apple litigation multinational technology corporation apple participant legal proceedings claims began operation like competitors peers engages litigation normal course business variety reasons particular apple known promotes actively aggressively enforcing intellectual property interests 1980s present apple defendant civil actions united_states countries actions determined significant case law information technology industry captured attention public media apple litigation generally involves intellectual property disputes company party lawsuits include claims consumer actions commercial unfair trade practice suits claims corporate espionage matters background apple member business software alliance principal activity trying stop copyright infringement software produced members apple treats intellectual property business asset engaging litigation method police assets respond claims apple portfolio intellectual property broad encompass pages company web site april listed general business service marks related products services related apple claims copyright interests multiple products processes owns licenses patents types states generally license patent portfolio work parties having interest product steve jobs named inventor design utility patents january apple filed cases patent trademark office opposition taking exception use terms apple pod cases include sellers fruit use term apple apple itunes litigation case apple itunes litigation filed class action claiming apple violated statutes operating music monopoly created changing software design resulting vendors music files incompatible suit initially alleged days released harmony technology making music playable apple changed software music longer play claims apple changes refusal license technology companies dismissed court allegation apple monopoly music download capabilities remained july march reported related year inquiry competition commission apple agreed lower prices itunes tracks sold united_kingdom steve jobs directed court march available deposed apple changes relate claim apple mobility class action october months iphone introduced paul filed class action lawsuit numbered northern district california lawsuit referenced apple lock iphone apple time complete ban party alleged software update designed disable cards lawsuit said unfair unlawful fraudulent business practice false advertising california unfair competition law combination mobility apple reduce competition cause monopoly violation california law act violation consumer fraud abuse act shortly initial filing lawsuits filed consolidated original suit bringing additional complaints smith apple adding complaints related apple inc bringing allegations federal moss act combined case title changed apple anti trust litigation court appointed lead counsel lawyers versions combined complaint filed october court denied defendants motions dismiss case federal claims granted motions dismiss state unfair trade practice claims california new_york washington gave leave amend claims december district court granted apple motions arbitration following supreme_court decision mobility class april ninth circuit denied permission appeal december immediately class previous case new group led robert pepper won race courthouse filing complaint northern district combined slightly later titled apple iphone litigation case new case essentially filed apple mobility late parts case dismissed district court parts relating locking rejected party willing add remaining claim final version apple market iphone applications damaged paying apple commission paid applications app store court rejected saying commission cost passed consumers independent software developers paid consumers directly standing illinois brick doctrine european investigation apple agreed cut price consumers pay download music formal complaint european commission consumer group demonstrated higher prices itunes songs sold european_union commission began investigation apple business practices complaint ultimately commission probe found agreements apple major record labels itunes run europe apple paying higher wholesale prices music labels passing cost customers price fixing lawsuit april justice department states brought civil action apple publishers books simon book group inc alleging violations act suit filed southern district new_york defendants retail price competition sale books viewed amazon price substantial challenge traditional business model apple particular federal complaint alleged apple facilitated publisher defendants collective effort end retail price competition coordinating transition agency model retailers apple clearly understood participation scheme result higher prices consumers agency model publishers set prices sellers states puerto_rico filed companion federal case austin texas apple simon month simon settled state attorneys general agreeing pay texas connecticut million consumer leaving apple remaining defendants july case discovery stage litigation july district court judge manhattan found apple guilty violation federal law citing compelling evidence apple played central role conspiracy publishers eliminate retail competition prices books information read united_states apple inc high tech employee litigation apple settled court lawsuit related class action suit cold calling employees companies consumer class actions technical support class action apple developed marketing strategy promised free unlimited live telephone support certain products long original owned products changes apple support policy led apple offer resulting consumer class action lawsuit breach contract apple denied wrongdoing settlement claims apple ultimately reinstated telephone support duration original ownership obsolete products customers affected change given limited refused telephone support charged incident incurred party support charges battery life class action state level class action suits filed apple new_york california alleging second generation music players sold prior battery life represented battery capacity hold charge substantially diminished time claims apple entered settlement agreement august hearing california action settlement terms designed end new_york action appeal followed california court approval settlement court upheld settlement december eligible members class entitled extended store credit cash compensation battery replacement incentive payments claims september apple agreed pay costs litigation including incentive payments class members attorney fees admitted fault apple canada inc settled similar canadian class action suits alleging apple battery life iphone privacy issue class action december separate groups iphone users sued apple alleging certain software applications passing personal user information party users consent individual cases consolidated district court northern district california san division title iphone application defendants added action petitioned court ban passing user information consent monetary compensation claimed damages breach privacy sought claims press reports stated april apple agreed amend developer agreement stop happening information directly necessary functionality suit alleged apple took steps enforce meaningful way criticism advertising networks associated_press reported pending congressional inquiry matter united_states congress members stating commercial storage usage location information consumer express consent illegal current law apple defended use customer tracking letter released house_of_representatives national public radio senior director technology published article examining data collected iphone showing examples data collected maps data separately digital researchers reported regularly use data collected apple mobile devices working law enforcement officials investigating crimes contrast earlier statements apple revealed hearing senate judiciary committee software bug caused continue send anonymous location data company location services device turned september district court granted apple motion dismiss lack article iii standing failure state claim gave leave amend complaint shutting claims permanently court ruled showing legal damages current law shown sustained injury fact defendants actions problem facing current state electronic privacy law issue national privacy law provides damages breach privacy issue faced victims data sustain legal damages showing actual harm monetary loss law july data breach results actual loss defined applicable law damages arise case remained california court july itunes price switching class action june group consumers filed class action suits apple johnson apple apple behalf american individuals purchased itunes gift cards unable use cards purchase itunes music price advertised card apple raised price music sold cards consumers johnson case absorbed case settled february payments consumers apple complaint alleged apple marketed distributed sold itunes gift cards songs online itunes_store representing consumers use gift cards purchase songs song gift cards purchased raised price certain songs april lawsuit allegations included apple conduct constituted breach contract violated state consumer fraud statute violated consumer protection statutes states sought remedy song class members purchased itunes card charged plus attorneys fees costs apple mounted vigorous defense sought dismiss suit lost motion december individuals class residents purchased received itunes gift card card packaging contained language effect songs priced card purchase songs itunes_store settlement provides class members itunes_store credit online claim form submitted september power class action apple settled class action older shaped power apple agreed replace newer compensate customers forced buy replacement trade practice apple independent apple filed lawsuit apple alleging company misleading advertising practices unfair business practices harmed sales apple owned outlets effect favoring outlets lawsuit claimed apple favored company owned stores providing significant unavailable independent dealers complaint alleged apple acts favoring stores constituted breach contract false advertising fraud trade libel intentional interference prospective economic advantage apple reached settlements including bankruptcy trustee failed principal company appealed bankruptcy court approval settlement libel dispute engineers apple computer code named mid level power popular hope apple sale computer apple internally concerned product endorsement sent apple cease letter apple complied engineers changing internal butt head sued apple libel federal court court granted apple motion dismiss claims opined reader aware context understand apple clearly attempting humorous satirical way strains reason conclude defendant attempting criticize reputation seriously attack expertise scientist phrase butt head sued apple original use likeness lost appealed ruling november apple reached court settlement apple office patents