tamil nationalism tamil nationalism conviction tamil people minority ethnic group south asian island country sri_lanka known ceylon right constitute independent autonomous political community idea existed tamil national awareness began era british rule nineteenth century tamil hindu tried counter protestant missionary activity led literacy tool spread principles reformed legislative council introduced british based principles communal representation led realize minority ethnic group represented member community communal representation tamil national awareness changed national consciousness passive state formed tamil political party called ceylon tamil congress years leading independence political tension began develop majority minority tamil communities citing possibility majority adopting dominant posture pushed representation parliament policy half seats parliament majority half minority communities muslims indian sri_lanka achieved independence decided merge ruling united national party supported half members resulted split half party decided merge half decided leave party altogether forming new tamil party federal party policies adopted successive governments success nationalist government solomon federal party main voice tamil politics increased racial political tension communities led merger tamil political parties tamil united liberation followed emergence militant armed form tamil nationalism independence early beginning arrival protestant missionaries large scale sri_lanka called ceylon beginning primary contributor development political awareness activities missionaries american board commissioners foreign missions anglican churches led revival hindu faith led hindu religious movement defensive response threat native culture posed british colonial missionary activities translated literary works encourage use tamil language spread hindu principles efforts revive predominant religion tamil people influenced built schools temples societies published literature counter missionaries nearly schools including seminary fully functioning revival movement set stage modern tamil prose success effort led think community prepared way awareness common cultural religious mid nineteenth century contributions tamil people described leader gave community distinct identity communal consciousness great_britain controlled island unified country legislative council acted advisor governor council composed europeans representative situation changed arrival british governor william manning actively encouraged idea communal representation created reformed legislative council election returned thirteen significant loss representation compared previous council based direct appointment governor began develop communal consciousness think minority community focused communal representation council national representation decided delegates leaders community new sense community identity changed direction tamil nationalism starting developing national awareness transformed active national consciousness heightened determination protect interests ceylon tamil community influenced heavily political history importantly centered developments british administration emerging tamil national consciousness led establishment ceylon tamil congress headed tamil politician development historic changes occurred reformed legislative council eliminated commission rejected communal representation formed instead commission introduced universal franchise representation percentage population tamil leadership strongly opposed plan realizing reduced minority parliament idea universal franchise publicly protested commission proposed commission replaced commission roughly equal numbers congressional seats assigned new independent ceylon planned proposal rejected introduction advisory council commission commission primary dispute elite question representation structure government issue power sharing nationalists communities create escalating inter ethnic rivalry gaining momentum advocacy tamil nationalism paralleled similar nationalism led future prime minister solomon created tension leaders caused exchange verbal attacks calling proud political stress led tamil riot riots sri_lanka independence ceylon tamil congress ceylon tamil congress founded popular promoted preservation tamil identity advocated policy percent seats parliament reserved minorities remaining percent going means opportunities education university seats employment etc allocated minorities according necessary defensive measure prevent dominance warned commission potential problem presented solution called balanced representation policy opposed muslim minority sections tamil community leader political groups allowed control presentations commission prevented nationalists solomon taking stage avoided eruption arguments commission rejected charges discrimination rejected formula democracy later decided adopt new policy responsive cooperation progressive minded decided merge ruling united national party stated earlier progressive minded merge supported entire party ended splitting half faction merging led deciding leave party altogether advocated equal rights opportunities racial barrier voted favour bills later known ceylon citizenship act indian hill country vote bills ceylon citizenship act silence parliament tamil public believed committed indian tamil rights remained major tamil political party federal party took position tamil congress held parliamentary positions continued force tamil politics merged tamil political factions form new party called tamil united liberation according wilson legacy consciousness tamil people raised inspired separate tamil national identity merged island federal party new tamil party called federal party organized people broke away led gained popularity tamil people advocated tamil rights popularity party opposition ceylon citizenship act act result federal party dominant party tamil districts elections despite federal party asked separate tamil state self determination instead lobbied unified state gave tamil equal status official language provided considerable autonomy tamil areas backdrop pact signed july pressure opposition groups forced abolish pact assassination pact signed called pact agreement like pact implemented defeated election replaced united led widow solomon new government adopted new policies tamil people government introduced double standard admission grades universities requiring tamil students achieve higher grades students secondly kind policy adopted jobs public servants held percent tamil speaking population federal party opposed policies result resigned parliamentary seat october shortly federal party decided demand separate autonomous tamil state federal party campaigned unified country thought new policies considered tamil leadership modified official position tamil nationalism new political agenda federal party merged tamil political parties tamil united liberation national convention ceylon moved revised nationalism unwilling live confined single island entity tamil united liberation tamil united liberation formed tamil political parties merged adopted resolution named village developed election tamil nationalist party run platform gained majority votes north east won seats largest opposition party parliament resolution profound effect tamil politics parliamentary system soon replaced guns tried political division negotiating agreement executive president sri_lanka time agreement known district development councils scheme passed rejected agreed let district tamil districts received votes sixth amendment passed requiring parliament public offices oath allegiance unified state sri_lanka forbade advocating separate state consequently members expelled parliament refusing oath militant groups expulsion parliament ruled tamil political movement result 1970s saw emergence tamil militant groups liberation tigers tamil states causes tamil youth unemployment lack opportunities higher education alien language majority government responsible problems adding alternative left tamil youths revolutionary armed struggle independence nation militant groups people liberation organisation tamil tamil liberation organization people revolutionary liberation revolutionary organisation students remained potent political force rest flawed strictly tamil nationalist factions dominant groups tamil resistance organization furthermore policies tamil nationalist platform desire national self determination supported major sections tamil community established facto state areas control called tamil managed government areas providing state functions courts police force human rights organization humanitarian assistance board health board education board addition ran bank bank tamil radio station voice tigers television station national television tamil


history jews puerto_rico jewish immigration puerto_rico began 15th century arrival variously called jews secret jews accompanied christopher columbus second voyage open jewish community flourish puerto_rico judaism prohibited spanish migrated mountainous parts island far central power san_juan continued self identify jews practice judaism hundreds years open jewish community established island american jews settled puerto_rico island ceded spain united_states terms treaty paris ended spanish american war large group jews settle puerto_rico european refugees fleeing german occupied europe 1930s 1940s second influx jews island came 1950s thousands cuban jews eastern european descent fled came power majority miami florida sizable portion choosing establish integrate neighboring island cultural linguistic racial historic similarities shared islands puerto rican jews contributions multiple fields including business commerce education entertainment puerto_rico largest richest jewish community caribbean jewish inhabitants caribbean island major jewish denominations orthodox conservative reform represented jews arrive puerto_rico according historians jews arrive puerto_rico jews forced convert catholicism members christopher columbus crew second voyage november called new world historians believe spoke hebrew languages accompanied columbus interpreter jew set foot puerto_rico jews arrived settled puerto_rico referred jews secret jews catholic monarchs spain ferdinand isabella established ecclesiastical tribunal known spanish intended maintain catholic kingdoms hundreds jews killed destroyed consequences disturbances mass forced conversion jews jews arrived island puerto_rico hoping avoid religious scrutiny followed colonists maintained religious court puerto_rico written necessary regional spain western hemisphere result secret jews settled island remote mountainous interior far concentrated centers power san_juan lived quiet lives practiced judaism meant secretly practiced judaism publicly roman catholic jews weren permitted worship jews eventually catholics puerto_rico virtually jewish history speak 19th century 19th century spanish crown lost possessions americas remaining possessions puerto_rico cuba demanding autonomy pro independence movements spanish crown issued royal decree real originated august intention attracting european settlers spanish origin islands spanish government believing independence movements lose popularity granted land initially gave settlers letters europeans jewish protestant faith excluded direct acquisition state land expected settlers swear loyalty spanish crown allegiance roman_catholic_church opening new lands catholics resulted sales existing cultivated lands people jewish descent settling puerto_rico puerto rican jews lived puerto_rico 19th century son dutch jewish ancestry puerto_rico parents met married new_orleans louisiana born raised educated family moved puerto_rico settled city met married maria opened grocery store successful lose good fortune attempting grow coffee like residents puerto_rico time resented political