national anthem japan lyrics oldest world national anthems length measures characters world shortest lyrics poem written period current melody chosen replacing unpopular melody composed years earlier title usually translated imperial majesty reign official translation title lyrics established law served national anthem empire japan empire dissolved following surrender end world war state japan succeeded successor state parliamentary democracy changed system based imperial sovereignty based popular sovereignty emperor retained facto national anthem passage act national flag anthem recognized official national anthem etymology following meaning original chinese indicate emperor lord master period indicate person commonly friendly informal word example protagonist tale called period emperor called great lord controversial word meant emperor originally period song popular people period period castle han common new year song contexts meant emperor clan rulers han guests honour members drinking party restoration han controlled imperial japanese government adopted national anthem japan time japanese defeat world war understood mean long reign emperor adoption constitution japan emperor longer sovereign ruled divine right human symbol state unity people ministry education new meanings war allowed song mean japanese people ministry formally renounce pre war meaning act national flag anthem official definition questioned repeatedly suggestion given chief cabinet secretary new status emperor established article constitution japan meant emperor symbol japan entire lyrics wish peace prosperity japan prime minister confirmed meaning statement june indicates emperor symbol state unity people position derived consensus based japanese citizens sovereign power resides phrase indicates state japan emperor symbol state unity people consensus based japanese citizens reasonable lyric mean wish lasting prosperity peace country parties opposed liberal democratic_party control government time prime minister strongly objected government meaning democratic_party japan members objected lack historical ties meaning strongest critic chairman communist_party japan strongly claimed japan derived lyrics mention wishing emperor long reign objected use song national anthem democratic nation song emperor appropriate history empire japan lyrics appeared poetry anthology anonymous poem poem included later period celebration song long life people social unlike form current national anthem poem originally began lord instead reign lyrics changed period rest lyrics stayed lyrics sung formal occasions sheet music 19th century john william visiting irish military band leader realized national anthem japan suggested officer clan created agreed selected lyrics lyrics chosen similarity british national anthem influence selecting anthem lyrics asked create melody given weeks compose melody days debuted anthem japanese emperor version discarded melody lacked version performed annually temple served military band leader serves memorial ministry imperial household adopted new melody composed composer listed supervisor father pupils melody based traditional mode japanese court music composed mixed style influenced western hymns uses elements arrangement german musician applied melody western style harmony creating second current version government formally adopted national anthem copies music lyrics sent overseas diplomatic ceremonies included public school ceremonies efforts ministry education turn 20th century beginning closely associated idea honoring emperor associated japanese education opinions expressed osaka paper calls song imperial family state christian leader japan stated turn 20th century anthem japan saying song purpose praise emperor according national anthem express feelings people japanese familiar anthem surge celebrations victories sino japanese russo japanese wars previously papers critical fellow japanese sing properly ceremonies overseas postwar japan present american occupation japan supreme commander allied powers restrict use japanese government different regulations issued restricted use flag encouragement use schools promote defense education patriotism national broadcaster began use song announce start ending programming act national flag anthem passed choosing japan national symbols passage law stemmed suicide school principal hiroshima resolve dispute school board teachers use prime minister liberal democratic_party decided draft legislation official symbols japan chief cabinet secretary wanted legislation completed 10th anniversary coronation emperor time legislation considered establishing symbols official backdrop return okinawa japan oil crisis prime minister hinted law passed symbols main supporters bill opposition included social democratic_party communist_party cited symbols war era opposed allowing issue decided public democratic_party japan develop party consensus president stated support bill party recognized symbols symbols japan deputy secretary general future prime minister thought bill cause divisions society public schools vote calls bills separated diet university professor stated separate issue complex flag attempts designate national flag parties vote bill rejected diet house_of_representatives passed bill july vote legislation sent house july passed august enacted law august protocol lyrics musical anthem given second appendix act national flag anthem sheet music displays vocal arrangement mention tempo lyrics anthem composed common time mode act national flag anthem detail respect performances statement prime minister legislation impose new regulations japanese people comes flag anthem local government bodies private organizations suggest demand certain followed example october directive tokyo metropolitan government required teachers stand national anthem graduation ceremonies standing teachers required sing facing united_states military personnel required regulations render honors hand salute civilian dress place right hand heart star banner national anthem performed act national flag anthem played anthem commonly played sporting events inside japan international sporting events japan competing team tournaments played awards ceremony public schools end world war ministry education issued statements regulations promote usage schools jurisdiction statements released stating desirable required use symbols desire later expanded include symbols national holidays ceremonial events encourage students national holidays promote defense education ministry took great measures explain symbols formally established law referred song refused national anthem ministry referred national anthem japan reform education guidelines controlled government demanded flag school ceremonies proper respect given school officials follow order enacted reforms curriculum issued ministry education passage law national flag anthem entrance graduation ceremonies schools raise flag japan students sing national anthem given significance flag song additionally ministry commentary curriculum elementary schools note given advance patriotism awareness japanese important school children respectful attitude flag japan grow respected japanese citizens society ministry stated japanese students respect symbols able respect symbols nations present day perception according survey conducted japanese people perceived important song passage act national flag anthem poll year conducted found respondents opposed legislation making national anthem felt diet time passing law japanese students sing song entrance graduation ceremonies understand old language lyrics educated historical uses controversies surrounding use anthem school events remain lyrics controversies schools center controversy anthem national flag tokyo board education requires use anthem flag events jurisdiction order requires school teachers respect symbols risk losing jobs teachers hiroshima refused anthem hiroshima education board demanded tension arose vice principal committed suicide similar incident osaka occurred teachers refusing sing song ceremony teachers joined rebellion mayor osaka slated teachers good criminals teachers intent breaking rules singing anthem risen surface public protested rules violate united_nations universal declaration human rights freedom thought belief conscience clause constitution japan board argued schools government agencies employees obligation teach students good japanese citizens teachers unsuccessfully brought criminal complaints tokyo governor senior officials ordering teachers honor earlier opposition japan teachers union accepts use flag anthem smaller japan teachers union opposes symbols use inside school system retired teacher tokyo threatened imprisonment fined roughly dollars accused disturbing graduation ceremony high school urging attendees remain seated playing anthem time sentence teachers punished refusing anthem related events man convicted relation september tokyo district court ordered tokyo metropolitan government pay compensation teachers subjected punishment directive tokyo board education prime minister commented natural idea treat national anthem importantly ruling appealed metropolitan government october teachers school workers punished refusing stand sing anthem ordered school teachers punished students stand played school ceremonies june panels supreme_court japan ruled constitutional require teachers stand sing school ceremonies making ruling panels ratified decision tokyo high_court ruling teachers asked court relief disciplined refusing stand sing anthem outside school system controversy soon passage law month law passage record containing performance japanese rocker removed records album want record stir emotion japan response released album independent label track question


die die german trout lied song composed early solo voice piano music austrian composer chose set text poem christian friedrich daniel published poem tells story trout caught fisherman final stanza reveals purpose moral piece warning young women guard young men set poem music removed verse contained moral changing song focus enabling sung male female singers produced subsequent copies work minor variations wrote die single key flat major varied modified form verses structure change final verse musical impression trout caught catalogue works number wing describes type lyrical song dramatic traits song popular contemporary audiences led commissioned write piece chamber music based song commission resulted trout set variations die present fourth movement context lyrics lied poem christian friedrich daniel opinion divided abilities musical times considers poets work comments content pretty ideas singer author fischer considered talented poet musician wrote die imprisoned fortress prisoner insulting mistress charles eugene duke poem published consisting scholar john reed thought poem sentimental final stanza poem consisting moral advises young girls guard young men rods academic thomas observes die somewhat unusual mock naive fish describes sexual fischer saw poem baroque moral set final stanza instead concentrated person observation trout reaction caught fisherman creation wrote series songs based works die written july year john reed sees song forerunner die observing die similar songs convey intensity feeling small scale following year composed songs poems den die draft die lost exact date composition unknown lied known written early year composed der und das die completed song friends recounted told die quoted hearing comparison decided destroy manuscript stopped december song published supplement number received payment publishing songs provided free publicity composition die written solo voice piano key flat major song written varied modified structure meaning verse music generally different verse according american historian mark musical structure reflects life cycle earth progress innocence experience directed piece played somewhat lively pace different verse demonstrates dramatic traits lyrical song fischer calls classic example song strain strain comes final stanza composer scholar brian observed quarters song final stanza departed musical impression trout caught returned final primary rhythmic figure piano accompaniment suggests movement fish water fisherman catches trout vocal line changes major minor piano darker flowing phrases broken rests according mark melody evokes delivers delight emotional power poem takes viewpoint male speaker advising women careful young men removing stanza removes moral creates uncertainty sex narrator variations completing original subsequent differing versions necessarily attempt improve work later versions written memory minor variations considers close feat sign spoke language music conversation differences small according reed concerned tempo indication prelude version marked introduction shape familiar introduction seven bar draft kept collection second copy written june sales album version marked fast variation written night february friend fellow composer finished bottles hungarian wine commented brother work completed copy die somewhat partly accounted drunken state explained accompanying note wrote going send thing took ink poured disaster manuscript held family number years photographed lost wrote version publication final copy october publication final version bar piano prelude presently clarke foundation collection library congress music patron amateur commissioned write piece chamber music based die wrote piano strings quoted song set variations fourth movement piece later known trout die versions solo piano sixth composition von second reception information contemporary reception die reed relates song immediate popularity composing trout evidence die widely known agrees pointing acknowledging song rise early nineteenth century vienna equivalent charts fischer takes longer term view song popularity writing imagery alternate surface water melody account song universal appeal