released statement apple great respect apple intention cause family embarrassment concern apple final code project law short lawyers patents trademark apple corps nearly years apple corps beatles founded record label holding company apple inc apple computer dispute involving use apple trademark association music apple corps filed suit apple computer trademark infringement parties settled apple computer paying undisclosed apple corps later revealed primary condition settlement apple computer agreed stay music business apple introduced apple music synthesizer chip apple corps alleged product violation terms settlement parties reached settlement agreement apple paid apple corps million apple agreeing package sell distribute physical music materials september apple corps sued apple computer alleging apple computer breached settlement time introducing itunes apple corps alleged apple computer introduction music playing products itunes music store violated terms previous agreement apple agreed distribute music trial opened march ended court issuing judgement favor apple computer find breach trademark agreement demonstrated presiding justice said february apple apple corps announced settlement trademark dispute agreeing apple related apple license certain apple corps continued use settlement ended ongoing trademark lawsuit companies party bearing legal costs apple continuing use apple itunes settlement terms confidential domain disputes early domain dispute months announcing july apple sued teenager having registered domain attempt draw attention web hosting business ran parents basement note site stated plan generate traffic try domain sale sic legal dispute lasting nearly year apple settled court paying legal fees giving token payment exchange domain apple dispute case level domain decision differed prior decisions awarding domain subsequent apple prior decision recounts november benjamin registered domain domain initially pointed time apple applied trademark itunes october granted march launched itunes music store service afterward reactivated registered domain itunes rival later domain cash rewards website apple took matter dispute resolution service operated domain registry claiming apple trademark rights itunes use domain company abusive tests rules prevailing matter complaint related later use dispute unresolved free stage apple paid independent expert decide case expert decided dispute apple favor launched media offensive claiming biased favor large businesses frequent threats lawsuits stated believed system unfair number reasons seek high_court judicial review stated appeal case appeal process refused months instead issued proceedings judicial review high_court instance rejected case august noting company group ltd appeal process forming domain resolution service afterward company asked case progressed interim domain transferred apple accord expert decision pointed apple music site november dropped legal action apple systems iphone mark systems apple negotiated allowing apple rights use iphone trademark negotiations stalled pushed products following public unveiling apple iphone expo filed lawsuit apple january alleging apple iphone iphone trademark alleged apple created company subsequent negotiations try acquire rights way apple countered likelihood confusion products apple iphone product cell phone iphone phone reported iphone product marketed home enabling internet based calls yahoo messenger contrasted apple iphone mobile phone sold february apple announced agreement companies allowed use iphone worldwide sector use pod march apple opposed trademark application sector sought register video pod mark identifying goods associated video product apple argued proposed mark merely descriptive denied registration cause likelihood confusion apple pre existing marks march trademark trial appeal board ruled apple favor denied sector registration finding mark famous entitled broad protection trademark law new_york_city logo january apple filed opposition trademark trial appeal board new_york_city trademark application big apple logo initiative designer blake originally filed trademark stylized apple design services providing public service announcements policies practices city new_york field environmentally sustainable growth amendment filed june notice publication published september apple filed opposition following january claiming likelihood confusion june filed motion amend application leaf element design leaving stem dismissed apple opposition accordance parties stipulation july november issued trademark registration victoria school business technology september apple sent cease letter victoria school business technology british_columbia claiming school logo apple trademark rights school logo falsely suggested apple authorized school activities logo question featured outline apple leaf design incorporated mountain apple instead apple bite apple unlike apple logo april school reported settled year dispute apple launching new logo new college expanding operations settlement terms undisclosed limited logo october apple disputed trademark application limited australia new logo supermarket chain similar shape apple apple reportedly took objection breadth application allow brand products including consumer electronics logo april amended trademark application remove goods services apparatus recording transmission reproduction sound images apple withdrew opposition allowing trademark proceed registration august introduced shopping app iphone july continues use logo including face iphone app app available apple app store logo featured prominently apple closely manages app store offerings apple lower case use march australian tribunal denied apple attempt prevent small company use bags cases apple products apple argued spelled backwards similar product trademark apple secured rights mark company electronics china mark owned subsidiary electronics company technology april technology sued apple rights mark china apple counter sued lost appealed case district court claimed billion usd damages apple paid approximately mark february sued apple santa superior court alleging fraud intentional unfair competition apple paid million end dispute court settlement higher people court province case thrown court amazon app store apple filed suit alleging trademark infringement unfair competition act related california state law amazon use app store phrase relating amazon amazon developer portal amazon alleged similar uses phrase complaint apple refer common described applications store place consumers license software programs products amazon countered answer app store common phrase meaning place buy reported microsoft opposing apple attempted registration phrase trademark matter trademark trial appeal board apple court preliminary injunction bar amazon app store july district judge hamilton presiding apple case amazon denied apple motion july case discovery stage litigation january apple claims rejected district judge argued company presented evidence amazon attempted mimic apple site advertising communicated service possesses characteristics qualities public come expect apple app store apple products july apple dropped lawsuit trade secrets apple ultimately decided title superior court suit filed apple unnamed raised issue time hold revealing sources journalists november popular sites featuring apple rumors publicly revealed information unreleased apple products mac mini unreleased product code named known project apple sites force identify confidential sources apple insider power page separately think secret original reporting case sources reveal february trial court california decided website operators shield law protection journalists journalists appealed california court appeal reversed trial court decision ruling activities question covered shield law apple think secret apple computer case illustrating apple methods protecting claims trade secrets apple sued think secret parent company organization think secret editor january alleging trade secrets regard think secret stories new version response filed motion dismiss case based amendment grounds california state anti statute law designed legal claims attempting silence valid exercises freedom speech late think secret announced apple think secret settled lawsuit reaching agreement results positive solution sides confidential settlement sources revealed think secret longer published copyright apple franklin apple franklin established fundamental basis copyright computer software provided object code apple filed lawsuit franklin computer alleging franklin ace personal computer illegal copies apple operating system rom case decided franklin favor reversed court appeals circuit object code cases conflicts law apple litigation object code contributed development contemporary copyright law company object code cases brought different results different courts creating conflict laws resulted international litigation 1980s apple copyright cases central issues included question object code contrasted source code computer program subject copyright laws case apple party involved apple decisions followed new_zealand specific cases computer edge apple computer inc australia computer edge apple computer computers ltd canada apple computer imports ltd computer imports new_zealand computer edge case australian court decided prevailing opinions courts canada south_africa ruled object code supreme_court canada apple reversed earlier decisions ruled object code translation source code embodied chip translation original literary work expressed material form unauthorized reproduction object code infringement copyright canadian court opined programs rom chips protected copyright act canada conversion source code object code form translation held translation include expression idea form applies expression idea language translation correspondence works expressed different languages conflict laws cases apple met conflicting international judicial opinions australian court decision conflicted canadian court decision object code computer imports high_court new_zealand considered prior decisions sided canadian decision ruling object code original literary work right reproduction source code material form infringement copyright takes place copied authorization copyright owner legal conflicts affected apple software companies conflicts remained unresolved creation international legal regime embodied changes national copyright laws ultimately object code subject copyright law revisions law favor making object code subject copyright law controversial revisions form technical digital millennium copyright act electronic communications privacy act legal notions electronic privacy violation computer development anti law making patriot act convention apple microsoft introduction microsoft windows apple filed lawsuit microsoft alleging microsoft windows violated apple user interface cited things use overlapping windows windows