york york historic walled city confluence rivers north yorkshire england municipality traditional county town yorkshire gives city rich heritage provided backdrop major political events england existence city offers wealth historic attractions york prominent variety cultural sporting activities making popular tourist destination millions city founded romans capital roman province inferior later kingdoms middle ages york grew major wool trading centre capital northern ecclesiastical province church_of_england role retained 19th century york hub railway network manufacturing centre recent decades economy york moved dominated railway related industries provides services university york health services major employers whilst tourism important element local economy term city york describes authority area includes rural areas old city boundaries urban area population entire authority estimated population history origin word york old norse 9th century derives city variously rendered mention york dated circa address wooden stylus tablet roman fortress northumberland uncertain language pre roman indigenous population recorded thought spoken celtic language related modern welsh thought derived word combination tree old irish tree welsh place welsh meaning place trees welsh irish scottish names city known languages probably property personal celtic mentioned different documents combined denote property 12th century chronicler suggests derives pre roman city founded legendary king 7th century compound old village probably element root 7th century old english alternatively word existed old saxon word wild current low saxon word dutch anglo saxon newcomers probably interpreted meaning rich common saxon meaning home sounded home rich common saxon place names gradually faded danish army conquered city gradually reduced york centuries following norman conquest moving middle english 14th century 16th century 17th century form york recorded 13th century company place names race meeting refer roman archbishop york uses surname signature early history archaeological evidence suggests people settled region york known settlements permanent temporary time roman conquest britain area occupied tribe known romans tribal area initially roman client state later leaders hostile roman ninth legion sent north territory city founded ninth legion conquered constructed wooden military fortress flat ground river close confluence river fortress later rebuilt stone covered area acres inhabited soldiers site roman fortress lies foundations york excavations revealed original walls emperors held court york campaigns stay emperor proclaimed york capital province inferior likely granted york privileges city died stay york son constantine great proclaimed emperor troops based fortress roman fortress located high ground town victim periodic flooding rivers abandoned york declined post roman era taken settled angles 5th century flooded parts town initiated 7th century king york chief city church built york baptism ordered small wooden church rebuilt stone killed task completing stone fell successor following century york came cathedral school york long career teacher scholar school york known peter school founded later leading advisor ecclesiastical educational affairs midst struggles raided captured york viking rule city major river port extensive viking trading routes northern europe ruler independent driven city king successful attempt complete unification england post conquest years norman conquest england people york rebelled initially rebellion successful arrival william rebellion william built wooden fortress rebellion william built castle river destroyed rebuilt william time called north destroyed york durham remains rebuilt castles stone visible river peter english resistance underground war stone church badly damaged fire uprising built new site year archbishop thomas started building cathedral time current 12th century york started york castle site infamous massacre jewish inhabitants jews died authorities figure high city location river proximity great north road major trading centre king john granted city charter confirming trading rights england europe later middle ages york merchants imported wine france cloth wax canvas low countries timber baltic exported grain grain wool low countries york major cloth manufacturing trading centre edward stimulated city economy city base war scotland city location significant unrest called peasants revolt city acquired increasing degree autonomy central government including privileges granted charter richard 16th 18th centuries city underwent period economic decline tudor times henry_viii dissolution monasteries saw end york monastic houses including orders hospitals nicholas largest institution north england led pilgrimage grace uprising northern catholics yorkshire lincolnshire opposed religious reform henry_viii restored authority establishing council north york dissolved mary abbey city trading service centre period guy born educated york member group roman catholic planned gunpowder plot aim displace protestant rule blowing houses parliament king james entire protestant catholic aristocracy nobility inside civil war besieged york medieval houses outside city walls lost bar undermined explosives laid plot discovered arrival prince army men siege lifted retreated miles york pursuit turning army defeating battle troops fewer killed captured siege renewed city hold long july surrendered sir thomas following restoration monarchy removal garrison york city dominated gentry merchants clergy important competition leeds hull river resulted york losing pre eminent position trading centre city role social cultural centre wealthy rise york elegant lord mayor mansion house house date period assembly rooms theatre royal general time period american city new_york colony contained renamed duke york later king james modern history railways cum york railway promoter george hudson responsible bringing railway york hudson career railway entrepreneur ended disgrace bankruptcy promotion railway company york north midland railway york leeds helped establish york major railway centre late 19th century introduction railways established engineering city turn 20th century railway accommodated headquarters works north eastern railway employed people railway instrumental expansion works founded henry joined brother philanthropist joseph chocolate manufacturer terry york major employer railways city major industries emergence tourism historic core york city major assets designated conservation area existing tourist attractions supplemented establishment national railway museum york viking centre opening university york added prosperity city headquarters north eastern railway refurbished opened york star hotel currently known grand hotel spa york voted european tourism city year european cities marketing june beating european cities gain place surpassing sweden second spain york voted place visit readers traveller awards early photography york centre early photography photographers studios york included william operated low 19th century come england austria year serving austro hungarian army governance parliamentary central district covered city york constituency remainder split york represented hugh john john anne respectively following review parliamentary representation north yorkshire boundary commission england recommended creation new seats city york time general election york central covers inner urban area entirely surrounded york outer constituency city local council area lies yorkshire constituency european parliament local government york traditional county town yorkshire form historic divisions york ancient borough reformed municipal corporations act form municipal borough gained status county borough local government act existed local government act non metropolitan district county north yorkshire result 1990s local government reform york regained status saw substantial alteration borders taking parts districts half population district new boundary imposed central government rejected city_council proposal city york council result local elections labour_party reduced seats liberal democrats conservative party city york council operates leader cabinet style governance appointed cabinet council members cabinet members decisions portfolio areas individually york right honourable lord mayor councillor sheriff john kenny appointments period year york sheriff office oldest england purely ceremonial post lord mayor carries civic ceremonial duties addition meetings council york youth council consists young people negotiate better facilities york young people geography location city miles leeds york lies york flat area fertile land bordered north york yorkshire city built confluence rivers terminal left ice age roman times land surrounding rivers making site easy defend city prone flooding river extensive effective network flood defences walls river barrier river joins blue bridge october november york experienced worst flooding years homes flooded december flooding extensive caused major disruption extreme impact led personal visit prime minister david cameron land city flood plains flood prone development agriculture flood meadows open common grassland locations city architecture york largest gothic cathedral northern europe dominates city york castle complex buildings ranging medieval tower 20th century entrance york castle museum prison history york centre enclosed city medieval walls popular walk defences complete england walls set high retain principal incorporate walls roman fortress norman medieval work 20th century renovations entire circuit approximately miles area acres north east section includes walls existed norman moat york castle formed river created lake acted city defence lake later called king rights fish belonged crown feature central york narrow pedestrian routes led market places pavement square narrow medieval street lined shops tea rooms premises shops hooks hung shelves meat laid seen outside street contains shrine margaret located house lived medieval houses including early 14th century lady row built finance edge churchyard holy trinity church castle museum city contains numerous museums historic buildings yorkshire museum museum gardens viking centre york art gallery richard iii museum merchant hall reconstructed medieval house hall owned york archaeological trust 18th century house mansion house historic home lord mayor called treasurer house owned national trust national railway museum situated station home vast range transport material largest collection railway locomotives world included collection world fastest steam locomotive class world famous class flying overhauled museum noted medieval history visitors gain understanding cold war visiting york cold war bunker headquarters group royal observer corps york noted numerous churches remaining churches york medieval period william college hall dwelling places climate york temperate climate distinct seasons rest york city climate drier warmer rest yorkshire region lowland location york prone fog cold winds winter spring early summer snow fall winter december onwards late april quickly july york experiences sunshine average hours day extremes recorded university york campus include highest temperature monday july lowest temperature monday december rainfall day millimetres york urban area population comprising males females urban area population increased time census time census city york total population female male households york married couples living person households couples lone parents figures lone parent households national average percentage married couples close national average proportion person households slightly higher national average population density km2 aged york academic qualifications little lower england york residents born outside united_kingdom significantly lower national average white british form population largest single minority group recorded asian population number theft vehicle offences theft vehicle population compared english national average respectively number sexual offences line national average national average violence person compared york average figures crime statistics recorded financial year time census