piers 1st earl cornwall piers 1st earl cornwall june english nobleman origin favourite king edward england young age good impression king edward assigned household king son edward prince extravagant edward sent favourite exile recalled months later king death led prince accession edward edward bestowed cornwall arranged marry niece margaret sister powerful earl gloucester exclusive access king provoked members nobility king forced send exile absence served king lord lieutenant ireland edward managed negotiate deal opposition returned year return behaviour offensive decided exiled time suffer returned return hunted executed group led thomas lancaster guy earl alleged medieval edward piers lovers reinforced later portrayals fiction christopher late 16th century play edward assertion received support modern historians questioned according relationship adoptive brotherhood served unofficial deputy reluctant king historians like hamilton pointed concern men sexuality core nobility grievances centred exclusive access royal patronage family background early life piers father knight service vii come substantial land marriage heir brother great landowner possessions wife vassal king england king capacity duke service edward england stretched long period time starting welsh wars participated substantial contingent february died rest life struggled retain wife inheritance rival claims relatives neighbours financially dependent english king continuously service hostage edward twice secondly french king managed escape flee england returning home england served edward scottish wars died point little known piers early years year birth unknown prince edward born april said contemporaries assumed born chronicle claims accompanied father england reliable reference later year served company edward sailed england father older brother time member household young prince edward future edward king apparently impressed conduct martial skills wanted serve model son king awarded roger death roger father request edward prince wales charge possessions minority served proof king confidence son companion circle prince conflicts king son difficulties dispute treasurer walter prince edward case enraged king edward point banned son court banished men prince household reconciled later point king prevented rejoining prince matter settled date days prince later year trouble knights deserted scottish campaign attend tournament arrest order sent insistence queen margaret pardoned january exile return return grace temporary february edward announced prince favourite leave realm shortly april year time punishment intended prince wales according walter prince appeared king request county given edward enraged tore son hair threw royal chambers necessarily trusted details events story reflects general king felt prince lavish gifts bestowed favourite clearly seen departure prince edward equipped horses luxurious clothes money exile short early july edward fell ill campaigning north lay dying sands near scottish border according chronicle gathered trusted men including henry earl lincoln guy earl soon earl edward entrusted care son instructed particularly prevent return piers exile king died july edward acts king recall friend returned immediately reunited early august earl cornwall august month succeeding edward piers earl cornwall according contemporary narrative sources controversial decision came relatively humble origins rise highest level considered improper established nobility furthermore cornwall traditionally reserved members royal family edward intended younger sons second marriage discontent reported chronicles result sign established nobility objected time gave substantial great parts england value year possessions consisted cornwall parts south west land centred honour eastern lincolnshire honour yorkshire territories belonged addition edward secured prestigious marriage margaret sister powerful earl gloucester possessions family connection secured place highest levels english nobility new king initially met goodwill subjects long certain members nobility special relationship enjoyed edward december exactly month marriage king organised tournament honour castle companions arms handed defeat won according accounts events bringing knights field simply having better contingent point possibly hostile edward left country early marry french king daughter isabella appointed regent place responsibility normally given close family member reigning king sign exploited regency personal gains nobles offended arrogant behaviour behaviour continued coronation feast king return king largely ignored new wife favour collective grievances found expression called agreement january lincoln expressed concern oppression people attacks honour crown mentioned implied target document later year april parliament called declaration demanded renewed exile explicitly mentioning favourite king initially resisted demand clear barons support king philip france offended edward treatment daughter edward sending exile ireland return exiled immediately leave realm june faced archbishop_of_canterbury robert return edward intervening period provide favourite continued prosperity political importance compensation loss cornwall condition exile granted land worth marks annually land amounting value england appointed king lieutenant ireland certain honour maintained despite humiliation exile appointment came day richard earl given position indicating improvised measure appointment came wider authority powers appoint dismiss royal officers primarily military nature early 14th century ireland rebellious dominion english crown capacity considerable success killing defeating major insurgents fortified town newcastle castle kevin rebuilt road castle kevin helped county far mountains west dublin field administration mark notable issue involved concerned dispute toll town walls citizens dublin regency evidence exploited position advantage local elite edward began working recall left distribution patronage concessions political demands won previously hostile disposition lincoln leader opposition age great wealth reconciled edward late summer king enemies gradually significantly thomas earl lancaster involved campaign exile time april pope satisfied difficulties king settled agreed lift parliament met july edward agree series political concessions called statute based similar document edward called super turn based parliament june returned england final exile august reinstated cornwall long chronicles tell gave mocking nicknames calling lincoln burst belly joseph jew lancaster black dog forest began exploit relationship king obtaining appointments friends servants political climate february number refused attend parliament long present dismissed parliament convened barons presented list grievances wanted addressed march king forced appoint group men reforms royal household group called lords consisted seven bishops barons supporters king like gloucester john brittany earl richmond strong opponents like lancaster work drafting reform document edward decided address main causes discontent scottish situation edward immediately accession abandoned relentless scottish campaigns father result robert bruce able regain initiative war lost territory stage destructive raids north england matters edward continued raise taxes ostensibly war scotland showing result king produce victory scots long way work june king summoned military campaign refused basis work performing king departed scotland september gloucester accompanied campaign proved frustrating edward bruce refused engage open battle involved negotiations february sent army north perth failed track scottish army royal army north edward received news london earl lincoln died february meant influence party lost time antagonistic earl lancaster lincoln son law heir emerged leader ready present programme reform edward summon parliament late july appointed lieutenant scotland departed london bruce evaded english successfully early august staging raid northern england shortly withdrew castle northumberland parliament met august king presented set proposed reforms royal household specific attacks individuals including demand renewed exile piers edward initially offered agree reforms long allowed stay refused king held long eventually agree published september november days allotted deadline left england time return death clear spent time abroad conditions exile banned staying lands english king ireland spent previous evidence gone france initially considering french king hostile attitude likely stayed long flanders likely candidate final exile time absence shorter second time lasting months returning christmas reunited king early probably january reason quick return birth child daughter named joan time january edward declared judgement unlawful restored lands royal parties began preparations war march settled began castle time pronounced archbishop paul meeting barons leadership lancaster divided realm oppose king given responsibility capturing king newcastle barely escaped force led lancaster henry robert returned king left york soon besieged surrendered terms surrender york barons negotiate king agreement reached august allowed return swore oath guarantee safety initial meeting king york left custody escorted south june left left visit wife found whereabouts immediately rode capture morning appeared took captive brought castle honour appealed justice brother law gloucester university_of_oxford avail condemned death violating terms assembly barons including lancaster june taken road far hill earl lancaster land ran sword beheaded aftermath body simply left site execution chronicle tells brought refused accept ordered outside jurisdiction eventually group dominican brought oxford proper burial arranged january king secured papal favourite body buried elaborate ceremony dominican foundation king tomb lost cross inscription erected hill local place believed location execution edward provided generous widow margaret married hugh later earl gloucester king tried find suitable marriage piers margaret daughter joan arrangements came joan died age thirteen evidence fathered extra marital daughter contemporary document refers chamberlain edward iii wife queen later married john royal family edward initial reaction news execution rage according swore avenge act circumstances prevented taking immediate action previous raid newcastle king flee quickly leaving horses worth great money time barons action alienated associates earl particular strongly tied king cause honour arbitration earl gloucester settlement finally reached october barons given pardon horses returned king following years marked constant power struggle edward lancaster centred maintenance matter finally settled lancaster defeated battle executed question homosexuality hinted medieval alleged modern historians relationship edward homosexual claims edward loved measure says intimacy chronicle states edward particularly delighted vice making special reference portrayal homosexual continued fictional portrayals christopher play edward early adaptation work lion modern historians divided issue writing rejected idea hamilton wrote biography hand says question king favourite lovers writing years later reservations cites fact edward children wife extra marital son relative silence contemporary commentators topic finds hard believe philip france allowed english king marry daughter isabella edward known homosexual mark pointed inherent speaking homosexuality medieval context instead suggests focus motivation use sexuality contemporary attacks king king lovers question remains effect respective careers eventual john christianity social tolerance homosexuality calls edward lover writes little doubt edward wife barons england violently hostile edward sexual fulfilled royal duties children isabella argues edward fell victim new found concern sexual morals secular powers europe manifested shortly trial knights interpretation disputed hamilton favourite murdered control patronage writes hamilton access king view expressed roy martin biography king historical assessment contemporary near contemporary generally negative attitudes blaming royal favourite problems reign accused crimes draining treasury arrest treasurer walter filling court foreigners according chronicle good word king piers deny certain good qualities irish military administrative skills period ireland likewise baker called graceful body sharp refined manner sufficiently military matters focused exclusively negative aspects biography portraying according hamilton homosexual marked tendency especially pride impression lived popular imagination modern historians deal reign edward william thomas frederick james conway davies added little understanding generally agreeing chronicles allotted importance main field interest constitutional history later generations historians focus shifted constitutional personal issues 1970s onwards topic study personal relations crown distribution patronage school thought hamilton biography belongs argues exclusive access royal patronage driving force animosity hand takes different approach study place reign edward according edward indifferent practice essentially delegated job alternative homosexual relationship suggests bond existed king adoptive brotherhood concept biblical precedent interpretation relationship david existed middle ages exemplified song story modern popular culture portrayed variety ways film based play edward presented victims prejudice movie hand disguised character arrogant oxford_university dining drinking club called piers society