case look feel copyright lawsuits 1980s years court apple claims microsoft dismissed primarily license john negotiated bill gates windows decision upheld appeal legal disputes topic ongoing companies came wide ranging agreement included microsoft buying non voting apple stocks apple computer apple computer case sued apple graphical user interface federal district court dismissed claims addressing apple apple case high profile cases illustrating apple attempts employ federal police power litigation practices anti provisions digital millennium copyright act means intellectual property reverse engineering november apple sent cease letter non commercial provider alleging apple publishing discussion latest software violated april operators backed electronic frontier foundation defensively sued apple seeking declaration non infringement non july apple ceased claiming infringement stating withdrawing apple apple longer future objection publication pages subject complaint apple withdrew complaint cited code contributing factor decision withdraw republished discussion issue noted glad apple retracted legal threats disappointed came months censorship lawsuit trade dress gem look feel suit prevailing early copyright infringement suit mid-1980s apple forced digital research alter basic components digital graphical environment manager gem direct copy graphical user interface look feel features digital removed gem result lawsuit included disk drive icons windows file manager title bars window open close animations addition visual elements including window close button changed similar mac apple apple successfully sued closely resembled new trade dress taken market resulting losing ability sell intended statement stated net loss quarter million share compared loss million share quarter results reflect substantial incentives gave retailers enable product patent creative technology apple inc menu structure dispute illustrating nature claims defenses patent infringement based arguments prior art file rival digital music player maker creative technology sued apple apple alleged infringement creative patent claiming apple creative patent structures player creative claimed began method players september approximately year prior apple release october creative singapore based consumer electronics group filed trade complaint united_states international trade commission apple creative asked court injunction block import sale apple united_states money damages past sales apple filed creative similar grounds august apple creative settled suit apple agreeing pay creative million usd right implement creative method songs settlement effectively ended patent dispute pending lawsuits companies creative secured agreement participate program producing accessories typhoon touch technologies touch screen june apple named defendant suit brought typhoon touch technologies federal district court eastern district texas alleging patent infringement portable touch screen technology suit illustrated patent licensing royalty collection issues commercial exploitation intellectual property rights ultimately typhoon prevail patent defense arguments prior art earned reputation patent typhoon acquired pre existing patents filed issued plus percentage collected licensing fees patents time shortly typhoon acquired patents began enforcement bringing suit technology paid licensing fees typhoon successful patent infringement suits small companies expanded litigation larger ones typhoon alleged apple patented technology permission typhoon originally filed suit december settling smaller companies amended complaint add apple palm apple settled typhoon undisclosed sum dismissed litigation september large companies able typhoon claims typhoon ceased business exchange commission sec suspended trading fraud investigation apple wireless iphone october corporation sued apple apple infringement patents relating wireless technology apple december companies engaged nearly years litigation parties amended claims multiple times multiple courts finally settling june undisclosed cash future ongoing iphone royalties paid apple agreed settle apple royalty payments iphone introduction broad cross licensing agreement companies apple agreed cross license patents apple said statement today license technology majority innovations iphone unique apple gets license patents including ones deemed essential industry standards mobile phones apple apple filed patent infringement suit high tech computer march district court district delaware companies ongoing battle complaint section act international trade commission washington apple suit alleged separate patent relating iphone user interface underlying architecture hardware steve jobs sit watch competitors steal patented decided think competition healthy competitors create original technology steal rejected apple claims ruling apple single claim relating data tapping delaware court change venue northern district california arguing apple desire consolidate case similar cases brought apple alleging overlap cases apple complaint judge gregory denied motion venue change ruling apple choice forum prevail apple september court claiming infringement patents obtained google filing counter complaint general counsel saying continue protect patented infringement apple infringement stops delaware court ordered companies november apple ended patent dispute settling case disclose terms settlement companies reported settlement included year agreement licensing companies current future patents apple digital imaging sued apple research motion rim january filing lawsuits apple complaint international trade commission apple rim companies refused pay royalties use patents digital cameras alleged apple rim phones patented digital imaging technology sought injunction imports united_states apple iphone rim filed additional suit january apple claiming infringement key patents apple filed bankruptcy court block efforts use disputed patents loans january complaint claimed violations image preview technology issue original dispute apple rim pending march bankruptcy court judge allen overseeing restructuring denied apple request file patent complaint cameras photo frames july court appeals federal circuit ruled apple patent technology digital cameras days earlier lost case apple rim announced appeal decision mobility apple year apple began continents apple embroiled patent fight mobility apple started period intense patent litigation apple patent commenced claims cross claims companies patent infringement encompassed multiple forums multiple countries party sought friendly venues respective claims fight included administrative law european commission involvement april controversy centered license components manufacturer carries equipment manufacturer incorporating component equipment issue addressed supreme_court default exhaustion doctrine electronics june judge richard ordered dismissal case prejudice apple announced intention appeal month later apple android phones apple electronics lawsuits apple spring apple sued fully engaged patent war apple multinational litigation technology patents known mobile device patent wars extensive litigation followed fierce competition global market consumer mobile communications august apple engaged ongoing lawsuits courts countries continents october fight expanded countries july companies embroiled lawsuits globe dollars damages claimed august ultimate cost patent wars consumers shareholders investors known jury trial held july apple prevailing ordered pay billion damages stated final word case battles waged courts world rejected apple claims judge later decided jury million initial damage assessment ordered commenced november following week long trial overseen judge ordered pay million apple lawsuit august international trade commission announced decision apple initiated case accused apple patents related user input functionality sided apple described media mixed ruling stated older devices apple patents covering touch screen technology violations identified patents final determination signed lisa acting secretary commission damage court session november ordered judge december electronics representative stated san courtroom apple hometown jury found company copied features iphone attorney clarified purpose damage stated result trial case phones contain elements apple property company disputed million apple claimed presented figure million san jury eventually awarded apple million damages completed page assessment form patent woman man jury reached decision day period week january filing district court san showed legal executives parties agreed meet prior february engage settlement discussions apple responding court order instructed completion meeting new trial begins march chiefs met cook filing reveal representative new trial scheduled march apple seek prevent selling current devices case involve debate monetary compensation lawsuit accused apple inc patents phone tablet models responded states patents phones apple jury selection trial occurred march stands gain million jury rules favor apple seeking billion damages proceed similar lawsuits android makers relevant patent issues extend software technology licensing norwegian consumer council june consumer norway sweden denmark challenged apple itunes end user license agreement norwegian consumer claimed apple violating contract copyright laws countries stated apple international company disregard laws countries operates company standard customer contract norwegian law official complaint filed norwegian consumer council january german french consumer groups joined led drive force apple itunes online store compatible digital music players rival companies french law allows force apple player store compatible rival offerings consumer protection norway sweden finland met apple september hopes resolving issues litigation matter resolved apple discontinued digital rights management scheme office fair trading investigation national consumer council consumer focus called office fair trading investigate apple claiming apple multiple technology companies consumers legal rights product complaint included apple microsoft office mac products determined licensing agreements unfair apple agreed improve terms conditions consumers apple corporation july apple filed suit corporation alleging sold based systems mac pre installed violated apple copyright trademark rights software licensing terms apple shrink wrap license license required install mac apple brand computer hardware case brought licensing dispute apple ultimately prevailing awarded permanent relief decision affirmed appeal tried arguing appeal apple license agreement unlawful attempt extend copyright protection products court ruled failed demonstrate copyright apple corporate espionage data theft code theft litigation apple added microsoft existing lawsuit san_francisco canyon company alleging microsoft software company aid stealing thousand lines apple code effort improve performance video windows threat withdraw support edition microsoft office suit settled lingering issues apple computer microsoft corporation look feel suit apple agreed internet explorer default microsoft agreed continue developing office software mac years purchase million non voting apple stock fbi demand unlock iphone february federal bureau investigation investigation san attack obtained court order demanded apple create version operating system allow fbi security controls inspect contents iphone terrorists involved attack apple claimed order undermine freedoms liberty government meant protect appealed march reported retrieved data attacker iphone alternative method apple assistance ending legal proceedings


