bombing bombing croatian yugoslav air_force strike official residence president croatia time croatian war independence bombing occurred october yugoslav air_force attack number targets croatian capital city civilian reported killed city district injured time attack croatian president building meeting president presidency yugoslavia prime minister yugoslavia injured attack immediate aftermath remarked attack apparently meant destroy seat croatia blamed yugoslav defence secretary general denied accusation suggested event staged croatia attack prompted international condemnation consideration economic sanctions yugoslavia presidential residence immediately moved presidential palace known villa sustained significant damage repairs started building later seat croatian government background multi party elections held croatia win raising nationalist tensions tense yugoslavia politicians left declared autonomy areas soon republic serbian intention achieving independence croatia tensions rose croatia declared independence june declaration suspended months october suspension came european economic community conference security cooperation europe urged croatia recognized independent state possibility civil war yugoslavia tensions escalated croatian war independence yugoslav people army mobilized inside croatia october yugoslav navy renewed blockade main ports croatia followed months capture yugoslav military installations events known battle barracks resulted capture significant quantities weapons ammunition equipment croatian army including armoured personnel carriers tanks artillery pieces millimetre caliber larger barracks facilities including signals centres missile base coincided end operation yugoslav forces failed occupy coastline attempt cut access rest croatia warning attack according martin defence minister croatia august july croatian army informed yugoslav air_force air base based source secret mission prepared day claims information taken seriously lack details sources assert warning conveyed croatian security intelligence system services indicating soviet_union president source information midnight night october soviet ambassador belgrade reported received government instructions warn yugoslav military attacking spent night croatian air_force air defence command post tunnel running information movement yugoslav aircraft relayed morning yugoslav general informed press superiors decide attack form pressure air raid sounded morning october yugoslav air_force deployed combat jets area numerous tip offs imminent air raids received yugoslav military bases morning yugoslav air_force jets observed taking bases near croatia bosnia flights recorded taking air base presumably low cloud cover area croatian army captured yugoslav military communications centre radar post near south yugoslav air_force control aircraft area believed event affected timing raid official residence president croatia time bombing approximately noon october met president presidency yugoslavia prime minister yugoslavia ethnic purpose meeting persuade leave position head yugoslav federal government appeared reluctant discuss need croatia independence meeting lunch attended presidential aides effort trying appeal croatian origin left lunch served moved president office continue discussion left room followed minutes lunch ended yugoslav air_force attacked targets area croatian capital city minutes left hall lunch hosted attacked approximately yugoslav jets raid carried carrying millimetre missiles super carrying mark bombs building struck mark bombs set proximity metres feet target scoring direct hits civilian reported killed aircraft area leaders injured people wounded attack facade nearly rooms damaged roof structure destroyed estimates damage inflicted building contents ranged million dollars apart buildings area sustained damage included croatian parliament building old city hall mark church museum history institute protection cultural monuments residences offices vicinity including residence swiss consul aftermath television report taped broadcast shortly bombing said attack appears meant destroy seat croatia strike concluded statements resolve end foreign occupation rebuild nation office belgrade blaming yugoslav defence secretary general attack demanded resignation threatening return belgrade office yugoslav defence ministry brushed away accusation claiming attack authorized central command suggesting event stage managed croatian authorities yugoslav military later suggested croatian leadership planted plastic explosives response situation united_states advised american nationals including journalists leave croatia state department announced consider introducing economic sanctions yugoslavia germany condemned attack calling blamed yugoslav military october independence declaration expired croatian parliament severed remaining ties yugoslavia particular session parliament held building avenue security concerns provoked recent air raid specifically feared yugoslav air_force attack parliament building bombing residence president croatia moved presidential palace known villa area funds repair approved site official residence croatian government plaque commemorating bombing placed facade years attack bombing commemorated city museum event featured independent croatia collection permanent display


action july action july minor naval engagement napoleonic wars fought southern coast island dutch_east_indies battle small british squadron attacked defeated dutch force defending valuable convoy captured british force consisting frigate hms brig sloop hms command captain edward initially wary dutch dutch east merchant ship victoria ship line closer observation revealed identity dutch vessels following day led frigate leading dutch warship engaged merchant vessels forced surrender corvette william escaped taking engagement battle series actions royal_navy squadron based madras intention eliminating dutch squadron maintained java sent java sea islands dutch ports preparation raid java larger force rear admiral sir edward later year success followed second frigate action captain peter dutch ship maria captured november admiral led main body squadron capital dutch_east_indies year later eliminated vessels dutch_east_indies squadron background dutch squadron dutch_east_indies constant threat british system trade routes napoleonic wars dutch guise kingdom holland ruled french emperor napoleon brother louis joined war britain following end peace primary function dutch_east_indies squadron suppression piracy presence threatened british shipping straits particular lucrative trade china start year china fleet large convoy british east merchant ships sailed passed south china sea journey indian_ocean eventually britain worth millions pounds convoys vital british economy faced considerable danger passing waters easy reach dutch ports java french squadron rear admiral charles java base attack china fleet attempt ended failure battle java presented clear threat british maritime interests south china sea british squadron based indian_ocean weak consider operations far main base madras remained active start sailed atlantic expeditionary force seized dutch base cape good hope securing western indian_ocean providing reinforcements allowed rear admiral sir edward begin operations dutch forces east indies action spring deploy frigates java sea instructions dutch squadron main port british ship reach java sea gun frigate hms captain edward arrived july company brig sloop hms commander edward vessels cruised search dutch activity area june successfully destroyed armed brig christian elizabeth days later captured evening july spotted sails passing separates island southern tip vessels dutch convoy islands consisting dutch national frigate guns captain dutch east india company corvette william pounder guns men captain dutch east victoria sources tons captain dutch east tons captain william battle observing dutch ships immediately gave chase responded forming ships line battle retaining close formation convoy passed coast close small dutch trading posts ordered force anchor nmi offshore prepare british attack cautious victoria particularly large ship decks appearance ship line aware large vessel easily destroy frigate halted advance stopped observe dutch convoy night maintaining position nmi force dawn able establish victoria large merchant ship warship encouraged resume attack sailed shortly ships away shore line battle ready british advance drew ahead ship line creating gap british attack directed raised french colours effort confuse dutch officers indicated wished speak dutch commander opened fire close range dutch frigate replied immediately frigates engaged cut victoria victoria ordering crew fire muskets deck response victoria pulled line engage continued fire william bringing rear dutch line pulled completely sailed coast rapidly took advantage confusion attack created passing bow ship threw sails halting ship allowing maintain position bow inflict severe damage dutch frigate coming fire damage casualties mounted joined attack gunfire dutch ship gradually finally stopped dutch flag struck mast surrendered casualties crew including local recruits engagement victoria kept constant inefficient fire waiting dutch flagship surrendered pursuit dutch merchant ships unable escape victoria surrendered sending boat possession immediately turned away sailing isolated merchant vessel captain surrendered fight superior british force william successfully escaped aftermath battle rapidly weak chase battered captured ships taken prize crews brought port south island casualties heavy men killed outright wounded including wounded later died including dutch captain men killed east seven wounded died later british losses contrast light man killed wounded wounded aftermath india prizes sold purchased royal_navy recommissioned hms long survive victory ordered britain early took passage rear admiral sir thomas flagship hms presumed drowned february entire crew disappeared hurricane western indian_ocean victory encouraging sign weakness dutch squadron october captain peter seized dutch frigate harbour following month admiral led large scale raid port eliminated dutch_east_indies squadron ships line escaped attack old poor state repair unable defend discovered destroyed


