david david born april english writer public speaker sports broadcaster 1990s professional conspiracy theorist calling time investigator controlling world author books numerous dvds countries speaking hours audiences cut political spectrum bbc television sports presenter spokesman green party psychic told placed earth purpose begin receive messages spirit world following year announced son world soon devastated tidal waves earthquakes prediction repeated bbc primetime changed life turning respected household laughed appeared public continued develop ideas seven years robots rebellion truth shall set free biggest secret children matrix set combined new age trends modern world heart theories lies idea prominent figures belong brotherhood group humanity global fascist state new world order use rings saturn moon broadcast sense prison artificial sense self world humans perceive reality michael described position new age writing fluent genre richard lewis argue hypothesis satire offering narrative ordinary people question early life family education middle child boys born seven years apart born leicester general hospital barbara née married leicester wanted doctor family money joined royal_air_force medical orderly awarded british_empire medal gallantry aircraft crashed warden air base squadron leader ran burning aircraft protective clothing saved life crew member trapped inside war clerk clock factory family lived house lead street centre leicester area demolished mid-1950s city clearance moved estate council estates post war labour government built wrote like saying little north pole recalls having hide window chair council man came rent knocking rent man walk house windows mother explained rent told hide wrote knocks door spent hours playing toy trains preferring cross street speak attended infant school junior school feeling nervous shy point feeling faint morning assembly having leave passed family doctor suggested child psychologist father football effort school chosen junior school year football team time succeeded came football way poverty played goal wrote suited gave sense living edge hero villain failing plus exam sent city crown hills secondary modern local grammar school given trial leicester boys fourteen team left school talent spotted city signed youth team played oxford united reserve team town loan left knee spread right knee hands stopped making career football despite training managed play time united including team fourth later division english football league earning week age pain joints severe forced retire marriage met wife dance hotel near spa working van driver garage shortly met huge rows started having father man father upset interfering football career packed bags left home moved worked travel agency travelling twice week evenings play football married september year months met daughter arrived march followed son december november couple divorced remained good friends continued work business manager journalism sports broadcasting loss position meant wife sell home weeks lived apart moving parents found job reporter weekly leicester contact sports editor daily_mail moved leicester news agency work bbc radio leicester football reporter worked way monitor leicester mercury radio birmingham worked months saudi_arabia helping national football team supposed longer term position missed wife new daughter decided return holiday gave job successfully applied today bbc mill studios birmingham job included air appearances earliest stories covered murder shot robbery sports presenter bbc national programme started years later january appeared edition bbc breakfast time british television national breakfast presented sports news meant getting clock morning days week summer achieved ambition hosted time bbc flagship national sports programme published book year tough game son break football family moved isle relationship wrote new editor arrived appeared like continued working bbc sport programmes summer olympics household career television began lose appeal wrote found television workers insecure shallow vicious august contract bbc terminated refused pay community charge controversial local tax introduced year margaret end paying announcement willing jail pay prompted bbc charter public service broadcaster distance new age interests green party betty shine begun alternative medicine new age 1980s effort relieve encouraged interest green politics months joining green party given position principal speakers positions created lieu single leader observer called tony blair second book doesn like outline views environment published regularly invited high profile events year discussed animal rights televised debate royal institute great_britain alongside tom mary appeared advertisements children charity hepburn woody allen celebrities despite success wrote time considerable personal despair period said began feel presence describes felt hotel room march finally asked anybody contact driving wall days later felt force pull feet ground wrote heard voice guide books mind mind betty shine psychic brighton read book wrote requesting consultation visited shine times meeting march felt like spider web face shine told message lee spirit world sent heal earth said famous face opposition spirit world going pass ideas speak write books years years new flying machine allow wanted time meaning earthquakes unusual places inner earth having oil taken february visited pre burial ground near peru felt drawn particular circle waist high stones stood circle thoughts people talking years body shook electrical wrote new ideas poured started experience ended described term indian energy centres triggering higher level consciousness period followed called period time wrote received message automatic writing son interpreting infinite mind began wear shell suit colour saw positive energy started working book new age period truth vibrations august visit peru met english psychic living calgary alberta returned peru began relationship apparent blessing wife march began living couple short lived arrangement press called triangle changed wife said aspect michael relationship led birth daughter december stopped seeing wrote decided visit daughter seen request wife gave birth couple second son november press conference march resigned green party party conference telling centre tremendous increasing controversy winning standing ovation announcement week later shortly father died wife daughter held press conference announce son told reporters world going end preceded hurricane gulf_of_mexico new_orleans cuba disruption china hurricane earthquake isle information given voices automatic writing said los_angeles island new_zealand disappear cliffs kent water christmas wrote heard voice predict end world appalled speaking words time hear voice brakes background saying david hell saying predictions day pages great dismay interview headlines attracted requests interviews including campbell bbc radio terry prime time itv chat interview april damaging interviewed acknowledging comments bit sharp introduced segment world know end amid laughter audience asked son god jesus laughed repeating britain soon devastated tidal waves earthquakes earth cease exist said laughter best way remove replied audience laughing laughing interview proved devastating bbc criticized allowing ahead des guardian called media disappeared public life time unable walk street people mocking children followed school journalists ridiculed wife open door washing find camera crew filming police called couple home crowd youths gathered outside chanting want sign david told jon greatest fears child ridiculed public coming true television presenter respected people come street shake hand talk respectful way suddenly overnight transformed couldn walk street britain laughed nightmare children devastated dad figure ridicule writing publishing interview set bridge past wrote considered making end giving courage develop ideas caring thought book truth vibrations inspired experience peru published continued write turning popular author speaker wrote books published mainstream publishers love changes influenced work work origin planet writes admiration jesus days decision page summary interviews press conference questions jesus accepts existence christ spirit autobiography light experience published year followed heal world guide personal transformation robots rebellion fifth book period robots rebellion published gateway attracted allegations work according nicholas clarke book contains familiar beliefs paranoid clichés militia claims plan world domination laid notorious literary elders reliance instances moving close argues elders notorious literary probably written direction russian secret police paris purported reveal conspiracy jewish people achieve global domination exposed work fiction wolf following year graves times exposed disappeared mainstream discourse writes interest renewed american far right 1950s use spread conspiracy groups internet took angle focus pale horse william cooper associated american militia movement chapter cooper book robots rebellion refers repeatedly calling defining brotherhood elite pyramid secret societies world wide adds work jewish people robots rebellion greeted dismay green party executive despite controversy press conference interview allowed address party annual conference decision led principal speakers resign publication robot rebellion moved ban wrote guardian september denying robots rebellion rejecting racism prejudice kind insisting written knew game plan 20th century david books manuscript truth shall set free contained chapter questioning aspects holocaust caused rift publisher gateway sam taylor observer argued chapter tapping seriously paranoid aggressive strain society borrowing friend set bridge love publications later called david books self published book work wrote truth achievements according lewis set consolidating conspiracy theories project unlimited explanatory power books sold copies value million thirty thousand copies biggest secret print months publication according reprinted times alice wonderland world trade center disaster long standing bestseller south_africa website getting hits week books translated languages known particular lengthy lectures countries attracting audiences thousand time seven hours people academy london year addressed university_of_oxford debating society oxford union book tour human race knees lion sleeps included sell talk new_york worth ticket sales melbourne october delivered hour lecture people london arena second marriage politics television met second wife richards jamaica divorced richards married year couple separated divorced stood parliament election east yorkshire constituency issue big brother big picture came 12th votes resulting lost deposit explained standing don face going explaining asked children grandchildren global fascist state installed watching dear good november launched internet television station people voice broadcast london founded station worked volunteer march year station appeared stopped broadcasting key ideas overview combines new age philosophical discussion universe consciousness conspiracy theories public figures argues favour collective consciousness realism possible worlds exist alongside law attraction good bad thoughts attract experiences biggest secret introduced idea prominent figures derive race human race knees lion sleeps identified moon later saturn source experiences broadcast reptiles humanity interprets reality hypothesis ancient astronaut narrative argues humanity genetically manipulated brotherhood hybrid race human known briefly introduced extraterrestrial hypothesis robot rebellion citing bill cooper pale horse expanded