prince john united_kingdom prince john united_kingdom john charles francis july january fifth son youngest children born king george wife queen mary time john birth father prince wales heir apparent reigning monarch united_kingdom edward vii george succeeded throne edward death john fifth line succession john discovered believed form intellectual disability possibly condition deteriorated sent live house kept away public eye cared bill befriended local children mother gathered prince john died following severe seizure buried nearby mary church illness released wider public death prince john alleged subsequently brought forward evidence royal family records prince ways given favourable treatment parents comparison siblings contrary belief hidden public early age john life fully fledged member family appearing frequently public eleventh birthday biography birth prince john born york cottage estate july youngest child fifth son george frederick prince wales mary princess wales née mary named john despite associations royal family informally known johnny time birth sixth line succession throne father older brothers reigning british monarch male line son prince wales formally styled royal prince john wales birth john christened august church mary reverend canon john king portugal cousin removed prince wales stood duke cousin removed prince denmark uncle marriage cousin removed prince wales stood prince john great great uncle prince wales stood alexander 1st duke uncle marriage prince wales stood cousin removed princess victoria united_kingdom stood princess alexander cousin removed princess victoria stood early life illness john early life spent siblings prince edward known david royal family prince albert princess mary prince henry prince george care charlotte bill strict prince wales nonetheless children princess wales close children encouraged john great aunt empress russia wrote son emperor nicholas george children nice little ones george johnny charming amusing princess alexander described john evening uncle george returned stalking bent aunt kissed heard johnny kissed ugly old man george said president roosevelt children john apparently john george children escaped punishment father large handsome baby fourth birthday john slow year suffered seizure showed signs disability probably father succeeded george edward vii death john awarded title royal prince john john attend parents coronation june considered risky health nonetheless said family feared reputation damaged incident involving john deemed outside world george nonetheless showed interest offering kindness affection time john exhibited repetitive behaviour sign possibly reason constant simply didn stand needed behave nonetheless hope time contrary belief hidden public early age john life fully fledged member family appearing frequently public eleventh birthday prince george nearest age john closest sibling began peter court preparatory school following summer times reported john attend following term george mary decided send john school outbreak world war john rarely saw parents away official duties siblings boarding school military john slowly disappeared public eye official portraits commissioned wood farm frequent severe john sent live wood farm bill having charge care john maintained interest world capable coherent thought expression lack educational progress dismissed formal education ended physicians warned likely reach adulthood wood farm john satellite little household outlying farm estate guests remember great war tall muscular distant figure woods escorted grandmother queen maintained garden house especially great pleasures john life summer john rarely seen outside estate passed solely bill care queen wrote john proud house longing companion queen mary broke royal practice having local children brought john thomas young girl halifax sent live aunt uncle charge royal stables hopes improve john known years earlier prior outbreak world war close taking nature walks working queen garden john played elder siblings visited eldest brothers came visit john prince wales prince edward took run kind push cart disappeared view death john intensified bill later wrote let brothers sister attacks getting bad coming biographer believes john disturbing brothers sister friendly outgoing little boy loved brothers sister sort mascot family spent christmas day family house driven wood farm night january severe seizure john died sleep wood farm known modern autopsy techniques people die illness injury contributing death condition queen mary wrote diary news great shock poor little boy restless soul death came great relief broke news george wood farm found poor resigned little looked peaceful lying mary later wrote emily old friend john great relief worse grew older spared suffering grateful feel god having taken peaceful way slept quietly heavenly home pain struggle peace poor little troubled spirit great anxiety years years old went add break family circle hard bear people kind sympathetic helped george described son death simply greatest mercy possible january daily_mirror said prince passed away face bore smile report public mention john funeral following day mary church john queen mary wrote canon john physician conducted service sad touching people villagers present thanked servants good faithful nominally private funeral attended house staff single person estate went stood gates grave absolutely covered flowers queen wrote queen mary lie referring youngest son john uncle prince alexander john wales died day birth buried mary legacy prince edward hardly known john consequently saw death little wrote mistress time told little brother john practically shut years seen family twice year poor boy animal wrote letter queen mary lost reply felt compelled write apology stated felt like cold hearted writing realize poor little meant hardly knew went state feel mama mother final mention john diary queen mary wrote simply miss dear child gave thomas number john books inscribed memory dear little prince bill kept portrait john letter read love recent years prince john brought forward evidence windsor family according channel_4 documentary existing information john based precisely details life problems disclosed british association stated unusual king queen time people apart rest community colonies mental institutions thought form mental illness adding years idea locked away began hold royal family believed flowed blood believed blood wished hide possible regard john illness suggested john sent wood farm best environment possible conditions world war undoubtedly royal family frightened ashamed john illness life usually portrayed tragedy conspiracy time edward viii prince edward attempt discredit prince albert succeeded george suggesting subject falling fits like brother discovery volumes family photographs john briefly brought public attention popular culture lost prince biographical film john life directed stephen released film boy jack death prince john referred conversation george end story documentary john titled prince john tragic secret released channel_4 john briefly mentioned film king speech depicts prince albert struggle overcome childhood portrayed rush asks future george united_kingdom played describe relationship youngest brother called johnny george replies johnny sweet boy leading audience believe good relationship died thirteen hidden view common occurrence children days titles styles honours arms titles styles july royal prince john wales january royal prince john ancestry


