malaysian pronunciation chinese pinyin colloquially abbreviated administrative capital royal capital district main economic centre malaysia administrative centre eponymous district located kilometres northeast east_coast malaysia city situated estuary river facing south china sea district smallest terms area district form city area largest population population city status awarded title air english coastal heritage city january major political economic centre state city main gateway state tourist destinations attractions city include state museum beach city spared development retains strong influences cultures long history port etymology meanings river mouth estuary confluence roughly translated confluence estuary referring broad river estuary south china sea theories theory attributes origin bright rainbow story considered popular version said originally narrated ninth sultan tells party hunters hunting area southern hunters spotted big animal lying ground fellow party member asked animal belong hunter knowing animal simply answered party later returned rich game fur impressed neighbours asked hunters source replied land later evolved history earliest references chinese historical sources chinese writer note dynasty mentioned state named tan tan sent tributes china state presumably located tan tan sent tributes dynasty dynasty dynasty collapsed ceased send tributes china came dominance 7th century chinese history books written book fan written mentioned respectively vassal state san thought fell 13th century came influence 15th century kingdom nascent control peninsula prevailed came influence fell portuguese newly established exerted influence territories including briefly influence early 17th century managed exert influence late 17th century present established sultan sultan established court near moved court times settled near early 18th century small town described having thousand houses scattered town chinese present time half population chinese engaged agriculture trading death sultan brief civil war erupted throne based based defeated fled sultan sultan son sultan muhammad succeeded sultan death returned entourage reclaim throne defeated sultan muhammad forced sultan muhammad flee fort sultan sultan sultan sultan went vessel british requested sultan withdrawn british accused sultan sultan sultan supporting constantly attacked base british trade disrupted constant attacks agreed british request follow agreement settlements governor sir sent ships hms scout hms steamer command captain accompanied major sent orders sultan sent british sultan cease supporting sultan declined surrender sultan british ships bombarded sultan sultan fled bombardment ships returned singapore ravaged fire fire swept destroyed buildings including green palace sultan palace palace later built replace destroyed palace continued capital vassal state early years british malaya fell administration britain treaty forced accept resident british advisor states grouped term states british maintained rule japanese occupation world war malaya achieved independence subsequently malaya north borneo state singapore merge form malaysia january municipal council established oversee development town municipal council upgraded city_council january governance city administered city_council covers area district district location estuary river divided district parts north known south considered proper capital city vital political economic welfare state centre state federal government agencies administration buildings housing offices departments governmental bodies immigration customs department state economic planning unit malaysia general post office state library administrative capital legislative assembly state building royal capital state site sultan palaces example election commission malaysia divided different parliament state assembly districts parliament designated local government area municipal health enactment time area covered small current city border specifically historic core river mouth area enlarged slowly town town board section local authority election ordinance like town boards time process town planning carried according town board enactment town continued managed town board governed area square miles hectares population people municipal council established development areas outside jurisdiction town board established january enforcement local government act created amalgamation town board local councils north south west central area hectares covering sub districts including parts northern january sub districts removed council placed administration district council changes area council administration reduced hectares december municipal council extended cover entire area district including resort island island number sub districts increased area increased dramatically hectares january declaration state government city east_coast region malaysia achieve city status municipal council changed city_council reflect change status september northern called northern declared state newest district mean creation new local government area jurisdiction local council districts agency state government responsible public health waste removal management town planning environmental protection building control social economic tourism development general maintenance constructions urban infrastructure main headquarters located sultan districts administered district september malaysian prime minister declared northern district eighth newest district state population size hectares comprises substantial larger district significant development areas higher education housing projects occurred contemporary times main population centres include major education institutions located district malaysia sultan institute teacher education campus industrial training institute sultan teaching hospital construction providing district new establishment sultan airport located district sultan stadium districts administration local government makes local governments malaysia manage different districts sub districts geography eastern district faces south china sea characterised sandy coastal beaches cover entire stretch parts small bays coastal plains found district divided major drainage basins river basin river basin river basin small rivers basin certain parts rivers lined swamp forests hills metres dominate western district district metres high geographical proximity coast city high points highest followed centrally located city near river estuary provide district suitable areas plantations palm oil trees rubber trees archipelago group islands main island island inhabited smaller islands island island island island island island island islands located kilometres away south china sea islands contain species thousands fish invertebrates islands designated marine park malaysia marine park established protect manage marine ecosystem people opportunities enjoy underwater heritage islands composed mainly granite rocks main river river climate tropical climate climate classification constant temperature high humidity rainfall varies according monsoon season generally fairly hot humid year round averaging daytime slightly cooler dusk sea breeze south china sea humidity offshore areas altitude lush forest trees plant cooled mountain rural areas main types state southwest monsoon season usually established later half early june ends september prevailing wind flow generally southwesterly light knots northeast monsoon season usually starts early november ends march season steady easterly northeasterly winds knots prevail winds east_coast states malaysia reach knots periods strong cold air north cold annual rainfall area millimetres northeast monsoon season exposed coast receives heavy rainfall advised visit offshore islands participating sea activities sea rough clear sunny days monsoon season surprisingly east_coast presented clear blue sky cooling wind demographics ethnicity religion 19th century thomas john english soldier working east india company estimated population chinese presumably brick buildings town principal brick buildings mosque custom house houses wood chinese settlement old established settlement houses shops stone brick considerable number arabs descendant according malaysian census population city population mainly consists population chinese residents second biggest ethnic residents include non malaysian citizens indians census shows population religion muslim buddhist hindu christian follower religions non religious muslim chinese practised buddhism christianity small number exist languages main city spoken minority spoken especially came chinese use indians speak tamil standard english widely spoken understood economy major fishing port important trading ports malaya chief export coffee gold ivory pepper tin mainly traded rice tobacco cotton goods economic sector small scale manufacturing industries traditional textile making local food industries arts craft factories agriculture centred residential areas villages main industrial estates bigger industries factories produce bricks timber products located away main city areas principal gateway tourists state tourism remains economic source public facilities infrastructure transportation public transport transport facilities available include bus terminal local bus services interstate coaches major cities towns malaysia singapore operate limited service tourist bus forth tourist areas outlet south city ferries island resorts islands special bus service known town bus buses characteristics traditional old house unique roof design reflect state cultural identity buses cover lines city token fare paid ride services service dying fast extensive ones states pedestrian pulled gradually replaced 1970s cities rapid increased demand efficient public transport resulting numbers today operated tourist attraction city taxi rank stands nearby city bus terminal rest serve numerous proposals drafted connect land sultan bridge kilometre bridge river provides road link banks river connecting island city suburbs relatively easy negotiate car connected towns good network roads accessible major towns cities peninsula malaysia east_coast expressway starts time travellers drive west_coast malaysia takes hours drive reach city visitors drive federal route offers scenic view coastline villages north peninsula east west highway second east west highway air airport called sultan airport serving domestic international routes located city centre serving airport malaysia air air december airport served cities operated daily weekly flights international singapore malaysia brings passengers season airport handled passengers aircraft movements terminal designed handle million passengers year water city water transportation river north south parts city water popularly known engined wooden boats carry passengers easiest shortest way city ferry services resort island small islands services mainly carried modern express ferries ferries dock general post office banking services malaysian central bank bank malaysia maintains east_coast branch major malaysian commercial banks branches includes bank public bank bank bank banks main offices near sultan adjacent areas courts law legal enforcement types courts found sultan high_court sessions court magistrate court housed building complex type court court situated far courts complex headquarters royal malaysia police police contingent district police contingent sultan small police stations located districts city prison complex district temporary lock cells found police stations main fire station near biggest fire station fire station located city centre headquarters malaysian civil defence department civil defence services agency malaysia near sports complex 18th battalion royal regiment malaysian army camp northern district near airport beach camp currently undergoing restoration upgrading processes healthcare unlike major cities lot hospitals main hospital hospital known general hospital largest hospital state beds public government hospital began provide services 1920s specialist hospital largest private hospital state operating september types private public health village operating district religious institutions shortages muslim prayer buildings famous religious buildings considered tourist attractions mosque mosque buddhist temples ann temple temple nearby presbyterian churches largest air presbyterian church anglican church