micro instrumentation systems micro instrumentation systems american electronics company founded new_mexico began manufacturing electronic personal computers roberts founded december produce model rockets roll rate roberts company electronic market kit featured november cover popular electronics successful sales topped million dollars brutal price war left company deeply debt roberts developed commercially successful home computer featured january cover popular electronics flooded orders computer kit paul allen bill gates saw magazine began writing software computer called basic moved work july started microsoft originally named micro soft paul allen recounted fortune magazine article annual sales reached million acquired computer operations soon merged larger company brand disappeared roberts retired georgia studied medicine small town medical doctor origin founders henry edward roberts studied electrical engineering university miami enlisting air_force soon electronics instructor equipment maintenance school air_force base san_antonio texas augment enlisted man pay roberts worked duty projects set man company reliance engineering notable job create electronics animated christmas characters window display department store san_antonio selected air_force program complete college degree commissioned officer roberts earned electrical engineering degree oklahoma state university assigned weapons laboratory new_mexico interested science electronics youth built analog computer high school graduated texas university major government minors english history commissioned officer air_force serving vietnam intelligence officer continued model rocket hobby texas developed infrared obstacle sensing device experimented school blind boys girls launching model rockets area accustomed rocket attacks working blind children resulted story military newspaper stars stripes caught attention air_force colonel arranged assigned weapons laboratory lacked engineering degree roberts assigned lab laser group roberts reactivated reliance engineering built infrared intrusion alarm uncle fish farm florida later roberts stan civilian worker went oklahoma state started building power supply hoped sell advisor model rocket club met publisher model magazine july told tracking light night launches rockets vietnam led article september issue model tracking light night launched model rockets captain regular contributor model model rocket kits manned space flight race moon 1960s model popular hobby roberts air_force officer lab bob decided design sell electronics kits model rocket roberts wanted new company reliance engineering wanted form acronym similar massachusetts institute technology mit came micro instrumentation systems december issue model circulation carried press release began reliance engineering new_mexico announced formation subsidiary company manufacture electronic systems designed model rockets company called micro instrumentation systems reliance engineering president henry roberts announced presently conducting intensive research program involving high quality miniature systems commercially available model rocket items offered including tone beacon temperature roll rate tracking lights ground systems data reduction light weight water activated batteries soon available designed built homes able sell units sold feature article new solid state device light popular electronics circulation hope selling kits larger readership roberts designed device transmit voice beam light editors accepted project story articles featured cover november issue payment articles meeting les solomon popular electronics technical editor proved significant roberts future success august les solomon wife daughter vacation southwest arranged visit roberts families time dan don lancaster prolific authors popular electronics built million dollar year business sold kits parts build project lancaster wrote roberts wanted solomon kit business solomon gave statistics said way knowing kits article sell maybe maybe thousand purchased components build sold units roberts wanted design new electronic kit partners wanted bob left air_force wanted time writer roberts bought partners cash equipment roberts year commitment air_force ended roberts remained friends collaborated books magazines instruction roberts interest computers began high school built simple digital computer real experience computers came oklahoma state university engineering students free access computer roberts office weapons laboratory state art july company electronic announced set function roberts determined design kit fund new project roberts sold fellow air_force officer lieutenant william got investment weapons laboratory officer major officers scientist lab interested state art kit helped design wrote assembly manual return kit known function add divide display calculations accuracy custom case gave kit professional appearance kit assembled unit featured november cover popular electronics thousands orders came month contrast poor results previous kits offered steady flow sales allowed run page advertisements radio electronics popular electronics scientific american june radio electronics announced digit model memory square root function kit assembled original kit reduced controlled upcoming programming unit monthly sales reached march moved larger building square feet square meters space meet demand assembled automated wave machine installed selling employees worked shifts assembling functionality increased rapid pace roberts designing producing new models scientific engineering introduced december featured functions polar rectangular conversion memories seven level stack kit level stack assembled unit seven level stack month series function pocket announced digit model digit model programmer mentioned earliest advertisement featured march size hold programming steps expanded steps limited key presses simple sequence branching programming entering key codes combination programmer nearly sophisticated kits fraction price feature price information advertisements radio electronics magazine issue date shown price original article popular electronics price wars instrument corporation introduced brain function pocket september sold copies year developed priced september texas instruments introduced portable function sold family chip integrated circuit directly competing customers companies national began selling commodore business machines office equipment companies got market price war started early roberts found purchase retail store cost materials larger companies sell cost win market share lost million filed bankruptcy commodore acquired supplier technology texas instruments won price war division lost million compete market roberts needed capital took public november stock offering shares oil crisis caused stock market able sell shares allowed pay existing debt allow expansion roberts developed test equipment products generator digital attempted appeal kit builders featuring test equipment digital advertisements instead losing money july page prominent ads replaced quarter page ads magazine debt roberts looking new hit product decided return kit market low cost computer target customer think assembly required desirable feature roberts looked thought limited difficult work released general purpose computer target price complete computer kit meet price roberts agreed order roberts head engineer bill began designing computer company employees bank loan financed design initial production new computer popular electronics radio electronics january popular electronics changed editorial focus attempt attract advertising revenues reviews stereo equipment citizens band radio featured constructions projects gone dan don lancaster john authors immediately started contributing competing radio electronics magazine june cover story experimenting solid state laser article issue experiments pseudonym popular electronics technical editor les solomon solomon wrote articles radio electronics working popular electronics garner longtime solid state editor moved radio electronics year kit projects featured radio electronics including integrated circuit model function generator july model july computer terminal november radio electronics smaller circulation popular electronics led way innovative construction projects john electronic music synthesizer featured cover issue sold fraction commercial synthesizers electronics produced decades don lancaster september jon computer july catalyst home computer revolution art editor popular electronics goal lead projects wanted publish computer project functional elegant les solomon knew working based computer project thought roberts provide project popular january issue roberts bill finished prototype october shipped popular electronics new_york railway express agency arrived strike shipping company solomon number pictures machine article based roberts got work building replacement computer magazine cover box switches panel finished computer completely different circuit board layout prototype shown magazine computer products modeled early 1970s data general nova machines contained board memory boards boards data storage display terminal external devices model popular terminal provided printed output data storage punched paper tape advanced systems inch video terminal display lines characters graphics available lower case letters option computers panel switches entering data lights displaying normally boot computer problems kit came panel board ram slot plane power supply memory board serial interface board parallel interface special price system basic model january issue popular electronics reached readers mid december flooded orders hire extra people answer phones february received orders quoted delivery time days months machines shipped august shipped computers computer break sale needed sell additional memory boards boards options profit april issue newsletter computer notes page long price list offered optional boards delivery time given days items produced dropped future price lists initially roberts decided concentrate production computers prompt delivery optional boards occur october dedicated support dynamic random access memory type memory new technology wanted use consumed power static ram design component problems led high failure rate dynamic ram board july new companies technology selling static ram boards promise reliable operation released static ram board january disk drives readily available compatible inch drives selected disk drive store data disk controller occupied boards initial units available august delayed end production version extended disk basic released april controller disk drive sold kit assembled marketing page advertisements computer appeared february issues popular electronics radio electronics magazines soon advertising technical journals computer general interest magazines scientific american prominent new computer magazines creative computing david joined technical writer april created newsletter staff easily communicate customers newsletter computer notes available customers interested readers large format newsletter inches issue pages january switched smaller magazine format issue