meaning family comprises containing genera including eponymous exact number genera controversial experts recognizing animals lived near end cretaceous period fossils found north_america asia descended smaller ancestors largest predators respective ecosystems putting apex food chain largest species largest known land predators measured metres length tonnes short tons weight massive filled large teeth despite large size legs long fast movement contrast arms small bearing functional unlike groups complete remains discovered known allowed variety research biology scientific studies focused ecology subjects soft tissue intact reported specimen description large animals species capable weighing metric ton single specimen individual estimated metres long discovered considered experts juvenile measured metres long reached lengths metres snout tail massive reached metres largest specimen skull anatomy understood complete known genera known partial skull remains exceeded metre length largest discovered skull measures metres long adult tall massive bones fused reinforced strength time hollow chambers skull bones large openings bones helped reduce skull weight features found immediate ancestors including tall fused nasal bones unique characteristics including fused bones prominent crest ran separated skull roof tall crest arose ran transverse plane crest especially developed tall eyes bones extremely bones forming crescent shaped eyes row bony snout arising nasal bones lower reported specimens basal skull end thick shaped neck long heavy tail acted balance head center mass known small remnants digit found shortest compared body size longest walked exclusively leg bones massive contrast longer compared body size juveniles smaller adults like basal longer characteristic fast running like larger adults leg proportions characteristic slower moving animals extent seen large like second fourth forming structure known unclear evolved present earliest like found later structure characterized absence earliest indicates acquired evolution teeth like ancestors teeth shaped cross section smaller rest unlike earlier teeth mature blade like extremely circular cross section tooth counts tend consistent species larger species tend lower tooth counts smaller ones example teeth jaws william observed tooth resemble crack tooth ending round void called teeth pulling meat body pulled piece meat tension cause purely crack like spread tooth presence distributed forces larger surface area risk damage tooth strain presence ending parallels human engineering guitar makers use ending describes alternating regions flexibility wood work use drill create sorts prevent propagation cracks material protect airplane surfaces demonstrated bar called holes stronger regularly placed unlike ancient predators like adaptations prevent crack like teeth spreading subjected forces feeding history discovery remains uncovered expeditions led geological survey canada located numerous scattered teeth distinctive dinosaur teeth given terrible tooth joseph good specimens found canyon formation alberta consisted nearly complete partial skeletons remains studied edward cope considered species eastern henry recognized alberta remains differed considerably coined new flesh eating alberta cope described material form isolated gave animal discovery overlooked century caused controversy early 2000s discovered material actually belonged priority paper naming described additional specimens collected montana wyoming expedition american museum natural history led brown initially considered distinct species named emperor power second king year later recognized specimens actually came species despite fact found appeared page earlier original article describing specimens according international code nomenclature brown went collect specimens alberta including preserve shortened characteristic group lawrence named balanced fierce second significant find attributed form preserved unusually small complete skull specimen waited end world war studied charles named skull studied robert michael williams assigned new genus soviet_union began expeditions uncovered remains asia described new species new genus terrifying subsequent studies showed species actually species different stages growth second species found later described given remote different branch status true primitive controversial distribution earlier found northern continents fossils known north_america asia remains uncovered southern hemisphere reported southern hemisphere fossils exact time place origin family remain unknown poor fossil record middle cretaceous continents earliest confirmed lived early stage western north_america remains recovered eastern north_america basal like persisted end cretaceous indicating evolved dispersed western north_america continent divided half western interior middle cretaceous fossils found alaska provided route dispersal north_america asia found related analysis forming unique asian branch family later discovery description family teeth large species unknown variety discovered nagasaki peninsula researchers dinosaur museum expanding range group teeth estimated million years old age appear widespread unknown asia home present early stages north_america like ranging western interior currently known northwestern continent late appear gone extinct texas pattern mirrored north american dinosaur taxa early common northwest common south end cretaceous unknown rare common western interior study published journal scientific reports february steve thomas indicates later partially responsible extinction western north_america study indicates immigrant asia opposed having evolved north_america possibly closely related supplanted theory supported fact types found known range physiology growth gregory colleagues studied growth life history analysis bone determine age specimen died growth rates examined age individuals plotted size shown long time juveniles underwent tremendous growth years midway lives rapid growth phase ended sexual maturity growth slowed considerably adult animals growth curve shaped maximum growth rate individuals years age smallest known individual jordan estimated weighed kilograms years old largest sue likely weighed estimated years old age close maximum species juveniles remained approximately years age body size began increase dramatically rapid growth phase young gain average year years slowed years years age curve indicating growth slowed dramatically example separated year old sue year old canadian specimen sudden change growth rate indicate physical maturity hypothesis supported discovery tissue year old montana known tissue found female birds indicating reproductive age exhibit extremely similar growth curves lower growth rates corresponding lower adult sizes compared showed faster growth rate rapid growth period higher adult weight maximum growth rate kilograms year based mass estimate adults authors suggested higher adult weights change magnitude growth rate overall pattern youngest known year old discovered dry island weighed measured slightly metres length metre specimen quarry oldest largest known years age fastest growth rate estimated years reaching kilograms year based adult kilograms times slower calculated maximum growth rate kilograms rapid growth phase comparable life history end rapid growth phase suggests onset sexual maturity growth continued slower rate animals lives sexual maturation actively growing appears shared trait small large large mammals humans elephants pattern relatively early sexual maturation differs pattern birds delay sexual maturity finished growing number specimens age group colleagues able draw conclusions life history populations analysis showed juveniles rare fossil record rapid growth phase adults far common half known specimens appear died years reaching sexual maturity pattern seen large long lived birds mammals today species characterized high infant mortality rates followed relatively low mortality juveniles mortality increases following sexual maturity partly stresses reproduction preservation collection difference low mortality juveniles certain size seen modern large mammals like elephants low mortality resulted lack predation surpassed contemporaneous predators size age found remains similar analysis notes general trend apply spent half life juvenile phase near maximum size years complete lack predators intermediate size huge adult small suggests filled juvenile seen modern dragons start tree dwelling slowly mature massive apex predators capable taking large example found suggested represent mixed age packs abilities best studied main issues concerning turn maximum straight line speed likely slow turn possibly taking seconds turn humans vertically oriented tail spin fraction second cause difficulty mass distance center gravity like human carrying heavy timber scientists produced wide range maximum speed estimates metres second mph low metres second mph high metres second mph researchers rely estimating techniques tracks large walking far found large running absence indicate run jack don argued slow probably run airborne phase mid stride concluded close relatives fastest large estimated leg bones significantly stronger elephants relatively limited speed actually run airborne phase proposed dinosaur maximum speed metres second mph speed human colleagues argued ton critically fatally injured fallen moving quickly slammed ground times acceleration gravity meters tiny arms reduced impact known mph despite risk break leg worse fatal safe environment zoo possible moved fast necessary accept risks scenario studied recent research narrow speeds range kilometres hour mph walking slow running moderate speed running computer model study estimated running speeds based data taken directly fossils claimed running speed metres second mph probably juvenile individual feathers long structures preserved skeletal remains numerous early cretaceous formation nearby geological formations china usually interpreted branched feathers found birds non proposed skeleton described included example similarly feathers modern birds found branched discovery description meter indicates possibility large adults rare skin impressions adult canada scales typical possible existed parts body preserved lack body covering consistent modern multi ton mammals elephants species object increases size ability retain heat increases decreasing surface area volume ratio large animals evolve disperse warm climates coat fur feathers loses selective advantage thermal instead disadvantage traps excess heat inside body possibly animal lost evolution large especially warm cretaceous climates precedent seen dinosaur groups structures lost scales reappeared vision eye positioned eyes point forward giving vision slightly better modern hawks jack pointed lineage history steadily improving vision hard natural selection favored long term trend pure needed advanced depth perception vision provides modern animals vision found mainly predators principal exceptions need branch branch unlike narrower skull typical eyes faced primarily sideways suggests relied senses smell hearing specimens eye circular oval shaped genera tall oval circular shape seen shape bony bony found including possible bears single row prominent bony nasal bones similar row lower present skull specimens prominent horn eye bone horn absent instead crescent shaped crest eye bone head display species recognition courtship behavior like long thought cold challenged scientists like robert john early years dinosaur renaissance beginning late 1960s claimed warm implying active lifestyle sought determine ability regulate body temperature evidence high growth rates young comparable mammals birds support hypothesis high growth curves indicate mammals birds growth limited immature animals growth seen