john fat john nicknamed fat greek byzantine noble attempted imperial throne iii short lived coup constantinople july coup drew opposition ruling dynasty rival aristocratic families common people dissatisfied dynasty failures external foes hitherto obscure figure john uprising imperial blood descended dynasty real driving force coup probably ambitious support capital populace managed seize great palace constantinople southeastern corner mob proceeded john crowned iii secure residence northwestern palace sent forces sea land great palace held loyal guard urban mob dispersed night little difficulty suppressing coup john followers captured executed origin political background john son distinguished prominent family turkish origin closely associated dynasty provided number distinguished generals families john mother maria daughter eldest son emperor emperor john john able claim pedigree comparable superior reigning albeit maternal reign iii troubled outset aristocracy pressing demand new sources revenue blocked refusal senate clergy merchants contribute lower middle classes imperial capital frequently displayed discontent riots corrupt officials notable large scale uprising february warden constantinople chief prison john suppressed imperial troops john figure court marginal note dating late 13th century briefly emperor constantinople final siege fourth crusade named real coup certainly supported wider circle nobles era possibly brothers david later founded empire historian michael traces coup inception events early iii married daughters anna respectively marriage spoke increasing confidence emperor provided imperial succession began establishment separate aristocratic power base displeased noble families revolt general feeling discontent humiliation failures especially terms foreign policy evident albeit embellished account eyewitness nicholas john supporters proclaimed henceforth romania enemies kings earth come pay homage constantinople coup john coup launched july conspirators broke swore restore empire ancient bounds turks latin john proclaimed emperor crowned monk patriarch john hid inside capital populace outside set fire number churches conspirators marched great palace avoiding gate held feared guard imperial box connected palace john supporters managed drive guard placed entered palace gate having gained control western portions palace john sat imperial throne broke great weight took actions consolidate position appoint chief followers empire highest posts time supporters urban mob included group georgian italian mercenaries began buildings reached church virgin empire chief holy relics defended nicholas small guard provided john men managed drive wounded skirmish withdrew church coming night crowd accompanied palace earlier day departed intending resume looting day meantime iii resided palace city northwestern corner rallied counter strike small force dispatched boats city peninsula monastery north great palace led emperor son law point likely regarded heir apparent quickly contact held palace northern parts loyalist force marched drove away john supporters entered palace found scarce opposition john john captured short chase palace head immediately cut displayed morning forum constantine body displayed similar fate supporters night captured tortured extract names conspirators likely prison role affair known prison brothers david fled capital immediately coup failure family modern researchers consider john possible father wife emperor family ascribed eldest son emperor john bore


hungary hungarian pronunciation mentioned grand prince hungarians succeeded father modern historians tend deny report reign chronicles list hungarian rulers consensus ascended throne monarchs ruling hungary house descended life modern historians main source life late 12th century chronicle writer known anonymous according source son grand prince hungarians contrast nearly contemporary byzantine emperor constantine vii writes fourth son seemingly derived arabian sultan title modern scholars unanimously accepted etymology according anonymous born father second campaign local rulers solely mentioned opponents hungarians conquest basin narration forced surrender daughter marriage died inherited father law east river anonymous claims inhabited peoples called anonymous states minor succeeded father died turn later favour son died year son reign son succeeded similar father character appearance prince little pale soft blonde hair stature duke brave spirit subjects sweet speech power leading men warriors hungary loved time later thirteen leading men realm common counsel equal wish appointed kingdom beneath prince guidance customary law conflicts lawsuits modern historians views historians reject details life presented anonymous instance hungarian historian says born instead romanian colleague likewise writes born years earlier marriage happened years father law identity debated says imaginary figures invented anonymous order describe conquering hungarians heroic wars historian charles writes ruler daughter marriage end great tudor says real person ruler time inhabited peoples turn 9th 10th centuries anonymous statement succeeded father grand prince idea ruled federation hungarian tribes challenged instance historian writes youngest sons hardly elder brothers line succession says hungarian mention rule implying anonymous inserted preserved list grand princes knew hungarian monarchs house descended family following family tree presenting closest known relatives actual invented person debated modern scholars later grand princes kings hungary descended


possibly certainly member royal house son briefly ruled king england april november fought danish great following danish victory battle october agreed rule took probably november died king england intent keeping succession secure sent infant sons edward brother sweden murdered instead princes spared sent safety kingdom hungary remained care king stephen fleeing assassins hired arrived royal court princes remained prince wise adulthood traveled hungary helped exiled andrew hungary quest throne died shortly marrying hungarian princess birth born mother probably wife possible king death november left space year children born possibility older brother later known edward exile possible twins time customary posthumous sons bear father younger posthumous son life exile dead marrying emma normandy edward deprived rights succeed english throne nonetheless titled old english word designated royal princes eligible edward rightful heirs england decided murdered considering disgrace killed english soil sent half brother reigning king sweden death old ally princes grandfather instead sent hungarian royal court king stephen fearing unsafe north power great exiled edward hope anglo danish england baptism stephen christian ruler hungary time edward arrival court stephen married bavaria led peaceful reign hungarian court happy home exiled english princes edward forced flee hungary sent powerful assassins carry task murdering princes found refuge court wise grand prince edward recorded somewhat grown passed years arrived capital mid thirteenth century chronicle records edward stay court later russian chronicles mention refuge anglo roman catholics edward reserved eastern orthodox character christianity likely allowed voice dissatisfaction presence court presented useful negotiating counter western foreign policy king death english considered bringing edward england came princes late late twenties left continental schemes edward elevated position sole responsibility england crown alliances concerned possibly having affair noble lady caused scandal andrew hungary hungarian prince exiled established court pagan uprising hungary andrew returned homeland intention gaining throne edward likely fought andrew army possible present coronation marriage death near contemporary chronicler recorded marriage daughter hungarian king omitted mention king daughter daughter king stephen sister king samuel princess huge dynasty possible candidate possible wife named died shortly marriage possibly military campaign andrew hungary certainly dead edward recalled england princes uncle king edward king wanted appoint nephew heir edward died soon arrival london death edward son proclaimed king forced swear allegiance william renounce rights male line house died buried hungary exact location grave unknown ancestry


anna maria anna maria august february house patron arts bequeathed large art collection including contents inherited brother death treasures state condition removed capital grand state succession grand duke anna maria daughter iii grand duke niece louis france marriage musicians earned contemporary court reputation important music centre union produced offspring combined siblings meant verge extinction iii altered laws succession allow accession daughter spent final years european powers agree recognise statute territorial arrangement european powers appointed francis stephen heir duly ascended throne death anna maria returned florence enjoyed rank lady accession brother banished villa died francis stephen envoy offered anna maria position nominal regent declined death brought royal house end remains interred san florence helped complete biography early life despite mother efforts induce means riding anna maria daughter second child iii grand duke consort born florence august named maternal aunt anne marie parents relationship took chance documented occasion branded poor groom presence papal continued december attempts failed stressed wife departure convent france contract created day revoked privileges france declared death assets inherited children granted pension compensation abandoned june anna maria saw daughter raised paternal grandmother anna maria considered potential bride louis grand heir apparent louis france iii like idea french marriage devoted fully cause later rejected instead offered choice peter portugal peter ministers fearing princess anna maria dominate peter fearing inherited manner declined fact contemporaries thought traits combination father paternal grandmother following spain portugal france holy roman emperor suggested james england forward brother law duke princess deemed duke terms protocol daughter grand duke obtained style royal holy roman emperor iii february hitherto duke anger derived royal status successful abolished throne consequently ultimately chosen anna maria married april accompanying festivities contemporary describes physical attributes person tall fair eyes large expressive hair black mouth small lips teeth white ivory departed husband capital accompanied younger brother surprised officially married anna maria arrived ravaged ongoing years war louis assaulted behalf brother france duke occupying city process pregnant thought soon arrival contracted explains anna maria failed produce children anna maria notwithstanding shared marriage spent time enjoying balls musical performances festivities commissioned theatre comedies french playwright performed anna maria musicians contemporary court enjoyed regard international centre music invited court appointed cappella music teacher sponsored arrival return library florence houses editions chamber anna maria arranged marriage younger brother father july married anna maria eponymous wife repulsed reason separated year marriage peace ended years war french troops withdrew electoral received county following document hitherto given rights french emigrated electoral criticism treatment introduced sanctioned religious freedom succession iii wished alter male line succession allow accession daughter anna maria event male line succession failure plan met fierce opposition european powers charles holy roman emperor nominal feudal lord succeed odds proposal concord sight question dormant years later question succession urgent cardinal maria iii brother released vows marrying incumbent duke elder daughter eleanor urged care health little prince years later died issue taking hope heir following death heir apparent deposited bill senate titular legislature new heir apparent ascend throne charles furious replied grand imperial possessed alter laws succession things second wife philip spain great granddaughter exercised claim charles constantly changed stance issue told florence succession added austria soon reach agreement royal house follow june declared wish house succeed charles previously offered grand duke territorial compensation form state chose quickly charles decision declaring union lands unacceptable stalemate existed return florence died june widow anna maria returned florence october grand princess brother widow anna maria enjoy relationship hearing anna maria intention return prepared depart munich brother capital wished stay ladies precedence iii defined status arrival appointing april england france dutch republic later austria selected don spain elder child philip spain heir mention anna maria acknowledged reduced spectator conferences future midst anna maria mother died instead willing children prescribed agreement went princess distant relative october days death iii distributed final proclamation commanding shall stay independent anna maria shall succeed grand duke reserves right choose successor unfortunately europe completely ignored grand duke anna maria good terms despised engineering unhappy marriage anna maria liberal policies repealed father anti semitic statutes consequently compelled abandon apartment left wing royal palace villa refurbished house gardens assistance gardens architects period embellished villa commissioning statues religious figures spite mutual dislike attempted improve poor public image rumours grand duke died rarity public said rumours compelled appearance feast day patron saint florence john baptist morally corrupt entourage hated tried withdraw grand duke sphere influence organising conduct literally sent attendance carriages repeatedly told rude jokes ceased death war polish succession don banished territorial swap francis iii heir january spanish troops occupied withdrew austrian soldiers took place died accumulation diseases july surrounded sister anna maria offered nominal regency prince grand duke envoy francis iii arrive florence declined demise house possessions including liquid cash vast art collection robes state lands conferred anna maria regards notable act family pact signed october collaboration holy roman emperor francis personal property state provided removed florence death legacy occupying forces dubbed popularly prince disliked vulgar court allowed live wing living virtual occasion receiving select number guests black silver clad audience room occupied financing overseeing construction cappella started grand duke tune crowns week donated fortune charity equivalent thousand present day terms february anna maria died oppression breast sir 1st british resident florence recalled letter common people convinced went hurricane wind violent began morning lasted hours sun shines bright royal line house extinct death having completed months according sir left worth jewellery grand duke francis lands main minister father iii interred helped complete san entirely finished time death testament stipulated revenue estate continue finish perfect said famous chapel san anna maria single enduring act family pact ensured art treasures collected nearly centuries political remained florence miller lawrence american art historian argues anna maria future economy tourism sixteen years death gallery built great founder grand open public viewing concern caused flood river bones scientific examination found traces long thought died ancestors titles styles honours arms titles styles august april princess anna maria april june rhine june february rhine