produced january started personal computer magazine october went successful career magazine publisher computer notes featured wide variety authors bill gates paul allen regular contributors early issues wrote basic general software topics roberts wrote monthly letter president column answer customer questions review competing products engineers tom steve technical descriptions new products owners contribute software hardware suggestions occasionally complete article purchased van april outfitted system complete disk model produced mobile literally wheels travel city city showcasing product line hold hotel conference rooms draw crowds people notable house alto california early june member computer club left unreleased copy basic retail computer stores established cities mobile retired world computer convention held new_mexico march convention organized david overwhelming success people states seven countries attending attendees leaders personal computer revolution clones owners systems purchase additional memory interface boards party suppliers predictable owners computer delays delivery systems accessories accelerated formation compatible suppliers ones started appearing july complete computers systems readily available technical provided electrical pin computer bus allowing design compatible boards proper technical standard time compatible boards work compatible boards later industry developed bus standard bill electronics oakland parts supplier students berkeley george approached compatible designs agreed produce sell october magazine carried advertisement headlining ram kit compatible board sold components technology static ram board serial parallel interface board lee designed compatible video board provided lines upper lower case characters black white television board popular led technology computer clone computer released december corrected shortcomings original providing larger power supply slot easier panel roberts reviewed april column computer notes agreed ways better original roberts pointed new superior upgraded fixed issues computers available authorized computer dealers technology clones sold hundreds newly opening computer stores bus 1980s overtaken bus seattle computer products manufacturer memory boards company engineer tim designed system boards microsoft nearby washington prototype machine test version basic digital research promised deliver version operating system december missed date needed disk operating system sell products wrote quick dirty operating system months microsoft later purchase use basis dos basic december bill gates student harvard_university paul allen worked boston saw computer january issue popular electronics knew powerful support basic interpreter wanted offer basic computer software development tools previously created based data computer head start friend paul gilbert building computer allen wrote program ran time sharing computer simulated system modified produce machine code data software written computer hardware complete harvard available student use use develop basic allen modified development software new gates began writing assembly language hand yellow legal pads enlisted harvard student write math routines early february program switched legal pads preliminary version completed march gates allen contact roberts older looking paul allen travel march needed time computer memory working needed time software finished allen arrived took day software running allen remembers caused computer memory problems roberts remembers delay software problems april issue newsletter computer notes banner headline basic running software begin shipping june software price discounted purchase computer memory serial card july signed contract basic bill gates paul allen received signing royalty copy basic sold version version expanded version contract cap received exclusive worldwide license program years exclusive rights sub license program companies agreed use best efforts license promote program supply computer time necessary development owned school district paul allen left job vice president director software salary year bill gates student harvard contractor october company newsletter gives title software specialist price basic customers purchased additional memory boards users gone memory board reliable customers bought computer working memory companies like technology pay basic acquire copies software percent early customers actually purchased basic royalty copy gates felt computer stealing money february bill gates general partner micro soft wrote open letter sent computer publication thieves announced new computer based november machines supposed ship january hardware design problems delayed shipment paul allen rewrote support high school friend gates allen converted basic assembly language assembly language eliminate copy royalty loss issue basic licensed non exclusive basis flat fee mcdonald impressed new technology derivative modified development system support edition basic version later sold commodore apple january issue newsletter computer notes carried basic stated licenses source listing rights distribute available buyers write paul allen plant detailed information microsoft found corporate customers basic proceeds evenly split acquired december refused allow deals agreement required uses best efforts license software contract required microsoft use binding arbitration settle disputes september ruled favor microsoft continue use basic machines lost exclusive license microsoft license software royalties longer business requirement remain microsoft wanted relocate larger city attractive new employees san_francisco bay area considered allen gates decided return home seattle microsoft moved washington january sale employees sales million roberts management responsibilities looking larger partner computer corporation disk drives december signed letter intent acquire million stock deal completed national computer conference dallas texas roberts got million shareholders including designer william split rest eager increase sales small businesses computer stores united_states marketing hobby home user curtailed november issue newsletter computer notes produced staff issue produced staff california cover leading home computer magazine carried page advertisement ended september issue roberts stayed worked special projects august agreed sell stake north american million deal complete agreed acquired west german computer company triumph million sales million triumph sales million products merged line facility produce small business computer plant closed december production moved plants california end roberts left returned georgia gentleman farmer studied medicine university georgia graduated roberts practiced medicine georgia population death

Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems


rhyme promise dot company best known supporting creations free content online encyclopedia projects founded jimmy wales tim shell michael davis davis acquainted wales hiring chicago options associates wales friends shell lists discussing philosophy primary business sale advertising search portal company initially tried number ideas content including information chicago site subsequently focused content geared male audience including information sporting activities automobiles women successful focusing rated media devoted erotic images report featured adult pictures premium available additional fee provided explicit material engine helped users find erotic content web search engine advertising director noted percent site nude women created free online encyclopedia content submitted experts tedious slow review process initially launched provide content profit venture subsidiary end costs rose popularity revenues declined result dot crash drain resources wales philosophy graduate student larry decided fund project charity laid content merged ceased non profit foundation began board trustees composed founders wales davis shell headquartered florida location wales revenue fund decision shift encyclopedia non profit status wales stepped role ceo shell served ceo company foundation board trustees wales edited remove providing pornography attracted media attention wales expressed regret actions atlantic gave nickname playboy internet term caught media outlets scholars described provider pornography history background jimmy wales left study track indiana university phd candidate work finance completing doctoral wales hired michael davis ceo finance company chicago options associates trader focusing contracts options wales adept determining future movements foreign interest rates successful chicago independently wealthy director research chicago options associates acquainted tim shell email lists discussing philosophy wales wanted participate online based ventures increasingly popular successful mid-1990s experience gaming youth impressed importance networking wales interested computer science experimenting source code internet improving skill computer programming spare time work chicago options associates wales constructed web firm noted successful initial public offering communications foundation wales founded business associates tim shell manager michael davis profit corporation joint ownership wales chief manager moved chicago san_diego work florida company subsequently relocated staff originally employees staff included programmer system administrator jason wales employed high school friend best man second wedding terry advertising director june network partners ask majority revenue came generated advertising successful time venture member nbc web portal collapsed end dot bubble acronym stemmed bitter old men suits wales shell called chicago site began web portal trying number ideas including serving access point information chicago later 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celebrities including anna anderson section report begun pictures porn stars blog format report produced original erotic material including reports pornographic film actors celebrities posed nude referred report short wales referred site pornography glamour photography familiar internet users erotic images period wales photographed steering yacht peaked cap posing sea captain female professional model photograph women wearing shirts advertising subscription section premium provided access adult content erotic material day trial provided nude images females subscribers premium featured lesbian sexual practices female anatomy created engine helped users find erotic material online web search engine according advertising director terry percent searches site related nude women best known supporting creation free content online encyclopedia projects tim shell michael david continued partnership wales venture larry met jimmy wales mail communication group philosophy joined graduate student working phd degree philosophy research focused received degree ohio_state university moving san_diego help encyclopedia venture time joined company total workforce employees help programmers wales began resources beginning company agreed provide early financing profits went live march wales ceo editor chief reading intended high school graduates set goal set new standard breadth depth lack bias time comprehensive encyclopedia history began search experts articles proved tedious august academics contributing peer review process site doctor philosophy doctor medicine degrees scholars wishing contribute required submit credentials time attempting obtain advertising revenue company optimistic fund project space began feature january later known day originally intended generate draft articles finished articles moved separate site days advisory board opposed combining september wales simultaneously ceo founder chief organizer editor chief peer review system seven step process review grew 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Computer-related organizations and people