action january action january inconclusive naval battle second world war fought british_royal_navy light cruisers kriegsmarine german_navy destroyers near bergen norway battle actions british german warships norway war second surface engagement fought kriegsmarine resulted heavy damage german destroyers light damage destroyer british cruisers shortly midnight night january destroyers german 4th destroyer flotilla sailing northern norway baltic_sea intercepted british cruisers hms mauritius resulting engagement destroyers damaged gunfire german flotilla slower british ships escaped german warships eventually reached baltic delayed repairs completed norway background kriegsmarine 4th destroyer flotilla comprised class destroyers january ships stationed northern norwegian waters half years occasionally sea germany deteriorating position flotilla directed january leave norwegian waters return baltic destroyers departed 25th month royal_navy home_fleet conducted number attacks german shipping travelling coast norway january included successful attacks motor torpedo boats escorted ships january interception convoy heavy cruiser hms norfolk light cruiser hms near night january january escort carriers hms premier departed home_fleet main base scapa_flow conduct raid shipping near designated operation carriers escorted heavy cruiser hms destroyers british alerted 4th destroyer flotilla movement ultra signals intelligence commander home_fleet admiral henry moore informed destroyers sailed january shortly carriers escort sea believed german ships likely use route coastal islands shore common kriegsmarine route strike aircraft group raf attack destroyers norway waters protected naval mines coastal batteries alternatively german ships high speed night passage outside coastal islands case offshore route moore ordered vice admiral frederick hamilton commander 10th cruiser squadron sail cruisers mauritius patrol bergen home_fleet destroyers available accompany hamilton force moore considered decided carrier operation order ships available battle contrary british expectations commander 4th destroyer flotilla captain von chose faster route outside coastal islands evening january destroyers spotted attacked british aircraft whilst west continued voyage contact naval forces january time 4th destroyer flotilla proceeding south located miles nmi southwest lighthouse miles nmi northwest bergen sea calm visibility excellent moon british german forces spotted simultaneously time cruisers miles nmi west 4th destroyer flotilla sighting destroyers british ships fired star shells area turned south course parallel german ships suffered extensive damage early battle struck seven shells caused catch fire damaged compartment torpedo stations destroyed forward gun turret speed affected casualties heavy sailors killed wounded damaged commander board assumed command 4th destroyer flotilla torpedo attacks british cruisers attempt force change course successful tried launch torpedoes break attack funnel caught fire boiler tube burst suffered hit waterline period damaged decided turn north attempt british cruisers fired torpedoes flotilla turn result ships laid smoke screens attempt conceal position cruisers turned north chase german ships led running battle mauritius sustained hit mess deck cause casualties struck boat deck shell minutes later killed man wounded german destroyers capable making knots mph maximum speed knots mph mauritius knots mph result german vessels gradually pulled ahead came protection shore batteries british ships broke pursuit returned scapa_flow batteries fired aftermath early morning january 4th destroyer flotilla resumed journey south bergen entered town docks repaired departed evening january ships attacked air day suffer damage sheltered south daylight hours sea evening january eventually reached kiel germany february bergen received initial repairs included removing wreckage forward turret departed town february bound arriving safely port received repairs anti aircraft armament upgraded forward turret replaced gun mounted instead intended temporary measure remained place remainder career repairs completed eventually reached march german destroyer remaining northern norwegian waters sailed germany february ran aground route suffered damage allied black friday air raid ninth month following repairs arrived april british german navies dissatisfied results battle january british disappointed action inconclusive result admiral moore regretted decision cancel escort carrier operation destroyers attached cruiser force historians judged combination excellent visibility night january superior speed german destroyers meant british ability force result post war assessment sea lord admiral andrew endorsed tactics hamilton engagement stated size british force inadequate kriegsmarine conduct battle german naval authorities believing destroyers taken shelter coastal waters sighted allied aircraft evening january action january final battle british german warships norwegian waters world war second surface action fought kriegsmarine final engagement taking place march force torpedo boats destroyer defeated british destroyers battle sea time kriegsmarine remaining warships stationed baltic_sea supported german military operations evacuation civilians end war


air battle south_korea air battle south_korea air campaign early korean war occurring roughly june july south_korea air forces north_korea united_nations including countries south_korea united_states united_kingdom month long fight air supremacy country saw small engagements airfields seoul ultimately ended victory air_force able destroy small north korean people air_force background invasion main article initial phase korean war morning june divisions north korean people army launched scale invasion nation neighbor south republic korea force men moved columns catching republic korea army surprise resulting rout smaller south korean army suffered widespread lack organization equipment unprepared war numerically superior north korean forces destroyed isolated resistance south korean soldiers began moving steadily south prevent south_korea collapse united_nations security council voted send military forces united_states seventh fleet dispatched task force led fleet carrier uss valley forge british far_east fleet dispatched ships including hms triumph provide air naval support june naval air forces moving korea authorization attack north korean targets goal helping repel north korean invasion country forces accepting north korean attack act war evacuate civilians american diplomats korea forces north south battling peninsula june south losing battle seoul south_korea forces retreated face invasion north capture city day forcing south korean government shattered army retreat south meantime naval air forces evacuating diplomats military civilians ship air transport hoping american civilians country means civilians gathered airfield airfield near seoul moving country convoys escorted aircraft united_states operating aircraft bases japan air forces involved united_states_air_force aircraft pacific region time outbreak korean war including hundreds shooting stars numerous twin invaders hundreds aircraft available immediately mustered north korean invasion newest jet engine powered fighter aircraft aircraft fulfill variety missions equipped armed reach north korean attack bases safely japan additionally royal_air_force united_kingdom royal_australian_air_force australia provided assistance naval air squadron naval air squadron squadron raaf dispatched provide additional support ground operations combined personnel north korean people air_force consisted aircraft personnel pilots poorly trained small air forces north aircraft organized 1st air division early phase war aircraft north advantage aware air superiority republic korea air_force expecting intervention anticipated light resistance air personnel battle june outbreak war aircraft japan immediately began moving closest bases korean peninsula air base air base ordered aircraft brought korea conflict attack north korean aircraft met aircraft combat battle airfield seven north korean aircraft destroyed north korean aircraft easily superior american twin shooting star aircraft better trained pilots planes 8th fighter wing attempting defend allow evacuation civilians encountered repeated attacks north korean aircraft operating airfield main base days war aircraft authorization defend attacked conduct offensive operations north_korea raid airfield day june returned attack sorties north korean aircraft airfield morning time driven american course attacks lieutenant william lieutenant roy marsh shot north korean aircraft north able destroy single parked airfield sorties culminated battle midst conference military leaders town leaders including lieutenant general george general army douglas personally witnessed final sortie day north korean aircraft attacked aircraft town succeeded shooting north korean aircraft lieutenant fox scoring kills richard burns harry scoring ground forces downed north korean aircraft subsequent attack subsequently authorized launch strikes north_korea destroy north korean airfields establish air superiority forces soon cleared aircraft enter north_korea 8th tactical reconnaissance squadron sent aircraft scout north_korea airfields afternoon aircraft completed scouting missions bombing mission nonetheless ordered airfield invaders 3rd bombardment group took japan strikes airfield offensive action north_korea aircraft arrived airfield dark found substantial number aircraft north_korea 1st air division parked caught completely surprise aircraft subsequently placed bombs hangar line ramps areas confusion north able aircraft ground oppose flight aircraft quickly shot staff sergeant gunner aboard bombers end raid aircraft destroyed estimated north korean aircraft ground air suffering aircraft lost subsequent strikes successful strike airfield attempted attacks north korean airfields 19th bombardment group launched july strike airfield based faulty intelligence north korean aircraft north korean aircraft field damaged meantime task force launched attacks airfields downing north korean aircraft damaging july attack july flight north korean aircraft markings attacked damaged telephone station rest week north korean air forces stayed sky returned fight week later north employed guerrilla tactics aircraft continuing use markings timing strikes patrols skies july seven hidden captured airfield strikes positions day surprised damaged area july shot bombing bridges seoul attacked flight flying battle damaging end day shot july ambushed flight aircraft near forcing land ground positions persisted july north korean aircraft ground positions dropped propaganda signed prisoners war responded july attack destroying seven damaging runway airfield july task force attacked east airfields destroying north korean aircraft damaging day task force attacked destroyed north korean aircraft day near 8th fighter bomber group destroyed north korean fighters bomber damaging seven july strike destroyed process strikes aircraft shot north korean aircraft opposing attacks end day july 1st air division original aircraft intact north korean ceased resist forces july isolated engagements august final remainder north korean aircraft airfields destroyed combat aircraft seven damaged point north korean air_force considered