantly world famous issued praise editor wrote flights completely dissipated doubts detractors dare question today previous experiments men truly fly leading french aviation promoter wrote long time wright brothers accused europe bluff today france feel intense pleasure october wife brothers european business agent american woman passenger flew passengers rode autumn acquainted family owner automobile factory assemble provided hired assistance fly autumn madame stages pregnancy arrived june assemble promised european flight day baby born august followed brother success demonstrating nearly identical united_states_army fort virginia starting september september hour long flight lasting minutes seconds september army lieutenant thomas rode passenger serving official observer minutes flight altitude feet propeller split shattered sending control suffered fractured skull crash died evening nearby army hospital airplane crash fatality badly injured suffering broken left leg broken ribs years later suffered increasingly severe pains rays revealed accident caused hip bone hip brothers sister school teacher rushed virginia stayed seven weeks helped negotiate year extension army contract friend visiting hospital asked got nerve nerve repeated slightly mean afraid fly thing afraid soon finish tests year deeply shocked upset accident determined impressive flight demonstrations ensuing days weeks set new records altitude duration january joined france time famous people world sought royalty rich reporters public kings great_britain spain italy came fly traveled south france public flights giving rides procession officers journalists sister february trained french pilots transferred airplane french company april went italy assembled giving demonstrations training pilots italian climbed aboard filmed motion picture airplane return brothers invited white_house president bestowed awards followed lavish day homecoming celebration july assisting completed proving flights army meeting requirements able fly passenger hour average speed miles hour land undamaged sold airplane army division signal corps included bonus exceeding speed specification extraordinary year early october flew new_york_city hudson celebrations statue liberty making minute flight hudson_river alongside manhattan view million new flights established fame wright brothers america family flights prairie piloted unique flights took minute flight passenger time wright brothers flew received permission father flight promised fly avoid chance double tragedy ensure brother remain continue experiments took year old father nearly seven minute flight wright life aircraft rose feet elderly wright called son higher higher patent war wright brothers wrote patent application rejected january hired ohio patent attorney henry granted patent new useful improvements flying machines patent illustrates non powered flying machine patent importance lies claim new useful method controlling flying machine powered technique wing described patent explicitly states methods instead wing adjusting outer portions machine wings different angles right left sides achieve lateral roll control concept varying angle presented air near suitable method central patent patent describes rear vertical rudder innovative use combination wing enabling airplane coordinated turn technique prevents hazardous adverse problem trying turn finally patent describes forward elevator ascending descending lawsuits begin attempting patent early devised emulate lateral control described patent demonstrated public flights soon historic july kilometer flight june bug warned patent flying selling aircraft time member aerial experiment association headed alexander graham bell helped known white wing members dismayed unexpectedly dropped organization later came believe sold rights joint innovation united_states government refused pay license fees sold airplane equipped society new_york filed lawsuit beginning years long legal conflict sued foreign flew exhibitions including leading french aviator louis people suggested jumped air arms sue european companies bought foreign patents received sued manufacturers countries lawsuits partly successful despite pro wright ruling france legal maneuvering dragged patent expired german court ruled patent valid prior disclosure speeches wright agreement club america license club approved freeing participating pilots legal threat promoters approved shows paid fees wright brothers won initial case february judge ruled covered patent company appealed decision death fever took leading role patent struggle traveling consult lawyers testify felt moral cause particularly creating large company manufacture aircraft legal issue work new designs wright considered inferior european makers aviation development suppressed extent entered world war acceptable american designed available forces compelled use french machines wright believed partly responsible premature death occurred wake exhausting travels stress legal battle victory cooperation january circuit court appeals upheld verdict company continued avoid penalties legal tactics apparently felt decision frustration company executives push vigorously legal action ensure manufacturing monopoly fact planning sell company departed world war underway government pressured industry form cross licensing organization manufacturers aircraft association member companies paid blanket fee use aviation patents including original subsequent wright patents wright martin company successor wright company company held number patents received million payment patent war ended issues courts 1920s twist irony wright corporation successor company merged form wright corporation remains business today producing high tech components industry aviation historian charles harvard smith stated number times legal victory doubtful patent prior lost invention matthew piers known period patent titled described engine improvements conceptual designs included technical description drawings control system optional feature intended function fact patent known participants wright lawsuit federal judge reviewed previous patents upheld wright patent company reached opposite conclusion smith saying patent public reactions lawsuits damaged public image wright brothers generally regarded heroes critics