known andrew church found city hindu adherents temple known temple located education centre education state public universities sultan campuses city_council area malaysia district campus education include community college institute teacher education guru similar malaysian schools non education city divided levels pre school primary secondary lower upper post secondary primary schools secondary schools examples secondary schools sin sultan sultan libraries state library located near southern end sultan bridge largest library state major public library main information resource centre provides information services users sectors ages libraries private libraries found schools colleges universities state library smaller village libraries available tourism culture attractions recreation spots historical state museum located acclaimed largest museum complexes malaysia south east asia area hectares architecture based traditional house known different galleries open air exhibits gallery maritime gallery islam gallery exhibits traditional houses museum home inscription stone oldest writing country near museum islamic heritage park islam park educational entertainment park showcases famous mosque world mosque crystal mosque located boat cruise services river provided visitors small hill known found nearby hill metres high located near banks river strategic location fortification state old artefacts graveyard monuments found hill islamic holy month century old brass bell known time end day cultural simplified chinese local pronunciation main tourist attractions settlement row era dating houses stories high mainly bricks concrete wooden second storey kept intricate wood carving windows huge heavy wooden doors plaques centuries old buildings consists shops local coffee shops offices shops restaurants services home chinese temples ann built landmark 19th century low water erected years years supplies clean water residents buildings undergone restoration programmes appealing destroying heritage value recent attractions china transformed thematic lanes containing information decorations murals central market commonly known main market city double storey building houses different kinds goods ranging fresh produce sea products traditional home products clothes brass river island located river estuary popularly known traditional boat making activities contains historical monument known old fort traditional house built local european elements leisure places recreation prominent beach located far city centre beach amenities facilities visitors activities beach horse riding horse carriage rides flying visitors recommended swim waters strong waves recreation place located river estuary park close attractions recreational places waterfront located south river offers view sultan bridge park kilometres away city centre mosque located recreational beach public park located near sultan airport sights island major tourism islands malaysia located kilometres city proper island marine park offers visitors activities swimming diving jungle boating mosque old state royal mosque built sultan popularly known white mosque mosque location royal fishing village situated northern bank river estuary easily reached visitors cottage industries producing local fish printing drying fish making shrimp paste food especially local fish traditional dishes found city area chinese cuisine combines chinese cooking styles traditional chinese dishes available media television radio receives malaysian terrestrial television channels terrestrial television stations city receives radio stations malaysia available state radio station feed national private radio station hot private radio station east_coast region operated city newspapers major malaysian newspapers available english star new straits times malaysia metro chinese sin daily tamil tamil malaysia local newspaper companies exist widely circulated provides regional local news based regional editions sports main sultan stadium city centre sultan stadium located sports complex homes state football teams team sports complex purposely built malaysian games malaysia main stadium sports complex contains facilities indoor stadium football fields rugby field lawn field hockey pitch bowling lanes sport school search new generation athletes built use facilities provided venues sports aquatic centre hockey stadium home ground hockey team tennis courts lawn fields golf courses royal golf club golf country resort golf resort hosted sporting events malaysian games annual sultan bridge international run monsoon cup world match racing tour international beach sports carnival finals national circuit competition staged ending starting points tour cycling race international relations set honorary sister cities currently sister city


known major city indian state tamil located banks river surrounded western second largest city state sixteenth largest urban india administered municipal corporation administrative capital district fastest growing tier cities india major hub industries commerce education information technology healthcare manufacturing tamil referred manchester south india cotton production textile industries referred pump city supplies nearly half india requirements motors pumps city largest jewellery wet auto components wet cotton recognised geographical indications government india period 1st 4th centuries ruled served eastern entrance gap principal trade route west_coast tamil located ancient roman trade route extended south india medieval conquered 10th century region ruled empire 15th century followed introduced system region divided later 18th century region came kingdom following defeat sultan anglo wars british east india company annexed madras presidency region played prominent role second war area operations established capital newly formed district accorded municipality status robert chairman city experienced textile boom early 19th century decline cotton industry mumbai post independence seen rapid growth ranked best emerging city india india today annual indian city survey city ranked fourth indian cities investment climate confederation indian industry 17th global cities selected indian cities developed smart city prime minister flagship smart cities mission etymology multiple theories origin according theory literally new town evolved later goddess evolved later theory states derived history region ruled period 1st 4th centuries served eastern entrance gap principal trade route west_coast tamil tribe mentioned second century tamil epic poems literature associated region region located ancient roman trade route extended medieval conquered 10th century highway called ran region tamil came rule empire 15th century military governors empire took control region empire fell 17th century established state independent kingdom introduced system region divided 18th century region came kingdom following series wars dynasty defeat sultan anglo wars british east india company annexed madras presidency region played prominent role second war area operations established capital newly formed district accorded municipality status sir robert chairman city_council region hard hit great famine resulting nearly famine related fatalities decades 20th century saw nearly plague related deaths acute water shortage decline cotton industry mumbai economical boom 1920s 1930s region played significant role indian independence movement visiting city base operations political figures freedom movement post independence seen rapid growth constituted municipal corporation february radical group bombed places city killing people injuring geography lies south india metres sea level banks river southwestern tamil covers area km2 surrounded western mountain range west north reserve forests reserve northern river forms southern boundary city extensive tank system fed river major tanks wetland areas multiple streams drain waste water city city divided distinctive geographic regions dry eastern includes majority urban area city western region borders ranges gap mountain pass connects neighbouring state tamil lies west city location biodiversity western rich fauna flora urban wetlands species birds resident migratory local migrants spot billed painted spot billed duck black winged visit wetlands migration apart species common plains threatened endangered species indian elephants wild tigers bear black headed found region northern city rich tropical forest commercially significant trees teak bamboo soil predominantly black suitable cotton cultivation red soil found according bureau indian standards falls class iii seismic zone having experienced earthquake magnitude scale february climate pleasant climate presence forests north cool winds blowing gap western climate classification city tropical wet dry climate wet season lasting october december northeast monsoon mean maximum temperature ranges mean minimum temperature ranges highest temperature recorded lowest january south west monsoon winds passing gap elevated regions city receive rainfall months june august warm humid september north east monsoon starts october lasting till early november average annual rainfall northeast southwest contributing respectively total rainfall periodic rainfall satisfy water requirements city year water supply schemes like help sustain needs city non monsoon months demographics population census based pre expansion city limits population sex ratio females males national average second largest city state capital sixteenth largest urban india total age comprising males females average literacy city compared national average total workers comprising main agricultural labourers house hold industries workers marginal workers marginal marginal agricultural labourers marginal workers household industries marginal workers census population municipal corporation limits population urban census males population females average literacy rate higher national average male literacy female literacy population years age sex ratio females males crime rate city people accounting crimes reported major cities india ranked 21st major cities india crimes population density city km2 city population lives administration politics municipal corporation administered municipal corporation administrative headquarters district established capital district accorded municipality status elevated municipal corporation city divided administrative zones east west north south central subdivided ward represented councillor elected direct election mayor elected executive wing corporation headed corporation commissioner maintains basic services like water supply sewage roads district administered district collector district court highest court appeal district city police headed commissioner police stations city large urban falls outside municipal corporation limits suburbs governed local bodies called village town municipal corporation comprises town census towns municipalities local bodies turn split councillor direct election head local body known president elected number members tamil legislative assembly member indian parliament legislative assembly city north south form parliamentary constituency urban comes indian general election held candidate defeated constituency legislative assembly election held led won assembly economy fastest growing tier cities india major hub industries commerce education information technology healthcare manufacturing tamil houses small medium large industries city primary industries engineering called manchester south india extensive textile industry fed surrounding cotton fields park special economic zone set ranked 15th list competitive business environment indian cities square feet trade fair ground built owned country largest pillar free hall according book records region experienced textile boom 1920s 1930s robert established textile mills early late 19th century period emerged prominent industrial centre home textile mills india trade associations representing industries city houses number textile mills base textile research like international school management central institute cotton research south india textile research institute cotton recognised geographical indication second largest producer software state capital park information technology parks city aided growth business process industries city ranked 17th global cities second largest hub india technology solutions employing