population york ethnic composition white compared english average york population slightly higher elderly population national average population change table details population change religion christianity religion largest following york residents reporting christian census following non christian religion national average england responding religion higher national average active anglican churches york home archbishop york mother church york administrative centre northern province church_of_england diocese york york roman catholic diocese roman catholic churches number different catholic religious orders christian denominations active york include religious society friends number meeting houses york circuit methodist church york hull district united reformed church street originally built dates mosque york city islamic mission islamic centre buddhist traditions represented city york economy york economy based service industry responsible employment city service industries include public sector employment health education finance information technology tourism accounts employment tourism important element economy city offering wealth historic attractions york prominent variety cultural activities york 7th visited city residents 13th visited overseas visitors unemployment york low compared united_kingdom national average biggest employer york city york council employees employers staff include union life network rail northern york hospitals trust university york major employers include british group mutual number railway companies today economic position different 1950s prosperity based chocolate manufacturing railways position continued early 1980s workforce employed employers manufacturing jobs companies industry railway gone including carriage works known brown time closure height 1880s employed people closed mid-1990s york headquarters manufacturer york home eponymous bar chocolate brands terry chocolate factory makers chocolate orange located city closed september production moved owners foods poland historic factory building situated announced september cut jobs chocolate factory york came number job losses city british sugar terry chocolate factory despite employment situation york remained fairly effects late 2000s recession began felt closure carriage works site developed offices york economy developing areas science technology creative industries city founding national science city creation science park near university york york gained new technology companies new jobs sector regional gross value added figures york basic prices pounds sterling public services requirements municipal corporations act york city_council appointed watch committee established police force appointed chief constable june york city east riding yorkshire north riding yorkshire police forces amalgamated form york north east yorkshire police home office york provided north yorkshire police force central headquarters york nearby statutory emergency fire rescue service provided north yorkshire fire rescue service headquarters city hospital york county hospital opened funded public subscription closed replaced york hospital opened year gained foundation status april adult beds special purpose beds providing general healthcare specialist services known york district hospital yorkshire ambulance service trust formed july bringing south yorkshire ambulance service west yorkshire metropolitan ambulance service north east yorkshire parts east north yorkshire ambulance service provide patient transport forms health care provided locally city subscription library opened free public library york library built mark queen_victoria jubilee library street new building erected museum street library today library extended waste management york north yorkshire waste partnership york distribution network operator electricity electric power stations city yorkshire water local water extraction plant river manages york drinking waste water city court crown court county court crown court house designed architect john prison including execution area grand jury house replaced john elegant court house county female prison built opposite mirrors court building positioned circular lawn known eye eye york saw recorded instance wife hanged burnt poisoning husband horse theft capital offence lesser crimes brought court city face fine corporation employed common informer task bring criminals justice prison castle museum contains cells transport york location river centre york means significant position nation transport system city grew river port confluence river river originally tidal river accessible ships time today rivers remain short distance confluence lock south york means river york longer tidal end 20th century barges carry freight york port hull significant traffic supply local newspaper print works continued today navigation exclusively leisure oriented like cities founded romans york served long distance trunk roads city lies intersection road road liverpool york road leeds road york hull road provides principal link motorway network linking york distance miles city motorway miles away providing links manchester liverpool city surrounded sides outer ring road distance miles centre city allows traffic pass city street plan historic core city dates medieval times suitable modern traffic consequence routes inside city walls designated car free business hours restrict traffic entirely alleviate situation bus based park ride sites operate york sites located edge urban area easy access ring road allow town visitors complete journey city centre bus york major railway centre line arrived beginning railway age years city hosted headquarters works north eastern railway york railway station principal stop east_coast main line london newcastle edinburgh takes hours york london rail direct trains weekday station served long distance trains services linking edinburgh newcastle destinations south west england birmingham express provide frequent service semi fast trains linking york newcastle leeds manchester manchester airport liverpool local stopping services northern connect york hull leeds sheffield intermediate points stations greater manchester lancashire york airfield raf miles south east city centre home yorkshire air museum private aviation plans drafted expand site business aviation commercial service york linked manchester airport hourly direct express train giving access principal airport serving north england connections destinations europe north_america africa asia leeds airport closer york hourly york air coach service operated york withdrawn april leeds airport provides connections major european north african airports pakistan new_york_city public transport city largely bus based york operates majority city local bus services york park ride services york location implementation experimental controversial bus concept sought advantages modern system lower cost service withdrawn following election manifesto pledge labour group local government election york operate large number local bus services open tourist buses operated york behalf city rural services linking local towns villages york provided number companies york reliance operating longer distance bus services provided number operators including yorkshire services east yorkshire motor services routes hull services yorkshire links leeds york local transport plan english local authorities required produce local transport plans strategies developing local integrated transport longer term vision central government funding transport schemes final local transport plan york submitted central government march plan addresses fact traffic york predicted grow considerably coming years key aims plan ease congestion improve accessibility air quality safety major funding years plan life span include outer ring road improvements improved management highway network improvements bus network including park ride services provision road walking cycling routes air quality improvements safety measures education university york main campus southern edge city currently undergoing significant expansion new buildings departments including management law theatre film television east department graduate centres eighteenth century studies medieval studies located historic king manor city centre york institution university status centrally located york john university autonomous college university leeds attained university status city hosts branch university law university york highly rated medical school hull york medical school city major education institutions york college amalgamation york technical college york sixth form college students study wide range academic courses range school sixth people training career moves college offers education courses foundation honours degrees subjects agriculture animal management golf course management local council schools pupils city york council area city york council manages primary secondary schools city primary schools cover education ages offering early years education age education provided secondary schools offer additional education age sports college comprehensive school merged school known york high school york private schools peter school founded scholar went serve taught school attended guy schools origins school educational mount school girls outskirts city queen margaret school pupils school york sing york choir culture theatre theatre royal established produces annual attracts loyal audiences country veteran star grand opera house joseph theatre offer variety productions city home riding lights theatre company operating busy national touring department operates busy youth theatre educational departments york home number amateur dramatic groups department theatre film television student societies university york public drama performances york mystery plays performed public intervals texts based original medieval plays type performed specific connections subject matter play instance play building fish sellers landing york cycle mystery plays complete england originally performed wagons locations city fourteenth century revived festival britain york cities regional festival york city festival years later years produced temporary open air theatre ruins mary abbey professional amateur actors lead actors included christopher green role christ dame school girl remains patron plays cycle presented theatre royal york guild groups wagons squares dean park eye york streets original productions york mystery plays performed august mary abbey york museum gardens music academy chamber orchestra gives concerts church music groups perform regularly york church margaret national centre early music hosts concerts broadcasts competitions events including york early music festival students staff visiting artists york john university music department regularly perform concerts university chapel staff students university york perform city september york holds annual festival food drink aim festival spotlight food culture york north yorkshire promoting local food production festival attracts visitors days country notable local products york mild delicate pink traditionally served sauce lightly smoked dry cured york flavour european dry cured folklore oak construction york provided smoking robert shop street birthplace original york reason premises famous centre york helen square york branch café tea rooms founder frederick travelled maiden voyage queen mary impressed ship employed queen mary designers turn dilapidated furniture store york elegant café helen square years opened york war broke basement bar favourite thousands airmen stationed york mirror engraved signatures diamond pen remains display today tribute beer annual event city people medieval costume pub crawl raise money local charities origins 13th century bread regulate quality goods current version resurrected 1990s sheriff york led guild june york listed map city centre hundreds years old include golden noted sign spanned street kings arms photographed floods status bids york city_council number heritage organisations submitted bid york entire city centre world heritage site nomination department culture media sport included york list tentative sites reviewed york bid failed leading disappointment team involved indirectly