said brothers unfair compared actions european worked openly supporters said brothers protecting interests justified expecting fair compensation years work leading successful invention year friendship octave strained tension credit deserve success collapsed publicly criticized actions business wright company incorporated november brothers sold patents company received shares million dollar stock issue percent royalty airplane sold president vice president company set factory flying school test flight field prairie headquarters office new_york_city changed design wright moving horizontal elevator adding wheels keeping unit apparent rear elevator airplane easier control especially higher speeds grew common new version designated model original design referred model army signal corps bought airplane wright type customers spring hired trained team exhibition pilots machines win prize money company despite disdain called business team debuted indianapolis june year pilots arch died air crashes november brothers disbanded team men served team members died crashes afterward wright company transported known commercial air cargo november flying bolts dress silk miles columbus ohio department store paid fee company pilot flight exercise advertising simple delivery hour minutes cargo passenger seat silk cut small pieces sold wright brothers flying school prairie trained pilots instructed assistants famous including henry arnold rose star general commanded army air forces world war head air_force perry coast coast flight stops crashes wright model named sponsor soft drink eddie founder aircraft company army accidents series fatal crashes wright bought army called question safety design death toll reached half wright model model army crashed tendency nose dive insisted stalls caused pilot error army equip rudimentary flight indicator help pilot avoid climbing government investigation said wright flying american military ended use type propellers including models wright companies engine located pilot likely crush crash resisted switch manufacturing tractor propeller aircraft worried design change threaten wright patent infringement case feud samuel secretary institution death experimented years model flying machines successfully flew powered fixed wing model aircraft tests manned size motor driven october december complete failures later displayed museum heavier air craft capable manned powered flight wright brothers invention secondary status triggering decades long feud wright brother received help beginning quest flight ironically wright brothers initial recipients samuel medal based claim short test flights team allowed alliance major modifications craft attempting fly hoped salvage reputation proving fly wanted prove thing defeat patent lawsuits tests effect patent battle honoring museum publications institution reveal extensive modifications wright learned brother close friend witnessed photographed tests repeatedly objected responded lending restored hawk london science museum refusing donate institution history flying machine invention die return united_states charles attempted dispute avail years bad publicity encouraged wright biographer fred kelly finally relented publishing time list modifications misleading statements tests privately requested british museum return airplane remained protective storage duration world war finally came home death november estate signed agreement purchase dollar insistence agreement included strict conditions display airplane agreement reads institution successors museum agency bureau facilities administered united_states_of_america institution successors shall publish permit displayed statement label connection respect aircraft model design earlier date wright claiming effect aircraft capable carrying man power controlled flight agreement fulfilled reclaimed heir wright brothers aviation particularly promote legacy accuse refusing investigate claims earlier flights ceremony museum went public display december 45th anniversary day flown successfully wright brothers nephew son seen construction bicycle shop boy gave brief speech formally transferred airplane displayed accompanying label years brother married time wife airplane following brief training flight berlin gave german pilot june flew gradually occupied business matters wright company dealing different lawsuits dealing patent lawsuits great strain brothers written letter french friend think accomplished able devote time experiments feel sad easier deal things men direct life entirely choose spent year death traveling spent months europe attending business legal matters urged american cities emulate european particularly philosophy generous public space near important public building constantly forth new_york washington stresses taking toll physically remark come home white decided family new far house built money earned business called hill building begun suburb ohio europe oversaw project absence known expression design house room bathroom brothers hired williams architectural firm design house input live completion ill business trip boston april illness attributed eating bad banquet returning early worn mind body fell ill diagnosed fever symptoms days died age wright family home father wrote diary short life consequences intellect temper great self reliance great seeing right clearly pursuing lived died succeeded presidency wright company death sharing business brother executive skills sold company years living residence street father moved hill spring died sleep april age death active preoccupied reading writing articles religious publications enjoying morning walks marched woman suffrage parade flight pilot model retired business elder statesman aviation serving official boards committees including national advisory committee predecessor agency national space administration nasa chamber commerce predecessor industries association married henry kansas_city classmate furious feeling betrayed refused attend wedding communicate finally agreed apparently insistence died pneumonia march wright served years received daniel medal established daniel fund promotion elected member national academy sciences april second production lockheed piloted howard hughes president jack flew burbank california washington hours minutes mph return trip