indicated temperature difference lower leg small temperature range body core claimed william showers indicate maintained constant internal body temperature enjoyed reptiles mammals later found similar results specimens lived different continent tens millions years earlier time exhibit evidence necessarily mean explained living sea turtles dinosaur park formation lived alongside species examples genera similarly sized predators modern predator separated different ecological geographical differences limit competition niche dinosaur park understood russell common actively hunted fleet troublesome heavily armoured left heavily built specimen contemporaneous medicine formation montana preserves remains juvenile gut region unlike groups genus common higher lower elevations appears common northern formations like dinosaur park species abundant south pattern seen groups common medicine formation montana southwestern north_america dominate northern latitudes suggested pattern indicates shared ecological preferences end later stage like like like widespread western north_america extinct rare social behavior limited evidence social behavior example sue specimen apparently died massive bite head inflicted researchers reported juvenile skeleton found quarry sue specimen support hypothesis lived social groups kind evidence behavior evidence pack behavior young specimen dinosaur park species shows bite marks face inflicted bite marks healed indicating animal survived bite grown dinosaur park exhibits bite marks showing attacks face limited younger animals possible bites species aggression including facial biting common predators facial bites seen like genera like bites competition territory resources dominance social group evidence lived social groups comes found medicine formation montana includes remains including large adult small juvenile individual intermediate size preserved location evidence indicates remains brought river currents animals buried simultaneously location remains scattered bear marks teeth indicating feeding time death cause death unknown speculates formed pack stated certainty scientists skeptical evidence social groups large brian daniel suggested social interaction closely resembled modern dragon non cooperative individuals mob frequently attacking process dry island discovered brown crew contains remains individuals found locality cretaceous second large dinosaur cleveland lloyd dinosaur quarry utah group composed old adult adults years old seven sub adults undergoing rapid growth phases years old juveniles ages years reached growth phase near absence remains similar state preservation individuals quarry led conclude locality predator trap like tar pits california preserved animals died time claims evidence pack behavior scientists skeptical observing animals driven drought flood reasons generally remains controversial evidence exist supports theory social british_columbia formation composed individual named discovered local named aaron described journal richard examination found evidence left long supporting hypothesis individual traveling group research revealed animals traveling speed mph likely hip height feet different genera respectively known formation unknown genus maker feeding tooth marks commonly preserved feeding traces reported bones tooth marks represent known fossils preserved tooth marks teeth pulling meat body knife like cutting functions tooth wear patterns hint complex head shaking behaviors involved feeding speculation pack hunting habits researchers suggest younger members pack responsible driving prey adults larger powerful slower juveniles different lifestyles adults filling predator enormous adults smaller contemporaneous largest orders magnitude smaller adult mass preservation behavior fossil record rare ideas readily tested speculates formed packs hunt stated certainty evidence behavior debate predator pure old debate described good skeleton close relative concluded pure teeth showed hardly wear argument longer taken seriously replaced teeth rapidly discovery scientists agreed predator like modern large predators happy steal predator kill opportunity noted expert jack currently major advocate idea exclusively engage active hunting presented arguments support pure hypothesis presence large nerves suggests highly developed sense smell great distances teeth crush bone extract food bone possible remnants usually parts potential prey quickly evidence suggests walked instead ran evidence suggests hunting behavior eye positioned eyes point forward giving vision slightly better modern hawks inflicted damage found skeletons survived initial attacks researchers argue dinosaur predator upper cretaceous prey larger share characteristics small remain feasible predators light hypothesis adherents suggested size power allowed steal kills smaller predators accept active predator classification coined edward cope family continued place newer 1960s type genus named isolated teeth montana review north american russell concluded valid taxon place stating accordance rules preferred modern experts named henry family derived ancient greek words common normally family names derived greek indicates taxonomy family rank based taxonomy divided comprises north american genera includes authors include species genus genus prefer retain separate genera characterized slender builds lower longer crest continues forward authors george tracy ford created finer subdivisions tribes combinations defined usually consisted genera considered synonymous genera species additional named genera including genera usually considered eponymous usually excluded additional initially described primitive likely represents juvenile similar known juvenile specimen currently considered described tribe genera phylogeny advent phylogenetic taxonomy given explicit definitions original produced paul included closer considered juvenile usually regarded unsuitable use definition clade definitions based established genera later paper proposed defined descendants recent common ancestor criticized definitions previously proposed workers like proposed paul taxa closer observed probably juvenile proposed definition family genus proposed definition subfamily limited attempt christopher included definition clade use analysis place certainty paper provided completely different definition including closely related recent definition defined inclusive clade containing analyses phylogeny find sister taxa basal close relationship supported numerous skull features including pattern certain bones presence crescent shaped crest bone eye deep noticeable downward curve lower edge alternative hypothesis presented study colleagues found weak support basal member clade including asia based absence bony connecting nasal bones found closest relative study based similar pattern stress distribution skull related study noted locking mechanism lower jaw shared genera separate paper noted possibility represent juvenile stated higher tooth count prominent nasal suggest distinct genus similarly uses high tooth count suggest distinct genus juvenile experts believe discovery description reveals close relation instead belonging newly described family reveals similar long widely distributed asia shared environment avoiding competition larger robust hunting different prey timeline genera


known genus duck billed dinosaur lived million years ago late cretaceous north_america means separated referring arrangement cheek bones incomplete type skull noble reference presumed roman nose original specimen nasal region fragmented originally restored flat despite material appeared frequently dinosaur books 1990s usually represented completely known thought synonym description type specimen represented partial skull lower jaws associated remains greater portion muzzle upper missing length skull estimated centimeters tip upper base lower jaw skull potential characteristics include lower tooth like sharp downward bend lower jaws near heavy somewhat rectangular upper tooth bearing bone based skull originally referred form complete crest bone rises eyes unique crest allows distinguished similar like crest maximum preserved length skull centimeters classification flat headed solid species specimens referred genus past shared distinguishing characteristics allow considered genus genera closest relative close relatives form clade called larger clade location time separate slightly older primarily canadian details following based phylogenetic analysis conducted wagner showing relationships distinguishing features diagnosis statement features organism group collectively distinguish organisms features diagnosis distinctive feature unique given organism according diagnosed genus distinguished based following characteristics length margin extensive features deeper greater orbit dorsal margin greatly elevated dorsal margin adults frontal bone participating margin presence paired caudal processes resting frontal bones discovery history brown discovered type specimen near formation san_juan county new_mexico united_states following previous expedition initially definitely able establish known late age member formation discovered skull eroded fragmented brown reconstructed portion called leaving fragments noticed different fragments ascribed differences crushing initially wanted found use jan visited brown change inadvertently leaked previous choice kept species leading combination publication arch canadian genus changed brown mind anatomy dinosaur snout going fragments revised previous reconstruction gave like arched nasal crest supported charles 1920s william parks designation canadian species considered synonym standard publication richard wright monograph north american time composed type species type species poorly known species marsh known age river formation montana assigned wright longer accepted late 1970s early 1980s entered discussion possible synonym particularly semi technical dinosaur david norman illustrated encyclopedia uses canadian material identifies mounted skeleton species added years argentine colleagues named bones late early los formation rio negro argentina species thought synonym splitting genera history took turn jack david separated citing uncertainty associated partial skull described new_mexico claimed belonged showed different following year adrian hunt lucas skull genus creating adrian hunt lucas american named derived ancient native american people greek word famous cliff dwellings canyon near location fossil remains term actually language word enemy ancestors species named honor jack american described skull skull known specimen collected late 1970s young university field party working san_juan county housed originally assigned skull hunt lucas find features limited material judged genus skull features appear share unique features given new opinion supported later authors authors agreed thomas particular defending original interpretation subsequent studies recognized distinct genera comprehensive study known material published albert upheld status distinct genus found type specimens indistinguishable comparing overlapping elements bones preserved specimens regarded synonym retained distinct species lasted 1910s led distorted picture original material represented canadian material complete representations discussions 1920s actually applicable includes example james discussion ornamentation adaptation public illustrated encyclopedia discovered member formation formation dates late stages late cretaceous period million years ago source like species formation interpreted river appearing retreat western interior conifers dominant plants appear common presence northern latitude fossil sites represent exchange distinct northern southern late cretaceous north_america taxa uncommon outside southern members fauna geographic range remains north_america expanded discovery bones late age formation texas including skull additionally partial skull mexico referred partial skeleton basin mexico described jim colleagues considered skeleton larger known specimens meters long curved represents largest known documented north american unfortunately nasal bones incomplete skull remains material 1930s brown described species inhabited late formation formation texas formation flood plain type environment time cretaceous noted fossils unknown species specimen genus lived alongside numerous species including possible species included possible species armored environment included smaller like species non dinosaur species shared environment included giant species fishes rays amphibians turtles like multiple species mammals like diet feeding large eating plants sophisticated skull permitted grinding motion analogous teeth continually replacing packed dental batteries contained hundreds teeth relative handful use time plant material broad held jaws cheek like organ feeding ground meters separate genus resources similar contemporaneous unknown nasal crest nasal crest true form variety social functions identification sexes species social ranking air flanking visual signaling