led city making successful bid creative cities network city media arts fourth cities following france les france japan media york area served local newspaper press known evening press april york newspaper based press local radio stations bbc radio york local arts culture news events covered community media start social enterprise founded september november awarded year local licence york area consortium entitled york channel channel air spring york john university film television production department links major industrial partners department hosts annual festival student work showcase regional films university york television station york student television campus newspapers york vision radio station longest running legal independent radio station voted bbc_radio_1 student radio station year sport city football team york city competing national_league season york played high old second division best known giant killing status cup competitions having reached cup semi final beaten manchester united league cup matches played crescent york strong rugby league history york later known york formed oldest rugby league clubs country effects town stadium poor results falling led bankruptcy supporters formed new club york city knights play stadium championship amateur rugby league teams york new blacks york york international rugby league tournament takes place york year amateur york compete rugby league conference open rowing club york city rowing club located underneath bridge rowing clubs university york york john university rowing club leeds university boat club york city use training sailing clubs close york sail river york railway institute sailing club club boat park outskirts village miles south york yorkshire sailing club club house village miles south york york established awarded northern year years running major venue located sees thousands city year race meetings hosted royal august racing takes place day festival includes handicap dating took place york track estate completed demonstration event staged track staged team open events york team took national trophy york hosted championship second biggest ranking tournament sport york centre july york hosted start stage tour france starting york riders travelled city centre junction outer ring road heading inaugural tour yorkshire held legacy event build popularity previous year day stage finishing york notable come york recent years england manager steve attended grammar school called school york origin inch ordnance survey maps yorkshire twin cities york france germany october announced temporal viking city


super mare super mare seaside resort somerset england bristol channel miles south west bristol hill hill includes suburbs west population census germany evidence local area occupation iron age small village 19th century seaside resort connected local towns cities railway piers built growth continued second half 20th century tourism declined local industries closed regeneration programme undertaken attractions including helicopter museum super mare museum grand pier steamer offer day sea trips island destinations bristol channel estuary cultural venues include winter gardens theatre owing large tidal range bristol channel low tide mark bay mile beach sandy low tide areas thick mud super mud dangerous walk crossed mouth river axe north town sand point marks lower limit estuary start bristol channel site middle hope biological geological site special scientific interest centre town park range plant species found comes anglo saxon west settlement super mare latin sea added distinguish settlements named diocese prior known mare sea changed bishop bath wells 14th 17th centuries super mare disappeared known recorded welsh word sea history early history oldest structure camp hill dating iron age castle batch castle stood overlooking town present site mound feet diameter believed remains parish medieval church john demolished built site medieval preaching cross survives exterior south wall 17th century structure later additions remains adjacent church house end 19th century today known house divided flats old cottage restaurant carries date surviving portion summer cottage built william 19th century early 19th century small village houses located line sand dunes sea created early sea wall bristol channel floods family local lords manor summer residence grove house owes growth prosperity victorian era boom seaside holidays construction hotel village started called royal hotel nearby sea benefited proximity bristol bath south wales attempt artificial harbour late 1820s built anchor head island kingdom family lived swiss villa north end road map super mare supervising construction bristol exeter railway area opening railway thousands visitors came town bristol works bank holidays mining families came bristol channel south wales steamer cater pier completed offering amusement arcades tea rooms amusement rides photographic studio derelict state added english_heritage buildings risk register visitors admire structure barbed wire designed birch newport grade listed building large areas land released development 1850s onwards large detached middle classes built southern slopes hill semi detached housing built low sea area known south ward houses converted houses built victorian era built stone feature details bath stone influenced local architect price telegraph cable commercial cable company brought ashore company started long association town ending inventor wireless successfully transmitted radio signals bristol channel spring near cardiff south west river axe second railway light railway opened december connecting terminus station road railway extended august closed architecture character buildings town derives use local stone town quarry notable architects working 19th century price examples work seen town hall mercury office constitutional club originally lodge numerous domestic dwellings cinema thomas cecil notable fully retaining art features internally externally retaining original theatre organ believed cinema organ west country left working original location regular use organs super mare found victoria methodist church saints church george modelled abbey 20th century local traders unhappy visitors coming far centre town built new pier closer main streets opened known grand pier designed miles long development occurred world war winter gardens pavilion open air pool arched concrete diving board airfield dating inter war period art influences seen town architecture period world war accommodated town area home war industries aircraft pump manufacture royal_air_force station raf locking town return route bombers targeting bristol bombed luftwaffe bombs fell june worst attacks january june large areas town destroyed particularly orchard street boulevard january bombs fell town air ministry set station attempt divert bombers area later war united_states_army troops area relocated run day raf super mare opened group single runway served flying candidates selection initial training facility relief airport world war polish air_force staff college april april war served logistics supply station helicopter makers helicopters site closure today operational site occasionally raf search rescue service site closed houses helicopter museum featuring examples aircraft pride place given queen flight residential areas outside town centre include coronation housing estates built mid late 20th century newer housing built east town north locking castle nearer motorway super mare expanded include established villages west lawrence new areas locking castle general hospital opened edge village replacing queen memorial hospital boulevard opened 21st century structure known installed big lamp corner piece public art advertising sign retail selling newspapers hot food bus shelter criticised local residents space ship meant man harmony sea north somerset council ongoing civic pride initiative sought super mare public spaces suffered period decline public space improvements town improvements street scene grove park village july pavilion end grand pier completely destroyed fire fire engines fire fighters unable contain blaze believed started north east tower pavilion competition held design new pavilion project awarded winning architect angus architects bristol construction work began pier new pavilion scheduled open july following million building programme continuing problems set backs leading pier opening formal opening ceremony october overall costs reached million period million redevelopment including refurbishment marine lake pier square work protection apron splash wall added flood prevention measures end 20th start 21st centuries town saw growth residential rehabilitation treatment centres people drug alcohol problems attendant crime social problems problems highlighted newspapers john maiden speech house_of_commons home drug rehabilitation places north somerset council proposed system examining quality staff training transparency arrangements measures treatment effectiveness site governance municipal history began local act obtained paving lighting watching improving town super mare county somerset establishing market jurisdiction eighteen appointed commissioners town commissioners gave way urban district council town received royal charter municipal borough local government act merged district county council charter trustees town super mare regained town council civil parish island steep civil parish super mare april super mare came administration somerset county council split administrative headquarters authority north somerset successor authorities remains ceremonial county somerset electoral super mare parliamentary constituency john conservative party won seat liberal democrat brian lord general election south west england constituency european parliament method party list proportional representation geography mainly flat landscape dominated hill metres borders entire northern edge town hill metres river axe form southern border centre town park site special scientific interest range plant species found beach bay lies western edge town upper sandy sea long way low tide exposing large areas mud flats super mud tidal range bristol channel great beach mud flats gentle slope attempting reach sea times low tide sand gives way mud deep frequently resulted loss life years driving beach permitted certain areas occasionally results drivers vehicles caught drive close sea break sand underlying mud stuck tidal rise fall estuary bristol channel great second bay eastern canada tidal movement contributes deposition natural mud bays concern pollution levels industrial areas wales eastern end bristol channel tends atlantic waters levels chemical little known effects particular concern levels lesser degree north town sand point marks lower limit estuary start bristol channel site middle hope hectares acres biological geological site special scientific interest climate rest south west england temperate climate generally rest country annual mean temperature approximately seasonal temperature variation extreme united_kingdom adjacent sea temperatures summer months july august mean daily approximately winter mean minimum temperatures common summer azores high pressure affects south west england convective cloud forms inland reducing number hours sunshine annual sunshine rates slightly regional average hours december days sun recorded rainfall south west caused atlantic depressions convection rainfall autumn winter caused atlantic depressions active summer large proportion rainfall caused sun heating ground leading convection showers thunderstorms average rainfall days snowfall typical november march highest mean wind speeds june august winds predominant wind direction south west according united_kingdom census population super mare makes largest settlement north somerset total population town population aged compared national average population white compared nationally town population town comprised households comprised vast majority population described white census christian describing having religion religious groups achieved economy 1970s suffered decline popularity holiday destination british seaside resorts advent cheap foreign holidays demise traditional works holidays heavy