norse mythology old norse slain host female figures choose die battle live selecting half die battle bring chosen hall slain ruled god half goddess field deceased warriors old norse single fighters preparing events bear appear lovers heroes described daughters royalty accompanied connected horses attested poetic book poems compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose saga saga written 13th century appear poetry 14th century charm inscriptions old english terms appear old english manuscripts scholars explored terms appear old english way norse influence reflect tradition native anglo saxon scholarly theories proposed relation supernatural figures associated fate archaeological excavations scandinavia uncovered depicting modern culture subject works art musical works video games poetry etymology word derives old norse composed words referring slain battlefield meaning choose mean slain old norse old english terms include old norse wish maid appearing poem old norse appearing related old norse roughly meaning wish referring fact receives slain warriors old norse poetic mentioned appear poetic poems stanza poem travelling society tells saw coming far away ready ride realm gods follows list old norse possibly debt future bore shield war battle spear tells listed ladies war lord ready ride earth poem disguised tortured tells young wishes mist cloud bear drinking horn provides list says bear axe age power noise battle host spear fight shield truce council truce power truce prose introduction poem relates brothers house sited location called wolf early morning brothers find women spinning shore lake wolf lake near swan daughters king named swan white possibly meaning wise strange creature daughter named possibly meaning beer brothers women hall takes takes takes live seven winters women fly battle return goes snow shoes look goes searching sits poem prose narrative says unnamed silent young man son norwegian king witnesses riding sitting atop burial mound finds particularly striking detailed later prose narrative king daughter protected battles speaks unnamed man gives meaning holy previously silent speaks refers bright face lady asks gift receive bestowed accept tells knows swords particular importance describes detail poem female says seen particularly fair led band times girls girl rode ahead white skinned helmet horses fell deep valleys hail high woods good fortune comes men saw turned stone daylight prose narrative continues king goes father king asks daughter love stays home king goes raiding narrative adds poem continues events dies wound received battle narrative end poem says wife said poem hero sits corpse battlefield light shines fell light strike bolts lightning flying sky appear waist length mail armour blood spears shine brightly light came bolts lightning wearing helmets came blood rays spears stanza follows asks refers southern like come home warriors night falls arrows flying battle victory informs horse father son king clan immense host ride wage battle clan assist plight avoid later poem hero accuses having female witch horrible unnatural adding fight woman account poem phrase sea mist end poem descend sky time protect amid battle battle fly away wolves referred woman mount consume corpses came sky noise spears grew loud protected prince said wound giving flew woman mount fodder battle won tells great ruler beginning poem prose narrative says king son wife son named named antagonist earlier killed king stanza prose narrative says escapes raw meat cattle slaughtered beach encounters daughter king rode air sea stanza uses phrase fed sisters sisters feed corpses left battlefield warriors stanza prose narrative relates immense fleet ships heading encounter great storm lightning strikes ships fleet sees flying air recognise storm fleets arrive safely land dies battle returns visit burial mound end poem prose epilogue explains later dies grief epilogue details belief pagan religion old wives tale people thought couple daughter epilogue details information found lost work prose introduction poem hero rides heads south land mountain sees great light fire burning sky approaches sees banner flying overhead enters sees warrior lying asleep fully armed removes helmet warrior sees face woman woman tight grown woman body uses sword cut starting neck downwards continues cutting takes woman wakes sits looks verse second stanza woman explains placed sleeping spell break spell asleep long time asks woman gives horn help retain words memory woman prayer prose narrative explains woman named narrative relates explains kings fighting promised victory battle brought battle sleeping consequence told fight battle condemned marriage response told sworn great oath man knew fear asks share wisdom worlds poem continues verse provides knowledge mystic wisdom prophecy prose prose written 13th century mentioned chapter book figure high informs king disguise activities mentions high says duty serve bring drink table cups following high gives stanza poem contains list high says women called sent battle choose men die determine victory high adds war refers youngest ride choose slain decide outcome battle chapter high describes wife arrived funeral slain son came references appear book provides information poetry chapter quote given work 10th century poem describes mythological scenes depicted newly built hall including accompanying funeral feast perceive accompanying wise victory tree drink holy offering funeral feast appeared motifs chapter quote anonymous 10th century poem provided section detail poem translation sort dream dreamed rose dawn clear hall slain people aroused benches clean beer cups serve wine arrival prince chapter poetic terms referring woman given including woman referred terms chapter hero riding horse encounters building mountain building finds sleeping woman wearing helmet coat mail cuts mail tells known chapter poetic terms battle include weather weapons shields war kings clash noise followed examples compositions said manner uses din battlefield uses fire sword snow battle uses sail shield crushing wind battle uses din chapter gives similar information referring weapons armor term death old norse instead examples chapter list names alternate names goddess provided section contains list mist additional names section adds called shape necessity manuscripts feature section contain extended list names listed stanza lists mist second stanza lists poem generally accepted authored 9th century norwegian features conversation raven largely consisting life deeds norway poem begins request silence tell deeds narrator states high minded golden haired white armed maiden speaking glossy raven considers wise understands speech birds described having white throat sparkling eyes takes pleasure men wise thought welcome men bright eyed birds speech knew greeted light maiden lily woman skull cliff previously described fair beautiful speaks gore corpse raven come break morning carry claws bloody near night time knew corpses black raven responds rest followed hatching eggs raven expresses surprise unfamiliar deeds tells deeds stanza question answer format begins asks raven question raven responds turn continues poem ends abruptly saga chapter saga man named witnesses people riding stone good friday longer goes looks wall sees women set particular heads men weights men warp sword shuttle composed arrows women sing song called song consists choose slain battle fought outside dublin weaving names given song stanza song reads awful blood red rack races overhead warriors blood war songs end poem sing start swiftly battle swords prose narrative picks says tear pieces holds hands leaves wall heads home women mount horses ride away south north end saga saga poem 10th century presented saga relates king norway died battle christian requests died burial place fitting saga relates shortly died slab rock born greatly friend foe alike friends moved body northward north buried large burial mound armour finest clothing words spoken grave according custom men way poem provided sends forth choose kings battle battle great slaughter description employs battle men die battle leaning spear shaft comments gods following host home holy hears said described sitting high hearted horseback wearing helmets carrying shields horses bore brief exchange follows said victory worthy gods grant said owing issue won fled says shall ride forth green homes tell king come poem continues awaiting battle monstrous wolf chapter prose narrative states death husband mother kings poem composed composition anonymous author 10th century referred describes kings arriving death poem begins comments old norse kind dream said thought cleared coming slain men rise bench wine carry king coming expect heroes coming world certain great ones glad heart god asks sound coming says benches god returned sounds like movement thousand responds knows sounds soon arrive tells heroes rise greet invite hall charm trial held bergen norway records spell accused end marriage lover man named charm contains mention sent send spirits bite second bite breast turn hate old english old english appear times old english manuscripts generally translate foreign concepts old english sermon written considered appear word human early 11th century manuscript oxford library meaning goddess translate names classical manuscripts cotton iii older corpus manuscript cotton iii roman goddess description raven flying egyptian army appears meaning dark choosing slain scholarly theories debate point indigenous belief anglo shared norse result later norse influence section archaeological record female figures cup horn viking age stylized silver depicting women long hair pulled bearing forth drinking horns discovered scandinavia figures commonly considered represent according bernard appear viking age graves presumably placed thought protective powers image stone island sweden features rider legged horse legged horse greeted female 11th century features carving female bearing horn interpreted handing hero depicted stone drinking horn small figure dated discovered denmark amateur archaeologists portrays woman long hair carrying sword shield commenting figure archaeologist said hardly doubt figure depicts know swedish picture stones time inscriptions specific mentioned early 9th century sweden 10th century island sweden mentions employed involves riding wolf tell twelfth horse literally horse sees food battlefield kings lying inscriptions found bergen norway stick late 14th century stick features inscription intended charm inscription says cut cure help twice mention occurs harmful shall evil woman life followed send look desire distress descend wrath shall sit shall sleep love according bernard inscription begin abruptly switching distress misery presumably recipient charm final line appears constitute kind charm aimed securing love woman state opening lines charm correspond poetic poem provides advice meaning term unclear exists accuses having believe word means like supernatural sending points connection charm sent forth names old norse poems section prose book provide lists names addition names appear solely outside lists attested poems names emphasize associations battle cases spear weapon heavily associated god scholars propose names contain descriptive traits nature war possibly descriptive creations names descriptive roles abilities pointing connection goddess attested stone pointing ability place descriptive influence concept fate theories old english old english richard north says description raven flying egyptian army directly influenced old norse concept usage represent loan loan translation old norse cotton