stopped wright field wright airplane flight years historic flight briefly handled controls commented wingspan longer distance flight major project supervising preservation wright iii historians describe practical airplane expressed sadness interview years later death destruction brought bombers world war hope invented bring lasting peace earth wrong don regrets invention airplane destruction caused feel airplane regard fire regret terrible damage caused fire think good human race discovered start fires learned fire thousands important uses died january years brother following second heart attack having lived horse age dawn flight followed day later john daniels coast took famous flight photo brothers buried family plot woodland cemetery ohio competing claims flight claims richard variously documented tests years prior including claims true flight occurred supporters post wright pioneers argue techniques wright brothers successful airplane flights techniques launch rail instead wheels takeoff catapult supporters wright brothers argue proven repeated controlled sustained flights brothers credit airplane regardless techniques late aviation historian charles harvard smith supporter claim flight wrote barn door fly short distance energy applied determined limited flight experiments powered instead fully controlled flights ohio north_carolina rivalry wright states ohio north_carolina credit wright brothers world changing ohio brothers developed built design north_carolina hawk site powered flight spirit friendly rivalry ohio adopted slogan birthplace aviation later birthplace aviation pioneers recognizing john armstrong ohio natives slogan appears ohio license plates north_carolina uses slogan flight license plates site flights north_carolina preserved wright brothers national memorial ohio facilities aviation heritage national historical park positions states defended played significant role history flight state truly exclusive claim accomplishment notwithstanding competition states final bicycle shop home ohio moved located village michigan biographical wright wright wright brothers company virtual museum pictures letters sources national archives air services article march memories wright wife count wright brothers collection wright state university wright brothers collection metro library patents patent flying machine wright patent google patents patent museums wright brothers invention aerial age institution stories wright flights wright birthplace museum wright engineering collection franklin institute wright brothers engines design institution press wright center wright cycle company image collections library congress prints photographs online catalog wright brothers outer banks wright photographs sourced library congress video clips invention fixed wing aircraft pioneer aviation group pictures early flying machines comprehensive chronology flight attempts wright photo gallery page wright photo gallery page wright brothers collection digital images wright state university new scientist magazine scientific print wright france world famous model france sits hall honor display paris museum donated french whereabouts unknown sharing space wright vii wright brothers newspapers metro library


low frequency radio range low frequency radio range known course radio range course radio range radio range radio range commonly range main navigation system aircraft instrument flying 1930s 1940s advent range beginning late 1940s route navigation instrument approaches holds based network radio towers transmitted directional radio signals defined specific sky pilots listening stream automated codes example turn aircraft right hearing stream left hearing stream fly straight ahead hearing steady tone system phased world gradually phased disappearing 1970s remaining operational facilities today maximum deployment nearly stations history world war aviation began expand role civilian arena starting flights soon apparent reliable mail delivery passenger flights soon follow solution required navigation night poor visibility network similar maritime constructed pilots useful night good weather poor visibility conditions seen scientists engineers realized radio based navigation solution allow pilots flight conditions decided network directional radio beams needed september lieutenant later general james jimmy army demonstrated blind flight performed exclusively reference instruments outside visibility proved instrument flying feasible newly developed instruments attitude indicator help maintain aircraft attitude heading specially designed directional radio system navigate airport experimental equipment purpose built demonstration flights instrument flying practical technology reliable mass produced widely deployed ground aircraft fleet technological approaches ground air radio navigation components evaluated late 1920s early 1930s ground obtain directional radio beams defined course crossed loop initially loop based system commissioned commerce department june loop antenna design suffered poor performance especially night antenna array superior accuracy preferred solution replaced loop commerce department branch referred solution antenna transmission line initially mention air competing designs originating groups different backgrounds needs army signal corps representing military preferred solution based stream audio navigation signals constantly fed pilots ears civilian pilots hand pilots flying cross country deliver mail felt audio signals annoying difficult use long flights preferred visual solution indicator instrument panel visual indicator developed based provided simple panel mounted turn left right indicator reliable easy use immune erroneous signals competing audio based system pilots flown visual systems strongly preferred visual type according published report reed based solution passed government audio signals standard decades come 1930s network ground based radio coupled board radio receivers vital instrument flying provided navigational guidance aircraft route operations approaches virtually weather conditions helping consistent reliable flight schedules reality remained main radio navigation system countries gradually replaced improved based technology starting late 1940s today includes visual left right indicator technology ground