lady norman substantial welsh marches great granddaughter king wales connected nobility england normandy inherited titles lands father bernard lord mother nest declared brother illegitimate estates passed husband miles gloucester 1st earl marriage arranged personally king henry england spring extensive lands central king plans consolidating anglo norman power south east wales merging estates miles loyal subject relied implement crown policy adult lived king stephen turbulent reign known history anarchy husband played pivotal role following miles accidental death entered religious life gloucestershire england endowed years previously buried founded miles family ancestry born castle wales daughter lord bernard lord nest nest daughter nest maternal great grandparents king wales daughter earl briefly queen consort england second marriage anglo saxon king england killed battle hastings father bernard born castle lions frontier normandy bernard knight fought english kings william william henry according historian nelson bernard original wales led norman army battle killed wales ended death allowed bernard confirm hold ruler title lands remain family possession latin inheritance brothers philip likely died young nest swearing king henry england fathered man according vengeance nest lover knight identity disclosed 19th century bernard proposed bernard death nest intrigue soldiers time inherited bernard estates disapproved liaison extent killed nest lover nest revenge claiming bernard father marriage charter arranged king henry marriage future husband miles makes clear bernard alive written showing bernard version story known facts author ward suggests marriage charter recorded king henry acting request bernard nest barons probable considerable pressure favour miles timing reason outcome nest declaration nest acknowledged bernard child sole vast important substantial welsh marches henry referred specifically parents lands comprising forest castle hay land boundaries land richard england fees services named individuals granted lady father death wealthiest south wales marriage april married miles gloucester father death sheriff gloucester constable england marriage personally arranged king henry miles trusted royal official charter written latin dates april records arrangements marriage miles historian warren found charter wording telling noting king gave daughter making grant land know king henry given firmly granted miles gloucester daughter bernard lands bernard father mother deaths parents lands conveyed miles deaths earlier life wish henry commanded tenants pay miles homage lord arranging series alliances similar miles king henry england transformed map territorial power south east wales arrangements mutually describes miles marriage having crucial breakthrough career new lords similar positions miles king loyal rely implement royal policy father died probably miles came possession entire inheritance merged estates formed honour children miles children margaret april married children received office constable england exercised widow death roger 2nd earl september roger marriage settlement marriage daughter ratified king stephen marriage childless subsequent marriages walter died married unknown walter departed palestine died shortly leaving legitimate issue henry died married woman named isabella surname unknown henry died legitimate issue died record marriage died legitimate issue william died record marriage died legitimate issue married william 3rd lord issue lady died married winchester issue anarchy henry death throne england seized stephen grandson william england henry daughter empress claimed throne support lords death husband holy roman emperor henry returned england time years insistence father barons including stephen swore uphold rights heir married lived france having sons eldest king henry_ii england initially miles supported stephen stephen granted husband entire honour gloucester appointed constable gloucester castle miles known stephen established near wales earliest monastery miles father walter gloucester retired unrest wales years henry reign boiled death area returned welsh rule coming hostile welsh non welsh decided leave miles established new gloucester england called husband miles transferred allegiance empress return england according professor king miles decision support guided principle necessity joining forces illegitimate half brother powerful robert earl gloucester overlord miles stephen stripped miles title constable england punishment having deserted july gratitude support military assistance according historian davis possibly compensate miles having appeared lost invested 1st earl received castle forest dean time facto ruler england stephen having imprisoned bristol following capture previous february battle lincoln styled miles unexpected death years later miles received honour brien likely illegitimate son duke brittany appreciation skilled military tactics miles deployed spared brien castle king stephen gave permission transfer anarchy period stephen reign king england known life greatly disrupted husband lands suffered result especially miles decision support claim throne oppose stephen defeated winchester late miles compelled return gloucester disgrace weary half naked november year stephen released prison restored english throne distress heightened bishop robert placed blocked cathedral entrances miles order raise money pay troops assist financially miles imposed levy churches act bishop regarded unlawful bishop protested threatened miles miles response sent men diocese resources retaliation miles earlier attacks royalist city worcester castles king stephen bestowed title earl robert 2nd earl leicester miles surrendered title robert death deer hunting expedition forest dean husband accidentally shot chest arrow killed december involved legal proceedings bishop jurisdiction died eldest son roger succeeded protest father roger remained outspoken enemy church close end life entered gloucester monastery monk husband death entered religious life gloucester previously endowed buried dates death burial legacy childless death roger fell king john bestowed title henry grandson eldest daughter margaret sons died legitimate offspring daughters heirs honour second daughter passing inheritance marriage making powerful families welsh marches eventually way eleanor eleanor descendant married son 2nd earl eleanor son succeeded grandfather titles marriages daughters england ireland families including descendants 4th earl elizabeth 4th eleanor mary married english royal family anne grandmother kings edward richard iii way edward daughter elizabeth york monarch england subsequently united_kingdom henry_viii including elizabeth_ii descended royal europe shared common descent mary queen scots


