airport airport military later civil airfield kent united_kingdom operated world war originally acceptance point aircraft delivered returning france later designated class landing ground raf civil airfield saw operation early air mail services armistice airfields united_kingdom customs facilities involved evolution air traffic control facilities developing improving 1920s 1930s number record breaking flights originated ended 1920s venue light aircraft trials number aircraft types entered production air racing held second world war fleet air arm named hms renamed hms months later transferred royal_air_force war line fighter base raf heavily bombed battle britain action number weeks close coast squadron base squadrons detached day day basis landing place german aircraft plot kidnap adolf_hitler preparations royal_air_force arrival returned civilian use january air ferry service inaugurated silver city problems grass runway refusal ministry transport civil aviation upgrade airfield led silver city transferring operations airport ownership passed ltd holding company operated coach air service london paris flying passengers service operated original coach air international dan air following cessation commercial operations october continued general aviation airfield site industrial estate history establishment work began creating landing ground folks wood autumn site soon proved unsuitable site sought established march emergency landing ground royal flying corps home defence fighters defending london advanced school air gunnery operated january february january designated aircraft acceptance park delivery aircraft reception france bombed bombers dropped bombs airfield designated class landing ground day night bombing observation school formed royal naval air service merged form royal_air_force raf april july squadron raf flew air mail services cologne germany aircraft fitted engines service ended september squadron moved raf lay miles air ministry justify keeping bases open following end war decided retain august raf moved turned civilian use squadron depart october civil operations customs appointed united_kingdom suffolk heath middlesex new holland lincolnshire customs clearance point permanent customs officer telephone harbour needed clear customs ban civilian flying lifted flown heath carrying cargo newspapers day september sir philip purchased aircraft london residence october air ministry announced temporarily displayed assist aircraft find certain airfields identified arranged triangle beams shining vertically november notice airmen issued advising radio use heath metre practice aircraft registration instigated december aircraft bound paris delayed fog conditions later improved aircraft able fly dismantled transported grand exhibited public aircraft remained gave pleasure demonstration flights north_sea aerial general transport short lived leeds amsterdam service march customs facilities new holland withdrawn january necessitating roundabout route estimated extra costs involved taking route amounted total costs flight called customs facilities established enable direct flights north england continent starting august hourly weather forecasts broadcast airfields system ground signals advising pilots weather conditions hill introduced time august aircraft transport travel took air mail flights aircraft november notice airmen released announcing use hours sunset assist pilots landing aircraft arrangements advance facility available notified hours december announced aerial lighthouse installed installed proved benefit pilots arriving dark reported waiting room use passengers planned june notice airmen released saying cost reasons lights longer exhibited sunset prior arrangement system ground signals amended effect july september aerial lighthouse reported construction system aerial london paris completed december january foot high mast erected south west corner february system ground signals extended include information saint airfield english channel france july notice airmen said aircraft left hand circuit landing november air line operating service cologne aircraft stopping refuel capacity aircraft necessary range fly direct cologne arrangement long stop moved belgium end month december aircraft landed german aircraft land british soil end world war german airline lloyd negotiation start service london berlin called january clear customs flew inspected secretary state air sir samuel february reported taken test newly introduced radio signal aircraft indicate distress won prize flight day flew route aircraft fitted engine landing wire aircraft broke repairs effected half hour problems starting engine delayed departure slightly october light aircraft trials held air union started service flying newspapers royal_air_force conducted number night flying experiments pilots asked extra whilst experiments taking place september elimination trials light aircraft trials held aircraft passed trials proper october notified changes expanding weather information given changes measurements changed imperial metric addition weather information brussels belgium notified armstrong aircraft operating cross channel services imperial aircraft imperial point stop france aircraft departed destination airfield advised arrival notified hours informed communication airfield short brothers flight testing new aircraft january red edge lights installed july new arrangement introduced aircraft fitted radio flying channel departure arrival reported radio authorities circuit flown height exceeding departure arrival continent august royal society held meeting challenge cup private owners cup light holiday handicap international handicap competed separate speed races held single aircraft august scheme non radio aircraft extended cover hour allowed crossing hours crossing aircraft reported missing september number airfields began operating radio direction finding service metre general strike ran daily_mail printed paris flown page imperial aircraft aircraft chartered daily_mail flew newspapers birmingham onward distribution fleet aircraft distribution newspapers air royal club total flown aircraft operating royal club royal auxiliary air_force formed late august early september county london squadron held inaugural camp squadron equipped aircraft light aircraft trials held september january new regulations came effect meant aircraft carrying passengers carry radio operator addition pilot february reported notice airmen issued stating aircraft coming continent conditions poor visibility radio functioning correctly land repair facilities available april reported new wireless station built notified night light operation july new system introduced civil aircraft flying bad visibility follow normal route instead follow notified alternate routes aircraft notified radio conditions declared effect weather improved aimed preventing mid air collisions civil aircraft operated royal_air_force august city london squadron county london squadron annual camp squadrons flying aircraft october notice airmen announced ground signals displayed different arrangement previously ground signals worldwide required change came effect october december notice airmen informed weather position indicated fired ground seen aircraft flying vicinity colour discretion civil air traffic officer notice airmen quickly amended state firing red reserved indicate aircraft instructed land airfield question flew newspapers meeting held easter weekend ports flying club pleasure flights given cost report stated person dissatisfied circuits airfield pilot said offered accepted second flight flown passenger said left incapable expressing pilots attending son activities included air racing guess altitude competition notice airmen said scheme aircraft reporting crossing channel extended remain reporting place english belgium france airfields joined stations village cap lady heath landed crossing channel flight cape_town south_africa flying iii taken south_africa ship august held annual air defence exercises city london county london squadrons based duration exercise operating aircraft end camp chancellor winston_churchill secretary state air sir philip inspected squadrons entertained dinner september juan departed making flight london paris type aircraft flight channel process november page imperial diverted gale passengers suffering landed aircraft briefly lifted ground gust whilst ground handling staff taking hangar winds mph recorded january notice airmen said visibility bad aircraft fitted radios warned route alternative routes notified later month notified aerial lighthouse replaced neon light visible range july plan proposed amphibious aircraft based use search rescue aircraft reported missing channel august county london squadron arrived annual camp september arrangements notified abandonment channel crossing aircraft flying england france cases aircraft perform second circuit acknowledged notified flying boat operated based use search rescue work february visitor july notified aircraft fitted radio report position radio crossing channel non radio aircraft earlier arrangements remained effect changes methods arrival search rescue arrangements included permanently available dover standby french ports air patrols operation working hours operated air union august arrangements non radio aircraft flying bad weather amended pilots route intended destination airfield notified telephone aircraft departed month county london squadron held annual camp august county london squadron began annual camp airport took responsibility weather air routes air ministry october changes hill provided weather information hour basis march arrangements flying poor visibility altered sea level visibility aircraft prohibited route use route alternatively line course flown route aircraft fitted radios officer charge departure airport route intended departure royal_air_force aircraft avoid routes far conditions poor visibility august trophy race held won swift november reported new radio equipment installed operating new radios announcement departure non radio aircraft channel messages sent radio printed providing record communication new equipment scheduled come operation spring imperial armstrong aircraft replaced page march system non radio aircraft proved effective british air transport failed arrive aircraft channel occupants rescued steamship bound amsterdam netherlands august county london squadron held annual camp visited secretary state air squadron equipped later month trophy race held won september new system introduced broadcasting weather forecasts areas air routes including navigational warnings broadcast october notified operation use discontinued november squadron egyptian army air_force based weeks whilst trained new aircraft departed november egypt prepared handling passengers cleared customs taken car central railway station boarded trains london 1st class tickets december diverted following engine failure diversion january new radio telegraph telephone link installed came operation january sir philip officially declared installation open equipment manufactured standard cables operated wave band july city glasgow squadron held annual camp followed county london squadron july august weekend september competitions trophy cup held competitions won pilots flying later month second batch egyptian army air_force departed egypt april air traffic control united_kingdom improved introduction new control zone system added control zone relieving traffic result changes changed metres metres new direction finding stations installed improvements including improvement meant able communicate radio aircraft time august flew flying channel aircraft demonstrated large crowds month county london squadron held annual camp having converted bomber squadron fighter squadron earlier year august squadron held annual camp aircraft exhibited international air rally november reported squadron squadron raf temporarily relocated raf damaged october taken raf base bomber group improvements carried initially