john 1st duke northumberland john 1st duke northumberland august english general admiral politician led government young king edward unsuccessfully tried install lady jane grey english throne king death son minister henry vii executed henry_viii john ward sir edward age seven grew household future wife daughter jane children served vice admiral lord admiral time set novel standards navy organisation innovative commander sea developed strong interest overseas exploration took campaigns scotland france henry_viii years reign leader religious reform party court created earl duke somerset england lord protector distinguished renewed scottish war battle country wide uprisings rebellion norfolk convinced protector incompetence forced somerset office october having conservative reaction religion plot destroy alongside somerset emerged early facto regent year old edward reconciled somerset soon began intrigue policies somerset executed largely fabricated charges months raised northumberland october lord president council headed distinctly government sought introduce adolescent king business taking bankrupt administration ended costly wars france scotland tackled finances ways led economic recovery prevent uprisings introduced local basis appointing lords close contact central authority religious policy accordance edward decidedly protestant enforcing english reformation promoting radical high church positions year old king fell ill early excluded half sisters mary elizabeth regarded illegitimate succession designating non existent hypothetical male heirs death approached edward changed protestant cousin jane grey northumberland daughter law inherit crown extent duke influenced scheme uncertain traditional view northumberland plot maintain power placing family throne historians project genuinely edward enforced king death duke prepare occasion having marched east capture princess mary surrendered hearing council changed sides proclaimed mary queen convicted high treason northumberland returned catholicism protestant faith execution having secured contempt religious camps popularly hated natural wicked duke contrast predecessor somerset good duke 1970s seen tudor crown servant self serving inherently loyal incumbent monarch able statesman difficult times career henry_viii john eldest sons councillor king henry vii second wife elizabeth grey daughter edward grey 4th father executed high treason having arrested immediately henry_viii accession new king needed predecessor unpopular financial policies seven year old john ward sir edward taken household time lifted john restored blood king hoping good services said john likely age john probably went guardian pale serve years took cardinal diplomatic charles 1st duke suffolk major military experience invasion france knight body responsible king body armour master tower generation foot horseback excelled wrestling tournaments royal court french report stated late married daughter jane years junior class mate belonged new evangelical circles early children educated renaissance science sir edward died written son having nephew john asserted uncle intended inherit wife contested claim parties went court secured thomas patronage won case lent cousin john 3rd baron security estate lord unable pay creditors mortgage late sir john came possession castle present henry_viii meeting francis france member entourage anne soon queen took princess elizabeth prince edward connection announcement prince birth emperor travelled spain france october sat reformation parliament kent place deceased father law led contingents sent pilgrimage grace late january vice admiral began apply naval matters master horse anne howard returned house_of_commons soon promoted house_of_lords death stepfather arthur right mother peer lord admiral knight admitted council aftermath battle moss served warden scottish marches campaign english force edward earl supported fleet commanded joined land force destroyed edinburgh blown main gate apart late appointed governor siege cost life eldest son henry tasks rebuild fortifications king henry design fend french attacks sea land lord admiral responsible creating council marine causes time tasks maintaining navy functioning english naval administration efficient europe sea fighting orders forefront tactical thinking squadrons ships ordered size firepower manoeuvre formation gunfire new developments english navy directed fleet operations battle entertained king henry flagship grace tragic loss sinking mary rose men aboard john went france peace negotiations suspected admiral france manoeuvres led renewal hostilities suddenly sea english strength returning negotiating table travelled english delegates entertained king francis peace camp french king acknowledged henry_viii title supreme head church_of_england ireland success england lord admiral john popularly highly regarded king henry general royal intimate played cards ailing monarch edward prince edward maternal uncle leaders reformed party court wives friends anne protestant martyr destroyed bishop stephen july queen brother william tried convince anne conform catholic doctrines church replied great shame counsel contrary knowledge september struck face meeting council grave offence lucky escape month leave court disgrace weeks reign played parts henry strike conservative house howard clearing path protestant minority rule seen likely leaders impending regency nobles fit age ability task imperial ambassador commented retirement earl duke northumberland henry_viii embodied regency council appointed rule collectively edward minority new council agreed making edward earl lord protector powers effect prince time council awarded round promotions based henry_viii wishes earl duke somerset john created earl new earl pass post lord admiral somerset brother thomas advanced lord great chamberlain perceived important man protector friendly terms somerset soon reopened war scotland accompanied second command taste personal combat occasion fought way ambush spear hand chased scottish counterpart yards nearly running battle led vanguard key architects english victory protector policy inspired group intellectuals called commonwealth men highly critical left impression unlawful england major landowners soon feared lead trouble tried warn somerset summer widespread unrest rebellion england unable restore order john sent hold rebellion offered robert pardon condition peasant army rejected night stormed rebel held city small mercenary contingent drove rebels fierce street fighting prisoners immediately hanged days later main camp outside city confronted royal army resulting slaughter peasants following weeks conducted courts martial executed rebels enraged local gentry punishment warned place pardon shall shall hold play labour ground hands lord protector appealed common people colleagues hardly consulted displayed distinctly increasingly face autumn protector convinced failed exercise proper authority unwilling listen good counsel troops norfolk campaign disposal october joined earl southampton earl prominent religious conservatives lead coup protector office withdrew court london meeting residence starting protector issued accusing treason declared act defence king safety somerset tried vain raise popular force entrenched king fortress windsor castle military force near edward presence apparently archbishop unofficial deal somerset surrendered appearances year old king personally commanded uncle arrest moment hope conservative restoration quarters secured reformed agenda edward appoint additional reformed minded members council chamber december southampton tried regain charging treason alongside somerset having original ally protector scheme invited council house hand sword lord seek somerset blood blood consolidated power institutional manoeuvres january effect new regent february lord president council capacity body appoint new ones excluded southampton conservatives arranged somerset release return council chamber june heir john married somerset daughter anne mark reconciliation somerset soon attracted political hoped establish power removing scene contemplating later admitted lord president arrest execution relying popularity masses campaigned tried policies behaviour increasingly threatened vital minority regime respect chances needed advertise power impress followers like predecessor represent king honour elevation duke northumberland came october duke somerset participating ceremony days later somerset arrested rumours supposed plots circulated accused having planned banquet massacre council assaulted killed somerset acquitted treason convicted raising contingent armed men licence executed january technically events contributed northumberland growing according french eyewitness confessed end pressed conscience fraudulent scheme duke somerset ruling england instead taking title lord protector john set rule inter working atmosphere somerset new lord president council high offices grand master household giving somerset office lord treasurer william 1st winchester office grand master entailed supervising royal household gave means control chamber king surroundings special friends called sir john gates lord thomas placed son law sir henry brother sir andrew near king william cecil duke somerset service gradually shifted loyalty john secretary state thought faithful servant term witty wise councillor scarce like realm position cecil trusted right hand council according lord president wishes time cecil intimate contact king edward worked closely state organised edward political education interest affairs appear influence decisions wanted king grow authority smoothly possible conflicts edward took government chances continue principal minister good age edward signature documents longer needed council king regularly meetings council choosing principal administrators duke northumberland chosen warm respectful relationship teenager loved feared according imperial ambassador dinner edward discussed envoy length northumberland indicated king said duke necessarily way things king hand decisions directly wishes court complex networks influence work edward listened voice question extent edward played role government stephen writes possible endorse edward developing grasp business accept powerful political presence john colleagues structures council royal household began adapt implications king age dynamics power centre capable men king accepted circumstances social economic policy set restore administrative efficiency maintain public order prevent renewed rebellion seen equipped new law punishment unlawful assemblies built united council government intervening locally sign unrest returned ancient practice granting retain followers installed lord represented central government ready small bands cavalry measures proved effective country calm rest reign fact summer year succession crisis cavalry bands disbanded save money john alleviate social situation act punishment enacted unemployed man found branded given slave abolished harsh northumberland pushed novel poor law parliament provided weekly parish based collections relief poor parishes register inhabitants amounts people agreed unwilling contributors induced need bishop years saw poor accordingly soaring food prices tried intervene official searches hidden corn fixing maximum prices grain meat set prices farmers stopped sell produce open market regulations rescinded regime policy giving freedom common land distinguished different forms enclosure guilty illegal increasingly prosecuted financial legacy consisted apart