stephen stephen hungarian polish lithuanian romanian september december prince queen anna husband king poland grand duke lithuania son stephen viii member hungarian noble family ruler defeating challenger title elected king poland worked closely chancellor jan years reign focused establishing power defeating fellow throne holy roman emperor rebellions notably danzig rebellion reigned decade considered successful kings polish history particularly realm military history signal achievement victorious campaign russia middle reign repulsed russian invasion commonwealth secured highly favorable treaty peace peace jam life stephen born september castle known today son stephen viii noble hungarian family wife catherine siblings brothers sisters little known childhood briefly visited italy likely spent months attending lectures university return joined army ferdinand holy roman emperor took military struggle turks time captured turks ferdinand refused pay ransom joined opposing supporting john struggle power eastern hungarian kingdom supporter acted feudal lord military commander diplomat trips vienna house arrest years time fell favour court position largely assumed hungarian noble briefly retired politics considerable influence seen possible successor death estates elected supported disputed election emerged victorious resulting civil war drove subsequently attempted play ottomans holy roman empire attempt strengthen position elected king throne polish lithuanian commonwealth time largest populous states europe vacated king poland died heirs given power elect new king polish lithuanian royal election chose henry france henry soon ascended french throne polish returning france decided enter election meantime defeat attempt challenge authority defeating battle december roughly half years poland representing pro faction declared emperor new monarch chancellor jan opponents persuaded lesser nobility demand king polish king heated discussion decided anna sister king elected king poland marry stephen january passed mantle brother christopher departed poland married anna crowned king poland grand duke lithuania chosen king polish lithuanian royal election began title prince establishing power position extremely difficult opposition election emperor insisting earlier election fostered internal opposition prepared enforce claim military action representatives grand lithuania refused recognize grand duke demanded concessions return estates wife anne lithuanian treasury hold conventions lithuania poland reserve highest governmental official offices lithuania accepted conditions june recognized grand duke lithuania duke lithuania secure major region refusing recognize election prussia sudden death improved situation city danzig refused recognize election significant concessions league city bolstered immense wealth fortifications secret support supported emperor election decided recognize legitimate ruler resulting conflict known danzig rebellion armed opposition collapsed prolonged siege danzig forces lifted agreement reached danzig army utterly defeated field battle april armies unable city force compromise reached exchange danzig demands favorably reviewed city recognised ruler poland paid sum gold compensation tying administration commonwealth northern provinces february acknowledged george frederick ruler prussia receiving feudal tribute policies securing control commonwealth chance devote strengthening authority supported chancellor jan soon king trusted advisers reorganised judiciary formation legal crown tribunal lithuanian tribunal somewhat weakened royal position little concern loss power significant short term concerned hereditary hungarian throne exchange allowed raise taxes push number reforms strengthening military including establishment infantry formation composed peasants projects aimed commonwealth army reforming model hungarian troops founded academy university commonwealth transforming prior jesuit college major university founded jesuit colleges active catholicism time respectful commonwealth policy religious tolerance issuing number offering protection polish jews denouncing religious violence external relations sought peace strong alliances remained maintained tradition good relations commonwealth western neighbor confirmed past treaties commonwealth holy roman empire diplomatic missions received successor troublesome south eastern border ottoman_empire temporarily signed july april january gathered warsaw persuaded grant subsidies inevitable war number trusted advisers hungarian remained interested hungarian politics wished recreate native country independent strong power unfavorable international situation allow significantly advance plans area addition hungarian latin spoke italian german learned polish language personal life described personal expenditures hunting reading favorite war election throne commonwealth terrible russia begun sphere interest northeast eventually invading commonwealth conflict grow involve number nearby powers outside russia poland lithuania sweden kingdom denmark norway control resulting conflict lasting years known war control disputed territory conquest short lived commonwealth forces scored number victories begun pushing forces marked turning point war chancellor led army commonwealth series decisive campaigns taking stephen penetrated russia august laid siege city city held december terrible began negotiations concluded truce jam january treaty favorable commonwealth ceded exchange regaining final years allowed execute samuel death sentence treason murder pending roughly decade political conflict family framed clash monarch nobility major recurring controversy internal polish politics years external politics considering war russia plans delayed lack support refused pass requested tax raises health declining years died december legitimate children contemporary rumours suggested illegitimate children rumours confirmed modern historians death followed year son iii elected king contested swedish iii defeated succeeded ruler commonwealth remembrance actively promoted legend number works life achievements historical poetry lifetime featured works jan recurring character polish poetry literature featured central figure poems novels drama julian subject numerous paintings life posthumously painters took subject jan statue ferrari raised italy sponsored king commonwealth august monuments include palace destroyed patron university known university units polish army borne 20th century passenger ships polish merchant navy modern poland namesake foundation polish 9th armored cavalry brigade numerous polish streets schools districts town named immediately death remembered commonwealth nobles took behavior affair domestic policies indicating interest nobility golden freedoms establishing absolute monarchy contemporaries hungarians nationals commonwealth remembered hungarian style cap later resurgence polish memory historiography traced 19th century era poland polish state lost independence remembered military praised effective ruler including john baptist samuel historians like remained reserved noted polish public opinion polish historians interwar period second polish republic cult figure compared government approval contemporary dictator poland second world war communist people republic poland controversial figure historians ready question internal politics attachment hungary nonetheless good image remained intact reinforced positive views popular polish historian period ancestry