people software exports stood billion million financial year previous year large manufacturing sector facilitated presence research like tamil agricultural university large number engineering colleges producing engineers annually major centre manufacture automotive components india car manufacturers motors automotive components city developed india indigenous motor india developed diesel engine cars manufactured city city major centre small auto component makers catering automobile industry personal commercial farm vehicles city contributes total monthly output wet india industry employs people yearly turnover million term wet given geographical indication referred pump city supplies nearly india requirements motors pumps city largest jewellery renowned diamond cutting cast machine jewellery jewellery manufacturers employing large number farms major producer chicken eggs city contributes nearly processed chicken meat exports country oldest flour mills mills cater southern states combined grinding capacity month industry seen growth 21st century new hotels set largest non metro city commerce south india culture people reputation generally considered traditional city diverse cosmopolitan world classical tamil conference held heavy city resulted growth trade unions language tamil official language tamil called dialect predominantly spoken significant number north indians mainly census number speakers native language follows tamil followed telugu 1970s city witnessed population explosion result migration increased economic growth job opportunities religion city population predominantly hindu minor muslim christian population present small numbers according religious census muslims christians respondents state religion festivals city numerous temples major events summer major hindu temples city include temple temple temple temple temple temple temple temple temple street big street date 18th century christian missions date 17th century permission granted rulers set churches region temples present cuisine cuisine predominantly south indian rice base local restaurants retain rural flavor restaurants serving food banana leaf eating banana leaf old custom unique flavor food considered healthy north indian chinese continental available popular dishes active street food culture cuisine options dining mixture rice recipe existed fourth century unique area popular dish prepared deep fried mushrooms usually mushroom reaches like consistency served leaves arts vincent built cinema south india introduced concept tent cinema tent erected open land screen films central studios set established studios city conducts music festival year art dance music concerts held annually months september december tamil calendar month houses number museums art galleries like museum industrial exhibition forest museum government museum gallery art gallery textile museum transport air city served international airport city centre airport commenced operations civil indian operating douglas later aircraft prime minister india declared government intention upgrade airport international status meeting senior ministers june granted status international airport union cabinet october airport operated airports authority india domestic flights major indian cities international flights singapore airport 15th largest airport india terms total aircraft movement 18th largest terms passengers handled 13th largest terms cargo handled single runway feet length capable handling large aircraft air carnival proposed airline expected commence operations airport hub air_force station located air base operated indian air_force heavy air aircraft transport helicopters helicopters helicopter display team squadron built inducted aircraft stationed base rail train service started construction madras line connecting west_coast rest india lies broad gauge railway line city falls salem division southern railway zone indian railways major railway station junction second largest income generating station southern railway zone central booking stations indian railways major railway stations catering city include north junction junction minor stations junction municipal corporation proposed routes circular route connect colony colony city railway station second circular route connect road race course city railway station linear line proposed airport tech mills north junction brown road included linear line phase extension road major arterial roads city road road road road road road bypass series bypasses connecting national highways state highways passing originating section bypass kilometre stretch national highway opened traffic road project implemented build operate transfer model south india state highways department came proposal create ring road help main arterial roads road extend road chief minister tamil announced construction new help road government tamil decided favour eastern road connected road road existing bypass city municipal corporation undertaking construction rail bridges city national highways passing city apart state national highways city corporation maintains kilometres miles long road network town buses started operating serve parts city towns villages district number inter city routes operated division fleet buses operates town buses city routes city buses operate major bus stations parts city inter city city buses connect operate different bus stands proposed bus rapid transit project scheme government india planned kilometres stretch connecting road road city served auto radio taxi services regional transport offices south north central west education major educational hub college government arts college opened engineering college city arthur hope college technology known government college technology started followed later private engineering colleges college technology institute technology 1950s air_force administrative college established oldest training institute indian air_force medical college opened government law college started functioning agricultural school established converted fledged agricultural university tamil agricultural university ali centre natural history opened district home universities engineering colleges medical colleges dental colleges arts science colleges city houses government run universities tamil agricultural university university anna university private universities city houses government research including central institute cotton research breeding research institute institute forest tree breeding indian council forestry research education tamil institute urban studies government india announced plan establish world class university region types schools operate government run schools schools funded government run private aided schools schools funded completely private schools follow tamil anglo indian school board tamil state board city falls education district students appeared examinations pass percentage utility services media major english newspapers hindu times_of_india chronicle new indian express bring editions city business line business newspaper brings edition tamil newspapers editions include tamil evening newspapers newspapers considerable circulation city lotus news headquartered medium wave radio station operated india radio programs tamil english hindi radio stations operate rainbow radio radio city hello private radio stations air exclusively tamil based programs including film music television relay started delhi inception tower telecast madras commenced opened studio television services accessible digital cable connected communications infrastructure till 1990s state owned limited service provider city 1990s private companies started offering services reliance communications offer service fixed line services offers mobile services cellular introduced mobile telephone services available headquarters tamil circle cellular service providers healthcare size health care industry estimated million hospitals city patient capacity beds health care centre city started upgraded medical college hospital government run care hospital beds provides free health care city corporation maintains homes people nearby districts state visit medical tourism availability hospitals healthcare facilities sports recreation referred india hub backyard indian designed built entry level race cars motor formula category circuit named tyre manufacturer formula ford cars association champion racing company super speeds designs formula cars rallying major event rallies conducted closed roads india formula driver city drivers include stadium built originally football hosts athletic meets stadium renovated korean grass field synthetic track athletics apart stadium sporting venues include golf course hole golf course cosmopolitan club years old flying club located airport premises city hosts annual marathon called marathon event raise cancer awareness retired tennis player indian woman modern era feature win round main draw grand slam australian open district chess association established oldest chess association country recreation amusement parks city black thunder water theme park near amusement park theme park 1980s city small shopping complexes major shopping include mall fun republic mall city number parks including park tamil agricultural university park race course children park park colony zoo houses number animals birds located near park grounds conducting events including annual independence day republic day celebrations lake popular tourist place bird destination popular cinemas include cinemas cinema environmental issues air pollution lack proper waste management infrastructure degradation water bodies major environmental issues sewage treatment plant capacity process million litres sewage water day garbage collected corporation sewage pumped water tanks river streams garbage dumping led degradation water bodies table tanks renovated city environmental groups fund raising corporation corporation responsible involved clearing tanks environmental organisation founded city industrial houses tanks cleaning river environment conservation group based city involved conservation trees wetlands monitoring wildlife crime conducting awareness sessions students international relations sister city relationship ohio relation enabled exchange fields arts education cities twin city pact german city signed july relation enabling cities collaborate areas mutual interest health education culture social development alliance madras franco indian non profit association promoting growth french india centre institute management


rom province philippines located region main islands include largest covers municipalities towns smaller island municipalities san provincial capital province lies south east oriental north west according census total population inhabited prior arrival spanish archaeological artifacts recovered national museum indicate rich advanced culture spanish colonial rule initially administered newly established province transferred jurisdiction newly created province arrival americans declared province placed civilian rule lost provincial status short regained world war inhabitants divided groups groups occupy specific islands province language customs mainly spoken town towns island towns san san island mainly spoken municipalities southern island santa santa maria island municipality san northwestern island islands municipalities speak language currently province relies agriculture particularly rice farming fishing lucrative marble industry abundance italian quality marble moniker marble capital philippines recent years province destination white sand beaches diving spots mountains tourists visit annually etymology according legend derived word chicken act sitting eggs nest eventually evolved later reported spanish chronicler book las finally evolving local historians reyes relate origin shape island claims derived spanish word term meaning screw according spanish claimed observed screw like shape island reyes claims originated refers spanish coin pirates paying spanish named island shape coin history early history inhabitants settled islands period ancient wooden discovered cave system island rich ancient civilization culture province arrival artifacts currently display national museum manila remnants live mountains displaced influx migrants early spanish period according historians emma helen blair james alexander spanish arrived led martin dispatched explore