elizabeth bosnia elizabeth bosnia january queen consort later regent hungary croatia queen consort poland daughter ban stephen bosnia elizabeth married king louis hungary gave birth long anticipated heir catherine queen poland louis succeeded uncle iii royal couple daughters mary catherine died initially powerless consort substantial influence elizabeth started surrounding loyal led favourite nicholas louis died mary ascended throne hungary elizabeth regent unable preserve personal union hungary poland queen secured polish throne youngest daughter regency hungary elizabeth faced rebellions led john john attempted advantage mary insecure reign invited king charles iii naples mary assume crown elizabeth responded having charles murdered months coronation crown restored daughter established regent captured imprisoned ultimately enemies descent early years born elizabeth daughter ban stephen bosnia head house mother elizabeth member house king poland hungarian queen elizabeth poland cousin removed elizabeth mother daughter law margaret succumbed black death queen elizabeth expressed interest young having mind future match widowed childless son king louis hungary insisted immediately bringing girl court despite father initial reluctance elizabeth sent court stephen serbia attacked bosnia order regain invasion successful tried negotiate peace sealed arranging elizabeth marriage son heir apparent stephen reliability regard subject controversy wrote expected ceded elizabeth father refused later year formally year old louis hoped counter policy father help eventual successor according historian oscar marriage elizabeth marriage louis celebrated june couple related prohibited degree duke elizabeth maternal great great grandfather louis maternal great grandfather papal necessary sought months wedding took place historian suggests ceremony pregnancy couple contact years pregnancy likely ended elizabeth mother apparently died time married louis dismayed father law death later year elizabeth young ambitious cousin ascended throne louis summoned young ban compelled surrender western elizabeth new queen hungary subjected entirely controlling mother law elizabeth poland fact young queen consisted individuals served queen mother indicates elizabeth bosnia court mother law influence prevailed louis succeeded maternal uncle iii king poland elizabeth maternal uncle white candidate polish throne following coronation poland louis brought daughters anne raised elizabeth elizabeth queen poland crowned problem succession marked louis reign elizabeth long considered barren succession crisis expected childless king death brother law stephen heir death son john replaced john died daughter born king queen child died year years john sister elizabeth treated heir suitable marriage negotiated things suddenly took different course king wife daughters quick succession catherine born july mary elizabeth known written book education daughters copy sent france copies lost september louis granted concessions polish nobility privilege exchange promise daughter succeed elizabeth mother indicate hungary focused power means ensuring daughters rights respected securing marriage priority european royal courts mary scarcely year old promised catherine louis france died end year promised william austria left mother court moved vienna spent years polish lords swore uphold mary rights received recognition years later elizabeth present husband mother law meeting february hungarian lords confirmed austrian match indicates louis intended leave hungary william king weakened illness progressively active years reign increasing time prayer aging mother returned poland circumstances allowed elizabeth assume prominent role court influence grown steadily given husband heirs appeared probable crowns pass elizabeth daughters rights confirmed scenes elizabeth began ensuring succession smooth possible encouraging slow decisive change personnel government barons gradually replaced small group excelled professional skills distinguished birth military ability nicholas led movement enjoyed support queen power eventually virtually regency louis died september elizabeth daughters elizabeth queen mary crowned king hungary seven days later believes reason elizabeth mary masculine title desire exclude prospective son law government acted regent behalf year old sovereign elizabeth chief adviser rule peaceful royal court pleased arrangement hungarian unwilling woman objected mary accession maintaining heir throne king charles iii naples remaining male charles time unable claim mary throne threatened duke louis rise elizabeth john prior historian john fine says prior chiefly opposed policy husband enforced cousin decided advantage louis death elizabeth trying recover lands lost king john formed alliance elizabeth ultimately defeated army john forced flee bosnia polish succession louis designated mary successor kingdoms polish nobles seeking end personal union hungary willing recognize mary fiancé accepted mary moved reigned kingdoms hungary ruling according advice hungarian nobles marrying prince choosing intentions elizabeth taste required lack men loyal rendered unable enforce elizabeth aware difficulties mother law faced regency poland ended old queen fleeing native kingdom disgrace agreement reached elizabeth polish delegates february queen proposed youngest daughter louis successor poland polish nobles mary agreed send crowned requested view age spend years following ceremony poles bloody civil war initially conceded requirement soon found unacceptable monarch reside abroad long second meeting held march contemplated offering crown distant relative duke eventually opted meeting june decided lay claim crown elizabeth reacted having army men august forcing drop realized expect nobles accept request instead resolved delay departure despite continuous polish demands arrival end august crowned october regent appointed year old exercised authority according advice elizabeth saw elizabeth received official delegation grand duke lithuania wished marry act promised pay compensation william austria elizabeth behalf requested elizabeth widow king louis poland great king purposely assumed baptism legally adopt son order claim polish crown event death marriage celebrated mary marriage mary fiancé brother king germany opposed elizabeth queen hand enthusiastic reigning mary charles invade hungary intended marry mary ruler intended elizabeth determined allow started negotiating mary marriage louis france notwithstanding daughter engagement proposal catherine death western represented problem france recognising vii pope hungary accepting urban elizabeth desperate avoid invasion unwilling let stand way negotiations french vii issued mary marriage louis celebrated april recognized hungarian adhered urban elizabeth plan mary married louis france divided court master treasury nicholas judge royal nicholas openly opposed renounced allegiance queen august resulted offices replacing partisans kingdom verge civil war charles decided invade encouraged john brother paul bishop charles imminent arrival forced elizabeth yield abandon idea french marriage envoys paris preparing louis journey elizabeth came terms opponents designated new months marriage louis entered hungary married mary reconciliation turned late charles invasion fled brother court prague autumn deposition restoration charles arrival prepared accompanied hungarian supporters elizabeth unable raise army prevent diet obtained overwhelming support mary forced opening path charles crowned december elizabeth mary compelled attend ceremony swear allegiance deprived authority elizabeth friendly feelings charles court supporters returned homes left acted quickly invited visit mary castle arrival february elizabeth charles stabbed apartments presence taken died february having crown restored daughter elizabeth immediately proceeded reward helped giving castle master mortally wounded charles april brought hungary brother queens pressured accepting mary future ruler treaty having charles murdered help elizabeth hoped charles supporters immediately recognized son heir fled bishop paul church estates order collect money army queens death aftermath elizabeth believed daughter mere presence help calm opposition accompanied modest following mary set elizabeth seriously situation july ambushed route attacked john small entourage failed fight attackers killed rebels head sent charles widow margaret queens imprisoned bishop castle elizabeth took blame rebellion attackers spare daughter life elizabeth mary soon sent castle john new margaret insisted elizabeth death tried christmas proceedings found guilty charles murder marched january intention reach rescue queens middle january news approach reached elizabeth guards mary eyes mary released captivity troops june having secretly buried church february elizabeth body january transferred sea carried overland legacy elizabeth regarded contemporaries efficient ruthless politician political protect defend daughters rights caring parent politically talented competent prepare mary roles monarchs elizabeth failed set good example daughters character questionable methods politics serve warning young inability clear decisions threatened status endless problems croatian nobles failure improve relations native bosnia mary reign insecure tumultuous queen elizabeth commissioned creation chest saint chest located great importance history city depicts historical events death father elizabeth according legend stole saint finger paid creation order sin contains scene allegedly depicts queen gone mad stealing family tree following family tree illustrates elizabeth husband daughters relationships adversaries


