elizabeth campbell elizabeth campbell née british abolitionist born wealthy family eldest daughter 2nd duke wife political lady howard elizabeth married george campbell eldest son heir 7th duke husband succeeded father like mother prominent opponent slavery pair helped write letter titled christian address thousands women great_britain ireland sisters women united_states_of_america calling end slavery attracted signatures british women hosted american abolitionist author visited england lady campbell friends maintained correspondence succeeded wellington mistress robes queen_victoria holding position resigned ill health soon appointed member newly created order crown india died whilst eating william london family early life lady elizabeth raised amidst great wealth paternal grandmother great elizabeth gordon overseeing estates spanned million acres scottish highlands lands augmented gordon marriage george later 1st duke son george married lady howard daughter george howard 6th earl lady elizabeth born following year eldest daughter brothers sisters followed family estates scotland england elizabeth upbringing involved travel main residence lavish house london acquired resided country estates couple especially led vibrant social lives political known friendship position mistress robes young queen_victoria 1st duke died elizabeth father succeeded 2nd duke extensive property historian richards writes half nineteenth century saw height house social economic influence wealth derived stocks transportation firms marriage accompanying queen_victoria castle lady elizabeth met george douglas campbell eldest son 7th duke married estate hall july archbishop york edward presided wedding estate debt elizabeth wealth needed union resulted joining scotland largest families young couple given father time marriage deeply religious elizabeth raised anglican faith converted church scotland marriage taking communion faith later year like predecessors elizabeth strong supporter scottish episcopal church diocese isles couple possessed similar interest liberal politics elizabeth found new wife told numerous friends subjects philosophy natural sciences widely read time succeeded father 8th duke april elizabeth family primary estates included lodge london family seat castle child john born year marriage additional sons seven daughters household sober proper driven routine prescribed times prayer breakfast lunch dinner children expected emotion crying real causes like death family pet scottish scholar john stuart enjoyed couple lifestyle visited dedicated work language literature scottish highlands elizabeth historian anne jordan writes lady campbell old time having given birth children suffered ill health stroke left partially forced children upbringing overseen husband daughter lady victoria suffered ill health mother adults children marriage settlements drain family resources eventually marrying eldest son john married queen fourth daughter princess governor general canada like mother prominent supporter abolitionist movement elizabeth affected anti slavery novel uncle tom cabin following year mother house helped draft letter titled christian address thousands women great_britain ireland sisters women united_states_of_america letter eventually signed women called end slavery institution recognise slave marriages led parent children prevented slaves receiving christian sent author uncle tom cabin american abolitionist author friends maintained correspondence visit travelled england benefited connections senior politicians duke friends american politician anti slavery leader charles leading historian write relationship duke prove important friendships civil war december lady campbell appointed mistress robes queen_victoria succeeding elizabeth wellington member william ministry resigned position ill health succeeded sister law anne december queen_victoria created order crown india conferred dozens royal member royal order victoria albert second class died whilst eating london buried parish church years later remarried maria daughter thomas bishop issue duke following issue john campbell 9th duke august married princess united_kingdom lord campbell december march married issue including campbell 10th duke lord walter campbell july married olivia grandfather campbell 11th duke lady campbell married henry 7th duke northumberland lord george campbell december married alexander lady elizabeth campbell married edward harrison taylor lord campbell married elizabeth blood lady victoria campbell july lady campbell married james hamilton lady campbell february february married architect brother prime minister arthur lady mary emma campbell married edward bishop lady campbell november february married charles


hugh hugh died hugo hugh hugh anglo norman administrator nobleman little known ancestry served brothers king henry_ii england royal official rewarded marriage service king england served royal justice witnessed documents showed king continent recruited mercenaries royal army named constable castle royal lands france died giving lands monasteries death background early life hugh family normandy parents named roger known parents brother married daughter sewer hugh served william brother king henry_ii england mid william gave hugh manor kent william death hugh passed royal service serving new earl surrey illegitimate half brother king henry_ii held knight fee hugh paid fine recorded pipe rolls custody nephew lands present coronation henry young king june westminster abbey henry_ii heir crowned king elder henry lifetime revolt king henry sons hugh partisan king revolt brought desire henry oldest sons gain power henry reign mid revolt defeated king revolt hugh fought battle near martin suffolk victory royalist forces took little revolt suppression royal service hugh close king henry_ii witnessing large number royal charters serving royal justice hugh served royal justice northern england took great commanded council henry_ii summoned roger law identifiable members order historical record years henry reign hugh witnessed royal charters charge henry possession normandy named constable tower later served king hiring mercenaries normandy service king henry_ii campaign appears led military forces king recorded times commander royal forces recorded england period hugh married margaret daughters william founder abbey margaret daughters inherited bulk father estates margaret eldest daughter reason received bulk estates king henry desire reward hugh king arranged marriage ensuring father lands went margaret hugh gained suffolk control acquired lands sussex margaret death legacy hugh died easter heir son roger died end life hugh gave church deathbed granted lands salvation souls parents ancestors souls king henry henry brother william margaret survived hugh married robert lived paid fine king right inheritance death second husband