crown debts second day lord president council began process tackle problems mint set committee looked officers mint institutions government time tried yield profit restore confidence coin issuing crying immediately result panic confusion hold situation coin silver content silver content issued months bad coin prevailed good people lost confidence northumberland admitted defeat recruited financial expert thomas good harvest years late currency stable prices dropped basis economic recovery laid process administration crown revenue underway foreign debt eliminated religious policy use book common prayer law king edward half sister mary tudor facto licence continue hearing mass private soon power pressure stop allowing entire household flocks visitors attend mary turn tolerate book common prayer residences prepared concessions planned flee country mind minute mary denied edward personal interest issue entirely blamed john troubles meeting king council told faith law sent imperial ambassador threaten war england english government swallow war threat ambassador stepped commission time risk important commercial ties netherlands embassy sent brussels mary household officers arrested visit council informed earl king england authority mary refusal accept edward demands grounds young age end silent compromise came effect mary continued hear mass private manner landed property exchanges crown appealing king religious tastes john chief evangelical clergy promoting example john john english reformation went despite widespread revised edition book common prayer rejected doctrine articles issued june proclaimed justification faith denied existence despite projects archbishop thomas displeased way government handled issue relationship duke prevent church independent state reform canon law recruited john northumberland words sharp bishop canterbury need refused collaborate joined fellow preaching campaign men high places canon law finally wrecked northumberland furious intervention spring parliament personal level duke happy help produce latin english june backed council invitation philip professor cambridge_university king death come england high travel costs granted edward government heart northumberland problems lay issue church wealth government officials dissolution monasteries radical thought bishops needed attitude attractive allowed fill distribute rewards church property new bishops appointed typically sees deprived conservative surrender substantial land holdings crown left reduced income dire situation crown finances council resort wave church targeting lands church plate time break reorganisation prince durham interpreted attempt create county turned durham entire revenue allotted successor nearby border garrison castle received new king county north worth gain overall northumberland provisions reorganised reveal concern preaching gospel lack funds church property lay government direction church affairs duke disliked reformed conservative relations worse crisis edward final illness approached peace policy war policy entailed extraordinary expenditure regular crown income impossible continue way quickly negotiated withdrawal besieged english garrison high costs garrison saved french payments redemption roughly welcome cash income peace france concluded treaty march public anger time historians condemned peace surrender english held territory year later agreed king edward french bride year old threat war scotland england giving isolated garrisons exchange peace treaty scotland june joint commission kind history installed agree exact boundary countries matter concluded august french arbitration despite cessation hostilities english defences kept high level nearly spent navy garrisons scottish border capacity warden general scottish marches northumberland arranged building new fortress war france emperor broke september course northumberland rejected requests english help sides case empire consisted demand scale war based anglo imperial treaty duke pursued policy neutrality balancing act peace great powers attractive late undertook bring european peace english moves taken seriously rival resident ambassadors ended june war overseas interest john recovered post lord admiral immediately protector fall october thomas having executed brother march passed office edward lord clinton lost keen interest maritime affairs henry_viii english navy mainly military terms encouraged english far coasts ignoring spanish threats contemplated raid peru expeditions morocco guinea coast actually realised planned voyage china northeast passage hugh sailed king edward watched departure window northumberland centre maritime revolution policy increasingly english crown sponsored long distance trade directly changing succession year old king fell seriously ill february sister mary invited visit council duty queen england king recovered somewhat april northumberland restored mary title arms princess england lost kept informed edward condition time set drawn marriage negotiations came conclusion northumberland second youngest son married lady jane grey protestant daughter duke suffolk mother henry_viii sister catherine matched heir earl younger sister promised henry hastings heir earl month marriages turned highly significant marked magnificent festivities time took place alliances seen politically important imperial ambassador suspicious observer perceived proof conspiracy bring family throne described routine matches point illness edward wrote draft document headed succession ardent edward want catholic sister mary succeed preoccupied male succession legitimacy mary elizabeth case questionable result henry_viii legislation version written knew mortally ill edward bypassed half sisters provided succession male heirs end early june edward condition worsened dramatically corrected draft lady jane grey sons inherit crown extent edward document especially change influenced northumberland john gates members chamber like edward tutor john secretary william unclear edward fully endorsed personally supervised copying twice summoned lawyers orders second occasion june northumberland kept eye proceedings days duke intimidated judges raising legal objections step engagement perform king death signed presence northumberland finally king official declaration issued letters patent signed council peers bishops judges london edward announced passed parliament september necessary prepared common knowledge edward dying imperial ambassador convinced years engaged mighty plot settle crown head late june knew specific despite having inside information edward sickness france found prospect emperor cousin english throne gave indications support northumberland duke rule armed intervention charles came french offer king death sending secret non mission king henry_ii jane accession july ambassadors powers convinced prevail doubt common people backed mary wrote new king emperor instructed envoys arrange duke discourage mary undertaking dangerous altering succession edward idea work exclude half sisters favour perceived legacy original provisions described bizarre obsessive typical teenager incompatible mind needs politician mary accession cost northumberland head necessarily tried hard shared general assumption succeed crown late early june faced edward express royal john submitted master wishes seeing chance retain power boy lifetime loyalty downfall edward died july morning northumberland sent son robert men secure person mary tudor aware half brother condition princess days moved east greatest landowner began assemble armed following sent letter council demanding recognised queen arrived july day jane grey proclaimed queen duke northumberland held jane previous day accept crown parents assistance required prepared action mary needed week build larger force dilemma lead troops experienced general kingdom want leave government hands colleagues little confidence queen jane decided issue demanding father duke suffolk remain council july northumberland headed cambridge troops artillery having reminded colleagues gravity cause chance grow absence supported gentry nobility east thames valley mary military camp gathering strength daily luck came possession powerful artillery royal_navy circumstances duke deemed fighting campaign hopeless army proceeded cambridge bury retreated cambridge july letter council london arrived declaring proclaimed queen mary commanding northumberland army await events resistance explained fellow commanders acted council orders time wish combat council decisions moved good reasons proclaiming mary tudor market place threw cap laughed tears ran grief morning earl arrived arrest week earlier assured northumberland wish spill blood duke feet went knees soon caught sight northumberland rode city london tower july guards struggling protect hostile populace pamphlet appearing shortly arrest illustrated general hatred great devil duke said commonly thought poisoned king edward mary glad brother life ragged bear glad death turn events french ambassador wrote witnessed sudden change believable men believe god worked david biographer queen mary john concludes lack fighting clouds fact outcome close run affair warns explain mary triumph jane simply terms overwhelming spontaneous support northumberland completely unprepared crisis eventually overtook losing grip situation council defected trial execution northumberland tried august westminster hall panels jury judges largely colleagues hinted acted authority prince council warrant great seal answered great seal worth asked persons equally crime judges sentence passed queen mercy sons eldest condemned rest waiting trials asked confess learned divine visited bishop stephen passed edward reign tower mary lord chancellor duke execution planned august morning suddenly cancelled northumberland instead escorted peter took catholic communion professed realm faith sixteen years great propaganda coup new government words officially distributed especially territories emperor charles evening duke learnt prepare tomorrow receive deadly stroke wrote desperate plea earl good lord remember sweet life bitter contrary people confessed guilt maintained act die altogether thought induced induced god man unto man unto look thing good people unto warn teachers new doctrine pretend preach god word deed preach know today tomorrow open book shut good people know thing prepare time away spoken block said deserved thousand deaths cross straw kissed laid head block died assessments historical reputation black legend duke northumberland making power fall days henry_viii planned years advance destruction king edward lord thomas protector edward served practical thing queen mary believe acting interest doubt questions charles ambassadors found thought best closely happened discoveries prejudice tried duke stood northumberland lost respect ineligible rehabilitation world dominated thinking lines protestant writers like john john concentrated pious king edward achievements somerset good duke followed wicked duke interpretation enhanced high late victorian historians james anthony saw somerset champion political liberty desire good thwarted phrase english history late jordan embraced good duke bad duke volume study edward reign saw king verge assuming authority beginning contemplating retirement ascribed succession alteration edward resolution northumberland playing loyal tragic instead original historians seen edward project remarking plan sloppy implementation seen northumberland scheme concord edward convictions duke acting despair survival rescue political religious