battle bend battle bend referred battle battle bloody lake fought june present day wisconsin lake known bend formed change course river battle major turning point black hawk war despite minor military significance small victory won militia bend helped restore public confidence volunteer force following embarrassing defeat run battle bend ended militia men killed action party warriors dead militia men involved battle bend proved ability obey orders act disciplined unit bravery unlike run troops waited colonel henry dodge commands acting field battle ordered charge men eventually won fight descended bloody hand hand battle memorial marker erected commemorate battle today bend county park background consequence treaty governor william henry harrison indiana territory group fox leaders land settlement fox tribes vacated lands illinois moved west mississippi chief black hawk disputed treaty claiming tribal councils consulted representing tribes authorization lands angered loss birthplace black hawk led number incursions mississippi_river persuaded return west time april encouraged promises alliance tribes british moved called british band warriors non combatants illinois finding allies attempted return iowa illinois militia force actions led battle run number small skirmishes followed militias michigan territory illinois mobilized hunt black hawk band conflict known black hawk war period run bend filled war related activity series attacks buffalo grove river settlement fort blue war famous incident indian creek massacre took place mid late june week battle bend colonel henry dodge western michigan territory militia busy responding incidents region afternoon june dodge men including james proceeded grove buried victims massacre night returned illinois dodge moved point remained overnight morning dodge set ferry camped general hugh prelude june dodge escorted mouth fox river overall commander general henry dodge left conference clear authority deal violence mining region traveled home fort grove reached june farm massacre occurred following day dodge set fort hamilton soon heard stopping fort blue supplies way hamilton soldiers passed german immigrant henry apple exchanged kept traveling shortly soldiers heard distance apple met ambush likely meant dodge dodge probably saved minute decision main route later apple horse wildly past men wounded carrying large blood saddle horse continued way fort hamilton raised inhabitants native american band tribe warriors responsible attack apple band killed men farm june band loosely affiliated black hawk british band hearing ambush distance dodge fort hamilton present day wisconsin gathered company mounted volunteers sped intercept attackers led chase breaking prairie force caught sight raiding party crossed river sight pursuing militia entered swamp militia followed swollen river reached swamp battle according personal accounts battle dodge offered men chance operation opted men advanced dodge extended firing line unsure enemy location remaining soldiers posted guards high grounds near horses unlike disorganized troops run volunteers bend adhered military discipline waited dodge order entered search enemy searching awaited commander order attack militia advanced yards suddenly let loose loud hidden position bank lake river warriors fired volley advancing militia men samuel black samuel wells morris hit went dodge ordered men charge waited feet weapons fight initial charge volley descended hand hand struggle muskets spears weapons choice fighting lasted minutes killed spot fleeing lake hand hand combat fourth member militia thomas wounded short battle bend lasting impact influence rest war aftermath battle bend little military significance major turning point war volunteer militia forces white settlers minor militia victory step process militia morale standing eyes settlers frontier individual accounts claim battle bend turn tide war notable proportion killed action number combatants dodge pursued swamp killed troops final militia casualties confined dead wounded hour battle colonel william hamilton arrived friendly warriors according dodge friendly warriors given men taken delighted dodge reported native americans proceeded battlefield mutilated corpses fallen dodge casualties thomas slightly wounded militia men shot advanced position later died samuel wells morris samuel black transported fort hamilton morris died fort wells head lap informed surgeon imminent death wells requested speak dodge wells asked dodge behaved like soldier dodge responded yes wells like brave wells said commander send word old father died short time later samuel black moved fort defiance days dying battle volunteer force defeated native americans dodge militia leaders prove ability stand enemy quickly rising star conflict having helped negotiate release hall sisters indian creek massacre proved bend battlefield bend located county park county wisconsin black hawk memorial park maintained county alliance flint cap club friends park marker erected chapter daughters american revolution residents commemorate battle bend visible today battlefield listed national_register_of_historic_places national_park_service july


battle run battle run known battle creek battle old man creek occurred illinois battle named panicked retreat major detachment illinois militia attacked fewer warriors black hawk british band engagement battle black hawk war developed black hawk crossed mississippi_river iowa illinois band fox warriors try reclaim territory militia pursued small group scouts main british band camp following failed attempt black hawk negotiate truce engagement militia men killed band warriors making stand small hill remainder militia fled ferry citizens erected monument valley illinois commemorating battle article militia volunteer abraham_lincoln present sources agree little investigation continues early 21st century facts skirmish background black hawk chief believed treaty louis invalid ceded territory included birthplace led number incursions mississippi_river iowa illinois beginning time persuaded return west april encouraged promises alliances tribes british moved british band illinois finding allies attempted return iowa ensuing events led battle run number engagements followed state militias wisconsin illinois mobilized hunt black hawk band conflict known black hawk war april black hawk warriors civilians mississippi_river illinois attempt reclaim land half black hawk band combatants rest combination women children elderly band consisted fox addition members nation sympathetic black hawk black hawk reason crossing illinois wanted reclaim lost lands create confederacy native americans stand white settlement illinois tribes promised aid british band black hawk believed promised assistance british canada black hawk led march group rock river illinois illinois governor john perceived return black hawk invasion immediately called militia general henry black hawk addressed white beaver commanded military expedition prelude told governor decision order major militia march old man creek despite overall command orders issued behalf general samuel find black hawk submission following orders moved old creek refused accept battalion command leaving orphaned direct command governor militia commanded grew restless awaited arrival army regulars volunteer militia wanted quit