truth shall set free citing barbara dawn biggest secret identified brotherhood descendants live inside earth deities known creation myth fallen angels human women biblical said interview ancient world find recurring theme union non human race humans creating hybrid race started coming people told seen people change non human form age old phenomenon known shape shifting basic form like eyes writes idea adapted 12th planet combined material suggested came earth precious metals maintains came gold non existent mineral gases exist state writes increases capacity nervous system process vast amounts information speed trans dimensional travel human human breeding programmes took place years ago creating adam latest years ago hybrids programme human today control world brotherhood controls world today modern expression brotherhood priests royalty came flood explains means white includes jews regards having originated brotherhood aims institutions apex brotherhood stands global elite global elite prison goal brotherhood great work ages population fascist world government brotherhood created controls united_nations international monetary fund round table council foreign relations chatham house club rome royal institute international affairs commission group media military cia science religion internet support london school economics encompassed american presidents british canadian prime ministers kings egyptian celebrities including bob hope chris key european aristocratic families establishment families eastern united_states british house windsor confirmed andrew believes british royal family identified queen mother seriously said seen heath eyes turn black waited sky news interview lewis argue depict alien nature global capitalism said dimensions come planet dimension lower level fourth dimension lower dimension nearest physical world argues introduction different dimensions allows skip awkward questions got writes universe consists infinite number dimensions share space like television radio frequencies people tune consciousness dimensions control planet fourth dimensional control turn controlled fifth dimension problem reaction solution writes brotherhood uses human anxiety energy encouragement wars wrote human genocide mass slaughter animals sexual create highly charged negative energy black magic ritual sacrifice takes place scale studied subject tales time loop argues religious racial ethnic sexual division divide conquer humanity incidents issues attributes global elite include oklahoma city bombing global warming water agenda incidents allow respond way intended act place concept calls order chaos problem reaction solution methods create fake axis allied powers world war movement societies conflicts calls red dresses infinite love truth introduces categories people brotherhood interactive software programs red dresses lack consciousness free human bodies second group vast majority humanity conscious told brotherhood main energy source include people positions influence repeat people tell cites doctors teachers journalists examples smallest group illusion usually dubbed dangerous mad red dress genetic lines sure weakened second levels consciousness consciousness rewrite software saturn moon matrix moon matrix introduced human race knees lion sleeps suggests earth collective human mind manipulated moon spacecraft inter dimensional portal controlled moon matrix broadcast spacecraft human body computer specifically left hemisphere brain gives sense reality living matrix virtual reality universe broadcast moon people force fully conscious minds moon mind idea explored remember remember come introduces concept saturn moon matrix recent rings saturn believes artificially created spacecraft ultimate source signal moon merely sort reception emerged professional conspiracy theorist global counter cultural movement combines new world order movement anti extraterrestrial alien abduction crop circles men black x-files thanks prominence public figures regularly asked official information act request filed new_zealand ask john key prime minister facebook mark asked men said key added taken unusual step consulting doctor survey united_states public policy polling percent believed people control societies audiences consist ages political far right christian patriots new new age describing work end history scenario involving final battle good evil defines act connected world view source mined links argues actively tried radical right fuller beliefs ruling spoke conference nevada alongside opponents violence prevention act including lawyer represented years allegations work focus taken mean jews called nonsense complaints canadian jewish congress briefly detained immigration officials canada booked speaking tour books removed books canadian chain stops tour cancelled venues lecture london despite relationships far right new age beliefs create division according regards christian patriots americans understand new world order told christian patriot group don know dislike world controlled brotherhood want replace james ward argues underlying message hopeful lies appeal said want world love peace loving peaceful people don like relying douglas distinction clinical paranoia critical paranoia confronts power lewis argue displays elements satire ordinary people narrative question alert emergence global fascist state selected works books videos


malaysia vietnam relations malaysia vietnam relations malaysia vietnam vietnamese malaysia date 15th century malaysia forged diplomatic ties modern day vietnamese state march ties existence late 1970s 1980s countries relationship strained result vietnamese war influx vietnamese boat people malaysia subsequent resolution issues saw cultivation strong trade economic ties trade countries grew expansion areas including information technology education defence vietnam malaysia share maritime border gulf thailand south china sea overlapping claims islands embassy located capital vietnam embassy malaysia embassy office city historical records vietnamese people visited states comprising modern day malaysia small numbers 18th century malaysia currently home large vietnamese community consisting workers mail order students numbering people vietnam hosts small malaysian community consisting businessmen based city history early contacts 15th 18th century earliest record diplomatic contact present day malaysia vietnam dates soldiers vietnamese later dynasty captured tributary mission route chinese dynasty killing survivors expressed intent conquer intent conveyed chinese emperor later mission chinese emperor ordered raise soldiers event similar attack defeated vietnamese invasion reported chinese account annals mention prince taking followers form small colony vietnam invaded deploying military assistance fend military conquest mid 17th century vassal states cultivated close diplomatic ties led long term diplomatic mission learn culture islam subsequent kings rome beginning son periodically received muslim missionaries 17th 18th centuries british colonial era 18th mid-20th century long established port british end 18th century vietnamese began visit area trade instruction vietnamese emperor early account late showed emperor long merchant ship docking carrying route india soldiers referred sino vietnamese terminology chinese character royal narrative showed vietnamese began refer meaning palm island vietnamese catholics travelled seminary studies 1840s included ethnic chinese sailed east trade rice settled local chinese late 1920s early 1930s played key role formation communist_party later renamed communist_party visited malaya occasions presiding ceremony mark formation communist_party april influence paved way vietnamese origin appointed secretary general collaboration communications vietnamese communists increased following disappearance late 1940s briefly facilitated shipping transport light time world war peoples anti japanese army opposed japanese invasion french malaya closer ties communist malaya vietnam forged following successful efforts communist victory provided small scale logistical communication support training 1950s 1960s vietnamese refugees shortly fall end vietnam war vietnamese refugees arrived malaysia boat arrived carried refugees vietnamese fled country chinese descent according malaysian government statistics country hosted refugees november compared malaysian government responded directing home ministry set federal task force vii tasked limiting rising number refugees landing malaysia press reported incidents malaysian police army personnel turning away refugees refugees resorted deliberately sinking boats gain malaysia government informed boat sinking attempts refugees deputy prime minister announced june legislation introduced police navy shoot refugees attempting land superior prime minister quickly shooting threat vietnamese refugee camp opened august united_nations assistance island accommodated refugees refugee camps set transit centre established refugees awaiting western countries willing accept housed number vietnamese refugee arrivals fluctuated period significant decrease malaysia neighbouring countries saw sudden increase number vietnamese refugees landing malaysia summit june member countries vietnamese government having sufficiently addressed refugee problem august malaysia vietnam jointly proposed agreement provided vietnamese refugees failed gain western countries return vietnam vietnamese government deployed conduct outreach sessions refugee camps arrangement considered unsuccessful individuals registered voluntary programme deadline set march vietnamese arrived date automatically considered refugees refugees arriving date undergo screening process assess qualified refugee status screening process proposed united_nations high commissioner refugees june involved thorough background checks arrivals determine qualify refugee status sent western countries willing accept months refugees sent western countries period additional arrived malaysia implementation stringent rules require vietnamese arrivals qualify refugee status prompted opt voluntary programme arrivals malaysia returned vietnam refugees opted return vietnam provided monthly year early 1990s vietnam began experience economic growth number refugee arrivals malaysia dropped joint collaborations malaysia vietnam address problem enabled malaysia reduce size vietnamese refugee populace closure refugee camp november vietnamese refugees participated voluntary programme malaysia refugee populace reduced remaining arrivals able pass screening process classified illegal immigrants majority expressed reluctance repatriated vietnam demonstrations rioting broke news camp impending closure announced refugee camp later closed june refugees returned vietnam diplomatic ties malaysia established diplomatic ties north vietnam march level paris peace signed year agreement ambassadors malaysia vietnam reached following year malaysia opened embassy vietnam opened embassy mid late 1970s ties strained malaysia pressured vietnam embrace concept interpreted version anti communist policy summit august malaysia prime minister promises provide economic technical assistance rebuild vietnam war torn economy vietnam invaded vietnamese sought refuge malaysia time onwards 1980s caused economic national security problems malaysia especially racial balance vietnamese refugees resemble chinese people ties onwards vietnam announced plans withdraw early 1990s government leaders countries held diplomatic visits produced agreements emphasised economic operation development strengthening ties saw opening office city january vietnam expressed interest joining malaysia support countries continued foster close economic ties