1st earl devon 1st earl devon august dominant magnate south western england century participant wars roses distant relative greatest landowner county fortunes inheritance later men promoted rapidly nobility king edward fill power vacuum left dead west country particularly family benefited received title earl devon held title months july sent north quell rebellion instigated earl escaped disastrous battle executed mob august considered man capable administrator enjoyed absolute confidence king family background wiltshire cadet branch later buckingham grandfather called sir silver hand heir grandson died childless left future earl devon heir family lands greatest rest somerset wiltshire father william dead time having fallen victim rebellion june william uncle great uncle john archbishop_of_canterbury inheritance family lands greatest landowner county mother heir possessions father john major south western landowner point definitely june married daughter sir john service house york late service distant relative john earl wiltshire son duke buckingham association james baron wiltshire men implies represent short episode loyalty house lancaster house york ongoing civil war sent relieve english garrison bad weather forced harbour held leader richard earl recruited cause took battle cross forces edward earl march won major victory february battle march year edward pronounced king edward deposition henry later year july received summons parliament time lord course following years king granted numerous lands offices appointed steward cornwall constable bristol received greater devon estates thomas earl devon captured executed keeper granted king serving local commissioner country point fiercely presided quarter sessions courts west country activities limited legal commissions performed military service scots conducted diplomacy brittany admitted royal council served commission convicted henry thomas brother treason according chronicler john henry downfall rewarded land devon king took great interest trial reasonable decision result edward need loyal agent region death aftermath quick rise unnoticed established aristocracy named earl devon influence king edward devon later reconciled year repeated accusations act rebellion instigated insurrection yorkshire led robin time george duke king edward brother staged invasion country stronghold devon william earl ordered gather troops quell rebellion royal army devon intercepted northern rebels way south meet clear happened according devon arrangements devon took majority day july met rebels battle artillery support thoroughly defeated devon finally arrived unable engage troops late difference french chronicler jean gives different account according devon left field battle heard news arriving reinforcements case captured executed order devon managed escape later captured mob somerset executed august earl devon exactly months time death children died title extinct restored year john brother thomas earl devon buried abbey dispute lands followed cousins considered ambitious contemporaries seen downfall henry targeting king edward evil thread picked modern historians charles ross calls ambitious man time skills administrator hardly doubted evidenced king edward heavy reliance human sympathetic michael describes activity onwards adding right conscious committing added faced execution


3rd earl 3rd earl february english nobleman general elder brother queen elizabeth favourite robert earl leicester father john duke northumberland led english government edward unsuccessfully tried establish lady jane grey english throne king death july participation venture imprisoned tower london condemned death rehabilitation came fought philip spain england monarch battle queen elizabeth accession november appointed master ordnance capacity unofficially assist william silent struggle spain delivering english weaponry senior member family created earl december commanded army elizabeth sent garrison town assist french war religion campaign ended failure french agreed peace english surrendered plague ranks acted returned severe leg wound hinder career ultimately led death years later military engagement northern rebels served councillor despite marriages remained childless death infant daughter repercussions survival dynasty surviving brother robert equally died legitimate issue close relationship business personal life things like robert major patron movement supported non struggle church authorities way life contrast colourful earl leicester known good earl youth fourth son sir john later earl duke northumberland wife jane children known protestant happy family life brothers trained mathematician john thomas wilson august went norfolk father younger brother robert fight rebel peasant army robert london married anne daughter william deceased attorney general daughter died soon anne died sickness soon married second time elizabeth lady right large possessions lincolnshire yorkshire death king edward july john duke northumberland led young king government half years tried install daughter law lady jane grey english throne king protestant cousin edward crown bypassing half sisters mary elizabeth mary tudor asserted right throne expedition base east inevitable northumberland marched july accompanied eldest sons john days later council changed sides hearing july northumberland staying cambridge gave arrested party day imprisoned tower london father brothers condemned death duke second youngest brother executed natural death john eldest brother october family heir remained longest tower released late plea wife lady brothers release brought mother brother law henry successfully lobbied spanish nobles england new ruler king consort philip spain prison december january robert took tournaments held philip celebrate anglo spanish friendship january mother died leaving lands queen mary allowed inherit despite brothers welcome court long king philip later ordered london year wake conspiracy distant cousin henry french ambassador reported government seeking children duke northumberland said run january brothers raising personal contingents order fight philip king spain robert henry joined spanish forces france took battle henry killed services surviving brothers restored blood act parliament cost campaign wife reduce household significantly serving elizabeth accession elizabeth november robert came great favour master horse received post master ordnance pressed influential brother delay appointment somewhat held predecessor funds lifted brothers renounced rights father possessions titles december created baron earl year received large portion lands confiscated duke northumberland castle queen visited summer progress seat neighbouring castle robert like father robert adopted bear ragged staff device medieval war religion started france elizabeth pressure protestant help possession besieged catholic duke guise offered english return military help later promised exchange england lost france elizabeth agreed send men garrison chosen lead expedition place robert elizabeth let despite strong desire arrived late october start chances hold writing fear abused good opinion strength town elizabeth soon clear wish army engage active support purpose english contribution remaining somewhat obscure march french agreed peace elizabeth decided hold returned english agreed party reconciled french turned jointly english garrison fortifications needed major expansion repair withstand prolonged siege tried best town walls french bombardment queen permitted surrender july account plague troops shot leg french returned england seriously ill wrote brother happy end life breach sickness farewell dear loving brother thousand times robert went welcome portsmouth despite plague elizabeth annoyance politically expedition disaster gained recognition leadership morale high civilian population treated unusual respect earl rewards welsh order awarded france april war injury properly healed ineligible posts like lord president council north lord deputy ireland suggested future elizabeth lady died husband france november married time bride year old anne russell daughter francis russell 2nd earl robert earl leicester arranged match extraordinary court event tournaments bride given away earl leicester presence queen later elizabeth closest friends november northern rebellion broke aim install mary queen scots english captivity english throne earl commanders appointed march revolt rapidly bad health soon allowed return estates january robert earl leicester saw brother reported elizabeth hard weather day travelled horse majesty service forget pain weary judgment body good master ordnance presided increasingly important government department centrally managed storage commissioning state artillery munitions small arms prince william orange valued english cannons believed international protestant cause willingly supplied wanted spanish ambassador officially protested practice weapons spanish rule netherlands admitted council attendance business regular declined sharply deteriorating health trial mary stuart acted commissioner asked scottish queen brother absent earl leicester day sentence pronounced attend private nobleman leading patrons moderate principal concern preaching discouraged official church largely dependent private initiatives influential local gentry founded consortium provided gospel county helped preacher john field got trouble subversive book published imprisoned leicester worked transfer comfortable confinement london house released altogether patrons means like brother invested exploration martin search northwest passage principal patron contributed relatively modest sum brothers closest personal terms said robert man better robert phrase love elizabeth liked loved joke graceful handsome brother lacking grand london residence suite rooms leicester house lord lord closet lord dining administration lands brothers shared estate managers lawyers local consisted gentry families privately passing time possible robert incurred queen wrath serving netherlands governor general wrote come england let best advice best mean marriage remained childless second wife elizabeth suffered phantom pregnancy anne russell nearly years husband junior turned partner paternal grandmother brothers descended famous 15th century john 1st earl richard earl descent especially represented filled pride deeply concerned widowed robert years fear queen displeasure eventually died direct heirs september leicester estate debts passed remaining lifetime took care deceased brother illegitimate teenage son robert leicester inherit death earl resided north hall house travelled little unable having use legs end january finally leg consequence died house strand london february days diplomat sir edward visited described pain lasted unto death saw sitting fire tears speak earl buried chapel collegiate church mary vicinity ancestor richard brother robert little nephew robert lord leicester son short life heir widow commissioned monument request buried ancestors died entered tradition good earl probably came quiet life style contrasted colourful persona brother queen favourite ancestry