war head home diplomacy failed persuade black hawk band west iowa bailey battalions illinois militia marched rock river prior battle run black hawk grand vision british support native american confederacy collapsed parties aided followers british band started weaken hunger black hawk soon realized option return mississippi_river detected militia camp miles away black hawk sent peace envoys order negotiate truce told wave white flag militia battle detachment militia command majors david bailey orders illinois governor near old man creek far confluence rock river militia camp located miles east rock river near present day valley illinois seven miles south believed militia commanders unaware proximity black hawk british band conference local black hawk learned presence sent militia camp flag order negotiate peace soldiers suspicious soldiers took camp proceedings militia aware black hawk scouts surrounding hills watching proceedings scouts spotted soldiers shot killing fled camp located near confluence rock rivers scouts pursued disorganized militia killed surviving scouts arrived black hawk camp ahead militia reported events camp warriors set skirmish line order fend pending militia attack militia soldiers intent pursuing scouts chased main force black hawk warriors skirmish line black hawk force concealed ambushed believing thousands fox attacking militia panicked fled main force camped ferry exact whereabouts unknown point battle later account published newspaper mention location noted order retreat account published missouri republican called militia killed melee band volunteers leadership captain john adams stand hill south main militia camp men fought main body militia fled entire man detachment including adams killed fight said adams killed men attempted muster battle number fox killed engagement largely unknown militia party sent locate missing militia men found dead black hawk quoted saying maybe warriors killed lincoln role facts abraham_lincoln service black hawk war disputed lincoln associated major battle sites including run aftermath combat number sources assert june morning second battle grove members company captain jacob early arrived grove help bury dead soldiers lincoln assisted burial later statement events linked battle grove fight run lincoln quote featured william life lincoln lincoln biography abraham_lincoln prairie years lincoln presence run investigation early 21st century presence grove sources article author scott asserted men including captain lincoln area morning buried dead run movements unsuccessful effort draw returned ferry speech congress referred black hawk war service lincoln noted run marble facade valley monument erected commemorate battle refers lincoln presence run presence soldier statesman martyr abraham_lincoln assisting burial honored dead spot sacred sources assert general originally buried dead common grave ridge south battlefield marked rudimentary wooden memorial sources mention lincoln aftermath following confrontation black hawk valley press reported warriors sweeping northern illinois destruction sending shock waves terror region past midnight soldiers ill fated detachment began streaming ferry wide eyed panic stricken telling tales horrible slaughter ensued battle immediate aftermath battle militia men missing later officials determined majority men simply bypassed ferry way home initial skirmish black hawk led civilians band michigan territory militia traveled rock river trailing searching black hawk band small skirmishes ensued month northern illinois southern wisconsin militia regained public confidence battles bloody lake grove critics illinois militia members regular army attacked behavior run began refer battle old man creek battle run apparently fled panicked militia armed hostilities black hawk war began run victory unexpected black hawk british band black hawk feared white militia allies seek revenge total defeat leading band black hawk fled pursuing army chase far present day madison wisconsin ended battle bad axe militia allies weakened foe women children remains soldiers run originally buried common grave buried remains open question memorial erected stands near marked graves monument battle site listed national_register_of_historic_places near illinois route block west present day creek


anglo war anglo war final decisive conflict british east india company empire india war left company control india began invasion territory british east india company troops largest british controlled force india troops led governor general hastings relation warren hastings governor general supported force general thomas operations began band muslims central india forces supported iii rose pressure diplomacy convinced fourth major leader remain neutral lost control british victories swift resulting breakup empire loss independence defeated battles minor battles fought forces prevent capture eventually captured placed small estate near territory annexed bombay presidency restored ruler territory state territory annexed bombay presidency doctrine lapse policy lord defeated battle battle northern portion territories annexed british india territories defeat resulted acquisition kingdoms british territories states acknowledging british control british proficiency indian war making demonstrated rapid victories british empire founded dynasty common elements citizens empire language hindu religion strong sense belonging national feeling led resistance efforts free muslim established rule native indian kingdom known hindu self rule language capital located successfully defended kingdom attacks empire empire went defeat overtake premier power india key component administration council ministers called council senior member called prime minister right hand man warriors belonged tier hindu system belonged death gradually effective rulers state growing british power fighting early 18th century british held small trading posts bombay madras calcutta british fortified naval base bombay saw defeat portuguese neighbouring effort bombay british sent envoys negotiate treaty envoys successful treaty signed july gave british east india company rights free trade territory south enlisted support french war reaction requested support british refused unable rising power british set precedent seeking help solve internal conflicts despite lack support managed defeat period years period british defeated french east india company india firmly established east madras south unable expand west dominant entered west_coast sea marched empire grew responsibility managing empire north entrusted leaders busy south leaders act concert influenced personal interests financial demands alienated hindu rulers failed win muslim leaders large blow came defeat january entire generation leaders lay dead battlefield result conflict regained lost ground north anglo relations gains north contradictory policies internal disputes family culminated murder virtually disappeared north india ousted seat continuing internal rivalries sought help british signed treaty march treaty gave military assistance exchange control island fort treaty set discussions british india europe implications confrontation powerful cause concern bombay council exceeded constitutional authority signing treaty treaty cause start anglo war war virtually stalemate able defeat war concluded treaty