fortress fortress swedish modern fortress consisting major minor forts fortifications surrounding city northern sweden fortress originally intended stop delay attacks east coastal assaults time construction meant russian attacks launched finland primarily expansion railway net turn consequence rising importance northern iron ore fields led increased strategic value northern sweden construction fortress main forts finished supporting fortifications completed start world war improvements continuously world wars fortress primary self supporting forts excavated bedrock mountains surrounding fortified secondary artillery positions constructed forts flanking support cover areas range main forts artillery addition infantry fortifications built cover terrain second world war anti tank gun additional shelters built tens kilometres dragon teeth placed fortress city owing end cold war reduction threat soviet_union fortress important defence sweden began decommissioned fort complex decommissioned december tourist attraction forts supporting structures declared historic buildings preserved future swedish government background central peripheral defence dominating theories use fortifications operational perspective 18th 19th century central fortress system peripheral fortress system called system systems known central defence peripheral defence peripheral defence theory based building smaller fortifications advance positions meet enemy early stage central defence theory meant weaken enemy step step minor skirmishes carried forces supplied supported central fortresses located line short theory advocated minor fortifications built directly engage enemy advocated major fortifications built directly engage enemy support troops engaged enemy beginning 19th century peripheral system sweden deemed extremely long border coastline country required lot personnel maintain support leading high costs mobile armed forces peripheral system meant contain enemy specific area coast borders time went new tactics taken practice thin line fortifications easily penetrated enemy forces enemy advanced peripheral line troops stop attacker central fortress system better adjusted defence depth enemy attack reached culminating point counter attacks launched central defence proven effective seven years war frederick prussia napoleon invasion russia russians von military treatise war mentioned sweden good conditions kind war attrition fourth principle assistance theatre war naturally advantage defensive army defensive continues connection enjoys support fortresses weakened way near sources supply campaign gives glass clear illustration effect means specified principles true exception sweden country europe situated like russia efficient principle distinction greater degree strength fortification sweden sweden lost population russia conquered eastern created grand finland finnish war shortly west flank secured personal union norway napoleonic wars main enemy sweden south denmark longer threat threat left russia stood border north possession islands swedish capital stockholm swedish navy considered superior russian gulf invasion coast likely russians invaded northern sweden finland previous war general opinion case new war main attack conducted stockholm southern sweden opinion led thought finding good rear defence area estates swedish government capital danger turn naturally strengthened central defence theory core land place main field army conduct operations supported fortresses area large lakes choice core land approximately border county sweden province considered included strategy middle sweden central defence system finally february king charles john decided main fortress central fortress smaller operational fortresses built central fortress fortress operational fortresses meant located end built lack funds supposed included main central defence strategy studies defend major country conducted northern sweden generally considered limited military interest unsuitable larger military operations bad state roads large areas large rivers limited economical gain lands provided studies laid fortification committee largely influenced committee secretary peter led opinion large rivers north especially river benefit defence major fortifications built study colonel later swedish minister war oscar suggested better positions south northern river example major changes partially limited military interest large amounts money spent building fortress older fortifications southern sweden railroads speed planning years later committee coastal fortification committee studied defence swedish armed forces started focus bit northern provinces study mainly presented plans middle provinces provinces significant role main roads sweden started intersect road network norway time allied sweden road network north area consisted large coastal road major north south road way major roads exclusively ran southeast northwest following run large rivers ending wilderness provide route west norway atlantic coast plans strengthen building central fortress outside closer coast outside fell flat lack money lower priority compared fortifications southern sweden 1860s swedish railway main lines completed southern country northern main line reached opening railway line connecting trondheim central lines year later strengthened plans defensive line provinces time gulf finnish main railway completed soon great use russians transport military personnel supplies swedish border case war combined planned railway stretch iron ore lines pose great opportunity russians fulfill wish seize control northern scandinavia atlantic ports norwegian coast according officers swedish norwegian second half 1880s noticed increased strategic importance northern scandinavia effect construction railway lines area noticed member electoral district worried railway forward motion strengthening upper defence length railway lines started affect strategic planning cases military decisions influenced planning new railway lines northernmost stretch main line upper long planned victory party wing year election financial means increased trade income political allowed completion railway called resources rapid expansion upper reasons build railway sparsely populated area factor big decision complete main line government takeover line previously hands english company stretch lucrative considerably eased transport iron ore ore fields coast transport boat english company 1860s tried construct combination railway canal english canal stretch went bankrupt plans completed company contracted new railway line experienced similar economic difficulties swedish state decided buy nearly completed line finish decision complete railway sparked interest members swedish general staff chief conducted survey trip region report mentioned changed strategic options railway lines sides gulf need kind fortification toned earlier thoughts russian interest line report directly affected future stretch railway line recommendations largely based general staff military planning build line coast build way swedish finnish border later followed subsequent report completed neutrality committee members suggested credible neutrality required increased defence north eastern border proposed budget million swedish corresponding today money million construction permanent fortifications reason decision following year wrote memorandum explained detail budget suddenly risen million finance construction strongholds total long cannon quick firing cannon armoured turrets machine guns barracks supply depots plan included reserve battalion men artillery battalion men engineer company men supply depot personnel large study permanent fortifications sweden mandate given published cemented view central fortress needed support supply troops gathering river eastern border alongside strengthening coastal defences stockholm completely rule possibility german british attack southern sweden opportunity arose felt russia realistic threat plausible scenarios war russia sweden involved war germany russia feature southern central sweden attempt hide country general staff wanted sweden case russia limited attack reach northern norway atlantic attack earlier said likely played strategic importance iron ore lines played importance main railway line discussion time speed completion railway nearly finished need play political game longer railway line need able bring troops river main line defence future fortress following years fierce debate supporters army navy proposed expansion swedish fortifications nationwide turn money spent fleet upset naval proponents later minister defence von later admiral prime minister sweden argued theory central defence leave large swedish land hands enemy instead suggested smaller fortifications border strengthened navy debate inconclusive request initiate construction fortress accepted government instead wanted committee investigate swedish fortifications possible new constructions fortification committee formed committee led chairman discussed examined defence thoroughly travelled climbed heights mountains considered fortifications selection suitable place fortification according committee final report published july numerous reasons main rail line crossed river intersection main line line located important road intersection located suitable river crossing sites river located distance coast long prevent surprise attack naval landing force topography area suitable modern fortress final decision report calculated costs million corresponds today money million spent total construction schedule year period year periods cost considerably lower recently built fortifications continent belgium spent equivalent million fortified positions romania spent million strengthen defence million fortifications river proposed line plans fortification committee construction existing works sweden commence question postponed year plan gained support chamber second chamber joint vote chambers proposition passed result mean concrete possible construction considered great success question years century general attitude army positive likely increased finland increased tension union sweden norway rumors russian worked sweden worked secret russian police despite progress left minister war setbacks issues replaced inherited fortification project followed footsteps described spiritual father fortress thanks efforts proposed accordance committee plan initial sum initiate construction fortress maintained belief predecessor committee chairman fortress completed act operational base troops attached defence serve supply fortress troops stationed line serve blocking fortress case russian surprise attack committee set goal fortress finished state line found way border finland result votes held date seen birth fortress second chambers previous year chamber overwhelmingly proposal result proponents feared defeat second chamber debate prime minister sweden threatened resign posts proposal accepted exert pressure second chamber expressed following day believe gentlemen consider question important moment definite answer embraced swedish longer stay place second chamber voted proposal vote count resigned discussion voting decided matter settled joint vote chamber voted favor second chamber voted total outcome favour constructing fortress funds needed start construction funding purchase land fortifications built largely provided years advance voluntary organisations organisation fortified defence upper swedish women organisation collected needed land purchase construction initial work main inspiration design forts mountains constructed came fortress near fortress fortress built 1890s southern fort fort world fully protection provided bedrock having functions embedded mountain fortress served prototype fortress future fortifications sweden including