ground component consisted network radio transmission stations strategically located country near larger airports approximately miles apart early stations crossed loop later designs based vertical antenna array improved performance especially night range station foot tall antenna towers erected corners square optional extra tower center voice transmission stations emitted directional electromagnetic radiation radiation opposing quadrant pair audio frequency code letter pair letter intersections defined course lines station compass directions signals equal intensity combined codes merging steady audio tone course lines called legs tone heard defined addition repeating signal station transmit letter code thirty seconds positive identification station identification sent twice pair ensure coverage installations local weather conditions periodically broadcast voice range frequency navigational signals eventually central fifth tower originally accompanied visual backup especially night flights additional marker low power radio included orientation points air airborne radio receivers initially simple sets tuned frequency ground code audio detected speakers typically worn pilots pilots constantly listen audio signal attempt fly aircraft course lines flying beam uniform tone heard signal single letter distinct aircraft turned needed letters overlap code audio steady tone course region merged approximately wide translated course width miles miles away station pilots verify tuned correct range station frequency comparing code published navigation charts verify flying away station determining signal level tone volume getting stronger weaker respectively approaches holds final approach segments instrument approaches normally flown near range station ensured increased accuracy aircraft station audio signal disappeared signal directly towers quiet zone called cone silence pilots aircraft directly overhead station serving positive ground reference point approach procedure typical instrument approach procedure final approach begin range station turn specific course pilot descend specified minimum descent altitude airport sight specified time based ground speed missed approach procedure initiated depicted approach procedure minimum descent altitude low feet required minimum visibility mile depending aircraft type allowed air traffic control pilots enter holding pattern beam legs holding fix key turning point station cone silence fan markers holds route portion flight approach procedure near terminal airport holds accurate holds holding courses accuracy board magnetic compass hold accurate leg approximate course width non directional beginning early 1930s augmented low frequency non directional required complex ground installation simple receiver board aircraft ground installations simple single antenna requiring somewhat complex equipment board aircraft radio pattern uniform directions horizontal plane board receiver called radio direction combination allowed pilots determine direction ground station relative direction airplane pointing conjunction board magnetic compass pilot navigate station chosen course station early receivers costly difficult operate simpler expensive ground installation allowed easy addition based approaches supplement system modern receivers called automatic direction small low cost easy operate system remains today supplement backup newer gps navigation systems gradually phased limitations system decades main navigation method low visibility night flying known limitations course lines result balance radiation patterns different depending weather conditions vegetation snow cover near station airborne receiver antenna angle conditions signals quadrant skip quadrant vice versa causing false virtual course away real course line thunderstorms atmospheric disturbances create electromagnetic interference disrupt range signals produce static pilots replacement navigation system required minimum simple radio receiver board aircraft accurately navigate instrument meteorological conditions execute instrument approach low course directions station sensitive atmospheric types interference required pilots listen hours annoying faint stream codes embedded background static eventual replacement band navigation system advantages virtually immune interference available course directions visual course display listening needed far easier use consequently system available early 1950s acceptance rapid decade phased gradually phased today favor far superior global positioning system gps sounds following simulated sounds silver lake range station located miles north baker california navigational signals seconds transmit code station identification heard twice possibly different relative depending aircraft location pilots listen navigate sounds hours flying actual sounds contained static interference reproduced simulation adjusting volume affect effective course width example simulated sound twilight aircraft nearly beam slightly inside quadrant low volume weak sound loud makes distinct media help encounter problems playing sound files


jet jet airline based mumbai india february second largest airline india passenger market share operates flights daily destinations worldwide main hub international airport secondary amsterdam airport international airport international airport international airport international airport incorporated april limited liability company airline began operations air taxi operator began fledged operations international flights added airline went public acquired air largest carrier country eclipsed history inception jet incorporated limited liability company april started operations air taxi operator fleet leased boeing aircraft airline granted scheduled airline status january shares transferred international equity capital held gulf air kuwait october directive ministry civil aviation forbidding foreign investment passenger took control entire company airline launched international flight march company listed bombay stock exchange public december retaining ownership stock growth expansion january jet announced intention acquire air million cash deal deal fell june april deal track jet agreeing pay billion million april air renamed marketed low cost carrier service airline wholly owned subsidiary jet august