golden monkey species monkey type new world monkey central south_america monkey species seen heard wild central_america takes long guard hairs sides largest central american males weigh central american monkey eats large quantities leaves adaptations diet leaves difficult digest provide energy foods spends majority day resting sleeping male enlarged bone hollow bone near vocal calls male reason allows locate energy moving physical confrontation lives groups members groups usually smaller sexes evicted group born reaching sexual maturity resulting adult group members unrelated dominant male alpha male gets preference food resting places mates receptive females important ecology seed affected able adapt better species ability feed abundant leaves ability live limited space taxonomy belongs new world monkey family family contains spider member subfamily genus subfamily genus containing species mantle worn ancient greeks romans refers long guard hairs known mantle sides subspecies recognized colombia costa_rica ecuador panama peru golden costa_rica guatemala honduras nicaragua mexican mexico guatemala additional subspecies recognised generally recognised subspecies island mitochondrial dna testing status inconclusive panama panama physical description appearance similar genus coloration primarily black fringe yellow golden brown guard hairs flanks body earning common monkey males reach maturity turns white females body length excluding tail males tail long adult females generally weigh males typically weigh average body weights vary significantly monkey populations different locations brain adult smaller smaller monkey species white headed shares adaptations species monkey allow pursue diet diet large component leaves high help eat leaves males enlarged bone near vocal bone male calls allowing locate males energy behavior social structure lives groups group size usually ranges members generally adult males adult females groups members males females younger animals gender generally higher rank older animals higher ranking animals preference food resting sites alpha male gets primary mating rights animals group generally related members sexes leave group sexual maturity activity shown reflect social hierarchy dominant individuals subordinates activities short typically females adult males aggressive interactions group members observed studies shown aggressive interactions group members occur probably observed interactions tend quick silent groups studied occupied home ranges hectares acres groups defend exclusive territories groups overlapping home ranges groups meet group aggressively attempt average groups travel metres day little interaction monkey species interactions white headed occur aggressive smaller associations occur involving juveniles playing times feed tree apparently ignoring diet species central american monkey leaves diet selective trees eats prefers young leaves mature leaves likely reduce levels certain leaves species contain young leaves generally nutrients mature leaves usually easier digest possess large help break leaf binding food reaches gut leaves abundant low energy food source fact relies heavily low energy food source drives behaviour example locate groups spending large portion day resting leaves tend majority diet fruit large portion diet available proportion fruit diet exceed proportion leaves leaves fruit trees tend preferred source flowers significant portion diet eaten particularly significant quantities dry season tends water needs food drinking tree holes wet season drinking water trapped like species color vision different types new world individuals color vision color vision exhibited believed related preferences allowing distinguish young leaves tend reddish mature leaves movement canopy floor includes walking running supports crossing gaps stretching climbing leap limb relatively inactive monkey sleeps rests entire night quarters day active period spent feeding day spent social interaction adaptation low energy diet uses tail grasp branch sleeping resting feeding support entire body weight tail holds tail feet study shown travel routes known feeding resting sites appears remember use particular landmarks help pick direct routes destination communication gets calls males particularly dawn dusk response disturbances calls loud heard kilometers calls consist repeated seconds volume produced bone hollow bone near vocal sound vocal male bones times larger similarly sized spider allows bone act like body drum calls females calls higher pitch loud males ability produce loud likely energy saving device consistent low energy diet allow monkey locate moving physical confrontations uses wide range sounds including uses sounds maintain contact members group uses non vocal communication social situation consists hands feet tail chest marks scent throat branches lip tongue movements signals females indicate invitation mate displays indicate emotional states group members shake branches apparently playful activity usually indifferent presence humans disturbed people express accurately hit observers despite high trees tool use observed tools prior monkey known use tools red reported use stick club hit resting tree suggests use tools ways observed reproduction uses mating system male mates multiple females usually alpha male breeding opportunities alpha male distracted lower ranking male opportunity mate groups lower ranking males regular mating opportunities offspring alpha males generally maintain status years time father females sexually mature months males months females reaching sexual maturity typically months old birth undergo regular cycle average duration days display sexual skin changes particularly swelling color change white light pink sequence begins receptive female approaches male engages rhythmic tongue male responds tongue movements female turns allows mating begin females apparently use chemical signals males smell females taste period days occur time year infant fur silver birth turns pale gold days fur starts infant takes adult coloration months old infant carried mother mother chest weeks life carried mother months mother usually start push infant carry infant time months old young mother carry difficult gaps trees juveniles play time years old point maternal care ends adult females typically birth months assuming prior infant survived differs monkey species males descend reach sexual maturity reaching sexual maturity young usually evicted group offspring high ranking female stay group reach sexual maturity high ranking adults harass kill offspring lower ranking eliminate competition offspring opportunity remain group reaching maturity emigration performed sexes males females leaving original social group male outside group previous alpha male normally kills mothers come quickly able mate predators cats snakes eagles kill result live year highest reproductive success occurs middle ranking females alpha position lower possibly competitive pressures infant mortality appears lower timing group females survives infancy lifespan typically years distribution habitat native colombia costa_rica ecuador guatemala honduras mexico nicaragua panama peru honduras nicaragua costa_rica panama found locations countries colombia ecuador found narrow corridor bordered pacific_ocean west mountains east colombia small area near caribbean_sea close panama border guatemala found central country southeastern mexico south yucatán_peninsula commonly seen heard central american national parks including lives different types forest including secondary forest semi deciduous forest found higher older areas forest areas containing forest monkey species black small range guatemala mexico near peninsula conservation status regarded concern conservation standpoint iucn nonetheless numbers adversely affected caused forced relocation groups regions studied los reserve veracruz mexico impact populations identified increase stress especially females male outside group approached area felt offspring threatened addition food limitation areas reduced surface area forcing individuals adapt diet increased food highlighted situation revealed point individuals capacity adaption cases lead health problems population results compared humans eat example countries problems range illnesses end population change characteristics adapt forest better species low energy lifestyle small home ranges ability exploit widely available food sources important ecosystems number reasons especially capacity seed passing monkey digestive tract appears aid certain seeds beetles seed nutrient appear dependent presence protected international trade appendix convention international trade endangered species cites


japanese japanese japanese goat found dense woodland japan primarily northern central animal seen national symbol japan subject protection conservation areas adult japanese stand centimetres tall weigh kilograms black whitish summer fur especially tail sexes short backwards curving horns difficult distinguish sight japanese found dense mountain forests eat leaves shoots feed early late solitary gather couples small family groups animal marks territory sweet sour males females separate territories overlap mid-20th century japanese hunted near extinction japanese government passed law designating special national monument protect populations grown greatly iucn red list threatened animals ranks concern complaints farmers led law repeal protected status designated protected areas subject pest outside conservation areas labelled living national treasure forest athletes superior agility speed draw comparisons motor company marketed motorcycle taxonomy jacob described japanese named john edward gray gave current marie proposed new genera species system published included system find acceptance fossil record japanese evolutionary history relation taiwan speculative taxonomic position led called living fossil studies indicate earliest species split common ancestor closest relative japanese taiwan genetically little difference japanese taiwan essentially taiwan smaller shorter haired fur white patch chin throat closer goats sheep cattle nomenclature status taxa completely resolved researchers considered junior synonym classification includes molecular analysis supported classification lower species usually japan widely thought kind deer deer past japanese word written chinese character meaning deer today written chinese characters characters sheep mistaken wild appearance anatomy japanese small displayed morphology primitive relation body size varies little sexes geographic location stands centimetres tall centimetres shoulder weighs kilograms compared mainland ears shorter coat typically longer centimetres body tail centimetres fur whitish neck body black black dorsal white spot dark brown whitish coat summer developed skin large sexes increase size animal ages poorly developed legs adult permanent teeth form months dental formula inner sides teeth hard remove substance likely tree tongue shaped apex sexes developed body size growth survival feeding habits difference sexes short backwards curving horns measuring centimetres series transverse rings horns begin develop months continue grow lifespan environment affects size growth ring size thickness number transverse rings indicative age years thicker transverse rings greater length adults adulthood thinner horn rings force thick