manufacturing industries town centre industries helicopter production maintenance factory closure company retains design office engineering services road site road transport links improved motorway running close town supports light industries distribution depots including distribution centre southern based stores dormitory town bristol largest video audio distribution equipment companies television broadcasting industry based town town largest employers local council college recently begun offer university degrees secondary campus bath spa university tourism super mare popular tourist destination long sandy beach helicopter museum super mare museum grand pier seasonal wheel survey visit england placed grand pier free attractions england pier charges admission beach miniature railway operated steam diesel locomotives closed steamer offer day trips island destinations bristol channel estuary art popular beach suffered years neglect closed public despite number attempts reopen permission given demolish international association helicopter museum staged beach long weekend end july helicopters europe fly static display frequent helicopter air experience flights museum annual display red arrows 1970s number visitors staying nights town decreased numbers day visitors increased million visitors risen million visitors resort day visitors compared survey showed day visitors stay super mare average hours whilst overnight visitors stay average nights largest percentage visitors west found attract distinct groups grey tourists age families young children bike nights motorcycle meetings thursday summer organised royal british legion riders branch raise money poppy appeal july north somerset council gave planning approval million leisure dome metre indoor ski slope built site raf locking site commenced construction november planned include metre climbing wall vertical wind tunnel indoor indoor track health fitness club number shops restaurants ski slope longest united_kingdom transport mile long gauge super mare network opened main route ran pier sea royal sands branch line ran railway station depot locking road fleet originally consisted double deck cars open sided rack cars system bought competing bus company closed april time fleet comprised double deck racks earlier proposal run streets town sea failed leaving line ordinary railway terminus road close junction motorway linked dual relief road built 1990s replaced locking road designated route avoided traffic congestion narrower urban road bristol exeter railway arrived super mare june route serves today super mare railway station single track branch line junction midway present day junctions terminated small station regent street close high street second larger station constructed replace planning permission gained create loop station main line legal action taken residents proposed route new route issues planning station current site constructed today station situated close town centre minutes walk sea direct services london operated great western trains stations bristol cardiff central services run birmingham north station platforms stations located middle day served local trains bristol cardiff peak periods london trains stations station single track loop platform main line platforms loop southwest station junction known junction bus services provided somerset services stops regent street big lamp corner area including stops adjacent high street town services sand bay wells sea bristol airport start run main railway station service sand bay operated open bus national express operate long distance coach services coach terminal locking road car park close railway station nearest operational airport bristol airport located away education authority north somerset provides support schools delivering education approximately pupils infant primary schools include primary primary primary school castle batch primary school christ church primary corpus catholic primary community primary primary primary primary park primary church primary mark church_of_england methodist primary school primary primary school secondary education provided mathematics computing college churchill academy community school community school price academy higher education provided college september north somerset enterprise technology college opened september provide education year olds stem fields science technology engineering teacher school jailed indefinitely summer offences happened year period school lost job december incident culture town contains arts venues serves tourists local population winter gardens hosts shows exhibitions conferences theatre community arts centre small venue housed baptist church saints church hosts regular concerts high national standing church recording especially ensemble featured bbc programme songs praise cinema opened building modernist style designed thomas cecil houses theatre pipe organ cinema outside london working theatre organs left country performing original location commercially operating cinemas organ installed left west country nearest leicester square london models restored moved destroyed occasional organ concerts continue held venue building grade listed status super mare small number live music venues note hosts established touring rock bands bar london imperial hold regular open nights attract wide array local musicians artists beach concert hosted annually channel_4 youth programme known bands singers perform fewer hits vocals event produced live broadcast summer beach venue super mare sand sculpture festival town subject song sunny super mare performed local band scenes remains day james ivory film shot locations town including grand pier winter gardens arts festival takes place year september october local venues including theatre saints galleries offering wide range cultural events final event november west country carnival circuit large number brightly illuminated parade streets town weekly newspaper somerset mercury serving population owned publishing company online publications echo super mare people super television line community television channel set volunteers present studio programmes including interviews local musicians community leaders filming local events town comedy drama series cafe written terry born town series filmed super mare august artist opened temporary art installation super mare venue landmarks grand pier popular tourist attractions town previously housed style attractions track factory host arcade games underwent million development fire destroyed main pavilion harsh winter delayed progress new pier pavilion reopened october pier pier standing small island north bay currently closed public current owners manchester based company urban splash purchased pier competition held means encourage redevelopment site commercial use date firm plans place future pier uncertain pier houses super mare station island housed theatre swimming pool having purchased physician edward long fox create spa range hot cold chemical years disrepair area redeveloped homes luxury apartments commercial outlets built site consideration taken listed building status site boat trips include trips steep flat islands short trips bay outdoor swimming pool located southern section sea occupied private developer henry boot selected develop site new life station leisure complex planned include lane metres swimming pool water park bed hotel restaurant screen cinema retail units lane bowling alley redevelopment delays controversy group local residents challenged council decision appoint henry boot asking forward proposals site november plans finally abandoned leaving future site uncertain council invited submissions developers new ambitious scheme site swimming pool heart decision new scheme expected end local authority announced august giving developers months propose plans smaller development arrange demolish february north somerset council granted planning permission consortium local businesses intend build new swimming pool complex site religious sites town churches neo gothic 19th century structures medieval village church john baptist completely demolished way new larger place worship saints church built design george frederick completed pupil 14th century style favoured grade listed building holy trinity church grade listed building greek orthodox church andrew grove road sport football team super mare play conference south purpose built stadium opened august rugby clubs town super mare formed owned formed play national_league south west whilst relegated league play south west division national level level respectively english rugby union system somerset county cricket club played class day matches week season pitch prepared park near sea began continued festival super mare cricket club play park ground town known enthusiasts staging beach race autumn addition races held youth riders riders bike competitors winner beach race time world champion belgium notable people category people super mare notable current residents town include aaron morgan winner big brother alexander 1st earl alexander minister defence government raised super mare archer author politician convicted balance musician founding member psychic founder band guitarist founding member deep purple rainbow night peter musician founding member psychic john actor member murdered broadcaster journalist sixth form centre college garden grove park named arthur stanley foremost early 20th century grew town game champion baron william owner died air raid road june graves actor born educated town june bob hope comedian actor lived child sean martin writer film director con actor john historian born john particle physicist theologian price architect responsible architecture built environment super mare distinctive character town olympic gold medal athlete taylor born february town terry actress writer peter cricketer


ford area south east london england located mainly london borough partly royal borough late 19th century home dockyard royal_navy dockyard area declined royal_navy moved commercial docks shut dock convoys wharf closed historically kent metropolitan borough inner london newly created county greater london history began life ford near bridge station route celtic later paved romans developed medieval street modern corruption deep ford pilgrimage route london canterbury pilgrims canterbury tales mentioned prologue tale ford developed wooden stone bridge saw battle bridge rebels cornwall led michael marched london protesting taxes beaten king forces second settlement developed modest fishing village thames henry_viii site royal dock repairing building supplying ships grew size importance remaining operation march trinity house organisation concerned safety navigation british isles formed master thomas captain mary rose moved trinity house derives church holy trinity dockyard originally separated market gardens fields areas merged years docks important exploration queen elizabeth visited royal dockyard april knight francis drake exploration important trade honourable east india company yard late 17th century later taken general steam navigation company connected slave trade john base operations slave important abolition slave trade sold ship captain john lived court inherited house married daughter sir richard return england restoration laid planned gardens french style grounds cottage time rented master moved surrey russian peter great studied months fellow russians stayed court manor house angered antics got drunk friends peter rammed way fine holly court demolished built site estates court purchased building admiralty yard renamed royal victoria yard visit queen_victoria massive facility included warehouses sugar stores closed remains court park accessed court street street far high street estate opened july grounds royal victoria dockyard docks gradually declining 18th century larger ships built found thames difficult navigate competition new docks plymouth portsmouth chatham napoleonic wars ended need docks build repair warships declined docks shifted concentrate royal victoria yard royal dock closed world war shipyard site city london corporation foreign cattle market girls women sheep cattle early 20th century peak animals imported annually market figures declined year yard taken war