iii corpus instances appear anglo saxon conception independent contemporary scandinavian influence old english mention figures representing anglo saxon notion like female beings charm cure sudden pain bees charm honey bees sudden pain attributed small spear thrown supernatural strength old english fierce loudly flying mighty women old english ridden burial mound loud yes loud rode burial mound fierce rode land shield survive strife little spear stood lime wood shield light coloured light weight shield mighty women powers send spears theories proposed figures connected richard north says clear poet takes women female sex riding flight throwing spears suggest imagined england female analogous later norse originally battle spell time reduced evoke end bees bees referred victory women old english settle victory women wild fly woods welfare man eating home term victory women pointing association theory universally accepted reference simple metaphor victorious sword bees old high german female beings army reads sat sat bound hampered army escape flee enemies mentioned generally considered says obviously kind power enemies norse mythology points connection old norse army compares old english charm similar role says west term old saxon old high german old english refers respected woman married unmarried possibly term woman exactly latin link north term reasonable assume undisputed addition place meaning plain forces commanded fought commanded battle river points connection role states old norse appears commonly simply term woman old high german old saxon old english denote type goddess according sources lead conclude like guardians dead called explicitly called dead women secondary belief souls dead women folklore says function extremely varied fertility goddess personal guardians warrior belief like belief considered different belief number female jacob states similar nature fundamental difference states functions separate usually persons fate sit chairs country threads said ride ride war decide issues fighting conduct fallen heaven riding like heroes gods origins development theories proposed origins development later norse mythology suggests probably originally viewed demons dead warriors slain battlefield belonged shift interpretation occurred concept changed battlefield warrior paradise says original concept superseded shield girls irish female warriors lived like says closely associated connection existed earlier role demons death states shift concept popular figures heroic poetry transition stripped demonic characteristics human capable falling love says majority names point function names appear old names come poetic creativity real folk belief role corpse choosing increasingly confused later norse mythology supernatural females responsible determining human destiny says evidently elaborate literary picture built generations poets recognise akin spirits decide men protect men battle spells powerful female guardian spirits attached certain families bringing luck youth protection certain women armed fought like men historical evidence regions round black_sea adds memory god war women rites captives death battle places emphasis fact literally means slain compares mention slain sermon appears classes mentions concludes human ones unlikely introduced mythological figures points arab traveller ibn detailed account 10th century ship funeral river features old woman massive grim look refers angel death killing slave girl women refers daughters says hardly surprising strange legends grew women kept apart kind duties decided lot prisoners killed idea god chose victims instrument familiar apart obvious assumption chosen fall war says appears early times peoples believed fierce female spirits command war god stirring disorder taking battle seizing slain goddess field receives half slain connected points description said rides battle takes half slain interprets field warriors notes like receives slain heroes died battlefield house translates filled seats dwelling likely fills function comments ask heroic old norse view possibly consequence different forms initiation warriors belonged examples indicate war goddess appears literally chooses slain comments mythological role half fallen warriors death realm goddess emerges mythological role model sic modern influence subjects poems works art musical works poetry appear die appearing die appearing land works art depicting include die sketch previously located munich palace destroyed paintings reproduced title die und die painting oil painting oil painting statue oil painting painting painting ride painting statue freeze located copenhagen print drawing popular culture depicted popular culture including comic books video games square_enix tri ace created popularly critically acclaimed profile series video games centered trio including exploring origins fight divine war leading comic makers stan lee jack created serve similar function having similar marvel comics marvel adaptation norse mythology includes beginning october illustrations


sanskrit spelled indonesian queen king great grandmother princes principal characters hindu epic mother author epic story appears daughter king known cursed fish brought adopted daughter fisherman banks river smell body known smell fish helped father job young woman met wandering sage fathered son sage gave earned names like spread miles later king beauty fell love married condition children inherit throne denying eldest son crown prince bore children death prince sons help ruled kingdom sons died childless arranged son father children children fathers respectively death went forest died witnessing war presence mind far mastery praised means achieving goals blind ambition criticized literary sources names little said later texts elaborate legend known numerous names term address means slaves princess means daughter king birth dark indicates dark birth means means noted known earlier life dark later life birth early life according previous life daughter ancestors cursed born earth assert daughter cursed named transformed curse fish lived river king better known hunting expedition nocturnal dreaming wife sent queen eagle fight eagle dropped river cursed fish consequently fish pregnant chief fisherman caught fish cut open found babies fish male female fisherman presented children king kept male child boy grew founder kingdom king gave female child fisherman naming smell fish odor came girl body fisherman raised girl daughter named dark course time earned fisherman people river boat helped father job grew beautiful maiden meeting birth narrates sage river sage wanted satisfy lust held right hand tried dissuade saying learned stature desire woman fish finally gave realizing desperation persistence sage fearing request boat agreed told patient boat reached bank reaching sage grabbed declared body delightful words transformed powers sage called desire approached insisted act appropriate broad daylight father sex bank wait till night sage powers entire area fog enjoy interrupted enjoy depart leaving society sage blessed asked promise secret intact son born union famous great sage youth eternal granted wishes beautiful act sage river left meet story noting wishes sweet gave birth day baby island son immediately grew youth promised mother come aid time called left forest son called krishna dark colour born island later known author fulfilling prophecy returned home help father marriage day king came forest hunting trip sweet scent reached house seeing fell love sight king asked fisherman chief daughter hand fisherman said daughter marry king sons inherit throne king shocked returned palace son heir apparent distressed father condition learned promise asked fisherman chief minister immediately rushed fisherman chief hand father behalf fisherman repeated condition told worthy rejected marriage proposals like renounced claim throne favour son fisherman contended children dispute grandson claim intensely pledged terrible fisherman immediately gave henceforth called terrible presented married born mother abandoned fate immediately birth returns birthplace search mother finds queen birth children grandchildren marriage bore sons tells recalling events death period mourning death throne demanded hand return wealth killed lost powers wife include event describes king command later killed namesake musician death young brother crowned king ruled behalf command grew married won marriage choice childless met death tuberculosis heir throne asked marry following practice narrower sense marriage rule king refused reminding promise father suggests hired father children preserving dynasty revealing tale encounter knew time son aid brother saying affection brother dynasty sake request command kindness creatures protection people heart thee convincing managed great difficulty obtain consent daughters law agreed immediately version initially refused proposal argued wives like daughters having sin good come master hungry asserted preserve dynasty wrong elders followed going reduce sorrow mother finally agreed task suggested offspring source joy period older queen invited sex noticed dark appearance closed eyes declared cruelty son blind strong sons later known descendants considered heir king asked daughter law fell pale grim appearance result child told mother child course blind pale born invited remembered grim appearance substituted lowest maid place maid respected sage afraid blessed son intelligent man longer slave told deception disappeared incarnation god born maid days consequently birth maid crowned king cursed sage renounced kingdom went forest wives wives children sons gods died curse forest died returned grief stricken death wish live longer rites warned happiness end dynasty devastating events occur future leading destruction able bear old age suggestion left forest daughters law forest died attained heaven assessment texts mention fisherman father reason pledge indirect downfall known authors consider father reasons author blind ambition introduces embodiment driving force ambition vision turn says way female species male end means life goal ambition succession lineage inheritance fortune sons ironically comments right throne children life fame actions decisions indirectly create generation encompassed greed ultimately leads concludes story teaches new generation women determination commitment different calculation know greed takes ambition author sexually women praises handling encounter sage notes young tackles persistent sage great maturity presence mind remarks maturity century points ought mutually enjoyable belief sage marry asks ensure future status society comments sequence requests sexual act pleasant veil mist act secret status future fame child securing fame practical aspects feminine lifelong youth says modern day women wish half confident clear headed desires goals praises characteristic far ensures future children indirectly crown prince brings illegitimate son scene father sons dead son turning renowned lunar dynasty lineage slave maiden


