battle battle engagement united_nations north korean forces early korean war september south_korea battle perimeter large engagements fought simultaneously battle ended victory united_nations large numbers united_states south korean troops repelled strong north korean attack nearby second battle north korean people army broke army 2nd infantry division lines river exploiting weakness 9th division 4th division attacked village east river gateway lines supply reinforcement perimeter followed fight north korean forces north able briefly capture 2nd infantry division split half lieutenant general walker seeing danger attack brought marine_corps 1st provisional marine brigade counterattack days fierce fighting army marine forces able push north town destroy attacking divisions win key step victory fight background perimeter outbreak korean war invasion south_korea north north korean people army enjoyed superiority manpower equipment republic korea army united_nations forces dispatched south_korea prevent collapsing north korean strategy aggressively pursue forces avenues approach south engage aggressively attacking initiating double flanks unit allowed north surround cut opposing force forced retreat disarray leaving equipment initial june offensive fights july early august north strategy effectively defeat force push south forces eighth united_states_army established perimeter august troops held continuous line peninsula north korean troops flank advantages numbers decreased daily superior logistical system brought troops supplies army north approached perimeter august attempted frontal assault technique main avenues approach perimeter august 6th division later 7th division engaged 25th infantry division battle initially battles battle mountain attacks stalled forces equipped plenty reserves repeatedly repelled north korean attacks north 4th division 24th infantry division area battle north korean division unable hold river large numbers reserve forces brought repel august 4th division forced river percent casualties region north korean divisions repulsed divisions attempts attack city battle particularly heavy fighting took place battle bowling alley 13th division completely destroyed attack east_coast north korean divisions repulsed south battle north korean troops defeats time war strategies working september push planning new offensive north korean command decided attempt flank force impossible thanks support navy instead opted use frontal attack breach perimeter collapse considered hope achieving success battle fed intelligence soviet_union north aware forces building perimeter conduct offensive soon win battle secondary objective surround destroy units city mission north korean units cut supply lines august north korean commands distributed operations orders subordinate units north called simultaneous attack lines attacks defenders allow north break lines place force forces battle ordered center attack called 9th division 4th division 2nd division 10th division break 2nd infantry division battle morning september 1st 2nd regiments 9th division offensive war stood miles short successful river crossing penetration american line 3rd regiment left inch division commander major general sam felt chances capturing strong 9th division approached 1st regiment north 2nd regiment south division attached support consisting artillery battalion corps battalion artillery tank battalions 16th armored brigade battalion artillery 4th division gave unusually heavy support crossing river came 4th division greatly weakened organization far short weapons replacements captured north korean document referred grouping units attacked area main force corps elements 9th division reached hills west afternoon september morning september shattered remnants company hand 9th infantry regiment 2nd infantry division virtually troops defend division commander major general emergency attached 2nd engineer combat battalion regiment tank battalion 2nd division reconnaissance company assigned positions close regimental commander planned place engineers chain low hills arched northwest north korean attack company 2nd engineer combat battalion moved south river road company 2nd engineer battalion north road approximately miles west estimated north korean troops engaged company fire fight gun motor carriages aaa battalion supported engineers action lasted hours approval general bradley company moved hill immediately south overlooking platoon infantry went position company ordered fall southeast edge left flank company company went position road left company engineer battalion company 2nd division reconnaissance company hill occupied company reality western tip large mountain mass lay southeast town road came south bent western tip mountain ran eastward southern base position company commanded town exit road north approached south 2nd division reconnaissance company tanks tank battalion opposed intense fight action sergeant class charles turner reconnaissance company particularly distinguished mounted tank operated exposed turret machine gun directed tank fire reportedly destroyed seven north korean machine guns turner tank came heavy north korean fire shot away tank antennae scored hits turner wounded remained tank killed night north korean soldiers crossed low ground entered town south north attempted breakthrough engineer position daylight unable reinforcements fight company commanded town approaches fight engineers artillery mortar support company new inch old inch rocket launchers north korean infantry fire plus machine guns small arms company inflicted heavy casualties north desperately tried clear way push eastward tanks companies tank battalion southern eastern edge shared equally engineers intensity battle company commander officer company killed wounded melee cost company men killed wounded edge slopes hill south town covered north korean dead destroyed equipment reinforcements battle morning commanders reorganized men 9th infantry arrived vicinity overrun river line positions companies path major north korean crossings succeeded withdrawing eastward crew served weapons heavy equipment september tanks reorganized 2nd battalion 9th infantry attacked company 2nd engineer combat battalion regained possession town later teams company 2nd engineer combat battalion knocked tanks west american ground air action destroyed north korean tanks day southwest town evening north driven hills westward evening 2nd battalion company 2nd engineer combat battalion occupied chain low hills miles engineers west 2nd battalion northwest town time north korean drive halted time desperately units began reinforced korean cultural divide troops caused tensions september north attempting destroy engineer troops southern edge clear road eighth united_states_army commander lieutenant general walker spoke telephone major general deputy chief staff far_east command tokyo described situation perimeter said threat boundary 2nd 25th infantry divisions described location reserve forces plans said started 1st provisional marine brigade brigadier general edward released commitment wanted sure general army douglas approved use knew interfere plans far_east command walker said think restore 2nd division lines replied day approved use marines walker considered necessary hours conversation walker attached 1st provisional marine brigade 2nd division ordered attack available elements division marines mission destroying north east river 2nd division sector restoring river line marines released 2nd division control soon mission accomplished september counterattack conference held afternoon 2nd division command post attended leaders eighth army 2nd division 1st marine brigade decision reached marines attack west september river road 9th infantry company tank battalion battery aaa battalion attack northwest marines attempt establish contact 23rd infantry 2nd engineer combat battalion remnants 1st battalion 9th infantry elements tank battalion attack left flank south marines contact 25th division eighth army ordered 24th infantry division headquarters 19th infantry regiment susan area miles south miles east confluence river river prepare enter battle 2nd 25th division zone troops holding line hills west company 9th infantry north road running west company 2nd engineer combat battalion southward road engineers company 9th infantry september 1st provisional marine brigade moved forward assembly areas 2nd battalion 5th marines assembled north 1st battalion 5th marines south 3rd battalion 5th marines established security positions southwest approaches regimental sector direction night company engineers considerable fighting north reached objective dawn september company attacked gain high ground designated marine line departure company fought way slope yards held firmly entrenched north point company commander caught north korean thrown grenade wounded fragments tried throw away men company help marine tank fire eventually gained objective early morning battle line departure delayed planned attack marine attack started rice land north korean held high ground miles westward 1st battalion 5th marines south east west road gained objective north korean soldiers broke air attack ran northern slope crossed road hill 2nd battalion zone air strikes artillery concentrations machine gun rifle fire 1st battalion caught north korean reinforcements open rice moving second ridge killed afternoon 1st battalion advanced hill north road 2nd battalion harder time encountering heavy north korean fire reached northern tip hill miles west north held hill day night company 5th marines isolated fighting west marine armor knocked tanks north korean crew members abandoned fifth night marines dug line miles west 2nd battalion lost killed wounded day company total marine casualties september killed wounded coordinating attack marines 9th infantry advanced abreast north september counterattack midnight 3rd battalion 5th marines received orders pass 2nd battalion continue attack morning night torrential rains troops miserable lowered morale north unusually quiet launched patrols attacks morning september weather clear counterattack continued september little opposition north road 2nd battalion quickly completed occupation hill north withdrawn night south road 1st battalion occupied appeared command post 9th division