good shepherd song good shepherd traditional song best known recorded jefferson airplane album volunteers arranged sung group guitarist described interpretation psychedelic folk rock called nearly dozen different names varying words melodies purpose common themes song history reflects evolutionary changes cross currents american music begins early 19th century preacher wrote hymns century 1930s gospel blues recording prison blind axe murderer sees use 1950s folk song attaining realization jefferson airplane different variants song performed 21st century hymn good shepherd originated early 19th century hymn written methodist minister reverend john adam let kingdom blessed significant figure great revival american west 19th century decade important author camp meeting hymns time referred nashville banner wild man creek variously known poet wild man worked world shape note singing valley variety musical sources sacred play new hymn immediate effect thomas griffin recalls hearing methodist meeting georgia wrote singing hymn flesh caused awful sense press mind converted christianity days later work seen selection hymns spiritual songs parts come good shepherd feed sheep line hymn makes appearance memoir appeared popular influential christian let kingdom associated tune good shepherd pattern contained lines let kingdom blessed come bid cease come come reign god love prince peace paul agree upheld force numbers come good shepherd feed sheep appears form 1830s 1840s including created likely tune different eventual gospel blues titled good shepherd verses printed instead previous seven appeared new_england christian convention hymn occasion sung today gospel blues 1880s let kingdom blessed found marshall taylor african american religious songs collection revival hymns plantation melodies subsequently transformed general forces shaping american musical forms influence methodist hymns negro complex topic scholars disagree definite direct influence african american blues case aging blind blues player recorded song blood strained called away behalf library congress june probably corruption blood stained accompanied string instrument skill regarded coming virginia lost sight explosion living playing street corners medicine shows blind street singers like tradition kept african american religious music alive recording virginia state prison farm near virginia serving time having murdered wife axe thought prisons good place find old songs interested illustrating interaction white black music haunting recording allmusic describes group songs explore boundaries sacred want heaven shore stay way blood stained good shepherd feed sheep paul heart hear good shepherd feed sheep blood stained called dark bubbles archaic devil stranger face recording blood stained described book singing country father john recording released library congress archive folk song recording laboratory folk music united_states american work songs ballads collection field recordings including state state farm prisoners appeared rpm records released album mid-1960s issued records compact disc american work songs ballads available library congress appears ballad hunter parts vii viii library congress originally issued archive folk song recording laboratory time recording rhythm melody somewhat similar different come later negro spiritual listed listing constructed scholar john folk collected song don hear crying acclaimed volume american folk songs christmas college music professor larry comments took hard edged gospel blues beautiful shape note influenced hymn blood stained form recorded records got singing effort organized joe director american center library congress got singing accompanying distributed number summer camps responsible freedom longing african american songs song circulating folk circles forms pete published variant explicitly political message called want freedom influential broadside magazine recording don hear crying album american folk songs christmas mike penny arranged song title strings premiered year music festival original strain blood stained played bobby recorded extended guitar soundtrack burns documentary drive performs tune decade 21st century jefferson airplane blood stained source taught guitarist folk singer roger friend tom early 1960s grown washington world son diplomat migrated san_francisco bay area lover folk revival styles especially acoustic blues blues song repertoire played san_francisco clubs joined jefferson airplane continued evolve musically exploring technology electric guitar led join airplane evolving rendition imagining song captured circulating recording performance ballroom san_francisco jam session area musicians led jerry titled simply good shepherd recording song major showcase number airplane november volunteers album avoided political visible tracks rest album good shepherd encompassed elements gospel blues playing showed folk roots present airplane mixture sounds influences led psychedelic rock folk music aspects san_francisco psychedelic sound airplane prime example recording good shepherd took place late march late june featured rare lead vocal backed mellow harmonies group arrangement incorporated sharp electric guitar lines set acoustic guitar opening singer grace slick doubling guitar line instrumental break track considered beautiful standout album later referred great spiritual liked psychedelic folk rock song arrangement bmi published airplane corporation volunteers soon gold record gave song greatest visibility early days hymn airplane good shepherd described representation genius included band greatest_hits album worst jefferson airplane song live performance jefferson airplane golden gate park san_francisco grace slick singing lead backing vocal begin singing lead days later kansas_city subsequently kept role reissue volunteers included live rendition good shepherd live bonus tracks recorded november east new_york performance arrangement acoustic guitar instead featured electric guitar setting repeating flexible pattern song played fills solos song played original airplane era good shepherd set list airplane reunion tour included airplane compilation street airplane bassist jack focused group hot beginning early 1970s good shepherd regular entry performance repertoire performance included dvd acoustic blues live hot performances song occasionally draw old airplane members join vehicle solo bass excursion hot renditions good shepherd appeared live album magic expanded release magic contained selections solo acoustic performances efforts friends live album love trio live album 21st century song continued draw commentary listeners offering view blood strained lyric allusion continued find meaning performing good shepherd songs like celebrated religion context preaching saying material gave doorway scripture guess loved bible knowing spiritual message uplifting good thing


die die dream twilight literally dream twilight german poem lied art song richard opening line broad meadows grey dusk songs based love poems composed published munich dedicated works scored medium voice piano published universal edition mit songs piano accompaniment later english versions orchestral arrangements poem die appeared berlin collection known experienced poems published von publishing house dedicated page collection die page von expressed personal foreword second edition collection appeared year later anthology des poetry art noted title literature theme man going meet beloved woman von poem und welcome farewell poem speaks person die comprising lines line literally wide meadows twilight grey translated richard broad meadows grey dusk line rhymes lines dark land line repeating line line rhymes line light term combination twilight grey repeated times lines contrasts final word light line poem describes walk meet woman person detailing meadows twilight sun stars nun der beautiful woman subject notes rush fast described relationship imagined band soft band drawing der land love land reaching state mild blue light composition publication composed die summer year married settled munich town birth working assistant conductor munich court opera looked possible opera project contacted opera came pass liked poems set music songs wrote june die followed longing hearts beating hearts nighttime walk reportedly completed die minutes wife gave scored songs walking medium voice piano dedicated leading court opera munich songs published munich joseph published universal edition die appeared english translation john low high voice orchestral arrangement robert quoted music early works fifth section tone poem hero life completed usually considered autobiographical tone music typical performance takes minutes version medium voice music die begins sharp major time marked calm composed slight changes text added word line changed order line song completed modified repeat lines time word order time picks slow steps general marking volume soft repeated times changed marking twice times growing accompaniment follows similar pattern song measure bass left hand moves eighth notes right hand regularly resulting subtle shift accents described trance like mood voice enters identical measures moving eighth notes motif note descent sharp sharp sharp immediately repeated word text rendered simply note view changes line observation nature destination key shifts abruptly flat major word beautiful long high note climax stanza prepared sudden beginning second stanza key returns sharp major melody identical similar stanza motif appears step higher sharp repeated land line reaches climax blue text lines repeated shortened version stanza motif second form time emphasis fast marked translates dragging voice ends rising line ending openly sharp movement stops piano slowly repeats final chord marked versions composers poem die inspired composers max set text music songs medium voice jordan inserted setting conclude mit dreams songs voice piano published berlin die composed alfred von second mit songs medium voice piano accompaniment published leipzig included composition text published von set piano