transverse rings upward growth earlier maturation females males researchers use sexual behaviour distinguish sexes females pairs hearing sensitive strong able detect react movement distance low lighting sense smell strong observed raising head air distribution ecology behaviour wild japan endemic main islands japan primarily northern central small areas tolerate colder climates mainland animal found solitary pairs small family groups open grassland forests elevation metres uses caves rest prefers temperate deciduous forest lives broad coniferous forest japanese beech japanese oak alpine meadow coniferous plantations population density low average square kilometre greater square kilometre territorial marks trees sweet sour indicate territory males females establish separate overlapping ranges typically hectares acres male typically larger female aggression rare react hostility territorial animal predators japanese wolves extinct bears prey flees danger sure mountain able sprint mountains jump cliff cliff safety agility hunters likened japanese feeds early morning late afternoon primarily coniferous leaves plant shoots feeds japanese witch japanese cedar diet food locally available stomach studies indicate severe winters impact food intake suggesting given solitary social structure territory ensure sufficient food supply occurs set locations life years common rarely fatal infection causes bacteria common reported susceptible numerous parasites reproduction socially females reach sexual maturity months breeding takes place age years breeding occurs year september january courtship ritual resembling goats male japanese female mouth strikes hind legs horns sexes display responses birth takes place june august gestation period days takes half hour female walks single centimetres tall reaches adult height year stays mother year moves gradually mother range establishes young disperse chased away mother natural habitat relationship humans earliest record human contact small number prehistoric period bones unearthed archaeologists primarily mountainous regions speculated hunted hide food believed earliest written record appears emperor sent hides senior likely refers 8th century man contains poem mentions group number writers concluded animal pointed normally solitary period documents record gifts horns brought capital japan earliest extant medical work appears record use horn flesh medicinal purposes centuries following period mention scarce belief hunted medicinal use period saw records increase contains illustrated entry laws prohibiting hunting came effect exception animals damaged crops following restoration realistic depictions appeared beginning fauna hunting conservation long hunted japan especially northern japan bear hunting hunting strongly associated culture japan mountainous regions valued catch body parts waste prized particular meat mid-20th century meat widely eaten regions animal known meat hides horns ground diseases cure small animal inhabited deep forests far populated areas japanese increasingly penetrated outskirts villages western extinct 20th century hunted severe degree japanese government declared non game species hunting law law protection cultural properties designated natural monument species continued government declared japanese special natural monument point brought numbers populations grew police end post war plantations created favourable environments animal 1980s population estimates grown range reached square kilometres distribution increased population stabilized conflicts agriculture forestry led repeal protection animal received designation designated protection areas established cover range total area square kilometres range size square kilometres square kilometres removed outside conservation areas iucn red list threatened animals ranked japanese concern wide distribution japan large stable increasing population law protection cultural properties wildlife protection hunting law provide legal management japanese agency cultural affairs environmental agency forestry agency reached agreement management measures establishment protection areas pest control measures met resistance naturalist organizations animal previously fully protected amendment wildlife protection hunting law allowed manage wildlife populations seven plans established management outside conservation areas raised concerns rising populations interfered post war efforts animal feeds japanese japanese cedar japanese red pine species commercial significance caused damage farm crops mountain villages villagers objected efforts damage forests characterized parts japan criminal martial terms media referred problems war humans deer war frustration government led launch lawsuit 1980s damage timber plantations justified shooting legs shooting fatal estimating accurate population numbers difficult harmful animal government interference controlling hunting accused government wildlife experts population numbers levels forestry damage promote interests believe increased visibility absolute increase populations driven animal traditional home close populated areas feed farms including practices contribute problem forests create areas rapid growth ideal population increases situation temporary trees leads forest canopy closing years populations displaced growth flourish 1990s number young plantations decreased forestry damage concern instead turned damage caused deer wild japanese particular increased grazing competition deer slowing growth populations conservation areas cultural significance labelled living national treasure forest japanese achieved status japan national associations seen species formation japanese archipelago distinct mainland asia symbolic gesture chinese government gifted japan giant japanese government returned japanese municipalities regions japan adopted local symbol japan japanese commonly known historically given variety names based appearance translate mountain sheep wool deer tail cow cow demon regional names translate dancing beast beast idiot japanese people characterize weird abnormal seen phantom animal tends live depths distant forests appears observe forest workers areas high mountains reputation japan speed agility superior athletes compared known agility ability motor company marketed sport motorcycle title character directed animated film princess uses like creature mount japanese word means fail exam fall known sure mountain cliffs students buy marked hope help pass exams books journals web


large marine distribution north pole arctic ocean seas northern hemisphere living species family genus species subdivided subspecies atlantic lives atlantic_ocean pacific lives pacific_ocean lives sea arctic ocean adult easily recognized prominent adult males pacific weigh exceeded size species elephant seals live shallow waters continental shelves spending significant amounts lives sea ice looking benthic eat relatively long lived social animals considered species arctic marine regions played prominent role cultures indigenous arctic peoples hunted meat fat skin bone 19th century early 20th century widely hunted killed ivory meat population dropped rapidly arctic region population rebounded somewhat populations atlantic remain fragmented low levels compared time human interference etymology origin word thought derive language attributed largely dutch language old norse thought derive word dutch whale second come old norse word horse example old norse word means horse whale thought passed inverted form dutch northern germany alternate theory comes dutch words shore giant species scandinavian norwegian manuscript thought date refers iceland greenland extinct iceland norway word evolved greenland place names iceland greenland norway originate sites typical breeding grounds archaic english word widely thought come slavic languages turn borrowed languages compare russian finnish northern french depicted marina referred probably adopted nomenclature similarity latin word bite supposedly contributed reputation terrible monster compound comes greek tooth greek walk based observations pull water term latin means turning apart referring taxonomy evolution order sole surviving member family true seals seals debate descended single ancestor recent genetic evidence suggests descended ancestor closely related modern bears recent analysis indicates diverged million years ago separated million years ago highly diverse widespread family including species key distinguishing feature development feeding mechanism later feature specific modern remaining species subspecies widely recognized atlantic pacific fixed genetic differences atlantic pacific subspecies indicate restricted gene flow relatively recent separation estimated years ago dates coincide hypothesis derived fossils evolved tropical subtropical ancestor isolated atlantic_ocean gradually adapted colder conditions arctic presumably north pacific_ocean high periods pleistocene central american isolated population sea considered authorities including russian canonical species world subspecies managed russia subspecies separation accepted consider atlantic pacific subspecies remained debate multiple lines molecular evidence showed represent westernmost population pacific anatomy pacific males weigh weigh occasional male pacific subspecies far exceeds normal dimensions hide weighing collected enormous bull land august jack shot long harvesting hide hide usually accounts body weight total body mass giants estimated atlantic subspecies weighs pacific subspecies male atlantic weigh average atlantic tends relatively shorter somewhat flattened snout females weigh thirds males atlantic females averaging weighing little pacific female averaging length typically ranges newborn large averaging weight length sexes subspecies told largest species elephant seals maintain high body weight stored underneath skin keeps warm fat provides energy body shape shares features sea lions seals seals true seals turn rear forward swimming technique like true seals relying body movements like lacks external ears muscles developed lack roof allow eyes frontal dorsal direction vision species appears suited short range prominent feature long elongated present male female reach length weigh slightly longer thicker males use fighting dominance display strongest males largest typically dominate social groups form maintain holes ice aid climbing water ice thought dig prey analyses patterns indicate dragged sediment upper edge snout digging highly variable generally relatively teeth number teeth formula half teeth rudimentary occur frequency typical includes teeth surrounding broad mat stiff giving characteristic appearance rows reaching length wild worn shorter lengths constant use foraging attached muscles supplied blood nerves making highly sensitive organs capable shapes thick wide skin aside sparsely covered fur appears bald skin highly thick neck shoulders males layer beneath thick young deep brown grow paler colored age old males particular nearly pink skin blood vessels cold water appear white swimming secondary sexual characteristic males acquire significant called bosses particularly neck shoulders air sac throat acts like bubble allows bob vertically water sleep males possess large bone length largest land absolute size relative body size life history reproduction live years old wild males reach sexual maturity early seven years typically mate