destroyed losing aircraft possessing august september north muster sorties day isolated single aircraft air ground operations june air assets rallied ground targets aircraft day 19th bombardment group bomb targets han river 3rd bombardment group bombed targets seoul seeking slow north korean advance southward newly captured city assets attacked north korean convoys troop movements roads great effect attacks north korean aircraft rarely opposed aircraft occasions flights appeared instance engaged flight 36th fighter squadron allowing charles john thomas score victory spite bombing missions seoul north korean troops continuing advance forcing forces abandon airfield beginning july battle troops began continuous unsuccessful ground campaign north air assets close air support roles aid ground troops point bombers mounted strategic bombing missions military targets types supporting north korean ground troops including ports armor concentrations supply massive campaign ensued implications upcoming conflicts air_force navy marine_corps aviation assets arrived country increased campaigns days striking bridges strategic areas going north korean air_force lost hit power lines bombing run north korean ground troops unprepared aggressive use air power continued operate tightly packed convoys open roads allowing air forces attack repeatedly july estimated trucks tanks destroyed seoul subsequently won ground engagements battle battle north korean ground troops taking heavy losses air forces occasions mistakes july bombing squadron raaf hit south korean convoy near time aircraft began flying higher altitudes combined small arms fire north korean ground targets taking heavier toll aircraft mid july aircraft flying sorties day support ground troops point losing battle battle start battle perimeter air battle south_korea won air superiority decisively advantage battle remain unopposed skies chinese forces entered war november year aftermath spite unsuccessful ground action june august air battle south_korea considered crucial success forces able attain air superiority enemy air_force able concentrate efforts attacking north ground process inflicted significant casualties conjunction bombing missions north korean armor supplies ports greatly hampered north korean efforts perimeter contributing eventual victory ground later said victory short sweet attributed victory north lack modern air_force skill felt pilots inexperienced ground troops faced similar defeats outnumbered north victory air battles meant large number advantages war august september troops able day fear air attack naval ships operate close shore north korean troops confined night attacks avoid aircraft limited navy destroyed end battle eighth army air support general bradley twelfth united_states_army group europe world war


offensive offensive campaign polish soviet war polish army launched offensive april polish red army days street fighting april city captured polish forces causing red army retreat offensive poles succeeded securing nearby cities red army launched series late april ended failure soviets briefly recaptured city year later spring polish army retreating entire aftermath offensive cause turmoil political scene poland abroad prelude soviet russia time publicly supporting polish lithuanian independence sponsored communist working government second polish republic considered eastern borders approximate defunct congress poland poles hand inspired memories greatness grand lithuania polish lithuanian commonwealth saw borders lying farther east leader polish forces opportunity regaining territories polish lithuanian commonwealth prussian empire shaken revolution ongoing russian civil war weeks following retreat german forces max found power vacuum promptly scene struggles competing political groups experienced internal revolutions january polish officers led generals attempted control city establishing self defense provisional government aim defeat communist workers council rival faction plotting seize city rule long days later january polish forces forced hasty retreat russian western army marched support local communists soviet westward offensive historical capital grand lithuania lithuanian soviet socialist republic soon proclaimed capital lithuanian soviet socialist republic lit february lit 8th government control years month half lit controlled city new communist government turned social experiment testing applications left leaning governmental systems city inhabitants polish commander chief determined regaining control population consisted poles jews priority polish state working plans control march gave preliminary orders prepare push direction counter expected soviet westward push march objectives control western diplomats paris peace conference rule city demanded factions given action discussed polish politicians government time concerned situation southern polish ukrainian early april members defence committee met stressing plight occupied inhabitants need self government ready offensive attacks arrived near april bringing reinforcements warsaw plan called exploitation gap soviet lines advance road railway amidst attacks designed draw russian attention away main polish thrust main polish attack began dawn april forces moving included cavalry group colonel composed men cavalry squadrons battery horse artillery infantry general edward composed men battalions polish 1st infantry division batteries heavy artillery soviet forces area composed western rifle division unit pro communist polish volunteers units western army soviet garrison numbered newly trained troops soviet forces area estimated infantry cavalry artillery pieces forces engaged prevented coming aid garrison attacks went soviet forces acting impression poles targets despite intent attacks succeeded right adam taking days despite unexpectedly strong resistance taking days assault april colonel decided use element surprise waiting slower infantry units polish forces left village early morning april took near cavalry bypassed attacked taking train station night april april cavalry lieutenant future polish general charged suburbs spreading panic confused garrison seized train station sent train line collect infantry surprise raid prisoners trains military supplies captured declare cavalry action exquisite military action carried polish cavalry war fought control center took cathedral square castle complex enemy quarters southern captured hundreds soldiers officials numbers small compared enemy forces begun particularly north west town prepare counterattack sent message reporting enemy resisting extreme strength asking immediate reinforcements evening train sent morning returned infantry reinforcements polish troops supported city predominantly polish population formed militia aid evening april half polish control red army troops supporters putting coordinated defence arrival main force polish infantry april poles gain upper hand attacking parts town held red army polish infantry able reinforce cavalry city center night help local guides polish forces crossed river took bridges april bridges hands poles city fell control afternoon day day long urban battle city polish hands arrived day jewish deaths reports circulated absolutely false sort happened sample german agents giving situation poison public opinion america jan prime minister poland polish troops entered city modern started noted citing dozens people connected lit arrested executed norman davies cites death toll jews non jews polish rule jews constituted close half population according german census victims fighting subsequent repression jews henry counted joseph counted common belief poles jews communists league enemy polish state soviet russia polish army stated jews killed collaborators engaged actions polish army having fired jewish homes polish soldiers took excuse break jewish homes stores beating jews arresting hundreds food drink days city abuses supported specifically forbidden polish high command army representative scene colonel agreed version events presented polish general staff reports wrote jews constituted organization unlike harmless polish jews poles russian jews extremely dangerous making jewish question important country plight jews noted report instances executing civilians polish prisoners war nobel prize winning author article published main organ openly national democratic_party denied taken place henry anglo american investigating commission report acquitted polish having organized noting wartime confusion fact jews shot polish forces report highly critical activities polish army noting jews proven connections killed arrests occurred soldiers guilty acts punished soviet polish victory infuriated soviets leading dozens arrests executions connected lit lit leaders began accusing loss capital considered city vital plans ordered immediate recapture red army attempting april near end month infantry cavalry heavy machine guns guns assembled soviet forces area polish forces area general numbered infantry battalions cavalry squadrons guns decided engage enemy forces combined strengths night april general took capturing soviet formations simultaneously soviet forces attacked near south polish defenses managed halt soviet movements pushing retaliation soviet forces launched counterattack north results significantly better previous offensive soviet forces breaking polish defenses area red army forces halted movements short wishing attack hostile city night polish forces took advantage opportunity strengthen defenses shortly polish forces pushing red army polish forces pursued took settlements mid polish forces reached line lake leaving aftermath successful surprise attack polish army managed appropriate sizable stocks supplies hundreds prisoners entered city victory parade held honour city polish citizens delighted politicians envisaged separate lithuanian state closely allied poland representatives city immediately sent paris peace conference university closed following november uprising reopened acting accordance vision polish led federation east central european states april issued bilingual statement polish lithuanian political intentions proclamation inhabitants grand lithuania provide elections place basis secret universal direct voting distinction sexes create opportunity settling problems religious affairs manner determine kind force pressure poland proclamation aimed showing good international diplomats succeeded proclamation dealt blow image polish conquest replaced image poland fighting dictatorship nations demanded exclusive control city convinced words caused significant controversy polish political scene discussed caused anger national democratic opponents polish people party deputies demanded incorporation region poland accused treason supporters polish socialist party managed attacks lithuanian government viewed city historic capital grand lithuania saw polish occupation lithuanian government demanded relations polish lithuanian governments unable reach compromise continued destroying prospects plan federation leading open hostilities ensuing polish lithuanian war soviets recaptured followed poles establishment short lived republic central lithuania polish capture set stage polish conflicts soviet russia lithuania coming months polish forces push steadily eastward launching operation august