arabic pronounced arabic word referring god religions word thought derived means god semitic languages including hebrew word arabs different religions pre islamic times specifically term refer god muslims arab non arab arab christians mainly muslims arab christians refer god albeit exclusively way indonesian christians jews similar usage christians west malaysia recently led political legal controversies etymology etymology word discussed extensively classical arab school regarded formed spontaneously definite form verbal root meaning hidden held borrowed hebrew considered derived arabic definite article deity god meaning deity god majority modern scholars theory view hypothesis skepticism exist semitic languages including hebrew corresponding form state written biblical church meaning simply god biblical hebrew uses functional singular form rarely uses singular form scripture guru term times usage pre islamic regional variants word occur pagan christian pre islamic inscriptions different theories proposed role pre islamic authors suggested arabs reference creator god supreme deity term vague religion according hypothesis goes supreme deity tribal federation designation consecrated superiority supreme deity gods evidence distinct deities according hypothesis consecrated supreme deity named hosted conquest century time muhammad inscriptions indicate use deity centuries earlier know precise use scholars suggested represented remote creator god gradually eclipsed local deities disagreement played major role religious cult iconic representation known existed muhammad father meaning slave christianity word god language christians arabic speakers including christians jews use word mean god christian arabs today word god arabic descended language malta population entirely roman catholic uses god arab christians example use terms god father ibn god son god holy spirit god christianity christian concept god arab christians forms beginning written works adopted muslim created early 8th century muslim reads god reads father son holy spirit god latin greek words god end addition emphasize aspect belief muslims according marshall pre islamic times arab christians pilgrimage pagan temple time honoring god creator archaeological excavation quests led discovery ancient pre islamic inscriptions tombs arab christians ruins church northern jordan contained references proper god graves contained names means servant slave found countless times reports lists names christian south reported antique documents names era kingdoms christian leader named ibn ibn muhammad worn ring said lord inscription christian dated references found arabic called inscription starts statement help pre islamic god evidenced discovered arabic versions new testament written arab christians pre islamic era northern southern pre islamic arab christians reported raised battle cry slaves battle mentioned pre islamic christian poems poets syria northern islam islam unique deity creator universe equivalent god religions according islamic belief common word represent god humble submission divine pivot muslim faith god creator universe judge unique inherently declares reality inaccessible mystery names actions behalf creatures islamic tradition names god lit meaning best names beautiful names evoke distinct characteristic names refer supreme comprehensive divine names god famous frequent names muslims use arabic phrase meaning god references future events muslim encourages beginning things invocation meaning god certain phrases praise god favored muslims including god praise god deity god god greater exercise remembering god practice known lit remembrance god repeats divine names controlling breath scholars suggested term addressing pagan arabs jews christians order establish common ground understanding god claim says doubtful according contrast pre islamic arabian god islam associates companions god pre islamic pagan arabs believed blind powerful fate man control replaced islamic notion powerful god according francis edwards insists muslims believe historians muhammad followers worship god jews creator god states portrays powerful remote universal deity unlike closely follows english european languages history english probably influenced study comparative religion 19th century example thomas term different god biography term allows conception god imply different jewish christian languages commonly use term denote god contain popular expressions use word example centuries long muslim presence peninsula word spanish language portuguese language exist today borrowed arabic arabic phrase literally means god sense hope german poet form title poem ultimate deity unclear islamic thought intended convey muslims leave english word applied certain living human beings term concept malaysian indonesian language christians malaysia indonesia use refer god malaysian indonesian languages standardized forms language mainstream bible translations language use translation hebrew translated english god goes early translation work francis 16th century dictionary dutch albert revised edition edition latin edition recorded translation dutch word translated matthew language bible translation non european language year king james version published printed netherlands translated mark published government malaysia outlawed usage term muslim contexts high_court revoked law ruling unconstitutional christian god centuries contemporary controversy triggered usage roman catholic newspaper herald government appealed court ruling high_court suspended implementation verdict appeal heard october court ruled favor government ban early malaysian government confiscated word refer christian god malaysia use prohibited malaysian state main reason prohibited states usage long established local widely distributed freely east malaysia restrictions years states similar islamic state laws west malaysia reaction media criticism malaysian government introduced point solution avoid confusion misleading information point solution line spirit point agreements scripts languages languages use arabic script spelled way includes persian chinese translation true master persian language czech greek filipino hebrew hindi japanese korean polish archaic russian ukrainian bulgarian serbian spanish portuguese thai archaic scriptures turkish word written spell spelling settled arabic spelling started spell spelling small added indicate pronunciation exception pre islamic inscription ends ambiguous sign lone standing lengthened start non standard reading spelled reading god older form older spelling practice arabic type feature special reserved arabic presentation forms block exists solely compatibility older legacy character sets presentation forms directly discouraged new text instead word represented individual arabic letters modern font technologies render desired variant word coat arms iran miscellaneous symbols range


goddess known hindu goddess second wife form god predominantly indian states portrayed king chief temple stands traditions status legal wife treat scriptures related mention central subject folk songs considered sheep regarded origin oral traditions chiefly discuss tale marriage conflicts wife complete god generally depicted accompanied enjoy independent worship consort temples patron goddess community protector development symbolism god wives important tale king god wives variation india wives examples motif wives told theme god marrying tribal girl like region example marriage deities extending tamil wives wife high lower social strata lower tribal wives come communities establish cultural god communities worship patron god considered legal wife especially regard high merchant community described shepherd representing outside associates non elite like live forest traditions consider fisherman called regular marriage hand love marriage captured god described pure ugly jealous good cook erotic know cook represents culture nature aid god king oral legends texts initiate process folk deity classical hindu god principal wives appear sanskrit main scripture related mentions arriving heaven quarrel ultimately ending message consider form chief source legends related folk songs sung male female sing sing praise night songs talk relationship mutual relationships wives centred tale marriage central theme folk songs saint muhammad calls mad god searches sexual passion allusion tale marriage indicating tale established era according scholar legend close parallels story king hindu epic tale folk god gain wife despite obstacles similar win legends appear originating high priest tradition emphasizes connections contrast occupies central position folk narrative marriage reduced passing mention settled importance early life generally birth discussed folk songs regard avatar consider seven daughters king gods found golden box forest hidden mound pit father named chief owns sheep goats numerous barren ones said prayed child finds box virgin said fed milk wife know feed infant miracle house appears place tent young reside rest live tents grows rich pastoral settlements camps inhabited different clans cares sheep learns breed marriage play game translated game chess loses flag staff bag magical powder dream sees falls love goes hunt forest gets away army stays years marries non marriage brings variant describes arrives hunting expedition directs offers water sends pot water reads version pot sign recognise girl saw dream falls loses accepts year exile period impoverished old man servant father folk songs erotic overtones example songs erotic descriptions beauty described odd jobs orders assigns task sweeping entire responsible cleaning sheep taking sheep grazing completes tasks spreading magical single old man handle animals crushed assigns additional responsibility taking care children commands sheep lamb lost child cries food tasks assigns job washing sheep instead kills sheep humble skins sheep separates meat begs forgiveness agrees revive flock condition marries sheep spreading reveals true form wedding deemed accordance hindu rituals marry simple ceremony sheep couple instead rice weddings classical wedding conducted priest read responsibility normal wedding sheep replaces traditional wedding band wedding described marriage nature wedding considered marriage versions returns new wife faces wrath songs tell confrontations songs complains house ways suggests returned wilderness songs sing vegetarian high forced catch fish eat plate non vegetarian low portrayed blaming problems palace talking superiority saying came beauty servant frustrated leaves palace hunting trip quarrel marries songs ultimately wives remain harmony aid example song sings come celebrate festival rarely appears chief legend demons help battle collect blood drop creating new demon finally dog blood rarely described seated horse fighting sword spear role generally assigned worship traces association folk god mother remain rarely enjoys independent worship modern times generally consort temple outside village known journeys year visit nights temple village temple inside village outside chief temple chief temple installed main temple said resist arrival new wife reside chief temple frustrated constant wives said divided hill halves lower half belongs separate shrine rules upper half stays main temple customary pay respects way main shrine said bestowed honour worship sending separate residence patron goddess protector goddess flock takes care community increasing herd stone images sheep cattle offered plentiful animals animal sacrifice non vegetarian offerings presented directly instead non vegetarian offerings intended offered sacrifice honour offer food offering liver meat rice especially holy days warriors traditionally set war journey moon days hindu months depicted identical accompanying representing brass images depicted holding lamb offering water rides horse metal plaques accompanies horse depicted sheep