bad bad drug companies doctors harm patients book british physician academic ben industry relationship medical profession extent controls academic research products published september fourth estate imprint united_states february argues book medicine broken evidence based systematically distorted industry writes industry finances clinical trials products doctors continuing education clinical trials conducted small groups subjects negative data routinely withheld apparently independent academic papers planned companies contractors disclosure describing situation disaster makes suggestions action patients groups physicians academics industry responding book publication association british industry issued statement arguing examples book offers historical concerns addressed industry regulated world data accordance international standards january joined collaboration british medical journal setting campaign calling results past current clinical trials reported british house_of_commons public accounts committee expressed concern january drug companies publishing percent clinical trial results author graduating class honours degree medicine college oxford obtained philosophy king college london undertook clinical training medical school qualifying medical doctor psychiatrist research fellow london school tropical medicine known bad science column guardian written book bad science claims forms alternative medicine criticized certain physicians media lack critical thinking looked controversy aids effect statistics recognized june health service journal having single individual shine light science research gets distorted media politicians industry synopsis introduction writes introduction bad aims defend following drugs tested people manufacture poorly designed trials small numbers weird patients analysed techniques flawed design way benefits treatments trials tend produce results favour manufacturer trials throw results companies don like perfectly entitled hide doctors patients distorted picture drug true effects trial data early drug life don data doctors patients parts government distorted evidence communicated applied distorted fashion years practice leaving medical school doctors hear works hoc oral traditions sales colleagues journals colleagues pay drug companies undisclosed journals patient groups finally academic papers thinks objective planned written people work directly companies disclosure academic journals owned outright drug company aside important enduring problems medicine idea best treatment financial interest conduct trials chapter missing data missing data argues clinical trials undertaken drug companies routinely reach conclusions favourable company example journal article published medicine researchers studied published trial drugs prescribed reduce levels trials looked industry funded trials times likely produce results favoured drug writes positive results achieved number ways industry sponsored studies flawed design example comparing new drug existing drug inadequate dose patients selected positive result likely addition data analysed trial progresses trial producing negative data stopped prematurely results published producing positive data stopped early longer term effects examined writes publication bias negative results remain unpublished endemic medicine consequence argues doctors idea effects drugs example gives difficulty obtaining missing data drug companies manufactured reduce complications bird flu governments spent pounds based large analysis funded industry bad charts efforts independent researchers particularly tom jefferson collaboration respiratory group gain access information drug chapter new drugs come second chapter book describes process new drugs animal testing phase man study phase phase clinical trials phase participants referred volunteers paid day studies weeks subjects volunteer times year earning potential main reason participation participants usually taken groups society increasingly means trials conducted countries highly competitive wages contract research organizations rate growth clinical trials india percent year argentina percent china percent trials fallen percent year percent shift raises issues data integrity regulatory oversight language difficulties meaning informed consent poorer population standards clinical care extent corruption regarded routine certain countries ethical problem raising population expectations drugs population afford raises question results clinical trials population invariably applied social physical differences asks patients diagnosed depression china patients diagnosed depression california notes people asian descent drugs differently cases available treatment withheld clinical trials nigeria drug company compared new outbreak competing known effective higher dose trial writes children died divided equally groups families taking trial apparently told competing effective dose available door building chapter bad chapter describes concept regulatory capture healthcare products regulatory agency food drug administration united_states ends advancing interests drug companies interests public writes happens number reasons including revolving door employees companies fact friendships develop company employees simply knowledge interests common chapter discusses outcomes accelerated approval difficulty having ineffective drugs removed market approved argues require new drugs offer improvement available particularly effective chapter bad trials bad trials examines ways clinical trials flawed writes happens design analysis effect drug benefits harm instances fraud says rare common calls tricks close calls elegant margins include testing drugs ideal patients comparing new drugs known ineffective effective different dose differently conducting trials short small stopping trials early late includes measuring outcomes packaging data misleading ignoring patients drop protocol analysis patients complete trial counted final results intention treat analysis starts trial counted changing main outcome trial finished producing analyses apparently positive outcomes certain tightly defined groups chinese men ages hiding overall negative outcome conducting trials objective persuade physicians use drug criticism outcomes presented terms relative risk reduction apparent benefits treatment example writes people heart attack year percent reduction expressed relative risk reduction expressed absolute risk reduction reduction percent chapter bigger simpler trials chapter suggests general practice research database contains records million patients conduct trials determine effective competing treatments example compare doctors randomly assign patients patients followed having data levels heart attacks strokes deaths taken medical records trials blind patients know prescribed writes unlikely hold firm beliefs extent affect health chapter marketing final chapter looks doctors persuaded drugs brand drugs effective significantly cheaper patent ones cites examples writes equally effective evidence suggest came patent years ago million year costing national health service annual million extra addresses issue certain conditions argues companies widen boundaries diagnosis offering solutions female sexual highlighted study published journal american medical association alleged percent women suffering article appeared new_york_times wrote authors worked time preparing launch known female journal editor said failure disclose relationship journal mistake chapter examines celebrity endorsement certain drugs extent claims advertisements aimed doctors appropriately sourced direct consumer advertising currently permitted new_zealand ought allowed discusses firms promote stories patients complain media certain drugs available national institute health clinical excellence nice breast cancer patients campaigned available handled law firm working drug manufacturer historian lisa suffering breast cancer told guardian approached firm working company chapter covers influence drug employed drug companies write papers academics publish independent academic journals drug companies finance doctors continuing education patients groups funded industry better data book makes suggestions action doctors medical students patients patient groups industry advises doctors nurses managers stop seeing drug ban hospitals medical schools declare online waiting rooms gifts received industry remove drug company promotional material offices waiting rooms praises website american medical student association ranks institutions according conflict interest policies writing makes feel suggests regulations introduced prevent sharing doctors records drug asks academics lobby universities academic societies academics involved lobby film credit contributions end academic paper listing involved including initiated idea publishing paper asks disclosure past clinical trial results list academic papers puts rigged industry retracted asks drug company employees writing anonymous blog contacting advises patients ask doctors accept drug company sponsorship post details waiting rooms clear acceptable patient doctor discuss medical history drug patients invited trial advised ask things written guarantee trial publicly registered main outcome trial published year completion advises patient groups write drug companies following living disease tell today reception book generally received economist described slightly technical consistently shocking occasionally helen lewis new statesman called important book writing guardian described thorough piece investigative medical journalism andrew jack wrote financial times best poor clinical trials strong explaining complex background reality general constraints individual slips companies employees jack argued book failed reflect lives improved current system example new treatments hiv cancer max psychiatrist wrote daily_telegraph book enraged big business puts profits patient welfare allows people die don want disclose research evidence tricks play sure doctors evidence comes drug works association british industry replied new statesman stuck era companies wine doctors exchange signing line issued press release writing industry responsible discovery percent takes average years introduce medicine market new compounds receiving regulatory approval makes research development expensive risky business wrote industry heavily regulated world committed ensuring transparency research development new maintained examples offered long documented historical companies concerned long addressed issues argues book dangerous tactic industry enduring claim problems past british society wrote chosen target produced shocking examples secrecy particularly data chapter trial seven published published study showed positive results unpublished trials suggested argued gone chapter chapter recommending large clinical trials electronic patient data general practitioners fully pointing problematic trials raise issues example informed consent regulatory oversight criticized style describing book long repetitive places particularly objected line medicine broken calling remark following book publication founded david editor chief library british medical journal centre evidence based medicine college school medicine institute health policy clinical practice set january group campaigns past current clinical trials registered reported treatments use british house_of_commons public accounts committee produced report january hearing evidence editor chief british medical journal data drug manufacturer committee said surprised concerned learn information clinical trials routinely withheld doctors recommended department health steps ensure clinical trial data available currently prescribed treatments publication details bad drug companies doctors harm patients fourth estate isbn isbn signal canada isbn december foreign rights sold brazil czech_republic netherlands germany israel italy korea norway poland portugal spain turkey