practiced spain island led believer cause puerto rican independence movement admired independence advocates son joined conspiracy revolt spain formed revolutionary committee code named tree known spanish ecuador laurel wood build ships things september son participated short lived revolt spanish rule known english cry son refused surrender spanish authorities eventually executed failed revolution spanish courts passed cult act law attempt attract settlers faithful spanish crown granting right religious freedom wished worship religion catholicism established puerto_rico ceded spain united_states end spanish american war late 1800s spanish american war jewish american servicemen gathered local puerto rican jews old telegraph building hold religious services 20th century 1930s jewish american soldiers assigned military bases puerto_rico choose stay live island large numbers jewish immigrants began arrive puerto_rico 1930s refugees nazi occupied europe majority settled island capital san_juan established jewish community center puerto_rico 1940s president puerto rican senate governor non puerto rican governor puerto_rico appointed american president helped advance legislation geared agricultural reform economic recovery program known operation result program jews migrated city located southern region island worked agricultural industry operation attracted clothing new_york people industry came island jews president franklin roosevelt appointed aaron cecil born baltimore maryland associate justice supreme_court puerto_rico jew non puerto rican appointed court governor appointed chief justice supreme_court puerto_rico appointment puerto rican governor court addressing nomination actually sworn chief justice departure court practiced law san_juan death puerto_rico achieved commonwealth status officially commonwealth puerto_rico spanish puerto_rico year handful american jews established island residence william wealthy puerto rican german descent designed built czech architect called hired success cuban revolution led cuba jews went exile majority fled miami florida puerto_rico received large influx jewish cuba associate judge united_states supreme_court son orthodox jews friend frequented puerto_rico roosevelt kennedy johnson participated drafting constitution puerto_rico gave administrators legal advice called according biographer puerto_rico engaged cause committed establishment jewish community puerto_rico home largest wealthiest jewish community caribbean jewish inhabitants puerto converted judaism individuals entire families puerto_rico caribbean island conservative reform orthodox jewish movements represented established represents conservative judaism established represents reform judaism center established represents orthodox judaism reform congregation utilizes english hebrew languages teachings conservative congregation uses english hebrew spanish november puerto rican jewish community established outside metropolitan san_juan area located city island west_coast called designated puerto rican government national historic monument reform congregations located san_juan center located city 1950s puerto rican musician founder choir university puerto_rico founded hebrew festival chorus san_juan jewish community jewish influence puerto rican popular culture municipality street word jewish los english language means jewish slope street puerto rican jews contributions puerto rican way life contributions found limited fields education commerce entertainment successful businesses established founded george clothing store founded bank founded israel impact puerto_rico music industry organized band original sound style puerto_rico greatest selected band repertoire songs particular positive social message philosophy arranged new band sound raw powerful typical sound vogue time genre popular featured addition sound singer won latin grammy awards best album category best single billboard latin music awards nominated best single award puerto rican literature enriched works wrote book broadway musical heights play soldier pulitzer prize finalist author history based fiction writer ben better known works black man family africa mother major western religions author poet aurora work stories earth iron history author emily learns author stephen jordan short story jew july members friends temple published cooking puerto_rico spanish english includes jewish recipes jewish holidays american puerto rican jewish roots rivera david mars benjamin levy phoenix jenna american television sitcom welcome originally aired abc network september june character named juan played robert according script fiercely proud puerto rican jew film like holidays actor john plays role rodriguez puerto rican wife sarah played actress jewish faith scene film family discusses fact jewish puerto san_juan large jewish community resolution october senate puerto_rico approved senate resolution recognizing contributions jewish community way life puerto_rico friendship exists peoples puerto_rico israel


people filipino group predominant islands philippines origins remained scholars free culture partly influenced environmental condition unlike old type common philippines adopted famous stone houses limestone designed protect hostile climate origins documents history present scholars study origins unsure exact origin question pre historic came northern southern portions china taiwan evidence surviving remnant people resided islands taiwan considered close racial resemblance structure language mean came parts philippines tracing roots genetic studies japanese island closer genetic affinity sub branch branch early settlement lived arrived philippines 16th century lived long june incorporated spanish east indies capital spanish colony philippines established manila forced settle spanish rule years gained independence september ironically june celebrated founding day physical attributes earliest accounts british william described short people eyes small bigger chinese low thick short low white teeth black thick hair dark copper colored skin strong mixture short type individuals physical characteristics peculiar japan demographics population increase population distributed municipalities residing census population mother tongue commonly known distinct language including possibly widely speak understand english languages today catholics like rest country converted practice ancestral worship growing protestant denominations specially capital town culture culture largely influenced climate exposed high risks disruption agriculture adopted strategies order live traditionally frequent drought plant root crops able cope environment crops include sweet potato ensure higher chances survival climate conditions study behavior animals sky color wind clouds predict weather usually gather animals stay houses cows shelter communal pasture birds taking refuge houses ground pink sky orange storm sea vital way life abundant month march depend flying fish present shores native called banana stalk served wine occasions weddings arrived philippines built houses largely grass small situated designed protect strong winds introduced large scale production lime construction famous stone houses meter thick limestone walls type designed harsh environment known terminal passage philippines basic grass preserved roofs houses constructed withstand strong winds houses comparable white houses new_zealand ireland scottish highlands endemic clothing designed protect sun rain fiber palm different folk songs ancient lyrical songs supposed sung merry finished work hand sung work legends called chants chronicle adventures escape disaster


clan clan scottish clan clan officially registered court lord authority scotland clan considered clan clan recognised court lord currently chief recognised lord king arms judge court lord official clan derived mac forms considered associated names clan clan long history islands scottish inner today monuments clan found islands 19th century historian named clan seven clans according trace ancestry father mac popular tradition recently consider mac king scots recent research shown actually king likely little known early history clan certain clan served lords isles descendants ruled 14th century late 16th century following isles late 15th century clan attached powerful early 17th century chief clan executed lost control chief control home lands clan considered broken clan point followed branch clan dispersed lands controlled clan cameron early 19th century notorious outlaw revered feared locals despised authorities today modern clan alive associated clan societies located world history 19th century historian stated members clan ancient inhabitants wrote clan seven clans preserved manuscript descent seven clans according trace descent father traditional king scots mac stating wrote known early history clan century wrote according later tradition ancestor clan fostered lord describes martin description western isles scotland wrote south church chief clan cadets family principal stone bore handed inscription lies burial place small chapel south church stone sir abbot high dean isles toured western isles according manuscript written 17th century pertaining coronation lords isles council isles kept records isles member council isles listed witness charter john earl ross lord isles dated april earl castle fall isles followed chief clan west highland chiefs cited treason summoned parliament supporters rebellious alexander chief died impressive seen pictured left high dean isles description western isles scotland called described island partly controlled describing island wrote held currently ruled gentle gentle meaning born captain old chief atrocities committed west highland clans escalated extent parliament devised known general band effort quell hostilities band signed landowners scottish highlands borders islands requiring responsible men lived lands signing chiefs required come equal wealth lands peaceful conduct followers fee listed scottish highlands islands broken men men despite governments actions secure peace time ravaged islands men besieged angus castle siege lifted agreed surrender half lands despite agreement invaded islands angus aided action west highland clans lewis supporting harris present assembly island chiefs gentlemen met bishop isles statutes enacted bring western isles control scottish parliament fall clan supported sir james chief clan south escaped edinburgh castle principal leaders rebellion government promised combined forces leading man nearby isle contributed total men rebellion sir james force men landed special men north earl later secured submission chief clan south captured eighteen handed earl rebel leader received assurance lives serving government rebels company earl earl late presented captured council years chief lived residing time feuded judging hiding places bear hiding place chased finally chased pursued south west south western corner called spotted taken popular lore chief finally discovered hiding place given away position men alerted cry spotted clan chief rock edge sea chief tied stone shot followers appear council records accused killing chief death chief finally lost control island passed took island held peacefully years island later absorbed sold chief clan broken clan followed making small proportion total population branch clan collapse clan settled followed cameron chief clan cameron clan cameron august charles edward stuart raised standard claimed scottish english throne father james francis edward stuart following year right flank army battle outlaw known character 19th century lived outlaw described scotland outlaw recognised landowner stole sheep raised family small island young man enlisted landlord highland regiment british_army said able soldier soon deserted army fled native hid living sister states winds blows site sat right disputed cameron boundary