operation operation italian croatian offensive carried early october italian croatian forces communist partisans region today bosnia croatian puppet state independent state croatia operation arranged acting general mario commander italian second army commander approval leader carried coordination germans included elements croatian home guard croatian air_force faced heavy weaponry heavily outnumbered partisans retreated left command muslims destroyed numerous villages area following protests italians croatian authorities discharged relocated italian forces followed operation operation beta focused capturing surrounding killed forces near end war escaped italy avoided prosecution new yugoslav government captured communists following war tried found guilty actions charges sentenced death executed background april axis powers invaded kingdom yugoslavia resulting capitulation royal yugoslav army april yugoslavia broken fragments puppet state independent state croatia croatian consisted modern day croatia bosnia divided german italian line known vienna line germans occupying northern northeastern parts italians southern southwestern parts immediately implemented policies jewish population borders initial armed resistance consisted loosely factions communist led partisans led officers defeated royal yugoslav army pursuit pure greater serbia adopted policy collaboration extensively systematically italian forces july august protection provided italians thoroughly eastern muslims september knowing defeat partisans attempted persuade italians carrying significant operation occupation zone september met acting general mario commander italian second army informed command seen july approval collaborating italians urged action soon possible major operation partisans area return offered support form condition provided necessary arms supplies provided arms promises action response demands later congratulated conduct high serbian national line arrangements timeline prelude early october operation launched italians targeting partisans located northwest middle river elements 18th infantry division commanded major general took consisting 29th battalion 4th regiment 2nd battalion regiment took operation command partisan sources reported soldiers italian 6th army corps corps involved units involved included 7th infantry regiment command colonel 15th infantry regiment command colonel croatian air_force operation coordinated germans armed forces located near northern partisan territory direction arrived trains italian trucks october arrived left october day killed committed mass looting village kilometres north village kilometres southwest villagers killed carried looting burning day gave speech chief enemy serbs partisans need destroyed left subsequently killed people looted carried town operation october crossed river headed italians headquarters 5th 10th partisan brigades situated offensive took place directions light heavy artillery large number tanks trucks battalions 10th brigade intended assemble near withdrew escaped october arrival italian forces partisan battalions estimated soldiers italian army approaching little men ratio approximately october italians heavily bombed artillery entered town october day informed commanders definite time communists tactical possible muslims nature tactics required muslims organized command military leaders struggle communists complete loyalty population repair role played capitulation yugoslavia today called muslims muslims today work people borders croatian unit rights new state future depend solely explained continue inactive force able protect retribution people let guide accordance announced communists able october acting muslims burnt numerous villages process operation suspicion aided partisans according historian incomplete data shows civilians victims known source says people mainly children women elderly killed historian estimates total attributes fact estimates refer different territories historian place figure killed following days district according partisan sources moved southeast river request italian officers partisan sources claim italian atrocities caused great resentment local population especially croatian home guard felt obliged intervene militarily instances commanders argued initiated germans prevent heading west mount killings muslim leader arrived town console local population advise committing atrocities attempted convince local muslims join ranks unsuccessful extent atrocities muslim population october reported operation slaughtered muslims soldiers returned enthusiastic partisan newspaper reported souls killed croatian muslim villages report mentions districts hundreds slaughtered murdered women children burnt houses aftermath objected mass said italian support come halt cease requested commander violence croatian muslim population immediately stopped stop supplying food daily wages formations members perpetrators violence criminal situation continues severe measures undertaken massacre upset government compelled italians force withdraw forces discharged relocated join forces northern operation beta later followed month italians forces captured surrounding war indictment issued charged command half october italians killed persons sexes croatian muslim nations plundered burnt households month massacre wrote self critical report order distance responsibility fled italy end war allied military authorities arrested detained camp ignored yugoslavia request set free avoided trial died rome killed come trial indicted supreme_court yugoslavia judged guilty leading movement committed numerous war crimes people things october leadership italians killed vicinity muslims women children elderly burnt large number villages sentenced death executed books websites


european community monitor mission helicopter downing european community monitor mission helicopter downing incident occurred january croatian war independence european community monitor mission helicopter carrying european community observers downed yugoslav air_force air space village near croatia italian french officer italian non commissioned officers killed helicopter flying formation attacked helicopter emergency landing second helicopter carried crew visiting diplomat survived incident condemned united_nations security council result incident yugoslav authorities suspended head air_force yugoslav defense minister general resigned post events followed end stage war croatia closely preceded country international recognition pilot lieutenant disappeared incident tried superiors croatian authorities convicted sentenced extended imprisonment subsequently arrested hungary italy tried convicted sentenced years prison turned serbia remainder sentence released yugoslav officers tried italy convicted serbia ordered pay monetary damages victims families victims posthumously decorated italy france respectively background following electoral defeat government socialist republic croatia ethnic tensions worsened yugoslav people army confiscated croatia territorial defence weapons minimize resistance august tensions escalated open revolt croatian serbs centered predominantly populated areas parts eastern croatia following clash insurgents croatian special police march conflict escalated croatian war independence stepped increasingly supporting croatian insurgents early april leaders croatian revolt declared intention integrate area control known serbia croatian government responded forming croatian national_guard garde development hampered united_nations arms introduced september agreement established observer mission eventually called european community monitor mission mission tasked monitoring day war neighbouring withdrawal august helicopter hit croatian gunfire western injuring pilots caused scope work formally expanded include croatia september october croatia declared independence yugoslavia month later renamed croatian army fighting war occurred time yugoslav campaign croatia culminated siege battle november croatia serbia agreed plan protection civilians specific areas designated united_nations protected areas presence croatia came effect january december european community announced decision grant formal diplomatic recognition croatia january incident january pair italian army bell helicopters operated observers entered croatian air space hungary helicopters white painted unarmed flying yugoslav capital belgrade hungary authorities belgrade claim helicopters authorised fly hungary pilots warned allowed fly flights croatian permitted dismissed claims saying flight approved advance yugoslav air controllers approval yugoslav air_force operations centre order 5th aviation corps bosnia helicopters spotted yugoslav air_force tracking radar near pair standby air base near ordered intercept aircraft assigned squadron fighter aviation regiment piloted lieutenant captain declared aircraft problem engine took guided incoming helicopters altitude metres feet ordered circle jet turned spotted helicopters flying plane altitude metres feet requested orders told shoot helicopters order issued duty officer air base lieutenant colonel pursued helicopters firing aircraft gun helicopters aircraft armed ammunition helicopter pilots able observe fired flying speed kilometres hour knots switched missiles registered missile acquired targets fired infrared missiles missiles flew helicopters struck engine lead helicopter helicopter shot near village located area administered city north second helicopter crash land evade attack aftermath observers killed attack including italians victims lieutenant colonel helicopter pilot staff sergeant pilot sergeant major sergeant major ship line lieutenant jean italian personnel drawn 5th army aviation regiment second helicopter carried diplomat italian observers harmed crash site toured police staff journalists representatives visited belgrade receive report incident yugoslav authorities action yugoslav air_force condemned conference security operation europe united_nations security council council ministers italian ambassador yugoslavia recalled rome subsequently italy cancelled air traffic agreement yugoslavia causing cancel belgrade rome flights addition operations suspended days yugoslav ministry defence announced initiated criminal proceedings officer officers facing military disciplinary action commander yugoslav air_force colonel general suspended federal defense minister general officially apologized incident resigned post court belgrade acquitted based claims shot helicopter illegally escorting helicopters interview claimed helicopter crashed hit caused exploding helicopter account contradicted crash scene air base radar data indicate aircraft flying tried croatia convicted sentenced years prison defected croatia month attack testified arrested hungarian police border crossing requested croatia italy ultimately italy june subsequently tried convicted sentenced years prison counts homicide causing aircraft disaster transferred serbia remainder prison term released serbian authorities appeals court rome tried general commander 5th aviation corps colonel head yugoslav air defence operational centre belgrade attack convicted sentenced years prison acquitted court ordered serbia pay compensation families killed attack provisional interview said regretted deaths crew felt remorse actions italy posthumously decorated italian observers killed attack gold medal military surviving italians aboard second helicopter silver medal military posthumously promoted lieutenant commander effective january attributed pour france april year decorated legion honour incident commemorated annually ceremonies held regularly attended representatives croatian government military representatives italian french armed forces european_union french italian diplomats