fully developed years age january april decreasing food intake dramatically females begin soon years old females coming heat late summer february males fertile february potential fertility second period unknown breeding occurs january march peaking february males aggregate water ice bound groups females engage competitive vocal displays females join water gestation lasts months months spent suspended development strategy delayed common presumably evolved mating season season determined ecological conditions promote newborn survival born spring migration april june weigh birth able swim mothers nurse year young spend years mothers milk contains higher amounts protein compared land animals lower compared seals lower fat content turn causes slower growth rate longer nursing investment mothers suppressed females birth years leaving lowest reproductive rate migration rest year late summer fall tend form massive tens thousands individuals rocky beaches migration ice beach long distance dramatic late spring summer example thousand pacific migrate sea sea relatively narrow ecology range habitat majority population pacific spends summers north sea arctic ocean northern coast eastern siberia island sea north shore alaska waters locations smaller numbers males summer gulf southern coast peninsula bristol bay southern coast alaska west alaska peninsula spring fall reaching western coast alaska gulf winter sea eastern coast siberia south northern peninsula southern coast alaska year old fossil san_francisco bay indicating pacific ranged far south ice age roughly pacific according recent census based estimate smaller population atlantic ranges canadian arctic greenland western arctic russia hypothetical based largely geographical distribution movements west greenland east greenland atlantic ranged south cape massachusetts late eighteenth century found large numbers greater gulf lawrence region colonies individuals population nearly commercial harvest current numbers difficult estimate probably remain april canadian species risk act listed population northwest atlantic quebec new_brunswick nova_scotia newfoundland having canada isolated population confined year round central western regions sea regions sea regions east sea current population estimated limited diving abilities brings depend shallow waters nearby ice reaching food supply diet prefer shallow shelf regions forage primarily sea floor sea ice platforms particularly deep divers compared deepest recorded remain submerged long half hour diverse diet feeding genera marine organisms including shrimp crabs tube worms soft sea parts prefers benthic especially grazing sea searching identifying prey sensitive clearing bottoms jets water active movements meat sealing powerful lips organism withdrawing like tongue rapidly mouth creating vacuum uniquely vaulted enabling effective aside large numbers organisms actually consumed foraging large peripheral impact benthic communities sea floor releasing nutrients water column encouraging mixing movement organisms increasing seal tissue observed fairly significant proportion pacific importance seals diet debate isolated observations seals size seal rarely incidents particularly documented occasionally prey ice whale little evidence prove predation great size natural predators killer whale polar bear comprise significant component predator polar bear likely prey polar bear hunts rushing beached consuming individuals crushed wounded sudden exodus typically younger animals bears unable escape charging bear inaccessible diving holes ice injured formidable opponent polar bear direct attacks rare known fatally polar bears battles follows water bear disadvantage polar bear battles extremely protracted exhausting bears known attack injuring regularly attack believed successfully defended counterattack larger observed successfully attacking injuries relation humans conservation 18th 19th centuries heavily exploited american european leading near atlantic population commercial harvesting outlawed range peoples continue kill small numbers end summer traditional hunters parts meat preserved important winter nutrition source stored spring bone historically tools material oil rendered warmth light tough hide rope house boat gut uses faded access alternative technologies meat remains important local carving remain vital art form according adolf european hunters arctic explorers found meat particularly ate case necessity tongue hunts regulated resource managers russia united_states canada denmark representatives respective hunting communities estimated seven thousand pacific harvested alaska russia including significant portion struck lost animals removed annually greenland levels harvest difficult determine given uncertain population estimates parameters mortality big game record book entries atlantic pacific recorded largest inches inches long respectively effects global climate change element concern extent thickness pack ice reached unusually low levels recent years relies ice giving birth reproductive period thinner pack ice sea reduced resting habitat near optimal feeding grounds widely separates females increasing stress young lower reproductive rates reduced coastal sea ice implicated increase deaths sea eastern russia western alaska insufficient climate data reliable predictions population trends currently subspecies listed concern iucn data pacific listed depleted according marine protection act threatened endangered endangered species act russian atlantic sea populations classified category decreasing category rare russian red book global trade ivory restricted according cites appendix listing culture plays important role religion folklore arctic peoples skin bone ceremonies animal appears frequently legends example version widespread myth raven raven recovers sun moon evil spirit daughter angry father throws daughter high cliff drops water turns possibly original according legends formed trails girl long myth possibly related myth old headed woman rules sea turn linked goddess alaska aurora believed special world inhabited died violence changing rays representing deceased souls playing ball head distinctive appearance great bulk immediately recognizable appears popular cultures peoples little direct experience animal particularly english children literature best known appearance lewis poem carpenter appears book looking glass poem eponymous use consume great number accurately portrays biological appetite primarily inhabitants fact comprise insignificant portion diet captivity cryptic beatles song reference lewis poem appearance literature story white seal jungle book old sea big ugly fat long north pacific manners asleep


fossil genus middle france single species known lower jaws isolated teeth come filling fossil deposit formed rock filled sediment saint complex saint southeastern france large tree flat lower large triangular fourth lower bears deep basin middle crown rectangular shape rounded roots taxonomy described review ages fossil sites saint southeastern france suggested probably tree related belongs family appears late north_america early europe specific honors jean work mammals saint description known lower jaws fourth preserved isolated lower isolated large distinguished fossil larger size gap relatively deep mental opening bone located relatively high upper lower ridges located outer jaw anchor muscles meet surfaces flat small irregular length tooth increase regularly size consist large central basin surrounded basins deeper lack distinguishes fossil large triangular form short broad isolated small tooth tongue central basin tooth relatively deep tooth connected crest forms margin roots round broad nearly rectangular width smaller width strong crest reaches nearly small connected unlike broad roots tooth similar respects width virtually equal width tooth rectangular rounded tooth nearly rectangular long mainly connected tooth roots larger range context remains probably collected site village saint department southeastern france filling sites area collectively known saint yielded rich fossil site reference locality zone million years ago younger sites proposed placing separate zone saint include species flying genera known described older site france basis single tooth similar size differs narrower


medium sized toothed whale possesses large protruding tooth lives year round arctic waters greenland canada russia living species whale family whale males distinguished long straight elongated upper left species described publication like medium sized sexes excluding male total body size range males slightly larger females average weight adult years old males sexually mature females sexually mature years old dorsal fin neck like mammals fused found primarily canadian arctic russian waters uniquely specialized arctic predator winter feeds benthic prey dense pack ice summer eat arctic greenland fish polar making remainder diet year migrate bays ocean summer comes winter male occasionally dive depth lasting minutes like toothed communicate knocks live years killed sea ice cause fatality specifically young starvation current population qualify near threatened criterion international union conservation nature iucn harvested thousand years people northern canada greenland meat ivory regulated hunt continues taxonomy etymology species originally described derived old norse word meaning corpse reference animal like drowned sailor summer time habit lying near surface sea called logging scientific derived greek tooth horn closely related whale species comprise extant members family referred white distinguished medium size length forehead round sensory organs short absence true dorsal fin classified separate genera species evidence rarely complete skull whale discovered west greenland circa described marine unlike known species features midway consistent hypothesis whale hybrid white comprise likely origin genetic evidence suggests closely related white families constitute separate clade diverged rest past million years fossil evidence shows ancient white lived tropical waters migrated arctic sub arctic waters response changes marine food chain description medium sized size total length sexes excluding male range males average length slightly larger females average length typical adult body weight ranges male attain sexual maturity years age long females sexually mature younger age years old long pattern brown markings white background born age white patches develop sexual maturity old males pure white dorsal fin possibly evolutionary adaptation swimming easily ice neck like land mammals instead fused characteristics shared whale tail female edges swept males edges concave lack sweep thought adaptation reducing drag caused conspicuous characteristic male single long tooth projects left upper jaw lip forms left handed spiral grow life reaching lengths hollow weighs males occurs right grows lip females grow percent females female smaller males noticeable spiral females produce second single recorded case happening left image surrounded small teeth vary morphology teeth bone varied morphology anatomy indicates path evolutionary mouth usually appears sensory organ millions patent nerve endings connecting external ocean environment brain males engage communicate information water traveled represent previously assumed male male rivalry occasionally observed aggressive behavior distribution