office army supply reserve depot second world wars site lay unused purchased convoys eventually came ownership news international mid-1990s significant investment site continue freight wharf bought site news international plans home development scheme grade listed warehouse refurbished redevelopment site experienced economic decline 20th century closing docks damage caused bombing second world war rocket destroyed store outside town hall killing people high unemployment caused population away riverside industries closed late 1960s early 1970s local council developed plans private companies riverside area town centre governance manor west bestowed william gilbert bishop barons associated john defence dover castle held head according john writing built castle mansion traces long buried ruins remains ancient foundations discovered site probably near mast dock adjacent court originally governance ancient parishes paul nicholas metropolitan borough formed southern parish paul nicholas area royal dockyard coming governance metropolitan borough london government act metropolitan borough absorbed newly created london borough area royal dockyard transferred boundary adjustment hectares acres electoral consist north new cross south geography borders areas south new cross west north west creek divides east river_thames separates area isle dogs north east contained london post code area area referred north london borough thames riverside estate populated naval known convoys wharf estate eastern fringes old surrey commercial docks written meaning deep ford derived place road london dover ancient street crosses river site bridge broadway crosses roughly spot crosses point tidal college known creek flows river_thames reach located county kent surrey regarded parts divided parishes nicholas north paul south southern ford known northern riverside area known strand referred west modern town referred east use declined 19th century came metropolitan police district included area responsibility metropolitan board works transferred county london greater london area split southern parish paul metropolitan borough northern parish nicholas metropolitan borough metropolitan borough absorbed london borough bulk northern including royal dockyard area transferred borough borough leaving north eastern area nicholas church population mainly associated docks establishment royal docks henry_viii market docks thriving main administrative centre british navy area prospered fine houses built administrative staff skilled grand houses like court stone house way erected start demographic shift downwards royal_navy pulled docks moved storage freight downward shift continued 20th century local population docks continued docks declined economic fortune inhabitants dock convoys wharf closed northern section nearest old docks contains areas council housing typical inner city poverty area neighbouring new cross touted new journalists estate agents paying attention arts music scene popular students artists south rolls suburban spread previously multi occupancy victorian houses young city workers urban professionals growing vietnamese community reflected number restaurants area contains number student populations including college university college dance centre college hall residence rachel creek road sold million subsequently demolished replaced student village opened provides accommodation approximately students university trinity colleges economy economic history strongly connected dockyard dockyard thriving docks closed declined economically areas gradually developed local council plans riverside town centre large industrial site thames called convoys wharf scheduled mixed use buildings involve construction new homes extension town centre northwards river area creek road close redeveloped demolition old power station rose college buildings tower estate sold borough fund regeneration plans estate award winning refurbishment privately owned accommodation featured documentary tower market street market high street sells range goods considered london street markets february high street described capital diverse vibrant high street yellow pages business unique mathematical formula culture albany theatre community arts centre tradition radical community arts music including holding rock racism concerts roots charity established improve social life deprived community original building albany institute opened creek road changing 1960s albany empire burnt rebuilt douglas way prince charles laying foundation stone diana princess wales opening regeneration area creek educational artistic purposes dance centre designed swiss architects opened february art trust gallery studio space record label fun city records set miles iii brother stewart late 1970s outlet bands alternative squeeze area including dog bell reputation serving range bird nest live music film art performances local bands artists town hall metropolitan borough built decorative sculpture henry lies outside new cross road new cross purchased college green spaces area largest park park park park court park descendant john sold ground market gardens london county council market value paying cost purchase officially opened public park june dedicated acre half court recreation ground public permanent provision estate cover expense maintenance opened july transport served national rail light railway services national rail service operated southeastern railway suburban line railway station oldest passenger railway station london nearby new cross new cross gate stations stations bridge road station recently redeveloped reopened works included demolition existing dilapidated station building replacement impressive glass steel structure platforms new cross station served london services junction east london line reopened national rail network nearby new cross gate railway station served london trains northbound southbound crystal palace west residents north short walk surrey station east london line london canada water tube station jubilee line border planning permission granted open surrey canal road station east london line phase extension junction station new station open couple years alternative transport hub residents surrey canal triangle areas residents periphery new cross south main road routes runs street creek road runs new cross road marks southern boundary area way education primary schools scattered area ranging good outstanding recent reports fifth recently academy local secondary schools directly secondary schools nearby border new cross green regarded needing improvement regarded good branch education college college incorporating college known located church street college regarded inadequate inspection landmarks railway station oldest suburban stations world built suburban service london railway london bridge close creek victorian pumping station built massive london system designed civil engineer sir joseph power station use originated pioneering plant designed built largest station world council recently granted permission remnants ragged school known princess institute demolished replaced flats street previously union street contains fine row early urban houses largely dating popular naval captains hill john new area south new cross road area archaeological priority longevity settlement early industry contains set commercial buildings numbers survivors row built site cottages dating 17th century timber frame buildings grade listing english_heritage home established businesses bicycle maker cycles important houses court longer exists stone house built architect george gibson younger described individual house interest area stands way churches nicholas church original parish church dates 14th century current building 17th century entrance churchyard features set skull bones posts plaque north wall commemorates playwright christopher murdered nearby house buried unmarked grave churchyard june luke historic circular church dating daughter church parish nicholas 18th century paul built acclaimed royal commission historical monuments england finest baroque churches country john attributed referring church pearl heart designed architect thomas archer pupil sir christopher commission building new churches intention pride britain encouraging people stay london new world adjacent church yard street contains fine 18th century houses popular sea captains dockyard dockyard established henry_viii royal dockyard building vessels royal_navy time known king yard shut closed dockyard currently known convoys wharf world war city london corporation foreign cattle market times reported million head live cattle sheep landed site owned news international import paper products finland early owned limited subject planning application convert residential units wharf status notable shipyards charles general steam navigation company yards green dock referred dock wharf murder christopher playwright christopher killed alleged drunken brawl eleanor bull house strand versions death current time francis says stabbed death serving man rival love punishment dictionary national biography sir lee wrote killed drunken fight modern theories assassinated commonly assumed fight took place tavern scholar discovered report death public record office gave fuller details spent day house owned widow eleanor bull men nicholas robert witnesses testified earlier argued bill exchanging divers words later sitting table lying couch dagger began attacking ensuing struggle according report accidentally stabbed right eye killing instantly jury concluded acted self defence month pardoned buried unmarked grave churchyard nicholas june notable people people associated christopher murdered strand john lived court peter great guest months sir francis drake queen elizabeth aboard golden hind docks people lived range governor honourable east india company ambassador court russia thomas magnificent house destroyed fire early members movement john george julian john elder sons john robert family marine artists worked dockyard artists born henry known opening great exhibition painted joseph drew newspaper editor proprietor author lecturer born joseph father worked royal_navy dockyard service leading british jazz session guitarist wright born members rock groups squeeze dire straits lived estate late 1970s mark perry founder punk punk rock band alternative influential punk band chords birds nest estate centre operations music journalist baker lived near estate born brought experimental artist daniel aka chose teaching year