late 20th century fixed army coastal artillery batteries gave swedish fortifications agency world renown preparatory work started consisted diverse number tasks ranging purchase beds construction workers construction new loading site railway building roads construction sites clearing land sites plan fortifications term world war present fortress came widespread use largely based proposal laid forward fortification committee minor modifications construction work started cost forts estimated exceed previous calculations percent december months blasting work july cost forts northeast river expected percent expensive initial calculation forts confirmed happened fort followed suit april fort confirmed blueprint fort proposed fort deleted plans batteries fortifications work fort started proposal new fortification committee formed following reports large rise costs february current minister war calculated total cost end twice cost reported committee work large masses bedrock conducted hand help powered machines power station constructed years later work site create large ditch metres wide depth metres surround core fort creating patrol trenches turrets forts work early teams workers bore bedrock pinch bars use black powder blast rock pieces transported away site horse drawn carriages cases railways ditch parts completed work started inner fort boring horizontally ditch mountain work lot harder cost cubic metre tunnel times cost cubic metre ditch confined space tunnels risk damaging bedrock use black powder instead dynamite reduced risk bedrock damage increased time needed complete tunnels bedrock bored loaded transported away forts estimated cubic metres finishing touches ditches tunnels finished concrete works started including construction systems forts second floors partition walls galleries water wells bored depth metres guarantee water supply forts supposed self supporting demanding project construction transport installation armoured turrets armament companies previously contracted construction fortifications sweden swedish french des offers companies existed tests conducted december swedish company contracted given royal approval order pieces mounted forts following forts pieces order time factor actually delivered french company cost single armoured turret piece today money weigh tonnes delivered parts transport heaviest weight tonnes parts delivered rail help cranes roads time handle weight summer transport wait winter frost hardened ground turret parts lifted drawn horses depending situation toughest stretch mountain handled help block tackle ditch crossed temporarily built wooden bridges mounting turret finished cranes major mounts turrets completed end despite harsh winter working conditions temperatures falling times peak workforce amounted men numbers fluctuated lowest number active workers winter months artillery test firing conducted january guns fired rounds forts state works apart forts garrison heavily expanded initial construction years largest garrison sweden taking exceptional position swedish military history 20th century start 21st century largest garrison city swedish army fortifications forts finished work started fill holes realised prepared positions needed mobile batteries apart larger battery positions called strongholds constructed works started finished world war strongholds positioned mountain mountain parts battery position inside mountain gun outside positions concrete fortifications ground inside bunker main fortifications infantry consisted concrete fortified observation posts concrete long narrow longest metres long room men machine guns room men usually rifle platoon reinforced machine gun section anti tank section length curved shapes following mountain sides characteristics popularly referred construction started officers considered fortress inadequate fortifications infantry officer compared fortress shoe large foot million allocated fix problem minor fortifications built world war built railway bridge road bridge built located kilometres southeast bridge later built accommodate easier access fort military training area southwestern shore river time completion longest single span road bridge sweden internal external communication systems means reconnaissance needed directed commandant located headquarters building building finished floors upper functioned home workplace commandant chief staff ground floor extra thick walls functioned command post fortress large field telephone network built connecting forts headquarters liaison higher commands maintained regular post telegraph telephone fortress radio station finished originally swedish navy located south known radio swedish radio broadcasts sent building fortress sending messages end second world war stationed balloon department main task operate balloon garrison balloon hangar inner measurements metres built near radio station men attached department follow balloon maximum height metres limited length wire connecting ground hydrogen filled balloon german measured metres length diameter metres total volume cubic metres operation world wars parts fortress finished world war minor works started completed course war sweden remained neutral second world war start outcome large impact fortress finland independence world war created state sweden imperial russia successor state soviet_union radically changed strategic value northern sweden fortress question basic needs satisfied interwar period apparent needs based experiences war better air defence fortifications halt temporarily attacks armoured forces neglected thanks local commanders construction new fortifications improvements existing ones help garrisoned troops engineer companies built new shelters trenches training telephone network improved completed garrisoned telegraph company cut cost drastically expenditure needed material necessary projects funded including underground headquarters bunker improvement garrison hospital new training areas increased tension europe following adolf_hitler rise power march rome outbreak spanish civil war focus military readiness prepared fortifications improvements fortifications parts sweden years 1930s following german annexation austria occupation czechoslovakia included building underground storage rooms ammunition food existing stocks increasing protection important supply functions military planning preparations destruction advancing enemy important bridges roads second world war broke limited resources allotted defence northern sweden following soviet attack finland months later german operation norway denmark year major work improving extending defensive lives commenced bomb shelters gun particularly anti tank guns built units stationed vicinity finnish experiences gained meeting superior armoured forces winter war adopted sweden triple rows large stones blocks reinforced concrete dragon teeth soon formed continuous line defended anti tank guns concrete machine gun nests fortress city war continued advances fields warfare fortress continually improved meet new increased threats air armoured gas attacks command supply intelligence services improved sweden remained neutral fortress test nonetheless indications garrison fortress crew come wartime attack commander regiment later minister war commander fortress expressed worries low number soldiers planned garrison town army war plans infantry battalions stationed area allowed transferred reported battalions number lack personnel lack organisation shown fortress tested coup main military exercise april led commander cavalry regiment crown prince regiment managed seize control railway station railway bridge ordnance depot electric works matter day unit reached headquarters building commandant fortress saw earlier worries come true despite wartime infantry garrison battalions second world war came end fortress given new role longer meant stand besieging enemy instead piece larger network fortifications wartime strength men calculations talked men men needed withstand siege espionage strict secrecy surrounded fortress long time attempts foreign powers gain knowledge kinds information early possible attempt espionage russian travelled sweden years 19th century years leading world war large swedish population believed total sweden spies hired russian secret police sources belief sent specific missions instead acted spies having contact interrogated experiences returned russia sources claim found useful educated art espionage fact given specific missions paid season work form kind legal espionage believed conducted german movement late interwar period known attempt espionage fortress conducted lieutenant danish coastal artillery enlisted copenhagen russian military stockholm colonel sent task explore fortress surroundings wife stayed boarding house city regular correspondence employer stayed copenhagen correspondence exposed attempt successful terms information gained russians better luck late brothers named served artillery regiments artillery regiment discovered extravagant living found brothers despite employment army finnish russian citizenship provided intelligence russia extent affair disclosed minor case german espionage exposed second world war permanently stationed german officer caught parts fortifications deported probable espionage ordered higher command act initiative extensive espionage cases sweden cold war involved fortress exposed case involved worker swedish state railways later local editor communist newspaper exposed talk influence alcohol owners house stockholm lodged moved family told swedish security service christmas holidays arrested february interrogation confessed february april met soviet employers times provided large variety intelligence public sources secrets armament forts fortress pieces information concerned fortress nearby fortifications sentenced lifetime hard labour released years case involved arrested september carried seven missions soviets provided primarily information swedish navy information fortifications coast initiated report fortress unit located like sentenced hard labour life end aftermath cold war fortress gradually decades following second world war including newer main artillery forts newer secondary artillery forts improvements development new weapons evolution warfare cold war gradually decreased importance fortifications weapons cruise missiles smart bombs large static fortifications fortress obsolete demonstrated worth gulf war fort decommissioned removed wartime organisation years earlier years gulf war collapse soviet_union forts followed suit shot fired local time december exactly year later december fort decommissioned years service forts battery positions declared historic buildings summer preserved future balloon hangar kind sweden declared historic building years later forts held operation tourist attraction guided tours possibility companies hold smaller conferences inside fort visitors expected visit fort averaging day summer fortress salute batteries sweden fire gun salute special occasions national holiday sweden members swedish royal family fortress salute battery june forts decommissioned salute fired cannon located central myths impact strict security surrounding garrison rumors circulated fortress lifetime later dismissed myths confirmed common rumor artillery main forts range fire possible shoot important harbour kilometres away reality maximum range shooting pieces half widespread myth forts connected complex system tunnels beneath city rumor hand confirmed forts storage large swedish gold reserve total swedish gold holdings tonnes kept fort transported disguised boxes ammunition brought fort armoured cars fort longer clock surveillance total construction cost fortress million time correspond billion according consumer price index government agency statistics