1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing


raid raid important military engagement mexican united_states_army took place texas plan san_diego rebels launched raid rio texas october aimed american outposts mexican border disrupting local economy moving border began assault united_states_army signal corps station small group american defenders single building suffered heavy casualties reinforcements arrived driving force mexico raid proved point american conflict severity convinced american officials send large numbers american troops area order deter border raids mexican force background mexican insurgents raided texas border region plan san_diego supported mexican government group raiders known attacked american military commercial interests united_states mexican border effort provoke race war southwestern united_states aims returning area mexican control charged guarding border american general frederick troops pit insurgents nonetheless raided force long border difficult fully protect raids threat americans big bend area local groups formed order repel mexican raiders troops ensure safety american citizens living area order protect big bend region united_states deployed number cavalry posts texas border posts village raided september planned target raid october american base command sergeant consisted radio station manned approximately men troop 3rd cavalry men united_states_army signal corps post lightly defended little match raiders planned raid village raid crossing rio arriving approximately mexican raiders attacked village garrison american soldiers sleeping wooden building resisted americans heavily signal corps personnel armed pistols fighting sergeant killed result command sergeant class smith time wounded times addition attacking garrison raiders robbed post office attacked home family setting house fire stealing livestock americans unable reinforcements fact wireless station knocked action earlier attack american detachments vicinity heard gunfire groups american cavalry set investigate company 3rd cavalry captain frank ross mission texas miles dispatched small group recruits captain scott scott outfit miles fighting arrived scene immediately attacked west raiders positions driving assault mission force arrived withdrew saw little fighting aftermath end raid civilian american soldiers killed wounded including post commanding officer sergeant included took casualties men dead wounded later died japanese man found dead soldiers fact seen evidence supporting plan san_diego american soldiers commended bravery raid sergeant class smith awarded distinguished service cross actions engagement raid vast impact american military strategy area severity raid led commanding american general region general frederick reinforce texas mexico border region troops contact washington demands allowed quarter mexican raiders attacked united_states future washington denied general request raids come end washington finally gave diplomatic recognition mexican government wishing maintain good relations american government ordered commanders cease raiding activities support mexican federal government plan san_diego movement fell apart mexican invasions united_states raids began


hindu german conspiracy hindu german conspiracy note series plans indian nationalist groups attempt pan indian rebellion british world war formulated indian revolutionary underground exiled self exiled nationalists formed united_states party germany indian independence committee decade preceding great war conspiracy drawn beginning war extensive support german foreign office german san_francisco support ottoman turkey irish republican movement prominent plan attempted unrest trigger pan indian mutiny british indian army singapore plot planned executed february aim british rule indian february mutiny ultimately thwarted british intelligence movement arrested key figures smaller units garrisons india crushed related events include singapore mutiny annie arms plot german plot german mission mutiny rangers india accounts black tom explosion parts conspiracy included efforts british indian army middle eastern theatre world war german alliance conspiracy target worldwide british intelligence effort successful preventing attempts american intelligence agencies arrested key figures aftermath annie affair conspiracy resulted conspiracy case trials india hindu german conspiracy trial time longest expensive trial held united_states series events indian independence movement largely subdued end world war came major factor reforming indian policy similar efforts world war germany japanese controlled southeast_asia formed legion indian national army respectively italy formed background nationalism prominent india decades 19th century result social economic political changes instituted country greater century indian national congress founded developed major platform loyalists demands political increased autonomy nationalist movement grew founding underground groups 1890s particularly strong radical violent smaller nonetheless notable movements madras places south india revolutionaries recruited educated youth urban middle class community classic indian revolutionary rural military society sustained organised violence indian revolutionary underground controversial partition widespread political impact acting radical nationalist opinion india abroad focal issue indian revolutionaries revolutionary organisations like emerged 20th century significant events took place included attempted civil servants prominent public figures indian including aiming kill lieutenant governor sir andrew matters came head delhi conspiracy led member attempted assassinate india charles aftermath event british indian police concentrated police intelligence efforts destroy revolutionary underground movement came intense pressure time successfully evaded capture nearly years time world war begun europe revolutionary movement revived movement safe haven french base sufficient strength state administration earliest mention conspiracy armed revolution india appears nixon report revolutionary organisation reported met crown prince germany visit calcutta obtained assurance receive supplies arms ammunition time increasingly strong pan islamic movement started developing mainly north north west regions india onset war members movement formed important component conspiracy time partition krishna founded india house london received extensive support notable indians including organisation ostensibly residence indian students reality sought promote nationalist opinion pro independence work india house drew young radical activists likes developed links revolutionary movement india arms funds propaganda authorities india banned indian literature published house leadership house rapidly developed centre intellectual political activism ground radical revolutionaries indian students britain earning moniker dangerous organisation outside india valentine london fatally shot sir political aide camp secretary state india aftermath assassination metropolitan police home office rapidly suppressed india house leadership fled europe united_states_of_america like moved germany moved paris organisations founded united_states japan emulated example london india house krishna close interactions turkish egyptian nationalists clan united_states joint efforts george freeman founded pan association modelled krishna indian home rule society new_york closely associated krishna previous stay london subsequent career japan heart indian political activities acquaintance krishna admirer founded india house manhattan new_york january amidst growing indian student population members india house london succeeded extending nationalist work atlantic american reprinted articles indian liberal press laws allowed free circulation indian supporters ship nationalist literature pamphlets freely world new_york increasingly important centre indian movement free political revolutionary journal closely indian american published das moved vancouver seattle new_york das established extensive collaboration american help george freeman british diplomatic pressure irish collaboration indian revolutionaries resulted early failed efforts arms india including attempt board ship called sailed new_york persian gulf searched irish community later provided valuable intelligence logistics communication media legal support german indian irish conspirators involved liaison later involved plot included major irish republicans irish american nationalists like john joseph roger father peter larry pre war contacts effectively set network german foreign office tapped war began europe party large scale indian immigration pacific_coast north_america took place 20th century especially faced economic depression canadian government met influx legislation aimed limiting entry south canada restricting political rights country community hitherto important loyal force british_empire commonwealth community expected commitment honoured welcome rights british colonial governments extended british white immigrants restrictive legislation fed growing discontent protests anti colonial sentiments community faced increasingly difficult situations community began organising political groups moved united_states encountered similar political social problems india house nationalist activism indian students begun declining east_coast north_america activity gradually shifted west san_francisco arrival