english law english law area law broadly divided private actions defendant causing substantial interference land use enjoyment land public defendant actions affects reasonable comfort convenience life class majesty subjects public crime present time henry iii affected variety philosophical shifts years saw far stringent protecting individual rights requires prove defendant actions caused interference situations intention defendant taken account significant difference private allow claim personal injury suffered public private received range criticism academics arguing concepts poorly defined open judicial manipulation written private confused confusing chapter lies neglected standard works little changed years modest message overwhelmed found sense direction existed old days long gone addition claimed private lost separate identity strict liability fault based private public little common accident sharing history existed reign henry iii changes merely technical originally came latin french henry initially defining infringement line economic status quo time protecting neighbours rights develop land described rural agricultural conservative initially similar novel limited situations defendant actions interfered action land question alienated writ action case main remedy far faster actions unlike require parties limited damages unlike allow 17th century judicial philosophy changed allow protection enjoyment land duty party caused prevent man bound look cattle neighbour ground house office flow neighbour 19th century industrial revolution law significantly changed previous tests standard care instead expected different standards applying individuals companies reaching decisions courts effectively law useful curb industrial pollution helen example judges explicit suggesting affected adverse effect view economic welfare country industrial cities contrasted previous view liability established case defendant actions interfered enjoyment land defendant liable trivial interference decisions reached period vary differing judicial time maintained prevalent philosophy thanks influence philosophers adam smith michael asserted common error assumption classical effective influence social economic policy early mid nineteenth century view ignores powerful voices like social means members medical profession christian sections working class movements short approaching consensus opinion concerning state intervention narrow social sector represented governments parliament press practice ears ministers assaulted confused voices soft single plea private private defined george 1st baron defined continuous activity state affairs causing substantial interference land use enjoyment land private unlike public damages personal injuries legal interest affected land sue exception bush court appeal held woman living mother house entitled injunction prevent telephone harassment despite having legal interest property hunter wharf ltd house_of_lords rejected development arguing remove need interest affected property transform land person liable party private creator longer occupation land created somebody land held defendant liable set water pipes created pipes adopted general rule landlord property liable created takes control land exception lease granted purpose constitutes caused failure repair premises landlord liable existed land let knew ought known principle liability land liable actions employees national provincial bank established liable activities independent contractors certain circumstances claim private defendant actions caused damage physical damage helen discomfort test damage reasonable established cambridge water ltd eastern counties leather defendant land causing defendant liable reasonable care avoid creating test reasonably defendant expected avoid interference defendant actions caused interference use enjoyment land indirect result continuing events incident interference physical invasion land corporation noise courts allowed cases interference causes emotional distress thompson protect recreational facilities things delight things blocking pleasant view television signal considered discussed hunter wharf ltd argued blocking television signal construction skyscraper canada square house_of_lords rejected argument rights land known right light windows right support liable interference naturally arising assuming aware interference existence fail reasonable precautions national trust established situations standard ought require reasonable expect individual circumstances principle extended hall hotel borough council court appeal said landowner knows ought know property cease support required reasonable precautions liable set definition factors taken account include abnormal sensitivity nature locality took place time duration interference conduct defendant abnormal sensitivity damaged property particularly sensitive damage defendant actions robinson established action defendant caused damage abnormal sensitivity defendant liable damage caused sensitive property damaged non sensitive property defendant liable industries walker right ordinary enjoyment result claim sensitive activities locality interference occurred influences wrote square residential area necessarily industrial area activity place locality likely held nature areas change time borough council chatham dock ltd held granting planning permission develop commercial dock area changed area character preventing local residence claiming private disturbance dock created granting planning permission constitute immunity claim court appeal said language describe happened present case change character neighbourhood change use small piece land strategic planning decision affected considerations public interest prepared accept planning decision inevitably come argument authorised planning permission case fail situations defendant activities cause physical damage helen locality activities factor deciding time duration activity taken account determining activities reasonable time petroleum filling oil held reasonable activity undertaken private normally continuing state affairs situation exceptions royal hotel night considered situations normal remedy grant injunction limiting time activity exception found british hunt ltd electronics company stored foil strips property blew adjoining land causing power supply nearby manufacturers cut similar incident occurred years earlier defendants warned store strips properly held power cut event method storing foil strips constituted continuing state affairs defendants liable conduct defendant circumstances conduct defendant factor determining interference situation motives defendant conduct factors determine actions exceptions rule relevant law defendant deliberately creating noise based held actions amounted issues private idea private criticised academics years criticism centres free given judiciary lack concrete definitions legal principles idea examples frequently rarely examined detail brave person attempt draw definition definition private easy find regularly accepted consider private cases involve land moved defendant land land judicial lord wright indicate private valid situations land despite definitions private fail include reference academics assert private lost separate identity strict liability fault based supports assertion private confused claims private significantly different public little common accident sharing private confused confusing chapter lies neglected standard works little changed years modest message overwhelmed found sense direction existed old days long gone public public concerns protecting public unlike private protects individual crime attorney general ltd defined act omission affects reasonable comfort convenience life class majesty subjects wide definition given large range issues dealt public including road thomas blocking canal rose miles disrupting traffic road significant difference private public public claim personal injuries damage property difference public primarily crime prove suffered special damage effects affected people class test required size class discussed attorney general ltd court concluding test widespread range effect reasonable expect person proceedings responsibility stop taken responsibility community large public primarily criminal matter affects class people individual claims normally brought attorney general england wales representing affected people members affected class allowed sue individually suffered special damage potential defendants public claims private liability dependent test public determined looking solely interference defendant actions defences defences claims example act god accepted defence defence years valid private public private continues years legal assuming defendant continuous aware limitation years activity activity started doctor lived business vibrations noises coming business continued years causing doctor doctor complained building consulting room garden held actual started consulting room built activity began affect doctor activity started second defence statutory authority activity authorised piece legislation applies public private applies activity carried directly line statute allen gulf oil ltd defendant authorised build oil act parliament act gave express authority operate came operation argued caused smell noise house_of_lords held statutory authority operate saying parliament hardly supposed intended visual landscape area natural beauty statutory authority defence recently subject legislative consideration planning act expands defence types infrastructure development possible found committed damages main remedy consist order stop activity causing perpetual completely forbidding activity partial example limiting activity place damages monetary sum paid defendant loss enjoyment physical damage suffered paid things varied loss sleep loss comfort caused noise remedy allows directly end protruding requires stepping defendant land notice risk