anthony cooper 10th earl anthony cooper 10th earl november styled lord earl death british peer located south west england son major anthony cooper lord cooper grandson anthony cooper 9th earl cooper father heir apparent subsidiary titles father death son line succession grandfather died cooper 10th earl baron baron cooper 10th earl wealthy landowner acres east received honours awards work included planting million trees south west england served president society pursuing goals second great grandfather 7th earl founded organization ragged schools served vice president sir david british butterfly conservation society november 10th earl went missing france prompting international police investigation remains found remote foothills french alps months death investigations revealed murdered brother law argument divorce wife convicted murder education early years anthony cooper born greater london england named father tradition sons cooper family father major anthony cooper lord son 9th earl notable ancestors seventh great grandfather 1st earl leader whig party parliament second great grandfather 7th earl 19th century evangelical social reformer honoured memorial fountain london circus cooper mother french born daughter france major lord remained married death anthony younger sister lady mary elizabeth cooper born april cooper educated christ church oxford child primary pursuits outside getting education included mountain climbing skiing expressed love music continued adulthood service chairman london orchestra march father died unexpectedly heart disease cooper heir titles held grandfather acquired courtesy title lord lord mother decided native france children august remarried col newly formed family settled paris children spent years english channel boarding schools lord school sister holidays alternately spent france grandparents manor house commissioned second lieutenant royal armoured corps national service june october placed emergency reserve 10th royal lord years old succeeded grandfather 9th earl prior death invested arranged financial matters heirs avoid death duties grandfather died newly titled 10th earl came vast fortune estates properties including family 17th century home large estate residences london versailles french inherited collection art worth 1990s wealth family estate remained worth millions house estate east home base centre business addition house family owns large estate including acres property land establishes wealthiest families united_kingdom home 15th century small village rests family estate family arrived originally wiltshire owned manor 11th century ancestor reside robert born fifth great grandfather anthony cooper 1st earl built family seat house years following death 9th earl fell disrepair apart wing estate office recorded register buildings risk grade listed building indicating neglect decay buildings recorded grade list include exceptional interest considered internationally important following extensive repairs house 12th earl family conservation philanthropy received honours awards work planted million trees acre estate extended family property joint winner royal forestry society national duke cornwall award forestry conservation presented charles prince wales served president hawk owl trust vice president sir david british butterfly conservation society according philip manager estates 10th earl bit energy trying save endangered species bat served president society 7th earl founded ragged schools charity provides free education food clothing lodging home missionary services poor pay society merged john new 10th earl extended ownership use largest freshwater lake british isles ranks largest lakes europe counties northern_ireland shores county area split lake source percent northern_ireland drinking water ownership increase financial outlook family estate insistence water continues extracted charge citizens civic government northern_ireland house_of_lords speech member house_of_lords passage house_of_lords act 10th earl rarely attended maiden speech november time minute presentation debate arts sport portion presented earl rose ask majesty government believe arts sport relate issue social exclusion earl lords noble lords dramatic minute maiden speech inherited title years ago attended particularly early 1970s debated industrial relations bill european community bill accession committee report extremely late night heart entirely thrust cut politics unlike distinguished ancestors fact building society way matter presumed evil spirit mankind matter beauty truth influenced 3rd lord particularly reminded garden know large prize winning baby perfect small beautiful best privileged hear late bishop winchester social exclusion said virtually sheep flock goes missing good shepherd worries single sheep safely found sheep men women children john baptist answer remain concerned turbulent times thank patience privilege able speak house marriages children married times expressed attraction foreign women wrote article college magazine described english round pink champagne marriages scattered relationships foreign women life reflected earlier opinions english women maria met italian born wife skiing holiday married july maria born daughter roman banker previously married american film producer jack declared husband wife westminster register office friends family attendance divorced years later grounds adultery unnamed woman couple children released memoirs entitled life fire died march rome italy funeral held march church santa maria del december married swedish born born styled marriage daughter swedish ambassador germany lady son daughter marriage half siblings 11th 12th television producer director great_britain sister attorney living new_york_city second wife sons anthony christian cooper 11th earl june born son 10th earl wife died heart attack manhattan new_york visiting younger brother nicholas older half siblings nicholas anthony cooper 12th earl born june house music promoter new_york privilege spain short time following brother death nicholas relocated family seat returned business school couple years assumed responsibilities shown interest supporting charitable organisations primarily addressing needs children disabilities december nicholas suffered spinal injuries horse riding accident crushed fall experienced initial necessitating use wheelchair physical therapy helped restore health point able walk limitations continued rehabilitation doctors expect recovery second marriage successful producing children death mother profound effect affecting relationship wife children lady cooper sister 10th earl stated following august mother died cancer tragic circumstances enjoying eldest son wedding brother death protector greatest admirer death father anthony mother died brother orphan age felt emotionally lost grip reality point bought flat versailles entirely recreated rooms late mother house furniture books childhood paris bit lady cooper unexpectedly moved manor house divorced wife left wife charge passed running estate year old son anthony sons remained residence earl relocated france embarking string short lived expensive love affairs younger women distinguished exotic looks equally colorful histories apartment versailles furnished worth antique art furniture spent time enjoyed social life fueled drugs alcohol wealth attracted variety individuals willing ready advantage friend described philanthropist specialised rescuing lap dancers french lawyer referred philosophical society early article daily_telegraph described year old lord dressed leather trousers open pink silk shirts gold chain neck fallen hard year old french model named lions article guardian wrote relationship lions found bar wrote lions spent refused listen warned taking advantage toured party spots london barbados tabloid revealed lions past pet magazine called relationship return england remained french ben 10th earl familiar figure french known black leather trousers pink shirts large red black habit flashing money bought drinks wide variety female companions establishment met ben born mother children previous relationship seven children born paris mother father posed naked playboy cause alarm married november netherlands disappointment family buying flat cannes transferring properties married april couple separated lord started new relationship young mother named described club cannes prostitute difference ages bother described generous man according planning marry getting divorce wife disappearance murder november arrived nice france scheduled meet estranged wife november visited home avenue later checked night star cannes following day checking hotel vanished trace point forward whereabouts 10th earl unknown april following year friends family concerned normal occasionally disappear days time time girlfriend initially concerned disappearance anthony didn answer telephone anymore worried says called called england wasn like sure bad happened november nice based lawyer reported missing contacted girlfriend peer divided time home east sussex return home november hearing week remained concerned failed return rented flat adelaide crescent expressed fears safety taking legal action relation theft family artwork friends acquaintances mentioned complained money problems disappearance theft financial loss november french police publicly appealed information leading whereabouts november opened formal criminal inquiry anthony eldest son 10th earl regularly touch police following father disappearance travelled nice french authorities david parish church said anxious concerned unknown worrying lady concerned theories whereabouts family concerned individuals initially feared 10th earl kidnapped russian north african plotting steal fortune stated extremely generous friends taken advantage wife claimed warned husband company keeping theory acquaintances decided kidnap peer engaged scheme force signing away inherited wealth commander said took case seriously number possible explanations disappearance decided disappear suicide victim crime possibilities exploring month disappearance detective chief superintendent graham cox head sussex police contacted lady cooper said treating matter murder case french police agreed cox lack ransom demands signs fraud dead alive clues whereabouts 10th earl confession arrest february wife admitted psychiatric hospital emotional breakdown began involvement husband death interviewed police claimed beaten death brother fight flat cannes wife separated april divorce proceedings set motion time given region southwestern france villa cannes included staff car monthly ranging wanted end arrangement marriage marry new girlfriend discussing desire wife fight broke wife brother lord died fight breaking neck according brother placed husband body boot dumped unknown place arrested february brother arrested german police following day home munich later france continuing deny involvement knowledge location lord body april body advanced state discovered french authorities valley sur outskirts cannes police led area examining known signal lord records day search found body partly eaten animals hidden french police spokesman announced far concerned absolutely doubt belief confirmed dna testing april june pre trial proceedings began investigating magistrate catherine proceedings french investigative process determine prosecutors evidence send case trial week june court travelled site peer body found transported leg chains day arrived demonstrated strength acted managed lift dummy weight body boot car dump told court brother disposed body fact stated site claimed role killing helping brother load body car told investigators want die wanted brother continue pay didn want violent quarrel broke left room stand happening trial justice trial opened justice nice half years death 10th earl presiding judge jury trial jean louis serving state prosecutor widow represented attorney brother represented cooper family represented attorney forensic examination skeletal remains revealed injuries including broken ankle double fracture indicated cause death times brother admitted involvement death lord french authorities decided charge brother crime murder magistrate investigative report trial began presentation investigative report read court jean louis state prosecutor report described widow escort girl loved high life chose life kept woman multiple affairs men chose bank accounts assets having struck gold married 10th earl faced financial disaster event divorce set consciously accomplish assassination testimony presented october convinced peer pregnant child result married november new leaving new wife properties ireland france years later child forthcoming began looking affection initiated divorce proceedings wife feared losing valuable inheritance began steps secure financial future lady cooper testified brother said divorce accept stated separation convinced wife sell versailles flat testimony continued disappearance antique furniture family artifacts arranged flat brother asked mother furniture gone said boat tunisia going sold brother distraught cruel emotional blackmail fact furniture storage cannes brother knew managed hold key lady cooper defence statements discounted investigative report stated marriage curse describing husband friends drank lot portrayed violent sex alcoholic hooked cocaine freely admitted brother killed husband testified accident blood floor know brother husband blood brother believe husband dead admitted husband dead helped brother load body boot black admission additional claims forced body boot car forced follow thought going hospital asked away brother presented similar defence innocent sister innocent accident according account events drinking heavily smoking confronted excited aggressive 10th earl fight broke accidentally brother law attempting details testified don know happened happened minute stated save earl including mouth mouth heart late left expressed frustration french authorities kept prison half years thought outrage french regarded dumping dead body crime went far appeal new french president justice day trial courtroom descended chaos burst tears jumped feet pointing family attempted blame cooper family peer death claiming guilty ones guilty ones rich want inheritance shouted police wrestled dock refusing requests lawyer judge sit quiet taken cells hearing temporarily french authorities suspected conspiracy murder discovered transferred brother bank account week following husband disappearance prosecution viewed payment services rendered testified given brother money order buy house ailing mother defence denied financial motive wishing husband dead claimed need fortune stating prosperous testified source prosperity wealthy individuals prepared pay company named prominent celebrities clients individuals denied meeting declined attend court comment allegations serve character witnesses stated arguments husband money arose result lord excessive sexual demands brought seemingly endless conviction sentencing strongest piece evidence presented prosecution details revealed secretly recorded telephone conversation defendant sister discussed blood money paid brother additionally recounted precisely going blame brother husband death uncovered truth visit remote spot husband body found supported downloaded records gps tracking device provided details days prior death hours jury returned guilty brother sister brother sentenced years prison french law automatic right appeal conviction results case trial admitted psychiatric ward initial plans appeal dropped appeal sister court informed state unable testify behalf behalf sister february appeared court southern france appeal conviction jury hours sentence reduced years court appeal appeals exhausted late peer son nicholas cooper 12th earl expressed relief verdict said life closing painful chapter styles address honourable anthony cooper lord right honourable earl funeral burial september funeral services held anthony cooper 10th earl hundreds attendance held parish church attendance included second wife son nicholas cooper sister lady cooper charles read prophet sister read george prayer francis read son nicholas inherited title 12th earl minute service ashes taken church placed family buried eldest son anthony christian cooper 11th earl died months father reverend david parish priest said ceremony inspiring occasion difficult time borne great dignity

Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 10th Earl of Shaftesbury


john william john william called december september prince kingdom hawaii surviving son high chief william descendant king chosen attend chiefs children school later renamed royal school taught american missionary wife alongside royal cousins young age inherited father adoptive grandfather including palace prince died mysterious circumstances seventeenth birthday early life family born december father high chief william mother high mother great great mother disputed member house mother father descended king father biological son prime minister called iron cable hawaii political military prowess william shared father grandfather originally chosen honor prime minister william england hawaiian given honor childhood guardian turn named high chief younger brother died infancy infancy raised large house named stood outside palace principal residence adoptive father governor hawaii island death governor served grandfather figure child recalled youth visit grandmother paid governor day living grandmother went went saw chased think like ran grandmother protected saw said grandmother let told fight fought beat fun years old education career entered chiefs children school february age sixteenth pupil youngest victoria years older chosen iii eligible throne kingdom hawaii taught english american missionaries wife alongside royal cousins sunday procession church customary boys girls walk walk future queen hawaii memoir mentioned john boarding school discontinued family sent day school renamed royal school ran reverend edward classmates victoria new classmates nancy jane martha mary youth prince found parade ground old honolulu fort instructing friends drilling boy scouts considered promising young man extremely bright mind leadership qualities father died followed classmate moses sixth largest great inherited estates biological father adoptive father power chiefs kingdom received thirty land parcels mainly island king iii death heir father property including palace ample inheritance wealthiest people kingdom popularly called prince lifetime sixteen birthday ambitious young prince asked classmate king award lands names started hawaiian water request king refused completing education served aide camp king lifetime considered handsome young man death burial died september district island cause death said accident details unknown accusation poisoning noted priest outraged rumors source claimed killed riding accident obituary pacific commercial claimed consumption loss husband son kept lead coffin house weeks chanting reciting poetic night day funeral service held church sunday november attended thousands natives foreign residents visitors including john henry anderson wrote detail account events sketches pen pencil voyage world initially buried tomb located grounds palace remains later transported father midnight procession october newly constructed royal valley mother remain buried death building crowded belonging members dynasty including moved newly built tomb inscribed monument final resting place properties palace inherited mother estates inherited son debt lands subsequent receive lifetime later bishop estate funds schools day historian albert pierce taylor calling gave posthumous description prince ambitious promising young princes realm believed old today lived real leader hawaiian people splendid physique magnetic personality eyes friends


king known king central highlands madagascar significant enduring contributions social political economic life chief expansion territories unification certain locked violent conflict established ruled largest extent kingdom gave capital city rapidly expanding royal palace hill created large public square outside gates city named series locations city took possession distant hill renamed lodging son royal city developed declared world heritage site innovations numerous enduring created additional noble defined associated rights responsibilities restrictions responsible introducing tradition red indicator royalty decreed women right choose husbands trade kingdom enabled king increase firearms cannons gunpowder available defense kingdom expanded availability luxury items like silver dishes rice fields expanded raised help ensure famine interest strengthening defenses kingdom divided realm ruled favorite sons decision opposite effect interested expanding realm prompting son kidnap king hold hostage seven years king eventual release famously committed mock human sacrifice authority death sons launched military campaigns seize territories triggering years civil war madagascar today reign remembered golden age justice harmony prosperity early life accession throne born prince historic capital father king mother prince father death older brother named king ascended deposition brother deposed king fled kingdom west attempted unsuccessfully secure military support regain throne enduring royal traditions emerged consequence power struggle older brother versions oral history describe combat armies emerged victorious erected commemorative stone battle site named designating site newly kings stand receive expression homage authority subjects introduced practice gathering subjects consult obtain consent making certain decisions practice continued subsequent rulers family married wives produced sons daughter children wives rule kingdoms gave birth gave birth son near children wives renounce claims throne born born born born wives renounced claim throne royal class remaining marriages wives produce children wives adopted girl named housed adoptive mother died producing children likewise adopted child named likely son sister reign remembered king significant achievements credited number expanding territory kingdom largest extent created town square outside gate successive delivered royal speeches announcements public gave city previously called hill current assigned names numerous locations city based names similar sites nearby village reign production rice fields dramatically increased increased number guns quantity gunpowder trade neighboring kingdoms imported kingdom cannons defense innovations included plates sea turtle skin strengthened social order creating new noble putting place restrictions responsibilities right woman choose husband rule political administration clearly defined number noble sub expanded additional roles specific territories designated group neighborhoods countryside surrounding capital territorial divisions strictly enforced members required live designated territories authorized stay extended periods territories reserved governance strengthened power local administrators creating series new relationship ruled king reign marked drought lasting seven years caused famine according oral history king attempted purchase rice town surplus local leader refused sell rice claiming available king sent purchase rice residents declared land unnecessary king purchase belonged rice available share finally sought purchase rice money refused local leader willingly gave king large shares food tribute silver reward leader promised liked declared desired love sovereign appreciation declared great gave large piece land west territory undertook major expansion rice fields significantly increasing rice production feed populace restructuring reorganization subdivisions noble class took account set earlier kings declared members numerous children composed nobles descended children shaded red royalty tradition royal introduced reign persisted dissolution monarchy decreed tombs topped small wooden house windows containing spirit return visit death unlike noble constrained inhabit particular neighborhood acknowledged privilege future determine proximity influential nobles according changing circumstances narrowed pool potential future restricting right new sub group termed children sovereign group comprised royal wives given birth king designated heirs new rulers selected new sub class nobles wives king children chosen rule districts assigned noble sub transferred ranking king declared members sub inhabit southern limit neighborhood outside walls royal palace authorized rule kingdom deemed societal elders gained right masters construct tombs assigned honor burying deceased carrying sacrifices requested king outside settled individual centered hill towns governed way nobles lived close proximity people ruled ensured defense provided established new rules strengthen authority subjects inhabitants paid taxes local lord offered slaughtered tribute parents adopted child paid fee silver lord property died children revert king share inhabitants bound execute work task ordered authority lord highly independent interference king close ties uniting king sub considered elders decreed kings henceforth select wives royal food rites pertaining honor reserved king decreed inhabit countryside south capital extending southward outside lived village considered junior nobles excluded rules imposed noble forced labor lieu monetary tax payment instead responsible maintaining key supported irrigation capital rice producing silk king clothing soldiers king army responsible gathering royal melt supervise metal crafted nails forged objects territory designated generations king included neighborhood east extended eastward north principal road led neighborhoods reserved decreed laid northeast extended west east road northward king decreed capital city live area southwest east north outside capital group designated villages lived lived finally inhabited addition new roles noble sub singled sacred royal advisers ancestral traditions related clan formed sons king befriended king played integral establishing tradition collection water arranging woven use ceremony responsibility clan tasked delivering royal receiving tribute behalf king wrapping deceased traditional placed location clan tomb countryside decreed inhabit expansion realm time reign highlands violent conflict minor centered fortified hill towns successfully united number territory bordering expanding boundaries include west north east south brought territory control restricted autonomy original rulers imposed strict submission authority diplomatic political conquests enabled extend kingdom historical extent making sovereign rule entire province territories incorporated ruled continual threats kingdom security led secretly travel pledge submission accompanied seven advisers communicated master willingness acknowledge king accepted offer sealed union territories marrying sister returned realm announced union people spoke leaders neighboring people successfully persuade join kingdom benefit protection territory ruled friendly relationship agreed challenge leave palace simultaneously chosen friday night walk palace met crossed paths white river named sacrificed white honor friendship peace agreement territories son dug trench river erected stone commemorate agreement divided parts administered sons addition credited founding site spiritual historical significance designated world heritage site oral history recounts remarked distant hill named noticed lit southern face kilometers away visibility site capital led desire hill residence son gave hill current divided kingdom gave eastern quadrant transformed capital division greatest point controversy reign decision divide kingdom favorite sons received largest share land powerful young furthermore declared nephew sister son replace sons succeed king death rule united controversial decision divide sub kingdoms rooted desire kingdom accordance traditional notions symbolic unity represented cardinal points surrounding center termed heart believed kingdom better defended brothers support attackers outside according oral history asked guardian prominent royal idols ask idol sons rule guardian declare idol choice king promised ill reaction decision man declared successor king hoped successor son decided test prophecy sending wives guardian house population showed respect offering eat cooked king interpreted sign guardian intended seize power ordered death idol discarded lake asked guardians idols declare successor guardian fled guardian stated king choose successor oral history relates gathered people announce decision requested presence respected adviser elder rebuffed messenger stating king sent wear elder sent corners torn king returned time elder mud nonetheless dressed declaring torn cleaned attended king king declared divide kingdom parts inhabited favorite sons participate royal decision making kings northern capitals capital western located southern ruled tried occasions warn danger kingdom way instance placed middle room set red free corner attacked leaving king day elder brought eagles king basket basket opened eagles flew wildly room creating havoc warned king realm better sons got taste power recognized danger bear choose sons excluded having decision making responsibilities kingdom ignored elder advice finally decided king explicit warning gathered people speech set bull loose crowd panic ensued numerous people death pregnant women gathering dispersed chaos king demanded know bull executed took responsibility warned king blood earth criticized king concern relatively deaths gathering light number people die consequence division predicted prince unite lead greatness reportedly response instead hung head shame 19th century oral history relates privately assessed leadership qualities selected sons disappointing results presented beautiful prince killed served food elder concluded gun loads oldest son given pot honey smashed order eat drop afterward remarked kingdom pot honey lid implying come free reach hand inside bounty visited offered kidney considered prince ordered prepared meal nonetheless leading elder remark man resist eat kidney visited carrying lemon stake prince wife demanded demonstrating visited prince carrying axe rope prince asked borrow items ordered servant use axe rope butcher best meat basket cook rest good meat meal set aside neck second basket elder prince spent night village leave prince returned rope axe gave basket fine meat wife gave second basket declaring parts axe neck rope deeply impressed prince related incidents decided test sons turn calling house observing slept bed shared head highest failed understand significance remarking king understand imprisonment according oral history temporarily son ruled western territory sons installed territories tested authority imposing particular people ruled disregard promise king respect diverse customs reminded king refused submit prompting king sons prepare war people conflict provided prince opportunity seize power suggestion prince half brother prince hid trench dug dirt floor royal residence ordered people send word father ground believing son buried alive measure carrying symbol peace king entrance residence prince locked inside refused release seven years time prince repeatedly offered free king condition accept transfer power king repeatedly refused prevented brothers taking action telling king simply preferred company decided reside time king designated successor launched attack prince half brother successfully chased recognized need dramatic action consolidate grip power sent messenger king requesting support reaffirmed loyalty threatened attack prince rightful king released captivity according version oral history having failed use king gain power prince decided ransom father increase personal wealth citizen contribute money sold children slavery order raise necessary funds money placed seven transported canoe prince released king according version story prince sent hunters clan free king digging escape passage wall heavily guarded enclosure returning sent messenger announced king decided hand power invited prince capital prince palace city greeted cheers singing dancing received publicly condemned prince stripped rank power stories exist ritual human sacrifice conducted imprisonment version oral history fellow royal advisers concerned king imprisonment weakened authority lead population revolt suggested king test people claiming ill requesting human sacrifice citizen offered life king gesture indicate public loyal followed recommendation gathered people request volunteer willing throat long dagger king version story proposal new palace king ordered rebuilt man named stepped forward sacrifice life version story royal advisers bound ropes laid ground west palace compound kill man symbolically sacrificed pouring blood mixed water throat second bound hoisted central pillar new building ear allow drops blood fall pillar released king asked reward courageous gesture man requested forever death penalty crime commit agreed grant reward death legacy died wives inadvertently pushed elevated bed slept buried royal tombs located opposition intentions king death sons concept unity instead fought effort expand realms consequence decision fragmented conflict years kingdom united reign reign remembered madagascar golden age prosperity justice abundance harmony described oral histories talented politician kind ruler traditionally invoked paying tribute ancestors making binding pledge legacy remarked character held highest esteem said exercised great care district introduced important improvements memory laws customs held greatest respect mentioned public degree reverence


