case dean case dean formally trial william davies dean libel aftermath american war independence electoral reform substantial issue william younger attempted bring bill parliament reform electoral system support republished pamphlet written brother law sir william jones noted defects existing system argued support reforms thomas brother british prime minister earl reacted libel criminal offence acted government chief weapon criticism merely publishing individual judge interpreted libel conviction jury prohibited deciding material actually law widely seen unfair society constitutional information formed pay legal fees financial backing society able secure services thomas tried justice specially convened jury edward counsel prosecution argued basis existing system jury decide nature pamphlet argued material constitute libel containing protest persuaded arguments jury ruled guilty guilty instead guilty publication confusing non standard ruling long dialogue justice declared mean guilty charges appealed decision court king bench november judges ruled decide material released freedom greeted fireworks rewarded freedom city gloucester seeking reform law sent court records charles james fox lord effort passed libel act secured right decide material background following end american war independence british public attention turned need parliamentary reform specifically lack franchise towns presence rotten response william younger brought idea reform parliament support actions sir william jones wrote published pamphlet titled dialogue farmer country gentleman principles government covered virtues government defects representation people jones father law recommended group welsh constitutional reprinted welsh preface suggesting rational constitutional result thomas brother earl indicted libel specifically publishing false libel raise kingdom majesty subjects attempt armed rebellion violence state constitution nation law dealing libel particularly strict acting government chief weapon criticism followed principles laid libel criminal offence intention publisher truth allegations irrelevant mere publication sufficient conviction allowed deliver verdict material published defendant traditionally matters fact left jury matters law judge libel matters law widely judge job decide material constituted libel nature publication understood include private letter intercepted lead prosecution public principles trial acted test case law libel society constitutional information formed concerned citizens began raising money pay defence able afford best representation society gave brief thomas noted defence trial heard lord chief justice chester travelling miles court discovered paper circulated area arguing libel cases allowed decide publication published citing paper circulation prosecution asked ignoring claims delay cause agree postpone trial case eventually heard august justice trial appeal edward lead counsel prosecution described dialogue libel argued truth question jury decide bound convict defendant long decided published dialogue regardless contents contents went sought persuade public man age right choose representative parliament reply argued dialogue opened preface containing protest insisted jury right decide constituted libel know subject paper topic country danger reason think publisher intended guilty hand consider paper legal principle likely promote spirit activity liberty times activity spirit essential public safety reason believe written published spirit ought writer publisher guilty demonstrate feelings subject asked jury consider fellow defendant intended publish pamphlet soon possible went dialogue line line showing people agree foundation reform bill concluded arguments stating jury feel free debate material constituted libel justice began instructing jury allowed decide published work jury retired half hour discussion returned declare guilty publishing long debate jury declared guilty counts immediately appealed decision court king bench argued november statement jury jury traditionally given right investigate actual guilt previous trial invalid jury permitted determine statement published exception justice court unanimously declared arguments incorrect jury role accordingly appeal denied later freed king bench held initial indictment invalid point application paper libel king government aftermath case directly lead legal change widely seen victory release greeted fireworks rewarded freedom city gloucester perceived differently records entire trial printed sent charles james fox lord taking hint fox delay introduced bill parliament seeking reform law relating libel passed went house_of_lords members judiciary attempted delay response lord rose stated judges sole public opinion able appear criticised government leading freedom press appeal successful historian writes bill passed lords weeks parliament formally passed libel act commonly known fox libel act allowing time decide precisely constituted libel


burton united_states burton united_states appeals supreme_court united_states senator joseph burton following conviction compensated representation party proceeding united_states interested burton united_states burton united_states burton convicted acting counsel grain company united_states general investigation mail fraud burton appeal supreme_court reversed convictions venue proper eastern district missouri sole ground burton bank sent check louis court cited refusal jury instructions burton convicted court affirmed inter ground agreement burton occurred louis burton defendant convicted revised statutes years enactment burton supporters argued prosecuted orders president roosevelt political reasons burton member united_states senate convicted public corruption fact member senate convicted crime year senator john mitchell convicted statute role oregon land fraud scandal background matter congress created crime mail fraud authorized united_states general evidence satisfactory mail fraud committed post master local post office return registered mail addressed word fraudulent written stamped envelope authority extended mail authorized bar suspected postal money orders grain company principal place business louis missouri investigation mail fraud received complaints investigation november state courts investigating complaints investors hugh dennis president officers indicted time burton indictment convicted burton indictment dennis acquitted federal court pending state courts time offices closed judicial attachment creditors burton representation month illinois route louis chicago state judge thomas general counsel arranged hire senator joseph burton lawyer appear counsel connection investigations monthly salary general counsel returned louis november communicated burton