pronunciation known north indian city banks india kilometres south east state capital kilometres east spiritual capital india seven sacred cities played important role development buddhism lies national highway connects delhi served junction international airport grew important industrial centre famous silk ivory works sculpture believed founded buddhism gave sermon setting motion wheel nearby city religious importance continued grow 8th century established worship official sect despite muslim rule remained centre activity hindu intellectuals middle ages contributed reputation cultural centre religion education wrote epic poem lord life called ram major figures movement born including guru visited trip played large role founding 16th century experienced cultural revival muslim emperor invested city built large temples dedicated modern built 18th century kings kingdom given official status continued dynasty governed area indian independence city governed municipal corporation represented parliament india current prime minister india won elections huge margin silk weaving crafts tourism employ significant number local population diesel locomotive works heavy limited hospital established cultural centre north india thousand years closely associated believe death city bring salvation making major centre pilgrimage city known worldwide steps stone river bank pilgrims perform ritual particular note dead fort near eastern bank built 18th century style architecture carved open scenic estimated temples temple temple temple chief cultural patron essential religious celebrations educational musical centre prominent indian philosophers poets writers musicians live lived city place form classical music developed asia largest residential universities hindu university hindi language nationalist newspaper published etymology traditional etymology links names tributaries forming city borders flowing northern today small stream southern city near old city located north shores bounded ancient indian sacred collection sanskrit hymns city referred sanskrit verbal root shine making known city light city eminent seat learning pilgrims dating days hindu religious texts use refer sanskrit shining sanskrit sanskrit forest bliss sanskrit place resides millennium city known 1950s indian government decided return sanskrit form predominant form locally history according legend founded god heroes hindu epic said visited city search sin committed climactic war regarded seven holy cities provide seven cities known liberation archaeological evidence archaeological evidence earliest known settlements valley suggest began 20th century placing world oldest continually inhabited cities according kenneth archaeological remains suggest area populated people oldest known text referencing city dates approximately period suggests area populated indigenous tribes possible archaeological evidence previous inhabitants discovered recent excavations sites near suggesting inhabited time ancient period grew important industrial centre famous silk ivory works sculpture time capital kingdom believed founded buddhism gave sermon setting motion wheel nearby celebrated chinese traveller known visited city attested city centre religious artistic activities extended kilometres western bank visited 7th century named wrote city temples monks city religious importance continued grow 8th century established worship official sect medieval period founder dynasty second capital birth period connected road starting ending ordered hindu temples destroyed remained centre activity intellectuals middle ages contributed reputation cultural centre religion education major figures movement born including born 15th century socio religious reformer mystic poet traveller spiritual figure born lived city employed industry modern history present similarly numerous eminent scholars visited city india south asia guru visited trip played large role founding experienced hindu cultural revival 16th century muslim emperor invested city built large temples dedicated established metre bridge completed period earliest tourists began arriving city 16th century french traveller jean described architectural beauty temple road infrastructure improved period extended emperor later british came known famous grand trunk road emperor ordered destruction temples building causing city experience temporary setback death india ruled confederacy pro hindu kings modern built time especially 18th century kings kings governing continued power importance british period including kingdom given official status continued dynasty governed area indian independence reign 18th century muhammad ordered construction observatory attached man designed discover calendar order revise existing astronomical tables tourism city began flourish 18th century rule british governor general warren hastings duncan founded sanskrit college establishment municipal board led significant improvements city infrastructure basic amenities health services drinking water supply author mark said older history older tradition older legend looks twice old british new indian state capital jurisdiction city religious head headquarters fort 18th century history kings situated east deeply revered local people chief cultural patron devout inhabitants consider incarnation british_army committed massacre indian troops city residence early stages indian rebellion annie founded central hindu college later foundation creation hindu university founded central hindu college wanted bring men religions ideal brotherhood order promote indian cultural values remove ill different sections indian population ceded union india incorporated territories united provinces died current king resident fort geography climate geography located elevation metres centre valley north india eastern state left crescent shaped bank averaging metres metres river city headquarters district road located kilometres south east new delhi kilometres south east kilometres east kilometres south urban seven urban sub units covers area approximately city include guru located plains north india land fertile low level floods continually soil located rivers stream distance miles serves sacred route visit temple climate experiences humid subtropical climate climate classification large variations summer winter temperatures dry summer starts april lasts june followed monsoon season july october temperature ranges summers winters large variations warm days downright cold nights cold waves region cause temperatures dip city winter december february temperatures uncommon average annual rainfall fog common winters hot dry winds called blow summers recent years water level decreased significantly upstream dams water extraction glacial sources global warming blame administration politics law governed number bodies important municipal corporation development authority responsible master planning city water supply sewage system operated represented parliament india current prime minister india won elections huge margin healthcare great surgeon author sanskrit text surgery lived practised medicine surgery 5th century subject training hindu university separate college established centres like centre provide treatments methods hospital operates treatment centre association ltd hospitals including heritage hospital hospital hospital hospital ram krishna mission hospital hospital hospital managed state largest hospital sir hospital university hospital having beds separate trauma centre having beds hospital medical research centre separate cancer institute operated hospital established hospital beds serves surrounding districts states rely surgery hospital suffers lack funding facilities ray lab urban portion district infant mortality rate live public maintenance high population density increasing number tourists government international non governmental organisations institutions expressed grave concern pollution pressures infrastructure city mainly sewage drainage components pollution particular source worry religious significance river dependence people source drinking water prominence symbol city sewage problem exacerbated role bathing river traffic difficult control sewage people local water higher risk contracting range water borne stomach diseases parts contaminated industrial chemicals including toxic heavy metal studies sewage treatment plants identify water contamination metals reuse water irrigation way toxic metals come plants people grow food studied example popular vegetable takes heavy metal soil people eat contains minerals water attractive use local farming persistent spread water sewer treatment farms water supply sewage system maintained subsidiary power supply power corporation limited city produces litres imp gal gal day sewage tonnes long tons short tons day solid waste solid disposed site demographics according provisional data census urban population men women population urban ratio females males area population ratio females males literacy rate urban municipal corporation area approximately people municipal area live economy according city development plan approximately population employed approximately employed manufacturing work trade commerce work services work transport communication work agriculture work construction marginal workers working half year manufacturing workers work spinning weaving work metal work printing publishing work electrical machinery rest work wide variety industry sectors manufacturing industry developed dominated small scale industries household production silk weaving dominant industry muslims influential community industry nearly half million working finishers weaving typically household muslims known india production fine silk gold silver thread work weddings special occasions production silk uses child labour higher rate india silk weaving industry recently threatened rise power computer generated designs competition chinese silk imports metal manufacturing sector diesel locomotive works major employer heavy limited large power equipment manufacturer operates heavy equipment maintenance plant major manufactured traded include hand wooden clay toys gold jewellery musical instruments important agricultural products include leaves solidified milk tourism second important industry million domestic foreign tourists visit annually respectively commonly religious purposes domestic tourists west majority foreign tourists sri_lanka japan peak tourist season falls october march total beds available city half inexpensive budget hotels overall tourist infrastructure developed prominent mall area mall mall city