seen temporary station november squadron squadron moved equipped hind aircraft june british swallow pilot flew minutes crashing tree resting place raf july trophy competition held won alex march captain davis managing director ports flying club killed accident shortly july trophy race held won buckingham flying squadron departed july squadron departed august placed care maintenance october training command administration school transferred fighter command fleet air arm air mechanics school based hms july taken fleet air arm hms aircraft included sharks august trophy race held won andrew flying second world war september base renamed hms transferred raf early war home army operation bomber squadrons operation french air_force squadron based equipped fighters august battle britain bombed dive bombers hit aircraft belonging ports flying club evacuated destroyed fire evacuated available emergency landing ground mid september destination landing aircraft carrying adolf_hitler daring kidnap plot man given information british military bulgaria brother law personal pilot hitler stated planning defect hitler board raf plans receive aircraft march date expected occur defect spent war hitler personal pilot weeks later defected scotland march squadron moved equipped additional fighter new built based march february counter threat posed luftwaffe newly introduced runway extended lane accommodate november downgraded emergency landing ground status consideration given building longest noted demolition work required number roads need closed return civil use january raf handed ministry civil aviation civil airport ports flying club established facilities left raf opened july club possessed tiger post war air races trophy high speed handicap held weekend august september trophy won john flying high speed handicap won humble flying fury charter airline air kent ltd established wing commander hugh september reported company received civilian miles messenger aircraft air operated dragon december group captain departed miles bound australia solo flight australia end war reached airfield western_australia january complete post war england australia flight air races held august national records set july silver city started aerial car ferry service bristol freighter aircraft races curtis set new women world speed record whilst competing high speed handicap race flying ports flying club folded october successor kent coast flying club set hugh miles kent club took residence base aerial photography aircraft operated included caribbean aren reported loss air ministry looking dispose thought sale continue operation august air started scheduled service dragon service operated associate airline agreement british european december closed aircraft exceeding runway silver city transferred service airport reopened february airport whilst closed passenger tax introduced united_kingdom rate passengers arriving europe arriving outside europe time landing fees government owned airports aircraft operating international flight silver city benefit concession reported air extending service airport opened july members town council visited ministry civil aviation london discuss purchase airport february silver city operated company stated willing purchase decision town council awaited town council decided purchase silver city expressed interest purchasing airport reasonable price november announced air given permission operate scheduled service birmingham service seasonal april september permission run service lasting air moved operations airport march air applied permission operate routes april ministry transport civil aviation offered sale auction london bidding reached reserve airport sold august silver city helicopter cross channel flights permission granted use aircraft freight operations intended introduce april october silver city operated flight operations transferred new airport opened july total car ferry flights service started november closed public airport private flying allowed long passengers carried hire reward air moved licensed september owner managing director lancashire aircraft corporation bought previous owners march owner david brown started coach air service london paris passengers taken coach victoria coach station flown taken coach paris check coach departures paris palace place paris aircraft coaches held passengers passengers returning order duty free goods paris orders distribution flight peak fare passengers carried year initially later increasing trial run took place september holding company ltd bought ministry transport civil aviation january ordered new type radar installation summer service started service war london nice route served air route nice introduced temporary service brussels antwerp operated year serve brussels international exhibition december announced experimental scheme allow british irish subjects day trips abroad needing passport introduced limited number routes including identity card issued lieu passport experiment run easter end september march raf closed land sold pre war tenants wish flying place consequence kent club relocated temporarily june signed letter intent purchase number aircraft flight magazine stated number involved airline public announcement support fly autumn closed days runway signed contract purchase cost november process final certification began programme hours flying airline service took place following days included break maintenance november programme allowed pilots gain experience hours command needed fly aircraft service aircraft returned end trials scheduled delivered march march bomb disposal officer killed pipe attempting safe exploded army temporarily suspended bomb disposal operations result supplemented operated revenue earning flight april july reported extended passenger terminal november taken excluding coach air remained separate company service coach air converted winter continued operate normal service october coach air moved london offices operations sales office retained london ports flying club restarted barry members club aircraft march issued changes arrangements light aircraft crossing channel changes partly avoid conflict traffic flying non radio aircraft use route non radio aircraft advised crossing july coach air crashed landing following accident caused nose wheel aircraft digging soft ground concrete runway constructed reported january planning permission granted new runway came use april coach air leased leeward_islands air transport year period replace aircraft lost accident new terminal building opened june scott performed ceremony arriving record breaking myth june airport renamed airport identifying airport nearby town scheduled rapid growth mark occasion plaque unveiled leader opposition edward heath financial crisis coach air resulted management buy international services operated celebrate management coach air subsequent renaming international air rally held ray attended international bought dan air february operations continuing interim dan air october commercial activities ceased business air travel dan air left airfield use parachute centre super residence july eagle parachute school leaving aircraft based producing military version ports flying club moved light aircraft trials light aviation trials held sponsored daily_mail competition aircraft maximum engine capacity increased replaced engine weight limit rules required seat dual control aircraft aircraft entered production competing light aviation trials include larger engines competition won bee powered bristol engine competition won air racing pre war air races air racing began june cup held competed cup competed course started finished route birmingham bristol total distance miles race won walter fred second major foot killed aircraft crashed surrey bristol leg caused structural failure port wing king cup race local newspapers herald kent evening echo offered cup fastest private pilot leg southampton won beat norman jones seconds competitors light aircraft trials included speed section triangular course trophy held cup races final air race second world war trophy august won andrew races cup light aircraft trials light aircraft trials air league challenge cup royal club race meeting light international holiday handicap private owners race light aircraft trials king cup race herald kent evening echo cup king cup race king cup race trophy race ports cup race cup race trophy race cup race trophy race post war air races resumption civil flying number air races held trophy won john trophy won tiger aircraft high speed handicap vampire flown pike fury william humble guy morgan race won fury flown humble john competed high speed handicap vampire coming sixth peter flying won high speed race mph winner received trophy high speed handicap race won seat course hangar pier gas holder competitors daily express south coast air race race started race won nick races held trophy high speed handicap race trophy race high speed handicap race trophy trophy race high speed handicap race trophy race tiger scratch race daily express south coast air race record breakers start finish record attempts wing commander manning left india got far baghdad spider flown charles douglas little mary russell passenger left airport cape_town reached record hours scott set australia record return landed aircraft registered owen jones left bound cape_town lockheed special cape_town reached days hours october arthur butler flew darwin swift beating scott record minutes october left route reached days november amy johnson left cape_town beat husband jim time hours minutes setting new south_africa record return set new south_africa record april william newton lancaster departed southern cross minor beat amy johnson south_africa record aircraft crashed day lancaster survived died days later water ran november owen jones landed record breaking flight australia united_kingdom harry frank landed leopard arrival australia april filmed news australia record set october jean flew having set solo australia record female australia record national records set air races world record set distance flown model aircraft feet inches wingspan aircraft taken flown radio control cars ports flying club club flying started november east kent flying club membership reached club struggling financially january aviation renamed ports flying club visited aviation personalities learnt fly long distance race pilot davis secretary manager ports flying club death wife ann took position months leading second world war duke kent visited envoy king flight visiting barracks club participated civil air guard training programme giving flying lessons designed built ports flying club restarted war folded october silver city silver city moved operating bristol freighter aircraft aerial car ferry started july air ferry idea wanted holiday france like ferry bristol lent aircraft experiment july car armstrong carried bristol freighter carry cars cars carried experience gained service initially operated charter basis having closed winter service resumed scheduled service april aircraft carried cars figures risen cars vehicles passengers totalling year london driver offered london paris taxi service silver city estimated carry nearly cars figure reached aircraft doubled cope vehicles carried return flights daily peak times time minutes february services temporarily transferred september stopped air ferry transferred raf west bristol freighter introduced march cost carry cars service started aircraft remained october moved october silver city flight operated bristol freighter silver city moved runway suitable campaigned improvements runway biggest customer airfields owners ministry civil aviation refused silver city said build airport suitable needs accidents incidents march crashed april des crashed aircraft later repaired returned service november page suffered engine failure shortly passing flight paris resulting loss propeller aircraft forced landing damaging process april departed amsterdam aircraft heard presumed crashed sea killing pilot passengers involved accident february air union crashed whilst attempting land aircraft cargo flight paris engine failed channel august wright air union crashed south killing crew passengers january air union crashed whilst attempting land aircraft caught boundary fence crashed airfield damaging forward fuselage people board crew injured december page imperial struck lightning whilst flying channel paris landing found minor damage wing march crashed near engines cut pilot bill davis managing director ports flying club people killed june crashed grounds methodist church whilst attempting land thunderstorm september page imperial suffered damage port lower port wing forced landing aircraft repaired returned service july crashed killing racing driver penn hughes passengers january douglas british overseas corporation crashed people killed injured aircraft attempting reach ran fuel having aborted attempt land airport french airfields closed fog aircraft operating international scheduled passenger flight final destination west_africa miles east flying services ltd blown whilst damaged economic repair june dragon caught fire whilst burnt dragon damaged economic repair landing accident july coach air arriving written nose wheels dug soft ground grass runway aircraft flipped losing port wing process