warren hastings main reason success british war destroyed anti british coalition created division strong position new governor general british controlled territories arrived india treaty british followed policy north british enjoyed decades peace thanks diplomacy minister court year old situation changed soon death power struggle caused attack sided fled safety british warship feared loss powers signed treaty effect subsidiary ally british response treaty attacked british refusing accept betrayal sovereignty british start second anglo war defeated british leaders lost large parts territory british british east india company british travelled thousands miles arrive india studied indian geography mastered local languages deal indians advanced superior equipment available locally british technical superiority discounted won war discipline organization ranks anglo war warren hastings declared peace established firm ground going shaken years come british believed new permanent approach needed establish maintain continuous contact court british appointed charles senior merchant bombay permanent resident knowledge languages customs region prelude empire failed upgrade guerrilla warfare tactics empire grew efforts armies half hearted newer techniques absorbed soldiers older methods experience lost empire lacked efficient spy system poor students diplomacy artillery outdated manufacture guns weapons imported supply failed foreign officers responsible handling imported guns trained men considerable numbers purpose military movements knowledge local geography moving troops retreating suddenly come river trapped unable locate boats crossing enemy advantage gain best position lose battle overtaken slaughtered fleeing time war power british east india company rise empire decline british victorious previous anglo war empire time leaders sided british control protection british arrangement dynasty province prevent collecting revenue province sent envoy negotiate dispute revenue collection envoy british protection murdered minister suspected crime british seized opportunity force treaty treaty treaty signed june key terms imposed included admission guilt claims surrender significant territory british included important strongholds places north south rivers communicate powers india british resident asked cavalry planning disbanded cavalry secretly asked stand offered seven months advance pay entrusted preparations war august forts fortified secretly recruited troops impending war hired efforts unify mercenary approached identified unhappy indians service british resident secretly recruited person efforts secretly recruit europeans indians stood british indian rejected offers reported matter superior officers october celebrated festival troops assembled large numbers celebrations large flank cavalry pretended charging british wheeled minute display intended slight scare tactic prompt recruitment british plans kill despite opposition fully aware developments thanks espionage work burton provides estimate strength powers estimated powers totals infantry horse cavalry guns highest number cavalry infantry guns headquarters southernmost location powers second largest cavalry amounting infantry force guns totaled guns similar numbers cavalry infantry having cavalry respectively infantry larger share guns amounting headquartered respectively leader khan located strength cavalry infantry guns located north valley region central india leaders sided khan horsemen strengths rest chiefs khan allied horsemen khan horsemen commencement territory area called modern state region consists valleys krishna rivers mountains territory region rolling hills fertile valleys slopes plain north territory valleys forests north western region modern state mountainous region harsh climate operated plateau region north west state north range based upper river valley war operation intended complete expansion earlier anglo war stopped economic concerns british war began campaign seeing british conflict forces attacked british november left attacking british right forces comprised cavalry infantry guns british cavalry infantry guns additional horse infantry guarding hill british numbers include captain ford unit route british asked general smith come battle arrive time hills region hill hill hill watched battle hill british east india company troops based hill hills separated distance kilometres river shallow narrow crossed locations canals joined river obstacles obscured vegetation area army mix included small force portuguese officer left flank army commanded stationed flat ground university stands today centre commanded right british troop movements began november colonel moved forces garden bridge successful initially creating exploiting gap british left centre successes horses thrown disarray hidden canal temporary loss command horse shot rendered right shot dead british infantry advanced steadily firing volley volley causing cavalry retreat matter hours british soon claimed victory british lost men second anglo war lost territories british encouraged raid british territories cavalry came known patronage received respective defeated leaders leaders khan khan khan belonged rest total strength estimated frequently raided villages central india result raids central india rapidly reduced condition desert peasants unable support land option join bands entered madras presidency destroyed villages coast band swept kingdom entered raids british territory followed francis hastings saw peace security india predatory extinguished british planning lead army hope engaging regular battle possible effectively crush surrounded means escape francis hastings obtained authority british government action performing diplomacy principal leaders act concert continued sympathy leaders hastings collected strongest british_army seen india numbering roughly men army assembled smaller armies grand army army north personal command army general south british plan relations khan known disposed territories secretly planning ministry form coalition british correspondence intercepted presented forced enter treaty pledged assist british prevent new gangs formed territory diplomacy pressure treaty kept war khan disbanded army condition guaranteed possession sold guns british agreed prevent predatory gangs operating territory army war composed armies grand army army strength troops army strength grand army divided divisions reserve left division led major general marshall central division francis hastings reserve general second army army composed divisions divisions led general brigadier general general brigadier general smith lieutenant colonel adams army comprised troops bringing total strength entire composite british east india company army addition madras battalions detail artillery unit madras residency additional troops 6th cavalry october early november division grand army sent second eastern reserve division khan effect second divisions cut potential allies khan pressured signing treaty division army concentrated hold second division placed watch fourth division marched occupying region administrative divisions fifth division placed reserve division placed krishna rivers attack attack carried planned attacked homes surrounded destroyed general madras residency attacked south drove river governor general francis hastings waiting army khan