jet announced plans integrate jet october jet laid employees later intervention ministry civil aviation october jet entered alliance rival code sharing domestic international flights collaboration frequent program sharing crew ground handling equipment jet launched low cost brand jet operated fleet boeing generation aircraft operated profitable short haul routes higher passenger load factors present consolidation quarter jet largest airline india passenger market share july airline officially sought government approval join star alliance june domestic airline india ban meat products check baggage jet merged brand jet march started offering business class seats shut planned buy stake airline following government announcement september foreign stake indian carriers april jet announced ready sell stake airline million deal expected signed january postponed completed november airline lowered prices entered fare war low cost carriers fall passenger demand february airline market value dropped million owing falling share prices jet profits quarter financial year posting losses previous year jet announced august phase jet end year plans position uniform service operator december jet fully merged jet making service airline india air india december jet announced closure european brussels airport march opening new hub amsterdam airport effective march february second largest airline india passenger market share corporate affairs identity headquarters airline head office located center mumbai head office previously located center rented storey building moved following criticism working conditions company listed bombay stock exchange stock owned company international remaining investors following table presents key trends jet march jet original navy blue light grey yellow aircraft painted light grey flying sun logo navy blue background new created associates added yellow gold design retained dark blue gold colour scheme airline flying sun logo new yellow uniform simultaneously introduced created italian designer jet introduced new identity conjunction global brand launch included new aircraft seating destinations jet serves destinations including domestic international destinations countries asia europe north_america airline primary hub mumbai secondary delhi march airline introduced international destination flights connecting london airline long haul destination launched jet hub brussels airport onward connections canada united_states replaced amsterdam airport march airline forced international routes attracted losses global economic terminated services san_francisco shanghai airline planned restore mumbai shanghai route end airline withdrew flights new_york closed delhi milan route march airline announced integration domestic international operations mumbai airport moved entire operations newly constructed terminal agreements jet agreements following fleet current july jet fleet consists following aircraft fleet information jet placed order boeing boeing aircraft december aircraft delivered november placed second order boeing boeing aircraft june deliveries starting january inducted series aircraft operate domestic regional routes long haul routes served fleet boeing aircraft airline placed order boeing aircraft september delivered new orders jet ordered boeing aircraft december operate long haul routes placed order boeing max aircraft april fleet services cabin jet classes service business economy class available boeing aircraft class offers private features seats fully flat bed personal seat power supply class available long haul international flights operated boeing aircraft features seats fully flat beds personal seat power class domestic flights offers seats larger leg room configuration economy class long haul aircraft inches seat pitch cabin boeing economy seats boeing personal inches domestic flights operated boeing aircraft economy classes economy class configuration economy class boeing inches seat pitch personal seat service airline meals served classes travel flight entertainment jet flight entertainment system board boeing aircraft entertainment system board boeing aircraft system known offers demand programming operates individual monitor seat airline introduced feature called export allows passengers plug personal apple devices february jet announced introduction flight entertainment service streaming entertainment content directly enabled personal devices passengers frequent programme airline frequent programme member earn miles travel future offers classes blue blue plus silver gold platinum gold platinum members access jet avail additional benefits priority check extra baggage priority baggage handling airport jet offers lounge service class passengers platinum gold members premier available delhi mumbai india international destinations awards recognition best cargo airline air cargo awards program year award best domestic service airline express award best airline award genius web award best overall flight entertainment world airline entertainment award best domestic airline travel asia award respected company business world award world market development award air transport world market development award accidents incidents july jet flight registered flying route involved accident caused bad weather fatalities passengers crew aircraft damaged repair written march jet flight boeing registered flying new delhi mumbai route main landing gear collapse landing mumbai leading shut main runway traffic shifted secondary runway passengers injuries reported comes accident controversies jet expected begin service newark brussels june march airline submitted application united_states department transportation application opposed nancy ceo registered company jet inc based maryland alleging trademark infringement connections terrorist outfit jet rebuffed claims contractor working airline security agent airport implicated terror plot august blow belonging different subsequently governments singapore security related information ministry external affairs jet clearance delayed fly state department gave ahead airline fly november august pilots jet suspended plane carrying passengers dropped feet mid air route mumbai brussels airline implicated family controversy south_africa alleged african national congress mentor members business family offered position minister public enterprises behalf president jacob agreed arrange south african drop india route jet acquire instead