world production commercial developed manufactured united_kingdom headquarters prototype flew july featured clean design ghost engines buried wings fuselage large square windows era offered relatively quiet comfortable passenger cabin showed signs commercial success debut year entering commercial service began suffering problems breaking mid flight publicised accidents later found catastrophic metal fatigue understood time withdrawn service extensively tested discover cause incident incorrectly blamed adverse weather design flaws including dangerous stresses corners square windows installation methods ultimately identified result extensively redesigned oval windows structural reinforcement changes rival manufacturers lessons learned developing aircraft sales fully recovered improved prototype culminated redesigned series debuted productive career years adapted variety military roles medical passenger transport surveillance extensive modification resulted specialised maritime patrol aircraft variant remained service royal_air_force raf june years flight development origins march cabinet united_kingdom formed committee determine needs conclusion second world war recommendations carry non stop long ton cruising speed mph chose challenge widely held jet engines fuel hungry unreliable committee member sir head company personal influence company expertise champion development jet propelled aircraft proposed specification pure powered design committee accepted proposal calling type designs awarded development production contract designation type february type design advanced undertake design development airframe engines engine manufacturer world drawing design specification engine thrust specific fuel consumption power aircraft proposed cruising altitude thousand feet speed range called type phase development focused short intermediate range small passenger compartment seats long range capacity seats designs seen terms introducing design elements financial commitment involved british overseas corporation found type specifications attractive initially proposed purchase aircraft december firm contract laid order total revised design team formed leadership chief designer bishop responsible fighter bomber number unorthodox configurations considered ranging designs subsequently rejected ministry supply interested radical proposed designs ordered experimental serve proof concept aircraft testing swept wing configurations low speed high speed flight flight tests gained reputation accident prone unstable leading conventional configurations necessarily designs technical risk later modified test power controls september prior completion requests necessitated redesign previous seat configuration larger seat version time develop technology necessary proposed configuration bishop opted conventional degree swept wing design tail surfaces married enlarged fuselage passengers abreast arrangement central aisle replacing previously specified engines new powerful rolls incorporated pairs buried wing roots ghost engines eventually applied interim solution cleared certification redesigned aircraft named december revised orders british south american totalled aircraft delivery projected testing prototypes represented new category passenger aircraft rigorous testing development priority conducted extensive research development phase including use stress test small components large assemblies alike sections fuselage subjected high altitude flight conditions large chamber site tested failure tracing fuselage failure points proved difficult method ultimately switched conducting structural tests water tank safely increase pressures gradually entire forward fuselage section tested metal fatigue repeatedly pounds square inch kpa cycles equivalent hours airline service windows tested pressure psi kpa psi kpa expected pressures normal service ceiling window frame survived psi kpa percent maximum pressure expected encounter service prototype carrying class markings completed initially conduct ground tests brief early flights prototype maiden flight took place july lasted minutes controls chief test pilot john famous night fighter pilot second world war pilot waters engineers john wilson frank flight test observer tony prototype registered publicly displayed prior start flight trials year later second prototype maiden flight second prototype registered july unit april carry flying hours crew training route proving australian airline sent technical experts observe performance prototypes seeking quell internal uncertainty prospective purchase prototypes externally distinguished later large single wheeled main landing gear replaced production models starting wheeled design overview metal low wing powered jet engines place cockpit occupied pilots flight engineer navigator clean low drag design aircraft featured design elements fairly uncommon time including swept wing leading edge integral wing fuel tanks wheel main units designed pairs engines ghosts subsequently known ghost buried wings original approximately length later boeing carried fewer people significantly environment installed inch centres allowing greater leg room air france rows seats seats row installed large picture window views table seating accommodations row passengers afforded feel comfort luxury transportation period amenities included serve hot cold food drinks bar separate men women toilets provisions emergency situations included life stored wings near engines individual life seat striking aspects travel quiet vibration free flying touted passengers propeller driven smooth quiet jet flight novel experience systems ease training fleet conversion designed flight deck layout degree similarity lockheed aircraft popular time key customers cockpit included dual controls captain officer flight engineer controlled key systems including fuel air conditioning electrical systems navigator occupied dedicated station table flight engineer systems new civil aviation feature powered flight controls increased pilot ease control safety aircraft preventing aerodynamic forces changing directed positions placement aircraft control surfaces additionally large number control surfaces elevators equipped complex system safeguard accidentally stressing surfaces airframe higher speed ranges total hydraulic systems secondary final emergency system basic functions lowering lowered combination gravity hand pump power engines cabin air conditioning system systems operational working single engine active majority hydraulic components centred single bay system developed flight ltd allowed fuel tanks far greater rate methods cockpit significantly altered introduction improved layout focusing onboard navigational suite introduced radar unit installed nose cone providing search functions ground cloud mapping capabilities radar interface built cockpit redesigned instruments est design bureau working aviation licensed design features building previous collaborations earlier licensed designs including vampire nose cockpit layout design modified basis cockpit layout completely redesigned bore little resemblance predecessors control fuselage diverse geographic destinations cabin alike demanded use high proportion materials new civil aviation aircraft order meet certification requirements high cabin pressure fast operating speeds unprecedented commercial aviation making fuselage design experimental process introduction subjected intense high speed operating schedule included simultaneous extreme heat desert airfields cold filled fuel tanks thin metal skin composed advanced new saved weight reduced risk fatigue cracks spreading chemical bonding process accomplished new construction wings fuselage advantage manufacturing process fuselage discovered vulnerable weakening metal fatigue detailed routine inspection process introduced thorough visual outer skin mandatory structural sampling routinely conducted civil military operators need inspect areas easily naked eye led introduction widespread examination aviation advantage detecting cracks flaws small seen operationally design cargo holds led considerable difficulty ground crew especially baggage airports cargo hold doors located directly underneath aircraft item baggage cargo loaded vertically upwards baggage truck slid hold floor stacked inside individual pieces cargo retrieved similarly slow manner arriving airport propulsion powered pairs engines buried wings close fuselage chief designer bishop chose embedded engine configuration avoided drag engines allowed smaller fin rudder hazards thrust reduced engines outfitted reduce noise emissions extensive implemented improve passenger conditions placing engines wings advantage reduction risk foreign object damage seriously damage jet engines low mounted engines good placement service panels aircraft maintenance easier perform buried engine configuration increased structural weight complexity armour placed engine cells contain debris engine failures placing engines inside wing required complicated wing structure featured lbf ghost engines hydrogen powered rockets originally intended installed boost takeoff hot high altitude conditions airports tested flights ghosts considered powerful concluded rocket motors impractical fittings retained production aircraft subsequently received powerful lbf ghost series engines onwards ghost engines replaced newer powerful lbf rolls engines achieve efficiency new air enlarged increase mass air flow upgraded engines introduced powered highly praised takeoff performance high altitude locations mexico_city operational history introduction earliest production aircraft registered peter flew january subsequently lent development flying unit january fifth production aircraft registered received certificate awarded months ahead schedule route proving trials took world flight fare paying passengers inaugurated scheduled service london final initial order registered began flying september carried cargo south american routes passenger schedules hit passengers including queen elizabeth queen mother princess margaret guests special flight june hosted sir lady members british royal family fly jet flights percent faster advanced engined aircraft douglas mph compared mph faster rate climb cut flight times august scheduled stop london tokyo flights hours compared hours minutes pan scheduled hours minutes stop flight london scheduled min year carried passengers aircraft profitable load factor low percent commercial success expected ghost engines allowed fly weather competitors fly ran smoothly noisy engines low maintenance costs fuel efficient summer left london week tokyo singapore appeared achieved success addition sales french union transport air france acquired upgraded variant greater