line elderly woman lived managed divert stream time cameron men came collect rent managed avoid paying rent years claiming home boundary stream regiment sent troop soldiers arrest taken aboard steamer managed escape fled captors lived years shores building small island born translation scottish island took wife fourteen year old girl lived hill time passed feared looked poor inhabitants believed supernatural powers cattle brought cured years past neighbouring finally decided end sheep stealing sheriff sent officers confront officers rowed island fired wife officers fled week later armed party sent finally arrested taken prison eventually died modern clan coats arms registered public register arms scotland robert robert andrew highly successful businessmen sugar industry crest clan crest badge actually derived crest coat arms robert andrew douglas vancouver british_columbia canada started movement clan officially registered lord king arms standing stone dedicated memorial chief clan executed clan formally recognised lord king arms later november year appointed commander clan lord king arms following death alexander sandy australia appointed lord king arms commander clan september march lord gave permission clan hoc choose successor decided step morris chosen petition lord later appointed commander clan today clan societies associated clan societies located world australia canada new_zealand scotland sweden united_states_of_america ongoing surname dna project conducted help discover clan genetic roots determine people surname similar surname related currently april participants project date project found separate total number participants largest consists total participants contains line currently thought represent original male line clan vast majority including largest project describes terms celtic clan profile origin origin variations mac means son personal composed elements black peace early bearer personal recorded annals dub listed monastic community year variations rendered mac modern scottish according passage collection poems family north known translation black fairy tradition family familiar fairy flights secret family north time commonly bore given time ceased given carried cape nova_scotia canada taking forms david north considered clan according early 19th century found 15th century manuscript gave highland clans published translations early 19th century later revisions late 19th century chief work celtic scotland today manuscript named later stored national library scotland manuscript written mac following versions attributed chiefs clan manuscript secondly celtic scotland according mentioned recorded witnessing charter john earl ross lord isles celtic scotland thought possible mentioned identical recorded irish annals clan symbols crest badge clan scottish crest clan members allegiance clan chief like clan crest owe popularity victorian crest usually contain crest clan chief encircled containing chief motto case clan chief crest badge derived coat arms register coat arms public register arms scotland crest badge clan contains crest lion rampant proper motto crest pro translated latin means king today crest commonly clan members original worn plant clan clan consisted plants worn attached pole spear clan attributed clan clans shares use associated clans clan attributed clan include scots pine scottish attributed seven clans oak scottish attributed clan cameron scottish attributed clan clan cameron clan official clan registered books court lord king arms august possible date time coats arms registered mid 19th century recorded clans scotland similar colour green black said colours red green yellow general appearance similar cameron dependence clan cameron collapse clan clan cameron association considers members followers clan cameron associated clans names today variations clan meaning son people bear considered members clan clan historical links clans clan cameron stated members clan emigrated lands controlled clan cameron 17th century clan cameron considers certain variations theirs link clan considered clan campbell origin unknown campbell 10th duke maintained originally local tradition originally descended left cameron controlled region 16th century according recently supposed descend members clan held lands area


lesbian lesbian female homosexual female experiences romantic love sexual attraction females term lesbian express sexual identity sexual behavior regardless sexual orientation characterize associate female homosexuality sex attraction concept lesbian differentiate women shared sexual orientation 20th century construct history women freedom independence pursue homosexual relationships men met harsh punishment homosexual men societies instead lesbian relationships regarded harmless ones participants attempted assert privileges traditionally enjoyed men result little history documented accurate description female homosexuality expressed early late 19th century began describe homosexual behavior hampered lack knowledge homosexuality women sexuality distinguished women adhere female gender roles incorrectly designated mentally ill designation reversed global scientific community women homosexual relationships responded designation hiding personal lives accepting label creating identity developed europe united_states following world war period social repression governments actively persecuted women developed networks educate greater economic social freedom allowed gradually able determine form relationships families second wave feminism growth scholarship women history sexuality 20th century definition lesbian sparking debate sexual desire major component define lesbian women engage sex sexual activity reject identifying bisexual women self identification lesbian align sexual orientation sexual behavior sexual identity necessarily sexual orientation sexual behavior reasons fear identifying sexual orientation setting portrayals media suggest society large simultaneously intrigued threatened women challenge feminine gender roles fascinated appalled women romantically involved women women adopt lesbian identity share experiences form outlook similar ethnic identity unified discrimination potential rejection face families friends result women face concerns separate men encounter distinct physical mental health concerns arising discrimination prejudice minority stress political conditions social attitudes affect formation lesbian relationships families open origin transformation term word lesbian derived greek island home 6th century bce poet ancient writings historians gathered group young women left charge instruction cultural little poetry survives remaining poetry reflects topics wrote women daily lives relationships rituals focused beauty women proclaimed love girls late 19th century word lesbian referred derivative aspect including type wine charles poem term lesbian appears twice capitalized times twice mentioning island mean island george writing poetry refers lesbian studies includes poem passion poem simply love women mention island poem alluded entitled describe erotic relationships women documented term lesbian medical dictionary describe lesbian love terms lesbian homosexual turn 20th century use lesbian medical literature prominent word recorded mean female equivalent development medical knowledge significant factor term lesbian middle 19th century medical writers attempted establish ways identify male homosexuality considered significant social problem western societies behavior indicated referred german researchers categorized normal sexual behavior men women extent men women varied perfect male sexual type perfect female sexual type far literature focused female homosexual behavior male homosexuality medical professionals consider significant problem cases acknowledged exist richard von germany britain wrote earliest enduring female sex attraction approaching form insanity considered termed disease influenced writings disagreed sexual generally lifelong condition believed women professed love women changed feelings relationships experienced marriage practical life conceded true spend lives pursuing erotic relationships women members sex rejected roles women feminine domestic described opposite gender roles related attraction women instead men women victorian period considered unable initiate sexual encounters women women thought possessing masculine sexual desires work widely read helped create public consciousness female homosexuality claims homosexuality generally accepted homosexual men indicated behavior inspired considered criminal vice widely acknowledged absence material describe emotions accepted designation different outlaw status form social circles paris berlin lesbian began describe elements western cultures particular classify having identity defines individual sexuality membership group shares common traits women cultures history sexual relations women rarely designated group people based physical relations women generally political minorities western cultures added medical designation homosexuality cause development identity female homosexuality identity western culture general varied meanings lesbian early 20th century prompted historians historic relationships women wide usage word defined erotic discussion historians caused questioning lesbian relationship lesbian asserted sexual component unnecessary declaring oneself lesbian primary closest relationships women considering past relationships appropriate historic context times love sex separate unrelated notions academic named lesbian history group wrote society reluctance admit exist high degree certainty expected historians biographers allowed use label evidence situation inadequate woman married lived woman friends women moved known lesbian mixed gay circles lesbian sort evidence proof critics want evidence sexual activity women impossible find female sexuality adequately represented texts documents recently documented women sexuality written men context male understanding relevant women associations men wives daughters mothers example artistic representations female sexuality suggest trends ideas broad scales giving historians clues widespread accepted erotic relationships women ancient greece rome history analyzed contemporary ancient greece subject enjoyed popularity ruling class britain 19th century based social priorities british scholars interpreted ancient greece white masculine society essentially removed women historical importance women greece men men environment erotic sexual relationships males common recorded literature art philosophy hardly recorded homosexual activity women speculation similar relationships existed women girls poet term feminine form official term younger participant relationship mentions women love women uses term focused instead applied erotic relationships men men women historian nancy argues ancient greek red images portraying women arms woman waist leaning woman shoulders expressions romantic desire daily lives women ancient greece unknown specifically expressions sexuality men participated relationships outside marriage clear evidence women allowed encouraged sex relationships marriage long marital obligations met women appear greek pottery depicted affection instances women appear women images bathing touching placed scenes imagery seen depictions marriage viewer accurate representation life unknown women ancient rome similarly subject men definitions sexuality modern scholarship indicates men viewed female homosexuality hostility considered women engaged sexual relations women biological attempt penetrate women men enlarged according scholar james challenged roman male view exclusive sexual pleasure basic foundations rome male dominated culture historical documentation exists women women sex partners early modern europe female homosexuality received negative response religious criminal authorities male