reform save england domination 1970s critical duke somerset policies government style led northumberland reformed council central administration took necessary unpopular steps hold minority regime stability reconstruction mark policies scale motivation ranging determined ambition sort concluded given circumstances inherited duke northumberland appears remarkably able governors european state sixteenth century personality john protestant faith execution delighted queen mary enraged lady jane grey general opinion especially tried seek pardon historians believed faith whatsoever mere explanations contemporary modern northumberland sought rescue family axe face found spiritual home church childhood saw hand god mary success endorsed reformation understood theological simple man matters duke outspoken letter received john invited preach king vain offered william cecil informed love men grateful assure mind wish tell religion passed speech people service master needed kind men living god hearts men shall judge day zeal faith truth serve master northumberland old style peer despite aristocratic ancestry existence great lord acquired sold exchanged lands build territorial power base large armed force proved fatal end maximum income land fees appropriate rank figured duke somerset granted reaching income office john typical tudor crown servant self interested absolutely loyal incumbent sovereign monarch wish law stance played decisive role northumberland decision implement edward succession device attitude mary queen fear services inadequate monarch constant sensitive called meaning status poor father fate master gone suffered death master duke wrote cecil months end john imposing figure strong temperament charm people courtesy graceful presence family man understanding father husband loved wife frequent phases illness partly stomach long court reduce high output element english diplomat richard morrison wrote superior earl head seldom went purposes french eyewitness described intelligent man explain ideas displayed impressive dignity know considered worthy kingdom ancestry


east old english briefly ruled east small independent anglo saxon kingdom today includes english counties norfolk suffolk little known life reign according ecclesiastical history english people murdered east shortly succeeded father king baptised christian following death king possibility mentioned contemporary commentator east reverted years succeeded jointly kings east ended kingdom brief period background earliest east kings belonged dynasty named ancestors originated northern europe descendants ruled east angles line reign middle 8th century east mentioned ecclesiastical history english people powerful kingdom ruled died according recognised exercising dominance southern anglo saxon kingdoms position assured gave loyalty support time fugitive east court defeated banks river idle tributary trent converted christianity kent invitation king influence pagan wife church contained christian pagan altar death succeeded surviving son converted christian faith shortly king according historian able persuade accepting alien cult authority rested outside east york bishop sponsored king baptism resulted acknowledged lord east angles baptised people undermined authority king acted authority long established pagan assassination soon conversion killed possibly result pagan reaction east conversion ancestry background known taken imply member east elite related single source ecclesiastical history states long embraced christian faith slain pagan non est known murder occurred details surrounding death rule historians generally maintain king succeeded ruled years mention noting province error years est prior accession half brother brother scholars unable determine exact dates kings period including certainty ability rule years time overlord anglo implies supported east angles regarded overly king speculated michael wood historians interred ship burial near centre authority experts consider likely candidate martin evidence identifies iconic pagan practices ship burial represents example pagan defiance provoked perceived menace predatory christian mission successors christianity permanently established east succeeded rule jointly sub king remained pagan evidence adopted promoted christianity wrote imply christian contrast praise devout english king receive christian baptism education succession


grand duke michael russia grand duke michael russia russian december november june youngest son fifth child emperor alexander iii russia youngest brother time birth paternal grandfather alexander russia reigning emperor michael fourth line throne following father elder brothers nicholas george assassination grandfather line death father second line george died leaving michael heir throne birth nicholas son temporarily moved michael second line inherited blood disorder expected live michael caused imperial court took married woman lover nicholas sent michael avoid scandal stop michael travelled frequently mistress couple child george born michael brought society michael shocked nicholas marrying hope removed line succession michael left russia exile abroad france switzerland england outbreak world war michael returned russia assuming command cavalry regiment nicholas march march michael named successor instead michael deferred acceptance throne ratification elected assembly confirmed emperor following russian revolution imprisoned murdered early life michael born palace saint_petersburg youngest son penultimate child alexander russia wife maria known marriage princess denmark maternal grandparents king christian denmark paternal grandmother empress maria known marriage princess marie rhine died second birthday paternal grandfather emperor alexander russia assassinated march result michael parents emperor empress birthday assassination new alexander iii moved family including michael greater safety palace miles southwest saint_petersburg surrounded moat michael raised company younger sister nicknamed chairs elder siblings parents called conditions nursery modest children slept hard camp beds rose dawn washed cold water ate simple breakfast michael like siblings taught private cared english elizabeth franklin michael frequently went forests father took opportunity teach physical activities taught early age religious christmas easter times celebration lent strictly observed meat dairy products form entertainment avoided family holidays taken summer palace michael grandparents denmark michael father fell fatally ill annual trip denmark cancelled november alexander iii died age michael eldest brother nicholas michael childhood effectively military career public duties michael mother empress marie moved palace michael like members family michael enrolled military completed training gunnery school joined horse guards artillery november attained legal adulthood months later heir nicholas middle brother george killed motorcycle accident george death subsequent change line succession highlighted nicholas son succession limited males daughters ineligible nicholas wife pregnant hoped child male declared regent child event nicholas death government disagreed determined michael succeed regardless child gender delivered fourth daughter following year michael perceived quiet good performed usual public duties expected heir throne represented russia funeral queen_victoria given order bath following year knight king edward vii coronation honours june michael transferred blue regiment moved regiment based coming age michael assumed financial independence assets included largest sugar country capital amounting millions collection motor vehicles country estates russian poland near michael heir august birth nicholas provided heir apparent michael second line throne named regent boy event nicholas death michael met princess fell love began correspond native english michael spoke french english marry orthodox church prohibited marriage cousins michael father mother siblings nicholas refused permit marriage michael mutual dismay romance ended michael attention turned september region berlin known sister lady waiting father lawyer michael rejected notion proposed friends mistress july wrote nicholas asking permission marry nicholas empress marie appalled felt royalty marry royalty according russian house law children marriage royal ineligible succession nicholas threatened michael army commission exile russia married permission marie dismissed lady waiting took michael denmark mid september shortly return russia british newspapers announced september michael marry princess knew buckingham palace issued denial years later october michael visited london paired social engagements likely michael mother plotting married suitable bride false report correspondent guy read plans michael planning plans surveillance nicholas secret police prevented travelling family pressure unable august michael appeared losing interest went live abroad married believed michael rightful fiancée romance early december michael introduced wife fellow officer began deep friendship daughter marriage august lovers november living apart second husband apartment moscow paid michael attempt prevent scandal nicholas transferred michael miles moscow michael travelled times month child george named michael dead brother born july divorce second husband finalised ensure child recognised michael date divorce dated nicholas issued decree giving boy surname taken michael estate michael father nicholas permitted moscow granted surname michael went copenhagen funeral uncle king frederick viii denmark fell ill stomach trouble years holiday france trailed michael transferred saint_petersburg command took capital set apartment society months moved villa marriage september michael spent holiday abroad usual trailed berlin michael announced drive cannes instructed staff follow train instructions follow train car michael journey south michael journey deliberate ruse way cannes couple diverted vienna married october father serbian orthodox church saint days later travelling venice milan arrived cannes george daughter marriage joined weeks marriage michael wrote mother brother inform horrified michael action mother said awful way brother shocked brother broken word marry nicholas particularly upset heir ill michael cited reasons marrying michael feared heir death able marry marrying removed line succession early prospect losing series december january nicholas relieved michael command banished russia assets russia seized control estates removed regency society russia shocked severity nicholas little sympathy entitled known grand instead style madame months stayed hotels france switzerland decrease standard living visited michael sister grand cousin grand duke andrew july saw michael mother london told home truths according diary trip continental europe michael took year lease house staffed furnished home miles north london michael finances stretched rely sent russia nicholas command nicholas controlled estates assets war outbreak world war michael requesting permission return russia serve army providing wife son come nicholas agreed michael travelled saint_petersburg newcastle norway sweden finland michael leased sussex estate larger planned lease moved furniture war expected long couple assumed moving england end war meantime michael offered use british military saint_petersburg named moved villa street michael bought permitted live imperial palaces promoted previous rank colonel major general given command newly formed division native cavalry known savage division