western northern portion region including islands later organized administered visited conducted census islands missionaries arrived establish catholic missions settlements helped spanish authorities establish peace order islands established seven missionary centers san built massive forts churches province fort san fort san following dutch attack destroyed capital town recurring raids separated jurisdiction annexed province created century later inhabitants province began spanish family names governor general decreed november use speaking natives assigned letter speakers assigned letter speakers style assigned letter speaking natives assigned letter islands organized military sub province english administered continued end spanish rule sub province army officer rank captain town capital municipalities san san santa revolutionary period amid philippine revolution leader sent generals provinces expand recognition revolutionary government central southern philippines general forces liberated generals proceeded july year took capital captured spanish officials days later spanish military governor don formally signed surrender district government ending years spanish rule province later don local town appointed governor responsible collection total share war expenditures revolutionary government february local election held town ministers justice officials term brief transition era americans arrived province months later american period restoration peace order province following philippine american war americans established civilian government islands march created regular province year insufficient income sub province december act province commonwealth act enacted executive approval june province reorganized towns municipalities embracing seat center special municipality municipalities san santa san santa maria comprising involving known towns san japanese period world war japanese imperial forces established garrison march maintained end war islands centers resistance movement japanese movement led free forces composed members 6th military district direction col major naval engagements battle gulf battle sea happened waters october japanese admiral fleet singapore admiral carrier planes fleet stationed east philippines units company 19th infantry regiment 24th infantry division landed night march march province liberated japanese forces modern period october regained provincial status passage republic act sponsored decades followed province saw creation new municipalities san santa maria san geography strategically situated center philippine archipelago composed major islands smaller islands surrounded deep waters bounded east west north south approximately nautical miles miles south manila islands dispersed accessible sea transportation island domestic airport located municipality topography province total land area approximately square kilometres representing percent total land area region generally mountainous percent land area having percent percent total area percent sparse percent zero percent narrow strips coastal low hills plains topography islands island hilly maximum elevation metres sea level island shows varied relief characteristics western coastal areas level eastern coastal areas rough rugged southern section covering santa mid western portion maybe described having rolling rough terrain extremely rugged areas found central section island highest elevation metres sea level island forested mountain mass western portion island maybe characterized extensively rugged having percent eastern section relatively rolling highest elevation peak reaches meters feet sea level major areas highly productive basically include san santa island municipalities island hand substantial level gently sloping lands overall good lands represent percent province total area flora fauna particularly island places philippines preserved natural environment covers percent island home country inland body water river commonly known country asia endemic plant animal species discovered recently endemic species mammals seven amphibians birds plants striped rat philippine tube fruit bat banded hawk owl island endemic bird species found administrative divisions comprises municipalities located island san san santa santa maria island san san island municipalities provincial capital climate falls type iii climatic classification system devised characterized pronounced wet dry seasons generally wet season june november extends december southwest monsoon predominant dry season january interrupted erratic rainfall annual mean temperature february month temperatures dropping month temperatures reaching monsoon winds pass province june october northeasterly winds blows islands december february demographics population census people density inhabitants square kilometre inhabitants square mile ranks fourth provinces region terms population represents percent region population san densely populated municipalities province km2 km2 respectively densely populated municipality km2 males females province sex ratio according census province household population males accounted percent females comprised percent voting age population years old accounted percent household population province percent females percent males percent voting age population language languages languages native philippines belong language family second largest language family world known languages second family languages languages philippines classified philippine languages western branch philippine language group main branches northern southern central composed languages unlike islands provinces philippines local languages languages languages actually belongs different language group belongs central spans far west spoken islands san town island hand belongs western includes minor languages spoken small islands speakers mainly southern portion island municipalities san santa maria santa municipality san island finally classified specific instead makes immediate branch david paul australian national university expertise philippine languages notes speakers speakers region suggests words influenced later influx languages spoken island municipalities religion people province predominantly roman catholic school economics reported recent years percent catholics percent muslims percent belonged economy agriculture agriculture main industry cultivated crop total planted area hectares san extensive area plants followed rice crop cultivated particularly santa crops grown include root crops vegetables fruits greatest areas planted root crops highest volume production vegetable production home consumption grown small scale livestock development production viable small scale enterprise farmers province provincial government maintains breeding facilities strategic locations province wide encourage farmers engage livestock production augment income livestock management training provided interested clients geographical condition province crops livestock production generally compared food requirements population meet rice requirements relies imports neighboring provinces vegetables meat vegetables fruits supplied marine resources fishing industry major enterprise surrounded water sides fishing grounds migratory path fish seas passing sea pass waters fish coral reefs surrounding islands province great potential marine development province implemented coastal resource management program municipality established fish sanctuary passed laws fishery use air municipal waters regulated banned altogether municipalities mineral resources marble significant mineral deposit renowned product province based statistics second biggest provincial marble producer country marble high quality comes shades white green pink red black mines bureau estimated endowed million metric tons marble current rates extraction supply centuries island believed vast reserves marble marble processing major activities common marble products categorized following novelty items gifts table bars furniture dining tables construction materials tiles marble chips mineral resources considerable quantity include ore gold found island gold small scale mining lucrative undertaking tourism natural attractions archipelago beaches dive sites best white sand beaches beach beach beach san del san sea surrounding del famous diving site marine life home known blue hole philippines town san entrance blue hole metre wide volcanic chimney drops metres opening massive chamber total depth metres mount province tallest mountain considered difficult climbs philippines major destination local mountain steep summit suitable place hiking mount cave system important cultural treasure cloth earliest known warp textile southeast_asia found heritage sites aside cave system province heritage sites built spanish colonial period town forts san served fortifications muslim pirates 17th century joseph cathedral houses centuries old image santo holy child heritage sites declared national cultural treasures national museum town spanish era bridges declared important cultural treasures similar fort centuries old fort san church built defenses muslim pirates festivals second week january town celebrates feast santo known festival week parade featuring image santo goes bay order bring good luck villages held town street dancing food drinks music similar festival occurs september commemoration island patron san festivals include festival festival festival government executive like province philippines chief executive head provincial governor elected term years limited consecutive terms directors provincial department include office administration engineering office information office legal office treasury office april incumbent governor liberal party assumed office june following victory gubernatorial elections reelected second term provincial vice governor performs duties acting governor absence provincial governor automatically succeeds governor death provincial governor provincial vice governor provincial board provincial legislative body incumbent provincial vice governor liberal party assumed office june defeating vice governor madrid legislative province lone congressional district represented philippine house_of_representatives longtime congressman jesus party assumed office serving terms following terms respectively represented district congress ran won term province provincial board crafts provincial performs appropriation provincial funds issues franchises permits impose fees provincial services exercise duties powers stipulated local government code class province terms income entitled provincial board composed members province board districts incumbent board members province districts district samuel anthony nelson second district juliet infrastructure transportation province connected network national provincial roads national roads form network total length kilometres provincial roads total kilometres length municipal roads far villages island municipalities figures primary modes land transportation province passenger serve inter municipal movements sea transportation primary mode transportation linking islands inter island ferries cargo ships manila southern ports city city province oriental city province primary modes transportation linking province rest country montenegro lines shipping lines ferry service manila main ports entry capital town vice versa montenegro serves shipping lines serves pump boats wooden launches link province towns oriental pump boats going existing road networks municipalities province existing ferry service airport airport province hour away metro manila flights week sunday wednesday friday december pal express small san island tourism general aviation electricity power supply generated national power corporation serviced electric island electric serves power needs island including san operates diesel power plant power barge san electric cooperative serves total house connections electric cooperative supplies capital town diesel power plant power barge serves island diesel power plant san house connections house connections municipalities located island total house connections franchise area additionally installed mini power plant san producing power attended national power corporation municipal governments water supply municipalities level iii water supply systems serving households percent total provincial households level iii reservoir house house connections