homosexuality adultery history men men women men animals death britain sexual contact women medical legal texts earliest law female homosexuality appeared france spain italy holy roman empire women included acts considered unnatural burning death instances recorded taking place earliest execution occurred germany days demanded rode discovered touched breasts italian nun named sister documented sisters possessed divine spirit named end relationships women placed solitary confinement years life female common english literature theater historians suggest fashionable period renaissance ideas women sexuality linked contemporary understanding female physiology considered inward version nature perfection created man nature thought trying right form women sex changes later thought cases synonymous female sex desire medical consideration depended measurements longer thought women penetrate women penetration focus concern sexual acts woman thought desires called literally thought create women led pamphlets warning women leading organs written tales lesbian sex carried meaning class distinction linked fashion female passed simultaneously considered members lower class trying ruin women representatives aristocracy corrupt satirical writers began suggest political rivals wives engaged order harm queen anne rumored passionate relationship sarah churchill closest adviser churchill ousted queen favorite spread allegations queen having affairs marie subject speculation months female husbands appeared medical literature considered common knowledge cases rare elements literature specifically gender fool woman plot devices shakespeare twelfth night james bird cage extraordinary cases renaissance women taking male going years decades recorded found ranged death time ordered dress man henry fielding wrote pamphlet titled female husband based life mary hamilton arrested marrying woman man sentenced public months jail similar examples prussia executed swiss anne married relocated wife exposed woman previous affair sentenced time stocks prison queen sweden tendency dress man known time noble birth brought male speculation time throne avoid marriage known pursue romantic relationships women historians view cases cross dressing women women seizing power naturally unable enjoy feminine attire way making sense desire women argues western society threatened women rejected feminine roles women accused 16th century spain executed material instruments punished severely marriages women recorded england hannah wright anne alice comment parties female reports standards performed weddings wrote suspicions member wedding party continued appear century outside europe women able dress men fought american revolution man named robert pursued relationships women edward evans born female ireland took male voyage australia lived man years victoria marrying times created scandal new_zealand found amy married woman port newspapers argued sign insanity inherent character flaw examining romantic friendships 17th 19th centuries woman expressing passionate love woman fashionable accepted encouraged relationships termed romantic friendships boston marriages sentimental friends common europe especially england documentation relationships possible large volume letters written women relationship included component matter public discourse women form strong exclusive bonds considered innocent similar relationship man destroyed woman reputation fact relationships promoted alternatives practice woman marriage man relationship lady mary wrote anne entirely lovers don allow possible man sincere similarly english poet anna devoted friendship subject poems married despite protest poems angry continued write long death beauty affection friendship young woman writer philosopher mary attached woman named blood writing woman recently felt betrayed declared roses bloom peace breast prospect living heart know love novel mary fiction addressed relationship blood famous romantic friendships eleanor butler sarah nicknamed ladies butler relief family concerned reputation run away man live wales years thought story considered romantic friendship inspired poetry anna henry anne butler recorded affairs women written code detailing sexual relationships maria eleanor butler considered masculine contemporary news reports suspicions relationships nature nonetheless praised literature romantic friendships popular enigmatic poet emily wrote letters poems susan gilbert later sister law engaged romantic correspondence kate scott broke relationship month entered self imposed lifelong nearby connecticut african american women brown left evidence passion letters kisses like georgia alice wrote know touch speak nerve body respond thrill delight turn 20th century development higher education provided opportunities women female surroundings culture romantic pursuit fostered women colleges older students younger ones called socially took women dances sent flowers cards poems declared love called written frankly stories girls aspiring attend college publications ladies home journal children magazine titled nicholas collection called smith college stories negative views enduring loyalty devotion love major components stories sexual acts kissing consistently absent women option career instead marriage labeled new women took new opportunities seriously calls period breath innocence female affection connected sexuality marking unique group specifically connects growth women independence beginning reject strictly prescribed roles victorian era scientific designation type sexual behavior identity gender historical western culture construction lesbian identity women realization participated behavior relationships categorized lesbian caused deny conceal professor marks mount college lived college president mary years marks discouraged young women abnormal friendships insisted happiness attained man women embraced distinction set apart women gay men 1890s 1930s american held weekly salon paris major artistic celebrities invited lesbian topics focus combining greek influences contemporary french attempted create updated version salon contemporaries included artist brooks painted circle writers barnes social host novelist hall berlin vibrant homosexual culture 1920s clubs catering existed women magazine titled die girlfriend titled specifically male book titled berlin written popularized german capital center lesbian activity clubs varied large establishments popular tourist attractions small neighborhood local women went find women das lied song served anthem berlin homosexuality illegal germany tolerated functions allowed police took opportunity register names future reference scientific humanitarian committee promoted tolerance germany welcomed lesbian participation surge lesbian themed writing political activism german feminist movement evident hall published novel titled loneliness plot centers stephen gordon woman identifies reading lives homosexual paris novel included foreword intended tolerance accidents born inverted hall theories rejected theory sex attraction caused childhood trauma publicity hall received consequences novel tried london event described moment construction visible modern english lesbian professor newspaper stories frankly book content includes sexual relations lesbian women photographs hall accompanied details major print outlets span months hall reflected appearance woman 1920s short hair tailored suits pants widely recognized uniform british women participated world war familiar masculine clothing considered patriotic wearing uniforms pants postwar women clothing associated united_states 1920s decade social experimentation particularly sex heavily influenced writings sexual desire despite individual wish ignore theories europe publicized notion sexual acts relationships sexual experimentation widespread large cities provided immensely popular women began seek sexual adventure particularly america gay neighborhoods location saw visitors possibilities homosexual harlem predominantly african american section new_york_city white enjoyed jazz wished blues singers smith waters sang affairs women visitors soon named joan began draw comparisons newly recognized minority status african americans african american residents harlem lesbian relationships common tolerated overtly embraced women staged lavish wedding ceremonies filing licenses masculine names new_york_city women married men participated affairs women regularly widely accepted town village saw growing homosexual community harlem village provided furnished rooms single men women major factor development centers homosexual communities tenor different village harlem intellectuals rejected victorian ideals gathered village predominantly male figures poet vincent social host dodge known affairs women promotion tolerance homosexuality women visit harlem live village time able visit 1920s considered prostitutes existence public space women bars known cater single important public manifestation decades according historian great depression primary component necessary encourage public seek women economic independence virtually disappeared 1930s great depression women found necessary marry gay man pursue homosexual relationships public discretion man expected traditional wife independent women 1930s generally seen holding jobs men social attitude small close communities large cities centered bars simultaneously women speaking homosexuality context socially forbidden women rarely discussed referred openly gay people life theory influencing doctors consider homosexuality immature women homosexual disappeared germany rise nazis world war onset world war caused massive people lives military engaged millions men women accepted military women army corps navy women accepted volunteer emergency service waves unlike processes screen male place creation american military methods identify screen place gradually world war despite common attitudes women traditional roles 1930s independent masculine women directly recruited military 1940s discouraged women able arrive recruiting station man suit deny having love woman easily inducted sexual activity forbidden blue discharge certain identified oneself lesbian women found formed tight groups base service clubs began use code words historian documented armed forces consciously refused identify homosexual lesbian spoke orientation masculine women necessarily common visible tended attract women interested finding women subject interest women carefully taking days develop common understanding asking stating outright women enter military aggressively called industrial jobs left men order continue national productivity increased mobility independence women war possible women live husbands feasible different economic social circumstances shaping lesbian networks environments postwar years following world war nationwide movement pressed return pre war society quickly possible combined increasing national paranoia communism theory medical knowledge homosexuality characteristic employees working government thought vulnerable targets blackmail government employment ranks open beginning widespread effort gather intelligence employees private lives state local governments followed suit arresting people bars parks laws cross dressing men women military government conducted asking women sexual relations woman essentially time experience criminal identity severely homosexuality listed emotional disturbance american psychiatric association statistical manual view homosexuality sickness widely believed medical community general population attitudes practices public service positions extended australia canada section create offence gross females added bill united_kingdom house_of_commons passed rejected house_of_lords apparently concerned attention paid sexual misconduct promote underground little information available homosexuality medical psychiatric texts