appointment perceived division formed new muslim recruits elite troops michael commanded previously regiments division composed different ethnic group commanded russian officers men volunteers conscription apply difficult maintain discipline effective fighting force actions commanding troops mountains january michael earned military highest honour order george unlike brother popular military leader january horrific nature war apparent michael felt greatly people general hold power allow horror happen question war decided people large great michael confessed letter wife felt ashamed face people soldiers officers particularly visiting field hospitals suffering seen think responsible placed high failed prevent happening protect country disaster start war michael wrote nicholas asking son argued boy provided event michael death eventually nicholas agreed george legitimate granted style count decree march retreat june russians retreat grand duke constantine died month michael member imperial family absent funeral absence michael simply wrong relatives abandon units attend constantine funeral time american war correspondent stanley reported michael wore simple uniform indicate rank shoulder material uniform michael unaffected democratic living simply dirty village appalled michael fancy uniforms decorations life convinced difficult time serve russia serve july michael caught recovered war going badly russia following month nicholas appointed supreme commander russian forces welcomed nicholas bad decisions included instructing michael payment friend army engineer called claimed invented devastating flame claim arrested fraud intervened released michael appeared naive friend said trusted everybody wife watched constantly step october michael regained control estates assets nicholas february given command 2nd cavalry corps included savage division division don division continued promoted lieutenant general july unlike grand attained rank appointed aide camp rank adjutant general michael admitted despised high society people exceptions michael public political statements assumed liberal like wife british consul bruce thought excellent constitutional monarch summer michael corps involved offensive guards army suffered heavy losses incompetent leadership michael uncle grand duke paul removed command contrast michael awarded second gallantry medal order swords actions enemy adjutant general poor progress war constant separation depressed michael michael suffering stomach october ordered leave leaving sister estate miles wrote letter brother warning political situation tense deeply concerned worried happening shocking alteration mood loyal people fills fate family integrity state order public hatred certain people allegedly close forming present government brought right left moderate hatred demands changes openly expressed increasing public unrest michael members imperial family including grand alexander george nicholas grand elizabeth warned growing public unrest perception nicholas governed german born wife self styled holy man nicholas refused listen december friends killed michael learned murder spending christmas family december according french ambassador failed attempt assassinate lone caught hanged day president grand marie british ambassador joined calls removed influence nicholas refused advice plots gossip nicholas continued build january michael returned hand command corps january inspector general cavalry stationed general michael commander south eastern tell need immediate drastic reforms michael warned influence brother time time warnings kind quarter recorded memoirs michael absolutely honourable upright man taking sides lending kind gossip connected services family matters soldier excellent leader worker february grand duke alexander president michael pressured nicholas yield popular demands public unrest grew february soldiers joined elements military prisoners freed nicholas army headquarters deputies refused leave instead set rival government consulting palace michael advised nicholas dismiss ministers set new government led leader majority party advice supported general nicholas chief staff nicholas rejected suggestion issued futile orders troops revolution night february michael attempted return conference revolutionary patrols sporadic fire prevented progress revolutionaries patrolled streets rounding people connected old regime michael managed reach winter palace ordered guards withdraw admiralty afforded greater safety better tactical position politically charged location michael took refuge apartment acquaintance princess street neighbouring apartments chamberlain holy detained revolutionaries house door general baron killed house stormed mob march sent guards apartment ensure michael safety michael signed document drawn grand duke paul proposing creation constitutional monarchy newly formed soviet rejected document irrelevant calls superseded nicholas afternoon march march emperor nicholas pressure generals representatives favour son michael regent later evening decision ill nicholas feared emperor separated parents second document signed marked having issued time earlier nicholas declared judged right throne russian state lay supreme power wishing parted beloved son hand succession brother grand duke michael accession throne early morning michael proclaimed emperor michael russian troops cities russia accession universally welcomed units swore allegiance new emperor remained indifferent newly formed provisional government agreed michael succession michael morning discovered brother favour nicholas informed previously delegation visit apartment hours time meeting president new prime minister prince ministers including alexander lasted morning laid lunch afternoon lawyers baron called apartment draft manifesto michael sign legal position complicated legitimacy government nicholas right remove son succession michael actually emperor open question discussion drafts meeting settled declaration acceptance appropriate form words michael deferred people acknowledged provisional government facto executive refused accept throne wrote inspired common people belief welfare country set taken firm decision assume supreme power great people having elected universal suffrage constituent assembly determine form government lay fundamental law new russian state invest power calling blessing god request citizens russian_empire submit provisional government established invested authority time constituent assembly elected shortest possible time universal direct equal secret suffrage shall manifest people deciding new form government commentators ranging french ambassador regarded michael action noble patriotic nicholas appalled michael constituent assembly called manifesto rubbish hopes michael able assume throne following election constituent assembly overtaken events throne marked end regime russia provisional government little effective power real power held soviet arrest michael returned permitted return unit travel area april discharged military service july prince resigned prime minister replaced alexander ordered emperor nicholas removed remote place quiet corner attract attention eve nicholas departure gave permission michael visit remained present meeting brothers exchanged awkward hold hand buttons uniform time august guards surrounded villa street michael living orders house arrest nicholas johnson michael secretary december week later moved apartment michael stomach problems worsened intervention british ambassador foreign minister moved week september told empress allowed leave country england wished michael follow course british prepared accept russian grand duke fear provoke bad public reaction britain little sympathy september declared russia republic michael wrote diary morning hear russia declared republic matter form government long order justice weeks later michael house arrest lifted armed power struggle commander chief october second revolution seized power permit travel issued peter colleague michael savage division commander michael planned family greater safety finland packed prepared preparations seen placed house arrest michael cars seized house arrest lifted november constituent assembly elected met january despite minority party dissolved march government signed treaty brest effectively ceded vast areas russian_empire central powers germany austria-hungary ottoman_empire march michael secretary johnson arrested orders head secret police imprisoned headquarters institute imprisonment march sent michael johnson thousand miles east order council people included joseph journey freight train coach windows heat took days average speed miles hour michael hotel days arrival jailed local soviet lobbied release april set liberty moved best room best hotel johnson feared george safety march arranged michael son smuggled russia help danish diplomats granted travel permit join michael accompanied family friends prince margaret arrived orthodox easter spent week truce central powers prisoners war austria hungary shipped russia czech troops trans railway way ship going home fight austrian empire fight separate homeland independent austria germans demanded fought seized railway joined forces russians fighting advanced westwards approach michael feared trapped possibly dangerous situation left early june michael ill stomach trouble murder june leader local secret police local hatched plan murder michael assembled team men like prisoners regime forged order men gained entry michael hotel michael refused accompany men spoke local chairman secret police ill futile got dressed johnson insisted accompanying men plus prisoners climbed horse drawn traps drove town forest near michael destination told going remote railway crossing catch train early hours june carriages middle wood michael johnson fired assassins home bullets guns jammed michael wounded unknown moved wounded johnson arms shot point blank range head claimed fired fatal shot johnson shot dead bodies stripped buried value stolen clothes taken shown proof murders clothes burned regional soviet headed alexander approved execution michael executed michael johnson remains found authorities distributed cover story michael abducted unidentified men disappeared arrested shortly arrest colonel peter imperial army officer exiled managed send brief telegram saying michael disappeared killed soviet michael disappearance led rumours escaped leading successful counter revolution ultimately hope michael ally germany germans arranged daughter escape german controlled ukraine collapse germans november fled coast daughter evacuated british_royal_navy june days short anniversary murders michael johnson officially russian state prosecutors stated analysis archive material shows individuals subject repression arrest exile scrutiny charged committing concrete class social related crimes michael son george count died car crash shortly 21st birthday died charity hospital married times wrote book life entitled imperial russia published regimental commands russian life guards horse artillery brigade lieutenant life guards imperial majesty empress maria regiment captain squadron commander 17th grand princess colonel commanding life guards imperial majesty empress maria guards regiment colonel commanding native mounted division major general commanding second cavalry corps seventh army lieutenant general inspector general cavalry foreign regiment kaiser alexander iii von prussian imperial german_army colonel regimental chief december official visit berlin suite imperial_german_navy titles honors russian knight order alexander statute order andrew order white eagle statute order andrew order anne class statute order andrew order class statute order andrew alexander iii commemorative medal nicholas coronation medal knight fourth class order civil order george fourth class actions mountains command native cavalry division january george sword june knight fourth class order swords actions offensive command 2nd cavalry corps foreign grand cross order saint stephen hungary knight iii class order denmark knight class order greece knight grand cross order bath great_britain february knight order black eagle prussia december official visit berlin knight order golden spain december grand cross legion honour france knight order great_britain july knight order elephant denmark knight grand cross order norway knight grand commander collar royal house order prussia knight grand cross crown house merit order peter frederick louis order merit knight order holy italy knight grand cross military order christ portugal knight grand cross royal military order order portugal knight grand supreme order japan knight order royal house kingdom thailand knight royal order sweden ancestry

Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia


cousin greek died east roman byzantine general leading commanders emperor emperor cousin member ruling dynasty held commands north_africa east persia slated command final byzantine expedition having married gothic royal line second wife distinguished service record time sudden death considered probable heir emperor biography origins early career born nephew emperor cousin emperor nephew erroneously stated according statement descendant noble roman clan exact nature connection literary device indicate noble descent unclear mother daughter reign emperor raised high office recorded letter addressed pope eventually appointed capacity scored crushing victory invasion raised honorary rank held post year sent north_africa succeed solomon military commander task suppressing large scale mutiny byzantine troops led tenure described thorough success appearing paying won large army defeated remaining rebels battle spring stabilized situation suppressing conspiracy troops restoring discipline recalled emperor sent outbreak war persia heavily outnumbered retreated unable prevent catastrophic sack year year assumed command east returned constantinople conspiracy acknowledged influential emperor relatives heir apparent formally recognized year position strengthened death empress disliked intensely stature court plot hatched general assassinate emperor replace conspirators thought plans dissatisfied emperor settling recently deceased brother conspirators told eldest son intentions turn informed father held counsel comes order find intentions met conspirators person trusted aide named concealed nearby listened informed emperor conspirators arrested treated remarkable sons suspected testimony cleared high command death meantime gothic war italy going badly byzantine_empire gothic king having peninsula byzantine troops emperor decided send major expeditionary force italy head soon changed mind appointed instead expedition altogether emperor finally appoint commander chief italian expedition installing base modern bulgaria began assembling army according fame soldiers byzantines banner invasion headed allegedly diverted news taking command took step hoped significantly decrease resistance face took second wife queen granddaughter great surviving heir royal line contemporary accounts certainly suggest combined news massive preparations produced effect italy numerous byzantine ranks sent messages promising return byzantine allegiance arrival addition marriage endorsed emperor marked heir east roman gothic realms days army set early autumn fell ill died demise hopes reconciliation roman italy led years peninsula definitively conquered byzantines given favourable treatment work openly praises virtue justice energy ability soldier administrator family brother named brother named marriage lady called sons daughter born probably circa consul general end emperor reign general born circa married general john nephew general rebel later marriage son called born posthumously late early known certainty possibly identified leading senator reign emperor daughter married eldest son michael identifies younger son law constantine


june polish noble tenant crown lands older brother king jan iii poland graduated college academy traveled studied western_europe returning poland fought taken captive killed childhood studies oldest child second wife born spent childhood grew patriotic family mother took brother grave grandfather grand crown killed battle taught sons inscription great grandfather grave est pro sweet glorious die homeland october brother jan beginning studied college april speech funeral bishop year june speech thanked absent college months earlier april jan began studies academy father jan prepared special instructions sons abroad inspired roman authors emphasized learning foreign languages physical exercises wanted prepare sons politics diplomats completing studies brothers started travel europe departed february march visited berlin leipzig amsterdam paris arrived june spent months france october jan went england subsequently studied mathematics netherlands brothers planned turkey hearing uprising decided return poland john left brussels july adulthood returning poland brother came time besieged elected member parliament polish lithuanian commonwealth voted jan king poland head military unit formed horse young joined army member polish defense crew besieged july august fought took battle june polish victory bravery received killed battle september fought battle poles began negotiations sent camp safety leader polish camp fought near campaign marching jan banner came field camp assigned command cavalry banners subsequent battle capacity fought june june second day battle defeat polish cavalry field polish camp commanded cavalry group containing wounded filed withdrew eastern polish camp destroyed bringing artillery following polish soldier writings polish commander defending polish camp army young commander taken prisoner surrendered future practice day battle paid possession prisoners killed polish captives retaliation defeat polish soldiers number higher killed action mother returned body home commemorate founded church assumption mary built buried day church consecrated brother king jan iii commissioned black marble destroyed body taken dominican church legacy portrayed fire sword novel


william general sir william january british_army officer fought war life william born gloucestershire eldest son major william persian secretary warren hastings governor general educated college lieutenant 61st foot british_army transferred 5th battalion 60th foot beginning captain promoted major lieutenant colonel february december respectively battalion commander led battalion early war battalion departed july august arrived bay portugal british troops participate war landed battalion land battle especially difficult battalion middle fighting point troops ascended mountain covered legs ready sink december promoted lieutenant colonel moved regiment 7th battalion participated physical combat married mary ann yorkshire june july major general remarried sister major general sir richard england promoted lieutenant general november following year november colonel 1st battalion 60th foot promoted general purchase property resided tracy park gloucestershire died january aged honours awarded field officer gold medal gold ribbon service battles war praised distinguished figures secretary state lord companion bath june king william knight commander royal order


mary mary maria anna isabella october september april queen england scotland ireland second wife james vii devout catholic mary married widowed james younger brother heir charles_ii politics devoted james children survived adulthood previous roman catholic stuart dynasty james francis edward james iii england later life known old maria born princess northwestern italian mary primarily remembered controversial birth james francis edward surviving son widely rumoured brought birth chamber warming pan order husband catholic stuart dynasty accusation certainly false subsequent council investigation affirmed james francis edward birth contributing factor glorious revolution revolution deposed james vii replaced protestant eldest daughter marriage anne lady mary later queen mary husband william iii prince orange nassau reign jointly english throne william mary exiled france queen water followers james vii stuart dynasty claims generally roman catholics called mary lived husband children saint provided king louis france sun king mary popular louis james considered bore mary spent time convent daughter maria spent summers james died young james francis edward king age eyes king james iii viii young assume nominal government mary acted regent reached age young james francis edward asked leave france settlement treaty ended war spanish succession mary stayed despite having family daughter maria having unfortunately died smallpox remembered french contemporaries mary died breast cancer early life mary second eldest surviving child duke wife born october italy younger brother succeeded father duke death year mary turned mary mother strict acted regent son came age mary education excellent spoke french italian good knowledge latin later mastered english mary described contemporaries tall shaped sought bride james duke york lord lord groom stole duke york james younger brother heir charles_ii england initially forthcoming reply proposal hoping according french ambassador match year old charles_ii spain reason initial reluctance finally accepted proposal behalf mary married september sphere influence louis france endorsed mary greeted mary warmly paris stopped route england giving worth reception england cooler parliament entirely composed reacted poorly news catholic marriage fearing plot country english public predominantly protestant branded york mary known husband accession pope daughter parliament threatened marriage leading charles suspend parliament january ensure marriage honoured reputation house stuart york household duke york catholic years older bride smallpox afflicted secretly converted catholicism mary saw husband november day second marriage ceremony james pleased bride mary disliked burst tears time saw nonetheless soon warmed james marriage anne died james daughters lady mary lady anne introduced mary james words brought new play fellow unlike lady mary lady anne disliked father new wife mary played games anne win affection york annually received spending money household headed carey frequented ladies husband selection stewart richmond charles_ii discarded mistress anne scott 1st york gambling stop ladies compelling day believed taken ill consequently mary incurred minor gambling debts birth york child catherine named queen catherine january represented beginning string children die infancy time excellent terms lady mary visited younger mary married william orange travelled took anne plot exile york catholic secretary edward falsely implicated fictitious plot king plot known plot led movement headed anthony cooper 1st earl sought catholic duke york throne reputation exiled brussels domain king spain ostensibly visit lady mary wife prince william iii orange accompanied year old daughter isabella lady anne york james extra marital affair catherine mary spirits briefly revived visit mother living rome