households serviced level water systems households level water system level category common facility community members water supply deep wells shallow wells level reservoir communal based report provincial health office total households percent access safe drinking water telecommunications province operating exchanges telephone corporation office telegram system liberty public calling stations provincial communication system radio receivers smart communications sun cellular globe relay stations enabling areas province wide connected area signal weak non existent mountains block signal triple peak santa maria relay station liberty media radio stations province operated network charm foundation asia network operates sign radio sign radio print media text sun major newspapers circulating province aside tabloid newspapers manila news provides provincial national news information web social media relay station network santa maria allows province access television shows broadcast network manila existing cable providers local cable stations operating municipalities province cable corporation system inc san cable antenna san countryside satellite television system inc gateway cable network san service san services cable television cable san aside cable stations distributors direct home satellite digital dream satellite sat provide television services subscribers education division department education oversees delivery education operations public schools province composed districts elementary schools public private public elementary schools offer education private schools offering private offering pre elementary secondary level total schools offer secondary education public schools seven private institutions schools province education offered privately owned college state university oldest state universities philippines founded oldest agricultural university philippines campuses san san san santa santa maria notable people filipino professional boxer world champion writer poet playwright screenwriter won awards founder president philippine historical association father june independence day sole representative national assembly current supreme bishop philippine independent church current department labor employment student leader political prisoner 70s regime journalist philippine daily globe manila chronicle philippine post people journal manila times member philippine house_of_representatives representing second district city writer award winner national artist literature track field athlete specialized long jump won total gold medals southeast asian games recipient national individual award called given center environmental concerns department environment natural resources currently philippine country manager climate reality project grand winner big brother season


small city municipality district state northwestern india located western shore peninsula right bank river population foremost sacred hindu pilgrimage sites seven ancient religious cities country identified kingdom ancient kingdom krishna believed capital city temple dedicated krishna originally built years ago destroyed rulers subsequently rebuilt 16th century temple location called western sanskrit religious center established important pilgrimage center notable temples including temple bet lighthouse land end point economy relies heavily pilgrims tourism supplemented production clarified butter salt transported port long term development plan proposed government investment million city build bridge connecting city bet main festival celebrated august september educational society sponsored runs arts college selected heritage city indian government heritage city development initiative history traditions believed capital city literally means gateway heaven sanskrit means gate references referred history mentioned ancient prehistoric epic period according legend krishna settled defeated killed uncle mythological account krishna migration closely associated culture krishna said reclaimed square kilometres land sea create argued established capital migrated established kingdom city known period city underwent rebuilding named friendly population prompted krishna settle decided fighting king retreat kingdom known empire established krishna flourished extended domain said krishna conducted administration kingdom residing family bet archaeological evidence archaeological investigations shore offshore arabian sea performed archaeological survey india investigations carried land revealed artifacts excavations sites brought light submerged settlements large stone built triangular stone anchors holes settlements form exterior interior walls fort classification anchors flourished port period middle kingdoms india coastal erosion probably cause destruction ancient port mentioned copper inscription dated dynasty minister son king nearby bet island religious pilgrimage site important archaeological site late period date early history king defeated death wife queen invited brother seeking guidance rule embraced religion krishna successor built umbrella type monument idol krishna reference ascribed son king inscribed copper plate dated found greek writer sea referred place called interpreted present day reference geography identified island gulf mean religious seats founded corners country established monastic center time mainstream accepted forms temple complex temple renovated head middle ages present invaded damaged temple battle fought died honoured shrine built near temple honor known peer muslim origin sultan sacked city destroyed temple temple later rebuilt retrieved idol revered hid known muslim invasion moving village invaded idol shifted island bet region rule state indian rebellion war broke local british won battle ruled september later joint offensive british state troops ousted operations led colonel temples bet suffered damage looted complaint atrocities british local people led restoration temple renovated british refurbished added golden pinnacle refurbishment temple maintained government india heritage cities country selected heritage city development scheme government india develop civic infrastructure bridge river connecting mainland wells sanskrit pilgrimage site scheduled commissioned krishna holiday cable stayed bridge metres length width metres geography climate geography mouth gulf western shore peninsula right bank river rises village place known kilometres east newly formed district western end peninsula facing arabian sea river harbour 19th century connected rest india air rail road transport kilometres state highway domestic airport railway station broad gauge railway line runs distance kilometres kilometres away kilometres climate according classification subtropical desert low latitude arid hot climate life zones system climatic classification identifies near subtropical woodland basis years climatic data average annual rainfall millimetres spread rainy period days rainfall limited months june september average maximum temperature maximum average minimum temperature minimum average annual relative humidity maximum demographics census india population census population reported males constitute population females constitute average literacy rate higher national average male literacy rate female literacy rate population years age economy revenue derived tourism site pilgrims producer agricultural produce clarified butter salt transported port long term development plan proposed investment million city build bridge connecting city bet wind farm power generation operated near ltd run power energy ltd industrial activity mainly centres cement production landmarks temples considered holy city known temples pilgrimage centre temple called located heart temple built called temple facing west elevation metres mean sea level temple location years old krishna built city temple existing temple dated 16th century built pillars sandstone temple pillars mentioned temple rises height metres large flag symbols sun moon hoisted temple layout consists main deity known form depicted arms temple location called western sanskrit religious center established consists steps leading river holy place pilgrims dip river visiting temple number small dedicated god sea notable temples area include temple confluence river sea temple stone imprint manifestation temple idol river goddess said brought earth sage temple dedicated krishna chief queen located kilometres away temple said years old present form estimated belong 12th century richly carved temple decorated sculptures gods exterior housing main image carved human figures carved elephants depicted panels base tower lighthouse lake lighthouse point peninsula provides view city fixed light situated feet sea level light visible distance miles lighthouse tower feet height yards away high water level sea radio beacon provided lighthouse tower powered solar module lake tank called western city similar lake known meaning paste situated bet mud found bed lake mud applied symbol devout forehead bet bet island arabian sea coast considered original residence krishna bet old port ancient times krishna port developed temple built credited religious guru rice traditional offering deity believed offered rice childhood friend krishna smaller bet dedicated according legend killed demon island temples incarnation fish gods temple notable temple located bet kilometres away temple bet temple images son legend associated birth son considered sweat consumed fish gave birth son named clan claim descent temple dedicated meaning sign subterranean cell culture sports culture main festival celebrated august september great prehistoric times krishna festival marked night long celebrations mark birth krishna festivities midnight krishna childhood form dances occasion local boys create pyramid young boy costume krishna climbs pyramid strike pot holding butter act krishna performed educational society sponsored runs arts college city home high school girls high school sports underwater ancient city coast bet proposed developed diving site project joint initiative adventure sports ltd government investment believed effort world exploit submerged city tourism water beach sports promoted state government proposals promote submarine sports


simplified chinese traditional chinese pinyin inland town central region capital district division malaysia town located island borneo town covers area square kilometres located confluence rivers kilometres south china sea approximately kilometres north east state capital population mainly dominated chinese especially people ethnic groups indigenous present region town population year settled james built fort town fend attacks indigenous people following small group chinese people settled fort carry business activities safely town led large scale migration numbering chinese province china referred popularly new hospital built government king howe hospital number methodist schools churches built 1930s town burnt ground twice rebuilt fierce fighting japanese occupation japanese installed new resident june renamed august japanese surrender ceded british crown colony caused dissatisfaction group young people pro independence result second british governor sir duncan george stewart assassinated visited december later hanged death central prison basin centre communist activities continued independence security command established curb communist activities area communist significantly impaired later ended upgraded municipality status town received royal visit september town gateway corridor energy score anniversary settlement celebrated main tourist gateway upper river small towns notable landmarks tallest building bridge longest river bridge biggest town square malaysia near king howe memorial museum medical museum malaysia central market biggest indoor market tourists attractions heritage centre temple old mosque jade dragon temple jubilee park forest park night market borneo cultural festival international dance festival timber industries major economic activities etymology called named bend river called opposite present day town near confluence rivers june division present day division created administration division later named native fruit found region known language history empire 15th century living southern displaced immigrant people present day region 17th 18th century basin tribal wars indigenous people basin form loose alliance attack