john stuart 2nd john stuart 2nd august march styled lord mount stuart wealthy industrialist georgian early victorian britain developed coal iron industries south wales built cardiff docks father john lord mount stuart died months born young child brought mother lady elizabeth later paternal grandfather john stuart 1st travelled widely europe attending cambridge_university contracted eye condition remained partially sighted rest life having inherited large estates britain married wife lady maria north lived relatively life mount stuart house scotland seats flair land management focused daily routine extensive correspondence estate managers making tours lands country couple conceive children maria died remarried years later lady hastings gave birth child john member house_of_lords controlled votes members house_of_commons political religious conservative follower duke wellington rarely took national debates commercial interests involved early realised vast wealth lay south wales set commercially exploiting local constructed cardiff docks major project despite running heavily budget enabled exports iron coal value lands violence broke rising led government response cardiff castle military forces deploying spies keeping informed contemporary press praised creator modern cardiff death left vast wealth son background personal life son john lord mount stuart lady elizabeth parents wealthy aristocratic backgrounds father extensive scotland south wales mother sole heir estates acres land scotland father died riding accident february leaving elizabeth birth younger brother patrick stuart later year initially brought house mother grandmother following deaths passed care grandfather 1st travelled england europe family considered clever went study christ college cambridge years visited mediterranean scandinavia russia taking keen interest land economics developed eye condition period partially blind leaving unable travel assistance tolerate bright lights finding difficult read write maternal grandfather lord died followed paternal grandfather sets estates adding surname lord consequence held hereditary titles posts addition earl windsor baron mount stuart baron cardiff earl baron lord lord mount stuart nova_scotia keeper castle lord lieutenant lord lieutenant hereditary sheriff high steward major seats mount stuart house isle house cardiff castle south wales london town house hill preferred live mount stuart house disliked london spent weeks cardiff castle year twice year travel mount stuart house edinburgh northern england london cardiff south wales estates november fire swept house destroying interior house historic library survived famous collection paintings rescued blaze subsequently sold concerned growing enjoying social life london retired estates isle years recovering married wife lady maria north maria daughters 3rd earl wealthy settled time marriage inherit father extensive estates contemporaries considered maria kind pleasant woman marriage proved childless portrait painted henry published years later william ward father law died maria inherited lands worth historian john davies describes remote acquaintance sense responsibility considerable imagination enormous capacity hard work aristocratic standards day lived lifestyle result personality poor enjoy hunting shooting large social gatherings like gambling wife illnesses added sense exclusion wider aristocratic society compared landowners period relatively giving away seven percent rental income south wales charitable donations example keen fund local schools construct new churches partially able discourage moves official church lady maria died blamed excessive focus dock programme wife illness result original marriage agreement continued draw late wife property remainder life officially estates ultimately pass maria sister lady susan death created knight queen_victoria fell horse injured eyes accident making harder read write remarried year time lady hastings daughter hastings obsessive hard john family especially brother soon pregnant gave birth child couple second child named john successfully born relationship brother patrick difficult political views coincide patrick liberal favoured political reform arranged patrick member parliament differing views resulted removing parliament years patrick good reason expect die childless leaving inherit family estates death disputed occupancy cardiff castle lady landowner industrialist estate management determined develop different estates receive best possible return active ambitious manager quick generate new ideas properties spent majority time managing properties despite poor wrote letters managers day detailed understanding estates businesses attempted affairs example reading local welsh newspapers house scotland exchanging letters influential local figures recognised land holdings extended disparate easily managed attempted attempted sell estates early 1820s failed obtain adequate price successfully sold early 1840s finally sold comprising acres unusually period owned lands fully owner fee simple having rights arrangements trustees married placed english wales estates trustee arrangement future children agreement expired lady maria death remarried similar trustee agreement set version estates administered separately holdings england wales continued run network estates estate managers personally helped bruce agent close friend early estates fully surveyed highlighted estates neglected years poor condition edward richards senior official charge estates represented estate political affairs region despite retained final authority minor issues estates including making decisions buttons local school uniforms reuse broken flag pole example result considerable delays letters sent south wales scotland complexity estates grew officials appointed help manage docks farms mineral interests reported separately putting increasing pressure isle expanded properties purchasing land mill closely involved developments half 19th century region saw tremendous economic social changes short period time population years century industrial output pig iron increasing tons industry mining replaced agriculture main sources work driving forward responding changes transformed south wales estate major industrial enterprise land holdings spread county took steps consolidate selling acres outlying properties west investing heavily buying acres land cardiff rising prices land costs docks brought end expansion estimating estates challenging way accounts drawn period estimates suggest land purchases dock building cost estates cost delivered income borrowed heavily inherited debts time death owed financing supporting debt difficult particularly early 1840s credit hard come john forced different lines credit believed ultimately investments provide rich return noted thought prospects income distance economic growth south wales drove demand new housing growing work force prepared sell lands housing profit building renting housing prepared lease land growing urban areas mining communities land development initially attempted negotiate year long given successors additional early flexibility managed land proved unpopular reverted offering typical year contracts offered allowed buy automatically renew lease end term ultimately resulted substantial political difficulties fourth storm complaints late 19th early 20th century left style early developments concerned poor results began approve designs new buildings personally laying grand streets centre cardiff retaining open areas eventual use parks little money invested sewage drainage systems new developments inquiry showed resulted cholera town start 19th century scientific investigation began indicate valleys rich coal deposits owned coal mines county durham commissioned surveys showed potentially huge profits reserves coal sitting beneath lands coal common lands region claim feudal titles set consolidating rights existing investments late 1820s 1830s acquiring extensive rights process established managed directly given investment costs attention took generally preferred lease coal fields claim royalty coal mined instead iron masters coal operations owners sold coal industrial domestic customers profits increased second half cardiff docks played central role creation cardiff docks idea forward staff suggested right investment cardiff transformed major port coal iron existing sea port canal small inefficient new port deliver direct return shipping rates improve value lands cardiff increase value royalties charge coal fields initially opposed plans docks forward local changed mind pushed forward scheme shortly phase build new dock connecting canal cardiff making canal redundant process estimated cost considered opponents wild speculation parliamentary permission acquired despite opposition local canal companies iron masters project proved complex originally planned driving angry associates dock opened successfully costs building docks far anticipated instead original estimate construction costs reaching month mortgage local estates raise sums required finish project matters worse opened docks receive traffic expected particularly larger ships coalition intent responded putting commercial pressure shipping companies abandon canal feudal rights force docks efforts paid trade docks came tons rose quickly reaching tons docks brought gross income relatively disappointing figure compared size investment successive find huge pressure continue investing expanding docks subsequent phases construction coming decades politics national born pre reform system government britain british parliament divided hereditary house_of_lords elected house_of_commons voting systems varied widely england cases small numbers local people vote members house_of_lords termed patrons controlled closed nominated seats effectively appointing candidates criticism system led grew half life member house_of_lords able vote national affairs reputation attending vote acts relating estates business interests vote usually moderate conservative described follower duke wellington leading politician john favour catholic emancipation opposed slavery new poor law game laws like wellington favour corn laws opposed electoral reform attempts church_of_england scotland strong views necessity encouraging poor work favour removing irish poor mainland ireland poor public speaker addition personal role parliament sought control votes members house_of_commons primarily ensure passage legislation affecting business interests initially isle voters dominated private estate returned member parliament alternate elections estates limited allow influence electoral process best remaining option control voting cardiff choose candidate carefully apply careful financial pressure control ensure election reform act passed parliament widening electorate country isle electorate rose acquired permanent member parliament controlled cardiff saw short term drop electorate result act benefited granting vote richer agricultural tenants aftermath reforms secretly sponsored creation conservative newspaper gazette guardian increase support county losses years acted majesty high commissioner general_assembly church scotland known host role office church scotland known disruption ministers church broke away established church form free church took firm line matter head mount stuart house joined free church immediately sacked minister churches north island attempted hold free church ceremony demanded keys church returned property closed south wales establishing authority determined control local government cardiff considering rights duties major landowner estates found facing difficult political situation grip weakened late 18th century management political interests left years hands john wood local solicitor family embroiled local politics set interests politically split factions west east county estates eastern half residence area cardiff castle regarded unsuitable residence consequently lacked easy local patronage come major properly functioning establishment tensions new region including john guest master financial competitor landlord men keen drive good deal possible negotiations political differences seeing feudal lord south wales local iron masters arrogant power hungry individuals economic power communities workers nonetheless able personally appoint constable cardiff castle constable law acted effective mayor cardiff ran town council wide powers appointing local officials inherited title lord lieutenant county giving right recommend appointments new civic posts potential candidates posts advised vote representatives elections colonel chief royal militia authority militia vote candidates publicly voted faced charitable donations support cut later control cardiff docks helped provide patronage influence voting behaviour john wood died midst financial scandal decided appoint rivals posts constable cardiff town clerk reaffirmed power change appointments broken wood family hold local power provoked storm local political wood family turned arguing abandon claims control local welsh affairs scotland replied trying crush wood family bank town council early woods successfully took legal action challenging authority actions anti violence summer resulting arrests special appointed pro faction cardiff rallied woods defeated parliamentary elections year results authority town council rising played role event rising large armed industrial protest occurred south wales political tensions working classes grown 1820s wages impressive contemporary standards good years deteriorated quickly depressions health standards fast growing industrial communities child mortality rates extremely high saw severe economic depression wages falling quickly food prices rising complaints local debt courts numerous nationally electoral reform movement making considerable protests protests corn laws kept prices food high growing south wales major associated movements promoting reform whig administration voted power april june late certainly spring trouble south wales looked likely probably response broke normal annual plans travelled south scotland cardiff castle reform bill looking likely tensions grew different political factions potential new parliamentary seats shared especially conservative allies guest radical demonstrations occurred largest industrial communities crowd set light conservative politicians violence broke arrests prisoners released angry crowd local authorities effectively lost control town general insurrection ensued local bruce anthony hill stranded castle inn swore men special heavily outnumbered radical crowds bruce wrote urgent letter cardiff castle asking urgent advice armed forces militia action huge crowds marched local iron works stopping production messages reached afternoon began assemble eastern central militia units transport ready deployment morning hoping hear better news bought desperate news bruce hill dispatched man unit foot arrived castle inn continued informed events letter morning foot reached castle inn joined established figures town including high sheriff outside radical crowds grown estimated number tensions rose riot act read english welsh violence crowds attempted seize soldiers weapons soldiers responded musket fire town working classes exploded anger set searching region weapons messenger escaped inn reach cardiff set remaining armed forces available lieutenant colonel richard morgan militia replace commander foot badly injured men castle inn retreated house joined initial reinforcements bringing establishment numbers armed able fight faced increasingly armed insurgents increasingly concerned quality opposition facing men sent spies nearby castle pressed service observation post military start bring house additional weaponry cardiff advised careful case shipments fell hands morgan forces able prevent radical crowds entering arrested potential insurgents cardiff morgan position advance force pushing forward taking advantage poor communications elements uprising collapsed days authorities regained control making arrests forcing workers business government inquiries incident began provided analysis reports aftermath richard lewis radical crowd hanged cardiff execution proved controversial unknown left attend parliament london approved decision later years concerns possible violent continued years prominent region late 1830s causing considerable worries leading encouraging military forces deal threat began advocate creation police force suppress problems northern valleys local overcome rural opposition scheme scheme passed chief constable headquarters established year act parliament reformed local government structure introducing new town corporation structure elected mayor time work harder maintain influence new corporation influence disposal successful practice elected officials controlled interests death died cardiff march buried alongside maria wife funeral carriages attendance drew large crowds funeral local national press gave death little coverage local daily chronicle noted unusual achievement building industrial base south wales estates particularly praised role constructing cardiff docks cardiff docks opening led press praise creator modern cardiff continued transform city rest century form financial liability successors costs continual investment needed maintain grow facilities partially setting huge profits son enjoyed south wales subscription raised pay statue erected cardiff high street outside town hall statue cardiff oldest moved square location renamed square leading proposals local officials statue better relocated potentially outside cardiff castle