portland aerial portland aerial aerial portland oregon carrying city south waterfront district main oregon health science university campus located hill neighborhood commuter aerial united_states new_york_city roosevelt island travels horizontal distance feet vertical distance feet ride lasts minutes jointly funded city portland south waterfront property owners funding coming owned city operated passengers affiliated open public operated portland public transportation network includes portland max light rail buses opening december carried passenger october rider january round trip ticket costs free patients certain visitors employees students ride free showing cost million build nearly increase initial cost estimates sources controversy concerning project description route consists stations single intermediate tower cars operate mode parallel track ropes pulled haul rope driven engine lower terminal car upper terminal lower terminal vice versa lower station located facility south waterfront neighborhood adjacent stop portland line connects south waterfront neighborhood downtown portland upper station located adjacent hospital university hill campus stations exactly east west separated horizontal distance feet vertical distance feet maximum vertical clearance ground feet route crosses interstate major boulevard oregon route parkway oregon route avenue intermediate tower located east interstate close south waterfront station result configuration journey significantly elevated ground making easily visible distance providing riders good views eastern metropolitan area cascade mountains oregon washington alternative riding public roadways require mile route numerous intersections route includes short stretch busy route sam jackson park road mountains hospital campus structures lower south waterfront station houses engines reinforced concrete basement facilities control room upper station steel concrete tower feet grade houses structurally separate nearby hospital connects hospital ninth floor campus drive winds middle university structural separation hospital necessary avoid vibrations machinery interfering delicate performed hospital foot intermediate tower allows gain elevation quickly leaving lower station provide adequate clearance interstate tower feet wide feet long base feet feet point nearly thirds tower feet feet rests pier cap feet thick supported piers tower fabricated nearby vancouver washington pieces river nearly tons steel tons concrete platforms intermediate tower lateral loads upper platform range pounds million million force car travels pair inch steel track ropes totaling cables track ropes combined million pounds million fifth cable haul rope continuous loop winds drive lower station connects car winds upper station car joining haul rope length feet cars cars weigh approximately tons cabin dimensions feet feet car capacity tons sufficient room cabin passengers operator cars built switzerland shaped painted look like architectural firm vision bubbles floating sky surface reflects light visual impact neighborhood underneath north south cars named jean respectively jean richardson female engineering graduate oregon state university african american graduate known university oregon medical school drive safety systems propelled independent drive systems primary drive variable frequency electric motor diesel engines design standby drive permitting operation power emergency evacuation drive ton weight cars capable operating speeds miles hour hour addition redundant drive system numerous design features intended ensure safety passengers persons ground route communications systems permit car operators communicate control room automatic control systems monitor condition ropes drive systems designed safely operate earthquake prone pacific_northwest structural design exceeding earthquake standards operate sustained winds mph operational information operates monday friday saturdays pacific time closed sundays major holidays afternoon summer sunday service available fare round trip collected traveling south waterfront hill free employees students patients visitors annual pass available tri met portland passes honored ride normally lasts minutes transportation officials originally estimated carry people day figure expected rise initial estimates proved conservative attracted million riders months operation averaged riders daily basis january history late purchased property south waterfront known north area plans expand studying ways including shuttle buses lifts tunnels connect primary campus hill area planned expansion university sought city support aerial planning design early portland aerial transportation inc formed non profit board public actions request portland bureau transportation time known portland office transportation abbreviated undertake independent analysis options considered earlier university development supporters city_council accepted process proposal accepted project sponsor assessment led conclusion reached earlier aerial preferred approach recommended second linking hill area nearby transit center boulevard july city_council accepted recommendations asked proceed design phase including design competition asked work residents affected neighborhoods identify ways impact identify desired neighborhood improvements accompany project results process street pedestrian bridge completed design competition started identifying firms participate contest competition officially began january firms new_york_city amsterdam los_angeles finalists winner los_angeles based graham announced march november chose design install public review project status november construction opening construction began august work platforms intermediate tower occurring summer year bulk construction occurred installation engines equipment occurred spring early summer followed installation cables late summer early fall october cars arrived switzerland week long delay inaugural run conducted november construction workers test ride roof arm testing continued november opened employees december opened public january funding cost project suffered significant cost construction final cost nearly