hebrew modern laugh ancient greek arabic described hebrew bible second son son wife sarah father jacob according book genesis years old born sarah past according genesis brought mount god command built altar sacrifice event served test faith moment stopped angel lord biblical patriarch changed compared jacob bible relates fewer incidents life died years old making longest lived etymology hebrew term literally means laughs laugh texts dating 13th century bce refer smile deity genesis laughter parents sarah according biblical narrative fell face laughed news son eventual birth laughed sarah past age advanced age later sarah lord renew promise laughed reason sarah denied laughing questioned genesis narrative birth patriarch son years old son born wife sarah second son sarah child eighth day birth necessary males household order compliance sarah saw mocking urged husband cast son sole heir hesitant god order listened wife request binding point youth father brought mount god command build altar sacrifice son bound son altar drawn knife kill moment angel god prevented proceeding directed sacrifice instead nearby ram stuck event served test faith god actual human sacrifice family life sent steward find wife nephew family chose years marriage given birth child believed barren prayed conceived gave birth twin boys jacob years old sons born favored favored jacob unique remaining faithful wife having migration age moved beer father died land experienced famine removed land father lived land control king days like father wife got business gone wells father dug saw stopped earth died unearthed began dig wells way pact like day father grew old blind called son directed order receive blessing hunting jacob listening mother advice blind father obtained father blessing jacob primary heir left inferior position according genesis previously sold jacob bread sent jacob wife mother brother house years working uncle jacob returned home reconciled twin brother buried father died age family tree burial site according local tradition graves graves sarah jacob cave jewish views tradition age time binding taken contrasts common portrayals child thought reason death sarah news intended sacrifice sacrifice cited appeals mercy god later jewish traditions post biblical jewish interpretations elaborate role biblical description primarily focus intended sacrifice called binding according version interpretations died sacrifice revived according accounts unlike bible testing agent god willingness follow god command cost death model jews preferred violation jewish law according jewish tradition instituted afternoon prayer tradition based genesis chapter verse went field patriarch stayed life tried leave god told tradition gave explanation sacrificed dedicated sacrifice leave land israel oldest biblical time death patriarch changed literature linked old age stated bible binding eyes went blind tears angels present time sacrifice fell eyes christian views early christian church continued developed new testament theme type christ church son promise father faithful draws parallel bearing wood fire christ carrying cross general agreement sacrifices old law sacrifice pre eminent way eastern orthodox church roman_catholic_church consider saint biblical old testament feast day celebrated eastern orthodox church byzantine rite catholic_church second sunday christmas december title sunday new testament new testament states offered father blessed sons paul contrasted christian liberty rejected older son slavery associated sarah associated grace son enters james chapter verses states sacrifice shows justification sense requires faith works willingness follow god command sacrifice example faith action blessing jacob reference future promised god verse author views release sacrifice analogous resurrection jesus idea sacrifice sacrifice jesus cross islamic views arabic note revered muslims prophet islam islam considers prophet islam describes father servant god highly important muslims continuing preach message father children follow patriarch jacob islamic prophet mentioned times father son jacob states received good prophet god blessed fuller description angels came tell future punishment imposed wife sarah laughed gave good grandson jacob explained event place despite sarah old age verses speak gift adds god book offspring interpreted refer sons grandson jacob great grandson joseph later narrates praised god giving old age mentioned lists joseph follows religion jacob speaks god favor jacob sons testify faith promise worship god commands muslims believe revelations given jacob narrative near sacrifice son son mentioned debate continued son identity feel identity important element story given courage develops faith mentions prophet man god jacob mentioned bestowed gifts god god leaders way god bestowed additional gift grandson jacob men leaders guiding men command sent inspiration good deeds establish regular prayers regular charity constantly served gave glad prophet academic scholars described legendary figure view figure representing tribal history leader stories like stories genesis generally believed origin folk memories oral traditions early hebrew experience cambridge companion bible makes following comment biblical stories stories maintain distance world time literary growth composition reflect political realities later periods narratives deal relationship ancestors peoples israel political world time stories began written eighth century lot ancestor peoples nomadic peoples known inhabited north located old testament represents states israel north persistent theme difference ancestors indigenous fact theme differences israel ancestors neighboring peoples time monarchy pressed effectively theological service articulate choosing god israel bring blessing peoples according martin scholar hebrew bible narratives date older cultural stage west jacob era tribes course looking grazing areas come contact southern inhabitants settled countryside biblical historian believes connection traditions north support theory high places martin hold figure enhanced theme promise previously bound god fathers incorporated creed southern palestinian stage growth tradition according martin southern palestinian stage growth tradition established biblical traditions favor documentary hypothesis form critics variously assign passages like genesis chapter verses source genesis chapter verses chapter verse chapter verse chapter verse according compilation hypothesis formulaic use word generations indicates genesis chapter verse chapter verse record death record genesis chapter verse chapter verse jacob record death records art earliest christian portrayal found roman excluding fragments moore smith artistic works categories leads altar approaches bundle sticks having preceded place offering pedestal stands near hand figures attitude shown sacrifice stands ground altar hair occasionally ram added scene later paintings hand god emerges


norse mythology old norse possibly meaning returning health old norse literally instant brother sister pair children follow moon heavens solely attested prose written 13th century scholarly theories surround concern nature role potential moon phases relation later folklore europe identified agriculture associated figure frequently attested folklore german speaking areas europe chapter prose book figure high states children names fathered walking old norse carrying shoulders pole old norse possibly meaning eternal held took earth follow heavens seen earth receives recognition chapter end listing numerous norse mythology sun listed nature described appears twice prose book chapter appears list appears chapter woman theories identification representation outside prose suggestions minor significance outright anne known access lost verse source moon type female deity scholars represent lunar activity including represent phases moon represent moon 19th century scholar jacob rejects suggestion represent phases moon states represent moon seen earth says evidence plain figure change moon suggest image children shoulders day swedish people spots moon persons carrying big bucket pole adds important fancy kidnapping man moon apart scandinavia vogue farther evolved christian adaptation man moon wood church time holy committed wood transported moon punishment seen axe bundle hand water pole story transformed axe shaft carried general idea theft retained special stress laid keeping christian holiday man suffers punishment cutting sunday gives examples folklore time writing 19th century notes potential connection german word meaning moon employment word twigs tied bundle fir twigs tie practice cutting wood moon benjamin agrees theory shapes moon states obscurity names objects tale indicate derived form tale man moon featuring man pole woman found modern folklore scandinavia england northern germany story found prose english nursery rhyme jack children male female water pairs names perceived similar elements resulted theories connecting notion influence appearing school books children 19th century 20th century traditional form rhyme reads jack went hill water jack fell broke crown came jack got home fast went bed mind head brown paper figure attested parts german speaking europe starting 13th century scholar writes figure stem goddess time saw changes later developing aspect ability people cattle shot arrow von 13th century poem surveys development figure course thirteenth century frequently treated supernatural power increasingly identified human witch later rise witch persecution end middle ages incarnation devil witch final development taken place sixteenth century especially northeast germany conceived grain spirit bringing wealth latest manifestation harmful cutter blamed unexplained patterns formed rows standing grain cutter witch cuts corn feet classified essentially corn spirit taking appearances meaning german speaking areas middle ages mysterious beings folklore varying forms reflect concerns farm culture serves explain eerie appearance turned rows plants village lincolnshire england english surname billing derives proposed having named


norse mythology identical old norse feminine meaning life life body old norse masculine defines lover lover life life lift female male respectively humans survive events hiding wood called flames newly risen fertile world mentioned poetic compiled thirteenth century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century scholarly theories proposed underlying meaning origins names poem collected poetic god poses question asking mankind survive winter end world occurs responds hidden wood consume morning food generations spring chapter prose book high tells king disguise people lie hid fire people descended great world inhabited mentioned stanza quoted theories notes stated happen world tree points connection poem possible survivors hide survival case nature says understood literally wood forest hidden alternative world tree creation mankind tree repeated says regions concept mankind originating trees ancient additionally points legendary parallels legend shepherd lives inside tree descendants land life wiped plague citing retelling addition points old norse parallel figure living tree man odds saga