surrendered british given lands principal routes central india occupied british detachments forces completely broken scattered course single campaign stand regular troops small bands unable escape ring forces drawn rapidly dispersed country chiefs reduced condition hunted desperate expected help place shelter families men force match armies surrounded direction turned met british forces defeat followed defeat gang escape south leaving baggage fled perished sought refuge villages killed mercy villagers forgotten inflicted chiefs khan present battle time powers reduced significantly pursuit leaders resumed leaders surrendered end february system power brought close removed obtained grants land khan farmer small estate received attempted escape found committed suicide taking poison hunted john place place followers left vanished central india killed tiger flight orders general smith arrived near november site present college smith troops crossed river november took positions morning november engaged battle british generals ready advance british forces learning brother fled force additional located confluence rivers leadership remained idle retreated guard flight morning general smith advanced city found fled city day surrendered great care taken general smith protection peaceful community order soon established british forces entered november union flag hoisted flags removed defeat british believed war raised forced pressure fled town battle took place january banks river north west general arrived near infantry pounder guns irregular horsemen infantry european origin madras artillery rest infantry composed indians employed british village north bank river shallow narrow time year village fortified enclosure constructed standard fashion occupied village unable fortified enclosure occupied british cut river source water fierce battle ensued lasted entire day streets guns captured recaptured changing hands times commander killed death son watched battle atop nearby hill miles away evacuated village retreated night employing tactics british lost men irregular horse half european officers wounded lost men british found village evacuated morning took battered troops pretended march actually went battle british forces general pursued fled southwards continued flight southward month january receiving support doubled passed general head january pursuit productive pressed british light troops fired long shots skirmishes took place frequently hit shells horse artillery result party february general smith entered captured royal palace symbolically raised british flag day flag raised place gain support population british declared interfere religion announced annual continued provided recipients withdrew service time remained vicinity february general smith got word headed general smith troops attacked route battle died defending british captured brother mother king imprisoned lost power earlier reinstated death king retained titular position appointing emperor complimented looking family declared favour british ended legal position head confederacy stated longer head confederacy challenged removing position issuing removing british resident state death skirmish end war soon deserted april general smith forces taken forts mentions capture diary entry february garrison contained consisted arabs boy real governor punt mean looking garrison treated great property money place allowed claimed june surrendered british negotiated sum annual maintenance obtained promises british favor family religious institutions sent near downfall empire national defeat unaffected contracted marriages spent long life engaged religious performances excessive drinking events known consolidated power murder cousin ruler entered treaty british ignored request british resident refrain contact asked growing concentration troops come residency refused openly declared support fighting british near clear battle asked reinforcements nearby british east india company troops men lieutenant colonel scott sent word colonel adams march troops like leaders employed arabs army typically involved holding fortresses known troops discipline order total strength residency west hill yard running north south british east india company troops occupied north end fighting arabs good initial gains charging hill forcing british retreat south british commanders began arriving reinforcements lieutenant colonel november major december colonel december british counterattack severe forced surrender british lost men europeans lost equal number treaty signed january allowed rule nominal territories restrictions territory including forts controlled british built additional fortifications hill days later arrested escorted escaped seek refuge turned captured british near stood remained died july years age offered terms similar offered difference accepted respected independence khan court time practically official urged acceptance offer suspected british reality suggestion aware power british seen armies action commanded battalion past responded insurrection british initiating battle battle british fought december charge british led deadly battle ensued lasting midday lieutenant general thomas commander chief madras army came sight army british east india company army lost men force destroyed british east india company losses killed wounded loss larger killed wounded losses meant deprived means rising arms british broke power dynasty battle proved disastrous fortunes henry wrote battle real influence states dissolved replaced british supremacy power family broken remaining troops remained hostile division retained disperse ministers peace january treaty signed accepted british terms came british authority independent prince subject advice british resident end war effects end war powers surrendered british khan subdued use diplomacy pressure resulted treaty november treaty surrendered british agreed help fight khan agreed sell guns british received land grant defeated december signed treaty january treaty state subsidiary british young raised throne defeated november captured escaped live life surrendered june sent near terms treaty signed june leaders khan surrendered february surrendered eventually poisoned killed tiger war left british auspices british east india company control virtually present day india south river famed diamond acquired company war british acquired large territory empire effect end dynamic opposition terms surrender offered controversial british liberal offered luxurious life near given pension pounds comparison drawn napoleon confined small rock south atlantic given small sum maintenance captured war sent fortress spent rest life active resistance john played prominent capturing remaining territories absorbed bombay presidency territory seized central provinces british india princes symbolic feudal lords accepted british paramount power francis hastings map india state remained time lord british brought obscure descendant founder empire ceremonial head confederacy replace seat infant family appointed ruler british adopted son went leaders rebellion reorganized administrative divisions revenue collection reducing importance new government felt need communicate local speaking population pursued policy planned language bombay presidency starting