coloration animal kingdom coloration animal kingdom exposition laws disguise color pattern summary discoveries book published ostensibly revised fact collaboration completion father major work book illustrated sets controversial thesis animal coloration evolutionary purpose camouflage rejected charles darwin theory sexual selection arguing words paintings conspicuous animal features tail brilliant pink effective camouflage right light book introduced concepts coloration break object outlines butterfly leaf especially animal tones appear flat self book criticised big game hunter politician roosevelt central assertion aspect animal coloration effective camouflage roosevelt detailed reply attacked biased choice examples suit thesis book reliance claims place evidence book evenly criticised zoologist camouflage researcher hugh valued work regretted attempts explain animal coloration camouflage mocked greater lesser extent scientific reviewers overview american artist known figure paintings spiritual beauty famous painting angel modeled children studied art school paris unlike james returned united_states seeking timeless beauty obsessed nature felt contained pure beauty seeking capture paintings close observation led notice scientists edward beginning describe animals painted opposite way painters create appearance figures canvas flat areas uniform color painted canvas appear flat body appear depth artist shadows body animal facing sky remains bright darker underside excited realize reversing nature animals appear flat passionate coloration theory called second child noticed certain realized phenomenon widespread championed theory article nature scientist lacked scientist attempt test aspect new theory instead came believe theory belonged artists trained perception basis picture making consists contrasting background object picture argued obsession led deny animals colored reasons protection naturalist henry walter proposed supported examples butterflies south_america sexual selection charles darwin argued supported observations treatment animal coloration coloration animal kingdom partial understanding rejection theories obsession led later attempt persuade military adopt camouflage based ideas traveling london writing passionate letters assistant secretary navy franklin roosevelt approach text describes book having main purposes present research subject available wider readership book list contents reveals heavy reliance bird examples filling chapters occupy chapters insects receive chapters dedicated adult butterflies remaining pages insects starting including leaf mimic illustrations book colored plates paintings richard including known amid foliage heavily criticised images wood ducks blue snow dawn sunset skies picture colored plates claims illustrations particular importance include believe scientific paintings published animals actually nature black white figures mainly photographs drawings half photographs birds photographs sources periodicals secured special advertising contents introduction essay psychological basic principles subject outline book scope law protective coloration definition terms principles use markings picture patterns birds american picture patterns shaded birds continued terrestrial picture patterns counter shaded birds forest european picture patterns counter shaded birds continued grass patterns heather patterns picture patterns counter shaded birds continued climbing birds picture patterns counter shaded birds continued shore birds picture patterns counter shaded birds continued reed patterns etc background counter shaded birds continued marsh birds wood duck background counter shaded birds continued birds ocean birds etc inherent power markings patterns birds etc special functions markings birds bill feet offensive purposes birds etc power birds etc birds birds concluded mammals mammals continued mammals concluded fishes reptiles amphibians insects butterflies outline chapter sets long ignored laws protective coloration act waited artist perceive explains principle arguing naive view colored like surroundings explain animal camouflage works acknowledges prior work edward colours animals identifying quoting passages describes larvae appear flat named law protective coloration principles chapter defines book terms protective resemblance form protective coloration distinguishes colors mainly branch protective coloration includes kinds visibility branches named coloration dismissed playing insignificant higher orders limited mainly invertebrates fine photograph white lacking counter flat white cloth demonstrates camouflage color matching gives examples considers animals chapter describes combination markings photographs model bird showing correct position wonderful picture patterns positioned upside photograph dead easily visible chapters illustrate picture patterns birds including wilson whip poor describes showing merging background close perfectly resemble objects stone log chapter argues birds patterns designed camouflage distant backgrounds painting bird forest background evidence bird plain sight invisible great owl piece wing super imposed photograph wood closely owl patterns reproduce forest interior text describes owl having highly developed forest pattern chapter similarly argues grass heather patterns terrestrial opposed birds patterned white tailed shown remarkable photograph lewis attempts classify camouflage types example writing principal feature pattern grasses ground intricate lace work light colored linear forms straight twisted relieving varying intensity dark chapter continues theme tree climbing birds chapter claims pure simple rule shore birds chapter describes background birds live light stripes bill repeated continued light stripes sides head neck imitated closely look separate bright reed stems dark stripes pictured shadow stems chapter argues way heavily criticised book appeared water birds highly conspicuous like male wood duck colored camouflage beautifully contrasted black white bars flanks wood duck pictures potent camouflage place elaborate markings land birds chapter argues pure white ocean birds equally functions camouflage admits appear conspicuous argues varied backgrounds white offers greatest average ocean bright sky seen chapter analyses markings patterns detail starting color plate shows effect calls strong patterns photograph nest cherry richard argues marked bird mainly black white red patterned chapter discusses barred markings hawks fine plates photographs patterned cryptic chicks described having eye shadow hole pattern chapter describes leg feather patterns hawks asserting mask dangerous facilitate attack like birds masked colors chapter claims colours example wing patch ducks brightly plumage serving camouflage varying conditions asserts brightly colored species european purple considered second counter factor birds value chapter argues bird plumage devices conceal animals outlines enormously developed feather birds paradise argued provide camouflage way sexual display mentioned dismissed sole reason colours outlines patterns male birds chapter briefly discusses returning evident paramount importance function time brilliant heads case admits trinidad plant mimic day night tree branch purpose chapter concludes description bird plumage claiming birds tropical forests snowy north including blue jay colored chapters discuss coloration mammals including equipped surface colors bats admitted little way unlike families order notes species strong defences exceptions enjoy like security virtue gigantic including elephants domestic hare shown strongly pair photographs life sitting laid outdoors reversed chapter asserts vegetation claim derided roosevelt chapter addresses problem bold clear patterns foremost law include african striped java dark white dismisses species instead asserting effectiveness camouflage rest long believed colored warning foul defensive equipment fact universal coloration photographs stuffed skins attempt prove point chapter goes claim colored head resembles end hollow log tail said strong banding serving like divert attention predator tail head animal hole unable resist arguing quiet tail bands act chapter looks fish admitting frankly authors know fishes standpoint systematic science saying gathered general estimate coloration market stalls museums books fish deep sea fish animals seen problem possibility camouflage considered chapter considers reptiles amphibians noted predominantly green patterns plate treats snake dead leaves explaining study snake dead leaves normal situation page sheet card cut shape snake lying bed leaves folded painting kent revealed showing snake outline disrupted pattern light shade leaf litter chapter mentions terrestrial brightly black whitish yellow amphibians extremely wearing bright blue green purple red suggests markings targets distract predators striking head markings left problem authors know little habits species admitted coloration obscure final chapters turn insects chapter looks earlier noted convincing examples plate shows including larger spotted beech leaf edge position passing leaf feeding strongly cryptic flattened like slightly leaf inverted makes appear solid chapter looks insects spiders noting famous leaf mimicking butterfly india claiming conspicuous butterflies fact eye spots mentioned instead noting asserted dazzling appearing holes functioning camouflage text ends asks wonder artists feel keen delight looking patterns worn animals art student find painted perfected nature typical color pattern scheme kind landscape color pattern line true power man imitate fully appendix provides extracts remarkable addition subject observations