norse mythology old norse black attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century sources major figure events carrying bright sword battle battle major god afterward flames brings forth earth book prose additional information given including stationed guarding frontier fiery realm lead sons defeat subject place names artistic depictions scholarly theories proposed elements descriptions potential origins poetic mentioned twice poem information god says come south flames carrying bright sword following says stone peaks clash wives road warriors path heavens break apart stanza relates killed wolf battle god giant detail given fight poem follow number gods opponents described battle world consumed flames afterward new world rises sea fertile life surviving gods meet poem wise poses question disguised plain called battle sweet gods meet responds ordained field stretches leagues direction later poem disguised questioning asks rule possessions gods fire responds fire god sons shall possess hammer poem hero asks mortally wounded dragon island sword liquid says island called gods shall bearing spears way bridge break beneath causing horses great river late poem stanza contains line according best manuscripts words meaning entire phrase taken mean female companion named based passage lee tentatively identifies wife stating unknown prose chapter prose book figure tells described king disguise location says bright region existed prior impassable native region defend stationed frontier adds sword end world wage war defeat gods burn world fire stanza moving south quoted chapter asks protect fair hall fire burns heaven earth chapter high describes events high says amid turmoil sky open ride sons ride burning fire sword fine light shine brightly sun high continues sons ride bridge break continue field wolf arrive arrived people frost sons battle array bright chapter high describes fierce battle forces engage battle harsh conflict falls high adds cause death lacking good sword gave servant high chapter fight mutually kill fire earth burn world high quotes support proceeds describe rebirth new fertility world survivors including gods humans named hid fire wood epilogue section book monologue states called fire burned chapter work quoted mentions deep common deep referring depths mountains specifically chapter included list powerful theories scholar concept undoubtedly old citing examples mentioned works 10th century poems collected poetic volcanic caves western iceland recorded manuscript notes usually described living east old norse sources described south surely association fire heat says iceland obviously thought mighty giant ruled powers volcanic fire underworld notion enemy gods likely originate iceland compares noting appear fire scholar figure inspired volcano demon scholar andy orchard description found appears owe biblical notions angel sword expelled adam eve paradise stands guard garden scholar john states imply appearance place names modern influence group volcanic tunnels western iceland recorded manuscript named modern iceland notion giant fire lives island volcanic island appeared iceland named description found guarding frontier depicted john charles painting giant sword natural satellite planet saturn volcano planet moon named character american comic series based david voyage character based video game series golden sun sword called based sword


telugu known hindu god form mainly plateau india especially states popular patron deity warrior farming priest hunters hills forests cult traditions communities including muslims identified worship developed 9th 10th centuries folk deity composite god possessing attributes depicted form image warrior riding bull horse foremost centre worship legends found text narrated folk songs revolve victory demons marriages etymology names comes words sword weapon kill demons father means king variant king sanskrit texts known combination solar deity fierce form split enemy meaning enemy demon records pleased bravery takes enemy variants include names include husband popular representation seated white horse piercing demon chest spear dog biting thigh horse hitting head demon grabbing horse attacking club horse attacking demon sword representations seen seated horse heads demons horse heads knees idols depicted having arms carrying drum powder filled bowl sword images dressed muslim depicted warrior seated horseback wives accompanied dogs symbol temples representations anthropomorphic horseback form legends legends generally tell battle deity demons principle written source legend claims chapter sanskrit text included standard editions suggests sanskrit composed family deity version available sources include later texts oral stories god legend tell demon younger brother gained creating chaos earth seven approached protection confessed assumed form avatar calls riding bull leading army gods described shining like gold sun covered known eyed crescent moon forehead demon army slaughtered gods finally killed dying offers white horse act asks present shrine human kind given offering goat flesh granted transformed asked deity asked asks destruction world human flesh angered demon request head falls temple stairs feet legend describes appeared place demons killed oral stories continue process elevation folk deity deity classical hindu initiated texts wives identified classical hindu wives minister brother law brother faithful dog helps kill demons horse given demon brothers considered krishna demons respectively myth variants defeats single demon named offers white horse called god legends depict helping battle collect blood drop creating new demon finally dog blood rarely described seated horse fighting sword spear legends portray king rules fortress holds court gold king goes hunting expeditions turn erotic adventures subsequent marriages wives wives women communities serve cultural links god communities wives important wife high merchant community second wife shepherd regular marriage hand love marriage capture god described jealous good cook erotic know cook folk songs tell represents culture nature god king stands believed combined born daughter rich merchant called divine orders dream married moon day hindu calendar month appeared occasion annual festival marking event celebrated believed daughter king gods found shepherd abandoned earth angry grew predicted match felt love god fell love accepted self exile years intentionally losing game chess wife took disguise shepherd started serving father day killed sheep goats father promised alive married reluctant married shepherd disguise revealed real form way reaching greeted fury strong protest second marriage avoid wives gave upper half hill lower half idol placed main shrine hill separate shrine situated halfway hill wife tailor woman heavenly identified prototype girls married goddess visits hunt said come village near fourth wife particular visited field said dear fifth wife member recognised muslim muslims apart girls offered considered wives god associations identified associated connected murder emphasize avatar partial avatar like accepts attributes demon king horse weapons royal insignia stresses association clay oral legends tell found earth according combination sun god associated moon form sundays gold culturally associated sun form important rituals associates worship sun fertility role role fertility marriages healing powers holds theory identifies theory rests similarities association mountains war similarity names weapons lance sword having principal wives symbols associated dog horse festivals deities respectively fall day worship original form communities prefer worship form popular popular family deity widely gods plateau considered premier god wish granting devotion powerful deities responsive vows vast majority hindu people strata society patron deity warrior farming priest hunters hills forests merchants kings cult principally consists peasant classes shepherd village guards tribe fisher folk like includes muslims presence nominal cult worship imitating royal families like worship viewed king followers rituals modes worship believed fierce deity causes troubles properly family duties fruit leaves vegetables deity offered sweet simpler dish called vegetarian offering food offered temples consider non vegetarian goat flesh offered deity outside temple important cult perform service god return good harvest male child financial success etc offered children pain hook swinging fire walking type worship called worship expectation return considered lower esteem faithful considered company lord called hungry true boys called literally tigers girls called dedicated practice marrying girls illegal act identify dogs act female counterparts sing dance honour stories night song festivals held custom ritual suicide heroes cult according legend sacrificed foundation temple persuade stay forever practices cult include belief possesses body ritual cult act chain breaking annual family rite chain identified snake neck cut demons fight rite associated family duties performed moon day dish filled fruits nuts leaves placed pot filled water pot embodiment persons lift place repeatedly pot saying broken mixed sugar given friends relatives performed folk art performer deities considered fertility hindu couples expected visit temple obtain blessing marriage traditional families organize marriage ceremony inviting god marriage copper riding horse daily basis household shrine sanskrit suggests offerings lights animals version mentions offerings meat worship causing cut hook swinging self version calls form devotion violent demonic narrates demonic worship animal sacrifice self torture possession form wind lower demonic worship worship worship form worship believed feeding form muslim figure respect worship muslims affiliation visible style temples called khan muslim times portrayed muslim context believed conferred king forced flee power distinguishing muslim features include usual appearance horseback wives muslim horse keeper muslim states mainly muslims worship received royal patronage consisted annual right pilgrims perform rituals temple records muslims god khan muslim family traditionally looks horses god temples temples dedicated temples stretch north south west western east principal centres worship deity called awake recognized rest northern temples resemble forts capital kingdom priests important temples foremost center worship situated temples ancient temple known difficult climb second newer famous temple easy climb temple steps arches lamp pillars temples fort like structures district near district district district temple district district district district district festivals day festival sixth lunar day bright fortnight hindu month honour celebrated commemorate fight demons sixth day believed demons temple festival fair held festival continues day new moon festival new moon day falls monday celebrated procession images carried temple river images observe festival year honour festival begins bright half hindu month images cleaned days fast observed seventh day break fast feast known invitation feast regarded invitation god harder refuse ritual marriage annually performed offered deities festivals celebrated honour known festival day festival month february march district festivals battle demons moon day considered general sundays associated sun god considered considered worship development cult cult folk religion reflects effect religion product like associated horses dogs traces explained enemy epithet considered rival deity according stanley originated mountain god solar deity regional guardian gods regions communities according stanley traits sun god identified moon stanley describes moon god sun god emphasizing moon imagery transforms solar stone inscriptions mentioning folk deities consort suggests gained popularity period soon region started temples folk deity elite class established religion initially incarnation founder sect later promote deity founder sect muhammad criticized god poet saint wrote cult worship open criticism stopped practices cult targeted suggests cult older 12th century determined references texts inscriptions 12th century author claims died battle display later named 13th century wide worship observed kings simple folk warriors rise muslim empire classical hindu temples fell ruin giving rise folk religion remarks end temples destroyed stay inscription near tells account different helped epic hero kill demon acquiring title family deity dynasty text rule records self torture rituals describes deity development looked lower manifestation god saints states appeared sunday identified near traditions tell came originally went finally suggests cult originated spread merging cult patron god giving distinct characteristics god god cult possibly spread merchants associated parts identified deities called khan traditions like folk cult identifying wives literature mixed reaction cult hymn dedicated calls king rich clothes horse saddle ride old bull carried club humorous instance called ghost christian missionary debate remarks temple visited priests non term taken mean devastation general usage refers possession god cult