john 7th earl oxford john 7th earl oxford march january nephew heir robert 6th earl oxford succeeded earl oxford uncle died issue john trusted captain edward iii king wars scotland france took battle battle died campaigning france career closely associated william 1st earl brother law family background marriage john son jane daughter sir richard younger son robert 5th earl oxford apparently died shortly december writ issued post land held direct king hearings established heir son john aged years concerned great property essex brother robert 6th earl oxford 6th earl son died issue obtained licence king estates nephew john way john uncle died april earl oxford homage received john married second daughters 1st baron kent margaret brother 2nd baron died brought significant inheritance hands marriage forged strong bond william earl married daughter elizabeth oxford brother law campaigned sat commissions died year career military career began service edward iii scottish campaigns second war scottish independence took campaign summer campaign later decade england military efforts turned france beginning years war march served flanders country edward disputes archbishop john oxford forced sides conflict described political neutral period england returned continent served lieutenant brittany took battle year year sent scotland relieve castle campaigning brittany tradition returning england ships forced ashore bad weather party robbed possessions locals summer campaigning king normandy took battle according chronicler fighting black prince captains sent request edward iii reinforcements king famously answered let boy win spurs oxford siege reportedly fell ill major campaigning company black prince took prince great raid september battle oxford command vanguard earl attack flank french cavalry group secure english victory campaign edward iii campaign died probably raid january buried family burial place essex descendants assessment died couple sons daughters eldest son john married elizabeth daughter hugh 10th earl devon died father death husband elizabeth married sir andrew devon son robert died father lifetime eldest remaining son thomas born succeeded father thomas son robert 9th earl oxford succeeded father death robert given robert uncle seventh earl fourth son eldest daughter margaret married times second little known daughter elizabeth married sir hugh eldest son heir hugh 10th earl devon john family tradition fighting active major military engagements years campaign brought men arms mounted brittany grown men arms knights thirty mounted diverse composition included foreign mercenaries point battle john later fortune italy served spite distinguished particularly military commander receive great royal patronage member order largely consequence family relatively modest resources english example mentioned late owed oxford services time king owed debts obstacle resources status john unable overcome marriage warfare family tree


old english 10th century york ruler southern half old kingdom behalf king england son northern attained adulthood man raided potential appearances records likewise uncertain point period accurately dated historians differ opinions relationship kings edward martyr generally thought enjoyed good relationship king daughter married reign disappearing sources appointed lead expedition origins appears partially scandinavian origin suggested title applied anglo saxon chronicle entry hampshire called english title styled scandinavian word earl accounts origins offered modern historians son york exile argument partly based assertion son named suggestion favoured historians son man named known held land east north yorkshire suggestion correct appearance history anglo saxon chronicle entry recorded accession southern year son land year succeeded office anglo saxon scholar frank believed act regional faction fighting suggested carrying orders king entry incidentally mention land earlier decade charter surviving later dated charters dated called mentioned appears time charter reign king earliest possible appearance witnessing grant land kent king peter uncertain authenticity particular charter unclear charter issued granting land woman named witness signature beginning governorship based charter dated royal charters reign appearing time possible appearances represent generally accepted theory definite predecessor expelled england historian richard thought downfall result opposing succession edward martyr enemy brother known time good relationship archbishop york memorandum written group estates belonging york listed noted held came power peter york dedicated robbed estates allegedly lost estate given king man named suggesting historian land alienated family relationship king unclear particularly given uncertainty banished england year death richard thought son argued raid caused resentment derived losing confiscated territories punishment evidence granted circa bought archbishop king implying king seized land relationship english monarchy good wife king probably daughter evidence wrote wife daughter comes called historian argued marriage evidence local royal appointment york marriage attempt supported argument richard death date death uncertain historical appearance came anglo saxon chronicle year reported death archbishop expedition scandinavian fleet year holy archbishop left life attained heavenly life east died year king decreed ships use assembled london king entrusted expedition leadership hampshire earl bishop london rochester bishop try danish army sea sent warn enemy night day joined battle night army disgrace enemy escaped crew ship slain danish army encountered ships east london great slaughter captured ship armed equipped led raiding england coast previous year killed essex battle historians think killed fighting survived defeat speculated removed office replaced result failure historian william believed removed scandinavian descent argument based worcester chronicle claim added text borrowed anglo saxon chronicle fled battle following year danish father man named died battle king probably son term means son law brother law grandson unknown immediate successor appears witnessing charters