fuel capacity flights west_africa middle_east slightly longer version powerful engines developed orders placed air india british commonwealth pacific japan air lines american carriers capital national pan placed orders planned larger longer range version operations interested concluded version range better takeoff performance needed london canberra route early hull losses october suffered hull loss flight departing rome airport failed airborne ran rough ground end runway passengers sustained minor injuries aircraft total loss march new canadian pacific registered named empress hawaii failed airborne attempting night takeoff pakistan delivery flight australia aircraft dry drainage canal collided embankment killing crew passengers board accident fatal crash accident result fatalities response canadian pacific cancelled remaining order second operated type commercial service early accidents originally attributed pilot error rotation led loss lift leading edge aircraft wings later determined wing profile experienced loss lift high angle attack engine suffered lack pressure recovery conditions result wings leading edge pronounced wing fences added control flow investigation takeoff accidents subject novel cone silence arthur david captain cone silence film recounted story takeoff accidents chapter non fiction work strange encounters mysteries air second fatal accident occurred flight registered crashed severe minutes taking calcutta international airport india killing board witnesses observed fire village leading investigators suspect structural failure india court inquiry loss central government india convened court inquiry examine cause accident professor joined inquiry main technical expert large portion aircraft recovered break found begun left elevator failure inquiry concluded aircraft encountered extreme negative forces takeoff severe generated adverse weather determined induced loading leading loss wings examination cockpit controls suggested pilot inadvertently stressed aircraft pulling steep dive manipulation fully powered flight controls investigators consider metal fatigue cause inquiry recommendations revolved enforcement speed limits significant design changes resulted equipped weather radar feel system introduced ensured control column forces invariably called stick forces proportional control loads artificial feel kind introduced aircraft criticised lack feel controls investigators suggested contributed pilot alleged stressing aircraft chief test pilot john contended flew smoothly highly responsive manner consistent aircraft disasters rome airport site hull loss origin disastrous flights year later january minutes taking production broke mid air operating flight crashed mediterranean italian island loss board witnesses disaster partial radio incomplete evidence obvious reason crash engineers immediately recommended modifications aimed possible design flaw committee met determine potential causes crash voluntarily grounded fleet pending investigation causes accident committee court inquiry media attention centred sabotage speculation ranged clear air explosion fuel tank committee focused potential aerodynamic mechanical causes control led loss prototypes structural failure high loads metal fatigue wing structure failure powered flight controls failure window panels leading explosive fire engine problems committee concluded fire likely cause problem number changes aircraft protect engines wings damage lead fire investigation royal_navy conducted recovery operations pieces wreckage discovered february search continued september time percent weight main structure percent power section percent aircraft systems equipment recovered forensic reconstruction effort begun committee reported findings apparent fault aircraft found british government decided opening public inquiry accident prestigious nature project particularly british industry financial impact aircraft grounding operations served pressure inquiry end investigation flights resumed march april charter south african leg rome cairo longer route flight london crashed mediterranean near naples loss passengers crew board fleet immediately grounded large investigation board formed direction royal aircraft establishment prime minister winston_churchill tasked royal_navy helping locate retrieve wreckage cause accident determined certificate revoked line production suspended factory fleet permanently grounded stored committee court inquiry october committee established examine causes crashes chaired lord committee tasked investigation team led sir arnold hall director perform detailed investigation hall team began considering fatigue likely cause accidents initiated research strain aircraft skin recovery large sections crash donation identical airframe examination extensive water torture test eventually provided conclusive results time entire fuselage tested dedicated water tank built specifically accommodate length stress window corners found higher expected stresses skin generally previously expected tested stress concentration consequence windows square shape generated levels stress times greater rest fuselage water tank testing engineers subjected repeated june flight cycles actual simulated burst open hall bishop immediately called scene water tank drained reveal fuselage ripped open corner forward left escape hatch test reproduced results based findings structural failures expected cycles accident flights flights crashing walker head structures department said surprised noting difference previous experience metal fatigue suggested total range experiment outcome field result failure reconstructed thirds found fatigue crack growth hole low drag forward automatic direction caused catastrophic break aircraft high altitude flight punch construction technique employed design exacerbated structural fatigue problems aircraft windows engineered punch unlike drill imperfect nature hole created punch cause fatigue cracks start developing principal investigator hall accepted conclusion design construction flaws likely explanation structural failure cycles inquiry closed november inquiry found basic design sound nonetheless began refit programme strengthen fuselage wing structure employing thicker gauge skin replacing square windows panels rounded versions resumption service discovery structural problems early series remaining withdrawn service launched major effort build new version larger stronger outstanding orders cancelled airline customers square windows replaced oval versions flew skin slightly remaining scrapped modified oval windows rip stop production modified alleviate fatigue problems served raf programme produce powerful delayed prototype flew july tested non state pending completion inquiry commercial flights resume development flying route proving allowed accelerated certification destined successful variant type airline customers subsequently cancelled orders switched based improved fuel capacity ordered march american operator capital ordered july capital order included variant modified short range operations stretched fuselage short wings lacking wing fuel tanks financial problems subsequent takeover united capital operate flew april received certificate september delivered day base price new equivalent today pounds enabled regular jet powered services october london new_york albeit requiring fuel stop international airport newfoundland westward north_atlantic crossings gained publicity provide jet service end month rival pan american world flying boeing route douglas american jets larger faster longer ranged cost effective route structures reluctantly cast successor entered agreement boeing purchase ordered took delivery buenos_aires new_york europe east african received new operated united_kingdom kenya ordered capital instead built fuselage stretch seating passengers flew june began london services april olympic customer order type variant flew october entered service longer fuselage longer wings extra fuel tanks original gave longer range ordered kuwait middle_east later united arab popular variant later service began shifting routes released associate companies making premier brief introduction vickers allowed competing aircraft assume high speed long range passenger service role pioneered government backed consolidation british industry acquired wholly owned division 1960s orders declined total delivered november retired revenue service operators continued commercial passenger flights dan air played significant role fleet later history time owned remaining civil march serial named acquired british ministry technology radio radar trials documented production flight legacy widely regarded jointly adventurous step forward supreme tragedy aircraft legacy include numerous advances aircraft design accident investigations inquiries accidents plagued extensive revolutionary taken place establishing accident investigation deep sea salvage aircraft reconstruction techniques employed remained use aviation industry spite subjected rigorous testing contemporary dynamic stresses involved thoroughly understood time aircraft development concept metal fatigue lessons implemented drawing board future aircraft applied according chief test pilot john flown prototype flight representatives american manufacturers boeing douglas privately disclosed experienced problems happened likened later added assumed aircraft change aviation subsequently aviation author bill concluded pushed state art limits engineering firms quick respond commercial advantages technical flaws alike aircraft manufacturers learned hard earned lessons embodied buried engines early jet later aircraft boeing douglas differ employing engines held beneath wings boeing stated engines selected passenger buried engines carried higher risk catastrophic wing failure event engine fire response manufacturers developed means testing going far explore rapid subsequent fuselage skins greater thickness skin variants square model produced total aircraft service test following closely design features prototypes noticeable change adoption wheel main units replacing single main wheels ghost engines fitted later replaced powerful ghost series engines span overall length maximum takeoff weight passengers carried updated offered higher allowed weight greater fuel capacity water injection produced wake disasters brought placed protective retained testing substantially damaged stress testing scrapped entirely rebuilt heavier gauge skins standard fuselage renamed upgraded standard reinforced fuselage structure oval windows series limited number cycles bomber nuclear bomb carrying variant developed air ministry specification submitted air ministry originally proposed high altitude photo reconnaissance adaptation ghost powered airframe featured narrowed fuselage nose radar cockpit large bubble canopy fuel tanks carrying imperial gallons added attain range miles proposed received negative evaluation royal aircraft establishment concerns weapons storage redundant capability offered raf proposed bomber trio led abandon project october slightly larger wing higher fuel capacity powerful rolls engines improved aircraft range performance fuselage longer design changes aircraft suitable operations following disasters models rebuilt heavier gauge skin rounded windows engines featuring larger air outward curving jet total seat ordered south atlantic route production aircraft flew august aircraft performed test flights south atlantic range suitable north_atlantic allocated raf deliveries beginning modifications interiors allowed number different roles transport seating accommodations altered provisions carrying medical equipment including iron lungs incorporated specialised electronic surveillance capability later added limited single powered rolls engines development aircraft fitted inner outer ones aircraft proving flights raf fitted crew trainers aircraft flying time december originally destined civil market completed raf assigned squadron modified use radar electronic systems development initially