community meeting places consisted bars commonly raided police month average arrested exposed newspapers response women san_francisco met living rooms place dance decided regular meeting organization titled daughters began publishing magazine titled ladder inside cover issue mission statement stated education variant intended provide women knowledge homosexuality specifically relating women famous history term lesbian negative meaning refused use choosing variant instead spread chicago new_york los_angeles ladder hundreds eventually thousands members discussing nature homosexuality challenging idea sickness readers offering reasons suggesting ways cope condition society response british followed publication arena beginning similar mission reflection categories sexuality sharply defined government society large lesbian developed extremely rigid gender roles women particularly working class canada municipalities enacted laws cross dressing women bars dressed men clothing traditional masculine behavior wore traditionally feminine clothing assumed role modes integral lesbian bars women refused choose ignored unable date women romantically involved women unacceptable women novelty 1950s harlem village 1920s women assumed 1950s 1960s roles limited north_america bar culture flourished britain fewer class identified members group women rejected society inside view exclusive group people took high knowledge function considered coarse american higher social standing period women married satisfy obligations escaped europe live lesbian themed fiction regardless lack information homosexuality scholarly texts forum learning growing paperback book titled women barracks describing woman experiences free french forces published told lesbian relationship author witnessed million copies sold consequently named house select committee current pornographic materials publisher gold medal books followed novel spring fire sold million copies gold medal books overwhelmed mail women writing subject matter followed books creating genre lesbian pulp fiction books published topic sold corner train stations bus stops canada written marketed men coded words images covers instead lesbian terms strange twilight sex titles cover art invariably handful lesbian pulp fiction authors women writing including ann taylor christian ann purchased lesbian pulp fiction later stated women identified material cover art books cultural references naming places terms describing modes dress codes isolated women result pulp fiction helped lesbian identity simultaneously readers second wave feminism social 1950s early 1960s encountered backlash social movements improve standing african americans poor women prominent gay rights movement feminist movement connected violent confrontation occurred new_york_city riots followed movement characterized surge gay activism feminist consciousness transformed definition lesbian sexual revolution 1970s introduced identity sexual behavior women women took advantage new social freedom try new experiences women previously identified tried sleeping women maintained identity advent second wave feminism lesbian political identity grew describe social philosophy women sexual desire defining trait militant feminist organization named published manifesto entitled woman identified woman declared lesbian rage women condensed point explosion militant expressed disdain inherently society concluded effective way overcome attain equality women deny men power pleasure women women philosophy dubbing lesbian lesbian term chosen women describe woman dedicated approach social interaction political motivation welfare women sexual desire defining characteristic lesbian feminist focus politics independence men central lesbian feminism believers separate physically economically traditional male centered culture ideal society named lesbian nation woman lesbian poet rich expanded political meaning lesbian proposing lesbian existence based woman identified experience relationships women rich proposed lesbian element regardless claim lesbian identity mothers daughters women work women nurse example perception women relating connects time cultures rich considered condition forced women men years earlier founders del martin similarly relegated sexual acts unnecessary determining lesbian providing definition woman primary erotic psychological emotional social interest member sex interest overtly expressed lesbian feminism significant shift agreed lesbian feminism youth oriented movement members primarily college educated experience new left radical causes seen success radical organizations women issues older acknowledged sexuality conservative times felt maintaining ways world appropriate daughters folded direction focus feminism gay rights issues equality priority lesbian roles men women viewed lesbian gender role play bars perceived gay men lesbian refused work gay men causes held view born homosexual lesbian define sexual attraction considered angry opinions lesbian detrimental cause gay rights outside western culture middle_east female homosexual behavior present culture concept lesbian woman pairs exclusively women attitudes female homosexual behavior dependent women roles society culture definition sex women middle_east historically segregated men 7th 8th centuries extraordinary women dressed male attire gender roles strict sexual roles accompanied european women associated islamic women court baghdad featured women dressed men including false facial hair competed women men highly intelligent women according 12th century writings likely intellectual prowess par men relations women lived fears women sexually intimate turkish expressed writings men women silent men likewise rarely wrote lesbian relationships unclear historians rare instances mentioned literature accurate historical record intended serve fantasies men treatise repression iran asserted women completely iranian history woman allowed speak tendencies lesbian desires crime authors islamic argued mean women engage lesbian relationships lesbian visited reported women town visited unable romantic relationship woman women pakistan expected marry men women intimate relations women long duties met private matters kept quiet woman involved related family logical interest lover united_nations estimate number honor killings world year women groups middle_east southwest asia suspect women honor killed world year americas indigenous people north south_america gender men women women men roles recorded indians texas florida panama term man took role woman word woman took role man boy girl women term cross gender roles sexuality spirituality occupation spirit woman relationship non cross gender woman thought gender relationship latin_america lesbian consciousness associations appeared 1970s increasing countries transitioned reformed democratic governments harassment intimidation common places homosexuality legal laws child corruption morality good ways moral las hispanic perspective conflict gay men created difficult path associated groups argentina latin american country gay rights group world created secret organizations concentrating gay lesbian issues founded time persecution harassment continuous grew worse dictatorship groups dissolved dirty war lesbian rights groups gradually formed build cohesive community works overcome philosophical differences women latin american lesbian movement active mexico encountered similar problems effectiveness groups try promote lesbian issues concerns face attitudes gay men views women lesbian organization formed incarnations political groups promoting lesbian issues evolved lesbian organizations active mexico_city ultimately lesbian associations little influence homosexual feminist movements chile dictatorship forbade creation lesbian groups joy founded prompted public beating death woman amid shouts damned lesbian attacker lesbian movement closely associated feminist movement chile relationship strained worked international lesbian information service international lesbian gay bisexual trans association chilean gay rights group homosexual movement integrate liberate remove law force chile lesbian consciousness began nicaragua national liberation expelled gay men midst state persecution prevented formation associations aids concern educational efforts forced sexual minorities band lesbian organization founded effort promote visibility provoked government declare homosexuality illegal effectively ending movement nicaragua created years homosexuality legal meetings feminist latin_america caribbean shortened lesbian meetings important forum exchange ideas latin american late 1980s rotating hosts gatherings main aims creation communication networks change situation latin_america legally socially increase solidarity destroy existing myths africa cross gender roles marriage women recorded african societies women marry women raise children generally thought men societies nigeria kenya people term equivalent lesbian applied males mean party insists particular sexual role near river female strong emotional sexual relationships female people known woman presses woman lesbian relationships known societies people females engage commonly considered sexual behavior western world kiss sleep participate maintain relationships females people believe sex requires consider behavior sexual label south_africa raped men goal punishment abnormal behavior reinforcement societal norms crime identified south_africa supervised members woman family local community major contributor hiv infection south african rape recognized south african legal system hate crime despite fact south african constitution states person shall based social status identity including sexual orientation legally south_africa protects gay rights extensively government prevent rape women faith police investigations rape rise south_africa raped gang raped weekly estimated south african nonprofit estimated victims rape year black western cape live fear sexually assaulted reported triangle project victims rape likely report negative social view homosexuality asia china society segregated men women historical chinese culture recognized concept sexual orientation framework divide people based sex opposite sex attractions significant culture surrounding homosexual men women outside duties bear sons husbands women perceived having sexuality mean women pursue sexual relationships women associations impose women relationships men rare references written identified sex relationships women imperial courts behaved husband wife paired eating golden associations southern china existed 20th century promoted formal marriages women allowed adopt children brought new ideas sexual behavior resulting reproduction liberty employed silk factories starting allowed women style marry live women chinese called self adopting married women passed great depression subsequently discouraged communist government feudal china contemporary chinese society goal spirit term refer chinese reluctant divide classification identify japan term japanese pronunciation lesbian 1920s brought independence women allowed japanese women wear pants philippines particularly manila denote women masculine women korea outside scope women free express sexuality growing organization named term malaysia refer gay men historical context reference term female asian countries open homosexuality discouraged social levels lead double lives india 14th century indian text mentioning lesbian couple child result exception general silence female homosexuality disappeared release film titled fire prompting theaters india attacked terms label rejected indian activists result influence discourse homosexuality centers men women rights groups india continue debate legitimacy including lesbian issues platforms material focusing female homosexuality frequently suppressed demographics report extensive early study female homosexuality