second battle second battle axis counter offensive region red army offensive conducted eastern world war objective eliminate russian soviet offensive staging areas winter counter offensive drove german troops away moscow depleted red army reserves offensive new soviet attempt expand strategic initiative failed secure significant element surprise soviet forces command marshal launched offensive german 6th army established winter counter offensive initial promising signs offensive stopped german critical errors staff officers joseph failed accurately estimate 6th army potential newly trained forces led german attack cut advancing soviet troops rest operation caused soviet casualties compared germans allies background general situation eastern late february soviet winter counter offensive pushed german forces moscow broad ended mutual exhaustion convinced germans finished collapse spring summer said speech november decided exploit perceived weakness eastern launching new offensive spring decision faced objections advisors including chief red army general staff general generals argued defensive strategy wrote yes hoping german reserves run reality harsh according believe germans able carry operations simultaneously strategic axes sure opening spring entire german_army chance initiate mortal offensive blow moscow despite caution urged generals decided try german forces balance local choosing strategy conclusion winter offensive soviet armed forces general staff believed eventual german aim moscow big offensive south operation operation typhoon believed germans defeated moscow seventy divisions faced moscow remained threat generals commanders believed principal effort german offensive moscow success winter offensive convinced local area wear german forces weakening german efforts mount operation moscow agreed prepare red army active strategic defence later gave orders planning seven local stretching baltic_sea black_sea area action originally ordered march early month issued orders southwestern strategic direction headquarters offensive region victories following strategic offensive operation offensive operation region forces marshal lieutenant general penetrated german positions northern river east fighting continued april crossing river establishing south soviet 6th army limited success defending german forces managed east bank river catching attention set pace prelude eventual offensive intended reach eventually march soviet commanders introduced preliminary plans offensive assisted large number reserves march held conference discuss offensive report moscow prepared chief staff general lieutenant summed conference arguably leaving key intelligence features build soviet forces region continued beginning final details settled following discussions leadership southwestern strategic direction led march april final issued april prelude soviet order battle red army able armies fronts units soviet southwestern 21st army 28th army 38th army 6th army 21st tank corps moved region 23rd tank corps tanks independent rifle divisions rifle regiment rifle division concentrated area supported 2nd cavalry corps soviet southern 57th 9th armies thirty rifle divisions rifle brigade 24th tank corps 5th cavalry corps guards rifle divisions height southern operate guns mortars kilometer forces sector ran turned soil mud caused severe delays preparations reinforcing southern southwestern longer expected senior soviet representatives criticized commanders poor management forces inability stage germans received warning soviet preparations commander 38th army placed blame fact fronts plan advance showed poor display management commented surprise german fascist command plans soviet leadership manpower primary soviet leader marshal veteran world war russian civil war achieved success battle eventually defeated orchestrated victory winter counter attacks success spring offensive battle overseeing actions army military average soviet soldier suffered inexperience soviet previous year victory moscow original manpower red army killed wounded captured germans casualties battle moscow typical soldier red army little combat experience tactical training practically coupled lack trained soldiers red army began suffer loss soviet industrial areas temporary strategic defence considered necessary general chief staff marshal recognised soviet army ready conduct big offensive operations trained german_army superiority leadership rebuilt defeats analysis retrospective analysis soviet conduct strategic operation mars october battle german preparations unknown soviet forces german 6th army newly appointed general issued orders operation april operation crush soviet armies south created soviet spring march april task given 6th army final directive issued april gave start date germans big effort reinforce army group south transferred field marshal von commander army group center operation operation typhoon april hitler issued directive south main area operations case blue summer campaign expense fronts divisions army group south brought strength late april early strategic objective illustrated victories von 11th army main objective remained oil fields secondary objective city plan begin operation april led forces allocated area german 6th army unknown soviet forces german_army center operations offensive submitted final draft operation feared soviet attack german_army opposite ready operation soviet offensive initial success red army offensive began led concentrated hour long artillery bombardment final minute air attack german positions ground offensive began dual movement german defences knocked air raids artillery fire coordinated ground attacks german fortifications fighting fierce soviets forward second formations preparing throw combat fighting particularly ferocious near soviet village germans launched local counter attacks dark deepest soviet advance kilometres discovered movement german reserve units realised attack opposed german divisions expected indicating poor soviet reconnaissance intelligence gathering battle captured diary dead german general alluded germans knowing soviet plans region day obtained infantry divisions division defence soviet advance slow achieving little success left flank warned counter attack air support later soviet tank brigades broke viii corps general walter sector kilometres hours 6th army lost battalions conducting holding actions local counter attacks heavy rain mud red army impressive gains soviet divisions depleted withdrawn soviet tank reserves needed defeat german counter attacks german losses estimated minimal tanks believed knocked 3rd 23rd divisions luftwaffe hitler immediately turned luftwaffe help blunt offensive point close support corps deployed taking siege 8th air corps command von initially ordered deploy command rescinded unusual hitler kept corps command air fleet contained 6th air corps command general kurt flying command south small anti shipping command based instead allowed charge operations siege battle peninsula won hitler pleased progress content withdraw air support viii order prevent soviet breakthrough use luftwaffe compensate german_army lack firepower suggested saw luftwaffe primarily ground support arm angered complained luftwaffe treated army complained withdrawal units region arguing battles ongoing owing transfer aerial assets victory longer guaranteed reality soviet units routed axis position comfortable news powerful