tribes perform raids chinese indonesian ships passing region dynasty james started rule present day obtained territory empire expanded territory include region small village shop houses built roofs wooden walls floors earliest inhabitants people followed people 1850s fort fort built fort located present day channel road served administrative centre demolished common white build forts stake territorial claim means protection existence fort proven historical writings fort river places fort close resident house attacked years ago johnson assistants showed long canoe capable seating men river great width mile fact close bank village thriving trade wild produce country makes huge profits natives river fort attacked leadership chief named tried cut door fort axes later defeated wooden shops according gazette published january division created town included division chinese arrival 1860s group people built rows fort fort chinese minority time consisting min people business small number people later arrived commercial interests followers arrived built island bend river opposite near confluence rivers loyal war leader helped rebellions upper rivers 1860s 1880s operate rubber plantation later invested profits rubber plantation shop houses lands february town burnt ground caused developmental delay hospital built government wooden single storey building measuring feet long department male female march consumed great fire temple remained intact locals considered miracle chinese settlement christian scholar county province china learnt white son law disillusioned dynasty heavy handed approach boxer rebellion chinese christians specially targeted murder decided search new settlement overseas focusing areas south east asia previously september searched malaya indonesia got approval charles look new settlement basin april travelled days river decided choose new settlement area near delta suitable growing crops agreement signed july government allow chinese settlers area january batch settlers arrived settled area town time march second batch settlers arrived day called new day june final batch settlers arrived commonly referred new brought total number settlers appointed meaning port master settlement settlers planted sweet potatoes fruits sugar cane vegetables coarse grains high grounds rice wetlands following work settlers choose stay called place new home american pastor reverend james matthew involved building schools churches methodist church methodist school james helped build churches schools people arrived opposed sale building casino area proposed government later expelled government failure repay debt family left july james took role manage settlement introduced rubber build methodist church church later renamed methodist church stayed basin years death malaria general hospital construction king howe hospital completed accommodate growing population hospital served people years new hospital constructed influence chinese civil war spread set branches charles opposed political activity local chinese expelled local leaders charles receptive activities local chinese local chinese participated donation drive aid fight japanese invasion china mainland world war ended local leaders supported cessation british crown colony local communist leaders clashes communist supporters common branches finally dissolved party lost war china mainland communist_party retreated taiwan clashes sides continued newspaper banned colonial british government communist ceased exist financial difficulties japanese occupation japanese forces landed december conquered december december bombed japanese flown resident division andrew believed japanese start invade following air attack officer later fled upstream river planned pass trek forests reach dutch borneo caught killed japanese evening december people started government rice villagers staying river came steal daily situation soon got control british company borneo company limited chinese businessmen victims riots chinese businessman decided form security alliance calm chaos january japanese advance team invited restore order advance team later fled power vacuum continued exist division june japanese sent new resident division took office immediately declared imperial japanese army total control people lives property august renamed japanese started impose expensive taxes chinese people japanese started operation suspected anti japanese individuals extreme torture chinese individuals gave false list anti japanese groups lists names later led death innocent individuals execution ground individuals sent prison british crown colony japanese occupation ended charles decided state british crown colony proposal met fierce opposition later developed anti movement nationalist member youth movement main objective movement achieve independence british rule age assassinated sir duncan george stewart second governor colonial december friends sentenced death hanging buried central prison march years remains moved central prison buried heroes near town mosque march honour involvement anti colonial movement british associates involved assassination later given state funeral state government communist defeat mainland china communist members started establish early 1950s president borneo communist_party activities concentrated brother communist played important role formation political party united peoples party party executive secretary liberation league formed following consolidation communist organisations expansion communism relied heavily student movements schools secondary school catholic high school high school communist strong points road movement supported workers example soon supported movement supplying free medication villagers harassed providing food medical supplies communists march communists launched anti porn movement early launched campaign opposed tax increase inflation prices endorsing increase workers wages communist volunteers start distribute pamphlets schools wharf terminal group started military operation police stations naval bases communist suspected government informant town hour months march government led chief minister started clamp communist activities basin setting special security area day later security command formed result operation civil military police command headquarters august communist members captured government captured members provided crucial details government communist movement september started operation total people town captured captured doctors lawyers businessmen teachers member parliament following surrender communist movement october communist activities basin began able recover previous strength communist movement finally ended recent developments november local council administered town urban district council upgraded municipal council area administration expanded km2 km2 airport hospital constructed construction completed yang malaysia sultan visited september close month long malaysian independence day celebration town square municipal council decided adopt swan symbol inspire people work goal city future swan statue erected near wharf terminal statue located town centre nicknamed swan city came legend famine ended flock flew skies story chinese immigrants regarded people people staple food staple food coincidentally pronunciation similar pronunciation swan reminded chinese immigrants swan river china decided river swan river bridge connecting opened functions gateway corridor energy score town surrounding areas subject developmental projects anniversary settlement celebrated population growth economic development relatively slow compared government members parliament representing parliamentary town constituency constituency town representatives state assembly local authorities local council set january era administration later upgraded urban district council years administration upgraded municipal council november town jurisdiction area km2 banks river road headquarters housed inside town hall years headquarters later relocated chairman thai king outskirts district administered rural district council covering total area km2 headquarters located inside tower islamic complex opened september houses resident office district office state treasury office social welfare department state islamic religious department international relations places china geography town located near delta confluence rivers swamp forests plains particularly prevalent division town located deep soil caused problems infrastructure development buildings roads slowly sink ground construction completion location lowland swamps subjected frequent floods times year flood project started relieve area floods highest elevation peak jubilee park measuring sea level climate tropical climate according climate classification town high temperatures low temperatures annual rainfall approximately millimetres relative humidity receives hours sunlight day yearly average daily values global solar radiation cloud cover reduces months june july increases november february demographics change population shown ethnicity according malaysian census town excluding suburban area total population chinese largest ethnic group town followed indigenous people indians non indigenous tribes indigenous tribes majority non indonesian workers employed factories number illegal workers employed tap rubber number foreign chinese nationals working languages majority town population chinese chinese dialect chinese commonly spoken majority chinese able speak english indigenous languages spoken religion majority chinese population christians chinese practice buddhism christians muslims respective religious groups free hold town notable religious buildings town sacred heart cathedral methodist church temple mosque san jade dragon temple located road temple combined buddhism roof claimed largest temple south east asia economy early days chinese settlers tried convert town rice cultivation centre vision soil suitable rice cultivation august charles agreed grant land titles chinese farmers encouraged rubber plantations rise rubber prices encouraged come demand rubber rose korean war benefited rubber plantations local farmers later profits rubber plantations setting shops involve profitable timber industry communist 1970s rural farmers abandon rubber plantations martial law declared state government forbade helping communists operating timber industry flourished 1940s 1950s economic importance surpassed rubber plantations 1960s global timber group ann holdings group company asia company set headquarters timber processing exports main economic driving force development timber industry supported loans given earliest chinese banks bank bank bank following introduction banking financial institutions act malaysian federal government bank acquired bank followed merger bank bank merger bank public bank year started banking operation followed responsible supporting timber ann holdings november decided close commercial banking sectors bank alleged supporting non sustainable logging operations business started 1930s supply wooden boats river coastal navigation flourished 1970s 1980s increase exports tropical timber later shifted focus steel boat building vessels demand boats logs barges carrying logs anchor offshore support vessels ferries express boats carrying passengers boats built small medium size total shipyards majority workers shipyards relocated integrated shipyard industrial zone included chin far_east boats built exported neighbouring state malaysia singapore indonesia united arab year total million earned business ship exports stood million city possess vehicle assembly plant plant operated heavy industries assembling international commercial vehicles industrial areas upper industrial estate mixed light industries ship building industrial zone river ports port port located mouth river respectively port maximum gross register grt tonnes port maximum grt tonnes port mainly handling timber agricultural products port handling fuel oil products port authority located port operation centre earned total revenue million financial year transport land roads jurisdiction municipal council notable roads drive archer street street ann roundabout located near drive town centre roundabout located near king street area connected major towns cities pan borneo highway early highway opened april bridge connecting river opened toll free bridge opened october connecting places