times initial estimate development nearly led cancellation mid construction operating costs nearly twice original projections city approved project understood pay share grown paid total cost operated public transit facility initial estimates funding initial budget published november million excluding soft costs project management architect fees funding sources million include direct million cash contribution local improvement districts set fund construction share million million city portland portland development commission property owners south waterfront local improvement district pay remaining million april second public review held present project recommendations prior review city_council costs estimated million including soft costs city share time million april price million construction delay months higher steel costs weakening dollars engineering modifications blamed october reported steel costs led bids pushing project price funds million increased cost expected met south waterfront urban renewal contributions spent streets parks review project january portland city commissioner sam adams inherited city oversight project undertook actions response costs executive director ousted month long independent risk assessment undertaken results published february point construction completed revealed managers knew early cost excess original million figure partially change location upper terminal accommodate planned hospital construction withheld information city leaders resulted harsh public criticism management city commissioner accusing university leadership outrageous shell game expense result city portland threatened withdraw funding mid construction probably scuttled project protested vigorously threatening lawsuit canceled claimed city responsible making budget negotiations city contractors ensued revised funding plan budget agreed april vote city_council revised funding plan required concessions parties involved called final budget million contributions city million nearly overall budget final budget met operating costs operating costs higher expected originally expected cost annually expected result fare originally estimated set day ticket tri met fare waived employees students patients visitors transit passes tri met express passes routes going downtown portland vancouver portland operating costs divided city proportion passengers related pays operating cost community response prior cost increases plagued design construction project subject criticism public residents neighborhoods route object presence cost increases perceived public officials controversial consider project use public funds price lack benefit associated opposition projects general objections underlying neighborhoods residents hill neighborhoods passes concerned cars invasion privacy lead lower property values initially residents promised overhead power lines buried project cost mounted plan scrapped neighborhood opponents cited reasons opposing construction including fact north neighborhood historic district listed national_register_of_historic_places residents filed lawsuit city claiming properties city later offered purchase homes directly route fair market value completion remains unpopular living underneath route april living route placed sign roof stating fuck large block letters sign visible street air officials looked sign violated laws publicity surrounding sign prompted city officials quietly negotiate sign moved covered concerns cost city portland taken public criticism development costs local television station questioned relative price portland compared new jackson hole mountain resort built company projected carry percent passengers half times distance times height costing million supporters claimed increases justified circumstances developers control report commissioned complimented dramatic kind facility portland landmark noted design difficult construct requiring tall thin complex tower tall heavily loaded upper terminal built tight special risks cited include extremely restricted site construction upper terminal combining complex european mechanical electrical systems sophisticated steel structure infrastructure presented technical challenges risks conflicts business cultures management procedures need install cables interstate highway state highways addition claimed planning delayed completion designers noted added times went try save money probably lost year maybe saved million lose extra year meant lot concerns corporate welfare critics cite example corporate welfare limited public benefit study prior designed projected riders day fifth non users lower station easy public access access upper station requires navigating hospital cascade policy institute local research group criticized project political process small groups private interests expressed doubt construction lead new jobs argue issues increasing public costs real importance continued growth city economy largest employer city important effective vehicle attract federal funding totaling million dollars highly skilled workforce area growth current campus hill limited access roads parking expansion likely cause dramatic harm surrounding communities architectural visual impacts praised visual impact critic jeff called significant new piece architecture added portland michael graves portland building won architectural awards including american institute architects los_angeles chapter honor award presidential award excellence american institute steel construction according city commissioner adams cheaper alternative changed tower designs style electrical transmission towers considered result look like ugly ski lift bad ski resort leave city adams called ugly years critics expressed concern views city west hills particularly street