vietnam joined entry warmly welcomed malaysia 1990s ties characterised trade economic operation areas operation explored onwards year vietnam malaysia reached agreement efforts law enforcement suppressing trans national drug trade understanding areas information technology education diplomatic ties operation general signed operation countries extended defence matters signed proposed joint military collaboration defence industry malaysian vietnamese provided navies countries prevent vietnamese fishermen malaysian waters fishing activities control piracy relations south vietnam relations state south vietnam established south vietnam recognised federation malaya independence malaya providing aid south vietnamese regime fight north vietnamese army prime minister visit twice south vietnamese president january october malaya transformed malaysia additional territory island borneo main government worried influence north vietnamese communists threaten existence accordance theory changing position supportive american involvement vietnam war malaysia experienced communist expressed concerns december called united_states united_kingdom provide increased logistical support war efforts vietnam malaysia hosted training courses public administration jungle warfare government officials provided bolster south vietnamese police military logistical capabilities end vietnam war malaysia closed embassy stages withdrew embassy april complete closure days later days fall malaysia extended recognition short lived provisional revolutionary government republic south vietnam days formation citing malaysia position political ideology social system embassy embassy malaysia currently located street located malaysia office city opened executive functions later upgraded general year later malaysian embassy shifted times hotel later renamed legend van diplomatic compound hotel vietnamese embassy located opened acquisition south vietnamese embassy vietnamese embassy separate offices catering labour defence matters separate locations set 2000s february vietnamese embassy secured purchase hectares acres land construction subsequent relocation vietnamese embassy economy trade trade malaysia vietnam stood million following end vietnam war years war malaysia proposed extend economic technical assistance vietnam oil palm rubber industries malaysia exported vietnam signed contract facilitate import vietnamese vegetables malaysia early operations proposals ended following vietnam invasion economic operation slowly resumed trade countries stood million trade increased million million time malaysian businessmen began open hotels cater tourism industry summit countries agreed idea joint oil gas exploration vietnam number oil fields south china sea time malaysian boards government linked companies including bank started provide technical assistance programmes vietnam vietnam sought malaysia assistance develop banking sector malaysia public bank formed joint ventures bank later bank open branches city malaysia second largest investor vietnam exports vietnam malaysia mainly consisted rice rubber oil seeds machinery malaysia exported machinery equipment chemicals mainly derived economic assistance country malaysian businessmen responsible development don export processing zone beginning meeting malaysia prime minister spoke belief malaysia need totally self reliant food expressed interest food vietnam means strengthening economic ties years later malaysian cars sold vietnam joint commission meeting countries brought skilled semi skilled workers entering vietnam malaysia time onwards wave vietnamese workers arrived malaysia provide labour expanding manufacturing sector vietnamese workers malaysia countries signed memorandum understanding vietnamese workers needing sufficient grasp english language qualify employment number vietnamese work permit holders increased slightly presence later extended sectors including construction agriculture service sector vietnamese workers found employment chinese restaurants learnt speak chinese malaysia largest investor vietnam total billion malaysia vietnam signed joint statement strategic partnership economic matters memorandum understanding joint patrol contact search rescue piracy prevention south china sea social developments number malaysian men foreign wives especially vietnamese women accounts marriages surfaced 1990s 2000s marriages especially popular older chinese malaysian men thriving industry prospective select vietnamese based road shows methods developed malaysian cited inability find local career commitments cultural affinity chinese vietnamese main motivations finding vietnamese wife unions faced considerable issues language barriers cases wives abandon malaysian mixed race children vietnam chinese community leader michael said key reason runaway vietnamese inability adapt malaysian life society women married escape poverty homeland malaysia home vietnamese nationals concentrated industrial west malaysian states vietnamese workers occasionally employers faced salary physical abuse work number crimes malaysia including robbery rape murder prostitution attributed vietnamese community inspector general malaysian police said malaysian police handled cases crimes involving vietnamese community vietnamese women common malaysian prostitution trade malaysian clients attributed popularity physique good practices vietnamese prostitutes reportedly resorted registering false student passes false marriages local men gain employment trade forced prostitution tricked agents promising employment factory workers malaysia


speakers corner singapore singapore speakers corner area located park citizens permanent residents singapore demonstrate hold exhibitions performances speak freely topics prior registration government website activities heavily restricted parts singapore launched september free speech area speaking events held need apply licence public act cap public meetings act cap necessary people register intention speak venue police officer neighbourhood police post time days event requirement police informed topic proposed speech conditions imposed speeches place use sound devices prohibited exhibitions performances permitted held speakers corner conditions use speakers corner responsibility registering people wishing speak stage exhibition performance taken commissioner parks recreation online registration introduced possible hold demonstrations provided organized singapore citizens participants citizens permanent residents events held clock self powered devices like present speakers corner concurrently regulated parks trees regulations cap public meetings speakers corner exemption order issued public order area order issued public order act applicable conditions remained essentially unchanged speakers demonstration organizers singapore citizens participants demonstrations citizens permanent residents banners films flags photographs posters signs writing visible representations containing violent material displayed exhibited persons making speeches use official languages singapore english tamil related organizers demonstrations present event events deal matter relates directly indirectly religious belief religion generally cause feelings hatred ill hostility different racial religious groups singapore events regulations immune existing laws relating articles constitution singapore respectively guarantee freedom speech expression freedom assembly singapore citizens require permits obtained public meetings assemblies held enacted exceptions rights article provides parliament law restrict right free speech protect things singapore security public order prevent criminal offence article right assembly limited public order reasons speakers corner intended increase avenues available exercise free speech pieces subsidiary legislation regulating venue issued provide public speaking demonstrations subject conditions specified subsidiary legislation complied speakers corner criticized token gesture pointed use civil society activists evidence widened political space singapore background establishment singapore political model described representative democracy constitutional rights freedom speech assembly articles constitution republic singapore constitutional rights free speech assembly extend singapore citizens singapore court appeal held non citizens enjoy common law free speech articles subject articles allow parliament impose law restrictions rights freedom speech assembly grounds restrictions freedom speech singapore security friendly relations states public order public morality protecting parliamentary privilege contempt court criminal offence freedom assembly public order restrictions lengthy difficult process obtain licence required address public gathering response free speech concerns speakers corner created local adaptation speakers corner park london interview new_york_times columnist william prime minister said idea suggested senior minister lee felt right time set following year government decided ahead despite fear potential public disorder idea enjoyed widespread support public civil society groups parliamentary debate issue april opposition member parliament benjamin asked minister home affairs mere government promoting free speech singapore asked minister agree open debate workers party singapore outside parliament response said prevent making speech speakers corner public forum proper policy debate parliament question symbolism course place symbolism sense yes want place place free speech think internet press place wants subject rules land right worry having free speech free speech time question prepared run away answer stay listen speakers corner launched september park historical venue political speeches rallies park proximity neighbourhood police post convenient people register speak venue months thousand speeches regulations governing usage previous regulations speakers corner established issuance public speakers corner exemption order people wishing speak park need apply licence public act speakers singapore citizens government concerned venue foreigners pursue agenda respect domestic issues countries including singapore register intention speak police officer time days public speaking need inform police topic proposed speech speakers permitted deal matter related directly indirectly religious belief religion generally cause feelings hatred ill hostility different racial religious groups singapore february speakers corner singapore democratic_party chief soon juan attacked government decision suspend muslim girls wearing islamic public schools contrary police advice chose apply public entertainment licence arguing need speech sparked heated exchanges involving practice wearing july convicted fined speaking required licence judgment district judge emphasized twin considerations public order national security multi racial multi religious singapore finding speech bred social unrest constitution singapore person fined stand election parliament years result incident barred general elections conditions imposed speech speakers corner place date notified person police singapore official languages english tamil related use sound devices prohibited restriction justified grounds reduce noise pollution prevent speaker drowning applied speakers corner london exhibitions performances permitted held speakers corner conditions organizers participants adhere broadly similar applying speeches addition organizer authorized agent present times exhibition performance event contain violent messages banners carried participants event assembly procession permit required miscellaneous offences public order assemblies rules current regulations effect september public meetings speakers corner exemption