John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute


walter nobleman walter walter walter walter walter died medieval nobleman sheriff married daughter predecessors sheriff known sure background appears witness royal charters inherited offices royal household father law appears royal nobleman divided lands father law disagreements division lasted 12th century families died descendants later earl background family known walter distinguish members family married daughter usually named given contemporary records sheriff tenant father law prior marriage known sure background witnessed royal charter documents suggest father named brother named william identifiable younger walter sheriff sheriff holding office sources state received office place acquisition office december april inherited lands hereditary office sheriff roger son lands offices exiled henry murder king henry england granted right hunt wolves royal forests right hunt royal forests came grant right lands right fine hunting birds permission probably held office royal sheriff evidence death son william granted revenues royal forests rate father held strongly implies elder held office historian green felt walter possibly held office constable held father law historian warren felt definitely hold office held royal office office later known butler acquired wife inherited office father date acquired office unknown member royal household witnessed number royal charters mainly king england bishop worcester dispute lands inherited dispute caused sides agree creation worcester survey land survey undertaken shows changes land ownership book widow granted lands county confirmed king henry document dated precisely henry allowed pay lands mentioned pipe roll living death legacy died son william took lands stephen tenant lands friend robert gloucester likely younger son walter historian david says son walter recorded william brother follower count ancestor family member william earl lands offices brother robert divided robert disagreed division lands leading long dispute families settled late 12th century sources state daughter married robert reason division lands offices men sources sure accepting possibility divided inheritance families contemporary sources showing children son daughter married possibility brother robert daughter married managed acquire inheritance strength friendship king william england


william 1st earl salisbury william alias 1st earl salisbury 3rd baron king january english nobleman loyal servant king edward iii son william 2nd baron entered royal household early age close companion young prince edward relationship continued edward crowned king following deposition edward edward main coup roger acting king protector following years served king capacities primarily scottish wars richly rewarded things received isle man created earl salisbury given annual income marks title served continent early years years war captured french return freedom promise fight france salisbury died wounds suffered tournament early legend wife catherine raped edward iii story certainly french propaganda william catherine children married nobility modern historians called william edward intimate personal friend chief influence throne downfall death family background william born second eldest surviving son william 2nd baron elizabeth daughter sir peter mare daughter henry mare surrey royal justice william earl salisbury family west country family roots going conquest held extensive lands somerset devon father william distinguished scottish wars reign edward served steward edward household members nobility including thomas lancaster viewed suspicion member court party influence king reason sent serve died october sat parliament baron second lord rose level purely regional importance early service younger william minor time father death entered royal household ward king february granted father lands title service edward took abroad continent deposition edward continued service edward son edward iii helped new king scottish invasion created knight enjoyed close relationship edward iii accompanied abroad diplomatic mission year sent embassy negotiate marriage alliance king philip france important task came connection mission young king government dominance mother isabella lover roger responsible deposition king father explained king situation pope john asked special signal assure dealing king person return richard bury keeper seal wrote inform pope letters containing words holy father edward king edward bury party scheme coup discovered conspiracy brought interrogation king gave away afterward supposedly advised edward protector better eat dog dog eat october isabella entrenched nottingham castle constable castle showed secret entrance underground tunnel william robert john entered castle met king short brawl followed captured queen stormed chamber shouting good son pity noble edward obey mother wishes weeks later executed treason london reward coup given lands worth including welsh belonged family benefited brother simon bishop worcester later brother edward 1st baron married alice norfolk heir thomas 1st earl norfolk service edward iii years come acted edward closest companion april went secret expedition france disguised merchants recognised september year held tournament king onwards deeply engaged scottish wars distinguished siege battle hill event isle man recognised right held grandfather moment purely theoretical nature island scottish control february sent commission edinburgh demand edward homage edward great summer campaign provided largest english contingent men arms rewarded contributions scots forced granted county allowed buy roger son roger marks deal turned lucrative point fortunes turning english scotland campaigned north siege met failure following abortive attempt scotland edward iii turned attention continent years war created earl salisbury march promotions edward iii day preparation years war allow support new status king granted land rent value marks year money provided royal cornwall contemporary poem tells earl eve wars open eyes fighting france story probably satire truth lost use eyes tournament april appointed diplomatic commission establish alliances flanders german princes july accompanied king mission continent providing greatest number soldiers men arms september year marshal england death thomas earl norfolk office come hands norfolk daughter margaret king trust office husband decided instead trusted companion edward policy building alliances great debt left low countries return england late salisbury stay king king family earl derby earl earlier voiced concerns costly alliances remained loyal king strategy edward away salisbury captured french april imprisoned paris reportedly king philip france wanted execute salisbury robert earl suffolk captured philip john argued come exchange french captured released parole september reached final settlement french salisbury freed prisoner exchange condition fight france final years salisbury long frustrated failure government england provide sufficient funds war effort return played little conflict king edward chancellor john year appointed committee hear king charges little came fought robert war succession helped negotiate truce probably good claim isle man conquering island held scots final international commission took place late accompanied henry earl derby diplomatic mission early england took great tournament windsor tournament according chronicler adam received wounds prove fatal salisbury died january buried adjoining home manor founded elevation king edward financial obligations paid earl lifetime salisbury death king owed written family salisbury married catherine daughter william 1st baron stories revolve catherine identified salisbury dropped edward iii named order edward iii falls love arranges rape story supported contemporary evidence certainly product french propaganda william catherine children highly fortunate matches members nobility earl salisbury enormous additions family fortune time father death lands valued annual income lands estimated equivalent million present day terms edward free granting franchises salisbury including return gave earl authority lands normally held appointed sheriff salisbury oldest son william succeeded father july minor william 2nd earl salisbury younger william founding members order enjoyed favour king father children william catherine follows fiction salisbury character les kings series french historical novels portrayed french miniseries adaptation series


greek feminine form surname important byzantine aristocratic family especially prominent late 11th early 12th centuries semi independent quasi hereditary rulers attested time late 10th century constantine participated revolt general captured ruled theme virtually autonomous state celebrated martial exploits later saint region son constantine governor ended ruling quasi independent prince members family entered service turks 12th 13th centuries 14th century attested administrative positions byzantium notably official scholar michael known extensive correspondence main byzantine literary political figures day brother john branch family rulers origins members family appears northeastern corner byzantine world province centred family ethnic origin unknown scholars like alexander alexander suggested armenian origin aristocratic families time surname armenian greek persian origins suggested including suggestion corruption historian anthony considers likely arabic persian turkish terms meaning appropriate christian muslim appear arose inner region distinct identity mountainous area scarcely affected preserved traditional archaic societal structure tiny centred mountain strong holds known member family constantine participated revolt killed battle appears blinded plotting bulgarian restore recently subdued bulgarian empire unclear relation bulgarian noble michael leaders failed aristocratic conspiracy domestic schools constantine brother emperor michael blinded fellow conspirators autonomous rulers important member family saint native energetic man recaptured turks appointed governor ruled virtually independent ruler death battle fought success turks heroic figure greek poetry recognized orthodox church martyr saint wife possibly son gregory kept hostage constantinople initially daughters later maria daughter tried kidnap failed known gregory identical gregory led rebellion member family constantine exact relation unknown appointed john ruled practically independently john subdued exploits formed extensive oral tradition called song written shown modern work drawing medieval sources success creating autonomous domain surprising northeastern asia minor including long history central byzantine government 11th century helped mixed greek armenian population introduced early 11th century quickly coming dominate battle mercenary robert fortress centre separate domain succeeded appeared seen native leader greeks regime relied local forces old thematic province turkish counterpart main rivals hand comments rivals probably common constantinople allied especially efforts respective bring heel remembered foes heroic poetry service following collapse independent power came serve new went serve emperors constantinople lost ties member family fought captured executed possibly son defected byzantium leading advisors identical father reign din ibn members family service include constantine possibly son constantine betrayed emperor diplomatic mission unnamed accused poisoning john sent diplomatic mission europe behalf sultan michael bar physician hand michael general fighting hungarians related imperial dynasty son law late byzantium empire surname attested byzantine world 13th 14th centuries family lost prestige period peasants adopted surname masters family members attested government service officials empire appear macedonia western asia minor mentioned gregory mentioned governor village near relative stephen active near john sold land near constantine senior priest metropolis period christopher died monk attested monastery members family occasionally mentioned legal documents correspondence active constantinople cities like unknown held post judge army recorded slayer john family member held estate attached large estates michael sons michael probably related monastery finally george monastery early 14th century famous era michael constantinople prolific byzantine letter writers correspondence spans period includes major political literary figures day brother john wrote theological treatise doctrines gregory remained entered service empire established exiled shortly dissolution byzantine_empire fourth crusade notably member family governor brief period reclaimed turks family members mentioned province south probably 13th century george military leader early 15th century branch family commonly identified scholars family known russian sources family ruled small founded century southwestern area survived conquered ottoman turks southern byzantine_empire late 12th century came control empire generation retained close links coast long forward branch relocated proven mentioned stephen prince emigrated moscow son gregory monks gregory later founded monastery russian noble families claimed descent stephen son ruled father departure succeeded briefly john possibly son john son died young composed john son succeeded prince ruled daughter maria wife emperor david disappearance scene princes known possibly son overthrown brother alexander pro ottoman stance reign brief ottoman_empire laid siege conquered december alexander family taken captive constantinople prince beheaded son forcibly converted islam wife daughters sultan later notable members family mentioned constantinople early centuries ottoman_empire michael active family members attested crete islands unnamed held lands early 17th century numerous found crete especially early 19th century crete particular supposed definitive evidence local came directly