sanskrit tamil meaning major deities chief influential denominations contemporary primary forms god tradition destroyer highest level regarded depictions aspects depicted lives life mount wife children fierce aspects depicted demons regarded patron god meditation arts main attributes eye forehead snake neck crescent moon holy river flowing hair weapon musical instrument usually form worship pan hindu tradition practiced widely india sri_lanka parts pakistan etymology names sanskrit word comes krishna word means rig simple english written epithet deities including popular names associated man knowledge chief gods meaning lord realms sanskrit word means relating god term sanskrit principal member sect characterize certain beliefs practices authors associate tamil word meaning red noting linked sun red tamil called brown red interpretation 27th thousand names interprets multiple meanings pure affected translation verse means pure contamination role primary deity reflected great god great god great lord great lord supreme lord different versions hymns listing names version appearing book considered tradition names found known hymn names historical development literature early paintings rock shelters depict dancing mount gods worship pan hindu tradition practiced widely india sri_lanka traditions figure know today built time ideas regional amalgamated single figure persona composite deity documented according began absorb countless local deities taken represent multiple god supposed denote different forms god came known identified countless local sheer local deity example took place regional deity named patron deity farming foremost center worship form case form varied associations include identification valley origins valley seals animals seal attracted attention shows figure wearing possibly figure seated posture reminiscent lotus position surrounded animals named early lord cattle epithet later hindu gods academics like flood john expressed doubts claim john writes early manifestation lord couple figure match writing rejected marshall package features including heads interprets john marshall interpreted facial human possibly divine buffalo man writing gregory concluded appropriate recognize figure deity association water buffalo posture ritual discipline far origins rise major position facilitated identification host deities including know today shares features god viewed personality hindu scriptures names god storm usually portrayed accordance element represents fierce destructive deity oldest surviving text rig dated based linguistic evidence god named mentioned rig described father group storm gods identification older god universally accepted michaels explains called archer sanskrit arrow essential attribute appears notes later languages word derived sanskrit root means kill uses general sense translation kill forces darkness names archer literally armed arrows hands refer close relationship identification literature important factor process gradual development later character identification explicitly noted important early text etymology says called deities complex according fire myth plays fire phases illumination golden red flame bright suggest deities said bull lord possesses bull vehicle horns characterized bull mentioned medieval sculpture form known hair special feature according continuation gives reasons hypothesis associated mountains rivers male fertility warfare established sound supreme self rig term refer like likened bull rig father associated exploits beliefs practices pre classical era closely related european religion iranian religion according anthony old religion probably emerged european immigrants contact zone river present day present day iran mixture old central asian new european elements borrowed distinctive religious beliefs practices culture non european words borrowed culture including god ritual drink according anthony qualities iranian god victory transferred adopted god central deity developing old culture subject hymns quarter rig associated deity drug derived probably borrowed religion rise prominence peculiar trait old speakers later literature transformation characterized deity supreme began founded tradition worship identified creators souls birth rebirth cycle period marks beginning tradition focused worship references particularly discuss forms associated composed 8th 11th centuries regard said revealed texts position major tradition followers called supreme believe creator destroyer tradition consists genre hindu religious texts dedicated widespread india sri_lanka areas notable practice include parts southeast_asia especially malaysia singapore indonesia michaels suggests like implies unity clearly found religious practice philosophical doctrine furthermore practice doctrine kept separate system worship tradition said introduced 8th century hindu philosopher consists worship deities depending tradition followed households deities kept center surround worship offered deities represented small kinds stones marks drawn floor concept cosmic functions creation maintenance destruction forms creator destroyer deities called hindu great trinity attributes eye depicted eye burned desire ashes called sanskrit occurs sources classical sanskrit word denotes eye depicted eyed translated having eyes sanskrit word means mother early meaning word basis translation mothers mother collectively called related translations based idea actually refers given according traditions shared goddess mentioned loses temper eye opens reduce things ashes crescent moon bears head crescent moon epithet sanskrit having moon crest moon crest crown refers feature placement moon head standard feature dates period rose prominence major deity origin identification moon hymn rig jointly later literature came identified moon crescent moon shown lord head phenomenon moon time cycle creation beginning end ashes body ashes ashes said represent end material existence forms associated old indian tradition ground practiced groups outside fold practices associated grounds mentioned canon buddhism epithet ground sanskrit spelled referring connection hair distinctive hair style noted hair endowed hair wearing hair wound shell like fashion shell hair form shell generally hair blue throat epithet sanskrit blue throat drank poison eliminate destructive capacity shocked act goddess neck managed stop neck prevent spreading universe supposed stomach poison potent changed color neck blue sacred epithet bearer river flows hair major rivers country said hair flow represents tiger skin shown seated tiger skin honour reserved accomplished hindu shown snake particular weapon drum small drum shaped like known attributes famous dancing representation known specific hand gesture called sanskrit hand hold drum drum particularly emblem members sect axe deer held hands south indian icons known bull serves mount sanskrit association cattle reflected sanskrit translated lord cattle lord animals notes particularly epithet bull represents lord lord rides bull denotes lord protector embodiment mount mount traditional hindu mythology mount conceived resembling representing center universe live referred hosts account nature generally lord invoked lord behalf son chosen leader title lord considered city specially loved places pilgrimage india referred religious contexts forms depictions according flood god ambiguity attributes include opposing themes ambivalent nature deity apparent names stories told destroyer contrary sets attributes terrific sanskrit sanskrit forms found leading conclude basic elements created complex sect later ages found depicted standard terror figure honor delight brilliance fearful attributes appears contrasted names reflects aspects according traditional sanskrit derived root means cry notes different etymology connected form means wild nature translates wild fierce god follows alternate etymology translates terrible important occurs times version translated different ways time occurs following tradition repeating interpretation translates destroys translates forms time great time ultimately destroys things appears translated ram supreme lord time terrible fierce form associated contrast happiness reflects form adopted great philosopher known sanskrit causing happiness reflects aspect depicted roles traditionally mutually exclusive hindu society depicted shown sitting epithet great great practices refers association religion conceived mainly terms sacrifice epic period concepts important depiction sitting philosophical isolation reflects later concepts depicted corpse goddess represents corpse remains static form dynamic aspect powerless family man wife sons epithet husband refers idea notes variants mean thing appear epic literature known names including identified divine mother divine energy like source creative energy represent dynamic extension universe son india obstacles lord beginnings lord obstacles south india especially tamil names northern india names regional deities identified children story goes beauty charm female avatar result union identified regional deities born mentioned scriptures daughters like goddess demons god considered children depiction sanskrit lord dance popular names dancer eternal dancer appear association dance music prominent period addition specific form known types dancing forms sanskrit found parts india defined varieties tamil particular common forms dance later came denote powerful masculine dance associated destruction world requires world universe destroyed lord graceful delicate expresses emotions gentle level considered feminine dance attributed goddess regarded female counterpart dances associated destruction creation world literally describes form facing south form represents aspect teacher music wisdom giving exposition form depicting indian art tamil elements motif include seated deer throne surrounded receiving instruction representation called shows half body male half female according ellen traditional sanskrit form best translated lord half woman half man half woman according legend lord pleased difficult performed goddess grants left half body form similar yang philosophy eastern asia appears ancient depicted archer act destroying triple fortresses refers important story aspect depicted arms wielding bow arrow different holds axe deer upper pair arms lower pair arms holds bow arrow respectively destroying forehead strokes ashes prominent symbol practiced today apart anthropomorphic images worship form important depicted forms common form shape vertical rounded column means means sign symbol regarded symbol great god universe means creation sleeps dissolution according god creates universe represents symbolically god scholars williams view symbol interpretation disputed including worship originated famous hymn sung praise post hymn description found endless shown said place eternal fire smoke ashes flames plant carry wood sacrifice gave place body hair blue throat riding bull gave place time text hymn expanded shape stories meant establish glory great superiority means sign mentioned sacred number important syllables body said consist called forms god names distinct represented faces associated texts elements senses organs perception organs action differences possibly errors transmission resulted differences texts details forms linked attributes overall meaning associations summarized categories ultimate reality efficient material cause exists according know things phenomenal world character reason eternal character forms like hindu deities said incarnations known scriptures contain occasional references idea universally accepted speaks forms seen according identified eleventh avatar belief universal popularly known avatar considered eleventh avatar traditions regard sage sage philosopher forms include festivals festival celebrated year 13th day krishna month hindu calendar festival importance marks night performed day married holiday celebrated special prayers rituals offered notably ritual practiced night performed hours water milk honey leaves offered hindu god considered necessary successful life offering leaves considered important believed offers intentions rewarded greatly mentioned buddhist buddhist depicted passive active counterpart guru says guru guru guru chapter says speaks listen guru mentioned worship popular central asia empire empire popular kingdom found wall painting river depiction portrayed sacred halo sacred thread clad tiger skin wearing dress panel shows form kneeling right thigh site desert depicts legs seated cross legged seat supported noted wind god took appearance indonesia guru ancient times kingdoms located mountains young receiving authority power sang children hatched eggs laid wife god avatar malaysia form indonesian seven lucky gods japan considered evolved god enjoys position household deity japan god wealth fortune japanese equivalent buddhist