bridge located near satellite township public transport town bus stations local bus station located waterfront near wharf terminal long distance bus station located street near region commercial centre hotel located long distance bus station local bus station waterfront serves town area airport bus serves connection local bus station long distance bus station buses serves airport satellite township hand long distance bus station serves pan borneo highway buses serving long distance bus station bus borneo highway express operates hours day found airport big hotels taxi stands wharf terminal street taxi services offered travel nearby regions car rental available airport water wharf terminal located long street near river waterfront provides alternative means transport people living river destinations reached express boats includes song floating market large boats seen wharf terminal boats responsible carry rural communities living river access roads river cruise operated river resort operation terminated logistical operational difficulties air airport built located town satellite township airport handled passengers flights metric tonnes cargo april airport allocated million malaysian federal government upgrade terminal building airport terminal building second largest international airport airport runway serves malaysia air asia direct flights major towns october airline terminated services air terminated services airport june low number passengers utilities courts law legal enforcement crime court complex located street contains high_court sessions court magistrate court town court located street jurisdictions districts district police headquarters street central police station located street police station police station located town area prison king sing voiced concerns especially town result operation started clamp september police chief announced lee long lee gangs ceased exist town free organised gangster groups groups october september royal malaysian police stated local gangster groups active especially pose security threats raised new concerns groups pose security risk town general healthcare hospital second largest hospital secondary hospital central region includes divisions district hospitals divisions referred hospital teaching hospital malaysia private medical centres specialist medical centre medical centre located clinic clinic nationwide offer screening outlets central lot near delta mall education primary schools secondary schools primary secondary schools national education system managed district education office located drive oldest school sacred heart high school formed father followed james formed methodist anglo chinese school school later evolved methodist primary secondary schools primary school built oldest chinese primary schools built mary primary school oldest english stream school division chinese independent schools notable ones catholic high school high school chinese independent schools united association private chinese secondary school division turn headquarters chinese independent schools students sit unified examination certificate woodlands international school opened offering cambridge international examinations course united college established street renamed college offers business accounting civil engineering architecture electrical electronic engineering quantity surveying courses university college technology located opposite commenced maiden intake new undergraduate students september university established provide human capital development corridor energy score memorial secondary school established april school upgraded methodist institute started offer accounting business management computer science courses maritime academy formed yang group companies offers diploma nautical diploma marine engineering courses sacred heart college started offer diploma hotel management courses academy established started offer training automotive oil palm plantations business management nursing college college offers nursing related programmes methodist theological school established affiliated methodist church malaysia association theological education south east asia long distance study centres opened malaysia malaysia malaysia opened centre academic information services integrated learning facilities undergraduate medical students undergoing training hospital open university malaysia opens learning centre libraries public library started methodist missionary library 1950s taken urban district council moved present location road public library library underwent major upgrade public library named cultural centre established local chinese community chinese chamber commerce industry houses chinese books collections library named public library located satellite township town culture leisure attractions recreational spots cultural borneo cultural festival held municipal council july year town square period days celebration traditional music dances contests beauty food stalls fun product exhibitions separate stages chinese performances draws people year stopped briefly resumed hosted national chinese cultural festival twice 18th festival 26th festival lasted days activities organised festival cultural village venue designated showcase cultural ethnicity cultural dances chinese songs dragon dances chinese international dance festival started usually held june september year lasted days attracted international dance performances includes activities workshops conferences outdoor performances dance concert minutes away town dated 18th century traditional present day modern visitors enjoy traditional rice wine showcase lifestyles customs traditional dance music available factories designs mainly depicts traditional culture natives historical heritage trail launched include landmarks heritage centre old mosque built warriors memorial site present burial site near mosque oldest muslim cemetery king howe hospital memorial museum memorial square temple central market landmarks reached kilometres walking distance heritage centre housed town hall displays early beginnings cultures chinese clay dated era imperial china temple buddhist temple established storey goddess mercy built 1980s king howe hospital memorial museum medical museum malaysia displays dental surgical services offered hospital 1950s 1990s red river heritage walk landmark earliest settlement chinese walking trail river leading memorial garden james memorial garden located near heritage walk leisure conservation areas jubilee park opened march located away town total land acres km2 park consecutive winner national landscaping competition award highest peak park sea level originally traditional burial ground warriors burial ground relocated nearby village development park community regarded peak sacred place frequently brought offerings spirit named swamp forest reserve covering hectares km2 protected area october january forest park covering hectares km2 constructed swamp forest opened public separate trails wooden long respectively park storey concrete park managed forestry corporation urban suburban parks memorial garden memorial park lake garden memorial garden located street managed association garden showcase association history events memorial park established community earliest arrival camp resort located away town provides facilities camping retreat sports stadium named stadium old airport road new indoor stadium construction planned replace old stadium base jump annual event held september year lasts days night jumps performed weather fair base jumping usually takes place high tallest building number increased world tandem base jumping building sean world renowned base carrying chief executive tourism board branch health marathon held year park run divided categories including men ladies open men fun run boys junior girls junior ladies fun run sights gateway landmark downtown area includes illuminated fountain garden swan statue surrounded chinese signs community parks donated chinese clan associations walkway wharf terminal hotel association playground way offers scene muddy river timber barges express boats fishing boats river mural paintings depicting historical lifestyles local found locations events bike week event held december year day event aimed bring enthusiasts cars audio systems share experiences attracted world activities held bike week miss bike week tattoo queen king competition borneo talent award held year civic centre showcases performances singing dancing playing musical instruments magic art performances shopping features number shopping mall sing shopping complex store delta mall star mega mall giant night market established situated town centre local traders usually set mobile stalls day stalls offer household goods fashion items varieties food august market relocated butterfly garden cross road near temple ease traffic jams central market biggest indoor market located channel street opposite wharf terminal central market food stalls floor dry wet market ground floor items sale market exotic fruits jungle produce rice stalls market additional stalls weekends indigenous people interior brought jungle produce market cuisine walk project started scheduled completed project set area food hub local locals tourists common dishes include known tossed pork vegetable oil fried spring sauce sauce available coffee shops food stalls available known soup soft rice cake available stalls breakfast late night supper served fish balls squid known meat served dry soup known flour baked oven eaten meat somewhat similar crisp soft version traditional soft pork sauce sought road sunday market road deep fried variations available town known deep fried twin batter soup sauce eaten known soup chinese soup containing ingredients indian style known notable people politics muhammad 3rd 6th governor 5th governor 2nd governor tan soon deputy chief minister president united people party robert member parliament malaysian deputy minister transport thai king member parliament chairman municipal council member parliament state legislative member chairman democratic action party minister public works member parliament ali state legislative member chairman port authority vincent state legislative member chairman port authority assistant minister science research state legislative member business tan sir king chairman group elder brother thai king listed richest receiving british government founder group publishes daily_news borneo post borneo food stall operator known world record holder wedding attended best man attended weddings september february miss malaysia world director education malaysia recipient national education leadership award conjunction national level teachers day