clan clan japanese clan originating northern japan specifically province northeast coast claimed descent clan members enter historical record residents province period clan later moved period clan frequently clashed neighbors including clan branches declared independence clan winning battle entered period family domain course period branch families established received war clan branches fought northern alliance domains collapse alliance clan land confiscated heads branches relieved office era new nobility main line survives present day chief priest shrine origins clan claimed descent clan province great great grandson area resided earliest written reference region century writings buddhist monk period left moved province remain era period clan reached power politically active corresponded major point conflict clan years relationship clan cadet branch declared independence vice district magistrate clan local magistrate attacked killed began taking clan castles attacked local power figure took castle clan fight clan continue ensuing years pledged confirmed holdings effectively putting clan grasp region northern tip family changed heir pledged allegiance confirmed helped suppress uprising relative helped secure northern era clan sided eastern army battle wake victory clan confirmed domain han known domain han income rating placed later era given political ranking domain twice size clan remained entirety period surviving restoration course period new branches clan founded granted granted old tensions wake incident plot clan assassinate lord clan territories effected famine lord held office domains northern assisted frontier region clan direct encounter foreigners came late 16th century dutch ship arrived territory shore party ship captured local authorities taken course history particularly period clan famous national scale clan elder active war responsible leading clan political activity interaction neighboring domains later prime minister japan 20th century figures japanese politics came families known ones war war clan initially neutral leadership clan elder clan later sided northern alliance september clan troops joined attack domain alliance sided imperial government october troops took domain castles collapse alliance clan surrendered imperial army october war clan holdings drastically reduced imperial government punishment siding northern domains briefly moved returned years war heads branches relieved offices abolition han system era early years era main line title count new nobility system title count 42nd generation family head officer imperial japanese army died battle russo japanese war succeeded brother proponent arts studied painting heir died age adopted son law heir son duke court noble adoption assumed death 44th generation family head death son 45th generation head chief priest shrine family heads main line later branch line branch line english contemporary japan review japanese affairs tokyo foreign affairs association japan japan year book tokyo foreign affairs association japan biographical dictionary japanese history berkeley university california japan focus article shrine accessed political leaders modern japan tokyo university tokyo press taken captive japanese story ann university_of_michigan press historical geographical dictionary japan new_york early modern japan berkeley university california press french joseph tokyo online text book german list era japanese nobility accessed august japanese han accessed august tokyo han accessed august accessed national diet library august accessed august tokyo han tokyo han accessed august han magazine april accessed august prisoners reality believe seventeenth century japanese diplomacy honolulu university press tokyo fiction tokyo popular culture playable nation grand strategy game


caroline better known caroline february prominent notorious belgium french origin met king paris young girl time earned living prostitute soon embarked relationship death large sums money estates gifts noble title presents caroline deeply unpopular belgian people internationally increasingly criticized greed induced actions free state personal colony caroline largely income colony known queen married religious ceremony days death failure perform civil ceremony rendered marriage illegitimate belgian law king death soon discovered left caroline numerous properties items high material value bonds valuable sources income turned years belgian government estranged daughters attempted seize wealth success varying depending case caroline died february les france early life remains small degree mystery concerning caroline early life account states father french states father lived seek fortune born thirteenth child parents youth caroline worked sources assert caroline prostitute living paris young woman mistress officer french army according adam liked support betting horse races luck form caroline born clients undertook schemes palace frequently left debts unpaid day residing paris belgium heard attractions felt interested modest beginnings woman sent informed caroline madame sent gentleman noticed high position meeting arranged following day caroline went room arrived aides unknown caroline encounter mixed belgium sweden king presence referring majesty oscar surprise amusement aides purpose soon clear sat began asking questions required turn head right left aim learned later profiles mute according memoirs confessed pleased invited caroline austria large sum money duly arrived day aware loved buy clothes relationship reaction press mere sixteen year old compared age caroline relationship old king quickly public knowledge causing labeled previously embarked affairs earning nickname des des affair caroline unique belgian press particular enjoyed publishing affair countless years habit accompanying fashionable europe provoked disbelief outrage old king use strategically placed mirrors special equipment young mistress known great wealth accumulated came colony companion years life estranged wife queen marie died relationship coincided international reputation result actions orders concerning free state writes affair ironically lost popularity belgium crimes consequently allies willing defend target international protest movement led reform association belgian particular affair prove control ambitious woman unfit govern wealthy mistress marie death relationship caroline open placed mansion villa building pedestrian bridge bridge reveals king jealousy justified love caught occasions caroline tried pass brother caught publication reported placed secret electric bells residences servants warn king approaching spent vast sums money gifts estates young mistress presenting instance villa caroline frequently traveled paris visit hat maker spent million dresses single store occasion caroline complained evening express train brussels gave little time shop causing arrange train leave hour later pregnant child king french government split cost constructing new road close villa ride uncomfortable taking caroline king spent time outside belgium properties western_europe resented belgian people result time spent caroline sons estate cap southern france caroline stayed rented acquired french villa brussels caroline appearing public typically traveling accompanied funeral queen_victoria causing great scandal belgium increased dramatically began realized country young mistress years went king increasingly prone anger breaking old relationships said caroline sons company recapture humour caroline described having average height graceful beautiful skin masses chestnut hair character sharp ill educated insisted treated respect face king displeasure said possession vivid powers dazzling caroline extreme instance needed free time pretended cold weapon female rivals gaining favor king telling ignore age difference caroline enjoy calling calling marriage king ill home mistress sons rushed days death december king married caroline religious ceremony performed personal chaplain marriage legal authority belgian law performed recognized vatican wedding accordance catholic_church religious rites marriage caused great scandal belgium citizens shocked church sanctioned allowed caroline remain priest present despite marriage caroline hide sight visitor arrived king stayed died presence caroline nurses youngest legitimate child princess barred entering palace allowed room despite weakening condition traveled brussels hoped reconciliation father changes king turned away caroline claimed right passing turned aide baron said present widow place protection days spend belgium death speculates likely king said similar aware daughters public particularly discovered left sons issue caroline sons marie february duke married march marie october august count died young like caroline created birth son boys granted courtesy titles official royal issued belgian government foreign state causing merely honorary parents legally invalid marriage sons deemed illegitimate registered france caroline mention potential father despite facts fears belgium recognize eldest son heir throne married legal civil ceremony boy inherited throne classes equal belgian constitution marriage considered boys adopted caroline married soon death devoted sons wealth caroline inherited went reportedly boasted able marry king sons better standings charles 1st duke illegitimate son charles_ii england gifts caroline belgian public occasion carriage streets brussels second son born deformed hand leading cartoon depict holding child surrounded corpses hands said vengeance high later years gave mistress vast sums money investing large sums trustees benefit arranged sons provided death belgian law remaining legitimate children entitled considerable portion estate regardless contents applied belgium abroad consequently wealth distributed foreign investments shape paintings art treasures easily converted cash transferred caroline fortune added vast sum million previously presented princess soon went help men loyal king caroline able safely spirit away majority wealth paris estates brussels france boarded entering exact degree caroline wealth problematic trace king placed different sources difficult locate measure lifetime death source instance reported king estimated estate caroline received stressed higher numbers majority came shares legal suits old king daughters marriage spurred wealth away possible order girls austrian newspaper claimed right died personally gave caroline large collection personal letters documents detailing information european royal figures greatly worried eldest daughter death sued estate million small portion compared fortune accumulated fortune large attempting recover caroline wealth years father death claiming caroline properties paris seized important financial documents belgian envoy france appeared trust king placed caroline sons names target belgian government argued trust formed private estate girls government right share funds derived free state belgian government lawsuit succeeded allowing collect entire trust diminished share received collected comparatively belgian statesman later charged open letter given caroline worth bonds found previously missing belgium annexed colony second marriage divorce death extremely rich widow gifts left caroline continued appear newspapers long death married love longtime friend seven months king death non commissioned officer french army served chief agent time death helping collect necessary papers secure inherited fortune earlier role caroline money adam speculates shared arrangement surely successful feats time recognized sons offspring giving surname disliked caroline insisted acknowledge noble ranks presence caroline second husband divorced soon able bulk wealth intact settled sum million dollars order retain custody sons entourage count reported engaged interested particularly divorce remarried caroline younger son died elder lived long quiet life inherited wealth dying caroline published memoirs married king told paul stated loved faithful king loved sons caroline died february france