sweden uses despite cost claimed correspond billion today claimed project expensive project cost billion total aircraft costing million depending include calculation matter actual cost opinions fortress differ markedly called project project turn century reasons kept sweden world wars fortress psychological aspect mere existence kept firm grip peoples minds essentially functioning morale times sweden shadow war forts fort planned constructed mountain north west lake fort northern fort group defined defensive plans fortress main artillery consisted backed replaced early 1950s surrounded ditch sides fort area features observation post sites larger swedish gold reserve kept fort decommissioned fort fort planned constructed eastern fort group fort situated mountain east fort fitted main artillery standard secondary cannon cannon fort refitted new main artillery 1970s fort feature main artillery decommissioned years earlier forts like forts northeast surrounded sides ditch fort large bunker sites close planned constructed fort situated mountain east forts finished fire guns test firing conducted eastern fort group close fort defensive plans forts original secondary guns replaced main artillery artillery served fort closed fort surrounded ditch sides large concrete bunker located proximity fort fort feature distinct sides fort instead features triangular design originally planned forts southwestern formed mountain ditch fort planned constructed mountain south fort southern fort group fort standard armament form artillery like neighbour fort river fort observation posts sites surroundings best known forts fort situated mountain southwest line construction started fort finished originally featured replaced taken scrapped swedish navy destroyers time cannon fitted newly constructed small satellite fortification north fort fort southern fort group fort river forts unlike forts ditch sides western fort protected natural mountain surroundings feature large observation posts sites today fort larger fortification fortress open public years existence position simply titled commandant officer charge commandant fortress later additional commands connected position media fortress mentioned story short film shown swedish television christmas eve year young boy story works extra post office steals christmas gifts addressed rich people instead gives poor robin hood style gifts steals picture fortress telling intended receiver gift senior administrative officer answers thank saving fortress fortress plays operation volume novel written harry winter pseudonym undisclosed number people techno thriller novel soviet invasion sweden fortress main story chapter volume briefly mentions fort chapters second volume devoted events forts forts mentioned fort described detail minute episode swedish public broadcaster series secret swedish spaces covered fortress secrets lesser known facts myths programme brought use fort storage gold reserve pieces information years swedish military history sweden peculiar constructions reference notes


locally town greater manchester north west england mill town production centre flemish settled area 14th century introducing wool cotton weaving tradition development town largely coincided introduction textile manufacture industrial revolution 19th century cotton mills works largest productive centres cotton spinning world british cotton industry declined sharply world war 1980s cotton manufacture virtually ceased close west miles northwest manchester surrounded smaller towns villages form metropolitan borough administrative centre town population whilst wider metropolitan borough population historically lancashire originated small settlement known english civil war town outpost royalist region result stormed royalist troops led prince rhine known massacre residents killed taken prisoner football club play home games stadium world light champion khan born town cultural interests include theatre museum art gallery earliest public libraries established public libraries act history common northern english derived old english meaning settlement dwelling recorded use form dates describe relation dwelling recorded later forms super town motto means overcome difficulties delays pun super version meaning literally early history civil war evidence human existence early bronze age including stone circle close bronze age burial winter hill bronze age mound excavated victorian times outside hall romans built roads manchester east road west claimed built fort clearing land forest evidence saxon settlement exists form religious objects found victorian parish church built great property roger roger property civil war derby great little fee little held roger land service twelfth knight fee parish church early foundation exact date unknown given lord manor founded roger charter hold market granted december king henry iii england market town borough charter earl derby william january market held 18th century plots laid centre medieval town close man public house dating situated today flemish settled introduced manufacture cloth flemish fleeing settled 17th century second wave settlers rough cloth cotton digging sea coal recorded outbreak plague town english civil war people supported cause parliamentary garrison town attacked twice success prince royalist army troops command earl derby attacked attack known massacre died taken prisoner town plundered end civil war lord derby tried traitor chester condemned death appeal pardon parliament rejected attempted escape recaptured executed massacre outside man inn october industrial revolution onward tradition cottage spinning weaving improvements spinning technology local richard samuel led rapid growth textile industry 19th century whilst living hall wood invented spinning streams draining surrounding river provided water necessary works feature area introduced surrounding villages thirty including bank works valley cotton spinning combining roller drafting water frame carriage drafting tip twisting james spinning producing high quality self acting mills 1960s producing fine earliest mills situated streams river bridge steam power led construction large multi storey mills chimneys dominated skyline survive today growth textile industry assisted availability coal area john coal mines little earl coal great coal company mines coal mines pits close manchester bury canal providing owners markets manchester coal mining declined 20th century important transport links contributed growth town textile industry manchester bury canal constructed connected town bury manchester providing transport coal basic materials railway oldest lancashire opening goods traffic great street station opened passengers railway initially connected leeds liverpool canal important link port liverpool import raw cotton america extended link manchester liverpool line local firms built locomotives railway union built locomotives veteran built dean mayor charles james sympathetic supporter anti corn law league august besieged riot act read special sworn mayor accompanied soldiers called rescue special little town hall besieged mob incident ended lancashire largest engineering centre manchester men employed industry half working street firm textile machinery engineering company based lancashire boilers heavy machinery thomas son turner bridge manufactured machine tools international motor industry wrought iron produced years thomas sons forge textile industry employed people mill constructed sir john mill cotton industry declined 1920s brief second world war sustained industry virtually vanished end 20th century night september target aerial offensive commanded kurt imperial_german_navy dropped bombs town working class area street killing thirteen residents destroying houses attacks followed parts town including dropped close town hall lord william lord bought hall wood memorial samuel inventor spinning restored dilapidated building presented town having turned museum furnished household goods typical domestic family life 16th 17th centuries endowed schools giving land house new road presented town acres land public park corporation named park gave people park consulted thomas landscape architect lecturer landscape design university liverpool town planning published study town planning civic art gave lectures entitled housing town planning society formed basis illustrated book presented council ambitious plan rebuild town centre based designs funded partly council declined favour extending town hall building civic centre governance lying county boundaries lancashire early 19th century great little eighteen ecclesiastical parish separated river little north bank great south poor law union formed february continued existing street started build new farm hospital built site royal hospital great little area incorporated municipal corporations act municipal borough second created england additions adding granted county borough status self governing independent lancashire county council jurisdiction borough extended adding civil parishes great rest middle rest renamed plus bridge urban district civil parish county borough abolished constituent metropolitan borough greater manchester unsuccessfully applied city status metropolitan borough council divided term years labour sixteen conservatives liberal democrats seat remaining vacant reform act parliamentary borough established constituency represented members parliament parliamentary borough continued abolished replaced parliamentary east west member parliament east abolished new created north east south east covering constituency time major boundary changes took place west took constituency town scheme local council france germany geography town greater manchester north west england close west miles northwest city manchester surrounded smaller towns villages form metropolitan borough administrative centre early described position town amid low hills edge west southeast pike lies relatively flat land sides steep banked valley river flows southeasterly direction river geological formation consists series coal measures northern lower coal measures mixed underlying climate greater manchester area generally similar climate england owing protection mountains north wales experiences slightly lower average rainfall summer months rainfall higher average mild differences highs lows adequate rainfall year round climate classification climate marine west_coast climate oceanic climate time united_kingdom census according office national statistics urban subdivision greater manchester urban area total resident population male female living households settlement occupied hectares compared hectares census noted urban census area contains large rural area south town population density people compared average greater manchester urban area median age population compared greater manchester urban area england wales majority population born england born united_kingdom rest european_union world data religious beliefs town census declared christian stated muslim said held religion reported hindu population change economy time census people employment resident worked wholesale retail trade including repair motor vehicles worked manufacturing industry worked health social work sector employed transport storage communication industries quarter 20th century heavy industry replaced service based activities including data processing centres tech electronics companies town retains traditional industries employing people paper manufacturing packaging transportation steel building materials missiles produced british factory closed brand european headquarters located stadium home family established road february granted town status attracts visitors shopping centres markets public houses restaurants town centre retail parks leisure facilities