son greek august november eldest son byzantine emperor emperor deposition execution military revolt november father law briefly proposed successor troops army eventually favoured instead sent abortive mission secure aid persia father captured executed supporters days rumours spread survived execution popular extent man purported entertained pretext launching war byzantium biography child wife born august according contemporary john according later histories son born reigning emperor accordingly named previous ruler papal envoy constantinople future pope gregory great acted godfather scholar composed work celebrating birth rewarded rank consul years birth possibly raised rank father heir apparent march publicly proclaimed emperor november early february married daughter leading member byzantine senate historian major chronicler reign records february saved harm food riots constantinople later year revolt armies autumn father law hunting outskirts constantinople received letter troops demanded resignation grievances offered crown presented letter rejected army demands emperor began playing revolt promptly informed father law advised hide november fled local church seeking sanctuary byzantine emperor day family closest associates fled capital advancing rebel army crossed dispatched constantine seek aid ruler persia soon recalled return fell hands men executed father younger brothers executed days earlier november rumours survival pseudo subsequently rumours emerged survival spread far wide alleged father law leading supporter named alexander spare life story fled eventually reaching died reports thoroughly investigated rumours found false general rose exploited rumours produced false claimed fighting presented persian ruler turn pretext invasion byzantium claiming order avenge murder family place rightful heir throne appear regular reign exceptions copper mint father mother special silver issue apparently cut celebrate proclamation emperor mint


william william died april probably anglo norman nobleman baron born region normandy family lived held lands following norman conquest england vassal roger montgomery earl accused murdering roger wife proved innocence charge trial ordeal roger son robert rebelled king henry england sided king death likely occurred william eldest son philip inherited norman lands second son robert received english lands background family region normandy family lived charter abbey shows family house montgomery montgomery lands near mother named sister named father siblings known conquest norman conquest england held lands earl roger montgomery earl settled number norman including new lands sussex grants totalled located lands england centered considered feudal making baron present church abbey october king william england lost lands temporarily suspected murdering roger wife came suspicion seized castle held accused murder southern italy conquered sought refuge abbey saint normandy suspicion family protection abbot regained lands cleared charge mechanism trial ordeal clear ordeal required historian david evidence involvement conclusive murder victim family demanded ordeal suspected evidence pointing innocence held lands roger son robert earl deprived lands held vassal earl role rebellion robert rebelled king henry england deprived previous holdings offered support robert rebuffed instead supported king henry placed castle custody controlling castle henry welsh princes previously sided robert helped secure support king later acted envoy king sent secure switch sides robert men holding won change sides offering men lands worth pounds king behalf services king earned restoration confiscated estates grant lands including roger death legacy married sons philip robert wife founded located normandy founded small dependent saint saint southern italy time secure saint nicholas foundation visit offered extensive lands robert declined offer returned north died april probably english lands transferred second son robert norman lands went eldest son philip wife buried


rarely august august polish lithuanian nobleman member polish constituency today remembered dramatic gesture september deputy partition tried prevent partition poland scene painting jan subject art works symbol patriotism poland despite efforts partition poland soon biography born august date given polish biographical dictionary sources dates son minor relatively wealthy noble today likely oldest brothers brother come hold position grandfather named treasurer family aligned powerful family pledge allegiance served grand lithuania cavalry unit grand lithuania participated confederation bar historians certain validity claim aftermath war bar confederation special session polish parliament convened warsaw capital polish lithuanian commonwealth neighbours russian_empire prussia austria order partition poland known partition deputies tried prevent partition poland despite threats foreign ambassadors example russian ambassador von declared face refusal capital warsaw destroyed russians threats included executions estates increase territory deputy constituency local gave explicit instructions defend commonwealth day april possibly discussions previous days working samuel strongly protested proposal adam wanted form immune threat veto arguments primarily legal argued right marshal grounds form appropriated marshal discussion deputy stated aware foreign powers force issue intention clear treaty force unanimously accepted able disrupt proceedings day attempt delay disrupt proceedings ignored overruled threatened deputies april returned escort russian prussian soldiers quickly convened court begun potential actions little discussion occurred day day court sentenced imprisonment goods challenged eventually april deputies signed act confederation accepted king troops difficult deputies present chambers number deputies including present finish forming confederation elect marshal confederation deputies entered chambers passed motion attempting leave dramatic gesture said chest laid doorway blocking way body dramatic attempt stop members leaving chamber debate held leaving chamber end discussion acceptance motion tried block passage gesture dramatic futile leaving deputies stepped pushed eventually deputies including left inside refused leave hoping removed foreign troops symbol foreign intervention april remaining colleagues left chamber hours having little sleep food said refused eat chamber saying eventually left return guarantee foreign diplomats sentence passed repercussions carried nonetheless face difficulties orchestrated asked general von commander prussian garrison stationed warsaw escort received remain warsaw years partition lasted till influence diminished issued print manifesto december criticizing current supportive bar confederation received little publicity partition withdrew political life married spent rest days small estate died august mental health deteriorated according distress loss homeland rumours erratic behavior date soon partition begun final motions passed said escorted brothers warsaw march fit locked small family mansion leave till death eventually committed suicide cutting glass detailed accounts prevent taken imaginary russian soldiers thought coming exact place burial unknown failed find grave legacy dramatic attempt prevent partition earned lasting recognition poland began proceedings lauded deputies action praised patriotic respectable prussian russian military commanders warsaw offered military escort protect particularly holding soon newspaper articles spread information patriotic gesture poland abroad great decree passed commending deputies discussed project plaque chambers gesture famously repeated jan period present day considered shining example patriot subject art works poems songs books writers mentioned included adam jan maria bust funded family national museum small monument said collapsed soon world war rebuilt medal face issued grand portraits exist including famous depiction jan showed fictionalized version events partition painting warsaw april fall poland numerous schools streets military units poland bear