time europe gap intellectual new_york predominantly labour workers migrants west_coast laid foundations movement party initially pacific_coast association formed united_states leadership president drew members indian immigrants largely members university california berkeley including das party quickly gained support indian especially united_states canada asia meetings held los_angeles oxford vienna washington shanghai ultimate goal overthrow british colonial authority india means armed revolution viewed congress led mainstream movement dominion status modest constitutional methods soft foremost strategy indian soldiers revolt end november established press san_francisco press produced newspaper nationalist literature end party established contact prominent revolutionaries india including indian edition essentially espoused revolutionary terrorism british interests india political discontent violence mounted publications reached bombay california deemed banned events compounded evidence prior delhi conspiracy led british government pressure american state department suppress indian revolutionary activities literature san_francisco germany berlin committee onset world war indian revolutionary group called berlin committee later called indian independence committee formed germany chief architects committee drew members indian students members india house including germany earlier opened intelligence bureau east headed archaeologist historian max von arthur state secretary foreign affairs german empire actively supported berlin committee links party member time leading revolutionary figures office member committee accorded embassy status german chancellor von authorised german activity british india world war broke september germany decided actively support plans links established indian irish residents germany including irish nationalist poet roger german foreign office tapped irish network united_states helped organise party arrest united_states jumped bail way switzerland leaving party publications charge ram president german san_francisco tasked contact leaders california naval lieutenant von help indian nationalist journalist das charles established links switzerland berlin committee able convince organising revolution india feasible conspiracy canadian government refused allow indian passengers ship vancouver voyage planned attempt canadian exclusion laws effectively prevented indian immigration ship reached vancouver german radio announced approach british authorities prepared prevent passengers entering canada incident focal point indian community canada rallied support passengers government policies month legal battle allowed ship escorted vancouver protected cruiser rainbow returned india reaching calcutta passengers detained defence india act british indian government efforts forcibly transport caused rioting resulted fatalities sides leaders like das surrounding event rallying point successfully brought indians north_america party fold british indian army contributing significantly allied war effort world war consequently reduced force estimated troops late stationed india scenario concrete plans organising uprisings india september named visited shanghai promote nationalist cause indians followed visit india january circulated literature indian soldiers clandestine sources leaving hong_kong reported situation india favourable revolution october returned india assigned tasks like contacting indian revolutionaries organisations spreading propaganda literature arranging arms country group led left san_francisco aboard steamship korea august sail india provided arms organise revolt indians joined group numbering sailed calcutta japanese vessel joined arriving smaller groups september october indians left india ships like siberia china korea party uncovered arrested arrival calcutta successful underground network established united_states india shanghai operative shanghai believed spent helping revolutionaries india india able establish contact british indian army build networks underground revolutionary groups east asia efforts begun early arms india clear idea conspiracy emerged earnest elaborate plans obtain arms enlist international support arrived united_states berlin committee took leadership american wing conspiracy failure korea mission immediately began efforts obtain men arms men plentiful supply indians coming forward join cause obtaining arms uprising proved difficult revolutionaries started negotiations chinese government james held sun power attorney buy million rifles deal fell realised weapons offered obsolete muzzle china went japan try arms enlist japanese support indian independence movement forced hiding hours came know japanese authorities planned hand british later reports indicated protected time right wing political leader founder nationalist secret society indian nobel strong supporter pan met japanese premier count count premier attempt enlist support movement das urged japan align germany grounds american war preparation actually directed japan later activist associate known tried unsuccessfully arrange arms japan chinese presidency led negotiations reopening private secretary resided united_states time exchange allowing arms shipments india china borders china offered german military assistance rights material shipped india china negotiations ultimately unsuccessful sun opposition alliance germany europe united_states indian nationalists paris egyptian revolutionaries plans assassinate lord early plans implemented war began plan revived close associate visited liverpool march new_york plan action intended time bomb docks liverpool plans ultimately failed attempted time revive links remnants india house survived london swiss german english resident britain swiss woman indian man common law german wife anna english woman yorkshire traced censor leading arrest cell plans considered time large scale june assassinate foreign secretary lord grey war minister lord addition intended target french president prime minister king victor iii italy prime minister plans coordinated italian explosives manufactured italy europe working berlin committee arranged explosives sent german expected taken charge italian named british intelligence able infiltrate plot successfully pressed swiss police expel united_states elaborate plan arrangement ship arms country far_east shanghai burma mission china japan plans explored ship arms united_states east asia german high command decided early assistance indian groups pointless given substantial scale october german vice consul von san_francisco approved arrangements funds armaments worth small arms ammunition acquired german military captain von krupp agents arranged shipment india san_diego java burma arsenal included springfield rifles spanish american war vintage springfield hotchkiss repeating rifles pistols ammunition schooner annie sailing ship henry hired ship arms united_states transfer ownership ships hidden massive involving fake companies oil business south east asia arms shipment successful cover set lead british agents believe arms factions mexican civil war ruse successful rival villa faction offered divert shipment villa controlled port shipment meant supply mutiny planned february dispatched june year time conspiracy uncovered india major leaders arrested gone hiding plot shipment failed disastrous prevented successful rendezvous island plot british intelligence indian irish agents linked closely conspiracy returning washington failed attempts annie cargo promptly seized customs cargo sold auction despite german ambassador count von attempts possession insisting meant german east africa hindu german conspiracy trial opened united_states charges gun running time expensive trials american legal history von attempted sabotage rail lines canada destroy canal attempted supply rifles dynamite british_columbia blast railway bridges plots canada events united_states linked conspiracy black tom explosion night july blew nearly million tons arms ammunition black tom terminal new_york harbour awaiting shipment support british war effort blamed solely german agents time later investigations naval intelligence aftermath annie incident unearthed links black tom explosion von irish movement indian movement communist elements active united_states pan indian mutiny start nearly province estimates returned india assigned central leadership begun work hoc basis rounded police suspicion remained large began establishing contacts garrisons major cities like plans attack military arsenal near initiate general uprising november plan group soldiers planned start mutiny 23rd cavalry november plan called mutiny start november established contacts garrison fort william calcutta august group seized large guns ammunition company major gun manufacturing firm india december politically motivated armed obtain funds carried calcutta kept touch rebellious acts organised separately different groups brought common umbrella leadership north india plan unified general uprising date set february february india unaware delayed shipment confident able rally indian plot mutiny took final shape plans 23rd cavalry seize weapons kill officers roll february followed mutiny 26th signal uprising begin resulting advance delhi cell look mail entering station day cancelled seized strike immediately successfully conspiracy moment named sensing plans compromised day brought forward february plans found way intelligence plans revolt regiment january thwarted attempted revolts 26th 7th 24th artillery regiments suppressed suppressed key leaders conspiracy arrested managed escape evade arrest ditch attempt trigger mutiny 12th cavalry regiment escaped arrested mass arrests followed rounded central provinces escaped fled japan leaders including fled thailand february 5th light infantry stationed singapore units mutiny successfully nearly troops afternoon 15th nearly men states guides mutiny lasted seven days resulted deaths british soldiers local civilians released interned crew sms asked join refused actually took arms defended barracks left british prison camp relieved mutiny suppressed french russian japanese ships arrived reinforcements people tried singapore shot public executions rest transported life east africa rest deported life given jail terms ranging seven years shot imprisoned exiled historians including argue agents operated singapore unit mutiny isolated linked conspiracy instigated silk letter movement related conspiracy christmas day plot april unaware failure annie plan arranged krupp american representative second shipment arms consisting springfield rifles pistols guns nearly arms shipped mid june east indies holland american steamship intelligence network operated bennett consul general new_york able trace cargo new_york passed information company plans meantime february plot scuttled plans