report king charles sick sent england post feared king eldest illegitimate son james scott 1st duke commander england armed forces crown charles died absence matter compounded fact enjoyed support held majority house_of_commons england charles survived feeling returned court soon sent james mary edinburgh stayed years lodging palace ladies anne isabella stayed london charles orders recalled london february return edinburgh autumn time went honourable james created king commissioner scotland separated lady isabella mary sank state sadness exacerbated passing exclusion bill lady isabella far mary children survive infancy died february isabella death mary religious worrying physician time news reached isabella death mary mother falsely accused offering murder king executed order king reaction followed plot died dominated parliament suspended march met reign charles_ii duke york returned england gave birth daughter named charlotte mary august charlotte mary death weeks later according french ambassador robbed james hope child live james sons anne wife died infancy james sadness revival popularity following discovery plot kill king objective plot known house plot placed throne lord protector revival strong james admitted council absence years queen despite james ascended brother easily death occurred february possibly said alternative provoke civil war mary charles recalling later life kind mary james joint coronation ceremony occurring april saint george day planned sought mary length joint coronation occurred ceremony performed henry_viii england catherine queen mary health recovered death lady isabella fact envoy reported florence general opinion turns mary successor direction princess daughter france preparing queen imminent demise putting forward candidate james new wife duke daughter queen trying brother duke marry anna maria february queen time irritated king affair catherine moved new apartments home catholic chapel december apartments designed christopher cost palace renovation far unfinished king received ambassadors rooms queen months later shortly marriage talks collapsed queen mother died english court went mourning left mary considerable sum cash jewellery william iii orange james son law popular discontent james government death mary mother guise send half uncle count england ostensibly queen mary reality spy having visited bath hope waters aid conception queen mary pregnant late pregnancy public knowledge shortly christmas catholics tolerated james catholic government catholic heir concerned protestant came head child known male believed child james catholic dynasty popular opinion alleged child named james francis edward smuggled birth chamber substitute queen real child widely accepted fact despite witnesses birth mainly james rumours excuse personal prejudice excluded ceremony testimony counted valid witnesses catholics foreigners princess anne denmark later queen anne protestant family new birth remove direct succession allowed present anne later answered memorandum questions james francis edward birth sister princess orange anne answers biased unreliable convinced princess orange father thrust nation count returning netherlands shortly birth agreed anne findings issued seven leading whig nobles invitation william invade england signalled beginning revolution culminated james deposition invitation assured william nineteen parts people kingdom wished intervention revolution known glorious revolution deprived james francis edward right english throne grounds king real son later catholic england hands william orange strong army james mary went exile france stayed expense king louis supported cause queen water reception louis court mary william iii ascended english scottish mary ceased queen england december scotland concurrent husband formal deposition james backed louis france considered king divine right maintained parliament monarch louis gave exiled king queen use saint set court exile mary soon popular fixture louis court versailles madame acclaimed mary distinguished bearing quick wit questions precedence marred mary relations france maria anna bavaria mary accorded privileges rank queen maria anna maria anna refused mary sensitive issue versailles spite louis secret wife madame close friends mary queen french court mary took precedence female members french court french royal house daughter capacity royal princess french appeared james largely excluded french court life contemporaries found boring french frequently joked talks understands mary gave birth princess mary james mary child initially supported irish catholics effort regain james launched expedition ireland march abandoned defeat battle james campaign mary supported cause british isles sent french supply ships bay rebels financed measures selling jewellery money problems plagued stuart court exile despite substantial pension louis mary tried best assist husband followers living poverty encouraged children pocket money refugees succession collapse james invasion ireland upset mary spirits lifted news marriage brother duke married maria mary brother died house left cardinal duke queen mary concerned dynasty future urged cardinal duke resign good people sovereign house duke bride princess charlotte according mary easy disposition best suited duke bone contention arose queen inheritance duke refused release left years later duke finally paid queen inheritance remained relations worsened allied holy roman emperor enemy louis james mary patron regency march james suffered stroke hearing mass saint leaving partially louis personal physician recommend waters cure king waters little effect james died seizure september louis peace declared james francis edward king england ireland scotland james iii viii act irritated king william iii ruled death wife mary james francis edward minor queen mary acted nominal regent son mary presided regency council politics death james expressed wish mary regency longer son 18th birthday dressed mourning remainder life queen mary act regent manifesto outlining james francis edward claims largely ignored england scotland confederate lords sent lord saint convince queen surrender custody james francis edward conversion conversion said enable james francis edward accession english throne william iii death queen regent argument compromise reached james francis edward king limit number roman catholic priests england promise established church_of_england exchange confederate lords power block passing succession scottish parliament march william iii died simon 11th lord declared james francis edward soon travelled court exile saint queen regent allow son come scotland intended raise army soldiers scotland seize throne james francis edward mary refused james francis edward rising failed mary regency ceased son reaching age having wished nun youth queen mary sought refuge stresses exile convent near paris befriended louis mistress mary stayed daughter long periods summer queen mary found treaty james francis edward lose louis explicit recognition forced leave france year james francis edward expelled mary died smallpox mary upset according mary close friend madame mary model deprived company family queen mary lived rest days saint virtual poverty unable travel means horses died afford replace following death cancer mary remembered french contemporaries elizabeth charlotte duke saint simon deemed saint mary remains interred befriended issue ancestry


von von daughter converted prince electorate cologne archbishop diocese cologne protestant faith leading cologne war multiple year odyssey husband sought refuge parts northern germany relinquished claim electorate settled retained position cathedral chapter death came protection duke chased died affair daughter august wife born raised town adult von protestant today district sister lived city cologne having married baron peter von member bound free days city visited day noticed cologne von reportedly beautiful woman known lovely girl sought started liaison brothers visited archbishop palace electoral capital convinced marry insisted convert difficulties conversion catholic archbishop prince holy roman empire faced von converted resigned office similarly immediate predecessor resigned marry appeared family line extinct initially appeared resign associates cathedral chapter convinced lady electorate christmas proclaimed reformation pulpit cologne establishing catholicism declaration catholics electoral territory religious peace established document estates holy roman empire agreed confirmed existence catholicism select religious established regions principle loosely translated latin realm religion confirmed religion reigning sovereign religion subjects christian religious practice considered unlikely match conversion influence caused scandal aristocratic circles holy roman empire descended hereditary came line catholic defenders considered universal faith bishop grandfather brother general german peasants war instrumental destruction german peasant army family long time supporters aspirations policies key advisers troubled imperial relationships imperial circle raised catholic tradition strongly influenced education career solely focused obtaining position ecclesiastical hierarchy election archbishop cologne close contest equally qualified candidate attested application personal faith family imperial influence relationship came family dedicated town born raised bore martin home town father signatories book concord established standard lutheran faith negotiated settlement disagreement brothers inheritance succession issues placement religious community factor nobility family connections came impoverished old house family continued influence imperial saxon religious circles unclear placed convent marriage unlikely pair caused scandal empire years age apparently life acceptance church career reserved second son noble families converted resigned electoral episcopal responsibilities marriage social circles refusal electoral episcopal responsibilities declaration electorate henceforth property marriage political importance furthermore conversion legal faith accepted peace war news pending marriage public late november unclear precedent suggested resign prior marriage rumors convert electorate forcibly electorate borders supporters opponents gathered troops armed garrisons food prepared war december announced conversion darkness light word god proclamation reformation cathedral pulpit imperial city cologne established religious option electorate intended convert electorate property generated prince transformation important ecclesiastical territory secular bring principle play electorate principle subjects required convert faith rule religion conversion archbishop cologne triggered religious political repercussions holy roman empire conversion widespread implications future holy roman empire electoral process established golden bull council continued year eventually moved cities times close negotiating conclusion crisis successful agreement remained reach offered sum money relinquish claim refused high moral grounds religious principle married february retired country seat celebrate weeks cathedral chapter deposed place old opponent bavaria brother duke bavaria immediately set raising army help brother duke second brother ferdinand bavaria spring summer likewise traveling different parts electorate raising army extending protestant cause october brother ferdinand entered electorate south near northward progress left path fire destruction fled later capital city electorate run destroyed initially couple