lady charlotte lady charlotte née february july served royal children king george iii queen charlotte thirty years holding position born thomas 1st earl wife held court appointments couple educated frequently travelled growing brood children continent charlotte like sisters educated married william issue including george 9th earl accomplished woman gained appointment royal august birth george prince wales eldest son king george queen charlotte duties included oversight royal nursery staff employed organising lessons children oversaw princes education old live households watch governors remained supervision turned retired role continued correspond members royal family receive gifts early life marriage lady charlotte born february second eldest daughter thomas 1st earl wife growing family come include children sons daughters lord lady held court appointments earl served master horse queen caroline wife lady charlotte family travelled cultural historical landmarks continent details sisters education minimal mention contemporary diaries implies educated lady read interested theology charlotte friends included educated elizabeth carter charlotte fluent italian remark speaks like look honoured according lord briefly married charlotte sister extremely fond charlotte death gave deceased wife charlotte great discontent daughters august charlotte married william heir brother daniel 8th earl shortly wedding reported charlotte thousand pounds father sum increase thousand pounds william previously married lady anne douglas issue diplomat served envoy sweden netherlands roles held serve vice chamberlain royal household lady charlotte son daughters daughters died son george inherited nottingham paternal uncle royal lady charlotte career royal began august appointed day birth george prince wales eldest son heir king george iii queen charlotte called decision choice universally approved think abused north biographer writes noted skill devoted raising children christopher suggests educated background suited position lady charlotte held role royal years oversaw king queen children presided royal nursery overseeing staff members designated child staff included sub teachers personal assistant oversaw princes old live households remained supervision turned shortly appointment developments began occurring lady charlotte home daughters died furthermore william years older wife mentally unstable rumours circulated threw staircase fearing safety obtained formal separation husband taking children live apartment james palace house died late despite stresses personal life continued position zeal daughters ill early took leave job brought young girl unsuccessful hope survive left sub charge returned november time care fifth addition nursery prince edward educational approach lessons lady charlotte variously described biographers warm competent typical period children seen king queen adult figure lives royal princes endured disciplined lessons educational environment loved female charges referred lady returning trip continent queen charlotte wrote better hands says supervised progressive nursery focused child centred learning shared passion education queen charlotte evident correspondence writings contemporaries idea noble mothers encouraging education children concept advocated scholars popular approach court helped spread new educational theories methods employed use maps earliest puzzles teach geography historian flora writes ways education ordered rigorous king ordered princes queen charlotte felt woman equipped education able man accomplished woman alongside organised lessons arts sciences taught princes subjects included geography english grammar music dancing art tutor taught children french language old travel day receive education new house alongside river conversely princes gradually saw lady charlotte older entered care governors retired ill health seeking successor lady charlotte requested devote time children opposed queen charlotte monarch felt resignation partly decreasing hours children thought staff encouraged increasing presence look confinement replied regularly spent hours evenings adding principles undertake additional duty kind conscious growing day unfit majesty know uncommon stock spirits necessary growing attendance young people behaviour instruction ordering affairs nursery lady charlotte threatened resign queen hire younger fitted declaration ended queen charlotte quest increase hours remained post new sub martha hired recommendation spent frequent time supervising studies preparation lessons teacher miss 14th royal child prince alfred died windsor near age despite lady charlotte devoted nursing retirement death lady charlotte ill deaf princess remarked autumn death possible kind good having treasures feel kindness highest degree resigned role november retired january continued correspond members royal family receive gifts particularly prince wales future george received yearly payment supplemented income south sea company death july james palace buried family vault royal attended funeral youngest daughter allowed maintain apartments james mainly surviving children memorial francis holy cross church adjacent house mansion son george 9th earl issue charlotte george 9th earl november august married captain charles fielding issue ancestry


henry 3rd earl northumberland henry 3rd earl northumberland july march english magnate northumberland greatest fifteenth century northern england lord marriage title bring direct conflict family feuds neighbouring nobles lay ecclesiastical key occupancy youth married eleanor children leading wars roses managed personally benefit father died early war live enjoy gains killed battle defeated early life war scotland son henry 2nd earl northumberland lady eleanor daughter 1st earl second wife joan henry appointed warden eastern march scottish border april originally years subsequent extensions seven years came custody castle responsibility defence hold post march father sir robert invaded scotland pre defence border burnt revenge scots attacked father castles king henry way north whilst durham sent lord raid sortie return cattle men failed captured whilst caught marsh following father defeat river october sir robert outlawed king half estates compensate ransom expended arranging release captivity tensions scotland remained extent father nobles requested stay guard border attend parliament summer anglo scottish truce pending commissioned treat scottish july successfully prevented assault scottish king james congratulated english king result feud late yorkshire tenants father earl northumberland constant conflict neighbours archbishop york involving armed skirmishes brothers led events deemed severe led progress north king reign year dispute inheritance family received result henry marriage earl northumberland ejected earl relative robert sussex year later henry lord right wife took direct father raiding manor kent robert attack apparently involved cattle theft robert later claimed brutal seeking remedy law years feud early relations powerful neighbouring family increasingly tense brother thomas lord finally ambushed force returning wedding near sheriff force men confrontation precedent use force particular dispute laid previous violence region october directly involved father brothers richard joined lord forcing battle john richard feud continued year reportedly planned attending parliament accompanied large force men february months later earl summoned king attend council attempt impose peace second letter written john salisbury requested wars roses wars roses followed father siding earl died generally considered battle wars elevated earl northumberland having pay relief crown fact father died king service turn swore uphold dynasty reconciliation leading realm attempted october london arrived large body men thought city denied entry new earl brother bound peace conflict broke attended called parliament october condemned accused offences causing death father years december led central battle section victorious army battle following army marched south road london fought second battle february commanded van battle march blinded slain close fighting died wounds soon buried church york posthumously parliament victorious edward november son namesake committed tower estates offices finances estates northumberland traditionally constant use source manpower wages defence border family gained office previous century wages assigned earl substantial yearly time peace war annual payment maintenance peacetime wartime provide resources securing payment easy example received payments july gained year fee farm yearly subsequently lost favour richard earl salisbury july crown continually efforts paying warden wages fees promptly paying wartime rates year example loyal achieved counterpart west march salisbury publicly aligned york fee farm returned november following salisbury benefited york granted yorkshire received profits reward role victory bridge chief north river trent constable castle december life nominated wide ranging commission old french literally commission hear determine new rank tactic deal northumberland july granted yorkshire belonging salisbury year lease captured henry battle accused having looted york northern estates exile ireland charge likely truth continued estates lords led york marching north december collected vital earl personally militarily northern estates especially victim feudal decline half fifteenth century crown calculated standing approximately family arrangement father cardinal married june eleanor february lady daughter sir richard sussex second wife eleanor berkeley daughter sir john berkeley castle gloucestershire heir general grandfather robert 4th baron lands south england summoned parliament december directed wife mother eleanor widow thirteenth earl son daughters henry 4th earl northumberland april married daughter earl margaret married sir william elizabeth married henry 6th baron anne married sir thomas ancestry