tents equipment lay scattered abandoned tanks excellent condition stood tanks ground troops advancing road found north korean dead destroyed abandoned equipment nightfall counterattack gained miles night quiet dawn north launched attack 9th infantry right marines heaviest blow striking company begun rain attack came midst bringing platoon outpost position relief company sergeant class encountered north korean force ridge line lead scout engaged following grenades rifle fire sudden attack confused dispersed group led platoon succeeded joining hard pressed company ensuing action led assaults close north korean positions hand hand fighting north korean soldiers destroyed machine gun position killed crew members north korean mortar american artillery fire concentrated 9th infantry helped greatly north night day battle september counterattack morning september minute artillery preparation american troops moved day counterattack day rain attack progressed marines approached ridge 9th infantry neared cloverleaf hill fought battle month high ground ahead north korean troops digging marines approached pass hills took positions north korean held high ground approximately north korean infantry came village concealed positions striking company hill north road east tanks surprised knocked leading marine tanks destroyed tanks blocked fields fire withdrew better positions assault teams company 1st battalion inch rocket launchers rushed action took tanks fire destroyed armored personnel carrier following north korean infantry attack brutal inflicted casualties company reinforcements company supporting army artillery marine mortars helped repel september day heavy casualties perimeter army units killed wounded missing action total casualties marine units killed wounded missing action total battle casualties total american battle casualties day men unknown north killed wounded day likely suffered heavy casualties north repulsed previous night september general walker ordered 1st provisional marine brigade released operational control 2nd division effective midnight september protested releasing brigade believing needed troops korea stop north korean offensive perimeter september marines began leaving lines ridge headed join 1st marine regiment 7th marine regiment forming new 1st marine division american september west according prisoner statements resulted war north korean division remnants 9th division supported low strength 4th division held ridge cloverleaf hill intervening ground september division offensive strength spent end american counterattack 9th 4th divisions able resume offensive midnight september 1st provisional marine brigade ordered order travel japan merge marine units form 1st marine division heated disagreement walker command command walker said hold perimeter marines reserve said conduct landings marines responded assigning 17th infantry regiment later infantry regiment added walker reserves walker feel inexperienced troops effective walker felt transition endangered perimeter time unclear hold aftermath north korean 4th 9th divisions completely destroyed battles 9th division numbered men beginning offensive september 4th division numbered division returned north_korea second battle majority north korean troops killed captured deserted exact number north korean casualties impossible determine substantial attacking force lost corps similar state north korean army exhausted perimeter cut brink defeat casualty count difficult know division scattered units engaged communication total casualty counts area 2nd infantry division suffered killed wounded captured missing time second battle included casualties suffered battle previous month american forces continually repulsed able prevent north breaking perimeter division numbered september excellent position attack despite casualties 1st provisional marine brigade suffered killed wounded battle perimeter probably occurred fatal weakness north korean army cost victory impressive initial success communications supply capable exploiting breakthrough supporting continuing attack face massive air armor artillery fire concentrated troops critical points september north korean attacks area repulsed


battle fort battle fort battle belgian german forces took place battle belgium fall german invasion low countries france assault force german tasked assaulting capturing fort belgian fortress strategic position strong artillery dominated important bridges albert canal easterly roads led belgium rest low countries roads german forces intended use advance belgium german airborne forces assaulted fortress disabled garrison artillery pieces inside simultaneously captured bridges canal having disabled fortress airborne troops ordered protect bridges belgian counter attacks linked ground forces german 18th army battle strategic victory german forces airborne troops landing fortress use explosives disable outer defences fortress entered fortress killing number defenders containing rest lower sections fortress simultaneously rest german assault force landed near bridges canal destroyed number defensive positions defeated belgian forces guarding bridges capturing bringing german control airborne troops suffered heavy casualties operation succeeded holding bridges arrival german ground forces aided airborne troops assaulting fortress second time forcing surrender remaining members garrison german forces able utilize bridges canal bypass number belgian defensive positions advance belgium aid invasion country bridge destroyed forcing german engineers construct new bridge background germany launched fall invasion low countries attacking netherlands belgium german der believed german forces line advance southern belgium northern france cutting british expeditionary force large number french forces forcing french government surrender gain access northern france german forces defeat armed forces low countries bypass number defensive positions primarily belgium netherlands defensive positions lightly defended intended delaying positions true defensive lines designed stop enemy attack number permanent design possessing considerable fortifications garrisoned significant numbers troops line netherlands stretched southern shore belgian border near large number fortifications combined natural obstacles marsh lands valley easily flooded attack belgian defences consisted delaying position running albert canal main defensive line running river protected port antwerp belgian capital brussels delaying position protected number forward positions manned troops single area canal ran close dutch border known appendix proximity city belgian military build forward positions proximity border assigned infantry division guard bridges canal area brigade assigned bridge bridges defended equipped machine guns artillery support provided fort artillery pieces covered bridges having aware belgian defensive plan called belgian forces briefly hold delaying positions albert canal retreat link british french forces main defensive positions river german high command plans disrupt seize secure bridges number bridges belgium netherlands allow forces breach defensive positions advance netherlands prelude belgian preparation belgian 7th infantry division assigned guard bridges canal troops garrisoned fort time battle defences bridge consisted large concrete western canal equipped machine guns fourth anti tank gun bunker containing anti tank gun positioned close road leading bridge equipped bunker immediately bridge flanking bridge short distance company position existed western bank canal bridges small observation post eastern quickly recalled bridges destroyed demolition charges set structures triggered firing mechanism situated anti tank fort measured yards built 1930s completed blasting required space possessed walls roofs composed feet thick reinforced concrete retractable casemates fort equipped artillery pieces range miles traverse degrees sixteen artillery pieces high velocity anti tank guns twin mounted machine guns number anti aircraft guns fort faced canal whilst faced land defended minefields deep ditches feet high wall concrete fitted machine guns fort anti tank guns large number tunnels ran beneath fort connecting individual turrets command centre ammunition stores fort possessed hospital number living quarters garrison power station provided electricity power guns provide internal external illumination power wireless network air system garrison belgian plans garrison fort attached defending forces fight sustained battle attacking force assumed sufficient warning attack given detachment eastern canal withdrawn bridges destroyed garrison ready fight delaying action defending force retire main defensive positions river link allied forces german preparation airborne assault fort bridges helped protect larger german airborne operation involved 7th air division 22nd division 7th air division comprising parachute regiments infantry regiment tasked capturing number river canal bridges led dutch defensive positions centered airfield 22nd division composed infantry regiments reinforced parachute battalion tasked capturing number airfields vicinity airfields secured parachute battalion rest division land aim occupying dutch capital capturing entire dutch government royal family high ranking members dutch military division roads railway lines area movement dutch forces intention german use airborne divisions create corridor 18th army advance netherlands destroyed bridges general kurt student proposed deployment airborne divisions argued presence hold open southern approaches prevent movement dutch reserves based north west holland french forces sent aid dutch defenders deny use airfields allied aircraft aid rapid advance 18th army transport aircraft deploy parachute elements airborne troops transport elements airborne divisions landing parachute force tasked assaulting fort capturing bridges formed elements 7th air division 22nd division named assault detachment leader force walter force assembled november primarily composed 1st parachute regiment engineers 7th air division small group luftwaffe pilots force composed primarily decided landings force adolf_hitler taken personal interest arrangements assault force ordered told personal pilot flight nearly silent believed belgian anti aircraft defences sound location