kent town county kent england lies river great south edge north downs miles southeast central london miles northwest road census population comes old english indicating ford near ash trees market town 13th century regular market continues held communications hub stood centre railway lines 19th century arrival railways source employment contributed town growth opening international passenger station european communications centre new lines running london channel tunnel high speed motorway links destinations road traffic town marked place expansion 1960s appeared government plans growth changes included county square shopping centre redevelopment barracks park award winning designer outlet 1970s controversial ring road scheme construction multi storey charter house building destroyed significant parts old town areas spared preserved mary church local landmark 13th century expanded 15th today church functions dual role centre worship entertainment grammar schools school grammar school history early developments evidence human iron age hill dating axes lower period found near construction park farm estate late 1990s excavation area revealed tools upper period dating 7th century number tools discovered construction channel tunnel rail link roman britain iron ore mined transported processed ore metal archaeological studies revealed existence roman town north current centre roughly junction albert road wall road present town originates original settlement established inhabitants escaping danish viking raid granted land saxon lord resistance comes old english indicating ford near ash trees time book known original saxon manor owned hugh constable england church mills value shillings time earliest houses area existence lake house park north town contains grave richard middle ages importance agricultural market town grew 13th century henry iii granted town charter hold market livestock pottery industry expanded 13th 14th centuries main works based potter corner miles west town centre later evidence examining waste suggests production large scale kent archaeological society discovered sandy location dating jack led rebellion corrupt royal officials believed william_shakespeare henry shown dick butcher 16th 17th centuries known local resident john brown executed inspired later namesake song john brown body thomas acquired manor queen elizabeth mid 16th century buried parish church john internationally recognised mathematician newton main born moved avoid plague promising student subsequently graduated college cambridge modern developments local farmers begun hold informal market days advertised town ideal location london chatham kent coast market held high street local farmers businessmen relocated road formed market company oldest surviving registered company england wales regular street market town market company relocated outside town 19th century site demolished way channel tunnel rail link farmers army established presence built garrison hill magazine road military presence scaled 19th century town considered strategically important event invasion territorial army established presence world war importance transport hub location continent london target aerial bombing march bomb targeted railway works fell town killing people town targeted battle britain world war including attack september joint services school intelligence based barracks west town robert later archbishop_of_canterbury stationed war prince andrew duke york attended course stationed royal_navy barracks closed build channel tunnel rail link site sold developers manor house centre barracks grade listed building remains intact associated german town bad 20th century british forces occupied town command major following end world war subsequently formed close friendships bad residents john major brother law later mayor new subsequently arranged visit winston_churchill arranged exchange visits british german families time travel countries rare declared honorary citizen bad led towns formally bad french town brittany years later led early mid 20th century print media noted industry brothers printing services company founded mid-1950s printing million books company set arts material factory 1960s closed following decline company decision relocate works abroad little left old town centre apart cluster medieval half buildings middle row churchyard town centre number old buildings removed way controversial ring road centre including public houses demolition required build charter house story office building charter consolidated opened charter subsequently moved london building converted flats progress stalled discovery charter compensated demolition funding restoration scheme north street preserving historic buildings motto borough council stronger faith taken going poem 17th century poet richard borough relevant verse council coat arms uses gold ash tree representing council areas lion commemorate nearby ports geography road miles southeast central london kilometres southeast miles northwest town lies intersection valleys kent south edge north downs valley river confluence great east rivers ideal place settlement borough lies eastern edge ancient forest originally stretched far west hampshire formed basis formed original town like settlements original size combined smaller villages villages include addition housing estates built open spaces park farm underground fire reported nearby larger earthquake struck town june kent earthquake registered magnitude scale felt effects greatest climate gets millimetres rain year town generally rainfall areas closer north downs area particularly south station prone flooding means generally recent development possible putting foundations concrete nearest official met office station located miles north town economy targeted key area population development 1960s london county council negotiated new homes built london created south report published identified major town growth identified key areas expansion south east england subsequently future company set support mix publicly privately funded projects town soup manufacturer significant employer opened factory east town centre substantial proportion staff moved main production unit sheffield factory owned premier foods ltd division opened flavour factory research laboratory door factory subsequently renamed quest international purchased wholesale frozen food firm brake brothers established initially based nearby later moved expanded current european headquarters based park north town regional planning guidance set plans invest including targets new homes new jobs area channel_4 poll ranked fourth best place live united_kingdom formation coalition government saw regional planning targets scrapped growth area status continued develop new homes planned urban areas park park farm planning permission granted new college campus extension victoria road created new development space plans build supermarket scrapped census revealed borough saw largest population growth kent records showing rise inhabitants borough council predicted net gain jobs year increase town commercial importance strategic location witnessed number industry business retail parks town include park dedicated space parking science business park including manufacturing sites office complexes park market current location regular boot fair modern shopping centres located town park mall opened glass works site town main shopping centre county square built street opening centre centre renamed county square refurbished properties added glass roof centre expanded include new retail space including store outside town centre designer outlet designed richard rogers attracts million customers year centre won industry awards retail destination year best shopping venue praised british parking association range facilities lack crime store opened november barracks site followed john lewis store november borough council launched website designed promote new businesses town centre pilot scheme encourages regeneration town high streets decline lewis high streets minister said encourage businesses sign excellent opportunity boost trade town centre landmarks mary parish church lies town centre parts date 13th century including brass rector robert derby john supervised substantial changes church late 15th century including creating feet tower raising roof buried church memorial window dedicated 17th century free grammar school founded built churchyard west remained museum october church bishop dover improve dual function place worship arts centre performance space people similar style union chapel spent improving venue provided european_union funding green cluster programme acts appeared church include lightning seeds tim brakes tank built lincoln world war presented town august thank war efforts situated square near town centre years electricity provider fitted electricity inside tank removed protective cover built tank pledge sons ltd built flour mills important employer town opened victoria road second opened east hill mills closed partially destroyed subsequent fires east hill mill fire occurred main storey tower block survived nightclub nearby school acquired building decided renew lease victoria mills completely destroyed fire september remainder building demolished corn exchange situated junction bank street road opened december implies originally trade early 20th century role expanded cover dances trade shows building extended improve capacity 1930s demolished main library originally opened war damaged site church road building redeveloped house gateway plus provides local council services addition library attractions near town include borough museum house gardens new mill grade listed cinema lower high street opened closed current main cinema screen theatre leisure park north town borough council announced plans build new cinema town vacant land road green corridor linear park alongside main rivers town protected development lying main flood plain area covered park marked borough council nature reserve area includes victoria park lies immediate south town centre railway includes ornate fountain shown 2nd international exhibition london presented park george harper july lakes country park opened quarry site northeast town education primary schools grammar schools secondary schools college school founded free grammar school namesake sir school continued led funded family stipulation known simply grammar school original school based church town centre moved times 20th century moved present location road current school premises built late 1990s corresponding grammar school girls grammar school girls west town opened county school girls moving current premises road private independent school school east hill founded history allowed girls boys started admitted recent schools open manor primary school built barracks opened september goat community primary school opened september addition grammar schools number secondary schools including catering special needs college east town sport united football club based miles south town centre club formed united renamed railway works settling town club reformed financial difficulties including resignation owner tony known united club promoted southern league premier division season best cup performance second round season local youth football team south football club club formed players years age rose stadium athletics stadium nearby opened named local middle distance runner rose killed plane crash stadium funded national lottery home athletics club held international events accommodate people centre managed behalf borough council leisure trust located park near railway station provides range recreational leisure services including pools water athletic facilities rugby football club formed club plays field near canterbury road club 1st play london division south east hockey club based ball lane formed cricket clubs including great chart cricket club celebrated anniversary transport rail station established south eastern railway london dover line opened company established locomotive works town line canterbury opened followed line hastings line served west december railway community village containing shops schools known alfred later renamed people living railway line railway works declined use onwards finally closing international station opened british rail channel tunnel serves trains high speed trains london brussels paris connections rest europe channel tunnel rail link approved involved extensive upgrade railways trench metres metres dug near station house new line new tunnel dug 19th century level crossing near south remaining london removed services brussels withdrawn opening international railway station restored petition december domestic train services run route reducing journey times london minutes road roman britain meeting point main roads led london canterbury ending port towns kent hub roads second half 18th century bypass opened july minister transport main road opened stages junctions serve town main roads canterbury marsh ring road completed november town centre attempt relieve congestion involved demolition existing properties old market initially opened way converted way operation total cost town centre expand accommodate people way route incorporates shared space scheme country art installation lost artist michael created redevelopment confused drivers operation stack traffic management system near allows queue channel tunnel port dover bad weather industrial action scheme controversial involves closing entire eastbound motorway traffic kent county council sought funding build dedicated park east kent provide bus services town services include access station designer outlet town buses serve neighbouring towns including canterbury served airport commercial services airport designated london airport approximately miles kilometres south regular flights france air london airport nearest fully international airport miles kilometres national cycle network network cycle routes united_kingdom includes routes rochester canterbury wells valley walk follows main river connecting canterbury links long distance kent health oldest surviving john ambulance association unit john founder association born established british red_cross society gaining support duke edinburgh royal admiral living park close town opened help patients suffering tuberculosis cater male patients female philosopher lived escaping france world war felt guilty leaving french people suffering eat subsequently contracted tuberculosis moved died section old bypass named avenue subsequently police training centre hospital opened west town august replacing smaller 19th century building town recently health centre retirement home plans local health unit cancelled main hospital william harvey hospital nearby named william harvey doctor discovered blood system hospital built government decided old hospital small demand grew looked acre site hospital built budget million work started building hospital commissioned opening media local commercial radio station studios hosted local programmes stations output network amalgamated county wide town served county wide stations bbc radio kent heart kent gold community radio station community radio started broadcasting includes programmes hospital broadcasting service hospital radio station operating newspapers production kent messenger established 19th century main offices high street remained operation 1970s currently local newspapers produced express published group published media herald published kent regional news media july