order order responsibility registering people wishing speak stage exhibition performance speakers corner taken police commissioner parks recreation way amendment parks trees regulations provide greater convenience national parks board possible people register online website addition possible hold demonstrations provided organized singapore citizens participants citizens permanent residents time period restriction lifted events held clock addition rules voice revised allow use self powered devices like rules potentially allows speakers messages heard larger audiences minor change introduced conditions use speakers corner banner film photograph poster containing violent material displayed exhibited event month public demonstrations permitted speakers corner applications received indicated public protests cries group concerned plight abused group hold public outdoor demonstration speakers corner public order act intended regulate public assemblies introduce new powers preservation public order came force october day public order area order order act declared speakers corner area assemblies held need police permit present speakers corner concurrently regulated parks trees regulations exemption orders issued conditions addresses debates demonstrations discussions lectures talks exhibition performance play reading held remained essentially unchanged speakers demonstration organizers singapore citizens participants demonstrations citizens permanent residents banners films flags photographs posters signs writing visible representations containing violent material displayed exhibited persons making speeches use official languages singapore related organizers demonstrations present event january complaints choir vocal group participating singapore fringe festival denied chance perform speakers corner outdoor venues foreigners group participate performance choir wish split way decided ahead performance matter parliament minister communication information arts lee yang stated government think desirable good precedent foreigners come organise lead complain domestic issues events held speakers corner deal matter relates directly indirectly religious belief religion generally cause feelings hatred ill hostility different racial religious groups singapore september indian real estate agent wished speak speakers corner use tamil public signs change plans informed police required permit topic speech racially sensitive subsequent application permit turned regulations renders speakers organizers demonstrations liable fines months penalty displaying violent demonstration fine exceeding subsequent conviction events adhere regulations immune existing laws relating regulations creating speakers corner suspended restored twice purpose campaigning period general election subsequently presidential election relation rights free speech assembly national day rally speech prime minister lee indicated purpose government policies including creation speakers corner society widen space expression participation reception mixed wide range views perspectives impact speakers corner increasing space free speech freedom assemble called exercise purpose preserving literal space engaging free speech space reflected relative lack progress areas awards high damages libel lawsuits brought politicians said chilling effect political speech singapore workers party member james expressed concerns effectiveness speakers corner site vibrant political debate citing lack culture speaking ban racially sensitive speech criticized possibly free speech genuine political matters limiting scope entrenched fundamental liberties despite criticisms social activist groups remain optimistic speakers corner represents step political promise wider political space kenneth paul tan assistant dean lee school public policy noted initial inevitable speakers corner initiative recognizes civil society activists actively occupied use speakers corner generate public interest social political issues view shared professor political science analyst national university singapore pointed large events organized speakers corner evidence fearful politically government shown sensitive calls greater ground prime minister lee acknowledging changes rules regulations speakers corner necessary citizens engage debate progressively open system developments speakers corner scene meetings held weeks tan chief executive insurance company income advise people legal structured products purchased virtually collapse brothers january event speakers corner national solidarity party gave views national budget day announced criticizing government assist unemployed recession party secretary general said event let participate speak hear views opinions singapore government budget statement discuss ways improve singapore economy public rally lesbian gay bisexual lgbt community singapore called pink dot held estimates number people attended ranged people held year event attended people people attended demonstration speakers corner organized human rights advocacy group military release san participants requested remain outside area permanent residents attend demonstrations speakers corner july police installed closed circuit television cameras safety security police said cameras complemented presence officers ground record audio drew negative reactions public nominated member parliament felt installation cameras pretty ridiculous wondered feed perception quarters singapore police state speakers corner place singapore people demonstrate cameras affected events held effect december size speakers corner reduced occupies half park nearer new bridge road march speakers corner expanded include area near junction north canal road south bridge road commemorative birthday memorial organized late leader opposition reform party speakers corner january event opposition politicians shared public experiences september today newspaper reported statistics national parks board indicated number groups registering stage events speakers corner fallen september august september august number individuals registering dropped periods senior minister prime minister speakers corner set expressed view use declined avenues people express internet including government online feedback portal reach newspapers radio television channels people feel venue best place press views issues saw speakers corner playing role envisaged dormant good legislation public meetings act cap public speakers corner exemption order order public meetings speakers corner exemption order cap archived original september order public meetings speakers corner exemption order order public order act public order area order order works ann singapore regulating political speech commitment build democratic society international journal constitutional law icon minister home affairs speakers corner singapore parliamentary debates official report april vol articles ivy march speakers corner singapore national library board archived original september retrieved september winter love singapore tongue tied populace world policy journal lee march politics civil society singapore asian studies review singapore asia cage human rights features south asia human rights documentation centre asia pacific human rights network april archived original june retrieved september ann recent constitutional developments shadows race rights terror women singapore journal legal studies william january speak damned archived original september retrieved september september dissent critical asian studies books lee media cultural control government singapore oxford new_york isbn samuel speak forever hold peace speaker corner sic free speech singapore unpublished academic exercise singapore department faculty arts social sciences national university singapore news reports september tom dick harry singapore freedom speakers corner chicago_tribune archived original september august worldwide dare raise voices singapore speakers corner daily_telegraph london archived original september february spot speakers corner despite growing straits times reproduced website websites complaints choir singapore live youtube hope singapore speakers corner youtube hope singapore speakers corner youtube pink dot loves singapore youtube singapore iranian student protest speakers corner musical youtube speakers corner people protests freedom youtube speakers teaser youtube


politics lies sovereignty norway treaty places restrictions norway use archipelago purposes economic activity based required conserve natural environment uniquely entirely free zone everybody live work indefinitely regardless country citizenship treaty grants treaty nationals equal right norwegian nationals non treaty nationals live work indefinitely free regulations concerning rejection expulsion force non basis public administration archipelago responsibility governor acts county governor chief police institution established regulated act limits norwegian laws apply islands community council elected local government organized similar mainland municipality norwegian government agencies presence mining tax administration diplomatic mission russia archipelago spotted soon companies england netherlands denmark norway france hunting england denmark norway claimed land dutch france claimed mare principle resulting land sovereignty work establishing public administration started 1870s progress 1900s establishment coal mining communities created urgent need treaty signed following paris peace conference governor act came effect norwegian russian communities remained second world war outbreak cold war norwegian soviet communities isolated norway carried defensive foreign policy compared mainland foreign activity held minimum soviet_union issued protests virtually new norwegian activity time twice soviet citizens islands half archipelago 1990s normalized abandoned company town structure seen population doubled hand soviet communities residents remaining history undoubtedly spotted netherlands previously discovered company england started hunting company started following year company sent new expedition met dutch spanish company claimed exclusive rights area sent away contenders seven armed english ships sent expedition expelled dozen dutch spanish french vessels led international political conflict dutch rejected exclusive rights english claiming mare principle christian claimed denmark norway rights northern sea lieu greenland old norwegian tax land believed time parties greenland england offered purchase rights denmark norway offer rejected english reverted exclusive rights claim denmark norway sent man wars collect taxes english dutch refused pay english claimed sovereignty based false claim discovered hugh james annexed english started netherlands stated basis claiming sovereignty issue ended political denmark norway england claiming sovereignty france netherlands spain claiming archipelago free zone mare denmark norway formally gave claim archipelago continued land government english dutch island aggression groups year netherlands created company fell financial difficulties years later got upper hand able dominate fend english company established northwestern corner albert land permitted limited danish presence english south french allocated north coast open sea situation stabilized limited number aggressive incidents end 18th century ceased whale reached local extinction establishing jurisdiction work establish administration initiated adolf contacting invested governments concluded russia norway object annexation island endeavors raised norwegian public consciousness arctic brought forth public support annexation permanent settlements began 1900s introduction coal mining resulted need jurisdiction firstly means mining claim