norse mythology goddess associated youth attested poetic compiled 13th century earlier traditional sources prose written 13th century sources described wife god prose keeper eternal prose relates forced lure wood promising interesting form eagle wood takes home absence causes gods grow old grey realize responsible disappearance promises return form falcon finds home turns takes finds gone turns eagle chases gods build sudden stop feathers catch fire falls gods kill number theories surround including potential links fertility potential origin european religion long subject artworks referenced modern popular culture variously explained meaning young modern english alphabet lacks character applied denote resulting forms appears personal historical sources records use iceland personal pagan period 10th century records incidents women daughter early granddaughter earliest settlers recorded book origin old english 19th century author charlotte mary writes certain noting feminine latin fit absence romance countries taken indication mere northern goddess youth 19th century scholar jacob proposed potential connection states original form goddess possibly connected states known word hear goddess poetic appears poetic poem included modern editions poetic late poem introduced wife prose introduction poem attend feast held dialog occurs insulted stanza says said ask service blood adoptive relations shouldn words blame hall said silent declare women man placed arms washed bright brother slayer said saying words blame hall beer living things love exchange accused having slept killer brother brother killer accounted surviving source afterward goddess speaks poem continues turn poem additional information given information identified descending elder children stanza reads ash sunk race youngest elder children prose introduced prose section prose book described wife keeper wooden box ash wood carrying personal possessions keeps gods begin grow old young described occurring described king disguise states gods depend greatly good faith care laugh high responds came close tell hear names continues providing information gods book mentioned chapter numbered sitting banquet chapter tells abduction says hitting eagle disguise pole finds stuck bird pulled sky feet stones gravel trees feels arms pulled shoulders shouts begs eagle truce eagle responds free come outside accepts conditions returns friends time agreed certain forest telling discovered find worth keeping told ought bring compare discovered arrives eagle shape flies away takes home begin grow grey old disappearance assemble thing ask seen realize time seen going outside arrested brought thing threatened death torture terrified says goddess lend falcon shape search land falcon shape flies north day later arrives home finds sea boat home turns holds claws flies away fast possible arrives home finds gone gets eagle shape chases causes storm wind falcon flying pursuing eagle bring loads wood falcon flies fortification drops wall eagle misses falcon unable stop feathers catch fire eagle falls gates kill killing greatly renowned chapter husband given means referring chapter means referring given wife keeper age old cure additionally connection story abduction referred booty passage 10th century poem gives lengthy description richly detailed shield received features depiction abduction cited portions referred maid knew age old cure gods lady girl friend chapter cited visiting appears final time prose chapter appears list theories fertility surviving stories focus youth maintaining english scholar links religious practices points found 9th century ship burial site norway fruit nuts having described transformed found early graves peoples england continent europe symbolic meaning nuts recognized symbol fertility southwest england notes connection tribe gods associated fertility norse mythology citing instance golden given beautiful acting messenger major god mentions brother slayer stanza states led suggestions connected similar way notes connection fertility norse mythology chapter saga major goddess sends king apple child messenger guise crow drops apple lap sits atop mound wife consumption apple results year pregnancy section birth son hero points strange phrase 11th century poem states imply apple thought food dead notes potentially goddess depicted parallels exist early irish stories asserts cultivation apple northern europe extends time roman empire came europe near east native varieties apple trees growing northern europe small bitter concludes figure dim reflection old symbol guardian goddess life giving fruit world european basis david abduction eagle form example european motif eagle steals means addition says parallel theft symbols fertility noted celtic myth brian sons assume guise hawks order steal sacred garden pursuit guardians female john possible meaning young potentially allow perform ability provide eternal gods states mention refers maiden understood eternal life abduction dangerous moments gods general movement female gods reversed accusations leveled lee intended humorous accusations thrown poem necessarily taken generally accepted lore time composed charges easy difficult targets care study poem richard north comments probably understood aspect goddess gods rely youth beauty modern influence subject number artistic depictions depictions include statue statue plaster statue resulting modeled painting hammer und und drawing john ward 19th century composer richard wagner der ring des opera cycle features version goddess combined planet venus named publication united_states based group edited diana derives goddess swedish magazine named goddess appears basket banner new_zealand comedy drama counterparts helen played castle hughes


hindu goddess wife god known south indian traditions known south indian texts spelled described daughter king gods commander chief gods south indian accounts generally depicted wife complete god generally depicted accompanied enjoy independent worship consort temples plays greater role temple believed site marriage etymology sanskrit goddess means army gods husband known lord epithet pun conveys role commander chief gods called tamil literally meaning elephant raised divine elephant legends references north india generally considered unmarried sanskrit scriptures generally regard consort south india described daughter king gods wife adopted daughter book narrates tale birth mentions literally army demons daughters sisters enjoying leisure banks lake demon marry refuses gods defeated battle demons searching ideal commander army gods reaches place held captive request defeats demon rescues asks find husband protect defeat gods demons discusses matter god agree son born suitable husband commander chief gods accordingly forced son exploits prove supremacy gods general army gods married point text identified proclaimed father ultimately aid gods defeat demons narrative identified like south indian manuscripts sanskrit scripture mentions daughters god previous life regarded son law husband southern scripture tamil version sanskrit story marriage fated married god elder sister born follows path traditional hindu rituals practices gain husband adopts daughter marries arranged marriage following custom demons describes daughter mention adoption couple described taking hills chief temples temple stands version describes couple residing heaven gods born adopted tribal grows wins hand takes god temple flanked left right end trio gods lives harmony alternate ending found lore describes staying forest wedding temple stands tries vain god return gods finally joins reside unlike talks harmony tamil literature speaks conflict resulting battle royal soldiers hunter clan win folk folk poem presented dialogue persons tradition talks quarrel wives version elder sister tries marriage tradition elder sister married infuriated born forest life curse fulfilled born details correspond found tale married times version god born earth punishment mocking sister literature describes accompanied wife honoured procession gods generally depicted husband particularly form called sits left thigh headed armed arms holds waist numerous depictions exist location marriage south indian representations depicted consort favoured south indian depictions depicted standing left hand yellow depicted adorned crown ornaments wears traditional arms holds lotus left arm right hand hangs symbolism presence said denote dual nature god heaven earth wife married traditional arranged marriage won resulting love marriage represent dedicated respectively son son law marriages identified soul husband lord represents god marriage conveys ideals soul remains detached god relative autonomy earns love god merit contrast philosophy says god attached soul contains tamil dedicated praises god allowed wives daughter hunter princess described equally spend time earth heaven conveyed wives daughter heavens maiden interpretation regards trio eyes representations power action power respectively lord eye symbol power knowledge tamil literature kinds love mentioned love bound traditional marriage represented love marriage conveyed represents conventional control approach worship god worship self abandonment purity trinity middle stability superior pure inferior dark worship temple near dedicated believed married god location festival icon depicts god seated close divine consort temple earliest temples dedicated divine couple independent temples dedicated images installed flank lord receive offerings worship fast observed consort festival icons temple festival generally depict


hindu folk goddess snakes mainly parts north northeastern india chiefly prevention cure fertility prosperity sister king snakes wife sage known destroyer poison eternal myths emphasize bad temper rejection father husband hatred wife identified context scriptures sage considered father depicted kind harsh people refused worship denied mixed aim fully establish authority goddess acquire human origins appears hindu text snake goddess recognized daughter sage mother 14th century identified goddess fertility marriage rites relative myths describing saved drank poison poison popularity grew spread southern india cult began rival consequence stories birth emerged ultimately adopted indigenous goddess tradition mainstream depicted woman covered snakes sitting lotus standing snake sheltered canopy seven depicted child lap child assumed son called eyed goddess tribe northeastern india called blind goddess eyes burnt legends tells story marriage sage practiced severe decided marriage came group men hanging tree upside men ancestors doomed misery children performed rites advised marry son free performing ceremonies offered sister hand son freed ancestors helped saving race destruction king decided sacrificing fire offering scriptures speak birth declare sage father described reptiles created chaos earth sage created goddess mind creator god presiding deity snakes reptiles gained control earth power god told krishna pleased krishna granted divine powers making established goddess married sage agreed marry condition leave awakened upset awakened late worship deserted request great hindu gods returned gave birth son local deities composed 13th 18th centuries trace origin myths goddess according born statue girl sculpted mother touched accepted sister granted charge poison produced king earth cow saw sexually attracted proved father took home wife suspected wife insulted burnt eyes leaving half blind later dying poison cured occasion kicked rendered poison eye finally tired deserted tree created companion tears remorse called later sage married ruined wedding night advised wear snake ornaments threw frog chamber caused snakes run chamber consequence terrified ran away house days returned son born accompanied adviser descended earth obtain human initially mocked people forced worship denied power managed convert people different walks life including muslim ruler failed convert wanted goddess like order achieve worship extremely adamant took oath worship gain fear killed sons dancers court loved birth seventh son took birth married killed floated water months dead body husband finally brought lives seven sons lost prosperity yielded offering flower goddess left hand looking gesture happy resurrected sons restored fame fortunes worship popular forever attributes difficulty attracting curse gave previous life counter curse popular earth renditions myth depicted dependent traditionally imagined ideas moral support fact curious instance sister legend old society reflects conflict religion female local deities recognized form worship accepted phase mother nearer far worship generally image branch tree pot snake image goddess images protection cure snake bites infectious diseases like smallpox chicken cult widespread temples goddess widely rainy season snakes active important fertility deity especially lower invoked marriage usually mentioned called etc parts north called important shrine found courtyard household lower east present day bangladesh great especially important deity initiate worship heroine daughter clan powerful trading community extensively kind musical folk theatre dedicated entirely myth festival snake worship hindu month july august women observe fast day offer milk snake holes notable temples