les les referred department region southwestern france located southwest crossing point river bridges designed middle ages served sons castle different means crossing river historically bridges horse powered ferries steel concrete bridges vibrant wine region wine castles including castle developed sparkling wine called café paris limestone supplied typical white constructions found region monuments painting church ruins sons castle geography located northeast north transport networks converge cross river include motorway trunk road railroad high speed railway line running tours process build elevation ranging highest points limestone cliffs dating source stone terms near wine castles population climate climate oceanic group climate classification periodically river causes flooding protected dam vulnerable flooding high tides strong winds flooding occurred martin storms storm destroyed trees castle park temperature caused river freeze administration les region saint current mayor assistants thirteen advisors economy inhabitants professionally active unemployment rate population men women average net income jobs available given inhabitants january hotels camping sites agriculture dedicated vine corn hay land farmland representing total history traces settlements date discovered late nineteenth early twentieth centuries found cut polished axes flint fragments pottery plentiful especially mound sons large bronze deposit making weapons found time bronze iron ages town mentioned roman surveillance post crossing river town centuries territory occupied 6th century tribe village occupied simon 6th earl leicester centre built small hill dominates valley village developed domain wealthy landowner roman era derives ancient crossing methods ferries crossing flat boats driven driven sail passage risky accidents occurred especially high tides storms cable ferry crossed wide river cable lay waters stretched current cable ferry replaced ferry powered horses horses set motion gears turn powered large wheel good weather crossing time improved minutes bad weather trip remained uncertain decision establish bridge taken napoleon january february bridge originally completed bridge suspension bridge construction works started louis works lasted years public inauguration occurred august bridge cost estimated million gold long bays shortly construction pillars sank metre years existence storms despite large caused march large storm causing metres partially destroyed bridge rendered useless ancient methods cross reinstated barges starting october large steam measuring cover expensive construction costs toll levied years current bridges bridge suspension bridge fell idea new bridge discussed length initial project dates proposed new bridge accompanying rail tracks built remaining foundations suspension bridge actually given height bridge river depth current technically impossible implement final project alternative offered despite companies mastering technique time problem fitting rail tracks later abandoned delayed project masonry works started right bank waited years positive response project took hand large undertaking finished bridge important company necessitated tonnes metal measures divided bays consists iron solid walls structure company manufacturing iron pieces later provided tower allies landed normandy german escape partially destroyed bridge explosives starting august traffic bridge restricted retirement german august soldiers passed german engineers arrived fitted explosives detonated bays fallen waters north seriously damaged delicate repair works operated company help coincidentally directed grand son reason bridge called twice bridge bridge route runs paris bridge date measures approximately time large settlements occurred causing disturbances masonry requiring replacement railway bridge rail bridge constructed pile style resembles adjacent bridge commissioned état line construction lasted inaugurated long divided bays rails highest waters bridge iron pillars fitted despite younger bridge construction necessitated funds effort constructions hidden water earth bulk value volume materials foundations total cubic meters damaged bridge sustained damage german bombing day reconstruction works ended june taking years complete motorway bridge decided study implementation bridge relieve old bridge allowed lane direction traffic jams solutions studies construction works given company bernard europe works lasted years completed new motorway bridge reinforced concrete having relieved traffic jams celebrated radio song holiday bridge doubled lanes sights saint church saint church named julian patron julian legendary saint destined kill parents informed destiny fled escape fate prophecy realized nonetheless helping people cross river day christ arrived announce pardon middle ages french revolution town called saint church limestone underwent important modifications 19th century particular rebuilt façade contains roman remains church holds 18th century painting baptism christ classified monument church surrounded cemetery excavated august archaeologists direction richard coins dating time francis henry iii henry louis napoleon iii victor uncovered gold ring bearing christian symbol discovered sons castle high rocky shoreline overlooking town centre ruins castle des ordinary houses entrance fortress flanked remains towers stones rich history legend castle belong sons lived time built rebuilt twelfth thirteenth centuries seat john king england youngest son eleanor took revenge king france accused treason deprived engaging miscellaneous abuses stormed castle destroyed brief english victory returns french attributed simon 6th earl leicester son terrible bloody winner crusade built new castle deemed behalf king england double walls ruins remain sacked barons revolted simon half sacked served home moving days castles erected site building dating period remains sons castle registered historic monument castle positioned atop hill dominating les saint castle wine property family house main building limestone rectangular body living area covered slate roof surrounding span approximately hectares land remain including wash horses wind flour history spanning seven centuries castle owned succession seven families owners count peer france catalyst construction bridge march brothers jean bought property family remains owners purchase came severe outbreak causing death half french property land area covered rock brothers explosives remove large amounts clay limestone soil known beneficial wine produce brought replace family played role life history les firstly jean elected absolute majority mayor remained office years fair organised annually success supported restoration work saint provided financial help priest finally owners periodically host events including family weddings family family reunion saw approximately members family wine caves eighteenth nineteenth centuries mound provide stone construction ballast river banks creating deep excavations limestone uncle researcher started caves sparkling wine based traditional champagne making techniques wine treated closed tank kept neck months constant temperature accumulate near cap deposit removed bottles force property sold gay caves entrusted year later created café paris books france self published saint notre pays self published jean marie des villages jean isbn isbn des self published web base service france retrieved july centre technique saint retrieved august sur les retrieved july direction des face retrieved july google maps les retrieved august francis modification des retrieved july les retrieved july retrieved august les site les retrieved july retrieved july retrieved july retrieved august france europe les retrieved august france christ les retrieved august retrieved september saint julian retrieved october


greater manchester pop town greater manchester england miles west miles west manchester city centre motorway north manchester ship canal south historically lancashire grew 13th century parish church mary evidence pre historic human settlement discovered locally area predominantly agricultural industrial revolution textile industry established town arrival liverpool manchester railway world passenger railway led town expansion route track linking cities produced sold town exported world history uncertain ideas proposed place derived british derived ancient greek following arrival invading anglo lancashire existing british place names especially rivers hills river example survived intact root found village names exception popular theory word denoted site building recognised anglo church feature landscape appears village likely source modern origins lancashire author suggests case exact place names pre hundreds south lancashire early history pre historic finds parish include boats found spear axes taken appear suggest existence hunting travelling society human area extend far separate periods settlement chat moss second british period village founded refugees manchester persecution early 4th century excavations revealed civilian settlement manchester probably abandoned century dark ages parish appears remote untouched local conflicts absorbing successive waves immigrants nearby towns manor covered large area included date appear larger manor boundaries described descending pit near pit ditch roger clerk richard following manor originally controlled family marriage came ownership booth family retained years family assumed control manor established renamed park parish contained end middle ages parish estimated population agriculture remained important local industry little change medieval system lack adequate drainage evidence exists demonstrate layout area likely surrounding areas grown local cottage industries included basket weaving weaving popular wool merchants traded corn bought sold local produce local gentry supported english civil war little effect area troops occasionally pass parish skirmish mention local involvement burial probably local soldiers army passed advance subsequent retreat industrial revolution john described area agriculture parish chiefly confined grazing benefited draining tax brick essential article process great use lime imported wales brought inland neighbourhood general improvement meadow pasture lands 18th century region partly demonstrated parish registers children baptised fathers employed memoirs seventy years life charles wrote principal employment working population vicinity time manufacture cotton goods home domestic plan according present spinning manchester chimney douglas extensive works river near broken bank period residence parish believe mills chiefly supplied parishes twist purchased master manufacturers early 