fled vest electorate encouraged outbreak destroyed known beloved religious sites reformation wrought vest inhabitants converted new faith burst energy predominantly troops inhabitants alienated residents wife cause local support catholic armies chased couple vest later year escaped approximately cavalry infantry multiple year odyssey followed husband sought refuge northern territories electorate castle later city william orange living netherlands acquainted elizabeth envoy robert 1st earl leicester entered lengthy negotiations elizabeth court obtain support cause efforts failed garner assistance war english queen quarter reportedly traveled england futile effort seek assistance elizabeth claim refuted modern scholars prosperous electorate ruined war relinquished claim bavaria recruited assistance alexander duke twist fate cousin von service duke destruction critical battle turned tide war husband peace return electorate territories husband relinquished married lady return convent sought refuge stronghold member cathedral chapter cologne taken refuge shortly marriage written testament left estate brother life time charged safety protection died june buried cathedral wrote leaving care protection died death lived protection friedrich later friedrich son buried literature von der und beautiful pious modest von history literature den und baptist der von und von von 2nd prince cologne bishop legend 16th century und und leipzig von und prince cologne beautiful und des der union und des und august die von sage der des unfortunate story second half 16th century leipzig house tales 16th century father mother children count january princess maria count count peter count princess princess anna princess princess princess princess count april


princess rhine princess rhine marie alice von und march november daughter grand duke rhine wife princess victoria named paternal great grandmother born princess prussia paternal aunt nicknamed early death rumored result poison meant uncle nicholas court physician said died probably caused taking drink water contaminated stream birth parents nicknamed cousins married common grandmother queen_victoria marriage unhappy start princess victoria eighteen time birth fond found hard compete devotion daughter convinced speak understand age months scheduled new nursery father consulted color preferences claimed happy little showed particular shade material decorated nursery shades later built daughter stood garden adults forbidden enter frustration royal nurses seen pacing outside waited high spirited young charges stop games emerge childhood daughters nicholas described sweet pretty child wide grey blue eyes dark hair like mother face manner year old wanted baby sister tried persuade aunt uncle let parents adopt paternal cousins maria parents child son favorite great grandmother queen_victoria called little girl precious queen_victoria refused permit married victoria divorce sake queen_victoria asked receive birthday child heard queen_victoria pony cart approaching road windsor castle year old ran balcony waving calling queen laugh loud grandmother grand maria russia edinburgh brought year old queen_victoria death bed january queen died child taken body told great grandmother gone angels don wings sat second cousin prince edward york called david family friends later king edward viii queen_victoria funeral sweet little david behaved service wrote aunt supported little girl took protection held time round neck looked delightful little couple memoirs written thirty years death father wrote deep sensitivity large heart wrote knew child influence adults inner personality strong natural quality protected october death queen_victoria parents finally divorced mother previous romance cousin future husband grand duke russia father according letters written mother caught domestic servants parents divorce meant divided year mother new home mother resented divorce victoria best relationship daughter visit spring partially successful victoria enjoyed turning daughter outstanding memoirs said difficulty visit mother visit found child despair assured mother loved mama says loves love replied margaret thought child eyes seen looking wonder wide grey blue eyes saw bring look sadness face wrote wondered death told cousin grand russia shall despite sad eyes generally sweet happy child cousins dispute death october hosted large family gathering wedding niece princess alice prince andrew greece denmark weeks later took stay younger sister empress husband nicholas family imperial family hunting lodge poland went long walks forest cousins called baby middle night settled window seat nursery look game spread grounds morning year old sore throat pains chest russian court doctor excitement cousins previous day fever rose degrees imperial party didn believe illness went ahead plans day attended theater planned evening severe pain started breath specialist summoned warsaw specialist gave stimulate slowing heart success suddenly sat bed looked wide frightened eyes wrote cried suddenly dying dying lie remained agitated child turned said send telegram mama promised added immediately continued fan spark life moment moment declined began talk cousins imagine playing asked little brought thing room dying eyes rested moment said poor cousin poor princess elizabeth took baby room doctors told child mother notified telegram arrive following morning died autopsy following death confirmed died rumored eaten poisoned dish intended funeral legacy body placed silver gift nicholas journey father arranged white funeral white instead black funeral white flowers white horses procession people came thousands view funeral procession hear wrote cousin kaiser expressed shock child death letter nicholas november merry day life fun health terrible blow poor little buried members grand family marble angel later installed watch grave final gesture victoria placed badge order granted marriage coffin devastated memory daughter death thirty years later little wrote memoirs sunshine life titles styles honours arms titles styles march november grand princess marie alice rhine ancestry

Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1895–1903)


henry 2nd earl northumberland henry 2nd earl northumberland february english nobleman military commander lead wars roses son henry grandson henry 1st earl northumberland father grandfather killed different rebellions henry respectively young henry spent minority exile scotland death henry reconciled crown created earl northumberland following years northumberland occasionally served king france main occupation protection border scotland time feud family developing particularly richard earl salisbury feud conflict duke york duke somerset control national government conflict culminated battle wars roses somerset northumberland killed family background henry son henry known elizabeth elizabeth daughter earl march granddaughter edward iii father young henry grandfather called henry family hold title earl northumberland father early active supporters henry throne richard king henry initially richly rewarded soon grew disillusioned new regime rose rebellion killed july earl henry present battle little doubt participated rebellion short imprisonment pardoned june delivered grandson king custody earl involved rebellion plans failed forced flee scotland taking grandson following years marked life plotting young henry remained custody duke albany february earl northumberland killed battle leaving young henry heir apparent henry remained scotland accession henry tried claim grandfather title cause aided king aunt joan arranged marriage daughter eleanor henry interest reconcile vast network north england henry created earl northumberland service king northumberland served occasionally henry wars france following years joined king expedition continent sent minor contingent soldiers year main task defence scottish borders december appointed warden east march late august scots invaded northern england albany laid siege castle earl douglas attempted castle lifted siege forced albany douglas border time involved national political affairs acted steward coronation henry queen catherine february henry died northumberland appointed member council appointed govern minority henry involved embassy council main area responsibility lay border region council belonged circle bishop henry followed cardinal peace negotiations warden east march constantly occupied peace negotiations defence northern england efforts constantly frustrated resigned commission year richard earl salisbury equally lack royal support gave commission warden west march northumberland appointed joint warden earl marches year time suffering defeat earl angus battle able repel siege james scotland appointed warden west march time held position death feud family initially northumberland relations great northern family friendly connected marriage eleanor married sister elizabeth young 2nd earl early northumberland involved disputes conflict land archbishop york escalated open violence king intervened archbishop northumberland remained favour court spent time involved central affairs westminster later early relationship family salisbury belonged cadet branch family started deteriorate triggered conflict marriage salisbury son thomas niece lord marriage castle traditionally possession family pass time wedding led duke exeter join cause territorial dispute northumberland nearing action time younger sons thomas created baron relating possessions dominated county cumberland august thomas attacked wedding party near york force men killed skirmish wedding party escaped intact conflict continued following years october northumberland salisbury summoned court ordered end conflict warnings ignored instead collective forces families gathered yorkshire strongholds sand respectively miles apart sides ignored royal commands battle inevitable eventually truce ensued forces withdrew october thomas brother richard captured battle bridge conflict escalating events national politics civil war discontent england personal rule henry declared age main antagonists richard duke york duke somerset somerset enjoyed great influence king henry mental illness york appointed protector time closely associated york natural option northumberland somerset king attempts reconcile northumberland salisbury north little accomplished december king rallied sufficiently resume control government york terminated somerset centre power civil war imminent northumberland travelling king somerset great council leicester party intercepted york battle royal forces clashed forces loyal duke york described battle wars roses battle complete victory led reversal political situation king taken captive somerset killed northumberland casualties buried nearby abbey suggestion contemporary chronicler supported modern day historians said true purpose battle settle personal scores york salisbury killed somerset northumberland respectively battle effectively estates family estates primarily located northern counties yorkshire northumberland cumberland title restored estates officially mean immediate return family possessions protracted legal battles followed particularly john duke time death northumberland recovered estates held grandfather northumberland marriage eleanor produced children henry succeeded son henry 3rd earl northumberland died fighting wars roses battle march ancestry