1st earl kent 1st earl kent august march sixth son edward england younger half brother edward edward intended substantial grants land king died edward failed follow father intentions piers remained loyal brother created earl kent played important edward administration acting diplomat military commander helped suppress rebellion king discontent king grew eventually affected largely caused edward preference new favourites hugh younger father joined rebellion led queen isabella roger edward deposed failed new administration caught planning new rebellion executed new king edward iii came age assumed personal control government charges uncle title estates earl kent descended son called died brother john earl officially enjoy great reputation life unreliable political dealings family background early years edward england great number children wife eleanor son survived adulthood future edward eleanor died king married margaret france children thomas king born august referred son english king mother grandson philip iii france july turned king edward died leaving half brother edward succeed king edward resident boys household edward taken great interest princes upbringing died king promised provide substantial grants land august edward signed charter promising land worth marks year marks added probably intended norfolk thomas receive cornwall left vacant edward cousin died children edward came throne went father wishes granting cornwall favourite piers according chronicle act grave insult king younger brothers edward took steps provide half brother income grants secured marks year received strategically important gloucester castle grants followed creation earl kent july edward close relationship source conflict court execution group rebellious barons brought country brink civil war came age important member circle brother treaty drafted effort reconcile opposing parties public act witnesses sign treaty official appointments followed spring took embassy pope john mission king oath uphold set restrictions imposed royal authority later year joined brother king edward paying homage french king october attended parliament civil war political conflict escalated scale rebellion played important role suppression opposition stemmed resentment king new favourites hugh younger hugh elder steward royal household defected opposition edward youngest brother lord warden ports place june parliament july briefly sided opposition agreed exile later claimed november sat council exile october employed took siege leeds castle kent held forced surrender hostilities moved welsh marches roger open revolt confronted royal army surrendered fight attention turned leader opposition thomas lancaster taken campaign ordered earl surrey lancaster castle march lancaster captured defeat battle brought jury condemned death treason lancaster defeated battle rebels charged overtaking castle berkeley january task fulfilled great success loyalty rewarded substantial holdings wales primarily land roger greater war went benefited greatly rebels father son respectively enjoyed annual income marks scotland france domestic opposition largely king turned attention scotland major campaign organised august effort ended total failure english routed scots led robert bruce battle old october edward flee battlefield avoid capture royal army retreated york king inability handle scottish situation apparent andrew defeated lancaster created earl appointed warden marches scotland signed peace treaty scots royal january king found ordered arrest judges passed judgement hanged drawn treason gone given responsibilities defence northern border situation remained council agreed thirteen year truce scotland english king possessions france coming threat french king charles france demanded edward pay homage time threatening pretext local dispute involving saint april alexander archbishop dublin sent france diplomatic mission historians criticised failure reach diplomatic settlement pointed difficult circumstances faced fared little better diplomacy failed appointed edward lieutenant france july desperate need reinforcements england arrived short war followed english lands quickly overrun french besieged held september point forced surrender agree month truce deposition edward edward refusal pay homage french king based concern royal sovereignty fear potential resurgence domestic resistance reason sent wife isabella negotiate king charles brother queen departed france march september joined son heir throne prince edward isabella negotiations successful agreed young prince edward perform homage king place september long joined queen prince paris circle opposition emerging queen including exiled roger previously support half brother joined plot king hatred greater point ignored king order return england lands confiscated march august isabella invaded england mercenary soldiers took invasion invasion won support great english nobility including brother thomas henry earl lancaster thomas lancaster brother took trials council transferring power prince edward crowned king edward iii participation coup received reward land belonging earl executed supporter edward northern situation difficult given joint command scottish border lancaster fell lancaster soon given sole command long grow new regime source contention dominant position court described isabella lover autumn brother thomas joined henry lancaster conspiracy isabella conspiracy product shared interest strong personal ties clear fail brothers abandoned venture death aftermath participating planned rebellion popular court allowed accompany king wife coronation january appearances court frequent point involved plot court convinced rumours brother alive later emerged roger responsible leading belief form plot revealed parliament march indicted condemned death traitor hearing verdict death condemned earl pleaded edward iii life offering walk winchester london rope neck sign edward iii knew option aforementioned utilized extend potentially subversive father edward truly alive edward iii sanctioned killing uncle impossible find willing perform execution man royal blood convicted murderer eventually beheaded exchange pardon body initially buried church winchester removed westminster abbey execution royal prince great seventeen year old edward iii informed decision probably contributed king decision rise protector edward iii carried coup installing personal control government executed charges death charges late earl kent late married margaret wake sister thomas wake baron wake couple children lands titles descended oldest son died october passed younger son john particularly popular alive enjoy good reputation death political issues repeated shifts allegiance contributed household said behave way caused popular resentment taking provisions passed countryside offering little compensation time pointed showed great deal loyalty edward spite receiving relatively little rewards recognition brother children ancestry fiction character les kings series french historical novels portrayed french miniseries adaptation series


hungary hungarian pronunciation early grand prince hungarians catastrophic defeat battle youth participated raids western_europe reign hungarians targeted byzantine_empire recounts significant muslim groups settled hungary early life son grand prince hungarians according written source adds mother unnamed daughter local ruler defeated conquering hungarians shortly unknown author says born year lord incarnation reports favor years death modern historians challenged existing information early life nearly contemporaneous source retribution narrates led raid italy suggests born considerably earlier father reign preserved anonymous author lists grand princes later hungarian monarchs descended byzantine emperor constantine vii wrote cousin grand prince hungarians time time king hungarians came italy large army gave measures coins money churches reign later source writes fought battle august future holy roman emperor routed strong hungarian army report reliable hungarian leaders survive battlefield modern historians including suggest favor time battle hungarians raids western_europe stopped forced retreat lands rivers hungarians continued incursions byzantine_empire according great host muslims arrived hungary land contemporaneous ben jacob recorded presence muslim merchants hungary prague anonymous writes arrival reign granted land region far sign hungarian connection western_europe report writes pope john consecrated bishop sent hungarians order preach attack germans evidence arrived hungary arranged marriage elder son daughter death early family marriage woman land arranged father according reference historians argue preserved memory bulgarian origin wife names sons michael preserved following family tree presents ancestry offspring actual invented person debated modern scholars bulgarian woman writes member dynasty


greek second son byzantine emperor constantine reigned byzantine_empire engaged plot half brother leo cost title focal point numerous plots subsequent reigns nephew constantine constantine mother athens blinded exiled monastery life probably dying island biography early life born late circa emperor constantine wife constantine son overall following future leo born constantine wife christopher born circa christopher possibly twin brothers constantine daughter april crowned occasion christopher crowned raised rank younger brother younger brothers named later dates constantine died eldest son leo ascended byzantine throne soon leo caused rift half brothers confiscated large gold reserved use distributed army citizens constantinople spring conspiracy headed involving number middle ranking discovered stripped rank harmed monks exiled leo died october sole heir young constantine son empress athens constantine regency instituted received leading officials rule woman alien military dominated establishment time confirmed holy images regarded state sponsored doctrine especially popular army officials loyal constantine memory number including postal foreign minister gregory governor theme constantine commander guard regiment consequently favoured rise imperial throne barely month half leo death plot discovered conspirators exiled younger brothers ordained priests removing line succession confirm people christmas day brothers forced perform communion service brothers disappear sources return power having ousted military revolt coupled disastrous defeat constantine caused widespread discontent troops imperial guard regiments proclaimed emperor constantine reacted swiftly arrested blinded imprisoned monastery longer mentioned instead brothers mentioned collectively questionable included subsequent events traditionally including reference works like oxford dictionary byzantium held share brothers fate died empress deposed son brothers visited monastery supporters persuaded seek refuge hoped constantinople populace moved emperor hopes uprising support trusted advisor managed brothers send exile athens subject conspiracy march certain southern local troops theme athens belonged planned emperor plot brothers moved sea brothers blinded brothers mentioned time group soldiers tried brothers emperors aftermath fall emperor michael promptly dismissed soldiers involved moved brothers island died later