radar possible tow near dutch border release achieving surprise attack belgian defenders able detect transport supplied use assault force period intensive training began detailed study fort bridges local area replica area constructed airborne troops train joint exercises pilots carried early spring number equipment tactics barbed wire added nose reduce landing run airborne troops trained specialized explosives secret fortifications germany fortifications czechoslovakia similar fort secrecy maintained number ways exercises completed equipment broken taken away furniture sub units force frequently renamed moved location unit insignia removed airborne troops permitted leave barracks leave divided force assault groups group granite composed eighty men task assault capture fort group steel commanded formed ninety men capture bridge group concrete commanded composed ninety men capture bridge group iron martin composed ninety men capture bridge crucial element assault force particularly group granite time believed combination approach assault force lack declaration war german government attackers element surprise german estimates minutes superior numbers belgian forces defending fort bridges reinforcements sent area begin come bear relatively small number lightly armed airborne troops german plan eliminate minutes anti aircraft positions individual casemates possible costs action long range artillery pieces covered bridges destruction guns expected completed minutes time airborne troops break cover distance guns fix explosive charges barrels guns detonate enemy fire finalized plan assault called land western bank albert canal bridges prior time scheduled fall begin groups assigned assault bridges defending belgian troops remove demolition charges prepare defend bridges expected counter attack minutes later transport aircraft fly position dropping airborne troops reinforcements machine guns significant amounts ammunition simultaneously force assigned assault fort land fort eliminate defenders attempting repel artillery explosive charges prevent garrison having achieved initial objectives seizing bridges eliminate long range artillery pieces possessed fort airborne troops defend positions arrival german ground forces battle reasons security dispersed locations received orders operation fort bridges begin preliminary orders received ordering separated detachments pre arranged concentration area shortly second order arrived informing assault force fall begin carrying airborne troops formed assault force lifted airfields cologne transport aircraft turning south objectives aircraft maintained strict radio silence forcing pilots rely chain signal fires pointed belgium radio silence ensured senior commanders assault force informed tow ropes snapped forcing land inside germany pilot second released tow rope prematurely unable land near objective carrying troops assigned group granite destined assault fort leaving group left command second command forced land remaining released tow ropes miles away objectives altitude feet deemed high land bridges fort maintain steep dive angle ensure landed correctly released began turning away belgian anti aircraft artillery positions detected opened fire alerted defences area presence bridges carrying troops assigned group steel landed bridge barbed wire wrapped landing succeeding rapidly bringing halt belonging landed distance bridge second landed directly belgian began engaging groups airborne troops small arms fire non commissioned officer charge troops second grenades whilst men laid explosive charge door detonated allowing bunker assaulted removed obstacle simultaneously gathered troops led ditch running parallel bridge men able reach canal bank climb bridge demolition charges placed belgian garrison airborne troops prevented destroying bridge faced rest belgian defenders defenders held platoon reinforcements arrived forced retire nearby village assaulting force overcome field guns located metres bridge small arms fire forcing air support responded knocked guns group steel relieved belgian resistance delayed arrival strength fighting attacking force left airborne troops dead thirty wounded transporting group concrete landed bridge eleventh having hit anti aircraft fire route bridge forced land prematurely inside dutch territory engaged heavy anti aircraft fire landed causing stall mid air resulting crash severely wounded airborne troops rest landed damage landed near fortification housing bridge allowed airborne troops rapidly assault position killed occupants tore wires connecting explosives set ensuring bridge destroyed remaining belgian defenders resisted fiercely mounting counter attacks attempt recapture bridge repelled aid machine guns dropped parachute airborne troops constant belgian attacks meant group concrete withdrawn relieved infantry battalion suffered losses seven dead wounded carrying airborne troops assigned group iron able land objective bridge navigation error pilots transport aircraft dropped wrong area towed heavy anti aircraft fire released began descend objective bridge destroyed demolition explosions set belgian garrison unlike garrisons bridges belgian defenders german column heading bridge reinforce group iron arrived minutes ahead schedule appearance ruined chance surprise assault gave defenders sufficient time destroy bridge came land hit anti aircraft fire crashed ground killing occupants remaining landed successfully airborne troops stormed belgian positions eliminated defenders airborne troops secured area nearby village subjected strong counter attack repulsed aid air support defenders launched counter attacks night ensuring airborne troops relieved morning group iron suffered heaviest casualties assault groups assigned capture bridges dead wounded airborne troops assigned group taken prisoner later freed german forces british prisoner war camp fort remaining transporting airborne troops assigned group granite successfully landed roof fort utilizing slow descent rapidly bring halt airborne troops rapidly emerged began explosive charges fort housed artillery pieces target captured bridges southern fort objective artillery observation housing artillery pieces damaged light demolition charge permanently destroyed heavier charge collapsed observation dome roof fort objective traversing turret holding artillery pieces destroyed airborne troops moved objective turret holding weapons explosives detonated airborne troops assigned destroy moved proved premature guns rapidly brought bear attackers forced assault second time destroy pair guns disabled barracks known house belgian troops attempts destroy objective proved successful objective twin turrets heavy calibre guns mounted rotating large airborne troops single destroy forcing troops primitive shaped charges turrets detonated whilst shook turrets destroy airborne troops forced climb turrets smash gun barrels northern section fort similar actions taking place airborne troops raced destroy disable fortifications housing artillery pieces objective housing multiple machine guns arcs fire covered western fort destroy airborne troops force belgian soldiers manning weapons retreat detonated shaped charges fortification disable observation fitted machine guns objective destroyed objectives nos found dummy installations unexpected complications came objective retractable housing artillery pieces assumed weapons fortification stop airborne assault assumption found false weapons opened fire forcing airborne troops area cover rapid fire weapons led air support summoned squadron bombed bombs destroy explosions force rest fighting exterior entrances exits located airborne troops destroyed explosives seal garrison inside fort giving garrison opportunities attempt counter attack airborne troops achieved initial objective destroying artillery pieces fort bombard captured bridges faced number small disabled number included anti aircraft weapons machine guns secondary objectives attacked single landed fort emerged unintentionally landed german territory landed field replacement airborne troops broken fences aircraft boarded new towed anti aircraft fire fort having achieved primary objectives artillery pieces possessed fort airborne troops held belgian counter attacks began immediately counter attacks belgian infantry formations artillery support allowed airborne troops repel machine gun fire artillery smaller forts nearby belgian field artillery units targeted airborne troops achieved aided airborne troops counter attacks belgian infantry units patrols ensure garrison stayed interior fort attempt emerge mount attempt retake fort attempt garrison launch counter attack fact possible route attack single spiral staircase looking fort captured disabled plan assault called group granite relieved 51st engineer battalion hours seizing fort group actually relieved heavy belgian resistance demolished bridges river forced battalion lay new bridges delaying significantly airborne troops relieved battalion conjunction infantry regiment arrived shortly engineers mounted attack main entrance fort faced attack garrison surrendered suffering men killed wounded germans took thousand belgian soldiers captivity group granite suffered killed nineteen wounded aftermath airborne assault bridges fort overall success artillery pieces possessed fort disabled bridges designated captured sub units captured destroyed capture bridges artillery pieces fort allowed infantry armour 18th army bypass belgian defences enter heart belgium post war publication general kurt student wrote operation efforts group granite particular deed daring decisive significance studied history war battles fronts able find host brilliant actions undertaken friend foe said compare success achieved assault group number officers non commissioned officers awarded knight cross iron cross participation operation including lieutenant led assault fort absence expanded end fall 1st battalion newly formed 1st assault regiment consisted battalions trained assault force promoted rank major operation assumed command 1st battalion destroyed bridges 17th armored engineer battalion built new bridge canal september