close town centre surrounding towns suburbs tourism plays economy visitor attractions include hall wood hall country park drop village bridge steam museum regeneration projects planned years including church wharf ask developments merchant quarter local developer charles group contribute square feet business space innovation zone large million development university core landmarks situated town centre site market grade listed town hall imposing building designed william hill opened june albert edward prince wales 1930s building extended hope town hall albert halls function rooms original single albert hall destroyed fire november rebuilding work replaced present albert halls opened great hall hall built 14th century william received manor chapel dates 16th century extended 19th hall george marsh tried examined according local tradition george marsh stamped foot hard faith left stone floor grade listed building museum hall wood museum late farmer house built owned family added stone west wing 18th century divided samuel lived worked 19th century deteriorated bought industrialist william restored presented council conservation areas contain listed buildings town centre including victorian queen park park open spaces surrounding area include crescent man little town hall market place wood street holy trinity church market hall grade listed building outside town centre found mere hall fold hall park cottage mary church hall gatehouse souls church notable mills overlooking parts town sir john mill swan lane mills views northwards dominated pike winter hill mast west town transport served local road network national routes major north south trunk road passes west hunger hill dual referred devil highway designation spur motorway interchange town centre bridge dedicated junctions serving borough network local buses coordinated transport greater manchester serves district bus operators include north west greater manchester diamond bus north west travel served national express coach network bus station lane scheduled replaced new interchange town centre railway station end cost million interchange located manchester loop west_coast mainline served virgin west_coast trains passing manchester station managed northern station town centre transport interchange services manchester intermediate stations operated express northern trains education school independent day school founded site parish church grammar school boys merged free grammar school founded shortly moved present site new road merged girls day school church institute founded canon james near parish church school canon school relocated town secondary schools include catherine academy high school school school college utc college provides education sites borough sixth form college comprises town centre campus campus technical innovation centre opened supports local schools providing additional technical training university institute higher education gained university status religion evidence saxon times christian churches time civil war presence town early congregations eventually included seventh day denominations churches built victorian era closed demolished converted uses today parish covers small area town centre 19th century covered larger area divided eighteen neighbouring ancient parish centred mary church covered large area west south township great ancient parish church peter commonly known parish church example gothic revival style built stone designs church width length height tower high bells church site built anglo saxon times rebuilt norman times early 15th century little known earlier churches building solid building square tower west end modified years fell disrepair demolished fragments stone artefacts buildings displayed museum corner present church mary church parish church established saxon times current building dates extensions restoration 19th century grade listed building george church built little separate township built peter paid family leased council craft centre patrick roman_catholic_church great street built new mosque mosque served muslim community pakistan india 1960s place worship church converted hindu temple sport english football league club formed years played park club moved stadium club won cups recent spent seasons division english league club league champions hockey club fields women men junior teams playing members town local cricket leagues cricket league cricket association rugby union club formed situated avenue street club operates senior teams women junior sections robots doom baseball club started playing home games avenue addition adult team junior team bears baseball dates team called american football team plays home games school operating varsity junior varsity teams racing known dirt track racing staged park pioneering days venue short lived culture society according survey british association advancement science people britain photographed calling mass observation project social research organisation aimed record everyday life britain photographs provide record ordinary people living working british pre war industrial town theatres including independent groups little theatre phoenix theatre company inside town hall theatre conference complex albert halls crescent home central library museum art gallery court town hall centre new cultural quarter library museum extended area occupied court museum art gallery houses collection local international art including work born american artist thomas steam museum houses variety preserved steam engines old mill central library earliest public libraries established public libraries act opening october exchange building old market square victoria square moving crescent july symphony orchestra performs regular concerts albert halls victoria hall town centre bbc radio adult choir year times gold medal winning chorus chorus based town daily newspaper news evening news weekly free paper journal council monthly newspaper scene town bbc north west itv television regions served winter hill near local radio provided tower broadcasts bury began broadcasting fictional village benjamin novel based industrial village bridge spring port wine playwright bill filmed set family way based play good time filmed set town peter filmed comedy series peter thing town buildings stood towns cities crescent featured london street version holmes russian secret service building 1990s comedy series 1990s bbc drama lines filmed episode victoria square grammar dialect area graham local dialect described distinct nearby manchester public services central division greater manchester police covers town centre great little covered police station bridge police station covers covered police statutory emergency fire rescue service provided greater manchester fire rescue service central north fire stations hospital services provided royal hospital foundation trust provides accident emergency services royal hospital community health services including gps district community nurses primary care trust waste management greater manchester waste disposal authority distribution network operator electricity electricity north west ltd united utilities manage drinking waste water healthcare greater manchester notable people notable people born protestant martyr george marsh inventor spinning textile industry samuel industrialist lord recently people born raised include fred popular television historian britain industrial past world champion boxer khan world light champion july age making britain youngest world champion boxer comedian peter president international paralympic committee philip playwright author bill born ireland brought early age


residential suburb northeast london england london borough located miles east northeast cross comprises extensive built area north low density conservation area south surrounded open land historically rural village county essex formed ancient parish peripheral london forming eastern edge urban economic history characterised shift agriculture housing development suburban growth london 20th century significantly increased population urban district formed greater london history recorded book means spur land frequented formed old english contained anglo saxon middle ages 15th century known bishop large area owned bishop london economic development parish recorded heavily wooded supporting way life forest clearance advanced 15th century increase population land lay brick earth gave rise brick tile company operation suggested early trade nearby settlements london river_thames local government formed ancient parish acres km2 essex met church parish parish grouped poor relief poor law union provision rural district district rural district parish council formed replace parish formed london traffic area london passenger transport area reflect significantly increased population area rural district abolished amalgamated neighbouring parishes urban district parish council abolished urban district council local authority revision boundaries north rural district absorbed small area north near great transferred urban district urban district abolished area transferred essex greater london combined municipal borough order form present day london borough greater london boundary east north railway line locally realigned motorway returning areas open land essex leaving north greater london outside bounds motorway urban development 17th 18th centuries homes including hall attractive properties merchants city london initial attempts expand suburban estates early 20th century ran problems lack water supply sewage works opened great 1930s land develop council housing following sale estate pace new building location edge london urban explained halting effect suburban house building introduction metropolitan green belt world war building took place area bounded arterial road north mary lane south council houses built governance forms parliament constituency partly form area committee current angela ward london borough council elected residents association candidates area unusual residents association strongly active formed constituency formed constituency london assembly constituency london european parliament constituency geography located london clay belt north gravel valley south rises feet north feet south ridge running east west saints church located forms continuously built area west open fields separating wood north great east north southeast wood designated site importance nature conservation habitat ancient woodland ditches tall herbs neutral grassland community forest centre extensive thames chase located open land south east forms post town district climate data taken nearest weather station miles southwest saints church demographic data produced office national statistics contained cover connected settlement rural north population ward ward giving total population report religion christian compared london england report having religion compared london england black minority ethnic population lowest simpson index ethnic diversity london level home ownership high compared rest london england housing tenure owner occupation economy short shops largest lane dominated express store nearest significant activity centre identified london plan local district centre identified nearest seven main town centres number commercial businesses centred arterial road including wholesale butcher mushroom sales sports equipment supplier limited number venues including popular restaurant transport lane main road runs north south connecting road north approximately miles northeast junction motorway forms outer ring road london location depot london underground district line nearest london underground station approximately miles west london line national rail network passes area places nearest station transport london bus service station routes culture saints parish church rebuilt grade listed building james governor georgia united_states_of_america buried wife centre chancel area church forms conservation area second church called luke north lane hall manor house grade listed building community associations registered charities community association operates broad range sporting self improvement hobby activities community centre gardens social hall capacity separately operated lane community association provides limited range activities main cultural entertainment facilities borough located