color change reception contemporary reviews roosevelt views vigorously criticised roosevelt experienced big game hunter naturalist familiar animal camouflage politician lengthy article bulletin american museum natural history roosevelt begins writing doctrine coloration extreme form thought pushed fantastic extreme include wild application common sense sweeping claims roosevelt quotes passages book words patterns colors whatsoever animals prey preyed certain normal circumstances observes claims pictures writing arguments plain facts wild forward facts puts enthusiasm example critiques picture book tree blue sky showing leaves sufficient quantity warrant author artists explaining wonderful blue neck fade sky roosevelt writes extremely rare sight nature worse female argues conspicuous conditions chosen blue sky argue choose white sky allow white fade background roosevelt argues engineer constructed report way dismissed directors corporation tried float shares strength report liable prosecution fraud roosevelt recently returned african having seen admired shot large numbers animals theories described writer meaning ill balanced suggestion white markings body bush meant resemble water shine dismissed wild observation personal experience bush spend little time places lack spots spend roosevelt refrain describes theory probably wild committed criticised thomas conservation pioneer john phillips wrote enthusiasts field partially familiar gone far claimed phillips warmly welcome work demonstrated protest gently slightly treatment camouflage birds like known recognized began attack claims hardly need carefully arranged protection value minutes day sure curious cloud arrangement depicted days year equally critical observing painting looks like actual skins species wood duck point sexual plumage male spends summer eclipse plumage brilliant late autumn winter early spring surroundings dead color attributed protective importance color patterns inclined consider distinct disadvantage phillips note enthusiasm ignored sexual artistic question animal needs protection shown rendered citing black white animals coloration known smell conclude writing purposely omitted calling special attention strong features book axe grind making species english douglas frank finn write book making species opinion animals calls coloured note edward written asserted animals agree exists suggestion universal feel tempted fun promptly ask reader agrees animal look flock sunset admit camouflage general point different sexually birds explained camouflage considering conspicuous colours male birds matter life death importance bird coloured expect coloured birds far numerous dull birds appear numerous said secretive habits counter argument danger sitting nests observing species shares work eggs modern assessment hugh zoologist camouflage expert hugh book coloration animals writes theory coloration brought discredit tendency certain writers carried away facts enthusiasm brought storms criticism theory find theory fantastic extreme cover type coloration animal kingdom attacks comprehensive assertion patterns colors whatsoever continues specifically detailed text contrived paintings unfortunately certain explanations illustrations nature depend observations abnormal circumstances gives examples woods blue sky neck flock red matching red sunset sky pink plumage matches pink cloud scheme lists cases white white quoting roosevelt raven coloration course coal notes extreme views like adopted admits criticisms certain conclusions justified returning attack critics defending theory protective aggressive resemblance favourably explicitly recognises work granting edward partial anticipation work purple emperor butterfly quotes description figure fish illustrating principle follows figure eyed hawk natural unnatural positions figure drawing effect stripes bold markings chicks like figure plate like figure photograph white white background figure cover drawings snake lying bed leaves pattern like plate john peter forbes evolutionary biologist john reviewing topic camouflage proceedings royal society cites book times disruption conspicuous elements distract predator attention break body outline making detection prey difficult prey detected distinct visual background recognized edible example resembling leaf false common animal colour patterns leading misleading appearance shape disrupt body outline far earliest source early source cites disruption hugh coloration animals art science writer peter forbes notes obsessed effect far scientist artist edged deep led regard findings discovery revelation describing coloration forbes writes flood need approval artwork failed acceptance ideas science depend expressed forbes view battling rights artists scientists citing properly belongs realm art evidence apart bizarre forbes calls opposition extreme forbes reading book today strange experience sets idea single creature perfectly tries readers agreeing forbes critical rejection warning coloration quoting daughter writing father special mission butterflies apparently wanted prove wrong explanation model mimic forbes observes natural selection contend human reactions taste butterflies david philosopher jazz musician david book survival beautiful relationship aesthetics evolution argues book set principles camouflage observation nature art contributed military needs society following charles darwin swept idea animal evolved perfectly live surroundings emotionally unable accept half darwin view animal coloration troubled darwin notion sexual selection explain evolution taste beauty contrary animal explained need remain hidden appears including tail fact sophisticated form camouflage great scientist charles darwin discusses account wood duck calls colored duck explains believed trained artists seen earlier observers missed black white patches stripes pictures depicting motion reflections water evolved hide bird american art museum american art museum website describing book controversial writes bright pink similar colored sky sunset sunrise matter times brilliant feathers highly visible coloration protect predators crucial moments spectator right space occupied animal readers convinced primary list identifies places book quotations come secondary

Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom


natural history natural history natural history book english naturalist gilbert white published brother benjamin continuously print nearly editions book published late white life compiled mixture letters thomas pennant naturalist calendar second edition comparing observations white william appearances year different animals plants observations natural history organized systematically species group second volume reprinted covered letters posted written book white natural history received contemporary critics public continued admired diverse range nineteenth twentieth century literary figures including samuel taylor thomas charles darwin john virginia work seen early contribution ecology particular book enjoyed charm apparent simplicity way creates vision pre industrial england original manuscript preserved displayed gilbert white museum wakes overview main book natural history presented compilation letters nominally thomas pennant leading british zoologist day letters english fellow royal society letters white details natural history area family home hampshire letters posted written especially book patrick armstrong book english naturalist notes particular obvious example nominally thomas pennant clearly contrived introduces parish briefly position geography principal physical features white biographer richard estimates letters probably sent post explains hard precise white extensive editing letters dated sent dates altered letters cut split shorter letters merged distributed small parts letters section insect eating birds letter sent appears book letter pennant personal remarks removed book genuinely based letters pennant structure book literary device compilation letters materials book uneven structure diary like sequence letters breaks naturally follow second calendar organized event year collection observations organised animal plant group species section apparently structure book fact opening closing sections arranged like rest letters form scale narrative structure anthology letter begins parish lies extreme eastern corner county hampshire bordering county sussex far county surrey miles south west london latitude near mid way towns large extensive parishes sussex soils district views aspects high south west consists vast hill chalk rising feet village divided sheep high wood long hanging wood called covert altogether beech lovely forest trees consider smooth bark glossy foliage graceful pleasing park like spot mile half space verge hill country begins break plains commanding engaging view hill wood lands heath water prospect bounded south east east vast range mountains called sussex downs guild near downs round surrey north east altogether country form noble extensive outline novelist opened better wrote virginia set foreground illustrations edition illustrated paintings swiss artist samuel engraved angus lived england famous artist costing week event stayed days white recorded worked hard white described method sketch landscape lead pencil finally add light wash illustrations engraved signed lower right variety including william angus peter structure natural history letters thomas pennant letters white friend thomas pennant posted posted letter giving overview dated august letter wood dated november known men friends met white writes repeatedly like meet little conversation face face corresponded freely years certain meet long periods possible met letters edited form actually posted example letter posted introductory thanks pennant white edited published version letters letters lawyer occupying half book letter summer birds passage dated june letter thunderstorms dated june letters largely overlap time frame pennant began ended somewhat later suggested white write book observations pennant corresponding white relying white natural history information books suggests white biographer richard wanted white continuing source information rival author hand liked natural world little interest making observations tended accept claimed facts character letters old mentioned letter continues garden retired underground 20th november came day 30th lies buried wet border wall facing south present mud letter describes summer amazing horrible phenomena tremendous thunderstorms distressed different counties kingdom peculiar fog prevailed weeks island europe limits extraordinary appearance unlike known memory man sun noon looked blank moon shed coloured light ground floors rooms particularly blood coloured rising setting time heat intense butcher meat hardly eaten day killed caused eruption volcano iceland june february killing quarter people iceland spreading far egypt section omitted later editions consists like natural history letters posted fiction addressed pennant letter begins reasonable suppose remote ages woody mountainous district inhabited bears wolves letter discusses saxon times according white royal manor belonging queen