legal secondly need conflict resolution particularly labor conflicts saw mining company workers different government norway took initiative negotiations involved states conferences held proposed types joint rule breakthrough came paris peace conference following world war germany russia excluded norway enjoyed goodwill neutral ally policy war time seen harmless treaty february granted norway sovereignty major limitations parties treaty equal rights economic resources archipelago purposes significant political debate proposal establish rejected instead act specified islands administered governor considered kingdom norway regarded county islands known archipelago time term introduced legislation took effect august mining code passed mining claims conflicted resolved land taken government norway soviet_union initially skeptical treaty government willing sign exchange norwegian recognition soviet regime second world war governor commissioner mining single person stationed mainland winter cold war mining fell economic slump 1920s resulting mining communities closed 1930s store soviet state owned left led politics archipelago evacuated second world war major settlements leveled germany operation soviet_union proposed joint norwegian soviet rule transferred soviet_union proposal discussed norway ultimately rejected norwegian russian communities largely built independent infrastructure postal service radio stations transport norwegian population stabilized people twice soviets political tension norway soviet_union heated norway joined nato soviet_union issued norway stating nato joint command rejected norway issue laid rest new protest issued polar proposed building private airport actively opposed norwegian government order soviet_union new protests issued establishment european space research organization station protests stop construction compromise norwegian civilian airport reached airport opened serving soviet norwegian towns miners killed accident resulting kings bay affair unsafe mining approved maintain increased norwegian presence ultimately led vote confidence parliament withdrawal prime minister cabinet oil drilling started granted claims based indications oil samples granted claims based similar evidence contributing tensions soviet_union kings bay affair affair initiated public debate administration particular lack resources control soviet settlements funding local central administration increased heavily governor increased activities soviet settlements half archipelago protected national parks fourteen bird nature reserves store council established november consisted members elected appointed different norwegian groups employees government employees ratio changed times limited company responsible public infrastructure services established store january responsibilities included healthcare fire department roads garbage disposal power production water sewer system cinema cultural library ownership taken ministry trade industry january 1990s authorities started process company town scheme introducing range services varied economy local democracy council changed regulations allowed parties run election community council established replacing council russian ukrainian population fell norwegian population increased legislation treaty signed february came effect august treaty defines islands north latitude east norwegian sovereignty archipelago contains restrictions peaceful use islands non discrimination citizens companies countries obligation protect natural environment limitations taxation treaty signatories act passed june establishes kingdom norway civil law criminal law procedural law applies provisions apply specifically stipulated regulations applied act administration notably establishing governor commissioner mines environmental protection act passed june took effect july replacing regulations act created secure continuous nearly untouched natural environment particularly wilderness landscape flora fauna cultural heritage act enacted ministry environment climate pollution agency governor cultural heritage nature management act supplemented regulations specific issues addressed act include protection plants remains human activity limitations traffic permitted areas particularly vehicles allows locals operate areas tourists thirds protected national parks nature reserves institutions governor governor norwegian principal representative government norway institution located led governor odd institution main responsibilities implementing norwegian policies norwegian rights obligations representing relation central authorities specifically governor acts chief police holds authority county governor family law institution employees subordinate ministry justice public security police district norwegian police service governor having responsibilities sheriff chief police includes security law order enforcement including traffic controls case investigation systems governor responsible search rescue head local rescue station subordinate joint rescue coordination centre northern norway institution responsible issuing driver vehicle registration firearms licenses governor deputy represent public prosecutors governor responsible environmental protection including nature supervision environmental monitoring species management management cultural heritage sites administration tourism travel oil spill environment agency maintains helicopters super inspection vessel lighter equipment cars boats governor jurisdiction applies land territorial waters nautical miles land community council community council elected local government archipelago responsibilities municipality organized member council led mayor labour_party council main responsibilities infrastructure utilities including power land use community planning education upper secondary level child welfare operates addition grade school unlike mainland municipalities healthcare services provided state hospital clinic operated university hospital north norway care nursing services welfare payments available norwegian residents retain pension medical rights mainland municipalities commissioner mining norwegian mining retains offices commissioner responsible mineral rights mining petroleum public agencies roles stationed norwegian labour inspection authority norwegian petroleum norwegian fire explosion prevention norwegian product electrical safety public offices presence norwegian polar institute norwegian tax administration church norway subordinate district court court appeal located russia maintains led general alexander issues peaceful use article treaty fortifications naval bases built archipelago purposes preparatory work treaty later state practice enforce military activity carried archipelago treaty ban instance construction air stations military installations regarded defense works scholarly consensus article unclear military presence established attack threat attack norway clearly use threat war retains right self defense attack right allow norway bring war self defense parts country waters strategic significance russia northern fleet pass area reach atlantic_ocean concern soviet_union russia ensure listening stations anti submarine warfare installations placed archipelago second world war norway stationed military troops norwegian coast guard carries surveillance protests cold war soviet_union norwegian activity island including purely civil arrangements soviet_union issued protesting installations satellite ground stations airports filming belt grounds cover potential military activities sovereignty norway prior extremely active gaining international support norwegian sovereignty following treaty norwegian interest archipelago start cold war norwegian politicians wanted avoid bringing islands politics resulted policy avoiding soviet_union resulted norwegian authorities actively working norwegian foreign activities raise tensions compared mainland relations dominated nato membership norwegian policy related soviet_union similarly foreign presence encouraged mainland strongly discouraged nearly norwegian activity cold war resulted protest soviet_union claimed basis treaty archipelago zone soviet_union protest foreign new norwegian activity grounds violated article remotely related military activity fear reaction led norway practically foreign innovative use archipelago norway essentially non policy managing defensive reaction time activity proposed norway established fisheries protection area surrounding june strictly fisheries non basis zone extends nautical miles territorial waters norway maintains treaty non discrimination policy applies land territorial waters norway free establish economic zone fishing vessels norway iceland islands russian european_union awarded herring greenland canada issued shrimp norway soviet_union later russia disagreed border counties exclusive economic zones sea norway claimed internationally recognized principle apply russia claimed line issue resolved compromise non discrimination treaty ensures citizens companies countries receive equal rights access residence norway based rights fish hunt conduct mining trade industry maritime activity activities limited non legislation norway permitted place regulations basis objective criteria ban certain activities altogether certain geographic areas non discrimination clause ban discrimination economic activity specifically research scientific activities fall non discrimination clause central non discrimination policy mining code august uncertain code internationally binding amended norway specifically commissioner issues licenses search minerals state owned owner land register claims maintain claim owner work man hours years pay annual fee norwegian ministry trade industry grant exceptions work obligation specific conditions treaty allows taxation extent covers cost archipelago covering services provided residents tax rate significantly lower metropolitan norway including absence value added tax government expenses budget taxation rules tax paradise oil rig operator established subsidiary exploit lower taxes tax rate profits exceeding nok million raised percent mainland