uprising continued german agents thailand burma prominently brothers german finance minister established links march year april chief lieutenant met informed expected arrival arms originally intended use berlin committee modified plans arms shipped india eastern coast india coast instead originally decided coast bay collected group date insurrection fixed christmas day earning christmas day plot estimated able win 14th regiment calcutta cut line madras control received funds estimated june august brothers fictitious firm calcutta time details plans leaked british consul baltic german agent alias seized india police destroyed underground movement calcutta unaware proceeded according plan bay coast followed indian police september group revolutionaries armed pistols stand banks river seriously wounded gun battle lasted seventy minutes died day town provide group time capture calcutta prevent reinforcements rushed mutiny coinciding christmas day insurrection planned burma arms smuggled neutral thailand thailand strong base plans rebellion burma british india time proposed party early october called burma base subsequent advance india burma plan finally concluded january branches china united_states including ram shanghai san_francisco attempted infiltrate burma military police thailand composed muslims early ram visited calcutta linked revolutionary underground including german consul chicago arranged german george paul henry albert sent manila purpose training indians returned shanghai tasked send expeditions reach indian border penetrate upper burma join revolutionary elements germans manila attempted transfer arms cargo german ships schooner seeking refuge manila harbour customs stopped attempts meantime help german consul thailand established training headquarters near thai burma border arriving china canada german consul general shanghai sent officers embassy guard training addition arranged norwegian agent arms thai police high command largely british discovered plans indian police plot indian secret agent revealed details austrian thailand officially neutral allied closely britain british india july newly arrived british minister presented foreign minister prince request arrest identified indian agent ultimately resulting arrest leading august single raid burma launched captured later hanged coincide proposed insurrection calcutta planned raid colony islands german volunteer force raised east indies raid release political prisoners helping raise expeditionary indian force threaten indian coast plan proposed vincent german wounded fighting france approved foreign office consultation indian committee raid planned christmas day force nearly germans plans shipping arms islands vincent double agent leaked details plans british intelligence plans raid meantime revealed given successive failures german plans plans operations abandoned recommendations berlin committee afghanistan middle_east arm conspiracy directed indian troops serving middle_east efforts directed drawing afghanistan war central powers hoped nationalist pan islamic uprising india british recruiting grounds india russia defeat russo japanese war influence declined afghanistan time seen britain power sub continent capable directly threatening india spring german expedition sent afghanistan overland route persia led exiled indian prince mission sought invite khan break britain declare independence join war central invade british india managed evade considerable anglo russian efforts directed persian reached afghanistan august afghanistan joined members pan islamic group led group left india beginning war group way hoped seek support ottoman_empire imperial germany pan islamic insurrection beginning tribal belt north west india german mission pressed break neutral stance open diplomatic relations germany eventually hoping rally german war effort khan mission proposals winter hoping maintain neutral stance till course war offered concrete picture mission opened time secret negotiations pro german elements court advisory council including brother khan son khan found support intellectuals religious leaders press rallied increasingly anti british pro central articles forced intercept copies newspaper sent india raised threat coup état country unrest beginning british authority turkey called pan islamic december indian members founded provisional government india hoped weigh advisory council aid india force hands january approved draft treaty germany buy time central campaign middle_east time ending hopes overland route persia secured aid assistance afghanistan german members mission left afghanistan june ending german country nonetheless provisional government stayed attempting establish links japan republican china russia russian revolution opened negotiations soviet_union visiting red moscow visited kaiser berlin pressed joint soviet german offensive afghanistan india considered soviets time coup afghanistan khan anglo war began influenced project soviet plan invade india states middle eastern theatre members berlin committee including sent missions baghdad syria summer tasked infiltrate indian expeditionary force southern egypt attempt assassinate british officers indian effort divided groups consisting revolutionary alias ali khan group arrived worked distributed nationalist revolutionary literature indian troops persia group working egyptian nationalists attempted block suez_canal groups carried successful clandestine work spreading nationalist literature propaganda indian troops occasion bombed officer mess nationalist work extended time recruiting indian prisoners war constantinople works directed forming indian national volunteer corps help indian civilians turkey recruiting indian prisoners war known worked indian troops efforts ultimately hampered differences berlin committee members predominantly indian revolutionaries turkey largely muslims egyptian nationalists berlin committee seen german instrument nonetheless culmination efforts indian prisoners war france turkey germany especially recruited raising indian volunteer corps fought turkish forces fronts led attempted organise incursions western border india persia joined war indian troops involved capture frontier city detention british consul successfully harassed persian campaign persian tribal chiefs aided germans khan brother killed fighting rebels rebels successfully harassed british forces afghanistan later moving reports indicate took control coastal towns chief having declared independence british rule joined war europe turned worse turkey baghdad captured british forces forces supply lines finally retreated finally defeated bitter fight siege killed battle carried guerrilla warfare iranian partisans end divisions begun appearing party america hand berlin committee german high command reports german agents working southeast_asia united_states clearly indicated european wing significant element public mood support organisation failure february plot lack bases southeast_asia following china participation war problems supporting southeast asian operation sea stemmed plans significantly british agents change american attitude stance changing fortunes war meant massive conspiracy revolution india succeeded counter intelligence british intelligence began note track outlines nascent ideas conspiracy early incidents like delhi conspiracy incident alerted criminal investigation department existence large scale network plans pan indian militant unrest measures taken seat intense revolutionary terrorism time uncovered strong militant base wake extant group found strong links cleaned wake delhi bomb case asia outbreak war sent teams hong_kong intercept infiltrate returning little effort hide plans objectives teams successful details scale conspiracy discovering whereabouts immigrants returning india double checked list revolutionaries aware possible plans unrest successful conspiracy mutiny february dedicated force formed headed chief including members khan later head february year successful recruiting services infiltrate plan cousin serving 23rd cavalry able infiltrate leadership assigned work cousin regiment soon suspicion spy able pass information date scale uprising british indian intelligence date mutiny approached desperate brought forward mutiny day evening february discovered day attempts rushed inform khan change plans ordered station signal revolutionaries assembled detained managed escape cover answering nature role german baltic german double agents especially agent named important plans autumn rebellions plans winter year source german double agent vincent passed information arms shipments shanghai british agents captured maps coast found initially arrested volunteered information intended landing sites german arms later fled mexico japan known end war later efforts provisional government compromised defected passed information indian intelligence europe middle_east time war broke indian political intelligence office headed john expanded europe scale office larger operated british war office approaching european intelligence network secret service bureau network agents switzerland possible german outbreak war cover officer british general headquarters proceeded france operated paris working french political police recruits network somerset recruited cover author visit geneva avoiding swiss interference enterprises european intelligence network attempted eliminate indian leaders europe british agent named dispatched assassinate way geneva meet offer kaiser invitation said somerset based stories hand experiences modelling character john short story blend attempts assassinate story winston_churchill reportedly advised burn stories czech revolutionary network europe role plans network touch members united_states aware involved earlier plots american network headed counter espionage network nearly members subjects presumed german supporters involved german austrian diplomats begun working guy headed bennett intelligence network outbreak war learning plot czech european network passed information passed information american authorities middle_east british counter intelligence directed preserving loyalty indian face turkish propaganda concept particularly significant effort directed mission east persian established july province persia prevent germans crossing afghanistan protect british supply tribal raiders tempted german gold commanders force led march october united_states united_states conspiracy successfully british intelligence irish indian channels activities pacific_coast noted born raised india spoke fluent hindi initially calcutta indian police informed das home department british indian government begun task actively tracking indian east_coast early francis owen officer heading home office agency new_york thoroughly acquainted george freeman alias famous new_york advocate members clan efforts successful