offer accepted notified burton acceptance telegram washington day burton informed mail learned complaints arranged notified future complaints arranged represent hearing sanctions issue burton continued represent draw monthly salary months burton intervention successful investigation ceased entry fraud order paid burton monthly checks months burton received check november burton deposited checks national bank washington turn sent checks bank commonwealth trust company louis missouri payment paid cash burton person office louis march burton representation terminated indictment federal grand jury united_states district court eastern district missouri investigating brooks company dennis president associated witnesses burton grand jury included chief post office inspector william dennis vice president weeks burton indictment grand jury came possession checks burton burton indicted january eastern district missouri counts violating section enacted provided relevant senator election office shall receive agree receive compensation directly indirectly services rendered rendered person relation proceeding controversy matter thing united_states party directly indirectly interested department person section shall deemed guilty shall imprisoned years fined thousand dollars shall conviction rendered forever incapable holding office honor trust profit government united_states second counts indictment final cash payment reference separate interests united_states count final cash payment sixth seventh eighth ninth counts indictment check months burton arguably arrested time indictment congress session article provides senators representatives shall cases treason breach peace privileged arrest attendance session respective houses going returning burton voluntarily surrendered january burton wife departed louis trial conviction judge adams sitting united_states circuit court eastern district missouri presided burton trial state judge chester appeared burton attorney assistant attorney acted prosecutor opening statement argued burton agreed act general counsel allow placed literature agreement explicitly provided burton represent federal agency march prosecution began case chief post office department employees identified letters complaint received louis advertising firm testified introduced burton dennis november witnesses said agreement described pay agreed installments read evidence letter burton prosecution case continued march inspector testified burton attempted discuss case day indictment public refused discuss reporter testified interviewed burton day burton denied practicing post office controller testified meeting burton burton representation ended matter post office concluded inspector recalled state conversation burton took place interview testified february burton told wished represent department fee having assured senators conduct common legal burton told needed repay disputed debt finally testified day personally paid burton burton advised destroy correspondence letters destroyed prosecution rested defense case commenced march count indictment burton testified accepted employment personal financial burton testified duties include acting criminal defense attorney dennis include activity washington burton testified received notice appointment november contacted post office intent defend dennis criminal case explained asked notified complaints terminate association arise jury returned judge adams delivered allen charge soon jury returned verdict failed address count indictment judge allen ordered jury return reading verdict march total hours jury convicted burton counts counts acquitted count burton convictions authorized maximum sentence years imprisonment fine burton asked jury polled stated verdict burton moved new trial judge adams indicated accept bond burton sentenced burton defendant convicted years enactment burton right appeal united_states court appeals eighth circuit instead opted direct appeal supreme_court july judge adams certified burton direct appeal grounds burton convicted infamous offense burton posted bond july justice allowed direct appeal burton supreme_court november december burton represented judge john future solicitor general frederick william oral argument harry brief solicitor general henry represented united_states january court overturned burton convictions indictment evidence discussion merits court held indictment stated offenses evidence sufficient jury convicted burton justices brown holmes day majority chief justice fuller justices white dissent venue article iii provides trial crimes cases shall jury trial shall held state said crimes shall committed clause sixth amendment provides criminal accused shall enjoy right public trial jury state district crime shall committed district shall previously law burton argued constitutional provisions violated crime occurred eastern district missouri justice writing entire court justice dissent reversed burton convictions grounds court held burton negotiation check washington constitute conduct burton louis site bank words washington bank check burton agent time delivery check defendant bank owner check torn thrown fire use disposition chose right defendant court held error trial judge submitted question understanding defendant bank jury support argument court cited concerning instrument law cases house_of_lords courts new_york massachusetts single court rejected application continuing offense doctrine codified case commencement crime district completion statute court district jurisdiction beginning offense missouri payment money washington commencement offense officer company sent checks louis defendant begin offense missouri justice ground accused client argued true sense compensated services alleged rendered violation statute payment checks louis bank relieved liability national bank arising checks concluded majority sacrificed substance mere form illustrating latin maxim refused jury instructions majority court found separate independent ground reversal burton convictions burton requested certain jury instructions trial judge delivered requested instructions trial judge stated instructions asked counsel defendant certain think main covered charge abstract law connection charge fully willing asked contain general law jury returned trial judge delivered allen charge point judge refused burton request jury earlier requested instructions stood instructions court held error ground reversal arguing burton substantially court disapproved judge having asked jury proportions ask conviction united_states citing burton court held error regardless defendant objected trial court burton circuit court eastern district missouri april june judge john henry rogers western district arkansas sitting designation new