polish pronunciation communism term usually regarded stereotype referring alleged jewish soviet collaboration communism poland communism identified wider jewish led conspiracy seize power historians dispute claims idea continued endure certain extent postwar poland polish anti communists saw soviet controlled communist regime fruition anti polish came jewish responsibility soviet appointments jews positions responsible populace fueled perception post war management employees members communist authorities poland jewish origin described intelligence reports loyal soviets polish historians loyalty jews returning poland ussr soviet takeover raised minds scholars prelude according sources concept jewish conspiracy threatening polish social order dates print pamphlet year incredible dream polish enlightenment author political activist julian written published posthumously called polish work develop large scale concept organized jewish conspiracy directly threatening existing social structure describes warsaw future renamed jewish ruler article end 19th century roman national democratic_party characterized poland jews opponents party internal enemies international poland agents disorder disruption socialism historian writes world war national democrats brought poland new dangerous ideological dividing society friends enemies constantly theories jewish plot jew communism explain poland difficulties jews played national democratic rhetoric alien participation exclusively jewish organizations movement origin term originated connection russian revolution targeted jewish communists polish soviet war emergence soviet state seen poles russian new guise visibility jews soviet leadership polish communist_party heightened fears circles came seen prominent stereotype expressing political paranoia accusations accompanied incidents anti jewish violence poland polish soviet war self defense people polish nation soldiers officers polish eastern territories shared conviction jews enemies polish nation state collaborators poland enemies troops treated jews according sources sentiment implicated anti jewish violence killings number towns including massacre jews taken hostages murdered polish ukrainian war jews killed occasional instances jewish support polish soviet war served anti jewish sentiment concept widely illustrated polish interwar politics including publications national democrats catholic_church expressed anti jewish views world war term resemble jewish rhetoric nazi_germany wartime romania war torn countries central eastern_europe national democrats emerged polish elections main opposition party government liberal attitude minorities respected polish jewish minority midst great depression climate widespread nationalist sentiment expressed anti jewish sentiment dissatisfaction government called reducing numbers jews country economic boycott launched subsequently violence occurred jews particularly universities following death moved seizing power poland began focus fully jews limited audience rhetoric supplemented larger circulation enjoyed catholic_church publications increasingly referred communist threat alleged jews church publication newspaper self defense nation meant defense jews circulation million period world wars sentiment grew concurrently poland notion criminal jew statistics 1920s indicated jewish crime rate percentage jews population subsequent crime recorded included minor offenses succeeded reversing trend jewish criminal statistics showed increase relative jewish population 1930s statistics seen poles particularly right wing press confirm image criminal jew additionally political crimes jews closely enhancing fears criminal important factor dominance jews leadership communist_party poland according multiple sources jews represented polish communist_party notably party strong jewish representation higher levels leaders central administration jews jews constituted active members publication apparatus international department help revolutionaries technical apparatus home polish court proceedings communists accused jews terms membership dissolution members jews urban members jews substantial number given jewish minority poland historians including joseph marcus qualify statistics alleging considered jewish party fact opposition traditional jewish economic national interests jews supporting saw international communists rejected jewish culture tradition nonetheless polish socialist party notable decisive stand according summary jewish participation polish communist movement interwar period jews constituted important segment communist movement according polish sources western estimates proportion jews communist_party poland lower percent larger cities percentage jews exceeded percent smaller cities frequently percent given background statement small cities like communists jews appear gross according bodies research voting patterns poland parliamentary elections 1920s revealed jewish support communists representation total population view support poland communist pro soviet parties came jews ukrainian orthodox voters jewish ancestry notes post war claims jewish communists communist votes lists organizations election came jewish community true claim source describes certainly jewish votes communists indicating jewish population large far sympathetic communism jews prominent communist_party leadership prominence translate support mass level wrote jason analyzed communist vote interwar poland jewish voters supported communists polls supported non communists voting pro soviet communist_party received support backed soviet_union received vote jewish warsaw jewish jewish terms overall numbers jews favorite political grouping elections large representation jews communist leadership led sentiment widely expressed contemporary polish politics invasion poland soviet occupation zone following soviet invasion poland resulting partition polish territory nazi_germany soviet_union ussr jewish communities eastern poland welcomed relief soviet occupation saw lesser openly nazi_germany image jews ukrainian minorities waving red flags welcome soviet troops great symbolic meaning polish memory period young jews joined organized communist militias organized new communist temporary self government militias disarmed arrested polish soldiers policemen authority figures poles polish states mocked days weeks following events september soviets engaged harsh policy polish schools institutions closed poles dismissed jobs authority arrested deported replaced non polish personnel according sources poles resented change fortunes war poles privileged position space days jews minorities poland occupied positions soviet occupation government teachers civil servants engineers allegedly trouble achieving polish government majority poles occupation betrayal jews especially polish communists jewish descent emerged underground opportunity revolution retribution extreme cases jewish participation ethnic poles massacre behavior non jewish poles events polish collective memory image jewish crowds invading red army willing collaborators strengthening sentiment held jews responsible collaboration soviet authorities communism divided poland german invasion soviet_union widespread notion communism combined german nazi encouragement expression attitudes principal cause jews poles poland northeastern province summer including massacre according responsibility poles highly disputed sources stating germans principal authors massacre jews initially benefited effects soviet invasion occupation soon began strike jewish population independent jewish organizations abolished jewish activists arrested hundreds thousands jews fled soviet sector given choice soviet citizenship returning german occupied zone majority chose instead found deported soviet_union ironically escape holocaust polish jewish representation london based polish government exile relations jews poland polish resistance occupied poland strained jewish armed groups difficulty joining official polish resistance umbrella organization home army polish jewish groups partisans forced rob local polish peasants food turn polish underground labeled armed jewish groups fighting survival forests jewish partisans instead joined communist polish workers party soviet guerrilla groups increasingly clashed polish contributing perception jews working soviets poles communist takeover poland aftermath world war soviet backed communist government harsh non communist jewish cultural political social institutions polish banning alternative parties thousands jews returned exile soviet_union number decreased israel members formed larger percentage remaining jewish population number jewish communists played highly visible role unpopular communist government security apparatus command political leaders deputy prime minister minister industry industry commerce economic affairs personally assigned industry transportation poland wife julia editor chief polish press agency minister right hand poland held political propaganda ideology responsible largest notorious secret police history people republic poland ministry public security employing permanent security officers polish citizens new government hostility wartime polish government exile world war underground resistance accused media nationalist persecuted strengthened sentiment point popular consciousness jewish seen having conquered poland context reinforced immediate post war poland experienced unprecedented wave anti jewish violence notable polish american historian jan stressed soviet takeover poland violence developed amid postwar retribution counter retribution exacerbated breakdown law order polish anti communist according jewish extract justice poles harmed jews war cases jews attempted reclaim property confiscated nazis phenomena reinforced sentiment noted world war jews victims describes cases jews polish secret police denouncing poles members home army noted poles died late 1940s jewish killed jews encouraged soviet advisors jewish government officials adopted new polish sounding names hoping find adversaries practice led widespread speculation hidden jews decades come combination effects holocaust postwar led dramatic mass emigration polish immediate postwar years estimated jews poland refugees soviet_union way west remained year later surviving jews poland found victims explosive postwar political situation image jew threatening outsider took new form linked communist rule poland including rumors massive collaboration jews unpopular new regime soviet_union fewer jews remained poland political reasons consequently noted historian michael group profile closely resembled period wrote study time history entered power considerable numbers post war decade mixed experience jews east central europe new communist order offered unprecedented opportunities dangers abuses preferred soviet policy sensitive posts hands non poles result nearly directors widely despised ministry public security poland jewish noted polish journalist recent study polish institute national remembrance showed people director positions ministry jewish ethnicity jews post war polish population jews polish communist organizations including security apparatus relative percentage general population vast majority jews participate apparatus supportive communism quoted jan gross argued jews worked communist_party cut ties culture jewish polish russian tried represent interests international communism local communist government difficult assess polish jews volunteered serve remain postwar communist security forces began realize soviet jews realized earlier named charge mass execution perceived simply boss jew notable jewish officials polish secret police security services minister joseph right hand vice minister roman head julia 5th 10th notorious special bureau deputy 10th col torture master defected west find jewish polish political following death sentenced years prison november gross violations human rights law abuse power socialist populist politicians released prison jewish security forces brought court process according heather coincidence high ranking security officers trial jews captured imprisoned interrogated escaped physical torture close associate joseph released years later according sources security forces jewish institution post war press times rooted belief secret police predominantly jewish factors contributing post war view jews agents security forces sentiment reappeared times severe political crises poland death polish united workers party leader subsequent battle rival factions looked lay blame era according poland communists grown accustomed placing burden failures gain sufficient legitimacy polish population entire communist period shoulders jews party described historical account party faction anti political weapon found echo party apparatus society large traditional stereotypes jewish political influence economic gain resurfaced context communism leader entered concept placed blame party failures errors repression jewish documents period chronicle attitudes polish society including jews loss employment persecution sentiment polish society rank file ruling party spurred exodus polish jews sentiment polish state propaganda polish political crisis political turmoil late 1960s exemplified west increasingly violent protests vietnam war closely