indianapolis american_civil_war american_civil_war indianapolis state capital indiana major base support union governor oliver major supporter president abraham_lincoln quickly indianapolis gathering place organize train troops union_army city major railroad hub troop transport confederate lands military importance military camps established vicinity indianapolis camp initial ground organize train state union volunteers designated major prisoner war camp captured confederate soldiers addition military camps state owned arsenal established city federal arsenal soldiers home ladies home established indianapolis house feed union soldiers families passed city indianapolis residents supported union cause providing soldiers food clothing equipment supplies despite rising prices wartime hardships food clothing shortages local doctors aided sick area women provided nursing care indianapolis city hospital tended wounded soldiers indianapolis sent estimated men military service estimated died war indianapolis crown hill national cemetery established national military established indiana war city population increased arrival new businesses industries offered additional employment opportunities spurred real estate development beginning city urban industrial development addition street crime prevalent causing city government increase police force local merchants hire private security era time bitter political disputes indiana democrats republicans incident called battle run union soldiers stopped searched departing delegates statewide democratic convention tossed personal weapons nearby creek july indianapolis residents feared attack confederate forces morgan raid southern indiana turned east ohio came city war increased wartime manufacturing industrial growth new era economic prosperity indianapolis population increased end real estate boom led establishment new residential suburbs city retained indianapolis experienced improvements public services health care utilities street railways public schools indianapolis indiana commercial industrial center construction soldiers sailors monument began center downtown indianapolis decades discussion city iconic monument dedicated war years american_civil_war indianapolis served gathering place organizing troops indianapolis citizens rallied support union population increased arrival new businesses industries offered additional employment opportunities spurred real estate development city residents experienced rising prices wartime hardships food clothing shortages time bitter political disputes indiana democrats republicans civil war era beginning city urban industrial development connections expanding railroad network growth local charitable organizations winter talk region possible war south indianapolis militia groups ready fight national guards city indianapolis independent guards january indianapolis volunteered service indiana governor oliver requested needed spring february president elect abraham_lincoln arrived indianapolis train stops route washington presidential inauguration pre inauguration stop lincoln president elect visit indianapolis months later united_states brink war april news arrived indianapolis telegraph confederate forces opened fire fort federal fort harbor charleston south_carolina april mass meetings held indianapolis resolutions approved support union indianapolis citizens proclaimed unite man repel assaults government people citizens department union forcibly april president lincoln responded surrender federal fort battle fort calling volunteers join union_army restore order governor lincoln offering men defend country state initial set regiments total men months service orders issued april form indiana regiments establish indianapolis gathering point volunteers enlist day men city week recruits signed fight union nearly times needed meet state initial governor wallace indiana adjutant general quickly established camp grounds indiana state fair alabama street north city initial ground organize train state union volunteers camp soldiers arrived april war total military camps established vicinity indianapolis including camp sullivan camp camp camp camp state largest april indianapolis city_council appropriated wartime use days later indiana general_assembly convened indianapolis governor wartime powers appropriate funds support war effort million military purposes million bond issue state national defense provide ammunition governor established state owned arsenal indianapolis congress passed legislation establish permanent federal arsenal indianapolis april indiana regiments organized indianapolis fully organized brigade indiana volunteers command brigadier general thomas morris included 6th indiana 7th indiana 8th indiana 9th indiana 10th indiana 11th indiana infantry regiments slightly percent indiana total regiments mustered service trained indianapolis men indianapolis surrounding county indiana served regiments total indianapolis sent estimated men service resident indianapolis die war private john company 11th indiana died near virginia june estimated indianapolis residents died war 11th indiana volunteer infantry regiment known indiana regiment organized indiana war leave indianapolis indianapolis militia units national guards city indianapolis independent guards additional company men indianapolis regiment wallace resigned indiana adjutant general command 11th indiana went major general union_army lieutenant frederick indianapolis resident officer company 11th indiana eventually rose rank brigadier general highest ranking jewish military officer union francis indianapolis briefly led independent war decided south ultimately brigadier general confederate states army indiana regimental units organized towns counties ethnic units formed 32nd indiana state german american infantry regiment 35th indiana state irish american regiment organized indianapolis regiments established included residents indianapolis county indiana included 19th indiana 27th indiana 33rd indiana little doubt majority indianapolis residents supported union city hub union troop organization training pro union force individuals suspected confederate sympathies oath loyalty mayor office notable editor indianapolis sentinel mob forced loyalty oath articles critical political views appeared indianapolis journal union troops continued organize train military camps city battles kentucky tennessee caused major changes indianapolis battles fort henry fort union began collect large number confederate prisoners war transport north governor volunteered hold prisoners indianapolis designated northern prisoner war camps camp converted union largest prisons captured confederate soldiers camp confederate prisoners arrived february group sick ill fed sufficient clothing cold northern winters citizens indianapolis rallied provide humanitarian aid prisoners included additional food clothing supplies local doctors aided sick local women provided nursing care corner east michigan street massachusetts avenue local building converted hospitals treat confederate prisoners remainder war camp typically housed prisoners regiments organized reorganized union soldiers continued gather indianapolis time indianapolis regiments formed included indiana command benjamin harrison indiana command frederick popular gathering spots soldiers included monument circle university park soldiers home ladies home established indianapolis respectively house feed indiana soldiers families passed indianapolis city residents continued aid union soldiers providing food clothing equipment supplies soldiers aid societies indiana commission established headquarters indianapolis raised funds gathered supplies troops field women indianapolis organized groups usually local ladies aid societies provide soldiers blankets clothing helped raise funds additional troop supplies street crime prevalent indianapolis war city government increased police force local merchants hired private security guards posted union station deal law enforcement issues fights gambling prostitution significant problems prohibition alcohol sales established city street violence city police bothered discover murdered officer pennsylvania bodies deceased soldiers killed war held indianapolis union station awaiting transport eventual burial spots indiana facilities cared wounded soldiers including indianapolis city hospital governor indiana commission began recruiting women work nurses military hospitals ships january city wartime home richard jordan physician entrepreneur invented gun tested indianapolis patented november hand rapid fire gun predecessor modern machine gun navy adopted gun war federal army formally adopt use military execution war western theater occurred march camp barracks robert gay year old clay county indiana executed man firing squad capture richmond kentucky gay declared allegiance confederate states america escape army service return indiana gay convicted treason executed apologized executions took place bounty executed barracks major political differences democrats republicans wartime propaganda caused suspicious fearful potential especially secret societies sympathetic south indianapolis city election democrats decided fair election held withdrew ticket votes cast democratic candidates indianapolis prior state democratic convention rumors spread members secret society planning attend convention indianapolis plotting attack camp state arsenal response perceived threat soldiers posted guard city protect government property union soldiers attempted convention forcing proceedings city men arrested carrying concealed weapons taken custody questioning convention union soldiers stopped searched departing convention delegates demanding passengers surrender personal weapons soldiers seized weapons passengers tossed run nearby creek incident later called battle run caused trouble illustrate intensity state ongoing political feuds republicans seized weapons evidence democrats union guilty plots rumors plots overthrow indiana government continued summer july confederate general john hunt morgan crossed ohio river indiana went state emergency day citizens indianapolis union victories mississippi pennsylvania city mood turned panic morgan troops appeared headed indianapolis feared morgan attack city attempt free confederate prisoners camp panic increased morgan lightning posing union claimed morgan far men actually sent false information suggesting morgan attack indianapolis locations hours estimated indiana volunteers