television network television network known network simply incorrectly world pioneer commercial television networks nbc cbs distinction overall usa began operation united_states owned laboratories television equipment set manufacturer network hindered cost broadcasting regulations imposed federal communications commission restricted company growth company partner paramount_pictures despite innovations broadcasting creation television biggest stars 1950s network found solid financial ground forced expand channels era standard feature television sets fought battle program outside owned operated stations new_york washington pittsburgh finally ending network operations day obscurity caused mainly destruction extensive program archive 1970s prompted historian david refer forgotten network network long gone popular programs stars emmy award winner life worth living appear television mentioned briefly books television history history origins laboratories founded allen laboratory basement staff responsible early technical innovations including consumer electronic television set company television sets soon gold standard industry worked army developing radar technology world war ended bringing million capital company early sales television sets hampered lack regularly scheduled programming broadcast months selling set opened new_york area experimental television station new_jersey station moved manhattan channel_4 unlike cbs nbc reduced hours television broadcasting world war continued scale experimental commercial broadcasts war derived initials moving channel commercial television station new_york opened experimental washington minority laboratories paramount_pictures advanced share company paramount television interests having launched experimental stations los_angeles chicago association paramount ultimately proved mistake soon experimental washington station signed began experimental cable laboratories new_jersey stations said broadcasts announced dropped atomic bomb nagasaki japan august later considered official beginning network thomas network chief engineer best friend regular network service began august named pair joined channel pittsburgh nbc new_york known station station television links early philadelphia received station licenses nbc resumed previously sporadic network broadcasts war abc come existence radio network enter network television signed flagship station new_york_city cbs waited begin network operations waiting federal communications commission approve color television system eventually companies including mutual yankee network paramount interested starting television networks prevented successfully restrictive regulations paramount television network actually limited success network operations late 1940s early 1950s programming despite history radio programming stable radio stars draw perennial cash shortages innovative creative network radio revenues supported mighty nbc cbs programmers relied connections broadway eventually network provided original programs remembered years later network largely ignored standard business model 1950s sponsored entire enabling complete control content instead sold commercials different freeing producers shows veto power held sole sponsors eventually standard model television commercial time sold basis spots sold network wide holds important place american history sign possible stations midwest receive live network programming stations east_coast vice versa networks relied separate regional networks time zones live programming west_coast received network programming films shot directly live television screens originating east_coast january cable linking east midwest known television circles golden spike reference golden spike united railroad activated ceremony hosted carried networks channel chicago new_york able share programs live cable feed signed pittsburgh station completed east_coast midwest chain allowing stations regions air program simultaneously standard years west_coast got live programming east east able live programming west beginning modern era network television broadcasts came madison avenue headquarters soon found additional space including fully functioning theater new_york branch department store ninth street broadway later lease theatre 54th street ambassador theatre west 49th street gave network site variety shows lavish centre opened jacob central opera house east street network broadcast film production talk fast produced aired situation comedy mary johnny network televised soap opera hill stars variety hosted birthplace took variety cbs filmed classic episodes theater studio bishop program life worth living went cities compete successfully ratings television won emmy award outstanding personality network notable programs include original amateur hour began radio 1930s original host edward amsterdam comedy variety hosted amsterdam started cbs moving captain video video rangers hugely popular kids science fiction series arthur murray party dance program popular panel rocky king inside detective private eye series starring camera eye view detective series live coverage boxing professional wrestling featuring matches staged capitol wrestling corporation predecessor wwe science review award winning education program cash carry network televised game truly innovative visual radio television network pioneer programming aimed minority audiences featuring minority performers time american networks aired television series non whites minority programs gallery madame starring asian american film actress anna star asian american scott starring pianist singer scott network series hosted black woman programming pre dated offerings recorded said stored warehouse 1970s actress adams wife comedian regular performers early television testified panel library congress preservation television video adams claimed little value given films stored loaded trucks dumped upper new_york bay number programs survive center media new_york_city ucla film television archive los_angeles awards collection university georgia museum broadcast communications chicago nearly entire film archive destroyed surviving shows released dvd large number episodes life worth living saved aired weekly catholic oriented cable network eternal word television network makes collection available dvd biographical information added end episodes image bishop looking television camera seen companies distribute dvds internet released small number episodes stars amsterdam programs captain video video rangers rocky king inside detective small surviving episodes released commercially major distributor public domain programming awards programs necessity low budget affairs network received relatively awards industry awards 1950s went nbc cbs able spend companies draw extensive history radio broadcasting relatively new television medium win number awards years operation season bishop host life worth living won emmy award outstanding personality beat cbs arthur edward ball nominated award nominated win consecutive public service received emmy nomination popular game television season category best audience participation panel program network nominated twice coverage professional football television seasons science review public affairs program awarded award education category emmy science review national awards network received series performers continued win local awards mid-1950s network longer national presence ratings earliest measurements audiences performed company new_york performed ratings fact talent program original amateur hour popular series season variety ranked popular variety series stars tenth popular series seasons later february competitor nielsen bought system fare change shows appeared nielsen annual lists popular series network biggest hits 1950s life worth living received nielsen ratings attracting million viewers man program discussed philosophy psychology fields thought christian perspective widely viewed religious series history television local television stations aired life years program competed successfully nbc popular abc cbs programs aired timeslot cancelled life worth living program achieve double digit ratings time magazine reported popular game attracted audience estimated million viewers similarly summer replacement series achieved audiences estimated million series moderately popular compared nbc cbs highest rated programs nielsen company report ratings companies measured viewership adjacent chart comes august ratings breakdown reported billboard magazine disputes paramount struggled programs aired parts country technical limitations network lines maintained telephone company corporation 1940s 1950s television signals sent stations cable microwave links owned service provider cable lines microwave circuits provide signal relay service networks time allocated times network offer live programs allotted nbc cbs hours live prime time network service gave abc hours required television network lease radio television lines television network radio network forced pay service use protested actions federal communications commission eventually received compromise biggest corporate company partner paramount relations companies strained early paramount opened experimental television stations los_angeles chicago claimed original acquisition proposal required paramount expand television interests paramount representative paul member board directors denied restriction discussed point examination original draft document grow stations applying new television station licenses cincinnati cleveland network owned operated stations maximum allowed time hampered paramount stations channel los_angeles channel_4 channel chicago descendants experimental stations stations carried programming exception year fact competed cities ruled paramount essentially controlled effectively placed network station cap paramount influence network management power voting stock brought conclusion unable open additional stations long paramount owned stations owned portion paramount refused sell paramount_pictures launched paramount television network service provided local television stations filmed television programs paramount network company invested paramount share stars big budgets filmed programs company stopped financially supporting paramount executives indicated produce programs studio supplied network programs technical assistance relationship paramount came head hearings abc united paramount theaters merger paul executive paramount publicly derided quality television sets court testimony trouble start began basic disadvantage unlike nbc cbs abc radio network draw big talent affiliate loyalty