associated poland events prague spring began january raising hopes democratic reforms crisis culminated warsaw pact invasion czechoslovakia august government responded student protests strike actions poland warsaw mass arrests launching anti campaign communist_party initiative interior minister aka known attitude officials jewish descent blamed major crimes period campaign began guided response day war subsequent break soviets diplomatic relations israel polish factory workers forced publicly interior minister nationalist partisan faction increasingly influential communist_party polish communist_party led faction remaining polish jews attempting public anger israel victory war polish government following soviet lead launched campaign guise anti party secretary factions playing leading roles campaign general public poles saw similarities israel fight survival poland past struggles independence poles felt pride success israeli military dominated polish jews slogan jews beat soviet arabs popular poles contrary desire communist government government policy yielded successes year march wave unrest students intellectuals unrelated arab israeli war swept poland events known march events campaign served multiple purposes notably suppression protests branded inspired fifth column tactic political struggle played jewish card nationalist appeal campaign resulted actual expulsion poland years thousands jewish professionals party officials state security ironically faction failed propaganda efforts historian notes anti jewish campaign combined century old conspiracy theories recycled claims classic communist propaganda sentiment communist poland suggested probably powerful slogan communist propaganda march accusation jews communists blamed major crimes period myth known poland russian revolution polish war model deserves interest tool communist propaganda accusation exploited developed popular stereotype jewish communism communism jews dark communism wrong communism communist jews allegations push purge jews scientific cultural institutions publishing houses national television radio stations ultimately communist government sponsored campaign resulted remaining jews forced leave poland partisan faction ideology described eerie views pre world war national democracy party times exploiting sentiment notes effects campaign thoroughly discredit communist government eyes public result concept jew threatening employed 1970s 1980s poland communist government attacks political opposition including solidarity trade union movement workers defence committee completely unsuccessful historiography historiography remains controversial works jan gross debate anti jewish violence poland gross supporters cliché critics fact history according gross supporters strength belief stemmed age old polish fears russia anti communist attitudes writes main forces drew jews communist movement meant turning effects cause increase boosted ideas alleged jewish world conspiracy according thinking communism modern means long attempted jewish political conquest poland conspirators finally succeed establishing subscribers theory maintain strong tradition provided base feed sources claim poles likely exaggerated jewish participation soviet occupation jewish presence government apparatus novel phenomenon pre war poland critics sources claim anti jewish sentiment justified influence jewish communists carrying soviet policies according entire polish population adopted negative attitude jews blatant cooperation hostility non jews historian written recent writings indicate myth jews communists gone away evidenced writings younger polish scholars jewish poland soviet occupation historians charge polish historiography seen revival historical approach according polish historians myth served purpose explaining participation ethnic poles killing jewish neighbors criminal nature murder


animal rights liberation animal rights liberation applied ethics human obligations book british political theorist argued animal rights philosophy animal liberation philosophy adoption interest based rights approach argues reason animals excluded justice joseph account interest rights argue right suffer right killed right freedom animals subsequent chapters apply theory number interactions humans animals animal experimentation animal agriculture genetic engineering animals use animals entertainment sport relationship animals environmental practices use animals cultural practices book based doctoral thesis completed london school economics builds subjects discussed previous publications published columbia_university press second book series critical perspectives animals edited critics variety backgrounds responded positively book found middle ground traditional animal rights philosophy background animal rights liberation based doctoral thesis completed london school economics supervision paul kelly acting advisor thesis examined anne phillips albert suggested title book arguments book differ arguments thesis preparing manuscript publication drew advice number academics especially robert garner addition presenting ideas book meetings political theory group published article entitled animal interests animal experiments interest based approach journal article won journal second annual essay prize formed basis chapter animal rights liberation continued work questions animal rights completion doctorate publishing articles subject political studies provoked responses garner philosopher john published book introduction animals political theory animal rights liberation published columbia_university press series critical perspectives animals theory culture science law series edited legal scholar philosopher aims direction emerging research animal studies animal rights liberation second book published series garner animal rights debate abolition regulation published paperback isbn cloth binding isbn interest based rights approach interest based rights approach method utilised book examine ways animals humans rights set limits pursuit animal rights outlined philosopher tom based inherent value individual animals value critics basis mysterious instead suggests rights grounded interests follows legal philosopher joseph right rights things equal aspect interest sufficient reason holding person duty draws aspects account serves basis analysis animal rights liberation interests sufficient grounds holding duty judging considering strength interest considerations example individuals strong interest free expression things considered need protect greater interest victim interest free expression context important difference rights concrete rights exist abstract level outside particular circumstances rights translate concrete rights considered particular situations free expression example illustrates account moral rights claims intended form democratic informing political communities strength interest determined consideration value individual understood purely relationship individual time individual interest satisfied personal identity argues beings lack including animals humans interest liberty right freedom possess significant interests suffer killed right suffer right killed synopsis animal rights liberation seeks animal rights animal liberation central importance question understood capacity phenomenal consciousness position taken precisely animals argues clear animals afford moral status implies capacity beings lives better worse enlightenment philosopher argued required moral value observes animals considered persons case argued good reasons agree concludes reason limit possession moral status humans needs considered owed animals owed following paper animal rights political philosopher suggests animals possess rights account interests deals possible objections interest rights defended claim moral agency rights possession demand rights derived social relations suggestion animals possess interests idea entities plants possess interests point completed steps introducing interest based rights approach outlining approach appropriate means understanding obligations animals political communities advocated peter singer rejected failure individuals seriously desires account takes seriously purely suggests based interest rights details interest based rights approach defends charge result large number rights rights approaches application having outlined approach goes apply theory number ways animals society considers animal experimentation arguing animal experiments result pain death morally illegitimate experiments animal die equal discusses judge strength interest considers strength animals interests subjected painful experimentation considers reasons interest sufficient ground right rejects benefits animal testing suffering humans owe members species members human lives valuable lives animals concludes animals concrete right subjected painful experiments considers animals interests killed concluding interest continued life pleasant experiences greater overall lives interest weaker corresponding interest possessed human persons deadly experimentation non persons permitted consistency demands permitted human non persons babies individuals certain disabilities like unwilling allow possibility claims animals right deadly experiments argues animals interest negative positive freedom like animals human non persons lack interest right provided said use respects rights possess second considered application animal agriculture argues animals possess concrete rights suffer killed raised food book argues factory farming suffering animals suffering cost humans method killing animals flesh challenged objections human liberty humans lose jobs flesh consumption necessary human health considered rejected milk egg production certain circumstances provided animals killed suffer equally animal corpses provided animals died naturally counter arguments considered contends fact farmed animals exist human desire flesh irrelevant second considers fact animals killed predators rejects claim intervention required killers moral agents claim interference harm good instead suggesting predators need kill survive humans considers fact animals killed harvesting process animals suggests killed human survival fewer killed killed humans eating meat possess concrete right life despite political communities steps ensure fewer animals killed harvest looking agriculture considers relationship animals genetic engineering question animal right genetically engineered suggests makes sense live animals engineered embryos interests rights instead considers animals right engineered arguing case genetic engineering gives animals lives opportunities similar better ordinary members species addresses reasons oppose claim notion genetic engineering animals second idea genetic engineering genetic engineering reveals flaw character virtue ethics fourth genetic engineering denies dignity animals finds arguments reason abandon principle considers animals right engineered argues animals right engineered lives worth living rejects reasons believing animals right engineered diseases disabilities concludes engineered animals interest having engineered sufficient opportunities interest strong ground concrete right argues advocating concerned equal capacities members species equal opportunities finally considers possibility engineering non conscious livestock arguing wrong engineering entities chapter addresses use animals entertainment oppose practice pet keeping accepts humans interest able pets interest strong satisfied cost argues pet keeping regulated far need license granting dependent individuals proving ability care animal open pets cases medical care chance good experiences cases providing medical care necessary pet insurance requirement