gun politics czech_republic gun politics czech_republic incorporates political regulatory aspects firearms usage country policy czech_republic respects restrictive europe gun politics european_union gun czech_republic available anybody subject acquiring shall issue firearms license gun licenses obtained way similar driving license passing gun proficiency exam medical examination having clean criminal record unlike european countries czech gun legislation permits citizen carry concealed weapon self defense czech gun owners possess firearms self defense hunting sport shooting common politics long tradition term pistol originating 15th century czech language czech lands manufacturing center including weapons industry central europe centuries firearms possession severely restricted german occupation subsequent communist dictatorship ownership rates gradually rising velvet revolution today czech_republic home arms manufacturers include history czech crown lands witnessed earliest mass uses firearms early today revered national heroes use guns previously towns field artillery battle recorded use firearms wagon fort key features war strategy defeated launched reformation revolt word guns czech later found way german french english term pistol gun czech gave rise english term establishment czechoslovakia country adopted existing austrian gun law law liberal allowing citizens guns restrictions applying number carrying gun allowed holders firearms license harmless person trusted person criminal record firearms license list restricted firearms air guns weapons considered distinctly restrictive gun law prepared state endangered nazi_germany fifth column nazis german minority came use occupation country gun ownership seriously restricted german occupation czechoslovakia weapons seized including duty guns police later nazis allowed limited armament police governmental troops forbade private gun ownership hunting imposed harsh including death penalty following defeat germany liberal gun law officially reintroduced reality government sought reduce weapons people result war germans suspected collaborators gun ownership forbidden situation changed communist coup état law allowed restricted gun ownership reality authorities instructed groups people allowed guns secret directive adopted listing names persons deemed loyal allowed guns liberal law introduced gun ownership remained relatively restricted access guns sporting purposes easier sport shooting encouraged supported state rules hunting shotgun ownership relatively new enactment velvet revolution meant return liberal times republic accession required new law european firearms regulation passed law remained liberal despite introducing regulation current law constitutional right possess firearms czech_republic according decision czech constitutional court right possess basic human right derived right property guaranteed art charter fundamental rights freedoms right gun license issued provided act subject act conditions entitled license issued obtain holders exercise profession self defense licenses shall issue freely carry concealed categories licenses categories gun license mistaken categories guns collection sport shooting hunting exercise profession self defense survey obtaining license applies gun license police conditions age qualification health clearance criminal integrity personal reliability met fee category paid license shall issued days license renewed years need undergo qualification exam application filed months termination previous license health clearance necessary age obtain category license years old special circumstances need member sporting club taught hunting schools curriculum obtain category license qualification obtaining license requires passing theoretical practical exam theoretical exam theoretical exam consists written test multiple choice questions selected randomly total questions maximum points possible pass written exam points needed category category category test deals following issues knowledge firearms legislation knowledge legislation related legitimate use self defense general knowledge firearms ammunition aid practical exam safe handling comprises firearms loaded safely unloading field stripping needed clean preparation ammunition shooting shooting procedure handling case malfunction conclusion shooting touching trigger pointing different appointed safe direction trying field strip loaded gun dummy round results exam fail depending categories licenses sought applicants asked ability safe manipulation multiple firearms typically pistol bolt action rifle double shotgun shooting test requires specific scores dependent category license applied category license rifle target sheet sized rounds hitting target sheet shooting rifle category long rifle rifle category license successfully hit rifle target distance shooting shotgun rounds hit target partially category license successfully hit international pistol target distance category license shooting pistol rounds hit sheet category cases actual score irrelevant projectiles hit target sheet circles case allowed test shots particular test shotgun exception round allowed test shot person obtain categories set categories needs known exam highest score needs met typically people obtain category categories provides best versatility owned carried concealed category required law members municipal police members state police need license duty firearms permit private gun ownership person license category health clearance license holder cleared general fit possess carry use health check includes complete physical screening including hearing balance doctor request examination specialist case necessary exclude illnesses stated respective governmental regulation specialist medical examination case illnesses restrict ability drive car governmental regulation divides listed illnesses groups covering issues psychological hearing example able hear casual speech distance meters cleared category generally regulation comes license categories strict view categories listing illnesses outright prevent positive clearance general outcome medical examination clearance denial clearance lists health accessories glasses hearing aid etc sets escort armed sport shooters minor psychological issues addiction habits cured years prior health check criminal integrity enactment time person released prison serving time particular groups crimes punished committing selected crimes public participation organized crime group murder sentenced years imprisonment fulfill condition central registry criminal offenses czech_republic criminal integrity reviewed notwithstanding possible records purposes police order temporary seizure license firearms case holder charged intentional crime crime connected breach duties relating possession carrying use firearms ammunition personal reliability person excessively drinks alcohol uses illegal drugs repeatedly found guilty specified related firearms public order etc preceding years considered unreliable purposes issuing gun license police right information issues municipal authorities dealt municipal authorities central registry related police order temporary seizure license firearms case administrative proceedings holder initiated committing selected carrying refusing undergo test armed shooting outside licensed range self defense obtaining license law distinguishes foreigners according country origin selected foreigners license shall issue czech citizens issue foreign born residents treated equally eye czech law proof lack criminal record country origin provided persons having residence country provide documentation showing allowed documents translated czech language sworn translator foreigners registered place residence czech_republic purchase firearms obtaining corresponding licenses permits persons having residence country provide documentation showing allowed order granted permit purchase category gun written test practical exam taken czech language december test allowed use sworn interpreter translator forbidden categories guns current gun law guns ammunition accessories divided categories mistaken categories licenses restricted firearms accessories includes automatic firearms military firearms ammunition inspected marked civilian use types ammunition armor piercing ammunition night vision gun mounted laser use hollow point ammunition pistols restricted hollow points legal purchase rifles pistol guns requiring permit includes semi automatic single multiple shot semi automatic rifles magazine capacity rounds magazine semi automatic military style rifles rim fire firearms length length guns caliber larger guns requiring registration includes single shot bolt action rifles longer semi automatic rifles included air rifles muzzle energy black powder guns available adults includes air guns muzzle energy mechanical guns energy black powder shots black powder guns vintage firearms manufactured prior expansion guns cap muzzle energy person obtain gun license allowed gun categories gun category age required category weapon registered working day police bought obtaining firearms categories gun license allows person buy category gun holders category license granted issue exemption police purchase category holders category possess carry category remains property employer case license person allowed use guns shooting ranges license required laws hunting license allows person gun self defense purpose carry concealed weapon guns need registered police working days buying category obtain gun category typically automatic select fire person ask issue exemption police demonstrate specific reason want weapon private physical persons acceptable reason collecting physical legal persons having armament license completely different certificate gun license professional purposes acceptable reasons include providing security dangerous valuable shipments objects manufacturing testing firearms providing training use category firearms filming case adjusted use dummy rounds category guns typically semi automatic requires permission police buying gun person visit police fill permit buy carry form particular weapon depending police department usually caliber type weapon required person state reason purchasing category include collecting sporting hunting cultural activity conducting business firearms ammunition providing security exercise profession self defense police issue permit days usually immediately permit shall issue valid gun license requirements clean criminal record purchase permit valid months category guns bought gun shop presenting gun license gun needs registered later police limit law number owned guns law safe storage requirements owning weapons rounds ammunition safe storage requirements exacerbated owning firearms possession gun license sale manufacturing etc criminal offense carries penalty years imprisonment years defined cases shooting ranges owners allowed practice licensed shooting ranges use case self defense permitted laws hunting places opened public adult visit range shoot available weapons restrictions permits person gun license supervised younger person years old holder gun license years carrying holders different categories firearms licenses different possibility carrying firearms general