flying tiger line flight flying tiger line flight lockheed super chartered united_states military disappeared march western pacific_ocean aircraft transporting soldiers south vietnamese travis air_force base california vietnam air_force base guam super route clark air base philippines disappeared aboard declared missing presumed dead disappearance prompted largest air sea searches history pacific aircraft surface ships branches military searched square miles km2 course days civilian tanker observed appeared flight explosion believed missing super trace wreckage debris recovered civil board determined based tanker observations flight probably exploded flight exact cause determined examining remnants aircraft date remains worst aviation accident involving lockheed series flight aircraft year old lockheed super total airframe hours carried american civilian crew members military passengers flight operated flying tiger line military air transport service charter flight super carried jungle trained army rangers route south vietnam orders relieve soldiers training vietnamese troops fight board members vietnamese military flight crew consisted civilians based california including women pilot captain gregory thomas flight originated travis air_force base california destined planned stops honolulu hawaii wake island guam clark air base philippines flight arrived guam delayed minor maintenance engines numbers honolulu later wake island aircraft departed guam estimated time arrival philippines super carried hours fuel miles hour flight eighty minutes departure pilot routine message gave position miles west guam coordinates aircraft expected reach time guam experienced temporary communication difficulties heavy radio static guam radio operator attempted contact flight position report unable establish contact aircraft seen heard investigation clark field rescue coordinating center declared aircraft missing morning march navy officials reported believed aircraft crashed closer guam philippines time disappearance weather clear sea calm navy air_force coast guard marines ordered aircraft ships area day searching continued overnight days search vessels square miles km2 ocean secretary army told newspapers given hope found aboard safe maximum effort days searching major general 13th air_force told newspapers chance finding survivors doubtful effort long hope search efforts included aircraft guam clark field 7th fleet air_force okinawa additionally surface ships aircraft numerous bases western pacific contributed search efforts days search called search time largest place pacific covered square miles km2 ocean conspiracy theories flight flying tiger line flights military connections destroyed similar circumstances day led suggestions sabotage conspiracy airline officials media flight aircraft super departed travis air_force base wednesday march encountered difficulties hours later aircraft carrying secret military cargo crashed islands caught fire flying tiger lines released statement outlining possible reasons occurrences including sabotage aircraft kidnapping flight passengers airline said merely wild evidence support theory possibility sabotage tanker reported seeing bright light sky near aircraft expected position minutes radio contact military officials described bright light strong light ship decks daily chronicle reported tanker observed flash light approximately miles west guam followed immediately falling red lights falling ocean different speeds civil board investigation determined witnesses aboard tanker observed appeared trails numerous crew members observed fall ocean tanker proceeded location observed impact ocean unable find trace falling objects hour search spokesman rescue effort headquarters guam said time passed sign aircraft given possibility tanker seen missing aircraft explode flight officials flying tiger line said investigation revealed explosion occurred board aircraft support earlier theories sabotage executive vice president operation told associated_press experts considered impossible explosions occur super course normal operation additionally claimed powerful aboard aircraft completely blow apart violent happened civil board determined given observations tanker crew flight likely exploded wreckage found cab unable establish determination cause accident report concluded relevant factors tends indicate aircraft destroyed flight lack evidence board unable state degree certainty exact fate


india india indian low cost carrier headquartered india airline joint venture holding stake airline sons holding holding remaining company air asia india commenced operations june primary hub foreign airline set subsidiary india company marked return aviation industry years having ceded air india february india largest low cost carrier india market share history february indian government allowing foreign direct investment applied indian foreign investment promotion board seeking approval commencing operations india march announced establish joint venture sons sons representing airline non executive directors board planned operate world lowest unit cost available seat kilometre passenger break load factor planned fuel requirements years achieve aircraft turnaround time minutes planned begin operations tier tier cities international airport main operating base according introduction expected cause price war ultimately leading increase air traffic consolidation indian aviation sector initially invested million preparation operations india struck deals online travel agents march officially permitted rent lease aircraft carry cargo scheduled flights airline applied permission schedule aircraft transport passengers accepted march india established march foreign airline set subsidiary india april airline started recruiting candidates pilots cabin crew final procedure obtain air operator permit proving flight conducted flying issued air operator permit company airline announced shifting base flight operated maiden flight june june airline international airport delhi secondary hub north indian operations august sons increased stake earlier fresh equity share reduced february india fourth largest low cost carrier india far market share corporate affairs india headquartered india prior airline formation tony founder group announced like chairman airline refused later chief advisor india management board india appointed management consultant ceo month later june non executive vice chairman services appointed chairman airline april replaced ceo airline destinations india currently operates following destinations india fleet airline delivered international airport march airline received principle approval import aircraft march india unveiled fourth aircraft dedicated aviation pioneer aircraft christened pioneer sixth aircraft fleet joined november registered honour president india