assembled fight confederate raiders regiments grounds indiana prepared defend state capital tension city ended july confirmed morgan left indiana entered ohio morgan captured july volunteers served temporary regiments indianapolis mustered service july threat morgan troops gone accident caused explosion ammunition killed boy soldiers horses soldiers departing town new regiments continued muster service indianapolis 28th regiment colored troops organized december march black regiment formed indiana war regiment trained camp near fountain square included enlisted men signed term years war effectively year cutting short term service regiment lost men mustered service november indianapolis city regiment mustered service indiana infantry regiment regiments days men regiment guarded railroads tennessee alabama firmly control union forces relieve regular army troops active duty lines indiana formed young boys older men favorite indianapolis citizens members disease regiment returned home beginning september indianapolis site trials military commission men accused convicted treason landmark civil liberty case known supreme_court overturned convictions april court ruled military trial illegal civilian courts open functioning war following court ruling men released news confederate general robert lee surrender courthouse virginia reached indianapolis april causing wild public celebrations indianapolis journal characterized celebrations soon turned sadness news assassination president lincoln arrived april lincoln funeral train passed city april route springfield illinois estimated people waited long lines pass lincoln indiana president remains lay state indianapolis residents saw activity military forces end war military troops organized indianapolis indiana mustered service april year service june formal honored soldiers returned home june confederate prisoner camp july military wagon train miles length passed city autumn city soldiers home ladies home closed city military camps soldiers left indianapolis aftermath indiana economic situation improved war particularly indianapolis population increased people end city population exceeded result war city experienced real estate boom real estate transactions increased million million new residential suburbs place established indianapolis retained areas city grew experienced need public services utilities street railways improved public school system street railway came city 1860s city established sewage system city downtown streets illuminated water supplied central delivered city residents health care city improved indianapolis city hospital equipped staffed begin treatment civilian patients increased wartime manufacturing industrial growth new era economic prosperity rise labor unions city indianapolis indiana commercial industrial center new industries indianapolis included pork packing plants numerous manufacturers small businesses retail shops banks colonel opened new laboratory indianapolis pearl street founding later company union railroad transfer stock yards company major employer opened war indianapolis continued develop transportation hub existing railroad lines expanded new ones established linking indianapolis cities nation indianapolis residents continued assist need veterans programs initiated help wounded soldiers housing food basic new joined indianapolis home chartered aid women children german protestant association organized indianapolis asylum colored children state african american children established major charitable groups included indianapolis society indianapolis flower mission organized south returned firm democratic control end 1870s indiana key swing state decided outcome national elections indiana politicians vice presidential nominees major party tickets elections held benjamin harrison indianapolis lawyer officer union_army elected 23rd president united_states memorials tributes indianapolis crown hill national cemetery established grounds crown hill cemetery privately owned cemetery northwest downtown national military established indiana result war year union soldiers bodies buried city war crown hill november city continued honor service civil war veterans host national grand army republic soldiers sailors monument downtown indianapolis erected honor indiana veterans civil war construction began decades discussion monument completed dedicated


battle site battle site called battle fought military campaign waged vietnam war civil war vietnam people army known airmen united_states_air_force 1st combat evaluation group elements royal army royal thai border patrol police central intelligence agency led clandestine army battle fought mountain province march derives fought designation feet landing strip valley largest single ground combat loss united_states_air_force members vietnam war vietnam war civil war mountain important strategic outpost served sides stages conflict united_states ambassador approved plan united_states_air_force construct site time lacked navigation site sufficient range guide bombers targets north vietnam site upgraded air weather radar bombing control system enabled american aircraft bomb north vietnam night types weather operation code named commando club despite efforts maintain secrecy installation included sheep airmen involved operations facility escape attention north vietnamese forces end north vietnamese units increased tempo operations attacks launched site final assault march elements 41st special forces battalion attacked facility support regiment battalion thai forces defending facility overwhelmed combined north vietnamese forces background site remote mountain province northeastern mountain meters high located royal army military region kilometers border democratic republic vietnam kilometers away sam capital local tribes lived area place religious significance believed inhabited spirits possessing supernatural powers exercise control lives united_states_air_force saw ideal location installing radar navigation system assist pilots bombing campaigns north vietnam trail inside neutral country according international agreement neutrality signed july united_states prohibited openly conducting military operations kingdom activities undertaken approved ambassador william sullivan plan install navigation system mountain proposed sullivan initially opposed thought prime minister prince allow country involved aerial offensive north vietnam permit installation condition manned military personnel august installed system autonomous radio provided pilots distance bearing relative station code heavy green facility upgraded direct control attacking jet fighters bombers targets provide precise bomb release points began operating late november operation commando club operate equipment limitations imposed prime minister personnel assigned work installation sign temporarily released military service work guise civilian technicians lockheed martin process called sheep reality operated members circuit rider teams 1st mobile communications group based royal thai air_force base rotated site seven days personnel working site supplied weekly flights 20th special operations squadron based northeastern thailand operating code operation pony express site meters constructed central intelligence agency cia valley general spearheaded allied war effort north vietnamese forces military region entrusted task guarding facility clandestine army alongside cia funded thai border patrol police forces substantial resources invested maintain facility command doubted ability defend installation accordingly equipment explosives attached site overrun quickly destroyed late site radar directed cent bombing operations north vietnam prelude ground controllers able guide attacking aircraft north vietnamese targets types weather installation radar system considered extremely successful final months secret action report credited commando club guiding following sorties time commando club directing missions westward operation barrel roll sector communist forces bypassed push deeper attack trend forced use capabilities defending instead flying offensive missions vietnam evident tables successes system brought worries personnel ground major richard responsible security site concerned safety unarmed technicians working dressed civilians requested green assigned site security ambassador sullivan turn downed request sullivan repeatedly insisted civilian personnel site armed decided equip technicians weapons assault rifles grenades concussion grenades small arms brought said given sites defenses felt site held assault fears justified reconnaissance aircraft regularly flying northeastern revealed paved roads constructed north vietnamese obviously approaching road constructing activities observed routes connected north vietnam realizing north vietnamese try destroy installation advised embassy evacuate personnel high ranking officials insisted site operate long possible helped save lives pilots day remained operation december communist military offensive region signalled series skirmishes december cia led reconnaissance patrols detected north vietnamese battalions moving time stronghold royal army december companies overran den din kilometers east site shortly units recaptured village end controllers site directed fighter bombers based thailand south vietnam air strikes north vietnamese formations facility invaders called night missions targeting movements enemy ground troops route route january situation northeastern continued estimated north vietnamese infantry battalions captured government stronghold despite growing threat north vietnamese forces military permitted reinforce installation mountain political defense site assigned cia paramilitary officers led soldiers men guarding ridge line remaining valley reinforced thai border patrol police battalion men week combined north vietnamese forces royal army positions area launching artillery attacks january patrol driven area soldiers fearing explosives attached equipment detonated incoming artillery rounds technicians dismantled charges threw cliff january cia reported aircraft formation flying direction site soviet aircraft continued site turned away vietnam people air_force air attacks conflict tried destroy radar site flew crewmen dropped mortar shells aircraft floor targets rockets mounted wing