radio profits television operations television medium profitable early television licenses granted established radio broadcasters longtime relationships radio networks carried new medium cbs nbc lesser extent abc gained began offer programming drew radio backgrounds bringing popular radio stars early television station owners deciding network receive main affiliation likely choose cbs roster ball jack sullivan nbc lineup offered unknown bishop smaller markets limited number stations abc relegated secondary status programs got clearance primary network air delayed recording adding troubles freeze television license applications sort thousands applications come streaming allocation technical standards laid prior world war clear soon war channels channel removed television broadcasting use storms types interference severely affect quality signals channel nearly national television service month freeze lasted opened spectrum require television manufacturers include capability order stations people buy expensive picture quality marginal best tied decision restrict smaller sized markets television sets required channel tuning forced rely expand saw station dark dismal ratings bought small distressed station channel kansas_city missouri ran months shutting considerable loss attempting compete established stations said outlets markets question lived eventually turned corner terms end early years television measure cooperation major television networks television grew profitable business intense rivalry developed networks radio nbc cbs competed fiercely viewers advertising dollars contest abc hope win according author dennis nbc tried arrangement abc cbs destroy network plan nbc cbs exclusively offer abc popular series aired bigger networks abc network runs shut abc president rejected nbc executive david proposal report justice department survived early 1950s pittsburgh lone commercial station sixth largest market competition came stations distant stations pennsylvania ohio west_virginia commercial station signed pittsburgh giving facto monopoly television area carried secondary networks chip programs cleared large markets despite severe financial straits appeared way establishing national network programs aired live stations count seven primary stations owned operated stations plus chicago channel los_angeles channel denver channel columbus ohio contrast abc complement augmented primary abc radio network descended nbc blue network draw talent affiliate loyalty profit stream television operations abc primary stations cbs nbc abc badly verge bankruptcy year company announced merger united paramount theaters theater division paramount_pictures spun result united_states paramount_pictures decision approved merger time begun differentiate nbc cbs allowed choose locations advertising ran potentially saving millions dollars contrast abc operated like cbs nbc fourth large forcing purchase large buy list stations abc fortunes dramatically altered february cleared way buy network merger provided abc badly needed cash giving resources mount shelf programming provide national television service scale approaching cbs nbc president abc gained ties hollywood studios matched producers broadway realizing abc deal near extinction network officials receptive merger offer abc quickly deal managing director merged network called abc honored network commitments return million cash guaranteed advertising time sets secure future staff merged abc cbs nbc owned stations largest television markets excluding philadelphia abc radio network inherited facto monopoly pittsburgh networks ownership station nation capital nbc sell new_york station abc flagship channel probably sell stations likely abc smallest detroit san_francisco broadcasting channel limit stations owner paramount vetoed plan hand concerns months earlier ruled paramount controlled questions separated paramount way readily obtain cash sold electric corporation million late gave short term cash eliminated leverage network program markets facto monopoly pittsburgh company advertising revenue half february executives realized company continue television network decision shut network operations operate independent stations april entertainment programs dropped bishop aired program april later moved abc programs left network inexpensive shows sporting events keeping left network going summer network largely abandoned use network cable spent million transmit shows lacked station clearance company retained network links live sports programming utilizing company process produce studio based programming ironically best remembered producers half hour episodes aired cbs television season august paramount help seized control laboratories non sports program game story aired september network feed occasional sporting events broadcast boxing match aired august date reported april september august according source final program aired stations nationwide appears boxing syndicated east_coast stations likely production successor company spun broadcasting corporation later changed metropolitan broadcasting company distance company seen complete failure john bought paramount shares million renamed company later broadcasts original letters fox affiliate years major broadcast television network cease operations cbs corporation time warner shut struggling networks upn september create television network schedule originally composed largely programs predecessor networks fate stations owned stations operating coincidentally owned operated stations respective networks washington original letters new_york later survived owned purchased news corporation form nucleus new fox broadcasting company clarke maintained memorial site suggested fox considered revival linear descendant changed letters pioneering radio station switched primary affiliation cbs immediately sale acquisition cbs cbs owned operated station programming library produced television episodes decade shows created prior launch electronic recorder late initially broadcast live black white recorded film west_coast early 1970s vast library eventually wound hands successor network reportedly disposed new_york_city east river room recent vintage warehouse silver process microscopic amounts silver black white film time estimated complete television shows survive today famous virtually comedy sketches existing episodes believed come personal archives hosts dennis james peak affiliated television stations days television stations free cherry pick programs air stations affiliated multiple networks depending mainly number commercial television stations available market given time markets commercial station available carried programming major networks carried little programming choosing air popular programs life worth living sports programming weekends stations carried program lineup later years carried poorly watched channels secondary stations ended operations april honored network commitments august network programs internet archive adventures queen captain video video rangers stars life worth living miss television contest amsterdam old american barn dance okay mother way public prosecutor rocky king detective school house stand accused network identification

Television networks and overview articles


known streaming video demand refers business model access streaming video content television channel requires users current subscribers channel account provided participating pay television provider order access content model broadcasters offer customers ability access content channels internet based services mobile live demand subscription service time warner cable proposed concept television providers networks began roll services subscribers including major networks tnt owner early supporter concept espn hbo broadcast television networks began adopt restrictions online content providers touted advantages able access content multiple platforms including internet mobile devices television subscription services criticized difficult end users set media activists criticized concept extends existing subscription television industry internet considering cord drop cable satellite entirely favor content terrestrial television internet subscription video demand services rationale services developed attempt compete market trend cord cutting consumers drop traditional pay television favor content exclusively air television online demand services including youtube sources streaming video demand services allow traditional television providers directly compete competitors add value existing television effort retain subscribers particular broadcasters providers emphasized use services allow multi platform access content devices personal computers video game consoles history espn introduced like concept service allowed users stream sports programming networks live demand website access restricted users internet service providers negotiated deals espn offer service model closer nature cable television carriage similar tactics soon channels nfl network technique restrict access game extra service thursday night football david espn executive vice president affiliate sales marketing future model believing access exclusive content soon play greater role competition high speed internet providers model deemed violation principles net neutrality critics policies net neutrality apply content providers introduction adoption time warner cable announced initiative known set principles designed serve framework facilitate deployment online television content way consumer friendly pro competitive concept enable users respective cable television services access live demand online content channels account based system ceo believed principles good concepts likely general direction networks distribution connections summer began trials services based system turner broadcasting early supporter system providing access tnt content trials officially launched public beta based portal december double play television internet customers providers began follow suit broadcasters television providers began wider roll based services winter olympics nbc sports offered live video demand access events games required users access february hbo launched hbo video demand service exclusive hbo subscribers participating providers september disney begin launching array based services including allowing users stream espn entire suite channels accompanied later launches similar watch services disney channel disney august fox air network restrict demand access based system day demand episodes website joint venture fox nbc abc time available online users cable satellite provider plus service users subject day delay september fellow fox property big network college sports network dedicated big conference operated partnership fox sports launched service known expansion matt senior vice president digital emerging platforms considered summer olympics watershed event services announced total nearly million devices accessed online coverage games site nbc olympics live extra app particular parent company accounted million devices million users following games nbc olympics live extra app launched nbc sports live extra serving general app nbc sports services began appear canada canadian launch hbo announcement services bell media beginning including media beginning global majority canadian broadcasters vertically integrated bell operate internet service providers national satellite television services abc released watch abc mobile app allows viewers participating providers access live streams participating abc december abc confirmed impose similar restriction fox day demand episodes beginning january day users plus subscribers nbc unveiled