assigned group later signals command raf service squadrons series equipped monitor warsaw pact signal traffic operated role flew time july lengthened powered engines developing lbf variant added wing tanks offered greater capacity range destined remain development series incorporate fuselage strengthening modifications later series aircraft able fully began construction demonstrated september airframe completed production standard primarily ground based structural technology testing development similarly sized additional completed construction abandoned colours flown john marathon round world promotional tour december flying later modified engines fitted replacing original long span wings reduced span wings demonstrated british european september assigned blind landing experimental unit final role played automatic landing system experiments retired airframe foam trials fuselage salvaged serve mock improvement stretched greater fuel capacity design progressed significantly original growing typically seating passengers compared passengers accommodated special charter seating package later series considered definitive series having longer range higher cruising speed higher maximum takeoff weight improvements possible largely engines twice thrust ghosts deliveries began september seat aircraft initiate scheduled services originally developed capital featured greater capacity longer fuselage shorter wingspan produced variant featured wings longer fuselage produced build prototypes maritime patrol aircraft ordered arabian eventual disposition royal flight exclusive use king extensively modified factory aircraft included cabin bed special toilets gold fittings distinguished green gold white colour scheme polished wings lower fuselage commissioned aviation artist john following flight special order described world executive jet proposal proposed improvement previous models including wider fuselage abreast seating wing greater sweep rolls conway engines support ministry transport proposal hypothetical aircraft realised aircraft produced modified prototypes meet british requirement maritime patrol aircraft royal_air_force initially named maritime design designated type variant production aircraft built factory entering service variants produced final aircraft retired june operators original operators early union transport air france early withdrawn service accident inquiries orders british commonwealth pacific japan air lines national pan american world cancelled redesigned entered service flown customers east african variant operated customers olympic model flown customers kuwait middle_east operators arrangements second hand acquisitions leased air ceylon air india area ecuador central african empire sold area ecuador dan air malaysian ministry defence chartered cyprus malta channel obtained inclusive tour charters dan air bought surviving late 1960s 1970s operated carrier inclusive tour charters total marks acquired airline military service united_kingdom royal_air_force largest operator squadron squadron squadron royal aircraft establishment aircraft royal canadian air_force operated later squadron accidents incidents involved hull loss accidents including fatal crashes resulted fatalities pilot error blamed type fatal accident occurred takeoff pakistan march involved canadian pacific fatal crashes structural problems specifically flight flight january south african flight april led grounding entire fleet design modifications implemented services resumed pilot error resulting controlled flight terrain blamed fatal accidents crash near august flight near brazil november united arab flight thailand mountains july arabian government crash italian alps march united arab flight tripoli libya january dan air crash spain range july attributed navigational errors air traffic control pilots fatal accidents include british european crash turkey following instrument failure december united arab flight weather near bombay india july terrorist bombing cyprus flight turkish coast october including operated union transport flown dan air malaysian united arab damaged takeoff landing accidents survived board hangar fire damaged squadron raf repair september middle_east destroyed israeli troops lebanon december aircraft display retirement early generation survived museum collections complete remaining registration displayed raf museum painted colours flew airline having delivered air france ministry supply conversion standard aircraft served raf sole surviving fuselage original square shaped windows registered undergone restoration display aircraft museum england serial later maintenance serial display gate raf wiltshire england planned closure raf aircraft slated dismantled shipped raf museum assembled display seven complete housed museum collections imperial war museum originally dan air colours flight line display later building stored facility science museum wiltshire england exhibited leo junior germany museum flight near seattle washington national museum flight near edinburgh scotland mexico fly kept running condition fast taxi runs regularly conducted 2000s parties proposed restoring maintained staff volunteers fully flight capable condition displays related aircraft specifications sources jane world aircraft aircraft flight international popular culture


regional airport regional airport known airport regional airport located nautical miles southwest british_columbia city region canada owned operated transport canada serving south west areas initial examination airport construction began proposed locations owned indian band time temporary public use regional airport approved given permanent airport license runway aligned served approximately passengers airfield maintains restaurant sky high medical facility accommodation areas administrative buildings food offered seen accidents incidents history airport scheduled flights vancouver international airport day fewer sunday provided air canada express daily flight calgary international airport provided encore airport flights week leaving calgary arriving later night plane stays airport leaves calgary arrives calgary international airport affected traffic regional airport providing direct flight connection options travellers regional airport recently went expansion add seating area main terminal building addition extra encore flights certain days coming history initial examination construction regional airport began locations proposed areas west city centre north lake owned indian band land airport band war measures act preliminary development airfield completed wartime military air transportation concerns airport acted emergency landing strip completed rights temporary public use airport secured operation hours day land acquired indian band airport use trans canada air lines known air canada canadian pacific air lines served world war airport granted permanent license replacing temporary permit airport runway extended new terminal built canadian pacific air lines extended services airport scheduling daily flights taken pacific western following year canadian ended service replaced time air air longer active aviation centre constructed airport included unit flight training school aircraft overhaul shop longer maintained later helicopter flight training club established september pacific coastal began offering daily flights airfield vancouver international airport calgary international airport period months time airline served passengers airport able support emergency boeing landings 1970s capability tested runway boeing boeing boeing according statistics south region terms airports owing population international airport provides international flights commercial destinations daily south home people totaling percent area air travel market local area consists passengers yearly regional airport considered area primary airport people questioned need expand international airport time runway process expansion facilities airport located airport road nautical miles southwest city centre situated highway located kilometers north canada united_states border opposite airport beach attraction beach situated city paid parking car available bus service car provided budget rent car national car rental food available airport terminal medical facility accommodation areas administrative buildings restaurant provided airport terminal sky high canada revenue agency canada offices airport aircraft obtain fuel aviation located site shell canada serves aviation dealer regional airport airfield asphalt runway aligned facility maintains management plan properties flying club operates airport club children receive flight airplane pilot learn addition flight school southern skies aviation based site school closed reopened shortly bought services airport serving aircraft maintenance centre radio navigation aid provided regional airport pilots aircraft coming nearby airports determine location navigation system owned canada local upcoming weather observed airport weather station canada noted aircraft winds regional airport blow north south facility recognized certified airport british_columbia ministry transportation transport canada certified airport process ensures meets safety criteria provides flights destinations regional airport considered port entry serves american fishermen coming canada classified airport entry canada staffed canada border services agency regional airport employs persons including manager david allen maintenance workers controversy occurred airport ownership transfer ownership city planned effective march indian band protested airfield day forced scheduled flights canceled members band stated land belonged noted relinquish claim airport lands expected airport ownership transferred world war world war attempted different agreement transport canada suggested band claims ignored proper government response indian band blocked road entrance airport terminal transport canada later announced week break ownership situation runway paving project placed hiatus based suggestion city_council later decided regional airport closed land returned transport canada airport owned operated transport canada destinations regional airport historically provided flights destinations including boeing field international airport located king county washington serves seattle areas international airport offers flights vancouver international airport provided air canada express operated jazz air flights provided times daily exception sunday flights available feedback public additional flight vancouver international airport offered air canada express launched airport garnered aircraft movements served approximately passengers years attempts increase destinations serviced local residents attracted attention efforts west jet included airport renamed day june local residents created video october operated encore flew inaugural flight calgary airport regional airport continues fly daily discussion expand flight services provided encore continue accidents incidents december douglas aircraft operated canadian pacific air lines vancouver crashed mountain kilometres north later investigation reported aircraft minimum altitude instrument approach procedure causing crash crew members total occupants fatally injured remainder survived january aircraft scheduled land vietnamese man demanded money taken north vietnam royal canadian mounted police stormed flight successful attempt arrest man fatalities incident