air support way bolster 6th army boosted german morale army commanders placed confidence luftwaffe ordered forces risk attack air support meantime forced use available aircraft meeting numerous soviet air forces achieved air superiority limited german ground forces losses soviet aviation crews flying missions day reinforced received bomber wing equipped bombers dive bomber wing arrived add direct ground support bomber fighter groups logistical difficulties meant cent operational german defence german close air support began toll forcing units soviet 38th army defensive ranged operating dangerously close changing air direct ground support damaged soviet supply lines rear areas inflicting large losses armoured formations general remarked air attacks went long way breaking soviet offensive soviet air_force little stop air attacks luftwaffe attack enemy carried vital supply missions bombers dropped supplies encircled german units continue hold counter offensive relieved germans continued attack soviet positions north luftwaffe gained air superiority sector forcing air assets forward order effectively counter bolstered luftwaffe won air superiority numerically superior technically inferior opponents air battles depleted soviet fighter strength allowing german strike aircraft chance influence land battle nonetheless soviet forces pushed minor battles changing direction face continued resistance local soviet attack especially combined invariably heavy air raids end day 28th army longer conduct offensive operations german positions ironically soviet southern suffer terribly shock groups north achieved spectacular success days combat deep penetration german positions intensive fighting marked battles south red army routed key german battalions including personnel foreign descent including hungarian units success southern shock group attributed fact early north directed german reserves limiting reinforcements south hitler general von ordered 1st army grab initiative bold setting pace final launching operation second phase offensive attempted soviet offensive north met resistance encountered days battle german continued hold soviet assaults major contribution soviet frustration battle lack heavy artillery ultimately prevented taking heavily defended positions best examples defense defending german units absolutely refused surrender fighting harsh advancing average kilometers offensive stopped day north day saw renewal soviet attack largely blocked german tanks tired soviet divisions simply hold attacks opposition south achieved success like earlier days battle soviet forces began face heavier air strikes german aircraft germans hand spent day fighting holding actions sectors launching small away soviet offensive potential continuously moving reinforcements south including aircraft squadrons transferred poor decisions rifle division successfully crossed river played major poor exploitation tactical successes southern shock group 1st army supported german_army took initiative 3rd corps 44th army corps began counterattack area south aided greatly air support able crush soviet positions advanced kilometres day attack soviet units sent rear night refitted moved forward reinforce positions day reported moscow asked reinforcements described day failures attempts gain approval general withdrawal rejected situation worsened suggested stopping offensive ordering 9th army break claimed danger coming group exaggerated refused withdrawal consequences losing air battle apparent destroyed tanks motor vehicles adding tanks destroyed orders began general offensive area north attempt remaining soviet forces authorize stop offensive fend german flanking forces late quickly germans achieved considerable success soviet defensive positions saw german forces closing rear german divisions committed battle day shattering soviet counterparts allowing germans press forward luftwaffe intensified operations river prevent soviet forces escaping destroyed main bridges damaged bombers inflicted heavy losses retreating armoured columns forces successfully ordered withdrawal army group end prepared attack orchestrated 9th 57th armies red army desperately attempted fend advancing launched local relieve surrounded units generally failed end soviet forces opposite surrounded german formations able transfer divisions increasing pressure soviet flanks finally forcing collapse soviet saw major soviet attempt break german major general described attacks surviving red army soldiers forced crowded positions area roughly square kilometers soviet attempts break german east continuously blocked defensive manoeuvres german air power groups soviet tanks infantry attempted escape succeeded breaking german lines caught destroyed face determined german operations ordered official halt soviet offensive manoeuvres attacks break continued nonetheless man managed break puts soviet losses terms prisoners bulk armour citing gives total overall soviet casualties tend agree low german casualty count formative rounding dead wounded missing regardless casualties major soviet setback end successes red army winter analysis conclusions authors attempted reasons soviet defeat soviet generals placed blame inability appreciate military power eastern defeats winter spring subject sums memoirs failure operation predictable offensive organized risk exposing left flank german obvious map according main reason soviet defeat lay mistakes danger coming german armies southwestern sector opposed moscow sector failed steps concentrate substantial strategic reserves meet potential german threat furthermore ignored sensible advice provided general chief staff recommended organising strong defence southwestern sector order able attack additionally subordinate soviet generals especially south western generals willing continue winter successes like german generals appreciated strength enemies pointed commander 38th army soviet winter weakened destroy recalls quoting anonymous soldier willingness recently armies poorly trained poorly supplied illustrated realities capabilities red army subordinate arms armed forces abilities germans defend successfully launch proved especially true subsequent case blue led battle battle faced entirely different outcome battle shown potential soviet armies successfully conduct offensive battle seen major instances soviets attempted german summer offensive later grew planned conducted operation mars operation operation saturn victories offers telling evidence ability soviets turn war favor finalised battle july second battle positive effect started trust commanders chief staff allowing word naming commanders instance great purge failing war german military power finally fully trusted military context battle failure red army properly prelude battle ability germans effectively collect intelligence soviet movements played important role outcome poor soviet performance north equally poor intelligence gathering hands headquarters eventually spelled doom offensive nonetheless despite poor performance dedicated evolution operations tactics red army borrowed refined pre war theory soviet deep battle