license pets argued violation rights requirement pets required ensure offspring requirements established chapter genetic engineering applied animal breeding accepts lead extinction certain breeds concerning argues animals possess right kept displayed possess right suffer limitations kinds animals kept instance large animals kept traveling conditions kept nature performances hunting bear condemned consideration fishing potentially open horse racing generally says way sports currently organized practiced involve routine suffering death animals ought condemned practices include suffering caused training racing killing animals past peak display skills concluding chapter considers rejects possible objections use animals entertainment appeal concept dignity use animals second appeal harm caused use animals entertainment implies ownership animals right considered property chapter seven approaches issues relating animals environment argues importance kind analysis saying interest based rights approach non conscious entities including species ecosystems plants understood rights defends necessity consciousness possession interests considers rejects land ethic basis moral status environment instead defends environment welfare grounds rejects notion wild animals land live concludes strict environmental obligations rights interests animals concerning endangered species rejects notion special wrong involved species idea justice owed members endangered species form compensation instead argues unconscious species contingent value members rare conscious species stronger right life interests humans want interests animals ecosystems argues animals possess concrete right killed order preserve favoured ecosystem species species control argued acceptable final chapter application interest based rights approach analyses use animals cultural practices considering importance culture religion concern looks possibility humans interest culture certain interests animals argues case culture rights argues human interest culture animal interests suffering example animal interests killed destruction cultures defined entirely grave harm cause animals human interest freedom religion claims usually require violation animal interests cites possible exception argues possibility freedom religion special interest merit priority idea equal opportunity religious freedom harm animals finally considers given animals harmed practices problem certain religious practices religious practices practices face conclusion aim animal rights liberation animal rights animal liberation claims alternative singer possible argues theory allow use ownership animals certain circumstances theory nonetheless incredibly radical consequences applied book aimed persuade people importance animal rights serve democratic democratic claims essential legitimacy animal rights firmly rejects violent behalf animals immoral illegitimate reception response animal rights liberation reviewed global policy website founder animal people unnamed reviewer internet journal animal ethics political studies review found important contribution theoretical framework laid animal rights liberation application framework rights animals adding assuming takes philosophical reasoning seriously little issue analysis fundamental tension theory animal rights literature denying animals possess psychological capacities value freedom challenge orthodox rights theory persons possess rights theories truck like position place humans animals genuinely equal moral plain rest arguably disguised versions person centred masked appeals cross species equality denies tension overall argument writing ought comfort opponents animal rights reasoning assuming accept animals matter writing accessible closed review considering book middle ground traditional rights theory writing line orthodox animal rights theory animals owed utility rights right suffer right killed line wants promote giving animals right liberty sense outright protection ownership use humans successfully rights theory middle ground gives hand taking away attempt find middle ground work advocates animal rights singer advocates animal welfare perspective suggested thought actually closer suggested given allows use animals entertainment genetic engineering arguments animal rights liberation come radically compared animal rights positions forms animal experimentation account shock supporters approaches based philosophy concluded great accomplishment book coherent plausible useful notion animal rights firmly rooted avoids style rights views felt element thought concerning humans dealt quickly book saying controversy certain seriously mentally disabled regarded property display human regardless taken care believe human right treated manner animal found aspect thought dealing people mental disabilities quoted arguments animal rights liberation concerning animals killed crop harvest observed hypothetical produced eggs dairy arguments favour showed interest arguments concerned pet keeping writing mentions pit argument effect case prohibiting pit bull breeding pit dog population dogs cruelty neglect cases worried animal activists find positions animal rights animal liberation useful comparatively nuanced position questioned extent political legal change possible given continued use animals book summarised internet rational informed described thoughtful thought provoking making welcome highly recommended addition personal academic library contemporary ethics reference collections supplemental reading lists addition quote internet columbia_university press advertised animal rights liberation quotes academics working area animal ethics philosophers peter singer praised work exposing false animal rights versus animal welfare seeing work important contribution literature reason advocate animal rights approach mandate liberation quoted saying disagree fine job presenting argument book surely provoke debate discussion columbia_university press quoted garner praised work sustained attempt use interest based theory rights animals use theory challenge animals right liberty theory justice animals garner challenges use argument marginal cases animals assumed equal interest life typical humans marginal humans assume animals equal interest liberty assumption marginal humans interest liberty denies marginal humans assumed strong interest liberty argument garner observes assumes marginal humans considered equal interest equal right life claim garner challenges reaching considers nuanced position nonetheless ideal theory garner enhanced position close interest based rights position garner identifies differences thought respective use argument marginal cases fact garner offers theory garner questions extent right reliance interest rights new suggesting james steve language interest rights garner adds unlike draw think correct conclusions adoption interest based theory animal rights


washington doctrine unstable alliances washington doctrine unstable alliances called caution alliances contemporary term describe early united_states foreign policy guiding interaction nations according policy united_states consider external alliances temporary measures convenience freely abandon national interest cited rare example explicit policy endorsement international relations known des alliances reversal alliances state abandoning ally alliance recent enemy ally policy thomas jefferson reference address george_washington despite enduring influence foreign policy discussions washington said privately view based probably irrelevant years changing situation background prelude end george_washington eighth year president united_states united_states strategic position dire interstate rivalries violent whiskey rebellion opposition national government form anti party combined dependence trade europe weaken new nation time country increasingly government held entirely washington charismatic authority receiving counsel alexander hamilton cautioned president forget little washington convinced united_states great_britain feared possibility british imposed commercial isolation economic constitution overwhelming majority anti national forces time radical government elements led thomas jefferson declared support aid french republic war united_kingdom hamilton jefferson panic struck refuse breach kick great_britain choose farewell address washington announced decision step presidency increasing public life included short passage defending policy ignoring french requests american assistance attempt remarks washington defended policy framing generic guidance future mention french great rule conduct regard foreign nations extending commercial relations little political connection possible europe set primary interests remote relation engaged frequent controversies causes essentially foreign concerns artificial ties ordinary politics ordinary combinations collisions friendships true policy steer clear permanent alliances portion foreign world far mean liberty let understood capable infidelity existing engagements private correspondence address washington wrote situation inspiring advice disappear probably years rise napoleon france muted revolutionary thomas jefferson democratic republican_party time president jefferson came war france britain battle land ocean state military objective moral equivalent president denounced year old william called napoleon slave willing vassal france jefferson developing view international politics led observe united_states retreat european affairs lukewarm advocate pursue modest committed course believed american commercial power allow pursue independent course conventional diplomacy writing protégé day time laws nations treat sea meantime wish let treaty drop renewal diplomatic missions barely keeping important nations outlined jefferson inaugural address washington doctrine unstable alliances asserted consider external military alliances temporary arrangements convenience freely abandon reverse indicated national interest citing washington farewell address inspiration jefferson described doctrine peace commerce honest friendship nations alliances results policy jefferson presidency generally criticized according historian ben jefferson commerce instrument forcing nations america justice respect republic honor act virtually sealed outside world cited dramatic example failure jefferson inflated assessment american power failure president fully helped lead nation war significance washington doctrine unstable alliances rare example policy endorsement known international relations des alliances reversal alliances state ally alliance recent enemy possibly opposition ally pact soviet_union germany cited example despite washington private view advice followed short term situation stabilized doctrine endured central argument american non years treaty alliance france negotiate nation second permanent military alliance world war interim united_states engaged alliances convenience sweden wars european powers boxer rebellion congress enacted lend lease program senator arthur said torn years traditional foreign policy tossed washington farewell address according critical new_york_times editorial policy suggested jefferson inaugural address maintained century intervened people regard policy fixed stars courses american economist noted doctrine influence current policy nation seeks alliances nations tactical purposes war reserves overall strategy making phrase alliances forms basis washington doctrine unstable alliances popular press washington jefferson post conservative website entitled george_washington said avoid alliances independent american party website attributed jefferson honest friendship nations alliances washington

Washington Doctrine of Unstable Alliances