von von november archbishop cologne pursuing ecclesiastical career won close election cathedral chapter cologne bavaria election fell love later married von protestant abbey conversion announcement religious electorate triggered cologne war december proclamation established catholics electorate cologne causing scandal catholic_church holy roman empire marriage february sought convert electorate dignity years supporters fought catholic cathedral chapter right hold called cologne war war brutal fighting villages cities electorate surrendered claim electorate retired died buried cathedral conversion marriage major test principle ecclesiastical reservation established peace loss electorate strengthened catholic counter reformation northern german states gave stronghold cologne expanded family influence imperial politics family early career born fortress second son william known younger march january imperial wife family old house descended line house von known golden knight blond hair family owned extensive properties bordered abbey territories present day southwestern bavaria surviving sons george surviving sister concluded inheritance protect family property future occupy property inheritance daughters exceed guaranteed right refusal potential property sales grandfather commander league army cousin grandfather von known commander imperial army peasant wars uncle bishop later cardinal founded university younger brother trained military career second younger brother ferdinand died siege younger son prepared early ecclesiastical career received broad education learned languages including latin italian french german studied history theology studying universities began ecclesiastical career serving cathedral church life caused scandal uncle archbishop petitioned duke bavaria conduct apparently led improvement behavior cathedral cologne canon canon cathedral position held death papal nomination cathedral drawn positions december chosen cologne contest bavaria youngest brother ruling duke won election votes required agreed ordained priest predecessor initial years office relatively uneventful continued work predecessor chiefly reconstruction castle archbishop goes war chiefly noted conversion reformed doctrines marriage reportedly beautiful von living years decided brothers marry intending time resign prevailed encouraged protestant supporters including cathedral chapter declared retain electorate december formally announced conversion reformed faith catholicism electorate cologne marriage celebrated february afterward remained possession affair created stir holy roman empire clause concerning ecclesiastical reservation religious peace interpreted way friends way foes held retain office insisted resign conversion ruled prince challenged principle ecclesiastical reservation von previous prince archbishop converted resigned office predecessor von resigned office marriage necessary house unlike predecessors proclaimed reformation style cathedral cologne catholic leadership cathedral chapter placed evangelical confession catholic furthermore adhered teachings martin john form religious observation approved conventions anticipating events collected troops taken measures convert subjects april pope gregory unsuccessful candidate bishop chosen new initially supported adolf von brother commanded troops sought assistance lutheran princes germany especially princes enthusiastic support cause association liking henry later henry france tried form coalition aid assistance obtained came john took command troops spring later summer marching troops rhine process intimidation disbanded army administer rhine year old nephew new frederick support previous frederick duke probably important thousand spanish troops hired pope representatives cathedral chapter seven imperial emperor pope tried resolve differences negotiating table frankfurt main armies sides southern portion electorate called burning villages small cities destroying crops bridges roads combatants prepared commit troops fixed battle far lucrative safer use force intimidating besieging walled towns small cities limiting trade sale food end march frederick thousand spanish troops drove bad wife took refuge vest electorate encouraged troops supporters including von ferdinand brother rival archbishop drove netherlands escaped approximately cavalry infantry initially sought refuge william orange living netherlands acquainted elizabeth envoy robert 1st earl leicester entered lengthy negotiations elizabeth court obtain support cause efforts failed garner assistance war english queen quarter joint pain prevented riding horse climate cologne damp cold condition worse relinquished claim electorate protection adolf von martin pursued deaths later year summer established residence held office dean cathedral maintained concurrently position cologne consequences conversion marriage conversion marriage exceptionally costly terms lives property historians actual estimate actual cost 19th century historians tend criticize acting greater cost lay impact actions catholicism northern territories german states fighting continued early controlled electorate defeat blow northern germany marks critical stage history reformation went electoral territories bring population catholicism process violence opened doors spanish incursions blocked water access rebellious dutch spanish military commanders sought land route dutch provinces providing troop support established valuable rhine valley finally cologne war marks beginning german religious question resolved disasters thirty years wars later years wife moved held position cathedral chapter maintained concurrently position cologne arrival trouble arisen chapter refugees cologne strife persisted retaining offices accepted reformed doctrines joined party strongly supported city took double election despite opposition retained office death shortly marriage written testament left estate brother life time charging safety protection died june buried cathedral wrote leaving care protection duke spent years crippled died great ceremony buried grave june historical assessments historians kind cambridge modern history generous men personally insignificant stir world walter described complimentary terms great idea claim activity title high ambition wanting depth particularly kind superior victory placed electorate belonged brothers influence ambition fundamentally riding counter reformation tide lifted boats philip described despite swearing oath renounce marry love created disaster germany like describes cut cloth men means pushed forth like murder robbery catholicism time motive result contest family sibling connections friedrich august december imperial legal chambers president married daughter george count von marie august june von imperial legal chambers president buried married von february daughter charles count anna mark august february von und married anna maria von february december anna died october count october december issue death line extinct february peter von born died august died leo died april ferdinand cologne canon cologne born siege january died august married von


jacob jacob bulgarian prominent 13th century bulgarian noble russian origin bestowed title jacob ruler widely autonomous domain second bulgarian empire likely located seeking independence claiming title emperor bulgaria twice changed allegiance bulgaria kingdom hungary vice versa hungarians recognized bulgarian royal rank vassal ruler medieval bulgarian jacob exact origin clear known russian noble son jacob father likely arrived bulgaria wave russians fleeing invasion half 13th century historian jacob descendant princes estimates birth date late jacob influential noble married daughter marriage daughter high ranking noble bulgarian hierarchy title awarded probably ruler bulgaria byzantine emperor possibly constantine jacob close bulgarian court pledged loyalty constantine ruler domain usually considered south region west bulgarian empire byzantine sources indicate possessions lay near close hungarian possessions north macedonia south commanded bulgarian forces war hungary near western possibly fought byzantium byzantine army invaded lands following year anti bulgarian campaign jacob continuing ties russian homeland evidenced request bulgarian patriarch jacob requested making copy sent iii metropolitan supplemented letter jacob noble calls metropolitan bishop entire russian land ancestors copy finishes passage jacob called bulgarian coins bearing imperfect images saint jacob dressed warrior wearing helmet holding sword hungarian bulgarian ruler situation bulgaria far stable constantine facing threat predecessor throne ambitions large scale byzantine invasion constantine unable assist jacob advancing byzantines jacob sought aid northern neighbour hungarian king stephen hungarians drove byzantines jacob domain invaded byzantine controlled territories rescued byzantine threat jacob submitted hungarian stephen placed ruler province danube river previously governed hungary deceased allowed retain lands south appointment jacob hungarian vassal bulgaria established control city hungary precipitated civil war stephen father fearing bulgarian retribution lack hungarian support come victorious jacob changed allegiance bulgaria acknowledged authority constantine crossed danube raided hungarian fortresses north river spring stephen established sole ruler hungary june conquered jacob brief siege waves hungarian raids proceeded province enter possessions constantine spite bulgarian resistance hungarians number cities including jacob previous bulgarian notwithstanding hungarians restored puppet ruler region referred hungarian sources possibly encourage rivalry constantine jacob bulgarian throne simply satisfy jacob ambitions final submission bulgaria death death stephen meant succeeded infant son widowed consort mother boy elizabeth regent time jacob held hungarian vassal possibly hungarian rule west jacob domain end bulgarian nobles cut hungarian facing menace bulgarian attack east jacob submitted bulgarian rule arrived capital negotiate submission constantine consort maria dominant figure empire time jacob formally adopted younger maria second son infant heir michael adoption solidified jacob ties court meant safely retain autonomous domain bulgarian vassal hopes ascend throne michael constantine died suspicious intentions jacob constantine consort maria thought poisoned died shortly uprising fate city unclear jacob possessions certainly restored direct bulgarian rule wake death territory region lying southwest documented belonging bulgaria


east died november king east death member ruling dynasty sons rule east christian kings nephew known son ruled converted christianity murder east angles briefly reverted christianity established eventually favour ruler east angles defeated battle led king slain monks driven successor anna forced temporarily exile attacked east battle anna son slain east army defeated king east angles possibly ruling jointly surviving brother brief reign known monastery built thirty noble joined invasion laying siege smaller army battle fought november near unidentified river victorious allies killed drowned battle nearly including killed background end roman rule britain region known east settled north group known angles evidence early settlement region minority peoples instance settled area modern town number kingdoms begun form territories southern britain conquered angles ruling dynasty east named early king king known ruled reign spanned quarter century probably second sons brother sons certainly known father anna successor brothers appear firmly committed christian rule married christian great niece anna described figure father religious family brought conversion sponsor essex baptism witnessed fortunes dynasty years rule east angles converted christianity reign son reverted occurred killed pagan soon succession baptism assassin ruled kingdom years succeeded established christianity kingdom east king act patron church east angles favour ruler retired lead monastic life soon east angles attacked forces led king army appealed lead battle refused participate dragged monastery battlefield refusing bear arms fight slain defeated east army destroyed successor anna acted challenge increasing power reign renounced wife sister drove kingdom exile anna strong offer protection sought refuge east court whilst converted christianity returning rule christian king anna probably provided military support return throne late irish monk having spent year left east monastery identified castle left hands half brother shortly departure threat reality community driven forces anna encountered exiled reign early anna returned exile able direct military assault east angles east armies fought near suffolk anna son slain east army slaughtered large numbers succeeded brother client king barbara suggested surviving brother reigned jointly separately refers men anna successor short reign remained bishop witnessed construction monastery site lay sphere arranged brother funeral reputed burial site battle joined assault asserts motive changing sides attention east destruction kingdom ensued invaded force thirty royal commanders command included large contingent laid siege district probably time sphere influence british kingdom offered great ransom treasure according refused according accepted distributed case resolved battle destruction smaller force event welsh armies king eve battle ally stood aside await outcome major battle according barbara fought november banks river location identified waters owing heavy rains flooded land victorious forces slaughtered drowned flight killed nearly allies including east leading east forces ranged brother successor anna king east angles occasion war killed having lost army passage suggests cause war argued issue later manuscripts confused meaning point fact meant refer responsible war according 12th century deaths anglo saxon kings