guy 10th earl guy 10th earl august english magnate principal opponents king edward favourite piers guy son william earl succeeded father distinguished battle subsequently capable servant crown king edward succession edward soon fell new king king favourite piers main architects limited powers king banished exile returned england contrary taken custody 2nd earl abducted thomas 2nd earl lancaster executed act garnered sympathy support king lancaster managed negotiate royal pardon actions disastrous defeat battle king edward authority weakened rebellious barons took control government triumph brief died year guy today remembered primarily killing contemporaries considered man exceptionally good judgement learning owned time large collection books advice sought lancaster wealthiest peer nation death lands title inherited son thomas 11th earl family background guy son heir william 9th earl mother daughter john ireland member council imposed provisions oxford king henry iii william nephew william 8th earl uncle died issue earl son born reference new family title william named son legendary hero guy william capable military commander played important welsh scottish wars king edward marriage guy daughter gilbert 6th earl contemplated possibly took place early guy married alice wealthy time guy succeeded earl father death alice guy sons including heir successor thomas daughters died married 2nd lord issue isabella married john clinton emma married thomas 11th earl february november married children married robert john lord december carried royal standard battle elizabeth married thomas 3rd lord son william 4th lord service edward edward guy easter career public service started campaign distinguished received reward scottish lands worth marks year point father dead september guy homage king lands earl hereditary high sheriff life continued king service scotland present king wedding margaret france canterbury took siege year letter pope rejecting rome authority scottish question participated negotiations french release scottish king john present siege serving edward prince wales march preparations accompany prince edward france journey took place early edward grant gave john castle county durham july year near sands cumberland present king edward died thomas earl lancaster henry earl lincoln carried ceremonial swords coronation king edward february conflict edward death old king exiled prince edward favourite piers charged preventing return new king recalled favourite soon gave title earl cornwall leading seal charter start took antagonistic attitude edward relative english aristocracy unpopular established nobility arrogance influence king gave mocking nicknames leading men realm called black dog forced exile edward recalled year king spent intervening time gathering support time resist return time opposition king grew source contention edward abandoning father scottish campaigns policy opened border region devastating raids scots affected greatly extensive landed interest north tensions grew point king ban arriving parliament arms parliament march king forced accept appointment commission draft set reform royal government leaders called lords robert archbishop_of_canterbury clergy lincoln lancaster henry earl lincoln experienced took modifying role group thomas lancaster lincoln son law heir king cousin wealthiest nobleman realm point took active reform movement described sources leader certainly aggressive set drafted heavy restrictions king financial freedom right appoint ministers ordered exiled return risk death final exile shorter duration months reunited edward england archbishop responded stipulated lancaster time inherited father law lincoln taken leadership opposition number barons set pursuit king left york castle agreed surrender earl long security guaranteed lodged prisoner june away forcibly carried away castle presence lancaster sentenced death improvised court june taken place called hill lancaster lands according chronicle brought corpse refused accept ordered found body eventually taken oxford dominican king edward finally buried kings brutality questionable legality act helped garner sympathy king political community particularly offended break promise safety honour damaged point sided firmly king edward political conflict king swore vengeance enemies found unable immediately partly possession number highly valuable royal taken settlement reached october rebellious barons received pardon king emerged strengthened events lancaster largely changed king decided stage major campaign scots lancaster refused participate campaign ended english defeat battle june led political edward forced submit leadership rebellious barons death historical assessment mid july withdraw government estates illness political leadership soon left entirely lancaster died august chronicler thomas reported rumours king poisoned buried abbey establishment family served value possessions second earl lancaster nobility england lands primarily centred spread nineteen counties scotland welsh marches heir oldest son named thomas earl lancaster thomas born probably february succeed father title thomas 11th earl possessions went king hand donated hunting dogs earl younger son named john peer john 1st baron like older brother distinguished french wars founding member order guy probably best remembered opposition king edward death contemporaries considered man considerable learning wisdom library donated books abbey lifetime extensive contained saints lives alexander king arthur mentioned edward entrusted supervision son likewise earl lincoln died supposedly instructed son law thomas lancaster advice peers chronicles praised wisdom said things taking opinion wisdom council peer later historians reflected view 19th century william called highly man wisdom forth kingdom politically economically connected traditional ties marriage death came time thomas lancaster proved unequal task governing nation years conflict instability followed problems edward reign deep words michael doubt brought unity chronicler supposed


bulgarian bulgarian noble ruled semi independent realm based fortress late 13th early 14th century bestowed title bulgarian emperor george established lord early came charge unsuccessful campaign neighbouring serbia serbs captured counter offensive thanks influence placed ruler region time serbian vassal continued rule lands largely independently son successor michael bulgarian throne medieval bulgarian royal dynasty dynasty bulgarian early life rise ranks bulgarian nobility poorly documented considered descendant wave settled bulgaria ethnic conflicts hungarians caused leave kingdom hungary accepted bulgarian historiography wife unnamed daughter anna peter granddaughter emperor dynasty contemporary sources variously described prince king emperor bulgaria official title according historian john fine established authority region early death previous lord area jacob elevated position soon accession bulgarian noble origin george bulgarian throne likely close relative brother george domain comprised bulgarian land adjacent countries reported account serbian archbishop lands constituted largest autonomous region bulgaria time bulgarian historian estimates lands ruled extended iron gates gorge danube west towns east controlled territories north danube western describe danube river running middle lands increasing pressure northeast forced second bulgarian empire come political dependence khan ruler golden time realm centred largely independent bulgarian retained degree loyalty bulgaria maintained friendly relations serbia forced acknowledge order counter increasing serbian pressure west year joint forces hungarian vassal stephen serbian king stephen managed bulgarian nobles allies control region anti serbian campaign serbian encouraged launched major campaign serbian neighbour west thanks support mercenaries forces raided deeply serbian territory reached attempting conquer fortress near avail burning monastery troops returned territorial gains response act aggression successful counter attack resulted serbian forces reaching capturing capital brief siege managed escape north danube safety instead lands concluded alliance confirm alliance married daughter serbian grand prince future marriage son future bulgarian emperor michael daughter anna arranged time intention sealing union apparent unlikely alliance serbia dictated time serbia came dependence forced send son stephen captivity order prevent attack realm nominally serbian client state unknown time retained prior semi independence completely charge lands maintained good relations bulgaria according political activity mainly concentrated dealing bulgaria retained close ties descendants provided political refuge relatives including grandson fled strong cavalry remained nobles fleeing persecution new khan defeated murdered contrary opinion fine believes death increased serbia influence died early 14th century succeeded ruler son michael elected bulgarian throne childless death emperor george michael included mother bulgarian emperor alexander bulgarian historian known children descendants dynasty indicating born wife daughter anna descendants known collectively dynasty ruled second bulgarian empire ultimately ottomans turn 15th century


walter walter walter died probably anglo norman nobleman founder abbey member powerful family walter younger son given lands castle king henry england walter continued appear henry charters rest reign early supporter king stephen england henry successor king walter appears historical record died children lands went nephew family background walter younger son richard norman lord held england walter mother daughter walter richard sons daughters walter roger gilbert richard robert daughters alice walter family powerful members having participated rebellions henry older brother king william england life little known walter life written william mention walter historical record granted including castle river king henry england occurred walter generally considered feudal walter considered baron historians walter land grant larger series grants henry southern wales including given walter brother gilbert henry granted lands brother gilbert walter robert received little grants king family helped bring royal conflict king nephew william control normandy late walter witness henry royal charters witness royal charters issued henry successor king stephen england early stephen reign charter issued henry funeral january stephen court easter charter early supporter stephen king seizure throne henry daughter early charters stephen reign walter appearances documents lifetime walter charge defense normandy walter established abbey monastery second monastic house endowed britain monks establishment came abbey france ruins subject poem william painting turner ruins walter original buildings little remains death legacy historians differ walter married agree died childless michael lists wife work warren round entry dictionary national biography oxford dictionary national biography states unclear walter married ward states walter married isabella daughter states walter married daughter states widow gave cathedral chapter salisbury cathedral sake walter soul walter alive easter died date obituary walter gives death date march state year date usually given death proven likely estates passed nephew gilbert son brother gilbert died