large coastal town county south coast england town kilometres east east local council borough authority gaining administrative independence county council borough population census making second largest town forms south east total population human settlement area dates iron age earliest recorded use town 12th century town began emerge important port introduction wool trade later centuries town important trade links north_america peak 18th century busiest ports britain second world war town main departing points normandy landings tourist resort attracting visitors large natural harbour history lighthouse arts centre blue flag beaches town busy commercial port cross channel freight passenger ferry services headquarters royal national institution royal marines base town harbour despite names home arts university symphony orchestra significant university history town derives corruption celtic word old english word pool meaning place near pool creek variants include pool pole poles poll area modern inhabited past years 3rd century known moved settlements maiden castle rings river harbour romans landed conquest britain 1st century took iron age settlement area west modern town centre anglo saxon times included kingdom settlement base fishing harbour place ships anchor way river important anglo saxon town experienced large scale viking invasions era sailed fleet harbour attack began conquest england harbour base raid following norman conquest england rapidly grew busy port importance declined town manor exist identifiable entry book earliest written mention occurred document describing newly built james chapel pole lord manor sir william sold charter liberties raise funds participation seventh crusade consequently gained small measure freedom feudal rule acquired right appoint mayor hold court town growing importance recognised awarded staple port status king henry enabling port begin wool turn granting licence construction town wall gained autonomy granted legal independence county corporate great charter elizabeth english civil war stance merchants opposition ship money tax introduced king charles led town declaring parliament escaped large scale attack brink defeat parliamentary garrison laid siege captured nearby royalist stronghold castle established successful commerce north american colonies 16th century including important fisheries newfoundland trade newfoundland grew steadily meet demand fish catholic countries europe share trade varied prosperous period started early 18th century lasted early 19th century trade route ships sailed newfoundland salt provisions carried dried fish europe returning wine olive oil salt early 18th century ships trading north_america english port vast wealth brought merchants prosperity supported development old town medieval buildings replaced georgian housing end napoleonic wars conclusion war ended britain monopoly newfoundland fisheries nations took services provided merchants lower cost newfoundland trade rapidly declined decade merchants ceased trading town grew rapidly industrial revolution took place town area prosperity poverty turn 19th century workers engaged harbour activities century progressed ships large shallow harbour port lost business deep water ports liverpool southampton plymouth railway station opened later extended centre effectively ending port busy coastal shipping trade beaches landscape southern south west hampshire began attract tourists 19th century villages east began grow merge seaside resort emerged resort like neighbours continued rapid expansion created large demand goods manufactured world war largest point day landings operation overlord served base supplies allied forces europe eighty landing craft containing american troops 29th infantry division army rangers departed harbour beach important centre development combined operations base coast guard rescue flotilla town suffered german bombing war years neglect post war economic decline major redevelopment projects began 1950s 1960s large areas properties demolished replaced modern public housing facilities historic buildings demolished period particularly old town area consequently acre conservation area created town centre preserve notable buildings governance council april town authority following review local government commission england independent borough reverted previous title borough county town recalled status county corporate implementation local government act local elections elected elections place years election took place giving council conservative liberal democrat people mayor peter adams conservative parliamentary representation represented parliamentary house_of_commons mid north west east borough constituency existed previously town parliamentary borough members parliament representation reduced member constituency abolished altogether absorbed east constituency robert conservative member parliament general election conservatives won majority vote liberal democrats won vote labour independence party british national party county constituency mid north created includes north east extends rural liberal democrat member parliament general election liberal democrats won majority vote mid north conservatives won vote labour independence party included south west england constituency elections european parliament coat arms design coat arms originated seal late 14th century recorded king arms bars black gold represent sea sign maritime interests shells emblem saint james associated shrine popular destination christian pilgrims departing harbour middle ages arms confirmed college arms june time crest supporting anchor holding granted following local government reorganisation arms transferred borough council council received grant supporters coat arms supporters refer important charters given town left gold lion holding long sword representing william granted town charter right dragon derived royal arms elizabeth granted county corporate status latin motto means according custom town derives great charter geography located shore english channel lies northern eastern edges harbour kilometres west southwest london oldest town including historic old town shopping centre lies south east holes bay peninsula harbour land east peninsula reclaimed harbour mid 20th century west northern border river lies eastern edge town settlements south coast lies bay featuring kilometres sandy beaches west east urban areas districts numerous suburbs developed villages absorbed town grew park cliffs heath penn hill village natural environment characterised lowland north wooded coastline south habitat supports native british species provides home range rare birds development destroyed heath scattered fragments remain north designated special protection areas town lies beds mainly london clay clay sands river runs weak rock tributaries carved wide estuary mouth estuary sand deposited estuary create harbour harbour largest natural harbour europe title second largest natural harbour world sydney harbour area international importance nature conservation noted ecology supporting salt marshes internationally important habitat species migrating bird designated site special scientific interest special protection area site falling area outstanding natural beauty harbour covers area square kilometres extremely shallow main shipping channels metres deep average depth harbour centimetres contains small islands largest island nature reserve owned national trust birthplace scouting movement location scout camp britain largest onshore oil field operates farm south shore harbour oil extend harbour eastwards kilometres sea south situated directly east coast gateway town world heritage site includes kilometres east devon coast important geology rich fossil record south west_coast path stretches kilometres somerset coast devon cornwall path england longest national trail kilometres climate location south coast england temperate climate small variation daily annual temperatures average annual mean temperature months july august average temperature range months january february range mean sea surface temperatures range february august average annual rainfall millimetres average millimetres merges towns form south east combined population forming south coast major urban areas census population borough increase town built area square kilometres giving approximate population density residents square kilometre dwellings population grown steadily 1960s inward migration accounted town growth significant retirement housing stock increased past years approximately compared rest england wales average number residents aged average largest proportion population ages slightly national average population projections predicted continual growth population estimated district overwhelmingly populated people white ethnic background residents white british ethnicity rest england minority ethnic groups including white ethnic groups classify british represent population largest religion christianity slightly united_kingdom average largest sector religion average average house price high compared rest surrounding south west region average price property detached houses average semi detached houses cheaper respectively apartment flat costs average average house prices boosted fourth expensive house prices world average house price study national housing federation reported town live economy economy balanced rest 1960s prosperity growth manufacturing sector 1980s 1990s saw expansion service sector office based employers relocated area importance manufacturing declined 1960s employed approximately workforce remains prominent economy great_britain world largest privately owned builder motor largest manufacturer based employs people shipyards estimated generates million local economy major employers local manufacturing industry include heating lush cars ltd build racing cars racing foods transmission developments precision disc casting largest number industrial estates south east including industrial estate heath arena business park trade park business centre service sector principal economy large number employees work service economy local residents tourist economy 1970s restrictive regional planning policies attracted businesses wishing relocate london included employers banking financial sector bank operate regional headquarters american express bank corporate trust division bank new_york important service sector employers include national headquarters college royal national institution headquarters fitness university arts university headquarters clothing company animal manufacturer lush world second largest theme park operator disney shopping centre main retail area largest indoor shopping centre opened centre underwent major centre provides square metres retail space stores multi storey car parks parking spaces high street containing shops bars public houses restaurants connects centre historic old town area tourism important economy worth estimated million harbour pottery beaches main attractions visitors visitor accommodation consists hotels guest houses bed breakfast rooms located town particularly town centre park large site owned operated haven british holidays 1970s britain busiest ports investment new port facilities deepening shipping channels