provided institute sex research published depth report sexual experiences american women women interviewed alfred staff institute sex research book titled sexual behavior human female popularly known report report discussion homosexuality form human sexual behavior revolutionary study physicians studied sexual behavior results interpreted moral view staff reported women aroused female sexual contact female women sexual contact female half thirds single women highest prevalence homosexual activity followed women widowed divorced separated lowest occurrence sexual activity married women previous homosexual experience reported got married stop homosexual activity women reported homosexual activity experienced times percent women reporting homosexual experience partner women post graduate education higher prevalence homosexual experience followed women college education smallest occurrence women education higher eighth grade criticized based scale represents person exclusively response represents person exclusively homosexual numbers represent gradient responses sexes interviewed ranked exclusively homosexual apart ranked largest percentage approximately report remarked ranking described period person life person orientation change criticisms report received particular addressed institute sex research tendency use statistical sampling facilitated representation sex relationships researchers adhere qualifications data report years later published report sexual encounters women responded title report questions differed focusing women identified preferred experience respondents questions indicated preferred sex women answered identified bisexual sexual experiences men women refused indicate preference conclusions based respondents comments data found striking women lesbian experiences indicated interested sex women particularly question asked found significant differences respondents experience men women focus emotional involvement responses performed study popularity feminism 1970s acknowledged women chosen political identity lesbian population estimates estimated population according national opinion research center survey sexually active adults sex experiences past year completed survey sex couples united_states showed number people claiming sex relationships increased times rate population growth study attributed jump people comfortable self identifying homosexual federal government government united_kingdom ask citizens define sexuality survey office national statistics found identified gay bisexual suggests line surveys showing number estimates differentiated studies sex households performed census estimates total gay lesbian bisexual population government polls australia recorded range self identified lesbian bisexual women total population health physical terms medical issues referred women sex women assumptions women sexuality women disclose accurate sexual histories physician self identified neglect physician participate activity require birth control initiating factor women seek consultation sexually active result screened regularly government reports neglect seeking medical screening lack health insurance employers offer health benefits domestic partners result lack medical information medical professionals perceive having lower risks acquiring sexually transmitted disease types cancer women seek medical attention medical professionals fail complete medical history recent study lesbian bisexual women claimed asked sexual orientation physician respondents believed sexual history result negative reaction received negative reaction medical professional identifying lesbian bisexual patient complete history helps medical professionals identify higher risk areas assumptions personal histories women similar survey sexual contact male partners contact previous year heart disease listed department health human services number cause death women factors add risk heart disease include smoking prevalent studies higher body mass generally concerned weight issues women consider women higher body masses attractive women likely exercise regularly women generally exercise aesthetic reasons women research needed determine specific causes lack homosexual women medical studies concentrate health issues women results non lesbian women reports inconclusive occurrence breast cancer determined lower rate tested regular makes difficult detect cancer early stages risk factors developing cancer rates higher women lack protective factors pregnancy abortion breast feeding sexually transmitted diseases women including human specifically virus transmission specific sexually transmitted diseases women sex women depends sexual practices women engage object comes contact blood including fingers objects transmit sexually transmitted diseases contact indicate higher risk acquiring women prior sex men occurs unclear transmitted sexual contact occurs sexually active women occurs partners lesbian relationship recent study women found partners included category frequency human virus hiv transmission transmission possible highest rate transmission hiv women participate drug use sexual intercourse bisexual men mental medical literature began describe homosexuality approached view sought find inherent root cause influenced theories considered inherent people said phases homosexual attraction experimentation exclusive sex attraction attributed development resulting trauma parental conflicts literature mental health centered depression substance abuse suicide issues exist discussion causes shifted homosexuality removed statistical manual instead social legal discrimination negative stereotypes limited support structures indicate factors face western societies adversely affect mental health women identify lesbian report feeling significantly different isolated emotions cited appearing average years old years old women identify bisexual women tend work developing self concept internally women intimate women limit sexual identities lesbian choice opposed gay men work externally gay outside control anxiety disorders depression common mental health issues women depression reported rate similar women anxiety disorder likely appear lesbian bisexual women women depression significant problem women feel hide sexual orientation friends family experience compounded ethnic religious discrimination endure relationship difficulties support system men shaping women sexuality proven effect bodies studies shown men different standards consider attractive women view male standards female beauty experience lower self esteem eating disorders higher depression half respondents survey health issues reported thoughts attempted suicide population based study completed national alcohol research center found women identify lesbian bisexual likely alcohol bisexual women higher likelihood reporting problems alcohol satisfied treatment substance abuse programs lesbian communities centered bars drinking activity community participation bisexual women media representation summary portrayed literature film television shape contemporary thought women sexuality majority media produced men women publishing companies develop 1970s films women appear 1980s television shows portraying written women began created 21st century result homosexuality particularly dealing women excluded symbolic depictions began surface dimensional simplified stereotypes literature addition accomplishments literary historian howard foster includes book ancient mythological tradition examples classical literature greek stories heavens included female figure virtue pursued masculine interests followed dedicated group foster cites diana examples female mythological figures showed remarkable devotion defied gender expectations greeks given credit spreading story mythological race women warriors named ancient iraq dedicated goddess distinction signing oldest surviving signed poetry history characterized centuries fall roman empire disappeared literature foster points particularly strict view eve representative women caused downfall mankind original sin women particular concern especially women perceived creating life time women largely encouraged engage intellectual pursuit men responsible shaping ideas sexuality 16th century french english depictions relationships women lives ladies john memoirs woman pleasure authors writers attitudes spanned tolerance male character participate complete act physical relationships women encouraged men felt threat viewed sexual acts women accepted men available comparable achieved sexual acts men women worst woman woman tragic figure physical emotional satisfaction considered impossible natural male intervention relationships women necessary women acted men demanded social privileges exclusive french literature 19th century based male fantasy desire shock moral values girl golden eyes employed story people living moral paris cousin work influenced novelist provided description physical type associated tall wide slim inclined charles repeatedly theme poems damned women reflecting french society employing stock character associations lesbian characters 19th century french literature prostitutes vice died early violent deaths moral endings samuel taylor poem present associated portrayals female homosexuality formed european consciousness cited characters examples novels feature female protagonists adhere social norms express contrary sexual feeling participated sex desire sexual behavior literary examples french poets writers develop framework identify sexual women gradually women began author thoughts literary works lesbian relationships publication loneliness major works involving penned men foster suggests women encountered suspicion lives sex love topic writers including charlotte margaret fuller changed literary works male ambiguous author george sand portrayed character works 19th century writer mario credited popularity theme sand appearance paris society 1830s charlotte initiated genre boarding school stories themes 20th century amy west virginia gale wrote popular works sex relationships gender themes women mary wrote translated works fiction focused homosexual men like writings involved sex relationships primary friendships gay men foster asserts peak year lesbian themed literature addition loneliness novels lesbian themes published england elizabeth hotel orlando satirical novel extraordinary women unlike loneliness novels banned paperback book came fashion lesbian themes relegated pulp fiction pulp novels typically presented unhappy women relationships ended later wrote told relationship end badly spring fire publishers concerned books confiscated postal service writing claire morgan wrote price salt refused follow directive instead pseudonym following riots lesbian themes literature diverse complex shifted focus men works written feminist magazines sinister wisdom replaced ladder writers lesbian characters plots included brown jungle presents feminist heroine chooses lesbian poet confronts racism works credited primarily responsible bringing perspectives lesbian literature changing values evident writings focuses child sexual abuse deliberately provocative lesbian themes film suggestion began early filmmaking portrayed reasons appeared literature placed women films women challenging feminine roles device easily accepted men challenging masculine ones actresses appeared men male roles plot devices early florida featuring storey morocco kisses woman lips hepburn plays man christopher strong hollywood films followed trend set audiences harlem edgy shows suggested overt female homosexuality introduced box brooks alice roberts development code censored references homosexuality film umbrella term sex german films depicted homosexuality distributed europe uniform distributed depiction adolescent love female teacher boarding school code absent films adapted overt lesbian characters plot devices play children hour