plans similar app affiliate board april november negotiations surrounding revenue sharing including proposed requirement games available league existing major_league_baseball reached year deal fox allow offer market online streaming fox sports streamed mlb advanced media infrastructure teams holds regional rights fox sports networks division december discovery communications long hold concept launched discovery centralized service mobile app discovery channel sister networks american heroes channel animal planet destination america discovery life investigation discovery science channel velocity reception concept met mixed reception broadcasters initially hesitant introduce services concerns affect advertising revenue adequately counted nielsen ratings media activists criticized system protecting existing closed television tying internet based content traditional television providers competitors purely internet based public knowledge believed plan program distributors able emerge consumers able cut cord find want online result consumers free press released report entitled cable industry kill online traditional cable distributors continue serve consumers current geographically limited competing providers areas tying programming local cable denying content pure online distributors incumbent industry hopes artificially reproduce lack competition distribution accustomed based geographical turf national cable telecommunications association denied free press arguments stating effort ensure content distributed internet extra charge consumers hand songwriters guild america president praised concept recent developments helping provide easier legal access premium content online july analyst richard criticized video demand services offered systems supported examples tnt noticed ads repeated tnt case version episode ship included minutes ads minutes programming conclusion contended viewers wait programs appear commercial free services use services viewer awareness despite efforts broadcasters educate viewers services utilize including fox featured promotional video jane lynch glee character sue describing process painful critics end users criticized registration processes frustrating difficult response providers took steps improve user experiences disney reported use services increased simply changed process use term verify instead introduced systems automatically verify users residential provider platforms providers added ability users link provider account social network facebook twitter summer olympics winter olympics nbc worked closer providers help educate users produced marketing materials video featuring ryan help inform users incentive nbc allowed users enter win trip london rio_de_janeiro dissatisfaction system quality nbc overall coverage led increase use virtual private network services access comprehensive online coverage games provided broadcasters canada london united_kingdom bbc use normally viewed inside united_states territorial rights restrictions april cable telecommunications association marketing unveiled industry wide initiative marketing subscribers services provided broadcasters providers efforts include stylized logo organization intends providers use unified brand denote services logo consists representing multiple screens platforms viewing content association provided design recommendations user experiences aiming alleviate confusion experienced users process adoption december survey pay television subscribers group found service month satisfied experience analyst felt aggressive use model helping counter cord cutting speaks level engagement programming comfort internet access interact programming study found pay television subscribers service services week comparison amid criticism nbc coverage adoption nbc services winter olympics significantly large february coverage men hockey semi final featuring canada recorded largest live extra audience nbc sports history million unique viewers average television audience million espn coverage world cup drew similarly heavy online viewership group stage match portugal million concurrent viewers viewers necessarily watching game december research firm estimated united_states pay television subscribers service increase overall use doubled surveyed found process easy surveyed aware term logo leading firm believing consumer awareness education critical missing piece adoption services platform non neutrality criticized decision block access hbo playstation devices allowing use competing apple xbox similarly blocked access showtime spokesperson provider stated new website device player need work technical integration customer service takes time resources moving forward continue partner players net neutrality hearings comments proposed merger time warner cable contrast allows hbo access supported devices criticized provider concept specific devices demand platform external services company argued providers favor certain platforms stating large powerful use leverage negotiations content providers operators streaming platforms ultimately favoring parties afford pay privilege business leverage december enabled ability use hbo showtime devices blocks hbo playstation consoles


media company produces content babies television internet mobile content intended develop baby skills color recognition counting vocabulary shows mobile devices network distributed million homes based los_angeles california founded guy broadcast founded regency enterprises capital distribution expanded agreements dish network verse developed premium youtube channel mobile app developed verse allows babies interact television programming drawing mobile device history origins founded guy network launched later available dish network june available dish network june network based los_angeles initially funded regency enterprises hollywood movie studio holding company capital private fund controversial introduced hour channel children months years age channel popular parents grew quickly distribution expansion obtained agreements distribute channel united_kingdom satellite network mexico sky mexico french version introduced end arranged broadcasting agreements europe middle east canada started broadcasting territories asia pacific china korea october started distributing channel singapore audience broadcast africa latin_america signed distribution agreement time warner cable hbo asia exclusive distributor channel asia bilingual latin english channel americas launched premium youtube channel introduced june early 2000s federal trade commission responded complaint campaign commercial free childhood alleging advertising helped babies develop skills misleading impose sanctions million viewers broadcast countries languages recent history abc network president rich frank chairman disney channel investors board members company worked develop new content improve advertising revenues verse released developed second screen app mobile devices allows children interact television programming programming television channel provides hour programming babies percent shows produces original content created studios produces broadcasts short videos minutes length live action animated new_york_times described content decidedly said makes extensive use bright colors upbeat music programming development guided child psychology experts designed encourage child skills development counting vocabulary color recognition logo corner changes colors indicate skills segment intended develop late night programming intended viewers sleep mobile devices app available verse viewers allows children draw mobile device drawing appear television screen experts argue exposing children television early age taking technology far parents digital parents turn argument claiming experts lost touch realities raising child suggests programming intended watched parents children interactive way american academy recommends exposing children age television study kaiser family foundation found children years age watching according washington_post little known young children watching television negative positive effect


local marketing agreement canadian broadcasting local marketing agreement local management agreement abbreviated contract company agrees operate radio television station owned party essence sort lease time buy federal communications commission regulations local marketing agreement company operating station senior partner agreement control entire facilities station including finances personnel programming station original junior partner remains legally responsible station operations compliance relevant regulations content occasionally local marketing agreement refer sharing contracting certain functions particular advertising sales referred local sales agreement management services agreement commonly joint sales agreement shared services agreement counted ownership caps television radio stations canada local marketing agreements domestic stations require consent canadian radio television telecommunications commission rogers media similar arrangement control radio station border market increased use sharing agreements media companies form consolidated virtual controversial especially arrangements company buys television station facilities assets sells license affiliated party shell corporation enters agreements owner facilities operate station behalf activists argued broadcasters agreements ownership regulations reduce number local media outlets market outright consolidation news programming allow station owners increased leverage negotiation consent local subscription television providers station owners contended sharing agreements allow streamlined cost effective operations beneficial continued operation lower rated financially weaker stations especially smaller markets chairman tom began increase scrutiny use agreements particularly joint sales evade policies march commission voted joint sales agreements count ownership senior partner sells advertising time partner ban coordinated consent negotiations stations market indicated planned address local marketing shared services agreements future change stance prompted changes proposed acquisitions gray television broadcast group use sharing agreements control moved existing programming network digital existing company owned stations market relinquished control selling stations minority owned broadcasters intending operate independently history background limits station ownership time prevented common ownership multiple radio stations local marketing agreements radio smaller station sell entire party time buy widespread 1970s early 1990s alliances gave larger broadcasters way expand reach smaller broadcasters means obtaining stable stream revenue began allowing broadcasting companies multiple radio stations single market following changes local marketing agreements largely fell favor radio possible broadcasters simply buy station outright lease triggering wave mass consolidation radio industry broadcasters local marketing agreements help transition acquired stations new owners local marketing agreement north american television formed broadcast group purchased fox affiliate pittsburgh pennsylvania owned independent station affiliate market violated rules time prohibited television station decided sell lower rated station manager eddie edwards continued operate station eventually station assigned letters outright federal communications commission began permitting common ownership television stations market creating legal use local marketing agreements lead legal issues ltd broadcasting announced acquire fox affiliate oklahoma city oklahoma sullivan broadcasting subsequently announced plans sell