allowed considerable growth cross channel freight passenger traffic port destination bulk cargo imports steel timber bricks grain traffic export include clay sand fragmented steel grain commercial ferry operators run regular passenger freight services channel islands royal marines operate harbour established base home assault group royal marines responsible landing craft small boat training detachment royal marines reserve special forces unit special boat service fishing boats registered licensed port held permit issued southern sea fisheries district committee fish commercially largest port terms district covers coastline hampshire isle largest registered fishing fleets fleet gradually declining rising fuel costs restrictive fishing introduced european_union large number boats operate charted private landmarks visitor attraction south town centre lined mixture traditional public houses new bars redeveloped warehouses modern apartment blocks historic listed buildings busy centre maritime industry port activities moved 1970s increasingly popular tourists grade listed customs house built functions restaurant bar nearby grade listed town medieval warehouse built 15th century foundations 14th century stone building houses local history centre court grade listed building dates medieval era pottery production factory stood eastern end site redeveloped luxury apartment block marina outlet store remains site boats regularly depart summer provide cruises harbour island river public artworks include sea music large metal sculpture designed sir anthony life size bronze sculpture robert created celebrate founding scout movement island western end near mouth holes bay bridge built bridge located site played varied history town grade listed building built cost new building included open market house ground floor courtroom offices town council floor court record court court admiralty venue quarter sessions building consecrated parish church old james church pulled replaced present church second world war building meeting room american soldiers prior invasion france showers washing facilities installed time later converted public 1960s building converted use town museum stood years renovation project funded borough council restored opened june register office weddings civil partnerships civic ceremonies urban parks largest park adjacent harbour town centre opened victorian parks designated conservation area awarded green flag park comprises hectares acres hectares acres include park man lake ponds park contains children play areas miniature railway tennis courts bowling green miniature golf course italian restaurant indoor ice children cricket field pavilion eastern end home town cricket club water sport activities sailing rowing place large lake war memorial stands centre park monument citizens killed second world wars park hosts road races race life annual festival running sandy beaches popular tourist destination extending kilometres bay border beaches divided areas shore road cliffs beaches awarded european blue flag safety times british seaside resort britain group resort survey rated beaches country seaside restaurants beach numerous water sports facilities royal national institution beach rescue patrol coastline busy summer season september religious sites falls church_of_england diocese salisbury roman catholic diocese plymouth sites christian worship including grade grade listed churches notable sites worship major religious groups grade james church simplified gothic revival style church_of_england parish church old town rebuilt previous church site mentioned documents extensively rebuilt 16th century deemed structurally unsafe report united reformed church hall town centre grade building built grade churches peter parish church built replaced canterbury orthodox church orthodox church anglican church neo byzantine style building parish church built architects garner gothic revival style described english_heritage important landmarks gothic revival church mary built grade listed churches sport recreation harbour bay popular areas number recreational pursuits including sailing water skiing harbour large areas sheltered waters attract particularly northern eastern shores water skiing takes place harbour special designated area known channel waters harbour bay bay popular recreational diving wide sandy beaches swimming water sports sailing beaches sporting events beach festival annual british beach polo championship town leisure centre hosted competition october holiday inn express hosting competitors disco saturday evening hundreds competitors country compete year competition celebrates 14th anniversary cricket club est visually impaired cricket team representing steve bailey captain coach sailing harbour largest centres sailing yacht clubs including sailing club yacht club yacht club yacht club hosted world championships national championships european championships organisers youth week week largest annual type country football oldest football team town semi professional team play southern league premier division seventh tier english football league system established team erratic success level risen non league levels reached round cup played stadium settled farm sharing school playing field junior school football teams united formed play premier league amateur team borough play premier league largest towns england professional football team motorcycle team pirates established began racing stadium national_league division team races tier league racing elite league won stadium venue racing race nights occur days week year scouting oldest scout association groups world 1st air scout group holds records dating february 1st scout group records dating october groups formed original boys brigade units members original scout camp group records dating december home king queen scout culture beating bounds ancient annual custom carried traditional checking sea boundaries awarded port admiral port mayor dignitaries members public sail mouth river old harry rocks confirm mayor authority water boundaries harbour check physical landmarks beaten sea traditionally children encouraged remember bounds town taking points ceremony involving beating boy girl hand needle modern times acts symbolically carried south annual programme providing events september june july live music street entertainment large display place thursday evening august entertainment moves beaches lighthouse largest arts centre complex united_kingdom outside london built centre contains cinema concert hall studio theatre image lab media suite galleries featuring exhibitions contemporary photography modern digital art venue underwent million refurbishment paid arts council england borough private donations centre concert hall residence symphony orchestra main concert series base winter gardens closed situated centre old town museum illustrates story area people collections reflect cultural social industrial history displays include detailed history iron age present day museum floor devoted history pottery company products display entrance museum free transport road town centre main running north bridge holes bay single bath bristol east road leads new forest trunk road runs devon southampton connects outskirts town major trunk road central southern england connects motorway southampton motorway leads london fast access gained north second bridge built connect existing bridge unsuitable traffic flow million twin sails bridge project given approval department transport construction initially held stalemate council land owners delays department transport approving million grant negotiations council land owners settled august government grant provided march construction began completion early road link isle narrow entrance harbour provided ferry local bus services run bus based town bus station served bus operate networks salisbury addition operations isle new forest services run based yellow buses coaches connected towns villages coast hampshire service runs route kilometres exeter calling point national express coaches frequent departures london victoria coach station direct services north england airports railway stations south western main line london east west near border railway station town centre services operated south west trains consist trains hour fast semi fast stopping services london twice hour plans million redevelopment railway station stalled contractual issues land owners network rail developers group cross channel port passengers freight ferry services harbour provided brittany ferries operate round trip day ferries express run seasonal services jersey brittany lines run year round passenger freight service spain january launch service spain ferry norman international airport periphery nearest airport kilometres town centre operate airport provide scheduled services destinations europe education sixteen junior school middle schools seven combined schools secondary grammar schools special schools independent schools college education school independent boarding school administered local education authority grammar schools maintain selective education system assessed plus exam high school largest secondary school pupils college attracts students year largest education colleges country leading provider academic education centrally located main campuses college announced plans campuses estimated cost million project stalled learning skills council promised provide money ran funds general certificate secondary education results ranked 18th local authorities england based percentage pupils attaining grades level including english compared national average grammar school successful secondary school results pupils gained grade including english school achieved grammar school best performing school high school achieved worst performing school community college students achieved grade results grammar schools best performing level results grammar school 60th successful school sixth form country student achieved average points compared national average grammar school students averaged points university designated university despite university main campus campus buildings boundaries borough smaller campus situated media courses university strength recent teaching quality assessments resulted ratings excellent courses areas communication media business management catering nursing arts university designated university located offers undergraduate foundation degree education courses contemporary arts design media public services home office provided division police police stations road town centre gravel hill heath fire rescue service provides statutory emergency fire rescue services based fire station opened fire station road demolished replaced new joint fire police divisional headquarters opened hospital large foundation trust hospital beds opened general hospital replacing hospital stood site hospital major trauma center east provides core services child health area including specialist services care cancer treatment provided rest south western ambulance service provides emergency patient transport waste management recycling borough council partnership waste management locally produced waste sent disposal waste taken recycling plant quarry waste management facility kent processing distribution network operator electricity scottish southern energy drinking waste water managed water sources wiltshire provide drinking water rest comes fed rivers streams media local daily echo owned published newspaper app features news surrounding area issues appear monday saturday daily circulation post community media hub supporting work reporting news sport business entertainment local television served bbc south studios based southampton itv studios radio stations broadcasting town include bbc radio wave heart new forest fire radio hot radio notable people town birthplace home notable people national international acclaim residents include british radio disc jockey tony artist john john_lennon aunt parental guardian smith lord rings author lived years retirement alfred wallace 19th century explorer naturalist theory evolution natural selection moved years old buried cemetery notable people born include lake band lake author john novelist stage actor boxer mills writer actor david james stephen principal lawyer associated british abolitionist movement wright director films dead hot world end born previous british winners miss world title hailed ann sydney sarah jane harry manager son england national football team player owned homes blue peter presenter hill born twin towns france