york died practice southern area york death earl senior nobleman governed province group behalf king powerful wealthy family came territory kingdom incorporating central england achieved position despite outsider appears charters subsequent historical appearances record witness charters notable exception brother spot according 12th century tradition murdered sons blinded king daughter married great king england result grandfather future english king origins son rich founded burton abbey father unknown thought lower rank spot brother called son suggesting status derived mainly mother spot founded burton abbey little known sister founded mary settlement took chief settlement earliest association mentioned hostage taken mac norse king captured city thought lands spot lands western southern begins witnessing charters thought historian simon anglo saxon england witnesses charters minister charter appearances earlier reign possible impossible definitively earlier future southern positively identifiable title apparent promotion thought historians instance richard scandinavian attack year anglo saxon chronicle relates invaded sacked southern english raised army sacked booty captured army came mouth great damage kingdom large english army collected joined battle leaders started flight speculated predecessor disappeared records time removed office replaced king result failure historian william believed removed scandinavian descent argument based worcester chronicle claim added text borrowed anglo saxon chronicle fled danish father spot brother spot left written old english provides details know instance gives names sons dates survives 12th century manuscript granted lands son condition pay burton abbey season left yorkshire condition gave burton fish received son given hope better friend supporter monastery burton asked protect burton abbey possessions daughter death legacy little recorded career death notice sons comes anglo saxon chronicle related year year archbishop died bishop succeeded year deprived property blinded killed worcester chronicle period consists entries taken anglo saxon chronicle supplemented extra information gives expanded saga like version account death plotting noble prepared great feast came guest greeted intimate friend fourth day feast ambush prepared took wood hunt busy hunt means town dog butcher long great gifts promises crime suddenly ambush short space time sons blinded king command staying material worcester chronicle lost saga extant surviving 12th century sources thought murder conducted king displeasure result suspect loyalty face scandinavian invasions sources appear indicate successor magnate decades govern northern southern text known siege durham relates took power defeating scottish invasion sons left daughter woman named territorial taken evidence territory eastern famous father time married son future king english son king english


prince great_britain prince february 13th child 8th son king george iii queen consort charlotte months death brother prince alfred smallpox virus days later ill subsequent death age devastated parents particular father george death son fond king later bouts madness involve young son life prince born february buckingham house london england thirteenth child eighth son king george iii queen consort charlotte prince derives latin eighth indicating eighth son parents christened march great council chamber james palace frederick archbishop_of_canterbury duke husband cousin twice removed earl lord chamberlain stood duke cousin removed earl groom stole stood wife sixth cousin lady queen charlotte king george extremely devoted young cause kinds trouble elder brothers year birth king young children attend birthday parties events organized occasion friend witnessed happy domestic scene involved george carrying arms turns prince witness wrote george charlotte children playing time evenings children brought parents clock play hour king kept informed children educational progress close nearest sister called son went siblings elizabeth edward sussex coast fresh seaside air summer nineteen months old older brother birth younger brother prince alfred years age alfred died august youngest surviving child wrote sir prince alfred death king george declared sorry alfred died historian edward write prince character prince passed fifth year considered possessed good nature uncommon degree delight biographer john added finest royal death aftermath months alfred death taken palace london smallpox virus recovered incident ill died days later clock palace years old traditional household mourning deaths royal children age fourteen distinction member british royal family suffer smallpox buried alongside brother alfred westminster abbey eldest brother king george ordered remains transferred george chapel windsor castle february clock according queen charlotte death unexpected wrote friend faced similar tragedy twice felt feel time preparation stroke hours son perfect health sick struck death immediately prince death marked effect mentally physically queen charlotte time pregnant youngest child princess death devastated father wrote king lost little child lovely boy fond shortly afterward king george said heaven day son death king passed room artist thomas completing finishing touches portrait family king asked stop found painting allowed painter continue painting exhibited week later sisters upset broke cried months death father dwelling son writing lord day increases feel want beloved object later years king george imagined conversations youngest sons king bouts madness george time dead years portraits portraits survive portraits brother alfred housed royal collection united_kingdom famous painting thomas series paintings younger royal children second portrait dated portrait benjamin west painted shortly death furthermore portraits portrait william bone anonymous master sixth portrait represents alfred painted west portrait time queen charlotte features painted west portrait queen children featured background prince centre group wearing baby clothes riding little pulled prince pushed prince portraits housed national portrait gallery london samuel freeman second entitled princes alfred princess published robert portraits known housed variously overseas west housed pennsylvania academy fine arts painted measures scarce united_states titles styles honours arms titles styles february royal prince ancestry