existing stations operated company outright family broadcast group founder julian smith controlled stock assets remains case structure company paid stock turn purchases owned affiliate affiliate effectively constitute violation rules rainbow push coalition headed jackson filed challenges sale citing concerns single company holding broadcast licenses single market argued separate minority owned company edwards served president african american arm company gain control stations updated media ownership rules allow single company television stations market august deal acquire outright issued fine illegally controlling modified media ownership rules count formed november cover broadcast day ownership limits station owner related joint sales shared services agreement structures increasingly common 2000s agreements station owners broadcasting group began expanding acquiring additional stations effort drive scale gain leverage consent negotiations cable satellite television providers uses consolidation common use television broadcasting create virtual stations operated agreement consolidated single entity operations stations streamlined cost effectiveness sharing resources facilities advertising sales personnel programming broadcasters engage practice believe agreements beneficial survival television stations especially smaller markets overall audience reach considerably markets centered densely populated metropolitan areas cost savings achieved consolidation resources staff necessary fund station continued operation sharing agreements control television stations situations legally impossible outright instance regulations allow single company powered television station given market distinct station owners prohibits ownership highest rated stations based total day viewership market similar agreement affect ownership station license meaning require approval establish stations legally considered separate operations licensing standpoint media company required use shared services agreements similar control certain stations respective purchases local newspaper cross ownership restrictions affected markets companies spun publishing arms independent companies publishing company company holds broadcasting digital media properties acquired licenses affected stations following split broadcasters collect carriage fees stations operate sharing agreements behalf owner carriage agreements stations outright especially stations affiliated major networks allow broadcaster charge higher fees consent television providers carrying stations result smaller cable companies able afford higher fees imposed cable television providers advocated barring sharing agreements television stations particular reason united_states longer allows broadcasters negotiating consent fees operation behalf party owner majority involve television station operations occasionally company operate station station market example occurred december louisiana media company owned new_orleans saints new_orleans owner tom entered shared services agreement media run company fox affiliate new_orleans louisiana louisiana media company retained station ownership license assets assumed owns stations markets adjacent new_orleans including jackson lake charles new_orleans received offers buy station prepared sell outright foreign control broadcast outlets allow companies control foreign stations outside respective country canadian media company rogers media uses joint sales agreement operate cape vincent new_york radio station station targeting nearby canadian market kingston ontario owns rogers owns stake border international broadcasting similarly communications corporation controls mexico based station owned operates english language station serving border market san_diego effects public interest organizations disapproved use virtual rules effects broadcasting industry particularly results consolidation irregular use markets legally possible company elect form purchasing station non license assets physical facilities programming rights intellectual property selling license party company affiliated turn enters similar agreement senior partner recognizes ownership television stations ownership license facility ownership non license assets means senior partner facto owner operator station legal owner determines firm independent entity company station operations licensing purposes exchange commission designation requiring reports included broadcaster financial statements broadcast group broadcasting group infamous frequent use expansion consolidation tactics companies like broadcasting media mission broadcasting case virtual pennsylvania owned cbs affiliate owned affiliate virtual rochester new_york owned cbs affiliate owned fox affiliate wake purchase abc affiliate particular arrangement ended january wide extent broadcasters similar business relationships specific companies partners agreements media similar business relationship american spirit media markets ohio american spirit media purchased fox affiliate media station operations taken cbs affiliate hand owned fox stations west palm beach managed company stations gray television affiliated broadcasting owned gray executive don ray granite broadcasting operated virtual fort wayne indiana minnesota broadcast group stations respectively sold newspapers broadcasting operating stations fort wayne acquired previous junior partner abc affiliate taking nbc affiliate wise instead news press gazette company affiliated media stations previously taken fisher communications ownership publishing company ownership companies based joseph missouri effects programming stations partnered sharing agreement consolidate programming operations local junior partner operated separate news department formation rescheduled scaled prevent direct competition airing station acting senior partner aspect common involving stations affiliated largest broadcast television networks stations share news gathering resources maintain separate news differentiated air presentation anchors overall format varying degrees autonomy cases seemingly separate station ultimately consist news content station alternatively stations consolidate news programming single joint brand redundant staff members laid consolidation process sharing news content reduces number unique editorial voices market particular pushes ban agreements media consolidation critics suggest result decreased local news coverage station depending agreement structured station programmed stations consolidated news programming featured station vary example october broadcasting local consolidated operations respective fox denver louis resulting management agreement companies denver affiliate moved fox affiliate facilities neighborhood louis fox affiliate despite senior partner affiliate moved station maryland heights studios cities markets making denver louis largest english language stations involved cities stations allow legal possible highest rated stations louis time placing ahead ratings challenged abc affiliate large support television news operations denver louis news producing stations prior formation moved primetime lineup hour later network recommended timeslot shifted evening weekend editions evening discontinued expanded saturday sunday evenings avoid competing retained weekday morning competes directly morning canceled later contrast run primetime history eventually added hour long midday late afternoon arrangements legal december finalized acquisition local media owner honolulu based nbc announced operations local cbs affiliate owned capital corporation giving control television stations hawaii deal complex arrangement involved trading non license assets sign programming network affiliation effectively placing station ownership license signal virtual channel taking moved channel license owned capital shared services agreement nature swap transaction require intervention aside changing signs stations folded shared news operation branded hawaii news estimated positions total stations eliminated agreement november capital filed sell aforementioned american spirit media operations communications owned nbc affiliate georgia taken media general owned abc affiliate stations consolidated new high definition capable facilities constructed site barnes noble store separate studios station shared studio despite consolidation stations aimed maintain autonomy maintain air identities sales departments facility stations share factual video content produced independently consolidation managerial staff dismissed employees reassigned different positions agreement gray television purchase station briefly reinstated following legal action media general injunction struck gray assumed control march adding exclusive station remainder announced new joint news operation consolidated cluster rome new_york consists owned fox mission owned abc affiliate unlike examples station pre existing time original news department closed previous owner clear channel communications cost saving measure aired local news programming slate included early late evening encore evening faster younger format station executive vice president steve come nbc affiliate sole television news operation market prior formation eyewitness news operation believed important community source news newspaper news station community benefit voice indiana mission broadcasting acquired independent station affiliate owner broadcasting retaining operational duties consolidated news operations abc affiliate traded mission exchange acquiring broadcasting corporation output reduced reductions weekday morning hours sundays remained hour hour minutes leaving hour morning half hour noon hour long stations folded shared news operation branded eyewitness news november arizona market relinquished operations fox media operations stations production assumed cbs station media operations president peter touted consolidation result better produced increased news programming market citing addition locally produced morning upgrade news programming high definition transition ruling need markets noted agreements allowed increase news product couldn afford consolidation resulted stations employees aside advertising sales staff remained employed worked facilities acquisition effects virtual stations licenses sold parties satisfy newspaper cross ownership restrictions operates stations sales departments remained operated licenses turn sold spin broadcasting division december sale newport television led formation power virtual little rock arkansas mission broadcasting formed virtual consisting nbc station station owned fox station station owned mission operated local marketing agreement stations consolidated facilities employees laid consolidation result reduced hour minutes limiting half hour dropped adding hour weekday morning retaining existing hour long formed similar arrangement mobile alabama existing pensacola abc affiliate wear affiliate newly acquired mobile nbc affiliate independent station owned media stations consolidated maintain studio facilities news departments staff wear produce competing respective partners reaction government action february clear channel communications subsidiary fined use time agreements litigation controlling ohio area radio station company target complaints nominally sold minority owned interests media council hawaii complained hawaii news operation stating directly reduce diversity local voices community replacing independent station station response stated begin investigate matter temporarily losing fox affiliation wise reverse compensation dispute broadcasting group ironically given use similar practices markets filed lawsuit station managing partner granite