leeds largely residential suburb leeds west yorkshire england historically village west riding yorkshire situated hill miles south leeds city centre miles north north west london population park ward leeds city_council reducing census occupied norman conquest recorded book developed estate owners began exploit coal boundaries start industrial revolution wooden built link coal pits leeds agent john designed iron railway steam powered locomotive built matthew murray coal mines local economy based lasted railway preserved run trust operating years park remnant estate contains large area ancient woodland parts coal mined designated scheduled ancient monument location hall lodge homes local gentry village developed town street school chapel church built 19th century land acquired leeds council large council housing estate built land south completely changing rural nature settlement early transport provided line leeds ring road built closed area began decline areas multiple high levels unemployment anti social behaviour regeneration board established addressing issues history derived old english case middle settlement farm road flint bronze weapons discovered neighbourhood showing evidence bronze ages roman discoveries mentioned book having land woodland land given castle park remnant estate existed norman conquest 13th century boundary focus protracted dispute lay dense woodland covered area dispute william adam settled single combat resulted construction boundary bank ditch stretch seen woods lords manor followed family john 1st duke lancaster held manor simon mentioned coal mines held manor time anne married durham occupied new hall recalled street names area william invented died fighting resident new hall hall town street built 18th century chose live mainly durham charles john house member parliament newcastle northumberland married appointed john manage hall hall destroyed fire built new residence lodge designed james situated park possibly site original manor house members family lived including donated land town street church built fortunes declined estate sold estate company william henry partner company occupied house sister died carriage accident park sister remained lodge land acquired council death house headquarters golf club lodge demolished industrial history evidence coal mining middle ages shaft similar archaeological features resulting early mining activity woods 17th century pits bell pits day holes dug horizontally hill sides coal new hall cole pits pits small numerous worked short time pits horses turn development deeper pits brick lined shafts wooden hauling coal miners workings type operation anne married family owned durham acre estate supplied coal leeds trade poor roads deep mining arrived advent steam engines pump water mines workings dry making possible raise coal greater depths engine installed employed market coal grew leeds industries expanded railway founded oldest continuously working railway britain established act parliament act england railway owned charles horse drawn wooden linking close near leeds bridge centre leeds john agent looking cheaper ways moving coal leeds designed rack railway matthew murray built railway locomotive round locomotive run reported leeds mercury june witnessed thousands spectators crowned complete success locomotives built railway locomotives toothed wheel rack rail felt provide engines better grip hauling coal wagons women children employed coal mines frequent accidents worst disaster occurred pit named durham estate explosion caused deaths oldest aged youngest child seven pit deepest feet longest lasting little main pits managed john employed workers pit working employing men supplying gas household coal nearly men employed time workforce reduced operations pit ended productivity declined 20th century grounds lodge leased leeds council use public park rural nature area changed soon april township incorporated county borough leeds leeds council acquired land construct vast low density corporation built cottage estate avenues houses built bricks works pit land agriculture including west farm parts farm council houses built housing estate considered garden suburb found remote lacking facilities residents early resident keith wrote childhood exploits member hiking club book city lights area attracted social housing manor farm estates developed 1960s large private housing estate built sharp lane houses built leeds new forest village governance township dependent holy trinity church ancient parish west riding yorkshire ecclesiastical parish civil parish great preston gilbert union provided poor relief parishes jurisdiction gilbert unions exempt poor law amendment act disbanded poor law union joined poor law union year incorporated city leeds park electoral ward council elections represented leeds city_council labour park ward leeds central parliamentary constituency general election seat held represents labour_party vote geography miles south leeds city centre miles north north west london situated hill occupies plateau falls away sharply west road park north town street extensive views city centre height metres reached western end town street park steep sided valleys small streams separated tongue land meet metres lowest point underlying geology coal measures bed coal park township covered acres woodland known woods contain largest area ancient woodland remaining leeds old village ribbon development town street runs west east ridge housing estate occupies land south high point water tower western end town street area surrounded motorway south east north park ward includes isle inhabitants female male residents aged compared england average life males females years years years rest leeds residents identified white british identifying christian having religion houses lowest rated council tax bands april people claiming nearly double leeds average park ward contained households households dependent children adult employment lone parent households dependent children women job male lone parents numbered time employment nearly half households car van recorded crime leeds average criminal damage substantially higher nearly twice england average crimes committed area violent sexual offences anti social behaviour criminal damage arson population change economy closure largest employer area pit process decline set primarily residential areas multiple consequence regeneration board set address concerns including reducing unemployment year period facilities area include centre multi use building houses health services including minor injuries unit drop centre library neighbourhood housing office main shopping areas park circus district shopping centre park circus supermarket opened spring site arms pub local supermarket boots chemist post office independent traders spring opened supermarket district centre provide jobs district centre traders failed develop landmarks park private estate lords manor owned wade charity leased leeds city_council rent leeds public parks covering area nearly square mile acres km2 acres km2 ancient woodland small lake recreational areas golf course reclaimed site pit incorporated park areas park comprising ancient surfaced earthworks remains underground workings shaft designated scheduled ancient monument railway preserved heritage steam railway operates headquarters museum road park halt operated volunteers park halt accessed originally railway celebrated anniversary steam town street row brick built cottages stone slate roofs known town built mid 18th century 19th century mary church contemporary gate flanking walls grade listed buildings churchyard war memorial erected west war memorial gatehouse stood old entrance hall grounds distinctive white concrete water tower high point hill south west corner park town street transport serve growing population council estate light railway electric built leeds corporation leeds ran parallel line headed south woods terminus ring road circular route extended isle road road closed route park original plans leeds included line amended save costs later plans stipulated terminus scheme government funding withdrawn public transport coordinated west yorkshire passenger transport authority served bus routes operated leeds buses leeds city centre white rose centre education teachers employed village sunday school built providing education reading writing established worship church built school premises national school mary school moved new site schools primary school centre housing estate opened 1920s philip catholic primary nursery school opened primary school park ward foundation stage years children good level achievement end key stage years pupils achieved level better age pupils achieved grades including english far leeds average secondary education pupils persistent missing sessions school year year olds employment education training religion ancient ecclesiastical parish chapel endowed gilbert dedicated mary virgin closed time reformation building extant private residence lodge gave land town street build church mary church built designs designed leeds parish church church gate designated grade listed buildings church originally tall taken mining tradition local miners gave week wages week work cost construction parish parishes created population increased council estate built church acquired site housing estate build mission church built park avenue church cross built parish church thirds housing estate boundaries 1930s isle housing estate begun church john built isle consecrated war church parish church local met house town street chapel built 1860s methodist chapel built replacing built years earlier designed built brick tower north west large west window interior survives largely barrel vaulted ceiling baptist church park avenue philip roman_catholic_church modern building situated philip avenue sport municipal golf club opened lodge hole course park leisure centre offers range sporting fitness activities park offers football coaching community teams age groups months old adults rugby union played leeds ground district centre crown green bowling represented clubs park acre close originally tenants bowling club changed community bowling club old tenants hall demolished new built