william carpenter william carpenter french nobleman participated spain crusade notorious army spain crusade known strength battle earned nickname carpenter returned holy land crusade known life death life succession specific origins unclear according seventeenth century son town kilometres outside paris region french later known france believed william succeeded father later succeeded son nineteenth century showed charters known certain william definite record william known adam married daughter previous unnamed william presumably related specific relationship unknown according twelfth century chronicler robert monk william royal stock related hugh count hugh brother king philip france military exploits according twelfth century monk william powerful words action man set things great william member french contingent marched spain assist siege leaders duke nephew wife french army withdrew little success says william retreated like leaving countless men stranded flight william actions spain inspiration character possibly written early twelfth century based similar events occurred reign centuries earlier france says engaged petty warfare nobles criminal looting countryside peace truce god joined crusade took poor neighbors little provide provisions journey participated attacks jews led army later battled hungarians william beheaded chief hungarian army member king counsel distinguished man dazzling snow white hair dispersal army following battle william french leaders joined army relative hugh hugh army marched south italy hugh sent william sea ambassador byzantine governor city william travelled constantinople hugh men came meet arrived city later year mention william siege successfully taken city besieged large muslim army led suffered lack supplies william fled january french monk peter led army constantinople main arrived william probably member taranto army point sent nephew find brought camp robert monk assumes william fled experienced suffering hunger william spent night tent lying ground like piece rubbish disgrace army mentioned french army spain leaders asked spare william suffered punishment william ashamed deserted army albert says william second occurred june william grand relative road away joined stephen leader crusade fled siege travelled constantinople way met emperor advancing relief army convinced siege emperor turned constantinople william apparently returned holy land crusade crusade successfully conquered jerusalem returned home completing journey going crusade second time like stephen killed second journey william survived participate politics newfound kingdom jerusalem men petitioned king baldwin restore latin patriarch jerusalem present baldwin siege william settled north vassal appears witness charter nickname william actions siege known anonymous chronicle written italo norman eyewitness popular europe crusade considered written refined readers later rewritten expanded educated writers including french monks robert eager add information french like william according robert william acquired carpenter wanted battle helmet shield withstand shattering impact lance sword says called carpenter wood prevailed battle like carpenter cutting men ask kind carpenter like construction worker pick axe away swords backs christopher interprets william skills battlefield butcher edward apparently misunderstanding thought nickname came strokes axe


referred turf early norse son norse rise power related apparently draw verses composition inspiration battling control northern isles scotland struggle norwegian founded dynasty retained control islands centuries death portrayed successful warrior characteristics common norse god doubt reasons nickname turf certain family background youngest son earl norway according family conquered islands late ninth century brother earl death campaign succeeded son died shortly afterward sent sons govern islands saga provides brothers including death earlier campaign king resulted gifted family compensation big horse carry walker identified saga writers ancestor normandy addition silent son marriage natural sons grown men brothers born marriage children quotes short section lost saga begins earl turf daughter youth called earl brought gave marriage son went bought ship partnership brothers went iceland goes brief reference young travels lists sons details describe tall ugly blind eye sharp sighted nonetheless rise power brother unable maintain control danish pirates resigned returned norway common thought huge joke failure led flying rage sons asked wanted islands said decision earl predicted path norway destined seek fortune iceland youngest natural sons came forward offered islands said considering kind mother slave born family likely ruler agree sooner leave later return agreed provide ship crew hope sail away return despite father arrival scottish islands fought defeated danish taken residence established earl territory comprised relations norway settled sons english english killed father trapping house setting took possession lands sailed westwards displaced king apparently appalled sons actions restored lands son base scottish mainland resisted occupation islands winning battle sea ruthless campaign land hiding north claim captured sacrificed blood eagle killing recorded independently manner death unspecified blood eagle sacrifice misunderstanding invention feature directly earlier verses instead indicate killed volley spears verses mention eagle bird influenced saga writers introduce blood eagle element relate sought vengeance son death set campaign unable eventually agreed end fight exchange fine gold marks levied owners islands offered pay fine landowners passed lands agreed assumption control islands appears attested considered later commentators moment came entire island group fee king norway interpreted payment gold marks blood money incorrectly claim earl called turf introduced practice burning turf islands wood scarce practice long pre dates norse real reason nickname unknown saga organising cutting far south woodland caused cultural shift burning timber potentially arose common rights forced away cutting legacy remainder long reign apparently died bed sickness leaving sons despite apparent physical shortcomings low born mother established dynasty ruled islands early period dates relating uncertain death stated circa sources suggests lived states allowing ages sons succeed ruled year later verses recorded attributed describe feud families apart verses examples poetry known survive appear larger body work commemorates defeat pirate matching metre similarities attributed verses gave fame poet examination old norse poetry written thirteenth century refer specific type metre interpretations story appears derived verses attributed certain account conquest historically accurate written time different source confirms family conquered islands gives details scene father literary device figures old norse literature failure dialogue father sons interpreted desire cement position earl allusion early history iceland written son happy home portrayed man peace iceland aggressive threat father position spared dangers version equally aggressive present destiny anticipated far away normandy writer saga established status contradictory ways family described pirates saga provides legally established king success largely efforts king offers blind obedience author able emphasise legitimacy independence house provided characteristics associated eye death hands offered god act contains hint sacrifice man action self successful warrior unlike brothers father death leads dramatic life emerges ancient powerful mysterious literary figure real person appearance commencement saga contrasts later marks moral high point story


anne anne march march york albany wife future king james england originally anglican converted catholicism soon marriage james took place pregnant said promised marry year met netherlands anne living household james sister mary james anne children died early childhood survived adulthood lady mary succeeded father deposition glorious revolution lady anne succeeded brother law monarch great_britain born daughter edward later created earl anne best known marriage james caused gossip months marriage anne gave birth couple child obviously conceived near end anne life observers disapproved james decision marry anne king charles_ii james brother wanted marriage place cause disapproval public affection james showed anne kissing leaning considered improper behaviour man wife seventeenth century james known kept anne complaining king sent james countryside remained death nonetheless james fathered illegitimate children years anne converted james catholicism contributing factor glorious revolution anne influence exposed catholicism visits netherlands france strongly attracted suffered advanced breast cancer died shortly giving birth child early years edward married wife anne months marriage anne caught smallpox died years later married anne couple eldest daughter born lodge windsor named edward wife known life family fled netherlands execution deposed king charles settled offered home mary princess royal princess orange english princess appointed anne maid honour apparently wishes mother late father anne general favourite people met princess orange country house attractive stylish attracted men men fall love anne son earl anne quickly fell love henry returned feelings anne dismissed quickly met james duke york son deposed king november years met james promised marry anne charles james brother forced reluctantly saying strong character positive influence weak brother york marriage anne visibly pregnant couple obliged marry held official private marriage ceremony london september following restoration monarchy wedding took place night morning worcester house father house strand joseph james chaplain french ambassador described anne having courage energy worthy king blood couple child charles born october year died seven months later seven children followed mary james anne charles catherine sons daughters died infancy marriage observers disapproved prince decision regardless promised samuel said marriage duke york marriage kingdom making chancellor great reach ordinary man dealt people anne death royal court tried find new wife james new wife circumstances humble birth good father portrayed james strangely stated anne james unaffected death son described anne woman world minds anne future son law william iii orange cousin marriage stigma birth remained domestic life anne experienced problems married life liked court james younger churchill fathered illegitimate children including born anne lifetime called time anne oblivious wrote jealous james wrote anne james notorious showing affections publicly kissing leaning wrote james fell love lady anne complained king charles lady retreat countryside remained died anne drawn catholicism james exposed time abroad converted immediately restoration john states anne greatest single impact thinking james converted catholicism years anne attended anglican services james preferred associate protestant people john churchill wife later close friend anne youngest surviving daughter lady anne king charles time opposed catholicism insisted james children raised anglican faith converted catholicism deathbed james anne surviving daughters raised death legacy anne ill months birth youngest son bore catherine anne recovered catherine birth ill breast cancer died march deathbed brothers henry tried bring anglican priest communion anne refused received catholic_church days death body interred vault mary queen scots westminster abbey henry vii chapel june anne surviving son died natural causes followed catherine december leaving ladies mary anne duke york anne death portrait painted commissioned future mary hang door queen drawing room garden house windsor castle years death wife james married catholic princess mary bore james francis edward james son survive adulthood james king england ireland scotland deposed glorious revolution throne offered parliament anne eldest daughter mary husband william orange mary died william anne youngest daughter anne queen kingdoms sovereign united_kingdom great_britain issue style arms following marriage anne styled royal york ancestry media portrayals mini series charles_ii power passion king anne portrayed