coronation coronation ceremony marking formal monarch consort power usually involving ritual placement crown head presentation items ceremony placement crown head known ceremony include taking special vows monarch acts homage new ruler subjects performance ritual deeds special significance particular nation vital ritual world changed time variety socio political religious factors modern altogether preferring simpler ceremonies observed united_kingdom asian african countries common usage today coronation normally refers official monarch actual crown bestowed addition investing monarch symbols state western style traditionally involve holy oil called ruler way great_britain ritual takes overtly religious significance following examples found bible lands use bathing rites drinking sacred religious practices achieve comparable effect acts granting divine favour monarch relevant spiritual religious country past concepts royalty coronation deity linked ancient cultures rulers considered divine partially divine egyptian believed son sun god japan emperor believed descendant sun goddess rome practice emperor worship medieval europe monarchs claimed divine right rule direct visual expression alleged connections recent centuries seen beliefs increasing religious elements discarded altogether altered reflect constitutional nature states held choose retain overtly religious dimension accession rituals adopted simpler inauguration ceremonies ceremony history development coronation ceremonies medieval western eastern influenced practice roman emperors developed late antiquity indirectly influenced biblical accounts kings crowned european coronation ceremonies best known form taken great_britain recent occurred descend rites initially created byzantium spain france holy roman empire brought medieval era non christian states coronation rites evolved variety sources related religious beliefs particular nation buddhism instance influenced coronation rituals thailand hindu elements played significant role rites ceremonies modern egypt malaysia iran shaped islam ritual combines ancient influences modern anglican ones antiquity form existed ancient times egyptian records coronation scenes christian scriptures testify particular rites associated detailed accounts found kings chronicles crown known best statue liberty worn rhodes worn roman emperors cult imperial cult developed 3rd century origin crown religious comparable significance halo marking nature expressing king divine ruling divine right precursor crown called worn rulers adopted constantine worn subsequent rulers later roman empire following assumption constantine roman byzantine emperors continued wear supreme symbol authority specific coronation ceremony observed gradually evolved following century emperor julian hoisted shield crowned gold necklace provided standard later wore jewel later emperors crowned acclaimed similar manner decision taken permit patriarch constantinople physically place crown emperor head historians debate exactly took place precedent clearly established reign leo crowned patriarch ritual included prayers byzantine crown extremely vital development event according catholic encyclopedia ecclesiastical element coronation ceremonial rapidly develop european celtic countries prior adoption christianity ruler election raised shield standing borne shoulders chief men nation tribe procession assembled subjects usually performed times following king given spear wrought silk confused crown bound forehead token authority middle ages according king mac came monastery crowned king arranged ceremony constantinople crowned acclaimed emperor spain king crowned king archbishop england anglo saxon king consecrated crowned practices irregularly occurred considerable time rulers kings regular adoption dynasty france legitimate deposition kings short twice crowned beginning reign time pope saint served reminder baptism ceremony finally transferred son crowned emperor rome passed ceremony holy roman empire tradition acquired newly function england kings william immediately crowned westminster abbey european coronation ceremonies middle ages essentially combination christian rite additional elements following europe conversion christianity ceremonies ornate depending country question christian elements especially paramount concern crowns ancient times took christian significance symbols purported divine order things monarch ordained overlord protector dominion middle ages rite considered vital european kingdoms referred eighth ruler viewed persona priest wholly notion persisted twentieth century imperial russia considered subjects orthodox coronation service coronation stones marked site medieval ceremonies alleged stones later ceremonies arose monarchs seen ordained god serve merely political military leaders historical symbols role played today occupy vital real spiritual place created reflect enable alleged connections belief systems gave birth radically altered recent centuries rise democracy protestant reformation idea ordained monarchs began challenged modern history age enlightenment revolutions centuries helped trend religious dimension ceremony relatively meaningless kingdoms asia oceania especially europe altogether transformed simpler inauguration rites better reflect secular nature states european today united_kingdom retains coronation rite ritual altered centuries nations rulers include thailand entities kingdom retains option coronation pope pope john paul opted inauguration canonical coronation canonical coronation latin pious institutional act pope behalf devotion tradition stands pope francis crowned lady conception act carried authorised decree congregation divine worship discipline power kingdoms monarch succeeding undergo coronation ascend throne exercise office king edward viii united_kingdom example reign long crowned king united_kingdom emperor india brief reign britain law moment monarch dies new assumes throne point throne vacant france new king ascended throne coffin previous monarch descended vault saint duke proclaimed est hungary hand ruler regarded truly legitimate physically crowned stephen crown monarchs belgium albania allowed succeed exercise swearing formal constitutional oath respective nations following election kings poland permitted perform variety political acts prior coronation allowed exercise judicial powers prior crowned coronation heirs apparent middle ages kings france chose heirs apparent crowned lifetime order avoid succession disputes practice later adopted kings england kings hungary european monarchs moment coronation heirs regarded junior kings exercised little power historically included numbering monarchs fathers nobility disliked custom reduced chances benefit possible succession dispute heir apparent french throne crowned father lifetime future philip france crowned heir apparent english throne henry young king crowned wife margaret france practice eventually abandoned kingdoms adopted rules stronger coronation heir apparent exception current prince wales coronation future emperor ferdinand austria junior king hungary modern era specific coronation rituals country arranged continent region described following articles africa americas asia europe oceania uses term coronation semi ironic sense refer party leadership elections potential party leaders choosing single candidate stay silent stand election likely lose typically happens protracted scenes attempt remove outgoing leader leading significant time determine party support election proper gallery


march july queen consort prussia wife king frederick william iii couple happy short lived marriage produced children including future monarchs frederick william prussia german emperor legacy cemented extraordinary meeting french emperor napoleon met emperor unsuccessfully favorable terms prussia disastrous losses napoleonic wars loved subjects meeting napoleon led revered soul national virtue early death age thirty preserved youth memory caused napoleon reportedly remark king lost best minister order founded husband years later female counterpart iron cross 1920s conservative german women founded queen league nazi propaganda example ideal german woman english born march story villa outside capital fourth daughter sixth child duke charles wife granddaughter louis viii maternal grandmother marie paternal cousin princess united_kingdom served sponsors baptism second given came princess time birth father ruler succeed brother duke consequently born court formal home charles field marshal household brigade soon birth governor general territory brother law george iii king united_kingdom husband sister queen charlotte family subsequently moved residence kings summer usually lived particularly close sister years younger brother george siblings care von friend mother years old mother died leaving permanent mark young away pocket change children experienced similar losses stating like mother charles death family left called miniature versailles duke charles remarried years later wife younger sister charlotte producing son charles new close charlotte early death year marriage twice widowed duke went gave children care mother law widowed marie education grandmother preferred raise simply clothes new switzerland madame appointed giving children lessons french common royal aristocratic children time fluent language native german received religious instruction clergyman lutheran church lessons emphasis charitable acts accompany visiting houses poor encouraged means got trouble grandmother charity age marriage spent time presence grandmother educated refined years old present poet friedrich read act don entertainment assembled court sparking love german literary language especially works loved history poetry enjoyed reading came like works paul shakespeare ancient greek marie took youngest frankfurt paid respects nephew king frederick william grown beautiful young woman possessing exquisite large blue eyes naturally graceful uncle duke hoped strengthen ties house prussia consequently evening carefully planned duke seventeen year old met king son heir crown prince frederick william crown prince minded religious charming impression frederick william immediately choice marry caught eye younger brother prince louis charles families began planning double celebrating month later april frederick subsequently married december year louis marrying days later crown princess prussia events leading marriage arrival berlin prussian capital caused sensation greeted grand reception city joyful citizens broke protocol pick kiss child prussian writer friedrich remarked arrival princess spreads days noble hearts meet grace goodness leaves wrote perfectly acquainted princess inner nobility goodness heart father law king frederick william gave couple palace crown prince new wife preferred live palace outside kept busy household affairs far court couple content rural retirement country life marriage happy beloved king called princess gave palace crown princess saw duty support husband pursuits couple enjoyed singing reading shakespeare soon pregnant giving birth girl october healthy children follow quick succession died childhood crown prince frederick william prince william princess charlotte princess prince charles princess prince ferdinand princess prince albert couple crown prince palace capital charitable giving continued life occasion attending harvest festival purchased presents distributed local children birthday marriage berlin king frederick william asked daughter law desired present replied wanted handful money let city people share joy gave large quantity task queen consort prussia november husband succeeded throne prussia king frederick william iii death father wrote grandmother queen hope need longer count carefully couple abandon begin living restraints royal court began tour country eastern provinces purposes king wanted new subjects despite consort accompanying king capital frederick william wanted introduce queen people received festivities time prussian history queen emerged celebrated public personality right occupied prominent role predecessors presence husband eastern journey break traditional role consort importantly queen power enduring legacy stem holding separate court policy husband opposite formidable intelligence skill husband sole advantage fashion icon instance starting trend wearing getting ill husband accession developed ties senior ministers powerful figure government began command universal respect affection queen went way stay informed political developments court beginning reign new king consulted matters state frederick william hesitant cautious hated war stating war know greater earth preservation peace system suited happiness human kind keeping later foreign policy father frederick william favored neutrality early years conflict revolutionary french republic evolved napoleonic wars refused pressures pick war second coalition supported view warning prussia coalition powers austria great_britain russia lead dependence power military support prussia far weakest great powers able ensure benefited results alliance french aggression caused king eventually consider entering wars prevented choosing france coalition powers consulted differing opinions queen ministers eventually compelled alliance napoleon recently victorious battle baron member bureaucracy having country neutrality sought reform organization government favor based responsible ministerial government prepared document king detailing strong language administrative reforms needed establishing lines responsibility ministers work reached frederick william passed general von turn passed queen spring agreed contents thought violent passionate king consequently helped suppress war france king advisers members family queen open advocate war prince louis ferdinand led faction favor war france neutrality favor reform led baron august von knowing temperament king appealed directly queen desired reform turned frederick william viewed demands remove trusted advisers mutiny similar prussia fought war military leaders expected win napoleon troops small incident concerning anti french pamphlet occurred king frederick william finally pressured wife family break uneasy peace enter war french emperor prussian troops began culminating october battle disaster prussia ability armed forces continue war effectively wiped king queen accompanied troops battle apparently dressed like amazon flee french troops napoleon occupied berlin causing king queen rest royal family flee despite illness dead winter easternmost kingdom journey food clean water king queen forced share sleeping arrangements houses according witness traveling events took place napoleon demanded highly superior position peace terms called peace midst negotiations emperor agreed half prussia intact men joined queen frederick william sent pregnant wife better settlement prussia advising husband god sake peace prussia honor king felt presence napoleon relaxed mood reluctantly agreed meet emperor save prussia napoleon previously attempted destroy reputation questioning marital fidelity queen met attempting use beauty charm favorable terms regularly referred monster request private interview emperor threw feet impressed grace determination napoleon refused concessions writing wife empress charming don jealous cost play napoleon attempts destroy reputation failed beloved prussia queen efforts protect adopted country french aggression secured admiration future generations remaining years harsh restrictions imposed prussia massive million troops time million equivalent entire yearly budget prussia perceived symbol prussia pride french occupation prussia particularly devastating effect queen endured personal insults napoleon called real man prussia queen recognized adopted country depended moral strength consequence regained old sense optimism taking time prepare eldest son future role king following years supported reforming efforts government carried von august von army disaster instrumental king previously dismissed telling frederick william hope great heart encompassing mind knows hidden considered unsafe return berlin royal family consequently spent summer near believed hard trials children early lives good luxury prosperity think winter alexander invited king queen treated decorated rooms anymore return germany near birth youngest child princess wrote father forced way home life strengthened precious sick year returned king berlin near end absence years queen arrived carriage accompanied daughters charlotte younger son charles greeted father palace residence napoleon commanders stripped rooms paintings statues manuscripts returning different prussia left preacher observed dear queen far joyful seriousness quiet eyes lost sees july visiting father queen died husband arms unidentified illness queen subjects attributed french occupation cause early death saint heaven prussian general von death left husband period great difficulty napoleonic wars need reform continued napoleon reportedly remarked king lost best minister buried garden palace containing fine statue christian daniel built grave frederick william entered marriage mistress von explaining sympathy necessary marry death june frederick william buried legacy queen revered subjects soul national virtue historians written prussian nationalism according christopher clark female celebrity mind public combined virtue sovereign grace kindness sex appeal early death age thirty preserved youth memory reputation loving loyal supporter husband crucial enduring legacy cult eventually surrounded associated ideal feminine attributes sweet nature maternal kindness virtue anniversary birth widowed king frederick william instituted order decoration iron cross purpose given women significant contribution war effort napoleon subsequently awarded future members house unrelated french emperor granddaughter law empress victoria germany great granddaughter queen greece statue queen erected berlin inspired establishment conservative women organization known shortened queen league person achieved cult like status group main purpose promote patriotic feelings german women emphasized family german morality active time republic years despite having actively supported national socialist movement early stages accession power queen league nonetheless disbanded nazis viewed hostile organization significantly maria austria historical women nazi propaganda regime felt qualities government trying integrate german schools queen resistance defiance french kept prussian spirit alive husband cast embarrassing king lived peace revenge napoleon popular culture character queen popular subject countless films released german cinema included der film von der die der documentary played christians silent film queen queen prussia film queen briefly portrayed extremely manner propaganda film german warship sunk lake victoria film african queen called queen subject series novels nineteenth century german historical fiction writer included prussia times napoleon queen prussia titles styles honours arms titles styles march december princess december november royal crown princess prussia november july majesty queen prussia issue frederick william iii prussia august june married december ancestry