aviation indonesia aviation indonesia serves critical means connecting thousands islands archipelago indonesia largest country world extending kilometres east west kilometres north south comprising islands permanently inhabited estimated population million people making world fourth populous country growth middle class advent low cost carriers recent decade indonesia widely regarded emerging market air travel region number indonesian air passengers increased increase safety issues continue persistent problem indonesian aviation accidents given indonesia air transport system reputation safe world indonesian aviation faces numerous challenges including poorly maintained outdated overwhelmed infrastructure factor human error bad weather problems caused plantation fires volcanic ash numerous area air transportation indonesia commercial scheduled carry passengers commercial scheduled transport passengers chartered indonesia flag carrier indonesia indonesian air_force personnel equipped aircraft combat aircraft indonesian air_force possesses operates numerous military air bases military archipelago international air transport association predicted indonesia world sixth largest air travel market million passengers predicted fly indonesia air transit policy large country spanning indonesia possesses vast indonesia participant international air services transit agreement indonesian airports closed foreign commercial freedoms air transit agreements negotiated countries indonesia australia example signed agreement relating air service february according agreement nations grants party right fly territory landing right stops territory non traffic purposes 1st 2nd freedom rights designated operate services indonesia largest aviation market association southeast asian nations indonesia member open sky agreement plans lift regional flying restrictions southeast_asia member country end early indonesia considering opening international airports policy date indonesia agreed open access indonesia remains opposed opening secondary cities currently indonesia adopt limitations foreign operate indonesia stance meant protect indonesian aviation business competitors particularly singapore malaysia basically stance stemmed systematic nations large nation indonesia able offer hundreds access points fellow members offer far points access singapore example point access malaysia offer access points systematic exchange traffic rights led indonesian carriers lobby government refrain entering agreement single aviation market access foreign carriers domestic routes international flights subject agreements policy order operate indonesia foreign operate indonesian based airline example practice indonesia branch malaysian previously operated local airline changed indonesia history colonial era aviation service pioneered early 20th century colonial dutch_east_indies october started intercontinental flight connecting amsterdam vii airplane september started regularly scheduled service amsterdam route connected amsterdam rome athens cairo baghdad calcutta star extended outbreak second world war world longest distance scheduled service airline dutch_east_indies established july regular operations starting november inaugural ceremony held airport international airport flight later extended gradually services expanded include islands archipelago sumatra immediately pacific war created network east east indies archipelago serving towns purpose amphibious aircraft lack facilities region early began international flight singapore june cities dutch_east_indies visited attempted singapore flew continuing journey darwin australia july began operations sydney stopping darwin fly netherlands amsterdam weekly service operated japanese attack dutch_east_indies utilized evacuation flights transport troops operate east indies world war ensuing indonesian war independence disbanded completely august remaining assets transferred created service republic era republic indonesia declared independence august war independence ensued enduring years war securing recognition indonesian independence late aviation service reopened business indonesian government december indonesia national airline republic began operate air services indonesian archipelago early years indonesian republic indonesia dominated air transport service country connecting major cities archipelago indonesia operated flight aircraft carrying indonesian pilgrims airline launched flights hong_kong mid 1960s airline took delivery douglas grew asian market beginning scheduled flights amsterdam frankfurt bombay prague rome paris airline fourth european destinations flights stopping bombay cairo refuel flights people republic china began year service government owned established serve pioneer flights small aircraft connect remote locations archipelago airline ceased operations february subsequently filed bankruptcy indonesia private aviation service began grow establishment followed directly competed government owned indonesia survived 2000s ceased operations bought singapore based group ceased operation indonesian government announced aviation policy makes easier acquire permit establish new airline company policy meant stimulate air transportation investments increase air travel business country serve stimulate tourism industry region result new began spring indonesia lion air est air est adam air operating air operating spurred low cost carrier service indonesia previously air travel service dominated established indonesia poor government control supervision aviation service provoked price wars low cost carriers resulting fierce commercial competition expense poor maintenance service breakdown consequently 2000s number indonesian aviation accidents incidents notable aviation accidents occurred period lion air flight november killing adam air flight crash january killing aviation safety records indonesia continued series flight accidents including indonesia flight emergency landing solo river january killing indonesia flight march killing june european_union banned indonesia indonesian flying european country poor safety records ban indonesia lifted july 2010s condition indonesian aviation began improve compared previous decade air travel incident rate dropped compared accidents occurred ensuing period significant current problems indonesian aviation poor development maintenance air transportation infrastructure especially remote areas significant problems include massive surge air travelers recent years prompted growth low cost carrier passengers intense stress aging airport infrastructure indonesia airports indonesia possesses airports ranging grand international airports modest remote islands inland interior areas located archipelago november indonesia conventional airports operated transportation ministry technical operation units state owned major airports managed operates airports eastern indonesia operates airports western indonesia aviation indonesian airports endured surge passengers especially advent low cost carriers according indonesian transportation ministry airports managed exceeded passenger capacity international airport serves country main air transportation hub nation busiest busiest airport southeast_asia surpassing airports eighth busiest airport world million passengers busiest airport southern hemisphere october airport named asia largest ranked 17th connected airport world busiest airports indonesia serve nation regional sultan surge air travellers low cost carriers rise air transport demands indonesia rising middle class intense stress indonesia aging airports efforts improve upgrade airport facilities construction brand new airport replace overwhelmed aging accident prone airport newly built airports include airport replacing old airport airport replacing old airport existing airports undergone massive expansion upgrades include airport airport sultan airport plans build second airport near northern new larger airport near replace crowded overwhelmed airport new airport replace airport serve vicinity improve transportation government plans build railways connecting airports indonesia nearby city centers currently airports railway connection city center airport railways currently construction airports airports paved airports indonesia commercial scheduled flights carrying passengers operate flights fewer passengers notable indonesian include indonesia government owned flag carrier indonesia low cost carrier subsidiary indonesia group lion air currently largest private low cost carrier airline indonesia air premium subsidiary lion air group wings air regional short haul subsidiary lion air group connecting towns small regional airports air currently largest medium service carrier indonesia country largest carrier air regional short haul subsidiary air medium service concept indonesia indonesian branch malaysian based express air medium service airline serving cities eastern central indonesia routes western indonesia medium service regional airline serving towns small regional airports small aircraft mainly serving indonesian borneo air medium service regional airline serving towns small regional airports small aircraft mainly serving eastern central indonesia air services medium service regional airline serving towns small regional airports small aircraft mainly serving routes air regional airline serving towns small regional airports small aircraft started chartered cargo airline carrying fresh owned mid lion air rules indonesia domestic air travel market share percent indonesia came second percent share air came market share percent followed low cost subsidiary percent lion air short haul subsidiary wings air percent indonesia unit malaysian budget airline percent market share overall indonesian domestic air travel business overwhelmingly ruled groups lion air group indonesia group mid lion air group accounted percent market share indonesia group percent market share military government indonesian air_force personnel equipped aircraft combat aircraft inventory includes main fighters supplemented fighting major military transportation aircraft include lockheed hercules helicopter indonesian air_force possess operate numerous military military archipelago notable ones serving indonesia indonesian presidential aircraft stationed bases air_force base sultan especially vital regional air defense indonesian upgrading military islands increasing presence south china sea region aircraft industry officially established state owned aircraft manufacturer company expanded research industrial facility auspices indonesian air_force appointed president director developed company capability aircraft manufacturer company changed company assumed new indonesian indonesian indonesia notable product civil military maritime version joint development spain indonesian aircraft manufacture industry took hardest hit asian financial crisis projects discontinued certain period financial constraints projects restarted continued developed incidents accidents


airport airport norwegian regional airport located norway kilometres municipal center owned operated state owned handled passengers airport meter runway served operates regional routes dash communities public service obligation contracts airport opened originally served canada twin aircraft dash introduced years later ownership transferred municipality state history launched national network regional short landing airport proposed mid-1960s final decision build airport taken parliament applied operate regional routes included route awarded contract airport opened august day regional airports new fire station serving airport municipality completed costing million norwegian week strike employees took place demanded collective agreement strike stopped traffic airport employees received demands civil aviation administration later renamed recommended airports considered closed high costs low patronage served airport twin replaced dash airport received subsidies million norwegian nok allowed airport operate profit nok million state civil aviation administration took ownership operations airport january exchange nok million paid municipality ground handling remained municipal responsibility flights subject public service obligations april mid-1990s municipal council attempted change airport argued necessary use market region tourist destination application rejected ministry transport communications stated airports required regulation named settlement municipality airport security introduced january required terminal slightly rebuilt previously common departure arrivals hall separated areas municipality decided transfer ownership ground handling service employees carried major upgrade runway safety area landing lights investments cost nok million expansion safety area resulted lot facilities airport meter asphalt runway aligned roughly north south airport consists passenger terminal operations building terminal capacity passengers hour apron people work airport minutes free parking car rental available destinations airport served dash aircraft connecting community airports routes operated public service obligation ministry transport communications airport passengers aircraft movements handled tonnes cargo area covers northern airport regional airport county