found predominantly atlantic russian areas arctic ocean individuals commonly recorded northern hudson bay hudson bay east_coast greenland strip running east northern end greenland round eastern russia east land strip includes joseph land northernmost sightings occurred north joseph land north latitude world concentrated northern canada western greenland able survive depths sea level migration exhibit seasonal high fidelity return preferred ice free grounds usually shallow waters summer months closer coasts usually pods winter offshore deeper waters thick pack ice narrow sea ice leads spring comes leads open channels return coastal bays canada west greenland winter regularly pack ice davis bay continental slope open water high greenland feeding winter accounts larger portion energy intake summer behaviour normally groups outside summer groups females young contain post dispersal juveniles adult males mixed groups occur time year summer groups come forming larger contain individuals times bull bull display known thought maintain social dominance behaviour exhibit use sensory communication organ sharing information water chemistry diet relatively restricted specialized diet prey predominantly composed greenland polar arctic shrimp squid additional items found included eggs rocks accidentally feed near lack developed mouth believed feed swimming prey close range considerable force mouth thought similarly reduced suck prey intense summer feeding society study published canadian journal tested different age gender ate individuals pond inlet stomach contents tested june september study found arctic diet common animal greenland consisting weight diet year later animals diet changed arctic represented greenland deep water fish polar found diet males means dive deeper sea level study found needs differ ages diving waters deepest recorded marine diving metres feet times day reaching metres feet depths minutes including time spent transit surface communication toothed use sound navigate hunt food knocks created air chambers near blow hole reflected sloping skull sounds focused animal controlled click trains produced echo location prey locating obstacles short distances possible individual capable prey making easier hunt verified rarely heard especially compared sounds produced include door sounds breeding early life females start bearing years old adult mate april offshore pack ice gestation lasts months born june august following year marine mammals single young born newborn average metres feet length dark grey newborn begin lives thin layer nurse mother milk rich fat dependent milk months long period gives time learn skills need survival mothers stay close travelling stays mother assistance swimming life span mortality live years modern predation humans predators polar bears attempt breathing holes mainly target young killer group greenland sharks small young weak wounded adults likely rare comes escaping predators typically use prolonged hide ice relying speed mortality occurs fail leave surface arctic waters freeze late autumn open water formed ice covered water events induced strong winds conditions absent ice quickly form major events occurred little wind mammals need air breathe open water longer accessible ice thick break maximum swimming distance breathing holes ice limits use foraging grounds holes wide allow adult whale breathe events trap groups large individuals events occur areas bay largest west greenland trapped ice despite decreases sea ice cover large cases sea ice winter close known grounds locations previous cases documented suggests later departure dates grounds sites surrounding greenland experience moving sea ice surrounding regions wind currents increasing sea ice concentration strong site fidelity changes weather ice conditions associated movement open water data needed determine vulnerable future sea ice changes die starvation especially young conservation issues mammals threatened human actions world population currently estimated considered near threatened sub populations evidence decline effort support conservation european_union established import ban countries catches important newly opening areas caused decreasing sea ice cover difficult captivity people allowed hunt whale species legally extensively hunted way sea mammals seals large quantities fat important resources native people arctic regions parts meat skin organs consumed raw skin considered bones tools art skin important source difficult obtain places greenland traditional hunting methods parts greenland northern canada high speed boats hunting rifles growth metals internal organs study found metals low concentration high liver kidney found higher kidney liver lead copper mercury found opposite certain metals size sex growth found mercury accumulated liver kidney muscle settled vulnerable arctic marine mammals climate change altering sea ice coverage environment especially northern grounds bay davis regions satellite data collected areas shows sea ice markedly reduced ranges foraging believed patterns developed early life increase ability gain necessary food resources winter strategy focuses strong site fidelity individual level responses local prey distribution results focal foraging areas winter despite changing conditions continue returning areas migration despite vulnerability sea ice change flexibility comes sea ice habitat selection evolved late moderately accustomed periods environmental indirect danger associated changes sea ice increased exposure open water increase catches hunters appear associated increased effort implying climate change making vulnerable harvesting scientists urge assessment population numbers assignment sustainable stocks collaboration management agreements ensure local acceptance seismic surveys associated oil exploration disrupted normal migration patterns associated increased sea ice cultural depictions legend legend created woman rope tied waist dragged ocean struck large transformed hair wearing twisted knot characteristic spiral medieval europeans believed horns legendary horns considered magic powers poison northern traders able sell times weight gold cups thought poison slipped drink published drawing fish like creature horn forehead correctly identifying 16th century queen elizabeth received carved worth british pounds cost castle approximately million retail price index sir gilbert proposed sea staples cabinet european knowledge origin developed gradually age exploration explorers began visit arctic regions literature art possible explanations giant sea phenomenon written novel thousand leagues sea thought unlikely gigantic existence size sea found caused phenomenon stated size strength increase times wrote section written novel dick claims hung long period windsor castle sir martin given queen elizabeth claim danish kings largely mentioned book lore book author describes earlier interpretations fish horn forehead sea tells danish dutch world told importance lived years discovered explorers later identified presented king denmark apparently long transported region known nova gallery


biological family lineage includes domestic dogs wolves extant extinct dog like mammals member family called cat like dog like emerged million years present included fox like genus species existed million years present branching million found continents antarctica having arrived independently accompanied human beings extended periods time vary size long gray wolf long fox body forms similar typically having long upright ears teeth adapted cracking bones flesh long legs tails social animals living family units small groups typically dominant pair group breeds litter young annually underground den communicate scent signals domestic dog including long ago entered partnership humans today remains widely kept domestic animals taxonomy living group form relationship extinct groups having points lower gives tooth additional ability development distinct lower corresponding upper reduction distinguish late essential differences identify clade phylogenetic relationships results analyses previously suggested phylogenetic divisions wolf like genus including dog gray wolf red wolf eastern wolf golden wolf black backed striped african wild dog fox like include kit fox red fox cape fox arctic fox fox south american including bush dog fox crab eating fox wolf taxa including bat fox gray fox dog dna analysis shows form wolf like fox like form tribe molecular data imply north american origin living million years ago african origin wolf like basal group south american clade rooted wolf bush dog fox like fox fox grey fox island fox basal difference strongly supported evolution today includes diverse group species ranging size wolf long limbs short legged bush dog modern inhabit forests tropical temperate parts world evolutionary relationships species studied past morphological approaches recently molecular studies enabled investigation phylogenetic relationships species genetic divergence suppressed high level gene flow different populations species large hybrid zones exist evolved million years ago late million years later split main divisions dog like cat like member dog family proper arisen called remains found southwestern texas chief features identify include loss upper trend bite structure middle ear enlarged hollow bony structure protecting delicate parts ear probably slightly longer limbs predecessors parallel closely touching toes differ markedly arrangements bears family soon subdivided diverged surviving subfamily present day including wolves domestic dogs belong members subfamily showed increase body mass time exhibited specialised prone extinction appeared fossil records north_america earliest primitive branch lineage included sized early probably evolved fast pursuit prey grassland habitat resembled modern appearance eventually extinct middle early members genus gave rise branches led late genera expanded southwestern north_america radiation began success related development lower capable land bridge allowed members genus means enter asia continued europe appeared north_america small like wolf like characteristics descended formation panama joined south_america north_america allowing invade south_america recent common ancestor south american lived north_america likelihood new land bridge resulting consisted gray fox extinct dire wolf lineage consisted called south american endemic species wolf short dog bush dog crab eating fox south american group established molecular means pleistocene pleistocene north american wolf line appeared clearly identifiable wolf appeared possibly direct emerged north_america large wolf found north central_america eventually supplanted descendant dire wolf spread south_america late pleistocene number subspecies gray wolf developed spread europe northern asia gray wolf north_america late era land bridge separate invasions consisting different gray wolf studies shown extant dire wolf shared habitat gray wolf extinct large scale extinction event occurred years ago hunter appear adapted crushing bones died result extinction large animals relied study mitochondrial sequences nuclear sequences african indicated extant wolf like africa times pleistocene consistent fossil evidence suggesting african fauna diversity resulted immigration ancestors likely pleistocene climatic arid humid conditions comparing african golden study concluded african