pods repeatedly attacked facility ground fire heavily damaged crashed cia officers controllers site managed contact air america helicopter faster soviet pilot captain moore sighted remaining promptly gave chase pulled alongside flight mechanic woods armed assault rifle opened fire caused crash ridge remaining observed attack distance managed escape damage men women killed communist attack radar associated equipment undamaged shortly remained display monument important buddhist shrine proof north vietnamese military activities kingdom despite attack embassy refused alter strategy defending site lieutenant colonel commander personnel facility given authority supervise perimeter order retreat came attack january february intelligence collected confirmed major assault site prepared sullivan military took steps strengthen defenses late february combat controller technical sergeant james arrived augment defenses directing air strikes replaced duty sergeant roger march battle north vietnamese plan preparations february north vietnamese artillery survey team ambushed near site reconnaissance teams killing north vietnamese officer process dead officer major carried revealed plan attack north vietnamese battalions battalion consequently personnel site directed air strikes meters facility disrupt opponent build february unknown vietnam people army drawn plan capture site deploying special forces task capturing facility entrusted platoon 41st special forces battalion led lieutenant platoon numbered soldiers reinforced man squad communications squad prior mission soldiers undergone months special training mainly focused mountain fighting techniques jungle operations conducted physical conditioning improve physical fitness stamina undertake operations extreme conditions territory december following intensive training soldiers 41st special forces battalion launched phase operation conducting terrain reconnaissance watching activities site learn opponent routines second phase commenced january north vietnamese sent climb mountain order opposing positions site routes withdrawal february north vietnamese special forces completed preparations began marching assembly point march maintain elements secrecy surprise ordered avoid contact local civilians opposing military forces event engaged opposing forces north vietnamese deploy small force deal situation main formation continue moving objective north vietnamese formation arrived assembly area divided assault groups assault group direct command divided cells attack key targets site cells given mission capturing communications center given secondary role supporting cell given main mission seizing site eliminating personnel cell capture cell placed reserve second lieutenant hung given responsibility lead second assault group mission thai positions attack commence early hours march capture site north vietnamese special forces equipped chinese pistols assault rifles rocket propelled grenade launchers carried rounds ammunition rifle rounds rpg grams explosives hand grenades weapons load addition days rations personal items required north vietnamese special force soldier pack kilograms kilograms shortly north vietnamese special forces arrived assembly point moved undisclosed location days test fire weapons ensure explosives good working order attempt fool intelligence north vietnamese movements son cover main assault march elements 41st special forces battalion arrived vicinity final preparations assault fall site march facility surrounded north vietnamese units regiment battalion totalled men despite gravity situation sullivan issue order evacuation personnel march site subjected series artillery cover artillery bombardment north vietnamese special forces sent small team mountain mines quick fuse grenades establish routes inside facility technicians immediately grabbed weapons ran trenches abandoning equipment enable air support barrage stopped technicians returned positions antenna received minor damage attack suffered casualties operated received direct hit rendered ineffective sullivan gave commander site authority direct air strikes targets lower slopes mountain basis situation critical minutes later man north vietnamese platoon began climbing facility site sullivan considering evacuating personnel facility light officers seventh air_force contacted embassy indicated evacuation occur resort situation longer control north vietnamese resumed artillery attack followed infantry assaults regiment prompted sullivan order evacuation technicians morning contingent personnel starting march north vietnamese moved assigned positions order launch attack adviser reported cia officers heard gunfire communication technicians site completely cut pilots thailand situation site friendly positions facility cover evacuation personnel support counterattack cell moved meters objective cell positioned time commander cell decided maneuver unit west instead east originally planned terrain east higher covered buildings precisely cell moved meters communications center outpost sides exchanged fire outpost destroyed grenade soldier guarding post retreated shortly soldier cell fired grenade destroyed antenna minutes cells secured communications site signaled explosion cell round cell immediately attacked installation firing destroyed electrical generators hearing noise explosions duty technicians rushed door operations building met north vietnamese gunfire commander site killed alongside technicians killed retreated west mountain hid edge cliff hideout technicians fired north vietnamese rifles hand grenades response gunfire technicians ordered cell reinforce cell captured installation minutes fighting cell great difficulties attempt seize blocked mortar position commander cell isolated soldiers cell avoid captured alive numerically superior forces soldiers held position fought till raven forward air controllers site nearest available american support awakened radio flew dark strip position closest took station dawn sullivan embassy decided evacuate site gave signal pilots begin operation start sullivan realize technicians longer control equipment starting soldiers launched counterattack north vietnamese positions communication center guarded cells attacks repelled north vietnamese held positions final counterattack communication site defeated cell ordered support cells fight main installation north vietnamese fully controlled site cell encircled estimated unit able fight way taking advantage rough terrain favored later cell linked units site light air america helicopters site start evacuation covered immediately soldiers cia commanders rushed site shouted technicians help coming response north vietnamese special forces organized defense site hid dead wounded comrades large rocks fighter bombers site air america helicopter landed picked cia officers forward air controller technicians hid later day air america able recover account dead personnel site number wounded soldiers midday site fully controlled 41st special forces battalion held facility march withdrew area aftermath midday march turned attention looking missing personnel destroying captured radar documentation operation information left site march conducted total strike sorties radar site march fighter bomber destroyed building old facility addition destruction radar equipment bombing site effect bodies personnel left site remains found days following loss sullivan reflected disaster site commented technicians operating evacuated march clear north vietnamese preparing launch assault loss result intelligence failure provided accurate information start instead clearly failure command control personnel allies permitted freely organize defense hold radar facility battle site resulted largest ground combat loss personnel vietnam war total personnel missing killed fighting killed missing ground shot dead evacuation single fatality occurring evacuation air_force chief master sergeant richard awarded medal honor posthumously september role helping injured airmen evacuation helicopter lift total casualty figures north vietnamese thai units unknown according official vietnamese history 41st special forces battalion lost soldier killed wounded fight site losses vietnamese claimed total thai soldiers killed number wounded large number weapons captured including artillery piece rifles heavy mortars heavy machine guns vast amounts ammunition north vietnamese victory proved significant succeeded knocking major asset inflicted heavy damages north vietnam limited industrial fight larger military campaign waged north vietnamese allies marked beginning communist dry season offensive government forces northeastern september strength north vietnamese forces sam area estimated numbered battalions heavy odds general insisted embassy believed unnecessary november launched operation pig fat attempt retake operation quickly turned rout royal army major factor defense site applied limitations restrictions defense site sole focus limited air resources time period offensive underway south vietnam marine outpost siege existed unprecedented flow enemy logistical traffic site provided direction quarter missions north vietnam barrel roll november march facility existed provide similar coverage areas loss blow air effort personnel lost day battle listed missing action later body recovered investigations conducted joint accounting command vietnamese investigators sides border soldiers taken attack told investigators threw bodies americans mountain attack unable bury rocky surface march investigators threw edge points indicated soldiers photographer helicopter fall pointed investigators feet qualified specialists scaled cliffs recovered leather boots different sizes survival fragments material indicated presence americans remains missing servicemen recovered identified december defense prisoner war missing personnel office announced remains technical sergeant patrick shannon identified returned family september remains colonel identified likewise february remains captain shot searching possible survivors battle positively identified remains returned september memorial airmen killed missing site combat airmen located air_force base guam memorial operation arc light airmen