international airport international airport airport offers customs immigration facilities passengers travelling countries international airports typically larger domestic airports feature longer facilities accommodate heavier aircraft commonly international intercontinental travel international airports host domestic flights frankfurt airport germany large international airport small buildings operations management increasingly sophisticated mid 20th century international airports began provide infrastructure international civilian flights detailed technical standards developed ensure safety common systems implemented provide global consistency physical structures serve millions individual passengers flights complex world second decade 21st century international airports billion international passengers million metric tonnes cargo passing annually history august heath london england airport operate scheduled international commercial services closed supplanted airport march united_states douglas international airport arizona international airport americas international airports airfields early days international flights limited infrastructure engine problems arose plenty places aircraft land engined land planes unavailable water operations international destinations flying boats solution far end longest international route route water landing areas found places open sea sydney rose bay new_south_wales chosen airport landing area international airports serve military commercial purposes viability affected technological developments island airport example phoenix islands serving military airport world war stop commercial aircraft stationed ground crew late 1950s advent early 1960s jet aircraft boeing range fly non stop australia new_zealand hawaii meant mid pacific stop longer needed airport closed regular commercial use international airports airport hong_kong decommissioned replaced reached capacity technological advances rendered inadequate design construction construction operation international airport depends complicated set decisions affected technology politics economics geography local international law designing airport domestic traffic non hub beginning required extensive users interested parties architects engineers managers staff need involved airports regarded national pride design ambitious example planned new_mexico city international airport intended replace airport reached capacity airports non depending air traffic density available funds high capacity busy international airports air traffic control located site international airports require construction additional infrastructure outside airport hong_kong international airport included construction high speed railway automobile expressway connect airport urban areas hong_kong construction expressway included construction bridges suspension bridge cable bridge island connect bridges bridge carries rail automobile traffic operations management international airports commercial relationships provide services passengers world serve places non direct flights land passengers switch planes serve primarily direct point point flights affects airport design factors including number placement flow passengers baggage different areas airport airport specializing point point transit international domestic separate building equipped separate baggage handling facilities hub airport spaces services shared airport management account wide range factors performance technical requirements aircraft airport airline relationships services travelling customers security environmental impacts standards technical standards safety operating procedures international airports set international agreements international air transport association formed association airline companies international civil aviation organization body united_nations succeeding earlier international committees going organizations served create regulations airports airports authority debate eventually sparked entire subject air travel politics january representatives commercial airports met time new_york_city seek resolution common problems faced initiated formation airport operators council later airports council international north_america group included representatives baltimore boston chicago cleveland dallas denver detroit jacksonville kansas_city los_angeles memphis miami minneapolis paul new_york newark philadelphia pittsburgh louis san_francisco washington flight logistics international airports extensive operations managing flight logistics air traffic control service provided ground based controllers coordinate direct aircraft ground controlled air traffic control provides advisory services aircraft non controlled customs immigration airports international flights customs immigration facilities allow right entry change time generally designated law countries agreements allow connecting flights customs facilities define international airport security safety current trend enhancing security cost passenger baggage handling efficiency international airports expected continue future places financial burden airports risks flow processes implications privacy passengers international flights require higher level physical security domestic airports recent years countries adopted level security international airports feature sterile lounge area security passengers free security checks area services duty free shops sell goods selected screened safety mind purchasing bringing board flights poses security risks addition employees processed passengers valid ticket allowed inside sterile lounge sterile area centralized security contrast individual gate allows efficient processing passengers fewer staff makes possible detect delays security threats ahead boarding ensure viability airport operations new innovative security systems developed instance old security replaced total security area encompassing entire airport coupled automatic surveillance passengers moment enter airport embark plane passengers connecting domestic flights international flight generally checked customs check domestic airline counter requiring extra time process cases europe transferred final destination domestic connection cases travelers aircraft clear customs immigration departure airport example airports canada united_states border facilities allows flights airports fly airports customs immigration facilities flights transferred final destination airport entry crucial safety aspect international airports medical facilities practices particular controlling disease deemed important international airports standards regulated standards recommended practices international health regulations local authorities considerable implemented transportation important airport services transportation connections including rail networks taxi shuttle services pick areas public buses large areas automobile parking located multi storey car parks typical find airports airports provide shuttle services parking passengers airport employees large scale international airports constructed shuttle services transport passengers systems operate example singapore airport airport international airports hare international airport chicago seating waiting areas located away terminal building passengers areas referred ground transportation centers centers amenities ground transportation centers typically include seating provide ticket food sales retail goods magazines ground transportation centers heating air conditioning covered boarding areas protect passengers elements services amenities standard amenities include public passenger waiting areas retail stores dining shopping including duty free shops dining establishments consolidated food courts international airports offer retail sales luxury goods duty free stores terminal international airport india terminal described having significant retail destination india service access offices bureau change currency exchange tourism advice common availability service varies airports international airports provide secure areas stranded passengers rest sleep usual service hotels available premises customer satisfaction awards world airport awards voted consumers independent global customer satisfaction survey singapore airport place winner winners include international airport south_korea amsterdam airport netherlands airport names common sources naming airports number areas close lent names including villages estates city districts historical areas regions islands del international airport international airport named falls argentina international airport named town combined renamed incorporate source following pilots civil military played role development aviation sydney airport known smith airport named charles smith international airport chile named cultural leaders poets artists writers musicians airport named liverpool john_lennon airport named beatles member liverpool local john_lennon tom airport rio_de_janeiro named composer airport prague named writer philosopher statesman international airport warsaw airport renamed musicians anniversary birth ethnic groups international airport indonesia named local people ideals combination newark liberty international airport mythology religion heroes myths church saints similar names international airport named national epic poem politicians heads state members parliament leaders political parties high ranking military personnel examples include paris charles airport named charles john kennedy international airport new_york_city named john kennedy 35th president international airports named venezuela colombia international airport known airport named city jean international airport named premier jean public figures advocates engineers doctors teachers journalists george best belfast city airport named george best came city royalty king international airport international airport mumbai international airport named royalty scientists airport named study concluded average percent world airports named thirty percent politicians seven percent mythology religion percent public figures percent people science percent percent notable airports historical event august heath begins operating scheduled international commercial services england france douglas international airport arizona honored eleanor roosevelt international airport americas having reached capacity passenger numbers jackson atlanta international greatest number travelers international airports total passengers million busiest airport beijing capital international passengers following year retained place busiest airport million passengers los_angeles international airport considered greatest number passengers start end travel opposed continuing connecting flight overall considered 7th busiest airport world london busiest airport europe counted passengers million second busiest paris charles airport second busiest world measured international passengers beaten international airport airport norway northern airport tourists book tickets primarily transporting miners cluster islands heavy mining industry king international airport saudi_arabia largest airport world encompassing square miles km2