battle battle december military engagement fought units union_army confederate army american_civil_war near town virginia battle union george attack southwest virginia aimed destroying confederate industrial infrastructure near union cavalry infantry regiments soldiers total left tennessee december southwestern virginia days fighting confederate force command john totalling infantry cavalry successful holding defensive positions town day successive union attacks defeated coordinated confederate defenses near covered bridge outside end second day ammunition supplies forced confederate forces withdraw area casualties sides approaching union forces proceeded destroy salt mines lead works beneficial confederate infrastructure background american_civil_war slowly drawing close abraham_lincoln elected president union grant commander union_army possibility confederate victory steadily eastern union forces pushed confederate forces robert lee steadily successive union victories wilderness mountains defeated confederate armies valley union forces pushed southward destroyed significant portions confederate agriculture base union forces defeated confederate armies northern reaches william began march sea eventually succeed destroying agricultural production georgia union forces advanced south infrastructure near town located southwest virginia middle fork river major objective union forces politically divided citizens fighting union confederacy winter town location mountainous region protected major fighting november george deputy commander department ohio charge union cavalry units eastern tennessee proposed expedition southwest virginia disrupt production supplies facilities beneficial confederacy gained approval john december troops union forces consisted men variety different units including units participated smaller scale raids southwest virginia earlier conflict union_army command george brig brig stephen majority forces stationed transferred army northern virginia heavily scaled confederate forces consisted approximately men overall command john brig duke union forces troops brig stephen including 5th 6th colored cavalry regiments participated previous attempt destroy salt works battle ordered bring division cumberland gap join tennessee command picked force men reveal objectives expedition subordinates days departed december december force flanked forced confederate brig duke cavalry tennessee union forces defeated scattered confederate troops day tennessee captured prisoners including col richard morgan brigade supply train december union regiments began push duke cavalry virginia day cavalry went camp spring virginia approximately miles west december cavalry advanced destroying infrastructure public buildings path confederate forces confederate forces command john vice president united_states candidate president commander department southwest virginia command consisted approximately regular troops militia reserve companies transferred army northern virginia help defense richmond forces consisted colonel henry brigade formed soldiers 4th kentucky cavalry 10th kentucky cavalry battalions 11th kentucky mounted rifles later renamed 13th kentucky cavalry battalion virginia mounted infantry included duke cavalry brig george cavalry col vincent 34th battalion virginia cavalry night december troops moved virginia effort stem advance taking regular troops left col robert preston charge militia men defend salt works sent men 34th ahead main force ordered harass union forces small company began cross mountain days march inches rain fallen leaving roads muddy travel difficult reached main road near seven mile ford virginia halted wait daylight continuing battle advance noon december men mounted horses rode sent tennessee regiments destroy looked valuable sent regiments cavalry destroy lead mines facilities located miles continued encountered men regiment easily pushed small regiment stopped fire volley union cavalry continued retreat sent inform coming join day regiment 10th kentucky mounted rifles command col benjamin men fired union cavalry inflicting minor casualties rest troops began arrive scene soldiers secured elevated positions overlooking river observed hills best defensive positions area ordering regiments eliminate union resistance hills rest brigade joined charge routing union soldiers allowing confederate forces use defensive positions losing heightened positions ordered forces counterattack confederate positions union regiments advanced hills confederate infantry cavalry inflicted heavy casualties slowing progress union forces continued attack hill richard page commander confederate artillery squadrons fired battery pounder rifles attempt slow union charge taking heavy casualties facing heavy fire sides regiments withdrew union officers refusing withdraw reorganized regiments resumed attack previous charge confederate line held remained union regiments final charge confederate forces succeeded holding elevated positions day combat night ordered forces forward construct new receive day attacks new positions placed opposing armies yards fighting elements union forces ordered positions covered bridge river men advancing positions near bridge sides prepared resume combat following day second day dawn union forces positioned covered bridge opened fire confederate forward positions morning fog lifted regiments attacked columns union soldiers moved fields subjected heavy defensive fire confederate forces day progressed combination union regiments succeeded pushing 4th kentucky infantry regiment confederate succeeded positions counterattack progressed union forces covered bridge took increasing pressure 4th kentucky regiment realizing location unprotected remaining union forces attempted withdraw starting lines confederate forces stationed near covered bridge heavy casualties retreating forces union soldiers remained bridge caught multiple confederate regiments attacking union forces attempted break bridge confederate forces inflicted casualties forcing attack withdraw far right duke pressed hard columns attacking union soldiers seeing col sent regiment reinforce duke reinforcements arrived duke men union line routing forcing withdrawal duke combined forces charged union extreme left flank inflicting significant damage union colored regiment having taken heavy casualties losing strategic superiority men conducted disorganized withdrawal succeeded holding rail expended ammunition confederate fired seventy rounds firing significantly union commanders ordered charge cavalry regiment reinforced union infantry unexpected fighting capabilities small confederate force temporarily created salt works aftermath significance ordered field officers inspect troops report condition troops number men wounded killed depleted troops point judged longer hold union forces lines ammunition camp man apiece supplies destroyed troops towns little hope reinforced near future vastly outnumbered inflicted casualties slowed union advance incapable halting finding path defenses blocked men retreated south union company advanced fell night attack december salt works destroyed union forces salt short supply virginia destruction salt mines practically giving lee means preserving little meat lay hands hungry men trenches outside richmond additionally damage lead mines near contributing fully war effort months wells water sources leading disruption water supplies railroad locomotives cars depots bridges vicinity destroyed repair campaign memoir wrote troops captured officers enlisted men attack virginia