banks including bank bank bank bank central bank india corporation bank indian overseas bank state bank india notable landmarks apart archaeological sites identified archaeological survey india prominent places interest mosque pillar art museum temple central university studies temple temple temple temple new temple campus fort temple observatory constructed located adjacent near palace equipped delhi unique functional allows measurements monitored recorded person fort fort located near eastern bank opposite built 18th century cream coloured sandstone fort typical example architecture carved open scenic present fort disrepair fort museum history kings cited eccentric museum contains rare collection american vintage cars chairs impressive weaponry hall rare clock addition manuscripts especially religious writings housed museum fort books illustrated miniature style collections scenic location banks frequently outdoor shooting location films world renowned steps stone river bank pilgrims perform ritual integral complement hindu concept represented physical supernatural elements bathing pilgrims significant hindu ceremony exclusively hindu sites steps lead banks including dead associated hindu legends privately owned built city control constructed patronage bathing sites morning boat ride popular tourist attraction extensive stretches enhance multitude temples palaces built tier tier water edge main probably oldest located close temple believed created welcome sacrificed horses performed adjacent temples dedicated important pilgrimage sites group priests perform sanskrit worship fire daily evening dedication sun fire entire universe special held religious festivals primary site hindu city adjoining raised platforms death anniversary rituals according myth said wife fell fourth century period inscriptions mention current permanent riverside embankment built renovated times existence temples located banks river believed temples near river banks ancient temple temples information religion estimated temples temples popular worship temple temple temple known reside large trees nearby temple temples temple destroyed rebuilt times existence mosque adjacent temple original site temple temple known golden temple built queen temple covered gold donated ruler dome scheduled receive gold plating proposed initiative ministry culture religious affairs numerous rituals prayers held daily temple temple situated river sacred temples hindu god present temple built early 1900s indian independence figure founder hindu university according hindu legend temple built spot medieval hindu saint vision march terrorist attack explosions hit temple wedding progress resulted injuries people apart deaths following attack permanent police post installed inside temple temples named built 16th century exact date known sanskrit meaning pond pool built 18th century large number hindu visit worship goddess temple built architectural style multi stained red representing red colour building rectangular tank water called meaning pond pool annual celebrations act depicting god recreated temple located nearby temple dedicated goddess food temple adjacent dedicated goddess remedy temple large sculpture lion cluster smaller temples dedicated planets temples note temple dedicated national india inaugurated temple temple new temple located campus temple temple temple religion dedicated 23rd born idol temple black colour height located centre city hindu university belongs sect holy pilgrimage centre significant historical value particular note constructed components hindu destroyed auspices subsequent muslim invaders rulers known mosque mosque mosque built emperor destroying hindu temple sanskrit knowledge mosque derived located mosque remains temple seen foundation columns rear mosque façade mosque modelled partially entrance mosque administered aim mosque built 17th century emperor ruins hindu temple hindu temple destroyed dedicated built emperor captured ordered total destruction hindu temples built mosque ruins temple named mosque title adopted emperor empire mosque located prominent site facing mosque blend islamic hindu architecture particularly lower walls mosque having built fully remains hindu temple mosque high damaged crashed killing people officially brought stability concerns non muslims allowed enter mosque mosque security police force guru guru ultimate place pilgrimage religious headquarters followers religion foundation stone laid june day birthplace guru temple completed culture literature culture fine art literature renowned indian writers resided city wrote ram wrote best known account 15th century later writers city included ali newspapers journals published successor weekly journal published june main newspaper hindi language nationalist newspaper published newspaper indian national congress major newspaper hindi northern india art major centre arts designs producer gold silver thread work carpet weaving wooden toys glass ivory work artistic brass copper variety graveyard british location arts crafts artists musicians dancers historians belonged city krishna khan musicians music music tradition traced days according ancient legend credited evolving music dance forms medieval era movement grew popularity thriving centre musicians rule 16th century style singing received royal patronage led related forms music presently working revival art music recent times native famous classical singer widely appreciated respected musical associated great khan famous player given highest civilian award country joined global cities music creative cities network chosen music category creative cities network clearly signifies rich musical heritage ancient city festivals february procession proceeds temple temple day musical festival devoted style held february march temple celebrates march april birthday special public procession organised temple organised day classical music dance concert festival named iconic artists parts india invited perform dramatic enactment legend told plays sponsored performed evening days day festivities reach demon king started tradition celebrated fourth lunar day dark fortnight hindu month october november commemorates victory krishna occasion large tree branch planted banks boy playing role krishna jump river representing stands dancing pose playing flute audience watches banks river boats celebrates meeting younger brother return years exile celebrated october november day festival attends festival attire festival attracts large number day music festival organised tourism department held november december day called festival occasion attended thousands pilgrims release lamps float river year primary muslim festivals celebrated city additional festivals include non religious festival observed muslims marriage education historically centre education india attracting students scholars country overall literacy rate male literacy female literacy home number colleges universities notably site hindu university largest residential universities asia students indian institute technology designated institute national importance indian technology colleges universities include arabic college institute integrated management technology sanskrit university college autonomous college engineering colleges established outskirts city joseph convent school established sisters lady providence france catholic christian minority institution approval government autonomous organisation bishop diocese provides education catholic christian children rules important institution central hindu school established annie july objective secular education located reputed schools country largest schools affiliated central board secondary education open students culture schools affiliated indian certificate secondary education board technical education board overall state education good schools vary widely quality private schools government schools government schools teachers fail come class teach children government schools lack basic equipment sufficient chairs students private schools vary quality expensive conducting lessons english seen key children success having computers classrooms pupils attending expensive private schools tended come upper class families lower cost private schools attracted children lower income families lower income families higher education aspirations government schools tend serve lower class children lower education aspirations sport basketball cricket field hockey popular sports main stadium city stadium known stadium class cricket matches held local cricket matches played ground sports complex physical education faculty arts offers diploma courses sports management sports sports psychology sports journalism popular indian girls practice outdoors hosts morning exercise dip visit lord forms daily ritual despite concerns water quality swimming clubs offer swimming lessons district chess sports association based affiliated regional chess sports association autonomous college known world class athletes like transport connected air rail road major factors access parts country city mobility provided cycle certain restrictions old town area city served international airport approximately city centre airport inaugurated new terminal granted international airport status october air india air jet jet operate flights delhi mumbai passengers pass airport year junction commonly known railway station city largest train station passengers trains pass day important express trains operating junction railway station express runs junction distance kilometres express runs new delhi railway station express called express runs distance kilometres connects capital city express runs lies national highway connects delhi national highway connects northeast national highway connects northwest national highway longest national highway india important road connecting southern india passing cities salem auto cycle widely available forms public transport old city outer regions city buses common available twin towns sister cities japan


town second grade municipality district south indian state tamil located island separated mainland india channel kilometres island sri_lanka situated gulf tip indian peninsula island known island connected mainland india bridge terminus railway line considered places india pilgrimage said place hindu god built bridge sea rescue wife temple dedicated hindu god located centre town closely associated temple town considered holy pilgrimage site closest point reach sri_lanka india geological evidence suggests land connection india sri_lanka town news shipping canal project tamil refugees capturing local fishermen alleged cross border activities forces administered municipality established town covers area km2 population tourism fishery employ majority workforce legend means lord sanskrit epithet presiding deity temple according hindu epic seventh avatar god prayed sins committed war demon king sri_lanka according hindu scriptures advice wife brother installed iconic symbol sin incurred killing worship wanted largest directed monkey lieutenant bring took longer bring built small believed temple account supported original authored tamil version authored tamil poet support account found later versions penned 15th century place island believed built floating stone bridge bridge continued till sri_lanka according version quoted installed construction bridge history history centred island transit point reach sri_lanka ceylon historically presence temple 7th 8th century tamil compositions prominent king control town short period kingdom close connections island claimed title meaning state religion generous contribution temple coins inscriptions marker dynasty according head general ruler delhi reached political campaign spite stiff resistance princes early 14th century erected mosque din honour victory islam