operation trio operation trio croatian trio large scale joint german italian counter operation world war conducted independent state croatia included modern day bosnia carried phases eastern bosnia april militia croatian home guard forces taking axis aim operation target insurgents river eastern bosnia included groups led communists nationalist rank file factions difficult communist led groups consisted mainly peasants little understanding political aims leaders operation trio consisted parts trio trio comprised element axis effort known enemy offensive croatian joint italian offensive montenegro eastern formed element enemy offensive forms seven enemy framework yugoslav historiography operation limited effectiveness factors including action militia italian delays area operations line german italian zones occupation led mutual suspicion lack coordination factions avoided fighting axis forces instead focusing fighting operation trio partisan leader supreme headquarters partisan main force consisting 1st 2nd brigades withdrew base operations briefly mountain south east moved operations western bosnia remainder operation trio coincided contributed exclusively rebels eastern bosnia groups multi ethnic communist led partisans encouraged propaganda muslims repelled left wing policies actions communists peasant fighters cause violent occurred communist leadership partisan detachments eastern bosnia detachments effectively defected surviving communist fighters detachments joined partisan forces withdrew western bosnia partisan long march weeks end operation trio partisan fighters left eastern bosnia comprising group shock battalions partisan detachment forces sought refuge region movement eastern bosnia best confederacy local strengthened mass partisans time ruled large parts region making accommodations regime june background republic operation southeast croatia supreme headquarters 1st brigade commanded spanish civil war veteran withdrawn south boundary eastern bosnia help partisans established liberated area area known republic expanded subsequent military operations late march people liberation councils established govern towns villages liberated area communist organisation area limited poor quality forces end partisan detachments eastern bosnia fighters operating areas january detachment borne operation southeast croatia effectively destroyed partisan fighters peasants took forests mountains defend families villages committed partisan cause forces eastern bosnia opposed axis offensive withdrawn river territory military commander serbia avoid engagement german forces partisan supreme headquarters partisan general staff bosnia based area operations supreme headquarters directly controlling 1st brigade general staff commanded tempo controlling partisan detachments east bosnia overall direction supreme headquarters early january partisan supreme headquarters decided permit fighters willing formally partisans fight alongside partisan units volunteer detachments control supreme headquarters renamed people liberation partisan volunteer army yugoslavia established aligned fighters volunteer detachments volunteer detachment consisted refugees region fled territory military commander serbia escape terror volunteer battalions companies placed staff original partisan detachments absorbed units addition communist volunteer detachments fought leaders volunteer detachments fought serbian tri colour flag february major royal yugoslav army officers allegiance serbian puppet regime milan entered eastern bosnia territory military commander serbia withdrawn avoid operation southeast croatia started form units eastern bosnia began partisans conservative nationalist anti muslim basis units crossed eastern bosnia territory military commander serbia attacked partisans included shock brigade unit fighters captain group captain partisan forces eastern bosnia initially consisted entirely peasants rank file partisan volunteer detachments highly susceptible pro accommodations forces local area hostility non serbs partisan moves multi ethnic recruiting extreme left wing policies use terror class enemies partisan volunteer detachments vulnerable able join detachments turn rank file communist example occurred partisan detachment february communist staff near 2nd brigade formed march partisan forces withdrawn serbia operation early march partisans began collecting loyal fighters partisan detachment shock companies established structures development shock battalions shock brigades time partisan forces dispersed operation southeast croatia threatening railway line mid march 1st east shock battalion established outside end month 2nd east shock battalion established near incorporated remaining fighters partisan detachment concentration reliable fighters brigades shock battalions shock companies weakened integrity remaining partisan detachments eastern bosnia enabled partisan supreme headquarters concentrate best forces mobile units undertake successful offensive operations captured towns march including partisan operations threatening railway network eastern bosnia including end march deserted partisans joining complete units previous commanders units units volunteer army reached strength fighters end march loyalty military value partisans limited march partisan general staff serbia advised partisan supreme headquarters serbian partisan movement extinguished largely result operation subsequent operations german occupation forces collaborators significant setback partisan cause considered return serbia necessary ingredient successful revolution planning planning operation trio associated operation west occurred axis conferences march initial conference march chief general staff objected italian proposal involve planned operations support germans idea initially shelved operation trio series counter operations planned eastern bosnia montenegro western bosnia despite operations actually conducted march june operation trio combined italian offensive montenegro eastern associated enemy offensive yugoslav historiography detailed planning orders operation trio finalised conference march general mario commander italian second army general der paul commander german forces negotiated compromise permitting temporary non political agreements concluded led groups leaders area aligned milan significant delays arrangements operation trio caused disagreements commence command involvement forces deal line german italian zones occupation local authorities place cleared insurgents contributed mutual suspicion germans italians italian demands prevailed committing larger forces operation decision ultimately target insurgents eastern bosnia preparation operation trio italians looked opportunities cross line expand sphere influence eastern bosnia advantage german weakness final orders operation granted key italian demands including military control civil affairs area operations fair treatment local population treating non resisting prisoners war named tactical commander combined forces known committed operation trio italians force formally overall command italian second army commanded consisted infantry division german division stationed time italian 22nd infantry division 1st alpine division 5th alpine division battalions february infantry division responsible area operations bounded north east german italian line south mainly lack transport firepower division conducted limited offensive operations partisans mid february mid april original planned start date april pushed italians problems moving start positions later trouble providing transport establish lines communication adriatic operation rescheduled april prior conference authorities concerned negotiations german italian commanders particularly worried germans permit italians use base march commander black legion launched pre offensive primarily captured meeting limited resistance partisans scattered numerous inflicting significant losses early april travelled belgrade discussions representatives leaders arrested german authorities sent prisoner war camp occupied poland replaced april commander south east europe field marshal list issued order forbidding units negotiate rebel groups military intelligence police units maintain surveillance groups undercover agents months increasing tension factions struggling power pro occurred partisan detachment sparked arrest execution april pro tempo newly formed 1st east shock battalion fighting ensued pro members detachment shock battalion tempo abandoned partisan detachment taking detachment staff remaining loyal partisans operation wake offensive germans pre moved clear area north line formal start operation advance april coordinated forces phase operation trio trio infantry division advanced assembly areas aim relieving clearing surrounding area partisans fighting confused attack black legion avoiding german units went past attack partisans partisan main force avoided fighting black legion instead attacking rear engaged troops italian 5th alpine division utilised troops advance coincided german advance pro occurred second half april remaining battalions partisan detachment followed battalions partisan detachment political company killed start occurred battalions partisan detachment volunteer detachment pro coup occurred recently created partisan detachment communists supporters killed remaining partisan fighters detachments incorporated 3rd east shock battalion italians believed german preliminary operation designed avoid need involve italians clearing eastern bosnia preventing expanding sphere influence italian complaints political took direct control operation second phase operation known trio operation fairly minor joint operation capture partisan supreme headquarters main force evacuated town despite attempts avoid fighting partisans suffered significant losses aftermath clearing larger towns region partisans black legion committed large scale atrocities serbs jews region including people women girls east shock battalions partisan general staff bosnia attempted cross follow partisan supreme headquarters main force western bosnia instead retreated joined forces detachment end partisan detachment partisan volunteer detachment east bosnia suffer pro coup march june july partisans eastern bosnia reduced strength fighters mid operation trio followed joint italian offensive partisan detachments italian zone occupation eastern montenegro similar effects partisans lost liberated territory areas offensive considered enemy offensive yugoslav historiography operation trio forces remained south line german italian zones occupation spite protests italians operation trio joint italian offensive partisans formed brigades consisting mainly operation trio contributed decision partisan supreme headquarters withdraw western bosnia partisan long march commenced late june significant casualties fighting black legion movement eastern bosnia benefited mass partisans pro partisan volunteer detachments despite lack unity movement eastern bosnia reminder leaders accommodations regime partisans unwilling kill fellow serbs opposing faction