edward letter describes village church antiquity suppose earlier date beginning reign henry vii letter describes ancient tree churchyard letter describes ruined letter discusses properties knights near village letter describes visit bishop william correct particular abuses religious houses parish orders item 5th care doors church attended suspected females pass choir dark item 10th cease living flesh spirit proven sleep naked beds shirts item 11th stop keeping publicly attending hunting matches noisy tumultuous item 17th properly maintain houses convent allowed neglect notorious place item 29th stop wearing ornaments appearing like edged costly fringed gloves trimmed gold silver richard describes white reaction saga grave disapproval monks general sequence letters relate history letter relates takeover college oxford bishop william white describes disastrous fall fell considerable endowed years seventy years suppression alien henry years general dissolution monasteries henry_viii final letter records sooner college tended swift decay white notes foundations torn repair highways left rough pasture pits dwarf elder feet white reason bitter takeover college lords manor turn gave right appoint parish priest white biographer richard casts doubt frequent assumption white deepest regret vicar true ineligible granted living naturalist calendar year year section compiled posthumously contains list observations white manuscripts organised william supplemented observations near battle sussex observations depend latitude places global climate forming comparison modern observations example heard recorded white april april presumably earlier date heard june table begins follows observations branches natural history observations birds longest section observations comments instance observations entries sheep rabbits cats horse observations insects cover glow worms snake cast skin observations vegetables observations relate trees seeds beans birds set bees fungi fairy rings meteorological observations frozen black spring recorded effects weather volcanic eruption crater reception contemporary white lifelong friend john wrote correctly predicting work place thomas white wrote long properly restrained review brother book gentleman magazine january commenting observation runs work anonymous reviewer april wrote delightful original work white history seldom published natural history evidently author principal study evidently favourite book compilation publications result years observations nature told precision philosopher happy selection circumstances mark poet nineteenth century anonymous critic critic called description place temporal horizon modern life wrote having visited village retreat naturalist remains inaccessible improved knowledge belong times excluded increasing commerce population factories genius prosperity era cambridge history english american literature begins essay white words gilbert white natural history holds unique position english literature solitary classic natural history easy words reason remarkable success fact arranged systematic book record life work simple refined man succeeded saw reader carried interest results far sighted observation reader spirit writer book like minded valued companion modern white treated pioneer ecology british james fisher gives balanced view writing world round simple complete british country perfect escape medical historian richard writes white strange power natural historians readers historians noting demands analysis observes white straight jane fame naturalist writer life distinguish hundreds country parsons 18th 19th centuries natural history oddly masterpiece construction revealing process white came write notes white appeal lies ability summon powerful particular vision pre industrial england offers readers key walled garden mellow queen anne brick lying thomas gray country churchyard ancient water meadow yale tutor fred writing magazine compared white henry ways village fashioned new natural history spoke simply human voice looked profoundly pioneered way students nature wished white high arctic far pacific terrain offered wide world willing dig deep said watch narrowly close ground later broadcast acquainted mere globe live feet beneath surface know words mind village reverend gilbert white town reached running beneath surface man book round globe indiana university notes book garnered praise darwin reception years initial publication vivid instance retrospective transforms history heritage naturalist richard writes biography white confess like come natural history years surround kind book presented prize giving days saw work senses old school eventually came read opinion changed dramatically cope disorder sudden taxonomic latin failed notice feeling prose manuscript manuscript book stayed white family auctioned stuart samuel mounted letters bound book green morocco leather library sold manuscript bought dealer passed collection arthur collection auctioned manuscript purchased gilbert white museum wakes displayed legacy thomas volume land birds history british birds presents list birds chiefly selected white natural history arranged nearly order appearing list begins middle march places middle april ends middle white natural history continuously print publication paperback edition illustrated natural history reprinted thames hudson long held according white biographer richard fourth published book english language bible works shakespeare john progress white frequent accounts inherited aunt natural history form basis book notes warner portrait versions book edition harper brothers new_york biodiversity library edition biodiversity library edition edition complete project edition edition free audio natural history public domain book review nature review pioneer richard gilbert white cosmopolitan letter writers cambridge history literature

The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne


naturalist river naturalist river subtitled record adventures habits animals sketches brazilian indian life aspects nature equator years travel book british naturalist henry walter expedition amazon basin friend alfred wallace set obtain new species new evidence evolution natural selection exotic specimens sell explored thousands miles amazon tributaries collected species new science observations coloration butterflies led discover book contains evenly distributed mixture natural history travel observation human societies including towns catholic remarkable discoveries animals plants described theories evolution barely mentioned remarks finding new species start describes animal behaviour detail army ants constantly relates wildlife people explaining people hunt eat use book illustrated drawings leading artists including robinson wood joseph wolf baptist return england encouraged charles darwin write year stay amazon book result widely admired darwin reviewers disagreed book support evolution generally enjoyed account journey scenery people natural history book reprinted times effective second edition omitted technical descriptions publication history edition long technical description second edition technical description removed making shorter book reprinted times edition writing having urged prepare new edition work wider circle contemplated thought portions treating scientific questions larger natural history knowledge author right expect general reader edition reissued years appeared memoir edward major versions naturalist river volumes murray london naturalist river 2nd edition volume murray london removing natural history descriptions reprinted naturalist river memoir author edward edition good short biography approach friend alfred wallace early twenties agreed jointly collecting trip amazon solving problem origin species inspired reading american william henry edwards pioneering book voyage river amazon residency money determined fund collecting selling fine specimens birds insects extensive travels different parts amazon basin creating large natural history collections especially insects wallace sailed england years voyage ship caught fire collection destroyed set leading eventually comparable book archipelago time came home november collected species new science observations coloration butterflies led describe called edible species protects appearing like species account stay including observations nature people occupies book version balance descriptions places adventures wildlife seen style accurate vivid direct house belong peculiar family found best kept chambers frequently walls ceilings day active night grey colours structure feet beautifully adapted running smooth surfaces underside toes expanded beneath skin form series flexible plates means apparatus walk run smooth ceiling backs downwards quick muscular action exhausting admitting air alternately appearance book begins ends suddenly journey reviewer joseph james observes dismissed words lines book run 6th june long miles mouth main passed numerous patches floating grass tree foliage masses fruits tree palm saw great river illustrations illustrations animals plants human topics masked dance wedding feast indians signed wood illustrations including turtle fishing adventure german illustrator baptist bird killing spider attacking robinson artist joseph wolf chapters structure cut second edition follows arrival aspect country etc city arrives starts learning country peoples natural history impressions received walk wholly fade mind handsome women dressed manner loose richly decorated ear rings strings large gold dark expressive eyes remarkably rich heads hair mere fancy thought beauty women harmony rest scene striking view mixture natural human poverty soon notices describes ants stays months making short trips interior city clean safe compared brazil forests etc takes house miles outside town edge forest soon starts notice butterflies climbing routine collecting day making notes preparing specimens evening disappointed signs larger animals jaguar later realizes exist widely scattered shy meets landowner complains high price slaves trees religious holidays insects witnesses catholic notably festival lady describes seen area strange beautiful butterflies different species spiders including monstrous ones wallace travel river hiring boat crew taking provisions months shown young man books including unexpected sight classical library mud palm banks host kills honour kept awake rats crush hard palm nuts species freshwater new science visits wallace goes explore rivers large bird eating spider hairs handles specimen suffered terribly days sees children leading cord waist like dog return journey boat baggage leaves catches finds leaking points bay stays months old mansion coast going insect hunting german lives woods room species bat leaf bat bites hip unpleasant finds giant delicious like times shoots catches pale brown tree snake long thick pale green long amidst foliage shot game house goes hunting neighbour canoe getting lower city describes travellers went arrived gives history earlier preparations voyage include household goods provisions ammunition boxes books copper money species river channel rare species armoured fish caught pleasant town