early 15th century present day included dynasty town came rule empire ruled contributed temple notable contributions transformed temple architectural ensemble region repeatedly captured times khan middle 18th century came direct control british east india company annexed madras presidency town independent india geography average elevation metres feet island spread area square kilometres shape area sandy soil presence sea islands surrounding north west gulf south east temple occupies major area beach featured waves sea waves rise maximum height view looks like big river dry tropical climate low humidity average monthly rainfall north east monsoon october january highest temperature recorded station lowest bridge chain limestone island northwestern coast sri_lanka geological evidence suggests bridge land connection india sri_lanka bridge miles long separates gulf north east south west reportedly foot 15th century storms deepened channel temple records record bridge completely sea level broke cyclone bridge mentioned ancient indian sanskrit epic bridge sanskrit bridge refers bridge built men army hindu mythology reach rescue wife demon king attributes building bridge verse naming sea separating india sri_lanka called meaning sea bridge maps prepared dutch available library area form tamil temple maps historical sources travel texts polo area names demographics according census population sex ratio females males national average total age males females scheduled scheduled tribes accounted population respectively average literacy town compared national average town total households total workers comprising main agricultural labourers house hold industries workers marginal workers marginal marginal agricultural labourers marginal workers household industries marginal workers total number households poverty lane total households town raised religious census muslims christians following religions municipal administration politics according madras presidency act declared union british times township declared municipality 3rd grade municipality having general women reserved scheduled women major sources income municipality comes fund million million property tax million major expense heads salaries million million operating expenses million repair maintenance expenditure million functions municipality departments general engineering revenue public health town planning computer wing departments control municipal commissioner supreme executive head legislative powers body members legislative body headed elected assisted deputy comes assembly constituency member tamil legislative assembly years current constituency constituency realigned following assembly newly created constituency traditionally stronghold indian national congress won times till elections won twice india anna current member parliament constituency party india renowned scientist president india born economy pilgrimage town majority population involved tourism related industry consisting trade services service sector increased agricultural sector reduced backward town industrial land ecological fragile geography island town traditional occupation fishing poor returns people fishing community gradually shifted banks state bank india indian bank bank branches transport communication bridge bridge connects mainland india railway bridge opened traffic railroad bridge double leaf bridge section raised let ships pass railway bridge historically carried metre gauge trains indian railways upgraded bridge carry broad gauge trains project finished august historically leaves bridge opened manually workers ships cargo carriers coast guard ships fishing vessels oil pass bridge month completion bridge metre gauge lines laid station railway lines directions miles branch line miles terminating noted boat mail ran track passengers ferried ceylon metre gauge branch line junction abandoned destroyed cyclone daily express trains connecting major cities tamil like weekly express trains connecting passenger trains daily making railways major mode transportation national highway main connecting link mainland prior train service linking mainland boats mode transport island national highway connects linking major towns like district municipality covers total road length national highway covering percent town tamil state transport corporation runs daily services connecting cities operates reservation centre municipal bus stand important port ports district having ferry service sri_lanka operational year limited foreign trade conducted tower tallest tower india tower tall circular concrete tower square steel mast height diameter tapering tower designed wind velocity lighthouse lighthouse education utility services district lowest literacy rates state tamil following district statistics lower literacy rate couple government high schools boys girls seven schools school provide excellent education island secure district state level ranks board exams frequently joseph higher secondary school union school micro school holy island little flower school school university evening college college present town nearest colleges located electricity supply town regulated distributed circle tamil electricity board water supply provided municipality head works located distributed head tanks having total capacity litres metric tonnes solid waste collected town day zones covering town system disposal disposal system consists tanks public drains carry sewage town let raw sea low lying area comes circle limited india state owned internet services provider apart provides internet service major internet service provider like reliance religion hindu pilgrimage centre form visitor base city minority christians belonging fishing community island mission church church eastern shore island prominent churches island temple temple notable historic landmark town located centre town temple famous hindu temple dedicated god temple form meaning pillar light temples hymns revered saints 7th century saints temple current structure built 12th century dynasty temple longest corridor hindu temples india breadth corridors varies feet height feet pillar sculpted style temple contribution kings dynasty 17th century temple considerable large money spent tenure restoration falling ruins temple reconstructed rulers sri_lanka contributed temple involved construction temple eastern tower shrine built second enclosure ascribed son enclosure constructed statue located entrance corridor temple tanks holy water bodies according important form tanks wells temple bathing tanks major aspect pilgrimage considered equivalent tanks temple foremost called sea bay king birds fought vain demon king save said fallen wings severed literally translates buried bow located kilometres main temple way believed place bow sea water major holy bodies situated north temple highest point island hall feet found imprint wheel temple located southernmost tip island houses temple dedicated washed away cyclone temple remained intact way centre town reached road popular belief brother surrendered epic hindu pilgrimage significant pilgrimage considered incomplete pilgrimage town temple hindu divine sites sites comprising origins clearly known school established attributes origin monasteries located corners india attendant temples temple north temple east temple west temple south temples divided pilgrimage hindu affair journey cardinal points india considered sacred visit temples lifetime traditionally trip starts eastern end proceeding clockwise direction manner typically followed hindu temples temple famous pilgrimage sites historically kings ruled established rest houses donated temple interaction sri_lanka frequently headlines fishermen issues like attack arrest alleged harassment navy alleged cross border activities canal project tamil refugees smuggling india sri_lanka initial step curb enhanced smuggling tamil government set marine police stations bring state entire coastal belt close tamil refugees intense civil war sri_lanka post acted focal points smuggling intense patrolling carried period total registered refugees dwelling refugee camps situated different parts tamil majority enter additional non camp refugees entered registered transit camp opted reside outside camps parts tamil march record number refugees boats arrived sri_lanka largest number refugees arriving single day ethnic violence july october estimated refugees reported camp assassination prime minister india registered refugee camp september fishery island significant population involved fishery traditionally cases fishermen allegedly killed arrested navy maritime borders india sri_lanka time civil war face tension january bound train attack soldiers civilians killed fishermen venture seas spelling acute fishermen family estimated fishermen killed sea shoot outs army attributed killings liberation tigers tamil casualty continues end region tamil state government increased compensation casualty original single prosecution killings committed far indian judiciary cases filed attributed fact people killed maritime boundary india eligible compensation file complaints navy indian judiciary provisions prosecute foreigners little progress diplomatic involved indian government ventured use technology like use global positioning system gps fishermen enabling alert mobile phones crossing waters navy confirmed reports indian fishermen international boundary depleted catch indian waters yearly day ban fishery region fishing ban year effective months april largest landing centre fishing boats region usually comes alive ban arrival fishermen boat captains shore workers native places sea world natural habitat lying opposite bus stand having assortment underwater creatures kind state filled varied marine life forms including exotic species focal point tension indian governments use island north belonging sri_lanka accord allows fishermen countries resting nets island repeated allegations attacks navy occasions killed indian fishermen prevented making island annual day saint anthony island draws huge number people fishermen community countries number pilgrims function crossed largest attendance past decades feast provides opportunity indian fishermen meet counterparts exchange views mutual problems event served meeting point find countries practice stopped 90s political fishermen family living different countries canal project shipping canal project proposes linking bay gulf india sri_lanka creating shipping canal shallow sea called chain islands variously known ram bridge organisations opposing religious environmental economical grounds parties organisations support implementation project alternative considered earlier damaging structure considered sacred remaining project held march supreme_court order seeking central government clarify status bridge national monument