dynasty dynasty tamil kings kingdom sri_lanka earliest sources mention military leader minister services empire raided western coast took politically significant tooth capital city political military leaders family left number inscriptions modern day tamil state dates ranging late empire according contemporary native literature family claimed lineage tamil prominent hindu pilgrimage temple modern district india ruled kingdom 13th 17th century dynasty ousted portuguese origin theories origins claimed contemporary court chronicles modern historians offer competing theories family thirteenth century inscriptions commemorating dignitaries calling present day tamil hailed coastal region present day district called administered land held important military ranks believed prominent days king furthermore title commonly kingdom job title compound titles exist belonged chief belonged chief tamil denote title belong person north indian origin title consider originated fit structure similarly titles kingdom dignitaries noted inscriptions known inscriptions earliest caused second inscription engraved indicating minister notably inscriptions epithet signifying order according primary source minister named invaded capital behalf king years took politically significant tooth written rule asserts direct ancestors kings belonged group sect hailed settled hindu temple source claims selected kings explains direct ancestor kings kingdom called war kingdoms assist king ancestors kings fought wars kings rule overwhelmed enemies killed monarch study king king protector confirms connections hindu temple names location dynasty opinion dynasty connected eastern dynasty maternal lines believes town married surviving family members claiming kingdom india apparently belonged eastern dynasty royal flag kingdom similar royal insignia eastern claimed origins coins kings similar symbol believes called main arguments support claim kings eastern descent similar device coins bull crescent struck coins issued eastern second traditions origins identical assumption titles country dynasty according history kingdom establish similarity conclusive direct connections believes link dynasty eastern explain similarities based influence western dynasty descendants moved tamil lands defeat empire year interpret simply reflecting claim origin hindu holy city banks river invaders offered novel explaining origins according descendants invaded island according refugees immigrants indian kingdom founded similarly named kingdoms south east asia came reasons north sri_lanka founded kingdom view refuted noted indian historian having credible evidence historians louis charles expert indonesian studies buddhist scholar assert kingdoms south east asia called based erroneous readings chinese locality called actually stood asserts claimed lineage lineage notes inscriptions theory scholar imply connection sources contemporary chronicles earliest local tamil chronicles kingdom composed middle ages prose work compiled poet cites earlier writings source list kings found know composed earlier 14th century contain legends mixed historical anecdotes work written rule historical information extensively historians reconstruct kingdom early history chronicles number chronicles valuable information early middle period kingdom activities eventual occupation rival kingdom mentions detail arrival conquest capital minister named period mentions minister carried away capital kingdom primary source written 17th century refers fact collected taxes southern conquest certain military leader sent king left impression victory sung message carried bird written 15th century principal monk book contains contemporary description country traversed road bird city gods south beautiful city north sri_lanka beloved wing way prince driven away king established war like offer message glory dazzling glory sun eighteen grief entered heart abandoned realm fled sea inscriptions king ruled retreated southeast island place called district confrontation evident inscriptions place called inscriptions dated found near tree reveal appointed tax collectors collect taxes villages belonging kingdom inscriptions found district record victory left kings kingdom western sri_lanka inscription assigned 15th century bell based analysis style letters late date accepted inscription stands contrast generally accepted theory based literature local confronted kings victorious effort temple successor credited inscription dated south indian hindu temple indicated stones renovations shipped city present day eastern sri_lanka inscription destroyed inscription saw backs kings refer kings capital capital dated polo polo venetian trader explorer gained fame worldwide travels recorded book million travels polo reached port northern present day sri_lanka according local king independent ruler pay tribute monarchs named king considered corruption polo followed visit john missionary traveller statesman wrote december earliest noteworthy account coast furnished western european according saw wreckage vessels general area ibn muhammad ibn scholar islamic law times judge best known traveler explorer spent days guest wrote detailed account encounter according king controlled economically important trade trading links countries far monarch spoke persian located western coastal area island region noted receiving tribute southern rulers notable traveller far_east 14th century sri_lanka wrote great detail country peoples customs according northern island ruled queen audiences precious gifts queen considered mother regent ruled behalf young son called map drawn indicates northern sri_lanka ruled queen traveler landed wrote prosperity kingdom according gold silver king possession found world portuguese colonial documents temporal spiritual conquest ceylon father records tradition course time came natives called claiming royal descent favor erected began trade friendship king married daughter king finally descendants heirs kingdom rendition basic story line fit modern consensus father time line dynasty came power century established temple 10th century sect retreated strongholds hills possible origin kings paternal line native claims origin true built temple similar temple built king west current consensus current consensus held historians patrick family took power chaos created invasions family connected hindu temple tamil origin married family eastern matter successors direct evidence lacking influence eastern royal flag coins mentioned tamil chronicles kingdom