people cliffs pink yellow surrounded plantations kinds monkey huge butterfly slow flying butterflies great numbers musical cricket lower rio negro leaves finds people lazy easily comfortable mixed farming sail tremendous storm finds perfectly resemble leaves victoria masses monkey large butterflies meets wallace catches yellow fever describes customs people goes short little town pure indians choose build light open shelters resting inside mixed african origin build substantial mud enjoys watching small pale green kinds sand regrets people cut palm harvest fruits yield describes potter mason bees meets witch knows uses plants remarks indian men little intercourse whites weak quality dangerous tricks voyage hires boat month trip river prepares trip meat grinding coffee placing food tin boxes insects damp buys trade goods axes knives witnesses poison fishing point finds line dead fire ants inch height breadth washed shore miles terrible wounds inflicted men canoe trunk tree steals chickens cage boat snake feet inches metres length weak diet fish eats spider monkey finding delicious notice river gently tidal miles mouth proof extreme land unimpressed priest especially pills prove useless fever upper voyage city sails continuing story chapter upper soil clay deep rich vegetation catch sea cow tastes like coarse pork greenish fish fat badly small flies pieces floated miles observes large masses giant forest trees rock notes scarcely danger wild animals desperate intellectual society running reading matter advertisements journal describes food fruits curious seasons wet dry seasons year river rising falling twice people regularly eat turtles neighbourhood goes hunting native brings range yards metres notes silent weapon kill twice range wallace found difficult hold steady long tubes tales river shape beautiful woman hair hanging loose heels walking ashore night streets young men water grab beneath waves triumphant cry turtle hunting kills heavy stick finds jaguar great pleasure seeing rare curious umbrella bird arrived woman figure blue mouth gave finish appearance extremely amazed alcohol shy indian drink giving way animals neighbourhood having discovered new species agrees discovery forms small item interest belonging study living creation describes scarlet faced curious animal bats found species true butterflies butterfly species species insect describes unusual insects behaviour including long strong silk thread conspicuous hard birds attack describes length species army ants noting confused accounts appeared travel books copied natural histories november travels travels night despite thick darkness makes miles days captain wheel time delighted discover new butterfly largest genus finds forest glorious writing years exhaust treasures neighbourhood mid day vertical sun depths romantic spot lighting banks clean sandy margins numbers scarlet green black brightly coloured butterflies sport stray beams sparkling brooks large small traverse glorious forest reception contemporary reviews charles darwin charles darwin having encouraged publish account travels read naturalist river great pleasure writing april criticisms condensed single sentence best book natural history travels published england style admirable better discussion struggle existence better descriptions forest scenery grand book sells quickly spoken species subject beautifully illustrated cut publication darwin noted letter magazine reviewed book reader received warmly darwin published appreciation book natural history review notes sent mass specimens species insects new science darwin observes mean authority insects book limited ranges natural history widely describe adventures mighty river darwin clearly enjoyed account calling splendid bird enormous able feed palm nuts quoting hard difficult break heavy hammer crushed pulp powerful darwin took opportunity hit magazine criticised book time painting picture lonely life driven great straits regards mental food tells took reading times time interesting articles second remainder reading advertisements beginning end darwin notes need hardly advocate hypothesis origin species common stock words staunch darwin happy naturalist use book origin species debate heated particular darwin struck robust evidence butterflies genus darwin quotes nearly page conclusions including view findings hint actually progress facts given scientific importance tend species produced nature varieties pre existing closely allied isolated case happened species clearly appears parent exists evidently derived london quarterly review london quarterly review began observation intelligent man tells spent best years life district pretty sure interest generally find travels dull reading reviewer finds free usual personal travel adventure books reviewer remarks subtitle origin species wallace taken theme fully reviewer opinion says little hypothesis focusing instead steadily natural history making remarks human society giving glowing descriptions tropical scenery reviewer notes people meets colour lonely englishman comfortable winning feast indian dressed complete insect net hunting bag old pair nature reviewer considers brazil man oppressed crushed nature occasional hints evolution misunderstood reviewer writes kind seed found places come strange conclusion created twice carried far reviewer finds great hurry come conclusions sic reviewer objects illustration transition forms thinks different couple assumption forest animals adapted forest life rejected reviewer sees features signs creator mention slow adaptation fauna forest clad country immense lapse geological time criticised haunted time reviewer fascinated variety life described book manner speaking delicious monkey flesh puts premium review concludes regret enjoyable book assures readers find heavy reading years little tropical life recommends intending museum try year joseph james edition reviewed botanist joseph james science james reviewing book time year old classic reprinted times compared gilbert white natural history darwin voyage alfred wallace archipelago writing believe placing naturalist river foremost books travel age read recalls graphic pages delight james notes appearance book met praise quarters despite professed liking direct style quotes length description tropics vast number variety field species sounding peculiar note tree frogs blended continuous ringing sound expression nature james spends space review quoting account called murderer uses emphasize struggle existence plants animals explains grows rings victim tree eventually dies leaving selfish parasite arms decaying body victim quickly flower fruit die support fails james observes reflections varied phenomena observation rise descriptive portions value charm book lie unable resist final quotation admitting space cites description night country perpetual summer live england winters factory chimneys returned superior life feelings tastes intellect modern assessment new_yorker alex writing new_yorker makes naturalist choice allowed book tropical journey view basic text monument scientific travel writing fact spent months glorious forest quotes copy acceptance inevitable discomfort personal knowledge noting complained following occurred robbed gone having worn shoes received parcels england worst left read lost wonder astonishing diversity natural history writes largely self educated pioneered tropical biology knew darwin wallace botanist richard spruce observes reading emotional experience travelled describes longer charm genius book covers natural history going subtitle accurately says record adventures habits animals sketches brazilian indian life aspects nature equator years travel feels quality best writing meets seeing suddenly turned accelerated rate path rapidly moving shining body looked like stream brown liquid flowing thick bed fallen leaves impressed remarks intellectual natives observes wrong fertility tropical soils poor growth results rapid recycling nutrients celebrates famous closing passage book expresses deep returning england writes recent progress amazon shocking john anderson john anderson chose recommend reader attention naturalist journal natural history education experience writing love wallace feel far away better pair keen eye landscapes species peoples anderson writes threw local culture writing warmly people odd mundane modest engaging style leaves reader noting collected species trip book shows writes anderson achieved discomfort narrow encounters giant spiders drinking burning waiting sheer fun intense joy seeing new things new places eyes keen observer master society london society london writes fascinating written book widely regarded greatest reports natural history travels describes book written curious natural facts observations amazon life rubber boom revealing amazing botanical region calls specimens hugely significant contribution discovery science education literature book cited papers accurate early observations hairs drinking habits butterflies rich insect fauna tropics book amazon trip covered lecture courses evolution warm reception naturalist confined scientists lawrence george wrote book lawrence wrote friend like library naturalist amazon intend day south_america peru ecuador amazon know good primary list identifies places book quotations come secondary


collection descriptions plants medicinal purposes expressed book containing names descriptions plants usually information virtues properties particular medicinal toxic magical powers legends associated classify plants describes recipes extracts include mineral animal addition obtained plants illustrated assist plant identification literature produced ancient egypt china india europe medical wisdom day accumulated physicians books printed china europe western_europe flourished centuries following introduction type late 17th century rise modern chemistry reduced medicinal value classical reference botanical study plant identification supplanted systematic accounts plants found growing particular region scientifically accurate botanical descriptions classification illustrations seen modest revival western world decades 20th century related disciplines popular forms alternative medicine history word derived latin book herbs contrast word treatise flowers emphasis beauty enjoyment emphasis utility information found printed arose traditional medicine knowledge invention writing advent printing produced manuscripts kept loose sheets bound early illustrated paintings drawings like manuscript books published repeated copying hand professional readers process making copy translate expand adapt content original lost survived later copies copies known references texts printing available promptly publish printed matter known europe printed illustrations der appeared metal engraved plates metal reproduced indefinitely traded large increase number illustrations improvement quality detail tendency repetition examples world important records printed matter researchers find scattered world famous libraries including vatican library rome library oxford royal library windsor british library london major continental libraries china india mexico pen china china renowned traditional