level city city level city january main administrative divisions autonomous region china covers area square kilometres rugged sparsely populated terrain level city contains districts district district level city roughly corresponds basin river major tributary river lies unit crust plate continent india collided asia million years ago pushed high contains complex pattern faults active temperature generally warm summer rises freezing sunny days winter rain falls summer areas northern grazing sheep goats river valleys support agriculture crops wheat vegetables wildlife abundant includes rare snow leopard black crane mining caused environmental problems divided seven rural counties district contains main urban area census gave total population ethnic han chinese population time mainly concentrated urban areas level city traversed major highways railway terminates city large dams river deliver hydroelectric power smaller dams station population served primary schools basic medical facilities advanced facilities lacking buddhism monastic life dominant aspects local culture 7th century monasteries destroyed cultural revolution restored serve tourist attractions geography location lies south central north level city kilometres east west kilometres north south covers area square kilometres bordered north east south level city west level city roughly corresponds basin river center politically economically culturally district center terms transport communications education religion developed major tourist destination sights palace temple river basin level city roughly corresponds basin river major tributary river exceptions north county crosses watershed mountains includes lake county covers basin river direct tributary river basin separated valley south range largest tributary river originates mountains elevation metres flows southwest past monastery river drains area square kilometres largest tributary middle section average altitude basin metres basin complex geology active earthquakes common annual runoff cubic metres water quality good little discharge sewage minimal chemical river forms smaller rivers converge flows county rises monastery highest tributary rises metres southern slope mountains upper reaches river flows southeast deep valley lower river valley changes direction southwest river expands width metres major tributaries lower reaches include river river mouth valley miles wide bulk water supplied summer monsoon rains fall july september floods summer july september annual runoff flowing september winter river low water total flow cubic kilometres average flow cubic metres second total potential river basin power station county delivers power station county total installed capacity geology lies gives thought block plate collision indian plate separated south north consisted blocks north block south block blocks joined late moved northward collided collision began end late collision activity continued early late cretaceous period shortened kilometres collision caused peripheral basin form north parts basin north oceanic crust caused formed continued southern margin southern half terrain contact india began continents continue converge continued arc late significant shortening collision progressed south experienced early late presumably collision continents india rocks region include rocks granite cretaceous rocks deeply eroded rocks exposed canyon range age result relatively recent rocks older rocks parts ocean floor pushed plateau formed marble slate sea fossils found river houses slate basin lies range northwest south field central half fault depression basin caused fault zone mountains detachment fault began form reservoir basically basin large granite basin filled glacial deposits north sediments south fluid flows horizontally reservoir faults basin chemical analysis thermal fluid indicate shallow seated activity far field ice ages million years plateau covered expanded polar ice cap times ice moved eroded rock filling river gravel sections rivers cut gravel flow swiftly bedrock areas large fallen rivers formed climate valley roughly latitude southern united_states altitude metres course cooler central river valleys warm summer months winter temperature freezing sunny days climate semi arid monsoon low average temperature average annual precipitation millimetres falling june september period typically hours sunshine year cooler northern regions warmer south annual figures studies temperature precipitation data indicate higher temperatures leading longer snow free periods lower elevations higher levels precipitation increased despite warming snow free period shorter environment population lives southern valleys including higher regions nomadic tend sheep goats hills high valleys lower parts possible products include wheat black beans potatoes tomatoes traditional staple food flour called combined tea paste visitor described valley follows plain riding wonderfully south river smaller stream north flows miles west land carefully means cross channels rivers fields rape lie orderly series meadows near water display richest green willow combine grassy stretches places appearance scene villages lands fertile plain truly besieging army region abundant wildlife great numbers species valley support populations hundreds black cranes reservoir lies township county reservoir bordered large swamps wet meadows abundant plants reservoir lies valley largest total storage cubic metres endangered black cranes migrate middle southern winter seen reservoir region wildlife includes deer deer brown bear snow leopard duck medicinal plants include indian chinese fungus mushroom dams river built rivers development project unlikely affect flow india climate soil unsuitable large scale irrigation converted farms fed dams result damage environment wetland county vulnerable grazing climate change extensive mining mountainous regions turned areas green grey authorities reported suppressed protests local people military personnel involved efforts protect improve environment including programs study reported non monsoon season levels river higher drinking water source pollution water field power station detected kilometres downstream site administrative divisions level city consists district counties district district contains urban area lies river valley floor district district located middle reaches river land rises north south river kilometres east west kilometres north south district bordered district west county east county north county lies south district elevation metres covers square kilometres urban built area covers square kilometres average annual temperature annual precipitation millimetres falling july september chinese takeover city population large monasteries city included old city formed square kilometres temple kilometre east palace period reforms introduced old city left largely intact functional compounds containing symmetrical dormitory type buildings living working built apart city main roads city expanded cover square kilometres official population official census gave total population lived areas administered sub districts residential committees urban rural based place origin urban area filled natural river valley district book estimated thirds city residents non government states district ethnic district district contains western suburbs city begin kilometres city center covers area square kilometers acres farmland county borders north northwest valley river leads south river kilometres length south county occupies south bank river county average elevation metres highest elevation metres lowest point metres frost free days annually annual mean temperature temperatures january falling annual precipitation millimetres autumn rainfall millimetres county rich kings source food seat government town kilometres downtown people households people engaged farming people ethnic people ethnicity living main mineral resources coal iron clay lead monastery built treated regional cultural reserve monastery home located township built 5th county county total area square kilometres average elevation metres sea level descends higher ground north south metres lowest river valley average temperature days free frost average rainfall millimetres precipitation falls summer total population main occupation agriculture capita income farmers schools county including junior high school time teachers county hospital township hospitals highway china national highway runs county main monasteries monastery county county area square kilometres rugged topography population active october earthquake measuring magnitude scale reported november moderate scale shook office windows casualties houses damaged extreme northeast county lake area square kilometres lies county great lakes plateau mountains extend northwest county mount highest peak region metres mountains define watershed northern southern valley elevation metres runs parallel mountains southeast sloping northwest southeast county total area prairie valley cold dry winter cool wet summer variable weather average annual temperature frost free days land frozen start november following march pasture days growth average annual precipitation millimetres natural cover hectares acres considered excellent people engaged livestock including sheep goats horses highway china national highway runs east west county railway station links county city south large field generating units deliver kilowatts city south transmission line follows river south district monastery kilometres county seat meditation room carved stone years old monastery historically seat monastery destroyed cultural revolution later rebuilt county county located northeast metropolitan includes river valley upper reaches river covers area km2 county complex average elevation metres administrative center town county total population lived community designated urban non agricultural registration agricultural registration south valley average elevation metres mild climate average temperature northern rivers section crossed river tributary river mountainous average elevation metres average annual temperature pastoral sheep goats valley main grain producing region level city total hectares acres land crops include winter wheat spring wheat vegetables potato livestock includes sheep goats horses capita income farmers valley long history pottery making products include flower mining important source income government plans actively promote tourism power station operational called county center buddhism thirty seven including monks monastery built student earliest monastery sect seat sect county county located middle upper sections river west mountain mountain metres forms watershed river river runs township tributary river county kilometres east area square kilometres average elevation metres annual average temperature frost free days year annual rainfall millimetres china national highway runs county east west power station river came operation september total population people households great majority engaged farming population ethnic seat government west county people depend farming development efforts include increased farm animal production vegetables breeding programs crops include winter wheat spring wheat green potatoes greenhouse crops economy driven mineral extraction expected account total tax revenue employing people traditional folk include pottery willow wooden objects gold silver items county especially noted pottery retains heat ethnic style year old history monastery sect founded disciple monastery home school sect ruined palace south county built 6th century gained control area county county located middle section kilometres mainly agricultural pastoral area square kilometres average elevation metres river flows county north south river forms southern boundary highest point peak metres sea level lowest point river elevation metres county temperate semi arid plateau monsoon climate frost free days annual rainfall millimetres county headquarters town county seat metres sea level total population people engaged agriculture capita income farmers reached 7th century producing printing materials clay based wooden sole shoes long tradition making paper printing texts dates period county china museum text temples monks monastery known 16th century murals depicting county county total area square kilometres average elevation metres county valley relatively flat rises mountains north river runs south eastern county confluence river forms southern boundary county lowest elevation metres highest summit elevation metres county days year frost annual precipitation millimeters county headquarters town fifth census recorded population county seat growing fast people china national highway runs county west bridges span river river county semi agricultural crops grown mainly highland winter wheat