prohibited carry firearms court buildings left safe keeping judicial guard entry passing metal demonstrations mass meetings generally considered irresponsible guns clubs bars explicitly prohibited law carrying gun illegal lead heavy fines losing gun license police frequently conducting tests open carrying hunters carrying guns schools campuses prohibited law called gun free zones czech_republic relatively safe country prague highest crime rate country ranks capitals european_union considering number category licenses issued people potentially carry clear regularly license types carry holders license collection purposes obtain possess firearms falling restricted guns category subject granted issue permit allowed carry transport holders sport shooting license transport firearms areas designated sport shooting firearms transported closed container manner immediate use holders hunting license transport firearms areas designated hunting manner immediate use case use public transportation transported closed container transported carried openly concealed carry holders category exercise profession self defense license carry firearms ready immediate use bullet chamber firearms carried concealed manner requirement concealed carry applies holders restricted firearms private security fully automatic firearms open carry members municipal police czech national bank security holders exercise profession license carry firearms openly duty members state police prison service governmental security agencies need gun license permitted required laws open concealed carry duty open carry allowed police special occasions gun shows war liberation day celebrations technically referred public display carrying person wishes display submit request detailing given occasion protection theft etc occasion police conducts gun holders respective testing ammunition restrictions high penetrating armor piercing hollow point ammunition classified category alternative hollow point ammunition federal classified arms group mid effectively metal jacket soft semi rounds bullets lead allowed generally ammunition higher wounding potential allowed currently restriction caliber size restriction magazine capacity special safe storage requirements apply having bullets self defense firearms specific legal provisions covering self defense civilian general provision criminal aspects self defense contained section necessary self defense criminal code general provisions civil liability respect self defense contained section civil code general czech theory recognizes certain classes circumstances criminal civil liability excluded respect actions normally attract criminal penalty include necessity necessary self defense cases involving eligible use gun necessity necessity invoked interest protected criminal code right property right life endangered example necessity defense raging dog dog directly sent owner case necessary defense necessity invoked case imminent danger way avoiding locking oneself fence calling police consequence necessity consequence act necessity excluded cases consequence necessity equal greater necessity continues ceased ways consequences duty withstand special situation cover civilians necessary self defense basis necessary self defense imminent ongoing attack interest covered criminal code right property right life performing action use person imminent means party evidently immediately threatened necessary wait attacker start attack especially known case attack prepared imminent necessary self defense enacted defending interest defending person property long requirements met defending provoked attack considered necessary self defense requirement respect necessary self defense differs necessity main limitation defense manner attack manner attack intensity example intensity covers attack committed single attacker group gun relative strength attacker party attacked etc manner includes future imminent dangers possibility single attacker joined regards law states self defense evident self defense successful performed level exceeding attack unlike case necessity consequence necessary self defense consequence attack defense restricted passive active outcome incident sequence actions beginning determines deemed attacker party attacked main recognized necessary self defense defense continues attack running away excess time defense shooting children steal tree shooting passed fence giving indication criminal intentions excess intensity eligible use gun eligible use gun addressed special dealing police secret security service prison guards etc example policeman specified conditions shoot escaping suspect privilege armed civilian general tendencies acceptable defend violent attack street especially person attacked knife deadly weapon shooting unarmed attacker occurs subject controversy general case investigated great detail eventually dismissed legitimate self defense defense judged according objective perception defender time imminent ongoing attack according view persons judging post american style castle doctrine applied usually considered acceptable defend violent home invasion amendment laws concerning self defense proposed aim giving greater defenders especially cases normally meet bar legitimate self defense current legislation face extraordinary circumstances confusion consequence attack facing home invasion stand ground law fact necessary defense unlike necessity subject means duty retreat mere fact defender uses weapon unarmed attacker mean defense legitimate manner attack defense depend relative effectiveness defender weapon compared intensity attack manner weapon aiming leg intended non deadly defense aiming chest notwithstanding hits leg attacker death fact person prepares weapon order defend expected attack defense legitimate according courts expected defender wait rely chance damage defender understanding threatened happen place defender use accessible means order prevent imminent attack attacker number successful defensive uses firearms weapon cleared legitimate self defense authorities year raising wider public concern including example shooting attacker shooting aggressive garage cases notable group white supremacy attacked couple street prague man called cease nazi witnessed anti communist famous sculptor immediately rushed help victims fight hunting knife killed year old metal bar wielding charged murder spent months prison released prison charges diminished intentional harm resulting death convicted municipal court prague sentenced years imprisonment years probation period lengthy legal proceedings higher court repeatedly overturned municipal court convictions ordered actions finally cleared legitimate self defense high_court prague decision half years later trial attracted attention conducted protests neo nazi band released song titled shall kill outside house left house shotgun pursued thief thief got car drove direction shot killed sentenced years imprisonment high_court arguing defense legitimate shot went window pardoned president shortly ukrainian immigrant attempted rape university student russia prague forcing managed grab knife purse stabbed directly heart instantly killing police closed case legitimate self defense months later charges brought private security guard pistol pursued foot men believed tried steal scrap metal men climbed railway embankment started throwing rocks guard shot rounds direction mortally wounding head guard convicted murder municipal court prague given sentence years imprisonment decision changed high_court prague conviction intentional harm resulting death sentence years imprisonment guard finally supreme_court considered action legitimate self defense noting defense clearly intensive attack order successful stones bricks thrown presented grave danger man life security system scrap metal yard repeatedly went yard owner time hunt close yard drove directly group jumped car attempted drive away owner shotgun attempted shoot car tires hitting wounding occupants sentenced years imprisonment intentional harm sentence confirmed appeal owner received presidential pardon student verbally attacked group foreigners bar prague student left bar proceeded friend car followed group continued verbally attack family stating issue needs solved immediately student recovered knife car took stand foreigners started punching student stabbed attackers engaged fight stabbed leg death municipal court prague convicted student intentional harm motive sentenced year prison decision overturned high_court prague considered death outcome legitimate self defense supreme state attorney mounted extraordinary appeal supreme_court confirmed noting verbal abuse continued victim got car legitimately perceive ongoing attack supreme_court refused municipal court previous line victim easily left place car duty retreat czech law reasoning threat reach intensity justify lethal defense brothers early armed knife attacked year old man town northern bohemian shot attackers legally owned pistol killing police closed case legitimate self defense months later brought charges surviving attacker popularity guns despite relatively liberal gun laws guns especially popular czech_republic population having gun licenses sport shooting popular sport football hockey population having self defense licenses country higher ratio people concealed carry permits usa licenses registered firearms million population long term number licenses slightly decreases number registered guns keeps growing unprecedented rise gun sales took place average annual rise number registered firearms amounted guns new registered firearms following culmination european crisis november paris attacks proposal ban selected firearms huge rise number qualification exam applications november compared monthly average czech_republic home firearms manufacturers including famous models popular favour types clones semi automatic rifles czech manufacturers especially popular especially czech competition shooters hunters relatively fewer manufacturers smith czech producers incidents gun crimes criminal offenses committed firearms compared criminal acts generally common licensed gun owners commit violent crimes guns gun crimes committed illegal weapons control law number murders committed legally owned guns reached peak people murdered murders committed legally owned guns majority committed family minimum occasionally crimes legally owned guns happen notable examples include shooting policemen called woman claiming attacked husband scene policemen negotiating husband threatening commit suicide legally owned revolver situation peacefully solved wife ran room shot policemen mortally committed suicide forest killer planning killing prague metro preparation policeman randomly murdered forest person days later forest killing legally owned police captured week later preventing murders sentenced life imprisonment prison committed suicide policeman passed difficult psychological evaluation police selection procedure shooting