edward edward january september second line throne kingdom england heir kent elder brother richard later king richard born eldest child edward prince wales commonly called black prince joan kent member house edward birth years war celebrated father monarchs charles france edward died age leaving year old brother richard new second line black prince death richard heir apparent edward iii succeeded following year richard later ordered monument brother tomb located depicted brother years described turbulent reign richard overthrown cousin henry subsequently imprisoned castle died life birth edward born edward territorial designation referring birthplace common naming practice 14th century england father edward black prince member house second eldest surviving grandson reigning english monarch edward iii edward related reigning french royal house paternal grandmother mother joan father cousin removed kent edward date birth matter debate dictionary national biography article father edward birth year given based contemporary chronicles including jean letter sent joan kent edward iii february announces edward birth january date birth news edward birth acceptable royal grandfather king conferred messenger john pounds life edward baptized march black prince enjoyed luxury edward baptism meant natives sovereign black prince present lords knights supposedly horses spent candles edward baptism celebrated splendid tournaments bishop jean black prince chose eldest son borne english kings popular political implications time edward brother richard born times popular names death prolonged suffering edward died plague exact time death precisely known date january commonly chronicle states edward died feast saint michael september probably correct date black prince found edward death returned siege heart escape death edward loss bitter grief black prince joan kent increased severity black prince illness edward won reputation christ like character infancy historians willing seeds high qualities distinguished father grandfather denied brother richard black prince returned england joan richard died black prince family left england left brother john charge arranging edward funeral took place attended barons edward body transported england robert bishop acting richard orders time edward buried known children estate kings church kings ruined edward buried church austin richard remembered edward recalled brother pious affection edward featured small depicts richard kneeling virgin represented joan kent child represented edward held national gallery london legacy edward early demise caused great pain richard parents historian states time black prince returned england edward death broken man edward death substantial impact english history edward lifetime fears john claim throne existed parliament passed act permitted children born english domains france inherit kingdom england fearing act established edward richard citizenship english ensure succession edward iii death richard ascension regency led john avoided nonetheless maintained influential position years followed acted facto regent january richard years old began reign end began historians consider period time edward death england midst fighting years war started edward iii richard efforts end war unsuccessful opposition french refusing formally acknowledge territorial losses transferring land english richard imprisoned tower london favour cousin earl derby richard death february direct line house brought end ancestry


noble killed king unsuccessfully attempted throne queen supported oppose plan remove king assassination married assassination assisted king chamber guard sources material murder mentioned contemporary chronicler detailed account derives paul late 8th century background assassination begins killed king captured king daughter led people italy settled vulnerable ambitions prominent foster brother arms bearer death attempted gain throne married position new king immediately faced stiff opposition fellow suspected byzantines hostility eventually focused duke supporter aggressive policy empire going war followers escaped capital byzantine italy received honours authorities persuaded byzantine kill order free marry proceeded poison having understood wife forced drink cup died deaths dispatched forces constantinople remaining found new king background oldest author write contemporary chronicler account mentions killed followers rest wife agreeing continues adding killing king married widow tried unsuccessfully gain throne attempt failed forced escape wife royal treasure troops sided coup account strong similarities told turn direct source background assassination begins king people living region modern hungary went war neighbouring decisive battle killed king captured king daughter later marrying guarantee loyalty surviving following year migrated italy territory held byzantine_empire took milan capital northern italy assumed control northern italy byzantine forces entrenched strategic town took long siege taking crossed invaded fall chose permanent headquarters town assassinated circumstances heard available details assassination settling temporarily chain conquests weakened popular standing charismatic warrior king advantage count support warriors town search opportunity avenge death father obtain goal persuaded arms bearer foster brother king head personal armed plot eliminate replace throne persuaded involve described paul simply strong man trick queen forced consent actual assassin story partly conflict told acting murderer similar vein account contained added chamber guard original version story role let real assassin account primary intent obtain straightforward coherent narrative reducing number actors story beginning disappearance means role changes paul presents efficient killer victim ruthless queen according historian narrative better reflects oral tradition paul interpretation paul narrative represents late distortion myths rituals contained oral tradition telling consistent tradition queen sleeping pass royal charisma king prospective murderer symbol passage powers found paul account assassin entry inability draw sword represents loss power king death june married claimed throne marriage important rule judging history royal inherited marrying king widow marriage guarantee loyalty army sided queen daughter failure coup certainly byzantines interest removing dangerous enemy replacing somebody pro byzantine faction actively aggressive advances motivation coup reason involved family link royal dynasty father related leading dynasty easily obtained support probably hoped sway warriors having child control hoped byzantine help buying loyalty economically coup ultimately failed met strong opposition wanted continue war byzantines confront faced prospect going war overwhelming odds asked help byzantines enabled avoid land route possibly held hostile forces shipping instead byzantine held wife troops royal treasure believes planned weaker legitimate heir addition ongoing war hard assemble warriors elect new king formally plan brought troops stationed elected duke king having mind continue aggressive policy contrast argues elected making bid crown death rapidly estranged according paul persuaded rid husband marry accomplish drink cup poison dying understood wife forced drink cup died according historical truth account proposal possible achieve marrying queen story lovers end historical legendary mutual murder told given different interpretation sees action symbol natural hierarchy sexes restored queen actions modified proper point sent royal treasure constantinople empire capital forces byzantine mercenaries common byzantine strategy applied previously large national contingents relocated theatres believed attested john active syria byzantine diplomacy probably aimed use political tool impose pro byzantine king according actions came attention emperor greatly praised emperor gave lavish gifts official kept throne months assassinated slave important success byzantines king proclaimed succeed opening decade making remained italy vulnerable attacks byzantines faced danger elected new king person son began definitive consolidation kingdom early middle ages sources surviving early middle ages sources mention contemporary written bishop town located western alps kingdom small distance italian peninsula chronicler easy access information northern italy reason historian roger collins considers short reliable italian matters remaining sources come italy written later centuries written 7th century anonymous chronicle written reached single manuscript suggests continuation 5th century chronicle derived considerable measure blames romans inability defend italy foreign invaders praises defending country earliest surviving work queen plays central role attested biography 7th century work brief prose history essentially king list begins description founding myth nation believes written prologue continued updated till according walter author motives political serves consolidate national identity shared history apart origin myth detailed account concerning death events surrounding source available paul history nation book finished decades 8th century kingdom conquered apparent presence work fragments preserved oral tradition paul work interpreted tribute culture lost traditions stands tale death according paul deals example nationally vital events easier preserve collective memory later possibly earlier lost sources primary sources speak anonymous written brief version decade 9th century point view second written priest history bishops held ages passage derived paul little


house house royal family grand lithuania centered known sovereign lithuania crowned king lithuania assassinated years later known family relations end children data great grandchildren relations dynasty lithuania poland started ended historians considerable assumptions trying reconstruct family tree extremely scarce written sources early history lithuania matter complicated 17th century famously chronicle mixed legends facts legends noble family roman empire settled lithuania gave rise popular widespread real historical data comes russian chronicles important family tree brother mentioned elder treaty time brothers relatively young implies inherited high status written sources period talk father chronicle mentions passing powerful grand duke chronicles written 17th centuries gave lithuanian legends historian argued treaty mentioned pairs young brothers elder likely sons powerful lithuanian killed mentioned known waged war uncle historians data brothers generally assumed sons civil war asked daniel brother law help bit information indicates sister sister second wife daniel children wife duke sister uncle believed died campaign message killed cousin historians suggest son constantine ruled disagree claim son sent assumed wives known assumption older children daughter unknown led independent lives children young dependent father devoted orthodox voluntarily gave title grand duke lithuania favor brother law died known daughter marriage queen princess according source death brother married childless widow ally count children noble family western ukraine poland commentary treaty noted took wife family assumed wife woman known died battle date wedding unknown consensus children chronicles mention sons sons assassinated information available historians disagree sons got distorted sons data rivals crown assassination indicate sons perished youth death took sister unknown wife despite married cruel act motivated ally assassinate sons nephew believed son duke double marriage sister married sister married mentioned treaty nephew played role lithuanian state graphic representation note assumptions outlined