spring wheat produced animal strong main animals farmed including cattle goats sheep horses pigs chickens capita net income farmers temple located county said founded pupil demographics demographics level city difficult define precisely way administrative boundaries drawn way statistics collected population level city ethnic ethnic han chinese approximately people live city towns near district remainder live rural areas ethnicity census following breakdown population level city census counts people district registered han agricultural outside district rural han populations county county near metropolitan district urban towns han populations metropolitan district han population ranged southern rural township city street offices han migrants accounted population held higher percentage higher status office service sector jobs dominated construction mining trade according november census ethnic distribution level city follows administrative divisions metropolitan district includes built area counts urban rural counties contain urban towns municipality official census figures census figures differ considerably statistical period includes registered population counts based place origin place residence census approach similar numbers misleading census tried count people actually present months census distinguishes agricultural non agricultural registration reflect actual people agricultural registration fact work city town census taken november ethnic han workers seasonal industries construction away finally census count military infrastructure highways china national highway enters level city east mountain reaches elevation metres highway runs county east west continues south bank river county crosses north river district runs center urban district turns south cross district joined continues west river county north shore county onward west china national highway highway runs county northeast southwest turns southeast runs district river valley join china national highway west airport expressway airport expressway autonomous region construction began april expressway kilometres long lanes railroad railway runs level city highway county district terminates railway station new area township terminus line station metres sea level largest passenger transport station includes clinic oxygen treatment facilities station uses solar energy heating bridge links central railway station newly developed new area district south bank river residents area way new development power station established exploit field power station built largest steam power plant china electricity began delivered transmission line followed river main power supply station came operation end steam turbo generators installed station capacity giving total field delivers kilowatts million kilowatts annually city south power station called dam river township county kilometres elevation feet sea level upstream dam feet rock fill dam cubic metres water power station total installed capacity power station lies middle lower reaches river called river kilometres northeast county elevation feet sea level downstream power station dam rock fill dam metres tall cubic metres water installed capacity facilities rural counties generally numerous primary schools village level high levels attendance secondary school schools county including junior high school primary secondary school buildings county county high school primary schools village schools county primary secondary schools including junior high school county county middle school primary schools outside understand chinese language natural language basic instruction affected availability teachers preference local administration bilingual mode instruction changed giving instruction chinese counties near examination results poor subjects mathematics physics marks dropped change township seats small clinic health station usually poorly supplied county hospital township hospitals county seven hospitals including county hospital total beds drug rehabilitation center constructed county planned provide rehabilitation psychological therapy job training drug county health care establishments including county people hospital beds selected cooperative medical system experimental site resulted high percentage people health care coverage county county hospital medical staff rural health centers village local television stations broadcasting television center county local radio television station coverage received population radio population county television available population radio county television station county county population received radio coverage received television fixed line telephone subscribers rugged high altitude terrain makes expensive provide telecommunications services mobile phone service launched base station late mobile phones expensive status symbols mobile phones internet usage grown fast sole prison sentenced political prisoners tar prison called prison neighborhood stands men serving sentences years labor camp men serving shorter sentences institutions prisoners held investigated undergo reform labor temples monasteries buddhism adopted official religion king died time rise sweeping away buddhism india land birth centuries buddhism established center religion buddhism influence lives people monastery founded buildings arranged pattern monastery story monastery completed consecrated seven took monastic vows ceremony marked start long tradition monastic buddhism early foundations county known meditation cave connected cliffs contain earliest known meditation sites dating pre buddhist times number small temples queen founded temple district sacred temple built 7th century transferred capital designed house image queen brought later rulers enlarged elaborated temple temple north considered important temple completed time monastery small monastery located larger temple city seat state main residence monastery destroyed persecution buddhism rebuilt monastery sect time 3rd middle period temple southwest kilometres county seat kilometres county sources built monastery expanded death pupil version says raised funds build temple commemorate old friend built monastery county earliest monastery sect seat sect force sacked monastery killed people rebuilt sect joined sect 16th century monastery adopted system monastery district built treated regional cultural reserve monastery founded 1st founder school main temple monastery sect founded county home school sect time highly influential political religious spheres destroyed led general rival sect rebuilt able regain power monastery county historically seat main monastery red hat school sect built extensive repairs additions grew major architectural complex contained large collection cultural relics red hat school died monasteries founded outside tradition include monastery school founded county monastery school founded 16th century county foundations monastery built initiative founder sect important sect kilometres slopes mountain elevation metres south bank river county mountain said shape elephant monastery includes halls palace residences buddhist colleges buildings monastery district founded main disciples named sacred south india time monastery resident monks largest world monastery smaller monastery miles north founded close disciple called great seats learning school monastery home located township county built 5th foundations include monastery county 15th century district monastery district 17th century district revolution reconstruction monasteries level city suffered damage destroyed cultural revolution military barracks cultural revolution hotel chinese officials statues taken damaged destroyed present statues recent copies designated world heritage site temple badly damaged cultural revolution restored assistance swiss temple survived cultural revolution damage able preserve valuable artifacts intervention premier request government bangladesh monastery devastated red guards cultural revolution partially restored monastery reduced rubble huge temples chanting halls rebuilt cultural revolution monastery looted collection statues manuscripts objects apart small statues monks managed hide buildings severely damaged reconstruction began seven temples rebuilt monastery destroyed cultural revolution later rebuilt monastery completely destroyed rebellion severely shelled red guard artillery monks remains buildings reduced rubble dynamite cultural revolution building continued 1980s completely destroyed largely restored huge new statue guru second floor sites valley listed tar cultural relics authority protected buildings monastery great mosque old city temple monastery northern southern eastern western temples


municipal town district tamil india located coast bay state capital district later district town covers area km2 population administered second grade municipality delta region agriculture major occupation roads main means transportation town district roads including national highway town believed significant antiquity ruled medieval later later empire british tamil trinity music originated saint foremost born seventh century history town centred temple dedicated hindu god etymology origin ancient times town different names including according hindu legend biggest submerged planet earth hindu god said carried arts called tamil presiding deity temple called carried region called hindu god believed giving region referred believed arrogance hindu god showing dominance worlds got town called modern times suburb town known early period seventh century infant believed fed milk wisdom divine mother banks temple tank child started singing anthology hymns commencing refers town verses called british rule independence renamed history earliest mention found history king age 3rd century bce 4th century believed won bloody battle 7th 8th century widespread disputes hindu belonging respectively natives disputes religious compositions period kings ruled region centuries temple patrons inscriptions kings temple record gifts like land sheep cow oil temple region fell control later kingdom region conquered enemy half brother town region british east india company century district constituted ruler ceded kingdom british east india company return throne india independence continued district newly created district geography located eastern flank ridge runs river average elevation sea level located west bay located north east north kilometres south town experiences long summers short winters receives average yearly rainfall mainly north east monsoon october december close proximity sea means receives rainfall neighbouring towns delta region irrigation channels called channels carry water rivers provide rich deposit fertile reaching sea soil black contains fertile sediment area main crop rice crops grown area landscape consists plain lands fields small portions jungle spotted deer wild fox present outlying areas town crow ordinary game birds found large numbers town indian_ocean earthquake earthquake occurred december west_coast sumatra indonesia triggering series devastating coastal fringes indian_ocean district affected tamil accounting casualties state remained unaffected quality deteriorated close water bodies heavy salt water intrusion inland demographics according census population sex ratio females males national average total age males females scheduled scheduled tribes accounted population respectively average literacy town compared national average town total households total workers comprising main agricultural labourers house hold industries workers marginal workers marginal marginal agricultural labourers marginal workers household industries marginal workers religious census muslims christians following religions following religion indicate religious preference notified persons population persons population area remained static