anthropomorphic depiction divine weapon hindu art considered partial divine owners sex weapon determined gender weapon sanskrit language man added masculine weapons goddess female ones weapons like weapon especially bow women especially lotus elephant sword club arrow depicted male weapons ancient hindu like depicted sculpture starting era depicted humans weapons holding weapon weapon head emerging popular associated god appear references instance weapons hindu scriptures appears hindu epic daughters married sage destruction demons bore sons powerful divine weapons form gave birth invincible sons called destroyers magical weapons known gods weapons given king later sage weapons served later pupil avatar records time war weapons krishna avatar brother appear human form heavens watch battle include krishna club envoy message sanskrit playwright 2nd century bce 2nd century describes episode krishna goes envoy court broker peace cousins behalf try arrest krishna krishna assumes universal form summons weapons appear humans include bow sword elaborate descriptions found text sanskrit play depicts weapons stage humans mentions dwarf like denoting lotus sword bow descriptions describe depicted red woman seated wolf fearful black man red eyes dark angry man depicted male snake seven banner yellow coloured strong man mouth wide open handsome black man lovely described white male eyes arrow red coloured man beautiful eyes describes black eyes dressed white clothes riding wind bow red lotus coloured female bow head describes man fat belly round eyes decorated ornaments holding left hand head slim woman holds hands ornaments right hand resting head depicted subordinate figure south indian temples shrine attached central temple regarded aspect called form outline ordinary circular inscribed stands fierce form generally arms lion man ferocious aspect depicted sculpture describes fierce hold hands snake lotus depicted sun protruding sides mouth description describes sixteen armed fierce form holds bow sword arrow fire sword shield eyed golden coloured protruding stands reverse sculpture depictions generally depicted armed figure prescribed shown conical crown depicted dwarf description icons present depicted normal humans caves panel era temple depicted wheel holding instance depicted weapons evidence identify human depicted seen coin ruler denoting wheel sovereignty dedicated sovereignty king era medieval sculptures depict normal human proportions continued trend fierce multiple armed human form depicted emerging associated weapon variation stands deity folded hands posture weapon depicted head crown weapon mark forehead head era similar fashion illustrations variation holds associated weapon common examples found art bow hand sword examples cases weapon depicted anthropomorphic true form central icon hold weapons weapon stand feet central icon


norse mythology divine figures appear saga saga appear outside appears prose book saga saga mentioned saga particularly associated saga described sisters roles sources implications names resulted scholarly discourse theory etymology old norse literally means bride according chapter traditional northernmost norwegian province father compound names god meaning figure second appears sources featuring replaced place appear suggested derives described times alternatively simply abbreviated version referred 10th century quoted chapter saga found john states father probably later addition explain origins probably means bride rulers similarly mean bride rulers bride bride people bride says variety stories names suggest tradition wide spread area derive old norse term dark brown led number theories goddess thought derive earlier word attested following works saga appears chapter saga focuses late 10th century battle fleet fleet calls meeting fighting says feels tide battle going allies goes island called north bay island falls knees looking northward described patron goddess according saga repeatedly refuses offers finally accepts year old son slave boy returns fleet presses men engage attack men press attack vigorously invoked victory sisters enters ship fleet rows forward attack battle weather thick north clouds cover sky daylight sparse thunder lightning ring begins rain fleet fights facing storm cold trouble standing heavy wind throw weapons missiles stones fleet winds turn projectiles fleet spots wind men witness arrows flying arrow killing man fleet tell longer fighting men best storm saga describes attack grew dark time stronger worse right beginning saw women standing earl ship thing tells men retreat reasons vowed fight especially women refers fleet defeated men weigh fallen storm detect power find weigh saga mentioned chapter saga set 10th 11th centuries breaks temple owned feast home seated depiction takes large gold ring plus hood wearing spots depiction takes gold ring depiction takes ring depiction takes images temple strips items burns temple leaving dawn mentioned prose book described named king father according included money built layers gold silver covered layer earth stone later list wives given includes saga chapter saga asks puts trust responds puts trust responds earl answered thou trust trust said seek luck thee hands follow small path woods come house stake fence house described beautiful featuring carvings filled gold silver enter house men find lit glass windows ceiling daylight room shadows seen depictions gods woman described dressed near door saga relates throws ground woman time gets tells offering ought lay silver says shall mark thinks wish let ring loose holds hand thou luck ring takes hold ring seemingly hand receive ring casts second time notices stands takes hold ring finds loose gives ring tells gives word men returning ships storm appears ships swept apart days described passing saga chapter saga saga closely related goes temple old norse ask successful marriage daughter arrives gods preparing leave angry exchange tells long live burns gods later evening suddenly falls dead dinner saga chapter saga encounters woman forest woman tells traveling assembly major figures present continues king known abusive aggressive poem earl hall chapter chapter saga recovers injuries offers gifts sister seeking counsel best vengeance following advice wooden man old norse built human heart sisters bring life arm send iceland kill theories number theories surround figures guardian counts examples guardian compares roles says mythical founder explain bride subsequently wife ruler kingdom turn substantially argument advanced compares role accounts kings leaders granted entry viking age idea guardian goddess welcoming kings essentially aristocratic concept tradition explain noble welcoming dead kings life poem example originally reasons form found early verse names given goddess points later turned goddess soon met death hid earth beneath saga collected chapter symbolize mound names means old norse account norway dragging image temple death burning depiction male twin supports view proposed earth goddess word dark brown expressed criticism notion concluding earth goddess based evidence john proposes represent dark aspect mean probably contrasting appearance seen proposes connection stating seen synonymous miscellaneous theories suggested mythical legends confused historical accounts wife sister figure aspect proposed rare instance recipient worship right scandinavia


figure mythology attested solely old high german 10th century horse cure referred sister sun sisters cited producing heal horse figure followed stated sisters significance unknown scholarly theories exist role mythology based proposed potential significance placement etymology etymology unclear original manuscript spelled emphasis added sticking directly reading yielded interpretations night walking result sun etymology interpreted reference moon reading yielded problems moon mythology considered masculine exemplified moon norse mythology male figure interpretations amended resulted readings moving battle heavenly body star placement figures attested later old norse sources sisters theories proposed time aspect result notion resulted theory similar situation existed figures understood aspects entirely separate figures