broadcasting arguing built monopoly local advertising sales having effective control outlets major networks abc nbc fox wise owned broadcast group operated agreements granite lawsuit settled february mutual agreement fox affiliation given acquisition company acquisition opposed organizations american cable association free press plans use shell companies owned fisher communications executives respectively media tucker operating dodge newspaper cross ownership restrictions louisville phoenix portland oregon contended arrangements legal free press president aaron stated shouldn let break rules media consolidation results fewer journalists fewer opinions concentrating media outlets hands companies benefits companies deal given virtual phoenix consisting nbc station independent station affiliate fox affiliate affiliate operated media cbs affiliate shared services agreement established ownership handle advertising sales stations december department justice blocked agreement media operate cbs affiliate louis alongside nbc station ordered sell planned operate separately department ruled agreement violation law reduce competition advertising sales following closure purchase meredith corporation announced deal purchase meredith phoenix cbs affiliate sold broadcasting operated meredith result scrutiny new station sharing agreements october meredith plan instead sell broadcasting group operate station independently following split independent broadcasting publishing companies inc owner stations following split bought licenses media stations placing control acquisition planned acquisition communications originally planned sell existing stations markets charleston south_carolina birmingham alabama pennsylvania owned stations continue operate local marketing agreements birmingham sold media charleston sold howard holdings broadcasting company owned conservative armstrong williams howard holdings conflicting stations earlier acquisition broadcasting december video division chief barbara sent letter demanding information broadcast group financial aspects operations warned aforementioned markets proposed transactions result elimination status certain local marketing agreements cause transactions violate local ownership rules asserted deal legal affected stations operated shared services agreements deal march choosing sell terminate owned fox affiliate charleston acquire owned stations markets creating new abc birmingham operational financial agreements buyers stations sold parties disclosed filling unable find buyers affected stations requiring changes transaction chose retain media general charleston birmingham company proposed shut stations entirely selling buyers handle operational responsibilities maintain legal surrendering licenses powered moving abc programming existing stations respectively shift existing programming digital nearly year delays deal acquire approved july limits joint sales agreements television stations response criticism virtual sharing agreements began consider potential changes address march commission proposal joint sales agreements count ownership january town hall meeting chairman tom disclosed planned place scrutiny use style agreements shell companies stating couple references couple recent decisions said going things differently going forward called shell corporations later month reported placed pending acquisitions involving use shell companies hold commission discuss changes policies deals affected decision included aforementioned purchase march announced hold vote march proposal ban joint sales agreements involving television stations outright making ownership limits senior partner sells advertising time competing junior partner station ban applies existing sharing agreements structure pending station transactions include station owners given year grace period modify joint sales agreements violation policy coordinated consent negotiations highest rated stations single market barred proposal proposed process review joint sales agreements case case basis granting rules broadcaster prove particular joint sales agreement arrangement serves public interest march media bureau released notice analyze television station transactions include sharing agreements particularly include purchase option counter incentive increase value station unlikely realize increased value new provisions broadcasters demonstrate transaction applications deals serve public interest national association broadcasters station groups broadcast group disapproved proposal ban presented compromise proposal sharing agreement retain control percent station programming maintain percent sales revenue maintain percent station value license commissioner gordon smith president opposed new rules joint sales agreements believing discourage ownership television stations minority owned companies tom proposed restrictions hopes encouraging women minorities stations ongoing consolidation television industry company sharing agreements march voted approve proposed ban joint sales agreements voted approve proposed ban coordinated consent negotiations highest rated stations given market ban went effect june restrictions rule maintain select existing days application filing began request comment policies address agreements shared services agreements prohibition television proposed early year voted treat radio stations despite fact broadcasting companies criticized ban accusing commission encourage participation spectrum incentive auction set occur stating ban place disadvantage consent negotiations pay television providers december rider federal budget grace period modifying existing extended years united_states court appeals circuit struck restrictions joint sales agreements ruling manipulate ownership rules previous years obligation review rule determine public interest spin offs stations increased scrutiny imposed local marketing shared services joint sales agreements led drastic measures broadcasting companies attempting use acquisitions broadcasting companies declared shut acquired stations entirely consolidate programming existing stations attempting use sharing agreements selling parties assume responsibility day day operations informed unable find buyers company stations birmingham alabama charleston south_carolina planned sell purchase communications birmingham company proposed surrendering licenses powered satellites abc affiliate converting powered satellite moving existing programming digital placed instead programming retained main channel similarly charleston planned surrender license abc affiliation programming cases believed stations superior technical facilities stations intends surrender able retain event impose ownership limits low power stations june gray television announced stations consolidate existing programming gray owned stations respective market unlike gray stated sell licenses stations minority owned broadcasters collaboration minority media telecommunications council condition operate independently stations market use sharing agreements stations owned companies gray non license assets owned gray operated stations owned gray agreements gray operate affected stations sales consolidation complete aside stations involved changes related gray acquisition stations media stations immediately shut day remainder remained operated gray sales completed gray announced buyers stations august stations affected gray included hastings lincoln nebraska previously owned june shut nbc programming moved primary channel channel_4 gray bought failing station form cbs station operated station affiliate local programming focused central nebraska existing programming moved transition august station sold legacy broadcasting north owned prime cities broadcasting asked dismiss sale stations broadcasting owned gray executive don ray sisters nbc north chain acquired gray gray acquired stations non license assets stations taken air june fox programming moved nbc north stations august stations sold legacy broadcasting north columbia monroe louisiana arkansas owned parker broadcasting operated gray stations originally sold broadcasting august sold major market broadcasting legacy broadcasting grand junction colorado acquired august news press gazette company taken gray owned following acquisition august station sold media group later launched station following approval purchase commissioner criticized new policies endorsement proposal shut stations comply describing stations victims crackdown joint sales agreements stated apparently commission believes better station business howard holdings station participate joint sales agreement strongly disagree bet consumers charleston september original plans reached deals sell license assets howard holdings lease studio space pending approval unlike howard holdings stations operated programmed independently enter agreements operate stations behalf newspapers acquisition granite broadcasting remaining stations acquisition briefly structured broadcast group served virtual partner stations wise nbc fort wayne cbs retain stations current agreements lieu having sold broadcasting acquisition july broadcasting acquire stations current wound months following end stations retain independently run stations remaining moved dispute february gray television acquired communications stations including georgia gray existing cbs affiliate legal gray proposed sale broadcast spectrum incentive auction silent completion deal company running stations market gray requested special temporary authority signal replaced existing technical facilities channel owned low power station previously mentioned low power stations subject rules required gray continue operate separate station end auction enter joint sales agreements closure sale gray shared services joint sales agreements established media general replaced previous news programs gray accused refusing agree smooth transition personnel employees fall employment media general february media general obtained preliminary injunction gray violating required gray return control media general gray selling spectrum incentive auction company accused gray spectrum auction sale station exit agreements apply future owner gray attempted block injunction arguing actions required order comply prohibition joint sales agreements denied media general took control march march deputy general counsel david announced commission investigate media general actions possibly violation section communications act argued legally blocking gray participation spectrum auction media general sought relief ultimate control station stated consider license hearing media general section communications act march supreme_court georgia struck injunction addressing litigation gray took control internationally canadian dispute rogers media broadcasting maintained joint sales agreement pertaining ontario community interests lobby group friends canadian broadcasting presented substantial evidence canadian radio television telecommunications commission practice agreement facto going significantly advertising sales program production news gathering canada implemented approval early ordered agreement cease filipino associated broadcasting company leased malaysian broadcaster media local subsidiary inc similar providing entertainment programming abc handling news programming operations soon afterward abc media sued rival media company network attempting use partnership skirt laws requiring domestic ownership broadcasters response abc media relations head pat reiterated subsidiary filipino company self registered filipino run concerns media announced ownership network philippine long distance telephone company broadcasting subsidiary holdings