acres km2 town residential area km2 commercial area km2 industrial area km2 public semi public area km2 undeveloped area km2 economy transport service sector provides employment town limited agriculture carried main crop rice british known kind headquarters union administration government offices located town major industries town rice mills hindu temples draw tourism activity urban bank founded april oldest bank major banks private banks branches town municipality roads roads cement roads water bound surface roads traditional mode transport late 1950s rich farmers travelled rare long journeys undertook buses motor vehicles buses main mode public transport municipality operates class bus stand bays accommodate local buses buses operated tamil state transport corporation connecting town cities tamil railway station main line daily express trains connect major cities tamil like weekly express trains connect daily passenger trains salem daily nearest airport airport education utility services english school town leipzig evangelical lutheran mission school opened lutheran mission lutheran mission earliest protestant mission founded present day promote christian knowledge region schools municipal schools higher secondary schools middle schools fourteen primary schools schools town arts science colleges best college arts science college arts science college locally called located kilometres electricity supply town regulated distributed circle tamil electricity board water supply provided municipality river distributed water tanks supply million million litres day push collect solid waste deposited marsh lands located outside town municipality implementing underground drainage current system tanks public drains carry away sewage released sea low lying areas comes circle limited india state owned telephone internet services provider provides internet service town government hospital private hospitals medical shops municipal administration politics british present day headquarters separate administrative division town declared grade municipality upgraded second grade municipality municipality elected councillor functions municipality departments general administration personnel engineering revenue public health town planning controlled municipal commissioner supreme executive head legislative powers body members legislative body headed elected assisted deputy revenue administration headquarters having revenue villages purposes state government assembly constituency member tamil legislative assembly years constituency reserved scheduled candidates assembly seat won elections anna constituency national parliament constituency assembly constituency constituted lower house elections renamed elections constituency held indian national congress party current member parliament constituency party parliament seat held twice tamil congress terms anna twice indian national congress terms law order maintained sub division tamil police headed deputy superintendent police police station town special units like prohibition enforcement district crime social justice human rights district crime records special branch operate district level police division headed superintendent police culture temple called temple ancient temple complex dedicated temple mentioned canonical work foremost saints 7th eighth century classified separate shrine celebrating miracle child crying milk different forms middle level upper level original temple enlarged period iii 11th 13th centuries year tamil month april day festival celebrated temple called dedicated form base outlying places like temples temples called revered located outskirts annual festival held january attracts thousands pilgrims tamil meaning tamil trinity music originated composed songs including town considered father library science india


japan area km2 population january area location natural harbour near links osaka bay inland sea important location history japan capital japan located area short period 12th century today area important manufacturing zone modern ward formed lit west ward city adopted system changed current boundaries settled floral emblem ward etymology literal meaning weapons warehouse period area known history pre period features natural harbour peninsula meant port important gateway inland sea 8th century period 12th century period recognized strategic benefit location developed harbor including building man island completed described size tale facto ruler japan moved official residence modern day capital japan brief period near end rule monument erected shortly death stands gardens shrine opposite bridge named honour periods period district province japan placed isolation ruling port remained important route domestic trade given importance port direct administration osaka end period port opened foreign vessels ending japan year long isolation efforts protect japan western colonial forces defence port upgraded construction battery land batteries built osaka bay design count completed months construction cost outer built granite islands inner storey structure japanese wood harvested mountains battery place designated historic site government lighthouse completed guidance father japanese englishman richard henry brought japan agreement united_kingdom build western style osaka bay original lighthouse illuminated wooden octagonal structure replaced tall story steel structure steel lighthouse moved seaside park september registered national cultural asset old lighthouse modern period september city 6th city japan adopt system dividing city area previous town lay west river lit west ward area town lay east river lit east ward january changed recognition area historic bombing world war concentration military industrial manufacturing facilities including steel aircraft company aircraft industries shipyards city primary target bombing united_states world war suffered highest fatality rate major japanese cities tokyo osaka attack bomber raid april japan success expanding territory south east asia time attack foreign aircraft expected time reported residents flags plane flew overhead thinking japanese aircraft resident ward fatality bombing day united_states changed tactics strategic bombing military sites bombing cities including use cluster bombs successful raid japan attack february bombing centred final attack eastern june united_states command determined destroyed extent attacks city required end war suffered deaths air raids suffered highest toll terms lives lost buildings destroyed earthquake january great earthquake known earthquake devastated surrounding cities region buildings collapsed earthquake large areas wooden houses buildings burnt days particularly total people died earthquake city recorded fire cause death people infrastructure significantly damaged earthquake underground station collapsed brought national route runs loss lives infrastructure saw lose significant portion population ward population failed return level years later geography bounded osaka bay south ward north ward west ward east features eastern portion network canals named canals south northern border base mountains canals generic network canals located southern coast facing osaka bay canals total length metres total area hectares making largest canal japan planned 1870s completed december canals canal canal completed built canal canal canal longest canal canal shortest canal boundary changes seven established system adopted city september following change change occurred city expanded include western portion portion lay east canals march city expanded merger town villages districts town villages district ward july villages located district merged ward october village merged ward followed village district february expansion northwards largest size encompassing august area north mountains consisting villages districts split create new reduced current size km2 economy industry main industrial areas headquartered ward large corporations including heavy industries electric heavy industries manufacturing facilities particular bullet train manufactured arts culture temples buddhist temples monuments location temple home metre tall statue festivals shrine centre close station hosts festival 10th day grand festival annual festival held january honour god commerce event people pray success business health safety family success studies obtaining employment important cultural event year festival held annually january shrine shrine people approaching age attend shrine days order undergo ritual ward spirits places worship church located neighbourhood close eastern end canal witnesses church located neighbourhood entertainment area eastern numerous cinemas theatres restaurants known western period world war sports park stadium home professional soccer professional rugby teams stadium hosted matches world cup hosts rugby world cup built site central stadium occupied location time construction central stadium rectangular ball sports stadium built japan lighting night matches hosted groups world youth championship quarter final semi final tournament stadium previously occupied site use government administered ward office located station park police station police located vicinity responsible ward excluding marine areas fall water police jurisdiction maintains police boxes ward near station ward represented seat city_council assembly april unified local elections candidates liberal democratic_party communist innovation democratic joint endorsement elected council member elected sixth term council subsequently elected council members serve council chairman representatives seat assembly april election party elected fourth term liberal democratic_party elected term national level form district house_of_representatives party represented district present recently elected 7th term december general election return diet served senior vice minister economy trade industry senior vice minister cabinet office prime minister second cabinet december september voter turnout december general election eligible voters second lowest percentage national turnout rate vote elect members house_of_representatives proportional representation block house large district covers entire total residents vote national block education following educational institutions located high schools technical high school operated government technical high school operated government university high school operated university senior high school operated city senior high school operated city junior high schools junior high schools operated city elementary schools elementary schools operated city special education special education school school physically mentally handicapped children classes children high school infrastructure transportation rail served line spur line lines municipal subway line electric railway line carries services road japan national route main arterial road area route route expressway runs national route entrance exit ramp provides connection point highways run ward include national routes utilities water utilities ward responsibility city water bureau water plant located north ward opened 7th modern plant constructed japan occupies site capable processing water day water science museum located site post office main office japan post ward located centre ward operates offices ward market city central wholesale market located island southeastern corner ward market built port fifth market opened japan market sells fruit vegetables wholesale auction operates markets restaurants retail shops site shopping mall planned open opposite market september station subway line located beneath market notable people unknown silent film actor musician unknown wrestler hide painter songwriter producer baseball player economics professor actor wrestler television presenter city councillor singer knock comedian politician