battle battle croatian military engagement yugoslav people army supported croatian serbian autonomous croatian national_guard garde supported croatian police battle fought north east city croatia second half september early october croatian war independence initial orders lift croatian siege barracks city region rest croatia orders amended battle include capturing port city centre advance supported yugoslav air_force navy fighting stopped october cease fire agreement reached reached outskirts blocked land routes city subsequent negotiations resulted partial withdrawal restoring road access adriatic highway evacuation facilities city achieved portion stated objectives blocked bridge overland route croatian capital road island relying ferry remained open garrison evacuated result negotiations captured relatively small posts city port captured blockaded yugoslav navy september october fighting caused civilian deaths artillery bombardment croatia later charged officers involved offensive war crimes civilian population tried convicted sentenced prison background electoral defeat government socialist republic croatia ethnic tensions croatian serbs worsened yugoslav people army confiscated croatia territorial defence weapons minimize resistance august open revolt broke croatian serbs centred predominantly populated areas near parts unsuccessful attempts serbia supported montenegro serbia provinces obtain yugoslav presidency approval operation croatian security forces january skirmish insurgents croatian special police march supported serbia allies asked federal presidency wartime powers declare state emergency request denied march brought control serbian president preferring expansion serbia preservation yugoslavia threatened replace serbian army declared longer recognized authority federal presidency threat caused gradually replace plans preserve yugoslavia serbian expansion end march conflict escalated fatalities incident lakes stepped supporting insurgents preventing croatian police intervening early april leaders revolt croatia declared intention integrate area control serbia seen government croatia intention croatia beginning croatia regular army bolster defence country doubled police personnel effective portion force strong special police deployed battalions military structure additional organized reserve police grouped battalions independent companies equipped small arms portion force unarmed croatian government responded forming croatian national_guard garde development hampered united_nations arms introduced september prelude april early ethnic tensions northern escalated increased sabotage activities targeting communications power distribution grid property situation continued deteriorate killings croatian policemen member croatian special police village near serbian autonomous troops news riots day crowds marching city centre demanding weapons confront croatian serbs smashing windows shops owned serbian companies serbs living city owned businesses destroyed retaliation night took active role events nearby distributing names targeted immediate execution providing weapons forces area late conflict gradually escalated exchanges mortar fire late june july northern saw daily armed skirmishes actual combat nonetheless conflict increasing intensity region croatia caused residents build bomb shelters authorities called units july day fatal shooting croatian police patrol area end july 9th corps began population strengthen ranks august croatia deployed battalions 4th guards brigade near involved combat police forces days later engagement croatian war independence region growing announced mid august milan leaders spoke planned conquest later month openly sided august 9th corps troops artillery commanded chief staff colonel attacked village advancing forces expel village regional setback croatia september capture bridge cutting overland road link rest croatia september croatian police blockaded cut utilities accessible facilities beginning battle barracks affected large garrisons croatia number smaller facilities including border posts ammunition storage depots forcing change plans croatian campaign timeline september planned campaign included advance area 9th corps corps began operations september fully prepared deployment tasked rest croatia achieve units advanced main axis directed supporting advances directed initial push intended create conditions favouring attacks split bulk brigade battalion world war vintage tanks replaced battalion tanks corps reserve committed main axis attack supported elements secondary advance assigned brigade supported battalion detached brigade mixed artillery regiment elements elements brigade detached main axis tasked lifting blockade garrisons areas overall offensive supported 9th mixed artillery regiment 9th military police battalion despite initial secondary role strong brigade main attacking force deployed city defended elements 4th guards brigade infantry brigade independent battalions police estimated croatian troop strength approximately croatian units poorly armed city defence commanded colonel head sector 6th split operational zone offensive began september second day 9th corps commanding officer major general modified initial plan significant resistance croatian police relied populated areas terrain features hold changes involved force attack resting remainder attacking force orders confirmed september military maritime district commander vice admiral mile yugoslav navy began blockade croatian adriatic coast september city electricity supply cut day attack driven september croatian forces captured seven facilities significant barracks depot captures provided rifles machine guns ammunition yugoslav air_force bombed barracks september unsuccessful attempt hinder removal weapons captured weapons bolstered croatian defence attacks north city resulted stalemate croatian forces spread thin defend city capture remaining barracks besieged garrisons weak break fighting area end month sporadic small arms fire minor skirmishes period efforts concentrated battle advance defended lost abandoning arrival september week september returned focus stepping artillery bombardment city ending naval blockade september september edged capturing villages announcing intention evacuate barracks affected october fighting picked october tank infantry attack northernmost point resistance area repelled october yugoslav navy reinstated adriatic blockade day 9th corps ordered new push relieve city barracks destroy drive city capture port city centre attacking force augmented 1st battalion brigade offensive began october supported artillery naval air forces besieged garrisons city barracks garrison provided mortar sniper support light artillery regiment 60th medium self propelled missile regiment yugoslav air defence based broke croatian siege joined advancing force police held city inflicted casualties night october besieged forced croatian authorities request cease fire negotiations cease fire agreed october scheduled begin hours later negotiations set following day fighting continued negotiations place originally planned citing croatian general reason cancellation days negotiations began october talks involved commander colonel colonel major represented general staff talks representing regional defence command additional input civilian representatives cease fire went effect noon october october negotiations croatia declared independence yugoslavia aftermath 9th corps completed significant assigned task overall offensive croatian forces began second half september capturing bridge blocked adriatic highway completely isolated rest croatia isolation reinforced yugoslav navy blockade lasted october cease fire agreement ended siege supply route opened island road remained outskirts city threatening defences police withstand forces supported artillery armour held city celebrates defence october year cease fire agreement provided evacuation garrison evacuation encompassing barracks people began october took days complete removed weapons equipment personal effects personnel families evacuated personnel equipment required removed croatian soil complied artillery primarily left transferred weapons area october independent battalion merged 1st battalion brigade create infantry brigade exact number casualties sustained police reported civilians killed structures damaged artillery fire september october group officers including tried convicted croatian court war crimes civilian population renewed fighting completed evacuation garrison force north city launched new offensive november infantry armoured units supported artillery bombardment close air support attack targeted villages captured day air assault battalion 63rd parachute brigade fell november immediately attack supporting forces killed civilians soldiers known massacre killed buried mass grave village seven victims end war seven civilians killed november destroyed bridge began main effort right flank sector efforts culminated december january settlements captured january attacked threatening road advances failed bombarded artillery offensive plan 9th corps advance adriatic coast east drawn december strike implemented period saw war crimes committed troops including killing civilians member massacre december fighting stopped january new cease fire based peace plan united_nations special envoy cyrus went effect early independent battalion 1st battalion infantry brigade control battlefield changed slightly night croatian forces captured hill near southeast improved security adriatic highway change took place january february croatian troops recaptured operation rest region recaptured croatia operation storm august