specimens represented distinct lineage recognized separate species african golden wolf according phylogeny derived nuclear sequences golden diverged wolf lineage million years ago african golden wolf separated million years ago mitochondrial sequences indicated wolf diverged wolf lineage slightly prior characteristics wild found continent antarctica inhabit wide range different habitats including mountains forests vary size fox little length weigh gray wolf long weigh species north american gray fox closely related channel island fox dog climb trees similar basic form exemplified grey wolf relative length muzzle limbs ears tail vary considerably species exceptions bush dog dog domestic breeds relatively long legs bodies adapted chasing prey tails length quality varies season muzzle portion skull elongated cat family arches wide transverse ridge rear species crest running bony eye form complete ring smooth rounded meaning walk toes tip nose naked pads feet consist single pad tip toe central pad roots hairs grow pads arctic fox sole foot densely covered hair times year exception african hunting dog toes thumb reduced reach ground hind feet toes domestic dogs fifth toe known present connection rest foot slightly curved nails non blunt male supported bone called contains structure base called helps create tie mating locking animals hour young born blind eyes opening weeks birth living analogous maintain posture head neck little active muscle allows conserve energy running long distances following scent trails nose ground based skeletal details neck believed lacked teeth dental formula bush dog upper bat fox upper lower ones teeth strong species allowing animals crack open bone reach deciduous baby teeth formula completely absent social behavior social animals live groups general territorial home range sleep open breeding bad weather true dogs male female pair work hunt raise young gray wolves larger live larger groups called packs african wild dogs packs consist animals packs fewer seven individuals incapable successful reproduction hunting packs advantage larger prey items tackled species form packs live small family groups depending circumstances including type available food species individuals live pack system dominance strongest experienced animals lead pack cases dominant male female pack members breed communicate scent signals visual clues gestures cases groups home territory drive territory marked leaving scent marks warn individuals social behaviour upper surface tail near root anal reproduction group exhibit reproductive traits uncommon mammals typically provide paternal care offspring reproductive cycles lengthy phases tie mating retain adult offspring social group suppressing ability breed making use care provide help raise generation offspring period increased levels female attractive male rise phase female receptive following level lengthy phase female pregnant pseudo pregnancy frequently occurs failed conceive period follows pregnancy pseudo pregnancy period breeding season small medium sized gestation period days larger species average days time year breeding season occurs related length day demonstrated case species equator hemisphere experiences month shift phase domestic dogs certain small captivity come frequently breaks conditions artificial lighting size litter varies sixteen pups born young born small blind helpless require long period parental care kept den dug ground warmth protection young begin eating solid food parents pack members bring food hunt adult stomach pack involvement feeding litter occurs breeding success rate higher case females split group rear pups isolation young year mature learn skills need survive species african wild dog male offspring usually remain pack females disperse group join small group opposite sex form new pack avoidance african wild dog largely exists fragmented small populations existence endangered avoidance mate selection characteristic species important potential consequences population persistence rare packs computer population indicate populations continuing avoid mating extinct years unrelated mates impact reduced numbers suitable unrelated mates likely severe demographic impact future viability small wild dog populations red wolves primarily live packs composed socially breeding pair offspring different ages long term data red wolf individuals known pedigree found degree relatives rare likely mechanism avoidance independent dispersal pack young wolves spend time small non breeding packs composed unrelated individuals union unrelated individuals new home range predominant pattern breeding pair formation wolves females disperse pack years age successfully existing packs breeding pairs unrelated suggesting female biased dispersal reduces grey wolves arctic exhibit avoidance avoided leads reduction fitness depression largely expression cross unrelated individuals leads depression basis analysis data litters found increased litter size decreased percentage increased indicating depression humans domestic dog entered partnership humans long time ago partnership documented far years ago young boy aged found cave southern france walking alongside identified large dog wolf earliest recorded fossil dog found years ago cave belgium earlier wolves found locations humans sites date years showing far humans wolves interactions fact wolves pack animals cooperative social structures reason relationship developed humans benefited loyalty cooperation tracking abilities wolf benefited use weapons tackle larger prey sharing food humans dogs evolved bond humans dogs seen burial dogs owners early years ago americas years ago europe gray wolf widely known prey humans nonetheless records killing humans golden killing children human beings trapped hunted species fur especially gray wolf red fox sport endangered wild persecution habitat loss prey species transmission diseases domestic dogs extant recently extinct species extant species family subfamily subfamily true dogs tribe genus list species subspecies includes varieties gray wolf present domestic dog classified considered separate taxon subspecies red wolf considered subspecies gray wolf including including florida black wolf called prairie wolf african golden wolf golden wolf called wolf fox striped black backed genus called asian wild dog genus african wild dog called african hunting dog genus short dog genus crab eating fox genus wolf genus darwin fox south american gray fox fox fox fox genus wolf genus bush dog true tribe genus arctic fox red fox present including silver fox swift fox kit fox fox cape fox pale fox fox sand fox fox fox fox genus present gray fox island fox fox basal genus probably close bat fox genus dog prehistoric stated following classification based paper curator terrestrial mammals natural history museum los_angeles county subfamily paper richard taylor subfamily paper taylor north american fossil subfamily tribe dire wolf probably ancestor wolves species wolf north_america probably species genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus tribe genus present basal genus present genus probably ancestor minor genus subfamily million years ago million years existence genus million years million years million years million years genus million years million years million years genus million years million years genus tribe million years genus million years million years million years million years million years million years million years genus minor tribe million years genus million years million years million years genus million years million years genus million years million years genus genus genus million years million years genus genus genus million years million years million years genus million years million years million years million years million years million years million years genus million years million years million years genus million years million years million years million years million years genus million years genus million years million years million years million years million years genus genus million years million years million years million years genus million years million years million years million years million years million years million years million years subfamily million years ago genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus


jungle cat jungle cat called reed cat swamp cat medium sized cat found china indian middle_east central southeastern asia member genus consists small cats jungle cat described naturalist naturalist christian daniel von gave cat present generally considered authority subspecies recognised jungle cat large long legged cat stands nearly centimetres shoulder weighs kilograms coat sandy reddish brown grey uniformly coloured lacks spots individuals known occur typically jungle cat hunts day solitary nature jungle cats interact mating season prominent interaction mother bond territories maintained scent marking cat primarily prefers small mammals birds hunts stalking prey followed sprint leap sharp ears help location prey sexes sexually mature time year old females enter january march mating behaviour similar domestic cat male pursues female neck mounts gestation lasts nearly months place december june vary geographically begin catch prey months leave mother months jungle cat habitat inhabits places adequate water dense vegetation swamps wetlands areas unlike jungle cat woodlands jungle cat classified concern iucn major threats survival jungle cat include destruction wetlands trapping poisoning status cat wild needs study numbers feared decline taxonomy phylogeny jungle cat member genus consists small cats family baltic german naturalist identify jungle cat travelled southern frontier russian_empire behest catherine russia described animal publication german zoologist paul american zoologist allen challenged validity nomenclature jungle cat arguing improper common scientific publication species world identifies german naturalist christian daniel von authority formally species publication die der mit study gave phylogenetic relationships jungle cat follows depending taxonomic treatment subspecies recognised basis distribution variation large scale phylogenetic studies establish status widely recognized subspecies results analysis jungle cats zones india indicate high genetic variation relatively low populations appears central indian population separates populations rest south indian populations north indian ones central indian populations genetically closer southern northern populations taxonomic history 1820s german explorer collected female jungle cat near lake delta english naturalist thomas collection illustrations indian wildlife comprises drawing indian jungle cat named allied cat british zoologist john edward gray years later german naturalist friedrich von proposed new species recognising egyptian jungle cat year stuffed cat presented meeting society caught west india pearson donated specimen proposed specimen noting differed french zoologist saint described jungle cat area northern india memory french explorer victor british naturalist brian proclaimed red cat commonly found named naturalist edward frederick described jungle cat skin sri_lanka stressed close resemblance red cat william thomas pointed like appearance cat skins plains county described russian naturalist proposed generic followed suggestion austrian zoologist swamp british zoologist william edward proposed