date thousands years legend mythical emperor founder chinese medicine composed great bce forerunner later chinese survives copy describes herbs high quality particular plants produced period including written passed editions monograph han dynasty prince published illustrated famine foods contained high quality descriptions species plants described time book pre dating european printed book years reprinted times include india traditional medicine india known possibly dates second millennium bce tracing origins holy hindu particular authentic compilation teachings surgeon available treatise called contains chapters description illnesses medicinal plants preparations mineral sources preparations based animal sources early works include attributed tradition oral earliest surviving written material contains works manuscript dated 4th century illustrated published mexico book medicinal herbs indies written language native physician probably extremely early account medicine formal illustrations resembling european ones suggest artists following traditions spanish masters indigenous style drawing francisco sent spain study natural resources new spain mexico drew indigenous sources including extensive botanical gardens established record plants dos contains published illustration tobacco egypt greece rome bce medical ancient egypt included medical based plant matter reference combination magic healing ancient egyptian earliest known dates bce based sources lost dating years earliest dates bce copied manuscript 7th century bce inscribed dated bce list vegetable drugs include plant names use today including ancient greeks medicinal knowledge egypt bce father medicine renowned eponymous oath drugs plant origin greek note written fourth century remains mention written record aristotle pupil bce better known plants causes plants established scientific method careful critical observation associated modern botanical science based largely aristotle notes ninth book deals specifically medicinal herbs uses including recommendations day plant descriptions included natural habitat geographic distribution formation school bce medicine flourished written period included physicians work doctors day bce special note initiated tradition illustrated century bce greek medical materials physician roman army produced single greatest classical authority subject influential written serving model oriental years renaissance drew accumulated knowledge time including medicinal plants original lost illustrated byzantine copy known vienna dating remains elder synthesis information contained includes myths folklore extant copies work comprises books sixteen books devoted trees plants seven describe medicinal plants medieval work frequently mentioned classical texts work detailed notable latin translation greek works widely copied middle ages probably illustrated original attributed contained alternative names particular plants given languages dates surviving copy dates middle ages arab world years european middle ages tradition lore fell monasteries monks skilled producing books manuscripts tending medicinal gardens sick written works period simply emulated classical era arab world great greek translated copies lodged centres learning byzantine_empire eastern mediterranean including byzantium damascus cairo baghdad combined botanical lore orient medieval islamic world muslim muslim physicians major contribution knowledge associated period include opera knowledge greeks arabs indians work complemented medical ibn canon medicine centuries east west period islamic science protected classical botanical knowledge ignored west muslim thirteenth century scientific inquiry returning manifest production noted plant content included seven volume treatise educated university tutor thomas called based original observations plant descriptions bore close resemblance earlier greek roman arabic accounts period include english monk group called written east west cultural centre spain illustrations showing fine detail true botanical illustration western_europe best known produced europe invention germany printing type printing press great new detailed greater general appeal gothic script addition illustrations closely resembled plants described important appearing printed germany peter latin followed updated enlarged german version followed printed jacob early printed include germany england new william turner arranged like classical according medicinal properties herbs shrubs trees arrangement plants later john related physical similarities heralded beginnings scientific classification printed included plants nearly plants day known modern age renaissance european came rely direct observation mere adaptations traditional models typical examples period fully illustrated plants themed complete nicholas curious elizabeth anglo saxon anglo saxon plant knowledge skills garden called literally yard appears exceeded continent limited knowledge anglo saxon plant vernacular comes primarily manuscripts include bald bald bald probably friend king alfred england produced written vernacular native tongue derived greek texts oldest illustrated saxon times translation latin popular medical works medieval times original dating fifth century saxon translation produced housed british library vernacular der book nature von contains botanical work kind vernacular anglo norman 12th early 13th centuries influence norman conquest produced britain fell influence france germany sicily near east showed byzantine influenced framed illustrations anglo saxon vernacular replaced latin including largely derived english translation completed fifteenth century earliest printed books known printed appeared version published years set type important include monk manuscript appeared languages printed ran editions physician wrote popular followed italy german works published latin published germany german evolving added based work edition printed illustrated fifteenth century manuscripts medieval times medicinal herbs generally referred physicians doctors works principally publications simon ben described preparations plants animals minerals provided model chemical treatment modern contained compounds arranged order spain portugal portuguese explorers portuguese india physician based work dos botanical knowledge new world came published dos work medicine discussed germany known german fathers title fact steps scientifically writings known original manuscript longer existence copy printed major contained admired accurate original colour illustrations descriptions species new science setting describe plants native germany produced new describing plants found woods fields illustration supplemented second edition contained possibly adopt botanical classification covered details ecology plant communities placing emphasis botanical medicinal characteristics unlike german modern flora german version later publication high quality paid close attention botanical detail included plants introduced germany sixteenth century new science work regarded accomplished renaissance period low countries flemish printer christopher established reputation publishing works dutch developing vast library illustrations translations early roman texts published german subsequently translated dutch belgian botanist world renown publication published nova massive compilation illustrations compilation spanish hungarian included plants new science italy italy beginning include botanical descriptions notable included physician italian aristocracy included newly described species traditional local flora described publication francisco published highly popular account overseas plants established botanical garden florence rank world england turner true printed britain richard popular day soon eclipsed famous early printed peter derived turn derivative french grand william turner english naturalist botanist theologian studied cambridge_university eventually known father english publication essay scientific english new illustrations taken noted original contributions extensive medicinal content accessible readers written vernacular english turner described species native england work strong influence later eminent john ray jean john famous english like largely derivative appears subsequently translated dutch english worked henry basis general appeared original largely derivative popularity attributed plants places england clear influence gardens work published list plants growing garden john james founding member society enthusiastic garden long acre stocked maintained active correspondence important english continental new unusual plants overseas particular levant virginia celebrated monumental works sole essentially book charles awarded title royal botanist second largest produced english language lacked quality illustrations works massive including plants twice number edition pages effectively culminating kind included plants economic medicinal use arranged according properties natural nicholas english botanist physician london east end published books english complete contain rich store knowledge works lacked scientific credibility use combined diseases plants simple integrated system proved popular present day legacy legacy extends medicine medicine practiced parts world traditional grand described ended european renaissance rise modern medicine use synthetic drugs medicinal component developed ways firstly discussion plant lore reduced increased medical content emerged official british published english language gave general dissatisfaction medical profession general medical council brought new amended edition secondly popular level books herbs gardens medicinal useful plants finally enduring desire simple medicinal information specific plants resulted contemporary echo past example modern published subsequent editions magical mystical lives explained plant lore displaying spiritual example doctrine signatures belief similarities appearance body affected appearance plant remedy seen contemporary alternative medical approaches like new age medicine connections traditional medicine forgotten plants described grown special gardens gardens gardens example medieval monastery garden supplied treat sick cared monastery early gardens associated learning monastery university medieval garden fourteenth sixteenth centuries attended physicians established tradition leading systems gardens eighteenth century gardens demonstrated classification system plants modern botanical garden advent printing metal improved means communication prepared ground modern botanical science pioneering plant description classification illustration time like scope remained essentially greatest legacy seventeenth century medicine gradually greater emphasis placed plants medicinal properties seventeenth eighteenth centuries plant description classification began relate plants man glimpse non botanical science coupled new system nomenclature resulted scientific called detailed illustrated plants growing particular region books backed collections dried plants verified plant descriptions given way modern especially plant taxonomy born medicine historian remarks monumental flora direct descendant modern science