norwegian pronunciation lit town largest settlement administrative centre norway december town population located valley shore bay located west_coast community council responsibilities municipality including utilities education cultural facilities fire brigade roads ports town seat governor world northernmost settlement kind greater permanent residents known city town established named john arctic coal company started coal mining operations operations taken store conducts mining town completely destroyed german kriegsmarine august rebuilt second world war traditionally company town mining operations moved 1990s town seen large increase tourism research seen arrival institutions university centre global seed vault satellite station community served airport church history started tours accommodate tourists built hotel profitable closed season families norway post operated post office commercially viable coal harvested bergen started mining coal american industrialist john visited tourist met expedition coal returned met gave samples information coal fields associate frederick bought norwegian claims west expanded claims significantly following year boston based arctic coal company main shareholders started mining having built docks housing company american administration norwegian labourers named town city coal transported kilometers port aerial company started preliminary work open following financial difficulties world war mining operations bought store incorporated oslo november year built new barracks including hospital introduced money approval bank consisting entirely par norwegian american community buried dead people killed spanish flu graveyard established city years later men killed coal dust explosion resulted closed electric operation taken use year truck delivered use mining operations church norway appointed vicar teacher school established cooperation church inaugural pupils church opened august church reading room school city renamed norwegian telecommunications administration established coast radio station radio moved town tourist industry started started calling regularly summer season established house workers operation started road completed town center operations different entrance started remained unaffected german occupation norway archipelago strategic importance supply chain allied powers source badly needed coal norwegian government exile rejected soviet british occupation instead british_army started operation evacuate august entire population evacuated september people evacuated scotland later men evacuated small german garrison air strip established provide meteorological data british operation regained control german forces left combat september kriegsmarine dispatched battleships destroyers bombard buildings survived hospital power station office building residential building addition remained unsettled end war ship mainland leaving june post second world war plans laid war ensure quick reconstruction commencing mining coal production reached pre war level tonnes long tons short tons year established consisted barracks housing people issue published november irregularly published wall newspapers received telephone service mainland radio connection radio farm built hold cattle milk pigs local radio station started broadcasting burial ground remained use seeing people buried discovered bodies failing bodies sent mainland burial community center opened mining terminated operation started following year preliminary work started reserve norwegian air_force started serving postal flights 1950s man fell seriously ill landing strip prepared year safe started serving airport irregular winter flights principal hired primary school new church opened august primary school supplemented private middle school branch opened 1960s town farm closed replaced industrial milk serial produced taken use registered registered cars recreational centre run ordinary operation started terminated years closed operations commenced television broadcasting equipment installed schedule norwegian broadcasting corporation aired week delay new school building combined primary lower secondary school opened new gymnasium meter swimming pool council established november consisted non partisan members elected appointed different groups employees government employees ratio changed times operations started march operations commenced following year ministry trade industry bought continued buying additional shares reaching percent ownership airport opened initially provided weekly services mainland norway semi weekly services russia community received satellite communications mainland year upper secondary program introduced public school television programmes broadcast live satellite store underwent gradual change 1980s money taken circulation replaced ordinary norwegian currency closed following year permitted private individuals operate cars registered cars july moved head office bergen limited company responsible public infrastructure services established january responsibilities included healthcare fire brigade roads rubbish disposal power production water sewer system cinema cultural library ownership taken ministry trade industry january 1990s authorities started process company town scheme introducing range services varied economy local democracy commercial enterprises included shopping mall replacing provision store similarly opened commercial fuel station council changed regulations allowed parties run election step increase tourism polar hotel opened year later mining terminated community council established replacing council took responsibilities structure municipality period saw rise number scientific establishments agricultural university norway established primitive seed bank university centre opened september students inaugural semester established coverage cable system opened providing fiber cable connection mainland european scientific association opened radar followed satellite station global seed vault geography largest settlement located lower portion valley river lower parts town lie southwestern shore bay kilometers branch land peninsula largest island archipelago world northern town settlements north research meteorological outposts bay lie ghost towns advent city divided west river bay lies port affiliated utility industrial services western area called eastern lies site governor offices slightly valley west lies old church lies graveyard cinema finally residential commercial cultural institutions located east river bay area called lies university centre largest residential area southwards main shopping area town hall east residential area location school valley student housing westwards town airport remaining mines located east town climate climate combination arctic climate tempered north_atlantic current land archipelago caused convergence mild humid air south cold air north average summer highs typically average winter highs experiences midnight sun april august polar night october february civil polar night november january mountains sun visible march snow typically covers town november march temperature recorded july march places world warmed fastest latest decades average temperatures table based recent period winter warmed summer compared demographics population people largest regional group northern norway particularly percent population roughly people percent non norwegian citizens largest thailand sweden russia ukraine dominance mining industry gender distribution percent adults males average share population years old nearly residents number children relation population national average significantly fewer teenagers national average experiences high turnover people percent moved away town average person lived years years years foreigners quarter population lived town regarded permanent population longest residing people tend work mining industry followed local government employees shortest held students employees higher education tourism state seventy percent households consist single person compared percent mainland giving average people household difference largely caused persons working family remains mainland population highly educated national average compared percent upper secondary education compared percent education women percent higher education politics government community council responsibilities municipality organised member council led mayor labour_party council main responsibilities infrastructure utilities including power land use community planning education upper secondary level child welfare operates addition grade school care nursing services welfare payments available norwegian residents retain pension medical rights mainland municipalities university hospital north norway operates clinic hospital public offices presence norwegian mining norwegian polar institute norwegian tax administration church norway subordinate district court court appeal located treaty established norwegian sovereignty archipelago treaty came effect following act established institution governor holds responsibility county governor chief police holding authority granted executive branch duties include environmental policy family law law enforcement search rescue tourism management information services contact foreign settlements judge areas maritime inquiries judicial examinations albeit cases acting police governor assisted staff professionals institution subordinate ministry justice police reports matters portfolio special treaty status subject norwegian legislation citizens country conduct commercial activities live town people source income rejected governor treaty limits norway right collect taxes financing services lower income tax mainland norway value added tax treaty resulted zone european economic area area like rest norway culture community council runs number cultural activities cinema youth club library gallery town sports club turn indoor sport centre includes multi sport hall large courts shooting range meter swimming pool church church norway entire archipelago parish hall sitting room church built half timber weekly newspaper published friday printing takes place majority subscribers live mainland alternative newspaper english published weekly museums town museum museum dark season blues held annually october residents town members regularly meet match days winter months economy mining taking place located kilometers produces tonnes long tons short tons coal annually tonnes long tons short tons fuel power station norway coal fueled power station store production located van kilometers south roads connect communities instead workers live seventy percent home mainland thirty percent mining profitable store relies state subsidies retain production university centre students permanent faculty professors assistants guest offer degrees instead offers semester courses biology physics geology student housing located college science centre features norwegian polar institute science forum research days spent second largest research outpost marginally contrast norwegian research roughly evenly split norwegian foreign satellite station built excellent location download data satellites polar orbit located built cooperation nasa norwegian space centre operated satellite services operates radar study northern lights global seed vault administered global crop diversity trust secure underground facility capable storing millions crop seeds facility designed protect natural human disasters including global warming floods fires nuclear holocaust site chosen number factors including sound geology ambient temperature centre tourism archipelago tourism generated based natural experiences visiting town provide supplies accommodation museums experienced guest nights average guest stayed nights percent capacity tourists tourists flew thirds tourists come norway tourism industry revenue nok million produced man years transport road network stretching kilometers network extend communities registered road vehicles percent households car cars registered registration plates single workshop auto toyota dealer popular mode transport residents registered percent households owned road transport prohibited bare ground extensively winter commercial recreational activities transport possible winter ship year round airport located kilometers northwest town meter long runway airport permitted serve aircraft archipelago scandinavian operates daily flights oslo irregular flights russia operates regular charter services airport airport operates helicopters export coal general goods mining companies operated network aerial transport coal mines port