airport airport known field airport regional airport located nautical miles west northwest british_columbia city thompson region canada owned airport authority society operated airport limited serving north areas initial examination airport construction began june city leased acres fruit growing company air presentation airport publicly opened august aligned served approximately passengers airfield maintains restaurant bread garden medical facility accommodation areas administrative buildings food offered terminal runway navigation aids expanded upgraded seen accident history airport daily scheduled flights destinations canada provided air canada express central mountain air terminal handled passengers increase passengers history initial examination constructing airport began june city leased acres fruit growing company airport development started gravel runway completed year acquired acres land airport use department transport known transport canada granted money airport development airfield runway finishing year april aircraft official landing runway airport publicly opened august air presented structure aircraft later month classified port entry canadian government world war additional activity occurred airport april vancouver based gilbert flight school transferred service civil flights provided british_columbia lower mainland canceled addition airport royal canadian air_force alternate route longer existent air transport command flights soviet_union war gained access acres airport expansion addition taxi apron services world war airport land sold canada department agriculture size reducing acres governor general canada time earl entitled structure field honor john wing commander born confirmed george secretary board trade time history number served canadian pacific air lines provided daily flights connecting communities prince george williams lake vancouver airport founded headquarters central british_columbia later known pacific western longer existent following year headquarters transferred richmond vancouver international airport federal department transport regained rights airport beginning expansion program airfield saw expand air traffic controllers started working airport year airport served approximately passengers previously proposals relocating airport low public visibility fall winter seasons specific year carried location found instead airport expanded saw administrative buildings offices baggage area coffee shop improved costing flood threat aimed close airport following year airfield extended obtaining passengers considered airport reliable improved addition general services airport equipment provided separate building passengers garnered year airport saw start expansion following year completed terminal building changed serve operation structure air pacific western time air served airport 1980s longer exist passengers dropped runway boeing boeing boeing historical dates terminal runway navigation aids upgraded million funded british_columbia government gave million canadian government gave million airport remaining money announced million upgrade runway million expand navigation aid million terminal improvements city intention expand upgrade airport order economy tourism expand city mayor peter members indian band praised expansion area population approximately residents international airport international airport operated nearby city small impact airport share area percent local residents choose international airport airport fly regional destinations specifically significant growth despite residents choose airport local airport facilities airport located airport road neighbourhood north nautical miles west northwest city centre mountains situated road plateau located kilometres north canada united_states border opposite golf country club lake attractions lake country club situated city paid parking car bus service available car provided budget rent car enterprise rent car national car rental offices located airport bus service offered transit system operated transit parking stalls spaces expected location airport commonly gain access sun peaks british_columbia sun peaks resort food available airport terminal medical facility accommodation areas administrative buildings restaurant provided airport terminal bread garden canada revenue agency canada offices terminal square metres considered expansion north shore business improvement association helping expansion city intention expand upgrade airport order economy tourism expand city mayor peter members indian band praised expansion airport aircraft obtain fuel shell canada located site serves aviation dealer airport airfield feet feet asphalt aligned years known club flying club operates airport club children receive flight airplane pilot learn addition flight school canadian flight centre based site branch based boundary bay delta opened location uses aircraft lessons canadian helicopters operates training facility airport related facilities include canada helicopters highland helicopters aviation flight discovery operated flight school airport owner deemed fraud artist royal canadian mounted police operates star helicopter airport forest service occasionally uses airfield helicopters maintains aircraft maintenance centre aircraft parts sold inland communications services progressive air services pro engines spring aviation aircraft sales salvage packages delivered airport custom security services provided canada border services agency security screening radio navigation aid provided airport pilots aircraft coming nearby airports determine location navigation system owned canada operate air traffic control system business park industrial park airport development areas local upcoming weather observed airport weather station referred airport weather station canada noted aircraft winds near airport blow east west classified airport entry canada staffed canada border services agency aircraft airport handle passengers performed airport passengers board courtesy shuttle nearby municipalities blue river british_columbia number employees available fred serving airport manager number maintenance workers serving airport manages airport owned number companies opening initially owned later proposal led transfer airport ownership changed airport commonly referred field airport 1990s transport canada owner time began program transfer ownership selected regional airports ownership airport transferred new airport authority society august department city_council composed members deemed commercial operation airport authority society contract vancouver airport authority allow manage operate airport operated airport limited destinations airport offers scheduled flights calgary international airport vancouver international airport provided air canada express operated jazz air addition central mountain air flights offered prince george airport flights added november calgary international airport international airport serviced january flights provided daily airport provided flights destinations charter including denver international airport san_diego international airport san international airport seattle international airport airport garnered aircraft movements served approximately passengers representing percent increase passengers majority increase occurred december canadian flight centre contributed cargo accidents incidents july operated aviation flight route airport crashed destroyed local forest fire british_columbia ministry forests land near road kilometres south british_columbia town thompson region crew members killed accident


airport airport norwegian regional airport serving municipality county norway airport located village island airport passengers making busy airport operated state owned airport consists meter runway served dash aircraft planning started airport serve air taxi air ambulance services original meter gravel runway opened allowing operate flights norman airport upgraded longer runway larger terminal allowing start scheduled services took routes canada twin runway allowing introduce dash airport years later history aircraft emergency landing carried route early 1970s plain aircraft landed located near village site airport regional airline took initiative construct simple airfield hoped finance municipality national insurance administration local chapter norwegian red_cross search rescue corps addition able operate air taxi service land air locals hoped construction step state financed construction regional airports selected original regional airports initial airport consisted meter gravel runway terminal consisting airport opened started air taxi service passenger norman grants million norwegian nok issued state supplemented funding national insurance administration local interests new facilities opened early consisting larger terminal control tower runway retained gravel surface upgrades cost nok million allowed operate daily scheduled taxi route time able receive day newspapers flights corresponded scandinavian system oslo flights airport operated airport route taken initially canada twin ministry transport communications announced february considering taking ownership operations airport civil aviation administration later renamed airport airport airport regional airports government routes receive state operating grants december articulated airport meet demands future operation lacked proper instruments asphalt runway stated introduction dash longer able serve airport additional navigation aids installed runway subsequently resulting dash services introduced state civil aviation administration took ownership operations airport january runway lights upgraded followed installation global positioning system based landing system wants extend short airports year lack aircraft types seats able use meter dash built use countries apart norway short airports room plan airports passengers use small planes seats facilities airport simple terminal building capacity passengers hour meter asphalt runway aligned place harbor southeast runway limits expansion airport located minutes drive village center free parking available destinations airport served operates flights based public service obligation contract ministry transport communications flights operated seat dash aircraft flights flown continue villages towns airport served passengers aircraft movements handled tonnes cargo busy airport operated ahead airport airport


jan jan serving jan norway operated norwegian armed forces serves island population combined military meteorological station meter dirt runway numbered airfield built connection completed jan served times year lockheed hercules aircraft squadron main air station provide supplies change crew outpost nearby volcano cause wind creates difficult landing conditions history north_atlantic treaty organization nato norwegian armed forces started construction military communications outpost built followed august announced island receive airfield allow continual operation originally consisted metres section island dirt road chosen reduce bureaucracy construction aircraft land consolidated royal norwegian air_force september civilian aircraft douglas operated safe landed journalists board october early aircraft operating jan douglas head officer norwegian military communications division later criticized chief defence concluded gentlemen construction airports norwegian soil communications division plans presented central command sudden eruption forced immediate evacuation station hercules dispatched island successfully landed strip hercules regular military aircraft jan aircraft gradually took transport island supplies diesel special freight transported ship squadron occasionally drop mail supplies supplement landings hercules facilities jan single regular service royal norwegian air_force lockheed hercules operate island times year aircraft squadron based air station flights jan operate main air station runway open commercial traffic research search rescue operations dirt runway meters aligned jan variable weather conditions lot fog wind wind created wake volcano resulting regular vortex streets lee waves cause sudden change wind direction island accidents incidents hercules aircraft royal norwegian air_force crashed wind suddenly shifting plane crash site near airfield