birthday party occurred party czech politician prime minister acquaintance shot junior son prague businessman legally carried gun short quarrel later claimed acting self defense attacked pregnant girlfriend according eyewitness testimony highly unlikely april found guilty murder sentenced half years prison shooting year old invaded house students aged allegedly previously involved shot student grandparents legally owned firearms caliber firearms home rounds ammunition passed psychological evaluation ordered general getting gun license sentenced years imprisonment shooting largest mass shooting country peacetime history individual murdered people holder gun license legally owned guns shooting previously wife committed public order allowed police license general attitudes guns efforts law gun law czech_republic liberal caused fact fall communist regime people wanted regain rights bear arms needs resulted passing liberal legislation surpassed previous restrictive communist enactment law widely accepted led massive civilian especially businessmen felt actual need obtain times shortly velvet revolution known rise organized crime related economic transformation early 1990s falling crime rates fewer people felt need carry protection 2000s trend changed following european crisis november paris attacks gun advocacy groups argue point banning guns criminals guns matter tight law time rules deemed restrictive prevent criminals easily obtaining firearms allowing citizens personal protection example norwegian terrorist reports british newspapers describing prague important transit site point illicit weapons europe found unable obtain country preparing norway attacks similarly polish terrorist obtained guns illegally distant belgium despite living mere czech border fact czech_republic strong tradition firearms manufacturing competition shooting contributes generally moderate attitude gun control sharp increase regional gun ownership took place number attacks perpetrators victims majority population racially motivated taking place especially regions hook high crime rates attributed people minority majority population distrust police authorities local trend didn significantly influence long term statistics efforts law usually arise deadly incidents like described psychological testing gun owners common subject discussion rejected gun advocates point nature tests parties responsible clear pointed unlikely psychological testing reveal potentially dangerous individual famous killers past members military law enforcement passed difficult psychological testing successfully law introducing example sanctions carrying gun proposals introduce mandatory psychological testing passed efforts gun legislation unlikely pass fifth members czech parliament holders gun license believed carry firearms parliament grounds required pass gun check entry unlike staff visitors european parliamentary elections generally firearms possession issue debated czech elections european parliament election exception connection swedish european commissioner initiative introduce new common rules significantly restrict possibilities legally owning firearms connection czech gun owners association asked parties running elections czech_republic agree citizens right carry firearms deciding firearms issues lay hands nation states decided level support activity leading right citizens carry firearms parties running answered answers unanimously positive questions negative exception fringe parties supporting right gun ownership current form support unification rules european level labeled opposing reaction proposal premature pirates support unification rules leading restrictions commenting cross borders czech_republic legally pepper spray fringe parties time voiced intent introduce american style castle doctrine arm general population following example swiss militia types weapons currently regulation type weapons knives pepper electrical weapons freely bought carried concealed manner anybody similarly case firearms prohibited carry weapons court buildings demonstrations mass meetings ministry interior officially recommends carrying non lethal weapons pepper gas pistols means self defense


statute anne statute anne known copyright act cited ann ann act parliament great_britain passed statute provide copyright regulated government courts private parties prior statute enactment copying restrictions authorized licensing press act restrictions enforced company guild given exclusive power print responsibility censor literary works censorship administered licensing act led public protest act renewed year intervals authors sought prevent parliament refused renew licensing act ending monopoly press restrictions years repeatedly advocated bills authorize old licensing system parliament declined enact faced failure decided emphasise benefits licensing authors publishers succeeded getting parliament consider new bill bill substantial amendments granted royal april known statute anne passage reign queen anne new law prescribed copyright term years provision renewal similar term author chose license works publish author creations following work copyright material falling public domain despite period instability known battle initial copyright terms statute began statute anne remained force copyright act replaced statute considered watershed event anglo american copyright history transforming publishers private law copyright public law grant statute copyright time authors publishers included provisions public interest legal deposit scheme statute influence copyright law nations including united_states 21st century frequently invoked modern judges academics copyright law background introduction printing press england william printed works common economically important early richard iii recognised value literary works specifically government legislation years government moved economic regulation provision act banned import foreign works empowered lord chancellor set maximum english books followed increasing degrees censorship proclamation aiming stop spread lutheran doctrine saw henry_viii note contentious wrong england declare authors allow council agents read censor books publication company censorship peaked mary issued royal warrant formally incorporating company old method censorship limited second statute repeal mary increasing existing system unable cope number critical works printed instead royal warrant power company company publishers print distribute books given power enter printing premises destroy illegal works found manufacturing way government self interest publishers royal incentive company follow rules economic monopoly gave members abolition star chamber court high commission long parliament legal basis warrant removed long parliament chose replace licensing act provided company retain original powers imposed additional restrictions printing king permitted enter home business search illegal presses legislation required renewal years regularly copyright normally understood monopoly right copy available publishers authors exist default applied books accepted published company member company register book perpetual copyright printing copying publication leased transferred given heirs member death exception book print months publisher ignored warning available copyright released publishers permitted copy authors particularly respected 18th century permitted members company playing role development use licenses despite company sovereign authority decide published evidence authors recognised company right copy right alter works authors uniformly writers books publication company monopoly censorship failure protect authors system highly unpopular john wrote result experiences company accusing parliament fraud old trade writer system john writing formal memorandum edward clarke licensing act renewed complaining existing system restricted free exchange ideas education providing unfair monopoly company members academic mark rose attributes efforts promote public sphere glorious revolution alterations political system rise public coffee houses source growing public system time period clearly defined political parties taking shape promise regular elections environment public increasing importance political process result developing public sphere provided context enabled collapse traditional press controls lapse licensing act result environment lapse licensing act november committee appointed laws expired fit revived continued committee reported january suggested renewal licensing act included continuation bill rejected house_of_commons february reached house_of_lords lords included licensing act returned bill response second committee appointed produce report indicating disagreed inclusion licensing act chaired edward clarke committee soon reported clarke ordered carry message lords requesting conference act april clarke met representatives lords agreed allow continuation bill pass renewal licensing act lords decision heralded end relationship developed sixteenth seventeenth centuries state company ending nascent publishers copyright existing system censorship john close relationship clarke respect commanded seen academics led decision spent early campaigning statute considering ridiculous works dead authors held copyright letters clarke wrote existing system complaining primarily authors parallels commentary reasons presented lords refusing renew act striking assisted number independent opposed aspects act introduced petition february act prevented conducting business developing public sphere harm existing system caused major political parties seen factor failure renew licensing act led confusion positive negative outcomes government longer played publications monopoly company printing broken uncertainty copyright binding legal concept legislation economic chaos resulted company unable enforce monopoly provincial towns began establishing printing presses producing cheaper books london absence censorship provisions opened britain market internationally printed books similarly cheaper british produce attempts replacement rejection existing system universal approval ultimately unsuccessful attempts replace introduced house_of_commons february committee led clarke write bill better regulating printing printing presses bill essentially copy licensing act narrower jurisdiction books covering religion history affairs state law require official days introduction held emergency meeting agree petition bill contain reference books property eliminating monopoly copying clarke issues provisions debate went end parliamentary session bill failing pass end parliamentary session came general election act required monarch dissolve parliament years causing general election led golden age english electorate allowed forming major political parties time failure renew licensing act political press developed act force official newspaper existed london gazette published government demise string newspapers sprang