known previously city indian state tamil capital tamil city covers area km2 population administrative headquarters district connected road rail international airport nearest domestic international airport city located district located banks river ruled medieval later later empire kingdom british city historical monuments include temple temple historically centre education known place learning city religious centre advanced education buddhism 1st 5th centuries hindu theology seven pilgrimage sites spiritual release city houses temple temple temple temple major hindu temples state holy temples hindu god located city particularly important holy pilgrimage site city known hand woven silk city workforce involved weaving industry administered special grade municipality constituted headquarters hindu monastic institution believed founded hindu saint commentator capital city kingdom 4th 9th centuries chosen heritage cities heritage city development scheme government india etymology known early tamil literature later according legend derived referring hindu god referring worship hindu god place earliest inscription period bce denote city king defeated bce bce 2nd century bce refers city city referred tamil names like sanskrit names like inscriptions inscriptions dynasty refers city refers area british rule city known later municipal administration renamed district retains history widely accepted served early capital claim contested indian historian wrote tamil culture period spread district cites origins support claim earliest references found books sanskrit lived 3rd 2nd centuries bce city believed mythical kingdom described best cities sanskrit 4th century sanskrit poet city regarded south grew importance southern wary constant invasions north moved capital south city 6th century fortified city wide laid roads artistic temples reign king king invaded kingdom far river successfully defended repeated attempts capture city second invasion ended forced retreat capital besieged killed son battle flourished centre hindu buddhist learning king built city important hindu temples temple temple temple chinese traveller visited recorded city miles people renowned bravery love justice learning medieval king conquered kingdom including defeating ruler city headquarters northern province renamed reign king constructed temple renovated temple son constructed temple according brought band return expedition north india settled king invaded country making deep kingdom saved intervention king fought king iii inscriptions indicate presence powerful garrison remained city conquered telugu took city city remained declared independence taking advantage anarchy caused invasion short spells occupation ruler conquered general defeated empire ruled earliest inscriptions rule found temple temple respectively inscriptions record institution hindu rituals temple abandoned muslim invasions inscriptions kings krishna found city endowed grants favour temple 15th century invaded kingdom inscription mentions vicinity governor region dynasty founded dynasty like predecessors donated temple visited twice king krishna considered greatest rulers inscriptions time found temple inscriptions languages tamil telugu sanskrit record kings contributions nobles shrine successor reportedly weighed distributed poor second half 16th half 17th centuries dynasty tried maintain authority southern parts losing northern territories battle tried revive empire kingdom confusion death rapidly fell apart king iii defeat fall empire endured decades political turmoil gained control city lost years later arrived invitation order drive forces campaign successful held conquest empire led october course southern campaign defeated elder son battle near caused considerable damage city cemented rule soon priests temples reputation transported idols southern tamil restore death early began function independently retaining nominal rule invaded period british east india company wars french east india company anglo wars popular battle second anglo war known use rockets ali fought village near british east india company assumed indirect control district comprising present day districts order expenses wars company brought territory direct control second anglo war created district split capital newly created district geography located south west banks river tributary river city covers area km2 elevation sea level land flat slopes south east soil region clay clay sand suitable use construction district manual describes region soils highly inferior highly mixed lime gravel granite required temple obtained hills located miles east area classified seismic zone region earthquakes magnitude scale expected subdivided divisions big called occupies western portion city larger divisions little called located eastern fringes city temples lie big temples lie little ground water major source water supplies irrigation block canals tanks tube wells ordinary wells area rich medicinal plants historic inscriptions mention medicinal value plants found climate generally experiences hot humid climatic conditions year temperatures average maximum april july average minimum december february daytime heat summer oppressive temperatures reach relative prevail year humidity reaches peak morning lowest evening relative humidity higher november january lowest june city receives average rainfall annually falls northeast monsoon precipitation occurs form cyclonic storms caused depressions bay northeast monsoon prevailing wind direction south westerly morning south easterly evening government politics municipality officially constituted covering km2 affairs administered municipal committee upgraded grade municipality selection grade municipality special grade municipality municipality occupies km2 biggest municipality district functions municipality departments general engineering revenue public health town planning computer wing control municipal commissioner supreme executive head legislative powers body members representing ward legislative body headed elected assisted deputy comes state assembly constituency state seven elections held won anna won seat elections ally won seat elections current member legislative assembly party constituency newly formed constituency parliament india constituency originally existed election formed merging assembly segments defunct constituency south constituency constituency reserved scheduled candidates india anna current member parliament constituency indian writer politician founder born raised member party hold post non congress leader form majority government post colonial india city provided sub division tamil police headed deputy superintendent police force special units include prohibition enforcement district crime social justice human rights district crime records special branch operate district level police division headed superintendent police demographics rule king 7th century city covered square kilometres population population increased subsequent years city developed cross patterned links rectangular streets settlements city based period houses built raised platforms burnt bricks concepts yard garden backyard ventilation facilities drainage introduced time centre city occupied temple houses agricultural labourers situated outside city provisions city outskirts training cavalry infantry era capital kings palace city lot development extended eastwards period population rose notable additions city infrastructure british rule british census recorded population consisting muslims christians according census population sex ratio females males national average total age males females scheduled scheduled tribes accounted population respectively average literacy city compared national average city total households total workers comprising main agricultural labourers house hold industries workers marginal workers marginal marginal agricultural labourers marginal workers household industries marginal workers pilgrims visit city year religious census muslims christians following religions following religion indicate religious preference hectares acres residential properties temples commercial area covers hectares acres city industrial developments occupy hectares acres spinning silk weaving rice production units located hectares acres transport communications infrastructure including bus stands roads streets railways lines economy major silk weaving agriculture estimated families involved production main industries cotton production light machinery electrical goods manufacturing food processing silk cotton industries units rice mills industries important occupation tourism service related segments like hotels restaurants local transportation traditional centre silk weaving industries producing industry worth million weaving community suffers poor marketing techniques duplicate market players silk received geographical indication tag product india carry label silk trade began king invited migrate craft increased mass migration 15th century rule city razed french siege weaving emerged late 18th century major banks bank state bank india indian bank bank national bank bank private banks like bank branches banks automated machines located parts city human rights national average rate child labour labour local administration accused aiding child labour opening night schools estimated child workers compared industry children commonly traded sums cases families held child labour prohibited india children labour act child labour prohibition regulation act laws strictly enforced transport communication utility services easily accessible road national highway passes outskirts city daily bus services provided tamil state transport corporation salem major bus routes connecting local bus services provided division tamil state transport corporation total buses routes operated city city connected railway network railway station railway line passes travellers access services destinations daily trains provided weekly express train weekly express train passenger trains sides pass nearest domestic international airport international airport located distance city telephone internet services provided limited india state owned internet services provider electricity supply regulated distributed tamil electricity board water supply provided municipality supplies drawn subterranean springs river head works located distributed overhead tanks total capacity litres imperial gallons tonnes solid waste collected city daily collection points covering city sewage system city implemented identified hyper endemic cities underground drainage covers roads city divided east west zones internal administration education traditionally centre religious education hindu buddhism buddhist monasteries acted nucleus buddhist educational system gradual resurrection reign hindu educational system gained prominence sanskrit emerging official language registered schools run city municipality district administration opened night schools children employed silk weaving industry december schools people registered students september inaugurated rail construction training centre india train technicians middle level managers engineers year academy research education care deemed universities present home indian institute information technology public private partnered institute offering graduate post graduate programs information technology city medical colleges anna memorial cancer institute hospital established operated department health government tamil privately owned medical college city engineering colleges arts science colleges religion buddhism buddhism believed flourished 1st 5th centuries notable associated 2nd 3rd centuries successor university commentators according popular tradition 5th 6th century buddhist monk founder son king traditions origins places asia institutions instrumental spreading buddhism people thailand return spread religion incoming thai people thought introduced 1st century spread city 3rd century rulers followed gained popularity royal patronage kings followed advent 6th 7th centuries converted influence turning point religious geography revived influence respectively later kings tolerated religion practised temple twin temple inscriptions king kings inscriptions temple maintained tamil archaeological department regard seven cities india according sacred ground field active power place final obtained says seven cities including providers city pilgrimage site close temples temple northern dedicated largest temple city gateway tower metres tall making tallest temple towers india temple called represent manifestation prime elements nature land water air sky fire temple temple represents earth temple dedicated built oldest hindu temple existence declared archaeological monument archaeological survey india series cells sculptures inside temple goddess depicted form basement temple placed deity closely associated temple believed established temple temple built temple built temples period temple temple temples city tamil canonical work 7th 8th centuries temple dedicated located temple temple leading cult child tamil religious work translated sanskrit composed temple temple dedicated covering acres largest temple built expanded reigns holy temple features carved gold silver india said presented necklace temple called deity ceremonial occasions birthplace saint central shrine tier shrine depicted corridor series sculptures depicting rule conquest oldest temple city built king temple temple famous temples city inside temple temple temple hindu monastic institution official history states founded tracing history 5th century bce related claim came established named position supremacy religious institutions death historical accounts state established probably 18th century branch declared independent famous ancient times located near temple saint wrote commentaries major said great sage took religions city near temple built rule 17th century near temple shares common tank hindu temple muslims festivals temple christ church oldest christian church city built british man named church built scottish style brick structure arches pillars