battle long battle long june fought vietnam war elements 1st australian task force north vietnamese army operation overlord fighting saw australian infantry 3rd battalion royal australian regiment attack heavily fortified communist base camp long province tanks providing close support crushed occupants regardless fought hard delay australian advance bunker system subsequently captured second system south australians suffered number casualties loss helicopter australians unable concentrate sufficient combat power achieve decisive result bulk north vietnamese force successfully withdrew intact likely sustained heavy casualties process background consequence overall allied strategy australian government keen reduce commitment war replaced end tour duty december reduced infantry battalions albeit significant armour artillery aviation support remaining australian area operations remained reduction forces adding burden remaining battalions regardless following sustained effort province september april bulk communist forces inactive left province accordingly australians shifted focus turning attention denying chance resupply close villages towns long successful operations yielded significant results end south vietnamese forces increasingly responsible security major population centres major battles earlier years seen thing past following request brigadier bruce mcdonald task force commander australian extended kilometres north border long province reconnaissance patrols special air service regiment subsequently inserted vicinity rubber plantation later route patrols highly successful detecting presence substantial communist force number killed prelude intelligence reports june conjunction information gathered located battalion regiment east route border long area kilometres north australian base reports indicated communists attempting disrupt continuing program area rest refit response commander mcdonald launched brigade sized search clear operation known operation overlord named day landings allied invasion normandy operation scheduled begin day years later notably australian sub unit commanders use operational security reasons felt telegraph intentions concept operations called significant blocking force inserted deployed line ran river squadron 3rd cavalry regiment west 8th battalion 3rd cavalry regiment north east command lieutenant colonel peter scott tanks squadron 1st armoured regiment tasked driving north vietnamese positions number fire support bases established field battery field battery royal australian artillery providing indirect fire support conjunction american gunners search designated rifle companies company held reserve plan envisioned movement road troops equipment route air terrain new wooded areas secondary growth beneath metre high canopy numerous water courses spurs battle operation commenced june blocking forces consisting australian new_zealand troops followed aerial landing zone clear large trees metres secured squadron company landed suddenly engaged intense fire targeted company metres south west firing eased minutes allowing remaining companies australians subsequently began patrolling soon apparent dropped metres extensive bunker system signs strong north vietnamese presence detected soon began sweep blocking elements number sightings contacts small parties moving north possibly alerted allied air road movements communists avoiding open combat late afternoon june platoon company located thought main communist position nightfall approaching decided press attack night evening shots exchanged australians australian platoon subsequently withdrew night harbour artillery commenced bombarding position following half hour preparation platoon resumed advance expecting north vietnamese vacated position night numerous times past having proceeded metres australians came heavy fire flanks suffering casualties initial soon apparent platoon pinned edge strongly defended concealed bunker system platoon commander calling assistance helicopter indirect mortar fire casualties withdrawing moving support platoon contact scott ordered company conduct assault flank rear bunker complex mounted tanks support troops spearheaded assault jungle north soon began receiving heavy small arms fire rocket propelled grenades subsequently suffered external damage realising bunker system larger previously estimated tanks forced halt infantry brought begin assault platoon dire straits beginning run low ammunition number machine guns beginning fail prolonged firing moving heavily outnumbered australians observed emerging heavy indirect fire effective suppressing fire helicopter prevented overrun attempting gain better position direct fire company forward observer lieutenant moved forward platoon killed immediately remainder company able link platoon aerial resupply ammunition situation temporarily second attempt resupply company resulted australian helicopter shot heavy ground fire exploding impact crew members killed injured soldier injured ground ammunition exploding burning wreckage number australians rushed aid injured debris removing ammunition pulling survivors safety subsequently point established rear australian positions casualty evacuation resupply mid afternoon company finally moved position commenced assault pushing bunker system north east tanks close support crushing occupants tracks progress australian assault slowed thick vegetation size position resistance volume fire diminished bunker system later found cover nearly square kilometre wider assaulting company australians searched bunker systematically action company tanks subsequently linked company established night defensive position final assault company located south uncovered second bunker system subsequently captured australians hastily abandoned rounds ammunition fired fighting rounds ammunition artillery fired rounds rounds high explosive support days australian pioneer engineer demolition teams proceeded destroy remaining aftermath despite significantly size position faced australians succeeded pushing battalion regiment valuable base area intended long term use regardless results casualties incurred numerous blood trails body parts scattered battlefield indicated communist casualties heavy majority dead removed battlefield crushed australian tanks battle cost australians killed wounded bodies recovered north vietnamese defended strongly order allow orderly evacuation personnel stores australians unable concentrate sufficient combat power rapidly ensure decisive result largely able achieve objective loss base camps bulk communist force remained intact later carried highly successful ambush main force regiment june seven australians killed wounded defence employment platoon subsequent action bulk casualties occurring exploded box sitting atop armoured personnel carrier catastrophic consequences operations long continued australians established number possible withdrawal routes little contact subsequently occurred operation overlord finally ended june returned overall despite heavy contact experienced early yielded little australians regiment encountered overlord larger task force operations war joint australian battalion sized operation fighting continued australian operations began wind august prime minister william mcmahon announced cease operations october commencing phased withdrawal ultimately australian forces withdrawn vietnam