plan party incidentally established irish republicans sensing encouraged formation exclusively indian society following approaches adopted including indian national named successfully set network agents passing information use famous american detective agency later murdered india 1930s assassinated vancouver courthouse named october charles lamb irish double agent said passed majority information compromised annie ultimately helped construction prosecution indian operative described likely adventurous later chief prosecution witness trial passed details conspiracy british american intelligence trials conspiracy led trials india famous conspiracy trial opened april aftermath failed february mutiny trials included delhi conspiracy cases trials arrested special tribunal constituted defence india act total conspirators trial awarded death sentence transported life awarded varying terms imprisonment sent cellular jail islands defendants trial acquitted trial directly linked plans united_states february mutiny plot following conclusion trial diplomatic effort destroy indian revolutionary movement united_states bring members trial increased considerably united_states hindu german conspiracy trial commenced district court san_francisco november following annie affair people participated including members party german consul general vice consul members staff german san_francisco trial lasted november april day trial notable sensational assassination chief accused ram fellow defendant ram packed courtroom immediately shot dead marshal indian nationalists party indicted federal grand jury charge conspiracy form military enterprise britain later years proceedings criticised largely trial designed suggestions united_states joining war jury trial carefully selected exclude irish person republican views associations strong public support favour indians especially revived sentiments following colonial provisions treaty versailles allowed movement revived despite british concerns impact conspiracy significant impact britain policies empire international relations outlines plans nascent ideas conspiracy noted tracked british intelligence early alarmed organisation repeatedly reformed different parts country despite subdued chief indian intelligence sir charles cleveland forced warn idea attempts pan indian revolutions spreading india like hidden fire massive coordinated effort required subdue movement attempts prevent das american citizen successful pressure applied interned political impact conspiracy judged british indian government evaluation time contemporary modern historians important event indian independence movement significant threats faced second decade 20th century scenario british war effort threat militant movement india major factor passage defence india act strongest proponents act michael lieutenant governor largely movement factor guided british political concessions india policy world war including passage reforms initiated round political reform indian events conspiracy world war presence mission afghanistan possible links soviet_union active revolutionary movement especially civil unrest india led appointment committee chaired english judge tasked evaluate german links militant movement india especially recommendations committee act extension defence india act enforced india events followed passage act influenced conspiracy time british indian army troops returning europe economic depression india attempts mutiny conspiracy trials public attention news young fought behalf turkish later fought ranks red army russian civil war beginning reach india russian revolution cast long shadow india time relatively unknown indian political scene began emerging mass leader anglo war began wake assassination institution system influenced mission addition india protest act achieved unprecedented response furious unrest protests situation especially deteriorating rapidly rail telegraph communication systems movement peak end week april recording practically streets immense crowd passed estimated people gathered situation deteriorated days michael said firm belief early ill concealed signs conspiracy coordinated uprising lines revolt time british troops withdrawn hills summer massacre responses preceding succeeding contrary isolated incident end result plan response administration suppress conspiracy james said ascribed direct relationship fear uprising midst increasingly situation british response ended massacre lastly british efforts disguise nature impact revolutionary movement time resulted policy designed strengthen moderate movement india ultimately saw rise indian movement international relations conspiracy influenced aspects great_britain international relations anglo american relations war extent anglo chinese relations war issues influenced anglo japanese relations start war american government refusal check indian movement major concern british government majority resources american department british foreign office related indian movement outbreak war political commitments wilson government especially secretary state william years previously authored british rule india highly critical pamphlet classified indian imperial governments political perception persecution oppressed people britain prevented ambassador cecil spring rice pressing issue robert replaced secretary state secretary state india foreign secretary edward grey forced spring rice raise issue obtained conspiracy trial presented american government february investigations opened america time raid wall street office wolf von resulting papers later presented evidence hindu german conspiracy trial slow reluctant american investigation triggered intense neutrality dispute aggravated measures british far eastern fleet high seas threatened sovereignty american vessels german turkish passengers seized american vessel china hms mouth river incidents followed including henry defended british government grounds seized ship planned armed uprising india drew strong responses government prompting atlantic fleet dispatch destroyers pacific protect sovereignty american vessels authorities philippines cooperative assured britain knowledge plans hong_kong strained relations relaxed britain released china prisoners relaxed aggressive policy seeking operation united_states diplomatic exchanges relations improve november year conspiracy issue ultimately addressed william head british intelligence united_states passed details bomb plot directly new_york police bypassing diplomatic channels led arrest links papers papers apparent investigations federal authorities expanded cover entire conspiracy ultimately united_states agreed forward evidence long britain seek admission liability neutrality time diplomatic relations germany deteriorating british foreign office directed embassy operate investigations resolving anglo american diplomatic disputes united_states entered war china indonesia major bases conspirators significant efforts british government china war attempt control german allow free purchase arms china powers proposals bringing china war japanese interests gains war japanese support sun rebels southern china laid foundations deterioration anglo japanese relations early end great war japan increasingly haven radical indian nationalists exile protected patriotic japanese societies notable das offered nationalists notably black dragon society effectively prevented british efforts major policy concern party formally disbanded november members closely associated communism soviet_union alias arrived moscow new identity roy indian communists memorable speech second congress communist international rejected views peasant movements berlin general secretary league able convince affiliate indian national congress league later fled nazi_germany soviet_union disappeared joseph great purge party suppressed war revived openly declared communist beliefs sidelined california remained relatively stronger east asia allied chinese communist_party world war conspiracy failed world war movement suppressed time key leaders hanged incarcerated prominent managed flee india japan thailand concept revolutionary movement independence found revival later generation indian leaders notably mid-1930s began calling radical approach colonial domination world war leaders instrumental seeking axis support revive concept beginning world war actively evaluated concept revolutionary movement interacting japan subsequently escaping germany raise indian armed force legion fight india britain later returned southeast_asia charge indian national army formed following labour exiled nationalists efforts japan revive similar concept direction leadership people like famous saw formation indian independence league indian national army ultimately hind southeast_asia commemoration memorial hall san_francisco honours members party hanged following conspiracy trial party memorial hall commemorates involved conspiracy executed conspiracy today honoured india honoured memorial birthplace village medicine college named honour indian government produced stamps involved conspiracy including revolutionaries honoured india indian american population memorial plaque commemorating unveiled calcutta second plaque unveiled gateway pacific vancouver canadian government heritage foundation commemorate passengers excluded canada established singapore memorial entrance victoria memorial hall plaques andrew cathedral commemorate british soldiers civilians killed singapore mutiny ireland memorial cemetery dublin commemorates dead mutiny rangers southern asian institute columbia_university today runs das foundation support work relating india famous include robert philip joseph elder note conspiracy known different names including hindu conspiracy german conspiracy conspiracy conspiracy german plot term hindu german conspiracy closely associated annie plot united_states ensuing trial indian nationalists staff german san_francisco violating american neutrality trial called hindu german conspiracy trial conspiracy reported media later studied historians hindu german conspiracy conspiracy involved germans substantial numbers muslims strong irish support pre dated german turkish involvement term hindu commonly america identify indians regardless religion likewise conspiracy term negative term hindu conspiracy government actively discredit indian revolutionaries time united_states join war germany term conspiracy refer specifically mutiny planned february india term german plot christmas day plot refer specifically plans shipping arms autumn term german conspiracy commonly refer later plans southeast_asia mission remained remnant conspiracy end war parts larger conspiracy scholars reviewing american aspect use hindu german conspiracy hindu conspiracy conspiracy reviewing conspiracy entire span southeast_asia europe united_states use term german conspiracy