converted love triangle retitled biopic queen starring speculation sweden affairs women homosexuality mentioned outright films code enforced reason stated removing lesbian scene pit loneliness immoral tend corrupt morals code relaxed somewhat year william remade children hour hepburn character admits love hepburn hangs set precedent miserable endings films addressing homosexuality gay characters killed end death sandy dennis character end fox victims depicted villains morally corrupt portrayals barbara walk wild winters balcony predators presented women prison films like character russia love lesbian vampire themes reappeared daughter blood roses hunger basic instinct featured bisexual murderer played stone films set storm protests depiction predators film address significant depth killing sister george filmed club longstanding lesbian pub london claim film character identifies lesbian film historian russo considers film complex treatment character forced silence personal best treat lesbian relationships lesbian sex scenes film relationships happy ones personal best criticized engaging plot device woman returning relationship man implying phase treating lesbian relationship ambiguous portrayals lesbian characters seen color purple fried green tomatoes despite explicit source material era independent filmmaking brought different stories writers directors films desert hearts arrived successful directed lesbian loosely based jane rule novel desert heart received mixed critical commentary earned positive reviews gay press late 1980s early 1990s series films treating gay lesbian issues seriously nicknamed new cinema films subject included rose avant garde romantic comedy fish film african american woman realism films depicting developed include romance stories incredibly true adventure girls love night falling better chocolate social satire cheerleader twist lesbian predator theme added complexity motivations lesbian characters peter jackson heavenly creatures oscar winning biopic monster exploration fluent sexuality gender chasing amy kissing boys don cry film shows dictatorship future britain forces unwanted people society systematically slaughtered nazi concentration camps film lesbian actress named killed manner serves inspiration masked rebel ally hammond set overthrow dictatorship television homosexuality addressed television started later films local talk shows late 1950s addressed homosexuality inviting panels experts usually gay discuss problems gay men society rarely included time lesbian portrayed network television nbc drama eleventh hour early 1960s actress feels persecuted female director distress calls psychiatrist explains lesbian deep rooted guilt feelings women realizes able pursue healthy relationships continued 1970s homosexuality subject dramatic portrayals medical dramas bold ones marcus medical center featuring primarily male patients coming doctors staff members coming staff members shows allowed homosexuality discussed main characters guiding troubled gay characters antagonists simultaneously comparing homosexuality criminal behavior drug use stock plot device 1970s gay character police drama served victims blackmail anti gay violence criminals beginning late 1960s police story police woman use stories prevalent according russo response higher profiles gay activism included villains motivated murder desires fear exposed homosexual episode police woman earned protests national gay task force aired portraying trio killed retirement home patients money nbc edited episode protests sit staged head nbc offices middle 1970s began appear police officers detectives facing coming issues extend cbs groundbreaking starring female police detectives cbs production conscious attempts characters appear bisexual lawyer portrayed law shared significant lesbian kiss primetime television stirring controversy despite labeled hollywood reporter television begin use recurring homosexual characters late 1980s early situation comedies stock character author stephen calls gay straight supporting characters quirky comply gender norms ambiguous personal lives purposes gay included loves miss facts life mid-1980s 1990s frequently employed coming episode friend stars admits lesbian forcing cast deal issue designing women golden girls friends device women particular recurring lesbian characters came seen married children mad highly publicized episode abc executives afraid televised kiss destroy ratings ruin advertising episode instead week highest rated far sitcom significant impact image ellen publicity surrounding ellen coming episode enormous ellen degeneres appeared cover time magazine week airing episode headline gay parties held cities watch episode opposition conservative organizations intense abc affiliate birmingham alabama refused air run episode citing conservative values local viewing audience earned station lgbt community episode won emmy writing began deal ellen morgan sexuality week network executives grew uncomfortable direction took canceled dramas following law began incorporating homosexual themes particularly continuing storylines picket fences star trek generation deep space tested boundaries sexuality gender directed particularly strong cult following vampire slayer fourth season willow admit love special fanfare relationship treated romantic relationships followed series devoted solely gay characters network television showtime american rendition folk ran years main characters lesbian couple showtime promoted series limits folk addressed homosexuality aggressive advertising paid network highest rated doubling numbers showtime programs season showtime introduced word dramatic series devoted group lesbian bisexual women running final season current issues lesbian popular culture gradually eroded early 1980s public figures caused speculation comment press sexuality general primary figure earning attention served tabloid fodder years denied lesbian admitted bisexual public relationships brown nelson acquired press sexuality athletic achievements spurred scholar termed constant press determining root sex desire public figures acknowledged homosexuality notably musicians madonna pushing sexual boundaries performances publications self professed posed cover vanity_fair provocative arrangement showed face barber chair wearing suit image internationally recognized symbol phenomenon lesbian according year marked rise lesbian visibility particularly appealing women feminine appearances vogue cosmopolitan glamour newsweek new_york magazines featured stories women admitted sexual histories women analyst reasoned lesbian gay male considered limits aids late 1980s 1990s joined distant memory appeared 1970s militant short attractive general audiences ceased having political convictions attention feminine glamorous women created culture analyst characterizes unrealistic image packaged men trend influenced increase inclusion lesbian material pornography aimed men resurgence lesbian visibility sexual noted celebrities nixon commenting openly relationships women reality television addressing sex relationships feminist philosophers write rise women acknowledging sex relationships growing social acceptance certain kind lesbian slim elegant right way acceptable mainstream culture sexuality lesbian identity presence sexual activity women necessary define lesbian relationship continues debated according feminist writer women sexuality constructed men primary indicator lesbian sexual orientation sexual experience women indicator necessary identify woman states emotional mental ideological connections women important nonetheless 1980s significant movement rejected cultural causing heated controversy called feminist sex wars roles returned strictly followed 1950s mode chosen sexual self expression women 1990s women felt safer claiming sexually adventurous sexual flexibility accepted focus debate centers phenomenon named pepper found long term lesbian couples report having sexual contact homosexual male couples calling lesbian bed death dispute study definition sexual contact introduced factors deeper connections existing women frequent sexual relations redundant greater sexual women causing bisexual lesbian numerous times lives reject labels entirely arguments attested study flawed accurate sexual contact women sexual contact women increased find sexually express discussion gender sexual orientation identity affected women label view people western culture taught innate quality people woman realizes romantic sexual attraction woman cause crisis adopt identity lesbian challenging society offered stereotypes learn function homosexual western cultures generally share identity parallels built ethnicity shared history similar experiences discrimination caused reject principles identity unique gay men women creates tension bisexual women researchers including social scientists state behavior identity match women label sexual relations women self identified sex men women find considered sexual identity changed time article medical studies health research suggested identifying characteristics identity sexual behavior combined article declined include desire attraction rarely bearing health issues researchers state standard definition lesbian term describe women sex women exclusively addition sex men behavior women self identify lesbian identity women sexual preference women desire attraction lack standard definition lesbian standard questions assess lesbian difficult clearly define population lesbian women study samples obtained affect definition families politics homosexuality females taken place cultures history recent phenomenon development family sex partners 1970s idea sex adults formed long term committed relationships unknown people majority report long term relationship credit high number paired women gender role women commit relationships doubles lesbian union unlike relationships tend divide work based sex roles lesbian relationships divide evenly members studies reported emotional bonds closer lesbian gay relationships ones family issues significant concerns gay activism vocal 1960s 1970s custody issues particular interest courts award custody mothers openly homosexual general procedure acknowledged children awarded biological mother studies performed result custody disputes viewed children grow sex parents compared single mothers identify found children mental health happiness overall adjustment similar children divorced women sexual orientation gender identity sex roles children grow lesbian mothers unaffected differences found include fact divorced tend living partner fathers visit divorced lesbian mothers divorced mothers lesbian mothers report greater fear losing children legal means improving opportunities growing families sex couples shaped political landscape past years push sex marriage civil unions western countries replaced political objectives countries states offer sex marriage civil unions offered option european countries states individual municipalities ability adopt domestically internationally children provide home foster parent political family priority improving access artificial