subordinate specimens persia lighter built specimens indian renamed egyptian jungle cat applied different cat skin collected near led describe new subspecies skin smaller egyptian jungle cat skins years later german zoologist alfred described jungle cat skin collected palestine named british zoologist reviewed nomenclature classified jungle cat group genus 1930s reviewed jungle cat skins british india adjacent countries based mainly differences fur length colour specimens ones ones ones burma newly described larger skins skins shorter coats sri_lanka southern india description jungle cat large long legged cat fact largest extant species head body length typically centimetres cat stands nearly centimetres shoulder weighs kilograms study showed body size showed decrease west israel east india attributed greater competition small cats east body size shows similar decrease northern latitudes tropics sexually females tend smaller lighter males face long narrow white muzzle large pointed ears centimetres length reddish brown set close small black hairs nearly millimetres long emerges tip ears eyes yellow elliptical pupils white lines seen eye dark lines run corner eyes sides nose dark patch marks nose skull fairly broad region arch head cat appears relatively coat sandy reddish brown grey uniformly coloured lacks spots individuals reported indian white cats observed coastline tracts southern western lacked red eyes typical true suggested attributed striped spotted adults retain markings dark tipped hairs cover body giving cat appearance belly generally lighter rest body throat pale fur compared observed year coat lighter summer winter rings faint markings seen outside black tipped tail centimetres long marked dark rings length measure centimetres cat cover centimetres step distinct spinal crest long legs short tail ears jungle cat resembles small african plain coat jungle cat jungle cat larger comparison domestic cats ecology behaviour typically active mainly day jungle cat hunts day activity tends decrease hot noon hours rests grass cat winter days jungle cats estimated walk kilometres night likely varies depending availability prey behaviour jungle cat extensively studied solitary nature jungle cats interact mating season prominent interaction mother bond territories maintained scent marking males observed objects mark bears golden snakes main predators jungle cat golden particularly major competitor cat encounters threat jungle cat engaging attack producing sounds like small behavior uncommon members jungle cat somewhat lower typical domestic cat jungle cat host parasites species diet hunting primarily jungle cat prefers small mammals birds fishes frogs insects reptiles small snakes hunted prey typically weigh kilogram mammals large young hunted cat eat fruits especially winter study tiger reserve india found comprise high diet jungle cat hunts stalking prey followed sprint leap sharp ears help location prey different techniques secure prey cat observed searching rats holes like jungle cat perform high leaps air grab birds jungle cat efficient jungle cat mph efficient swimmers jungle cats swim kilometres water water catch fishes reproduction sexes sexually mature time year old females enter typically days long january march males occurs mainly february march southern mating occurs january early february mating season marked noisy fights males dominance mating behaviour similar domestic cat male pursues female neck mounts prominent courtship successful female gives loud cry partner pair separate gestation lasts nearly months place december june vary geographically mother prepares den grass abandoned animal hollow tree reed bed females birth litters typically born females raise litters year weigh grams birth tending smaller wild captivity initially blind helpless open eyes thirteen days age fully months males usually participate raising captivity males appear protective offspring begin catch prey months leave mother months lifespan jungle cat captivity years possibly higher wild distribution habitat habitat jungle cat inhabits places adequate water dense vegetation swamps wetlands areas tall grasses typical habitat known reed cat swamp cat unlike jungle cat woodlands keeps away open areas jungle cat occurs mainly deciduous forests rich trees jungle cats common agricultural lands fields range sighted near human settlements thrive areas sparse vegetation jungle cat adapt cold climates rare areas snowfall common generally occurs altitude metres occur high metres jungle cat largely oriental distribution found china indian middle_east central southeastern asia small cats india believed absent south peninsula possibility occurrence reported highly fragmented forest malaysian state truly small number jungle cats found cat ancient egypt dating vast majority domestic cats suggesting help control populations threats conservation jungle cat classified concern international union conservation nature natural resources iucn listed cites appendix hunting prohibited bangladesh china india israel pakistan thailand turkey receive legal protection outside protected areas georgia lebanon sri_lanka vietnam major threats survival jungle cat include destruction wetlands trapping poisoning according iucn conservation status jungle cat unclear needs research 1960s populations jungle cat living sea range states rapidly declining small populations persist today record nature reserve delta 1980s jungle cats rare middle_east jordan highly affected expansion agricultural areas river beds jordan rivers hunted poisoned farmers attacking considered rare threatened afghanistan india exported jungle cat skins large numbers till banned illegal trade continues country egypt afghanistan 1970s southeast asian jungle cats common wild cats near villages certain parts northern thailand occurred protected areas country early 1990s jungle cats rarely encountered suffered drastic declines hunting habitat destruction today official status country critically endangered vietnam jungle cats subject extensive hunting skins occasionally recorded border markets live individuals possibly taken occasionally turn thailand


royal royal west african recognised world smallest described swedish zoologist stands merely centimetres shoulder weighs kilograms characteristic feature long slender legs twice long horns possessed males horns short smooth measure centimetres bend backward soft coat reddish golden brown sharp contrast white ventral parts comparison royal longer muzzle broader lips smaller mouth smaller cheek muscles typically nocturnal active night royal exhibits remarkable territories marked royal prefers small quantities fresh foliage shoots fruits fungi taken occasionally like royal sexes sexually mature early months reported november december single delicate young born unknown period royal prefers areas fresh dense growth shrubs plants inhabits warm moist lowland forests prevalent western african countries guinea sierra royal concern international union conservation nature natural resources iucn populations feared declining habitat deterioration expanding human settlement significant threat survival hunting taxonomy etymology scientific royal placed genus family described swedish zoologist 10th edition german zoologist peter simon recognised species found type royal treated synonyms generic constituted greek words neo new goat specific comes greek small fist reference size vernacular royal based statement merchant associated dutch west india company called king hart means deer old english locals tribe comprises variety dwarf apart include tribe shown phylogenetic analysis based sequences linear skull measurements showed royal closely related species genus closely related royal likely ancestor common subfamily description royal smallest world smallest slightly larger royal reaches merely centimetres shoulder weighs kilograms head body length typically centimetres characteristic feature long slender legs twice long remarkable similarity hare thin tail centimetres long white inside ends white species sexually females larger males males possess horns short smooth measuring centimetres long bending backward soft coat reddish golden brown sharp contrast white ventral parts brown band runs chest distinct collar observed neck chin legs white face characterised large round dark brown eyes small translucent ears slim muzzle large grayish pink ecology behaviour royal exhibits remarkable consequently little known behaviour animal immediately seek cover alarmed flees soon danger close swiftly fast body low ground strong leaps powered large cover metres single leap rise high centimetres ground typically nocturnal active night activity observed day generally rests day territories marked reduced size scent marking indicate marking behaviour prominent diet royal prefers small quantities fresh foliage shoots fruits fungi taken occasionally considered nocturnal zoologist holds feeding occurs day foraging observed night comparison royal longer muzzle broader lips smaller mouth smaller cheek muscles features allow complete growth individuals new locations foraging fresh growth reproduction like royal occasionally observed sexes sexually mature early months reported november december typically single delicate young born unknown period weighing kilogram nearly adult weight young appear adults terms maximum lifespan captive royal estimated years months study habitat distribution royal prefers areas fresh dense growth shrubs plants inhabits warm moist lowland forests prevalent western african countries guinea sierra habitat includes forest fringes secondary forests range extends eastward southwestern guinea sierra river royal found region north forested areas western africa marked interface forest savannah habitats threats conservation royal concern international union conservation nature natural resources iucn rod east iucn specialist group estimated total population likely populations feared declining habitat deterioration expanding human settlement significant threat survival hunting seldom hunted sierra major source protected areas royal occurs include national park fauna flora reserve classified forest national park game production reserve forest reserves guinea island national park sierra