stout circa april popularly known stout old norse earl main sources life norse written centuries death engaging stories treated caution reliable historical documents son according norse direct tenure earl apparently free strife title able pursue military ambitions wide area held lands north mainland scotland instrumental defeat mac king isles annals record death battle earliest known reference saga tales draw attention conversion christianity use raven banner symbol norse god ambiguous theme lack detailed contemporary records life led variety interpretations saga material modern scholars family background saga reports son sons skull said daughter king period earl death strife earl brothers ruled died bed succeeded probably unusual appear connection early roots modern french louis rule fortunate position accession contenders respect rule unlike earlier generation sons earl generation avoided bitter feuding periods great grandfather lost rights farmers deal norwegian crown rights restored silver ring money dated period earl reign mainland scotland domain included formed extensive lands mainland scotland kings scotland norway extent mainland uncertain according dubious source saga included ross time included districts west_coast including notes density scotland west_coast suggested reference likely means tenure approached high point influence exceeded son uncle killed war scots soon faced trouble southern neighbours according saga earl led army outnumbered forces seven saga records mother reply went advice thought live wool basket shaped banner skill belief bring victory man carried death carries raven banner worked mother said victorious standard succession killed battle fought norwegian forces scotland involved led victory went scots clearly spent considerable time came equipped large fleet influence scotland likely temporary occasions uncle scottish forces pushed north stout took control placed called charge saga records expedition took place bodyguard plundered probably occasion sailed order collect tribute base annals record raid christmas night abbot elders monastery slaughtered connected successful conquering isle man saga records victory mac king isles returning contemporary annals record similar event reverse outcome claimed killed plundered years later saga reports second campaign southern wales decisive victory man irish sources report death king event earl forces saga records payment silver tribute man unreliable source event occurring welsh source payment penny local population black host suggested later use assessments date time earl sons western isles independence asserted mac died year possible rules overlapped zone influence north south death asserted control held death decade later islands held religion according saga northern isles king stopped south walls way ireland norway king summoned said order subjects baptised refuse killed spot swear island fire steel agreed islands christian stroke tale repeated saga lands south brief mention son taken hostage norway king held years dying death earl showed obedience king death saga reports years battle earl went ireland support taking raven banner killed battle took place good friday chronology slightly death known taken place years saga provides little detail alleging prompted son getting fight husband brian sent earl help king fared south ireland told mother earl undertaken come 12th century irish source records events battle foreigners led isle man battle lasted day brian killed battle ultimately drove enemies sea killed death annals record dead son son earl earliest known contemporary reference succession relatives left sons bear title earl lands initially divided older brothers years old time mother specifically stated daughter foe saga provides names relatives killed modern referred brother law said given sister called marriage earl interpretations exerted magnetic attraction high born inspired tales military prowess family king supposed grandfather appears identified mac king died clearly chronological problem mother daughter king died years death grandfather earl furthermore red late 9th century great grandfather apparently married granddaughter concludes saga writers confused story close ally drawing adam bremen assertion conquered time ruled norway speculates earl offers hypothesis created danish king circa time years earlier concludes time help explain islands low profile annals record deaths great men absence comment subject irish sources prior death hardly surprising irish sources period informed concerned sympathetic claims argues regarded historical earl conflict probably chance meeting hope known raiding period motives determined pursuit christian obedience likely essentially political religious journey norway order bid securing passive advance greatly advantage marriage unnamed daughter scotland mentioned saga immediately death earl consequent break views arrangement joint attempt scots align common threat slight norway written christian years conversion tale norse arrived northern isles found organised christianity thriving mention furthermore norse dragon motif whale bone plaque found boat burial found conjunction grave elderly woman died latest weight archaeological evidence suggests christian burial widespread time intention influence indigenous elements culture emphasise positive cultural developments came scandinavia whilst time blunt method norwegian interference case inclusion tale raven banner saga material convey idea revival society reaction norwegian attempts control islands saga vivid contrast death raven banner later career son credited achievements bringing mainstream taken intention draw attention transition


2nd earl 2nd earl june franco english nobleman primarily active england strong connections french royal house wealthiest powerful men age central player conflicts edward england nobility particularly thomas 2nd earl lancaster lords appointed restrict power edward favourite piers position changed great insult suffered prisoner custody sworn protect removed beheaded lancaster led close lifelong cooperation king later life political circumstances combined financial difficulties cause problems driving away centre power earlier historians saw head middle party extremes lancaster king modern consensus remained essentially loyal edward career married twice left legitimate issue son today remembered primarily wife marie foundation college cambridge splendid tomb seen westminster abbey important figure wars robert bruce family early years son william son hugh count isabella william henry iii half brother mother prior marriage king john gained central position kingdom england come marriage joan granddaughter william marshal son family little known birth early years believed born time father crusade lord edward january date end period likely death battle wales remaining brother william john elder brother dead found heir william died inherited father french lands wait mother died succeed inheritance marriages lands consisted apart county property spread england primarily strip gloucestershire east south east ireland french lands areas accompanied edward campaign flanders time french connections following years valuable diplomat france english king served military commander scotland won important victory robert bruce battle defeated bruce hill year piers edward died succeeded son edward new king enjoyed good nobility conflict soon ensued connected especially enormous edward favourite piers arrogance peers control edward united opposition king initiative known introduced severely limiting royal powers financial matters appointment officers equally important expelled realm edward radical earlier sympathetic king realised necessity permission returned exile later year council entrusted earl surrey task taking custody long thomas lancaster acting seized executed june criminal act effect garnering support king rebellious far concerned seizing execution prisoner custody breach fundamental codes honour event seen pivotal turning sympathies away rebels king later years following years worked closely king appointed king lieutenant scotland present disastrous english defeat battle helped lead edward away field battle returning papal embassy captured jean held ransom germany ransom cause significant financial difficulties remainder life murder thomas lancaster regained virtual control royal government period proving incapable rule edward soon grew unpopular years tried prevent civil war breaking supporters edward lancaster helped negotiate treaty restoring edward power peace long king taken hugh younger favourite position attempts reconciliation eventually failed civil war broke lancaster defeated battle executed conviction founded hospital found difficult situation opponents hugh father lost faith time found court power grew complete came financial problems june embassy france suddenly collapsed died lodging legacy historians thorough academic study period considered favourable exception age small minded incompetent leaders wrote middle party led representing moderate position extremes edward lancaster middle party supposedly took control royal government treaty authoritative study phillips rejects view spite king favourites consistently loyal edward accomplished takeover middle party simply restoration royal power sister rented old manor houses essex called house married twice marriage daughter lord constable france died married marie daughter count butler france legitimate children illegitimate son henry mother unknown lasting legacy probably second wife founded college cambridge family arms represented college arms buried westminster abbey tomb seen splendid example late gothic architecture design nearby tomb