russian citizens residents korean descent living island trace roots immigrants provinces korea late 1930s early 1940s half japanese colonial era time southern half island known control empire japan japanese government recruited forced korean labourers service shipped fill labour shortages resulting world war red army invaded days japan surrender japanese repatriated successfully secure permission depart japan home towns south_korea years lived exile japanese government offered transit rights funding original group returned south_korea decades vast majority generations chose instead stay differing language immigration history identify term encompass ussr typically refers ethnic province ancestors emigrated russian far_east 19th century later deported central asia issue self identification complicated fact feel central asia look history japanese origins korean immigration began early 1910s group began recruiting labourers peninsula mining operations years annexation korea japan fewer thousand overwhelmingly male aside influx refugees escaped russian revolution number province rise rapidly late mid-1930s fewer japan war effort picked japanese government sought people ground sparsely populated order ensure control territory fill increasing demands coal mines lumber yards turned workers korean peninsula advantage low wages point worked island workers relocated japan prior war end present day efforts locate proved futile imperial japanese army frequently local ethnic minorities conduct intelligence gathering activities indigenous inhabitants presence suspicion soviet half island ethnic found sides border use spies common police wary support independence movement soviet suspicion korean nationalism fears korean community harbour japanese spies led soviet controlled northern russian far_east soviet invasion japanese soviet_union invaded japanese portion august resulting deaths civilians soviet japanese war confusion ensued began spread ethnic serving spies soviet_union led japanese police civilians despite generally limited information examples comparatively known today incident august incident village lasted august august japanese police arrested charges spy activities found shot police station day sole survivor korean known japanese survived hiding toilet later offered testimony event village japanese fleeing soviet troops landed claimed red army japanese property japanese worked alongside village farms construction projects japanese civilians turned korean neighbors killing august individual killed cover evidence japanese atrocities committed evacuation woman interviewed russian joint commission investigating issue allied prisoners war held imperial japanese army camps reported ethnic korean lover murdered japanese troops witnessed mass hundreds american prisoners war integration soviet_union refused years soviet invasion japanese civilians evacuated war left voluntarily auspices ussr agreement left ussr signed december island safely returned mainland japan went northern half korean peninsula roughly accepted japan repatriated southern half korean peninsula political situation soviet government initially drawn plans japanese local administration objected arguing incoming russians mainland sufficient replace skilled labourers departed ultimate fate persisted outbreak korean war political sources claim blocked departure wanted retain coal miners island seoul appealed tokyo assistance secure departure ethnic japan tokyo took real action request blamed soviet lack progress resolving issue japan continued earlier policy granting entrance married japanese citizens japanese parent late 1940s ranks ethnic island augmented north korean recruited soviet government work state owned fisheries effort integrate korean labourers unfamiliar soviet system unable speak russian local authorities set schools korean language medium instruction believed infected japanese spirit authorities trust run collective farms mills factories schools hospitals instead tasks left ethnic imported central asia bilingual russian korean resentment social dominance central asia led tensions groups developed number terms korean refer government policy continued shift line relations north_korea soviet_union 1950s north_korea demanded soviets treat north korean citizens set study groups educational facilities analogous similar successful efforts late 1950s increasingly difficult obtain soviet citizenship growing proportion chose instead north korean citizens deal remaining included severe restrictions freedom movement requirement apply permission local government order travel outside able secure soviet citizenship declared north korean citizenship remaining choosing remain despite difficulties entailed relations soviet_union north_korea deteriorated authorities acted emphasise korean language education reduce influence north_korea community early 1970s encouraged apply soviet citizenship attention outside world late 1960s early 1970s situation improved outside world began pay attention situation starting park korean earlier received permission leave settle japan virtue having japanese wife petitioned japanese government total times discuss issue soviet government actions inspired south form organisation work response south korean began radio broadcasts targeted effort assure forgotten time tokyo housewife formed similar pressure group japan japanese lawyers attempted sue japanese government force accept diplomatic financial responsibility transportation return south_korea additionally soviet government finally began permit continued refuse soviet north korean citizenship demanded south_korea population able obtain permission depart year government public announcement people seeking south_korea simply immigration office file application week received applications including north korean citizens caused north korean embassy complain soviet counterparts new emigration policy soviet authorities end chose unspecified reasons refuse issue exit concerned leading unusual case public demonstrations korean families level open dissent provoked authorities completely reverse stance arrested november deported north_korea south desired intimidation seeking followed early 1980s locally born korean youth increasingly interested heritage seen russian neighbours wanting know ancestral land seeking ethnic relations came shooting korean air lines flight soviet_union post soviet period improving relations japan japan agreed approve transit rights fund generation soviet_union began emigration laws japan spends million year fund visits seoul foreign ministry allocated million build cultural centre intended feature library exhibition hall korean language classrooms facilities project begun causing protests april japan minister foreign affairs stated japan deeply sorry tragedy korean people moved free design japanese government remain conclusion war foreign trade japan roughly times korea japanese companies greatly korean island result members generation carry anti japanese sentiment younger generations developed interest japanese culture taken study japanese language elders october korean student state university placed second japanese language students competition north south korean influence 1990s commerce communication direct flights opened south_korea began openly influence television radio programmes north south_korea local programming began broadcast korean broadcasting korean television station russia north_korea negotiated russia closer economic relations recently sponsored art permitted visit relatives north_korea scholarly studies suggest roughly opted north_korea rise south korean economy combined ongoing economic political turmoil north option attractive provided assistance refugees fleeing north_korea illegally escaped border escaped north korean labour camps russia south_korea japan jointly funded building nursing home elderly suburb seoul auspices korean red_cross people settled locations end travelled south_korea short term visits japanese government expense south korean investors began participate international works contracts develop shelf interested potential supply natural gas year south korean missionaries opened churches south comprised majority international students state university korean residents association ethnic representative body generally described pro south korean analogous japan addition elderly younger chosen south_korea find roots economic reasons wages south_korea times arrival find viewed foreigners south korean locals despite previous exposure korean culture live different world russians world isn korea general younger especially lacking korean language prefer stay repatriated south_korea nearly eventually returned conversely foreign students korea studying reported difficulties local claiming looked foreigners local relations late 1980s suspicions remained internal migration controls dissolution soviet_union russians began moving mainland making ethnic increasing proportion population fears majority island population seek autonomous republic independence rise regional economy cultural younger generations drove stay russian far_east leave south_korea come consider russia home country family connections south_korea benefited remained easier access south korean business imports trade south_korea brought better economic standing average resident inter ethnic relations russians improved greatly generally described problem travelled mainland russia relocated population roughly report encountered forms racism remain roughly original generation settlers survive locally born descendants rest local korean population highly half live administrative centre constitute nearly population thirty cent thirty thousand taken russian citizenship unlike ethnic russians local minority groups conscription calls exemption terminated culture personal family names list korean family names korean korean spelled slightly differently resulting common differ seen table right furthermore korean naming practices russian naming practices conflict important ways members older generations korean names members younger generations favor russian names increasing exposure south korean pop culture younger named children characters korean television dramas use widespread addition korean names oldest generation legally registered japanese names originally adopted policy japanese colonial era soviet invasion authorities conducted registration local basis japanese identity documents issued old government russian government uniformly refused requests registration korean names language greater population density expectation day allowed return korea kept mentality mentality influenced relation surrounding society today tend speak better korean deported central asia weekly korean language newspaper published korean broadcasting began operation korean language television programmes broadcast locally typically russian subtitles additionally soviet era hired act writers official media aimed central asia unlike spoken korean closely related dialect instead descended result diplomatic situation 1980s south_korea relations soviet_union korean language materials provided north_korea developed domestically oddly result writing like follows north korean standard spoken korean radio broadcasts come resemble seoul dialect south_korea religion dissolution soviet_union significant growth religious activities establishment churches noted scholarly articles early christian hymns popular listening material typical russian western korean pop music korean churches broadcast religious content korean broadcasting baptist church run ethnic sponsors journalist large scale religious events subjected restriction government authorities june local russian orthodox church regional administration successfully pressured korean presbyterian missionaries cancel conference presbyterian protestant missionaries soviet_union ethnic numerous church roman catholic parish james catholic missions fair korean music survey korean population expressed preference traditional korean music far higher proportion ethnic korean community surveyed despite better knowledge korean language survey showed korean pop music widespread ethnic possessing degree popularity reported listening western popular classical music lower rates rest soviet_union study traditional korean musical instruments gaining popularity generations arts school established teach children classes traditional korean dance piano sight singing like instrument supposedly invented time confederacy prominent park head korean residents association kim editor chief korean broadcasting lee korean author born later repatriated japan kim world olympic champion artistic