sanskrit lit soft queen consort king according hindu epic describes beautiful pious names believed sin daughter king demons bears sons according adaptations mother wife kidnapped despite husband faults loves advises follow path repeatedly advises return advice falls deaf ears love loyalty praised different versions record ill treatment hands monkey generals versions sacrifice destroy protection life tricks location magical arrow uses kill death younger brother joins forces responsible death marries advice citation needed going versions meaningless birth narrates story birth maya son sage married heavenly sons long daughter start performing seek favour god named arrives mount pay respects absence wife clandestine returns finds traces ashes body breasts agitated sends live frog years consoles says beautiful woman married great man years beautiful maiden cries loudly performing nearby answer adopt daughter bring marriage later life comes house falls love soon married rites bears sons town located north believed native place treated son law local temple dedicated despite faults loves proud strength aware weakness women woman tries lead ignores advice advises subdue beings govern destiny seduce cause destruction kidnaps wife exiled prince incarnation god advises return avail knows lust bring downfall described beautiful woman monkey messenger comes search beauty enters bed chambers mistakes finally finds finds threatening kill marries raises sword refuses saves holding hand says murder woman sin kill asks entertain wives idea having wife life wish marry considers inferior beauty ancestry acknowledges devotion compares like attempts peaceful return fail declares war final battle makes attempt dissuade avail finally stands husband final battle like faithful wife advises son alias conquered god king heaven fight narrates sons warriors die fire sacrifice assure victory sends troop headed monkey prince destroy create havoc palace continues hair pleads husband save reminds wife enraged strikes sword disturbed purpose served leaves escapes surrender refuses adaptations present descriptions incident narrates dragged fights final duel fails kill ordinary arrows finally kills magical arrow narrates magical arrow given versions magical arrow hidden bed chambers bed goddess comes disguised winning confidence tricks revealing secret location arrow arrow gives leading end appears death scene state death battle loses husband sons death advises wife wife theory suggests race families restore order kingdom death necessary marry reigning queen right rule theory suggests non custom marry reigning queen marriage purely act marriage based mutual sexual interference agreed marry younger brother law lead kingdom prosperity stability allies continue governance reason marriage alternative suicide widowed mother record mother later adaptations depict mother cause birth narrates store blood killed large pot sage practicing acquire goddess daughter stored milk grass pot inhabit poured milk pot blood pot frustrated seeing evil deeds decides commit suicide drinking contents blood pot described poisonous poison instead dying gets pregnant incarnation power milk discovered named says wants marry maya warns indicated born destroy clan killed ignoring maya advice child city discovered grew adaptations like state daughter abandoned cause end family indonesian wants possess mother instead marries pseudo looks like real father union pseudo resulting birth nominally daughter according king daughter named goddess marriage organized demons kill king grief stricken jumps fire discovers body turned fire takes sealed box opens box finds inside advises cast box containing ill fated led doom father lid box closed return cause doom box city discovers brings assessment remembering destroys greatest sins remember daily prayer considered ideal woman emulated belong rest elements water turbulent surface deep spiritual quest writer says story reminder universal group based behaviour cloud greatness individual stereotype racism simple self driven light knowledge gives meaning solid age impulse passion desire instrument awakens mind reason core goes change path inward looking role wife external self thought duty husband issues morals values ended telling thought actions brave fight stop considered duty role short important described pious royal lady compared rest considers life colourful adds seldom got prominence image lacks substance fades quickly stresses love loyalty husband author book women substance notes hardly special written warns husband return influence prevent


according hindu mythology sanskrit lit large great important abundant sovereign named scriptures considered avatar incarnation god called literally son celebrated consecrated king earth received sanskrit mainly associated legend chasing earth goddess fled form cow eventually agreed yield milk world grain vegetation epic text describes avatar incarnation legends birth female intervention born participation untouched desire ego control senses rule traces lineage created human named rule earth bring order humans lost desire rule earth son son son son called conquered earth ruled married daughter son named son tells story king lineage pious evil king neglected rituals killed leaving kingdom heir famine anarchy body appeared dark dwarf hunter symbol evil sins gone away dwarf body pure emerged right arm corpse end famine earth getting fruits chased earth fled cow finally earth states killing mean end subjects lowered weapons reasoned earth promised guardian finally received vegetation grain milk hands welfare humanity reign cultivation pasture agriculture highway merchants civilization emerged rule granting life earth protector earth father accepted considers wife daughter suggests named husband records born stood bow arrows armour ready destroy earth devoid rituals terrified earth fled form cow finally submitted demands earning title sovereign king recorded earn title creator god described recognized avatar hand numbered human gods according title derived indicative universal dominion incarnation lifetime considered god verse calls king calls king epic states crowned sovereign entered body bows king god king endowed greatness earth goddess wealth beauty good fortune purpose material prosperity established reign true king healed wounds inflicted father acquiring presents gods conquered ruled earth glory reached pinnacle liberated father hell called sons called practicing detachment ruled according capital believed modern day power earth yield earth called daughter mere created millions men elephants horses reign famine disease agriculture mining enjoyed popularity subjects kings called cows yielded rich milk touched trees honey people healthy happy fear thieves wild animals died accidents grass golden colour fruits sweet went hungry people lived houses caves trees liked time civilization commerce came existence shattered mountains arrows earth divine powers creating disappearing mundane object mental power ability play musical instruments sing act travel land water air complete ease mountains way travelled dense forests trees way practised charity donated amounts gold appointed son son group consisting thumb sized known genius credits invention agriculture described flattened earth rocky surface encouraging agriculture cattle breeding commerce development new cities earth hymn described suggests vegetarian deity associated greek god god states performed ninety horse sacrifices kings gods disturbed abandoned gave theft ritual horse states sage incarnations preached devotion governing kingdom long time left wife perform forest days experienced voluntarily gave body forest went funeral wives children apart considered daughter wife wife called sons emerged body considered avatar goddess wife son sovereign controlled middle kingdom sons ruled east south west north kingdom respectively symbolism interprets myth transformation hunter chased earth cow farmer transition hindu people eating beef having cow milk cultivated vegetables grain instead beef david compares deity like ideal king violent actions chasing earth cow hunter finally display terrifying king closely associated sacrifice celebration indian society chinese scholar records existence town named said person obtained title king place associated lit pool town banks river believed performed father town referred boundary northern central india referred modern protagonists indian movement tracing origin writes believed system introduced king


sanskrit lit brilliant minor hindu deity according rig youngest son sun god wife chief semi divine demonic class entities like believed live forest images sculptures horse bow arrow origins brother god healing son sun god legends tale birth narrated scriptures like daughter architect wife unable sun god repaired forests engage devout form mare placed shadow looked like position wife realised real searched finally found forests approached disguised horse union produced twin mother named wife chapter son brothers saturn god adds assigned duty chief protect amid forests lonely places great enemies depicted tale passing reference riding seven headed horse went wife goddess horse ignored question asked lord cursed husband mare describes holding sword bow clad armour riding horseback carrying arrows describes carrying sword right hand whip left seated white horse called rides horse describes accompanied hunting sculpture depicted chief scenes hunting apart attributes described texts like sword bow carries cup wine hand depicted wearing long boots reaching unlike hindu depicted depicted seated horse accompanied hunting dog depicted hunting weapons like swords shown blowing drums holding umbrella head lord umbrella symbol royalty depicted flying holding wine water attendant carries dead shoulder dog chasing worship guardian deity warriors horses protector dangers forests patron god hunting worship closely associated cult scriptures like recommend worship alongside according rituals sun worship records worship hindu month warriors fourth believed written horses suggests worship protect horses ghosts worship popular early period particularly depicted temples stone inscription talks temple principal deity modern built king


norse mythology goddess runs worlds goddess rides flying sea horse old norse throws attested prose written 13th century scholarly theories proposed goddess potentially roman mythology legged cited examples horses norse mythology chapter prose book figure high provides brief descriptions high lists thirteenth says sends different worlds run high adds rides horse horse ability ride air atop sea high continues saw path rode air unnamed says verse flies moves air responds verse providing horses fly fare air got source provided high ends description saying comes custom saying rises high prose book included list names theories says etymology presents correct unclear mean goddess john calls verse exchange strange points unclear specifically witness flying air cites legged horse prime examples horses norse mythology able earth sky world mortal men underworld 19th century jacob proposed rumor roman mythology notes unlike described winged like winged horse


old norse possibly shining god norse mythology attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century sources described father day prose adds depending manuscript variation husband night husband earth attested legendary saga saga scholars proposed dawn appear english surname place german poetic referenced poetic poems stanza god disguised asks day comes night tides stanza responds day father night born new powers created count years men dwarf stated having recited unnamed spell doors fifteenth know dwarf sang doors strength sang prosperity wisdom poem asks gods great hall responds list names including stanza poem appearance horse described referred son prose chapter prose book figure high states god husband couple carries features father people described bright beautiful placed son wife sky ride horses hours scholar points manuscripts vary descriptions family relations words depending manuscript mother partner details oldest manuscript offers version wife mother manuscripts cast role wife mother argues version came accidentally writer shortened text similar results accident way poetic tradition saga found poem contained legendary saga saga employ phrase doors old norse example stanza phrase disguise poses following strange marvel door head turning downward feet seek sun prince good said king head fast ground grows theories jacob states form includes son adds likely refers descent succession order reversed states occurs old benjamin says dawn similarly son day references door saga christopher says phrase meant maker impossible said dwarf sang doors view fact father day mean gave warning people sun coming return dark houses phrase virtually mean sunrise descendants according john says confusion exists reference says doors metaphor sunrise reference refer dwarf english family english place south derives derives germany family names