monkey monkey simply old world monkey family native africa term refer members genus distinct subspecies found southern africa eastern countries introduced florida texas alabama louisiana arizona california ascension island cape_verde barbados saint bermuda bahamas cuba jamaica haiti dominican_republic black faces grey body hair color ranging length centimetres males centimetres females addition interesting research natural populations serve model understanding genetic social behaviors humans noted having human like characteristics anxiety social dependent alcohol use live social groups ranging individuals males changing groups time sexual maturity significant studies involve communication alarm calls specifically regard group recognition particular predator sightings taxonomy monkey previously classified considered subspecies widespread subspecies monkey southern kenya south_africa distinctly reddish coloured darker base tail divided subspecies south_africa western cape eastern cape northern cape southern said pale coloured limbs white hands feet hands said black scattering hairs body colour olive northern northern south_africa darker brown dark feet southern north west province south_africa pale colour light ash grey north eastern pale feet yellowish tail darker especially tip southern subspecies longer recognised synonymous physical description monkey black face white fringe hair overall hair color grey species exhibits sexual males larger weight body length adult males weigh averaging body length averaging head base tail adult females weigh average measure averaging behavior social behavior males reach sexual maturity neighboring group males brother peer presumably protection aggression males females resident group groups previously transferred males significantly aggression arrival male case males migrate adjacent groups obviously increases benefits regard distance traveled reduces genetic increasing likelihood females remain groups life separate dominance found sex male determined age tenure group fighting abilities allies female dependent maternal social status large proportion interactions occur individuals similarly ranked closely related unrelated individuals female competition members high ranking families presumably gain access resources observations suggest individual recognition possible enables discrimination genetic social status interactions different groups variable ranging highly aggressive friendly furthermore individuals able recognize cross group identify monkey intended male likely transfer groups suggests members group actively monitoring activity groups including movement individuals group groups aggression directed primarily individuals lower hierarchy individual years older considerably likely involved conflict conflict arises group member shows aggression close relative males females aggression individuals close relatives previously involved conflict suggests complex recognition individuals associations individuals suggest recognition individual bonds possible discrimination social relationships occur alarm calls offspring recognition confirmed predators eagles sighting predator distinct alarm experimentation unreliable individuals incorrect calls specific individual response specific predator unreliable individual gives alarm different predator group members respond alarm fact reliable suggests able recognize respond individual calling individual communicating believed different alarm calls wild seen giving different seeing human approaching leading researchers believing way distinguishing different land flight predators mothers recognize offspring scream juvenile scream reaction mothers juvenile mother shorter looking direction scream increased duration look mothers observed help offspring conflict rarely aided juveniles mothers evidently determine mother offspring belongs individuals observed look mother offspring creating scream relationships siblings likely provide prevailing social relationships development social groups mother offspring sibling interactive units distinct groups sibling interaction heavily supportive friendly competition contests primarily involve resource allocation common mother example siblings conflict time allocated mother offspring usually born extremely close proximity period mother time reduced use clarity group act form alliance come relatively low cost regards alliances shown conflict aggressive individuals acted closely related sibling process individual mother cares infant groups source tremendous attention days infant born member group inspect infant touching group members participate infant juvenile females responsible majority benefit mutual mother mothers use able periods time successive time gain experience success raising offspring juvenile females preference infant choose usually choose siblings high ranking individuals mother allows juvenile daughter newborn sibling mother decreases investment infant increasing chances successful immature daughter grandchildren share quarter genes likely form relationships unrelated members group approach unrelated members prefer compared adult female including mothers additional research shown preference sex interest spurred rank grandmother group higher ranking showed interest caring grandchildren compared low ranking presence associated decrease mortality spite actions extremely rare animal kingdom indirect benefit individual acting close relative individual observed destroy competitor food source consume steal energy lost destroying food competitive advantage given individual increase competitive gain male displaced group males reproduction female external signs indicating period elaborate social behaviors involving reproduction typically female gives birth year september february gestation period days usually infant born time twins occur rarely normal infant weighs ecology diet monkey eats primarily diet living wild fruits flowers leaves seeds seed pods agricultural areas problem animals raid crops young tobacco plants vegetables fruit grain crops aspects diet include raids cattle bird nests observed eat eggs chicks list natural food plants plant eaten south_africa distribution habitat monkey ranges southern east africa found extreme southern south south_africa found west east african rift river replaced closely related monkey inhabits woodland coastal forest mountains able persist secondary highly fragmented vegetation including cultivated areas found living rural urban environments annual home range size observed high average population density animals introduced ascension island cape_verde bermuda barbados bahamas cuba jamaica haiti dominican_republic saint beach florida home introduced relationship humans spite low predator populations areas human development wild territories species killed electricity vehicles dogs guns poison bullets trapped traditional medicine bush meat research monkey complex fragile social system persecution thought affected troop structures diminishing numbers people living close proximity monkey colonies steal food heavy fines cities discourage killing status according iucn concern species known ancient egypt including red_sea mountains valley artworks found mediterranean island evidence monkey known inhabitants settlement fact noted evidence early contact egypt gallery


fossil india pakistan family species recognized india million years old plateau pakistan million years old material plateau million years old represent additional unnamed species body mass estimates range smaller larger known isolated teeth lower jaws jaw deep shallower lower lower shorter broader partly fossils discovered early 1930s identification corrected related identified late survivors archaic group taxonomy currently considered valid genus family containing named species india pakistan species represented pakistani material complicated taxonomic history known material members groups decades british guy described species india pakistan pakistan india attributed genus known europe year american scientist edward lewis described new genus species allocated family generic combines god generic specific honors richard time director museum natural history american noted species suggested probably left open described additional material continued regard animal lewis suggested derive primitive group 1970s authors placed american indian philip reviewed pakistani species recognized representing species created new genus species named later considered authors suggested similar taxonomic time thomas agreed placed subfamily frederick placed tribe indian placed species argued represented species listed second species continued regard published detail placed genera separate subfamily called published months continued classify single genus single species authors followed classification review recognized separate family classification followed genera addition allocated known china thailand india pakistan notable including far youngest members group known occurred despite taxonomic changes remained known specimens specimens isolated lower lower jaw fragment respectively come formation american lawrence morgan described teeth fossil sites older formation second species genus species named formation addition suggested lower jaw fragments formation represented larger species description known isolated teeth fragments medium sized somewhat smaller colleagues estimated weighed basis scaling tooth size morgan estimated body size general shelves margins weak named species smaller unnamed large similar size best represented specimens unnamed large species preserves right left sides level fourth lower damaged jaw deep rapidly shallower roots lower larger preserved roots cluster root roots suggesting teeth shared function mental opening root deciduous second preserved left right sides tooth possible determine roots right permanent second partially visible blade shaped cutting tooth bears single somewhat anterior middle tooth descending weak inner outer sides supported roots close isolated lower known resembles possessing single large connected heel present small tooth roots represented rooted tooth distinct highest descend right angles direction inner tooth ending low reaching basin open present crest reaches forward visible specimen worn poorly preserved crest descending end small weak present tooth tooth interpreted closed making acute angle shorter indistinct distinct strong lower known specimens piece jaw originally identified morgan suggested instead likely broken worn piece jaw represents unnamed large suggested teeth instead corresponding hypothesis discovery short organized main differ teeth shorter broader shorter smaller lower main crown rectangular aspect placed somewhat anterior counterparts distinct large tooth similar high relative extant approximately equal height crest descends point crest forms right angle runs corner tooth basin open structure damaged known lower developed hollow worn little structure remains visible shows short distinct small close suggested swelling specimen represent known upper tooth broken corner main higher larger spur suggesting rudimentary connected lacks small crest connects margin tooth tooth bears strong corner roots distribution ecology fossils found fossil beds india pakistan known late site indian state site dated million years ago site yielded known sites province pakistan dated million years ago recorded sites known unnamed large known older site million years old plateau region little known ecology suggested probably eating fruit interpreted leaf morgan interpreted mixed late extinction indian related decline forest cover asia competition