19th century growth industry meant majority area inhabitants employed trade minority worked agriculture factory system introduced people employed cotton mills mills power local hand produced included striped cotton checks cotton mills visible ordnance survey map area area renowned production silk mills factory workers children years age james son alexander visited newly opened liverpool manchester railway return manchester noted site alongside canal engineering works brother leased land thomas established completed following year design based assembly line production invented steam hammer enabled manufacture scale speed seen year started manufacture railway locomotives built died wealthy man spinning manufacturing company came following meeting called mayor concern expressed decline local industry earlier mills destroyed fire resulting significant local unemployment designed son manchester opened imposing mill contained multi storey spinning mill engine house extensive weaving sheds early housing village consisted groups cottages near parish church influx workers areas village accompanied increased demand extra housing establishment local board health new properties built gardens existing dwellings leading severe streets paved non existent water supply local half 19th century new housing erected alongside railway large areas open land soon occupied new housing estates built area wealthy residents construction manchester ship canal provided local residents jobs people employed section new canal stone river dating designed james demolished replaced new swing post industrial history immune general decline textile industry 20th century ceased operations taken ministry supply converted royal ordnance factory factory closed late 1980s business centre included city development plan western gateway major focus economic development plan period areas developed include strategic regional site dock quarry near remaining land plan provides improvements include park link provisional support expansion system area link plan town retail environment maintained enhanced governance local board health established northern township incorporated municipal borough poor law union inter parish unit established provide social security expanded include moss civil parish urban district small borough transferred county borough borough abolished area transferred greater manchester form city area incorporates following review parliamentary representation greater manchester boundary commission england recommended split new existing constituency central eastern south existing constituency southern western geography situated miles west manchester north bank manchester ship canal area gentle slope feet sea level north feet sea south near underlying geology new red sandstone beds coal measures lancashire extend south surface deposits clay loose sands prevalent area vegetable formed vegetation previous ice age areas drained provided fertile soil local agriculture benefited 19th century practice dumping nearby manchester parts area indicated climate generally temperate like rest greater manchester mean highest lowest temperatures slightly national average annual rainfall millimetres average hours sunshine hours respectively national averages overall time united_kingdom census according office national statistics urban sub division greater manchester urban area total resident population male female settlement occupied hectares compared census population density people compared average greater manchester urban area median age population compared greater manchester urban area england wales majority population born england born united_kingdom rest european_union world data religious beliefs town census declared christian said held religion reported muslim manchester larger urban zone manchester travel work area ward area consists according office national statistics time united_kingdom census ward population male female ward population ward population giving larger administrative area total population ninth densely populated ward highest number proportion people aged levels crime average city adult population tends qualified city average primary secondary education results slightly higher average unemployment average people tending work longer hours residents live purpose built converted flats city minority occupying detached houses homes added ward average neighbouring sixth densely populated ward region children city crime generally average falling rates education standards adults children city average minor improvements results unemployment higher average areas severe income north south ward residents average likely live semi detached housing homes added south ward densely populated little population change year olds city low adult primary school education standards significant improvements results late parts worst areas country child poverty city average provision unemployment higher average half homes ward housing extra properties built economy east town centre west retail park opened november cost competition nearby centre outlet mall result suffered loss trade units abandoned following decision scrap plans extra store number new openings improved retail offering range home toys supermarket near town centre shortly closure announced great universal stores group spinning manufacturing company building operations transferred site town manufacturing industry chemicals leading chemical supplier predecessors occupied site way global employs people working manufacturing research administrative business management roles europe employing staff turnover based insurance broker financial services specialist group worldwide employs people head office near town centre employment agency group headquarters supplies thousands employees tech employers population landmarks parish church mary virgin grade listed building grade listed buildings area church andrew completed architect edward church completed thomas town war memorial erected local sculptor john commissioned design structure built portland stone topped bronze figure unveiled lord derby august grade listed building library built clearance site town centre building funded andrew designed edward designed mill picture opened october designed renaissance style grade listed building hoped building university city_council currently bidding liverpool manchester railway included list world heritage sites railway station recently undergone restoration work friends railway station including clean ups renovation station garden mural green park designated conservation areas site biological importance located near road road transport trust formed assumed control road opinions quality road mainly negative writing john said labour great expense money expended roads parish remain indifferent state plain obvious cause weights drawn poor quality roads liverpool manchester took entire day journey matters appear improved 19th century opening trust roads parish early 19th century existing routes widened straightened including modern day regent road roads surfaced daily service manchester reached following laying tracks road horse drawn eventually gave way electric control corporation buses introduced opening liverpool manchester railway september pivotal moment transport history world railway constructed carry passengers freight signalled beginning end canal system services ceased passengers started use faster railway opening day historic reason early railway accident stop railway station near newton member parliament liverpool william seriously injured approaching locomotive taken treatment died injuries railway incidents second line widened improvements station infrastructure fire destroyed wooden station building rebuilt opened london north western railway september stations green opened railway provided link located existing liverpool manchester line additional branch line green opened support surrounding largest common london north western railway built line railway station junction hall tunnel built line connected east lancashire railway bury hall tunnel collapsed april closed axe closure green branch line followed october earl hosted visit manchester queen_victoria prince albert stayed hall view canal given trip railway station hall state barges large crowds gathered cheer royal party apparently frightened horses drawing barge fell canal motorway opened november borough council previously formed borough council general purposes committee december began purchase land route new road overseeing powerful public relations scheme demolition programme commenced january residents housed newly built housing stock council arrange purchase land interchange present day route construction began december route limited existence housing estates liverpool manchester railway junction canal consideration given route disused railway line height motorway lowered accommodate new railway bridge case line nearby bridge junction branch railway demolished explosives addition liverpool manchester railway town served line light rail system regular bus services terminates interchange work branch began july completed july official opening ceremony january leave minutes education early schools 18th century day school parish mary south estate catholic sunday school opened 19th century building street location library day school opened cottages lane substantial school area opened church street boy school opened patrick high school currently best performing secondary school highest scores england area contains number primary secondary schools including limited mary primary school preparatory school new park high school green primary school college education college opened provides wide range level course school religion population increased industrial revolution medieval parish gradually divided smaller parishes surrounding gained churches roman catholics living originally attended worship chapel estate south chapel demolished replaced saints church rector roman catholic parish parish father public catholic procession reformation took place august grade listed andrew church andrew parish built 1870s opened tower added years decorative improvements building including stone carvings stained glass wall paintings covered months church consecrated church school opened forerunner present andrew primary school second school parish opened separate parish church paul area variety churches including church james nearby hope baptist church denominations include methodist new methodist new sports amateur rugby league club city known based rugby football club rugby union inside circular motorway south railway club registration member lancashire county rugby football union west lies city stadium new transport infrastructure motorway centre immediately west new stadium site park golf club hole par course driving range home city club site home english premier women teams club competes england women competition having number development teams public services municipal corporation england operate fire engine supplied corporation local firm protector lamp lighting known manufacturing miners safety lamps municipal licensed air ministry opened january site moss power station built street opened december second larger power station built alongside manchester ship canal canal opened october earl derby supplied electricity manchester south east lancashire electricity district ceased generation march operating switching station demolished june royal hospital opened union hospital sick association union later renamed hope hospital taking nearby medieval hope hall demolished hospital given current notable people edward renowned architect born march bury moved designed town mills ranked greatest mill architect victorian lancashire moved responsible design town library liberal member borough council chairman town library committee justice peace inaugurated popular saturday night concerts winter months keen reduce infant mortality gave sovereign mother child reached age died april buried cemetery hymn writer william born culture best known cake dating 18th century sold shop owned james birch traditionally town recipe butter sugar sold country exported world referred dead fly wakes holiday celebrate dedication parish church celebrated annually tradition abolished home secretary