including flying post evening post daily newspapers strong bias particular parties flying post supporting evening post favour leading politicians parties realising importance efficient propaganda machine influencing electorate added new dimension decision reject new licensing act new parliamentary session authors joined demand new system licensing swift strong advocate licensing daniel wrote november absence licensing man studies seven year bring finish world printer copy immediately sells quarter price things act parliament seeing company took opportunity experiment change approach argument instead lobbying impact absence legislation having trade lobbied behalf authors seeking things indication change approach comes pamphlet john titled reasons offer bill encouragement learning improvement printing argued return licensing reference protect authors guarantee income learned men wholly discouraged useful parts knowledge literature new tactics support authors company petitioned parliament introduce bill providing copyright act passage bills failed led media pressure exacerbated review published december demanding law present parliament encouragement learning arts industry securing property books authors editors followed thoughts present state printing hoped parliament think fit secure property books law followed review december went far provide draft text bill december submitted petition asking legislation issue house_of_commons gave mps edward permission form drafting committee january introduced bill bill encouragement learning securing property copies books rightful owners thereof bill allowed fines imported traded foreign books required book given copyright protection entered register provided legal deposit system centred king library university_of_oxford university_of_cambridge said limiting term copyright specified books property emphasis idea authors deserved copyright simply efforts enthusiastic urging parliament pass bill received second reading february committee met amend february alterations passed house_of_commons february alterations period included minor changes extending legal deposit system cover college faculty advocates major ones including introduction limit length time copyright granted linguistic amendments included line authors possessed books piece property dropped bill moved designed securing property copies books rightful owners thereof bill encouragement learning copies printed books authors copies amendment allowed trade copies books changes bill went house_of_lords finally returned april aims resulting statute debated suggests intent balance rights author publisher public way ensure maximum works academics argue bill intended protect company monopoly conversely weaken writing berkeley technology law journal says considering options correct probable answer motivations bill passed april commonly known simply statute anne passage reign queen anne text consisting sections statute anne formally titled act encouragement learning copies printed books authors copies times mentioned statute indicates purpose legislation bring order book trade saying persons late frequently taken liberty printing publishing causing printed reprinted published books writings consent authors books writings great ruin families preventing practices future encouragement learned men compose write useful books majesty enacted statute moved stating nature copyright right granted right copy sole control printing books provision benefit owner right sale right previously held company members automatically given author soon published ability license rights person copyright gained stages registration book publication company prevent infringement second deposit copies book company royal library universities restriction copyright system designed prohibit high prices books limited authors charge copies prohibition foreign works exceptions latin greek classics registration completed deposits author granted exclusive right control copying book penalties right severe copies destroyed large fines paid copyright holder government month statute limitations bringing case exclusive right length dependent book published published april length copyright years published date years author survived copyright expired granted additional year term ran works enter public domain copyright statute applied scotland england ireland country joined union aftermath impact passage statute initially welcomed stability insecure book trade providing pragmatic bargain rights author publisher public intended boost public learning availability knowledge clause requiring book deposits seen success books deposited penalties severe fine number deposits required meant substantial burden print run copies particularly expensive print cheaper ignore law argued deposit provision applied registered books deliberately avoided registration able liability undermined ruling hood court king bench confirmed registration copyright enforced failure identified found statute covered statute provide means identifying authors identify constituted authored works covered books discussing property right provided merely making selling exact large extent new regime old privilege capped time formally conferred authors publishers impact statute authors minimal previously publishers bought original manuscript writers sum passage statute simply thing manuscript copyright remaining economic power company allowed pressure distributors continuing past arrangements meaning theoretically public domain works treated battle granted works published statute began company publishers began fight preserve status quo port parliament lobbied new legislation extend length copyright failed turned courts principal argument copyright created statute anne existed common law perpetual statute provided limited term works remained copyright common law regardless statutory copyright expired starting began thirty year campaign known battle tried going court applying prohibiting publishers printing works initially successful series legal setbacks years left law ambiguous major action taken clarify situation taylor andrew british publisher purchased rights james seasons copyright term expired competing publisher named robert taylor began issuing work sued went court king bench obtain injunction advocate perpetual copyright common law jury found facts submitted accurate asked judges clarify common law copyright existed arguments delivered june john representing edward representing taylor second set arguments submitted william june judgment given april final decision written lord endorsed confirmed existed copyright common law turned principles independent statute anne justified right author profits labour words regardless statute existed perpetual copyright common law grounds focus author obscured impact decision rest mankind felt create virtual monopoly detrimental impact public certainly considered encouragement propagation learning decision short lived following right print seasons sold coalition publishers including thomas scottish alexander john began publishing edition successfully obtained injunction stop decision appealed eventually went house_of_lords consulting judges king bench common pleas pleas lords concluded copyright perpetual term permitted statute anne maximum length legal protection publishers authors alike expansion repeal repeal extensions copyright law based provisions found statute anne successful bill lobbying came force september extended provision prohibiting import foreign books prohibit import books originally published britain reprinted foreign nations shipped england wales intended stop influx cheap books ireland repealed price restrictions statute anne alteration legal deposit provisions statute found unfair despite initial period compliance principle copies books certain libraries partly statute provisions partly lack cooperation publishers lord north chancellor university_of_oxford succeeded passing bill reiterated legal deposit provisions granted universities perpetual copyright works range extensions came relation statute referred books act parliament necessary pass legislation include types intellectual property copyright act extended copyright cover statutes involved cloth sculptures performance plays music covered copyright respectively length copyright altered copyright act set copyright term years natural life author longer despite expansions felt copyright strong regime thomas noon introduced bill parliament expand scope copyright friend men letters aimed provide adequate rewards authors artists campaigned copyright exist life author additional years proposed existing statutes codified bill case law arisen statute anne clarified proposals led opposition reintroduced modified versions year year publishers concerned cost implications original works works fallen copyright parliament argued bill failed account public interest including lord succeeded defeating bills copyright act passed fell far short dream uniform consistent codified law copyright extended copyright life plus seven years clauses repealed statute anne significance statute anne traditionally seen historic moment development copyright statute world provide copyright ray writing law journal simple understanding ignores statute source arguing best derivative licensing act considering statute anne watershed event anglo american copyright history transforming publishers private law copyright public law grant writing separately note differences licensing act statute anne question censorship question regard statute distinct providing censorship marked time copyright primarily author publisher time treatment authors publishers recognised regardless authors signed away second year term copyright automatically return 21st century statute anne frequently invoked modern judges academics copyright law network example high_court australia noted title statute echoed explicitly emphasis practical importance certain seventeenth century philosophers attached knowledge encouragement scheme human progress despite widely recognised flaws act model copyright statute united_kingdom internationally notes difficult impossible task relationship statute anne early french copyright law difficult direct connection ongoing debate led radically different interpretations nation law similarly belgium took direct influence statute english copyright theory university identifies indirect influence levels criteria constitutes material comes work english edward young underlying justification copyright law belgium justification copyright serves public interest copyright private right serves interests individual authors theories taken account drafting statute anne subsequently impact belgian debates copyright statute united_states copyright clause united_states_constitution federal copyright statute copyright act draw statute anne act contains provisions year term copyright sections provide authors published works mirror protection offered statute years previously