extinct islands antigua lesser antilles described species subgenus genus thesis available international code nomenclature species remains formally unnamed currently referred absence formally available species thought extinct association introduced indicates survived antigua known abundant skeletal elements document largest known par endemic morphological features indicate distinct includes derives separate colonization lesser antilles original description placed close species placed relationships studied taxonomy remains found summer subsequently antigua thesis harvard_university ray described new species considered distinctive merit subgenus specific derived means ancient greek refers species distribution leeward_islands combines ancient greek cast mouse referring way probably reached islands ray thesis meet definition published work international code nomenclature new names proposed ray available formal nomenclature rarely literature formal description published animal lacks formally available large antigua reported subsequent studies explicitly refer material ray new material come indian creek burma quarry antigua trail studies referred antigua material species known material guadeloupe marie addition large species smaller occurred antigua species present description known numerous bones including bones substantial skull fragments designated ray time ray writing material antigua completely consequently description based mainly specimens material particularly shows number features distinctive persuade ray subgenus species skull short broad region skull located eyes narrower roots arches oriented perpendicular main axis skull openings extremely short large short extending barely upper divided marked length skull larger specimens indicating largest species known island close relation expected differ ray declared special relationship genus question measurements examined known upper lower jaw missing falls far outside range variation addition differs shape broader form lower complete material available species known survived historic times large slightly smaller sharp contrast relatively narrow taxa broad shows relatively large breadth skull relative value lower end variation process bone longer slender relatively short nearly short overall skull length equal species smaller larger reflecting relatively large slender reverse ray considered closely related species time encompassed virtually forms placed genus agree robust skull short broad similarly formed situated close near middle skull presence upper ray suggested origin lies continental ancestor similar distribution habitat known material small limestone caves foot bay eastern island antigua site named mill reef far_east antigua antigua described detail caves material found red yellow sediments cave floor partially darker sediment yielded introduced indicating deposition european contact sediments probably ancient owl deposited owl yielded frog birds unidentified bats deposits included probably late pre antigua material ranges age bce post order antigua reached islands dispersal probably means ray thought ancestor animal reached islands repeated dispersal island mainland south_america lesser antilles way sea levels dropped pleistocene animal required overcome seven water barriers series instead argued animal reached islands directly mainland south_america probably continent large rivers


species genus lives forest patches small area eastern medium sized species weighing grayish brownish fur short broad developed pads collected formally described species closely related distributed north south south_america characters share particular arrangement head virtually known biology taxonomy american museum natural history expedition led sydney anderson collected specimens material mentioned passing report region tentatively identified publications 1990s studies national park zoologist obtained large series including species fourth species identify species level michael guy described new species referring specimens collected 1960s previously identified named new species sydney anderson honor work fauna including collection closest relatives northern including northwestern brazil southern venezuela eastern colombia nearby brazil possibly northeastern argentina share particular configuration head known derived arterial pattern unique genus general similarity traits differs characters fur metric characters species truly closely related needs determined molecular data genus includes species distributed habitats south_america southern central_america genera tribe rice rats diverse american species higher taxonomic levels classified subfamily family hundreds species mainly small description medium sized genus larger example smaller short soft fine fur bright brown pale changing moderately abruptly generally gray fur chin throat belly entirely white head grayish rest black short hairs cover external ears brown gray brown color short broad dirty white characters typical genus including developed pads hair long fifth digit tail slightly longer head body average relatively short genus uniformly brown somewhat paler portion near base sparsely haired tail ends rudimentary pencil evidence sexual skull shows short broad region located eyes roof marked shelves broad extend plates flattened anterior portions arches expansive developed ends flat ends little pits located near developed opening end rounded broad extension bone known usually present separating openings roof cavity small upper edge located vertical plane usual genus low crowned higher connecting present upper divided small young individuals connected crest fuse wear distribution ecology known departments santa eastern including national park type locality located specimens come pockets woodland flooded frequently encountered related rat found habitat absent forests large forest patches narrow habitat specialist limited distribution joins species restricted ranges found including specimens caught ground vegetation suggesting species like members genus found known ecology behavior diet reproduction conservation status


extinct giant closely related genus species known doubt actually species referred giant living similar teeth skeletons robust times larger dna studies confirmed sister group relationship types like living specialized eating fruit important seed possibly tree species seeds large swallow southwestern madagascar likely dispersed seeds evolved attach fur carried away unlike nearly length likely slow deliberate suspension reach fruit small branches like found island madagascar remains found primarily sites central southwestern parts island remains found northern madagascar lived diverse communities range locations fewer original species remain went decline following arrival humans madagascar bce habitat loss forest hunting thought reasons disappearance thought gone extinct remains found cave pit southwestern madagascar indicate survived years ago remains described french zoologist originally included genus ring tailed close relatives currently classified family french charles placed species subgenus recognized genus earlier uses priority alternative genus proposed errors description genus availability rules nomenclature considered questionable petition filed international commission nomenclature preserve evolutionary history similar significantly larger robust living genus addition general morphology studies teeth dental anatomy suggest close relation william charles hill noted skull called resembled rest classified genus time similarities referred giant addition morphological similarities molecular studies support close relationship based studies dna form sister group relative rest family sister group forms sister group clade related group containing brown ring tailed greater bamboo lesser bamboo taxonomic classification french zoologist scientifically describe species named basis bones descriptions species placed quickly followed named new genus species basis teeth central madagascar thought similar dwarf smith placed species genus considered species synonym standing named different species named species noted similarities group considered single species standing named species group included introduced animals charles grouped subgenus genus generally regarded distinct genus classifications include genus genus review recognized species regard distinct genus subgenus noted standing preoccupied invalid names based material central plateau madagascar presumed belong species continue recent classifications recognize valid genus species express doubt distinction species problems current use group primitive including considered intermediate authors mentioned 19th early 20th centuries questionable rendered available rules nomenclature potentially renders invalid principle addition generic half century takes precedence principle priority unavailable failed select type species conserve alex submitted petition international commission nomenclature petition asks commission suppress names based available type species anatomy physiology resembled living times larger estimated body mass larger addition skeleton robust dental formula structure formed lower teeth characteristic similar halves lower jaw fuse differences tooth morphology living brown ring tailed similar genera basin basin end lower lined upper shelf inner tooth expanded species differ details tooth morphology narrower lower outer teeth located counterparts relative massive jaws larger skull relatively broad eye smaller oriented skeleton distinctive traits found shorter robust limbs closer length index approximately compared skeleton shorter bodies process head thigh bone relatively large bones found species behavior based dental wear presence dental likely fruit specialist like closely related unlike leaf eating extinct giant madagascar primarily ate fruit supplemented diet leaves foliage teeth similar appearance uneven dental wear suggest ate fewer leaves hard fruits stems today brown species ate larger harder fruits likely important seed compared extinct giant southwest madagascar type extinct monkey suspected having large seed particularly plants use form known carbon plants depended giant extinct include black white swallow seeds diameter millimeters larger living having twice large capable larger seeds case fruits large seeds surrounded pulp required seed dispersal western madagascar genetic diversity suggests widespread seed dispersal past today shows signs localized diversity compared african species genus lost seed small trees shrubs endemic conserve water producing seeds hooks spines fruits seeds attach skin fur passing animals dispersal dispersed living species introduced species cattle helped disperse seeds fashion years thought ground dwelling robust skeleton recent analysis skeleton particularly suggests tree like frequently exhibited suspension order reach fruit leaves smaller branches slow deliberate unlike leap bound upper canopy like living extinct likely energy diet small brain slow climbing eyes comparable size modern day living probably giant extinct compared similarly sized visual relatively poor distribution habitat remains found regions madagascar eastern sites known species typically found woodlands southern southwestern madagascar forests central highlands remains discovered cave southwestern madagascar dry deciduous forests northwest possibly northern tip island possibly sites include near sur south southwestern madagascar recorded central highlands madagascar general diversity declined arrival humans habitat loss forest hunting sites lived alongside species species remain areas extinction humans arrived madagascar bce cause extinction giant immediately instead human related factors habitat loss forest hunting introduction invasive species gradual certain parts island caused decline eventual extinction millennium factors threaten living species today initial decline began years human colonization prior establishment large human settlements hunting central highlands likely caused substantial drop population large including survived central highlands woodlands based dating remains collected recent remains dated specimens came woodlands dated dated specimens recent remains came central highlands dated generally thought gone extinct remains found cave pit cave southwestern madagascar assumed years old