indictment counts second fourth sixth eighth counts charged burton agreed receive compensation fifth seventh counts charged burton actually received compensation counts different interest united_states alleged involved matter counts dismissed trial unlike indictment second alleged burton received person louis indictment alleged compensated representation second indictment alleged agreement indictment pending burton robbed chicago recovered mail box postal employees burton second trial department justice learned burton collected representing interior department paid directly paid brother burton trial date originally set october witnesses resided washington issued september judge van future supreme_court justice united_states court appeals eighth circuit presided burton second trial november assistant attorney gave opening statement prosecution defense trial argued burton intent represent dennis deceased criminal case november prosecution introduced letters checks evidence november testified burton stated going inconsistent duty senator testified person payment destruction letters burton request march inspector testified burton represented november hours jury convicted burton remaining counts counts seven burton sentenced sixth seventh counts counts involved transactions burton sentenced months imprisonment county jail fine sixth count months imprisonment fine seventh count addition rendered forever incapable holding office honor trust profit government united_states burton second time court april burton represented plus bailey brief plus burton represented team lawyers led delivered argument chief assisted assistant attorney general future judge charles henry represented united_states supreme_court upheld burton convictions day burton lawyers senator john filed petition operated day effect stayed matter longer court set october separation powers article provides house shall judge elections returns qualifications members house punish members behavior thirds expel member burton argued unconstitutional violation separation powers senate power punish members exclusive burton brief compared ban legislators practicing executive agencies ban president lobbying legislators legislation new_york_times called interesting efforts new meaning constitution appeared time later article noted decision especially interesting large array legal talent case ingenious argument bailey wagner sic senate judge qualifications members court unanimously rejected argument court cited earlier laws prohibiting members congress practicing united_states court claims entering contracts united_states court noted proper discharge duties require senator appear executive department order enforce particular views views respect matters committed department determination burton argued provision rendering convicted incapable holding office honor trust profit government united_states qualifications clause court question holding provision bar convicted defendant serving senate senators time elected state interests united_states burton argued indictment insufficient decision return mail addressed suspected bar suspected money orders proceeding controversy matter thing united_states directly indirectly interested court rejected argument court admitted united_states interest proceeding argued united_states real party interest company real party interest general represent united_states represent think mistake united_states interested directly indirectly protecting property postal facilities improper illegal use justice joined justices white point argued statute applied interests united_states justices addition chief justice fuller held indictment insufficient burton presumably reason argued majority interpretation find united_states interested administrative proceeding rendering statutory words department court martial bureau officer civil military naval commission mere dissent cited reconstruction era legislative history pointing narrower interpretation evidence burton argued evidence insufficient support conviction reviewing evidence court rejected argument separate offenses agreeing receiving section provided senator shall receive agree receive compensation burton argued simultaneously charged separate offenses agreeing receive compensation actually receiving compensation transaction court rejected argument court stated burton interpretation violence statute words emphasizing word justice disagreed holding concurred charges alleging charges alleging agreement double jeopardy burton argued prosecution violated double jeopardy clause specifically burton argued count trial barred conviction seventh counts second trial court rejected argument court held earlier later counts describe offense named respectively venue finally burton argued eastern district missouri unconstitutional venue argument court accepted burton time court rejected argument court held agreement occurred louis jury instructed required find based acceptance louis telegram letter court bolstered view citation concerning offer acceptance contract law court cited earlier holding venue provision article iii require physical presence defendant forum state aftermath burton remained senator appeals pending allegedly colleagues known expel appeared senate burton appear senate conviction april burton appeared push acquisition land january burton appeared senate chamber seconds order eligible travel federal government burton term march conviction finally affirmed resolution expel burton senate referred united_states senate committee privileges elections burton resigned office june senate act burton served months month sentence iron county jail missouri march returned role president roosevelt contemporary rumor held burton indictment ordered president roosevelt joseph folk circuit attorney city louis future governor missouri recently visited president attorney general new_york_times reported word interviews burton case burton alleged roosevelt orchestrated prosecution march speech kansas release prison burton pointed prosecution numerous public officials potentially violated interpretation prevailed supreme_court burton roosevelt complicated history burton leader republican national convention instrumental roosevelt securing party nomination roosevelt appointment united_states court appeals eighth circuit jurisdiction time included appeals kansas william hook choice favored burton political opponents senator chester long governor bailey vacancy opened eighth circuit burton allies favored appointment charles blood smith unsuccessful pressing smith candidacy june meeting roosevelt earlier year accompanying roosevelt visit kansas burton told roosevelt project create reproduction jerusalem time christ birth louis world fair roosevelt gave burton letter praising exhibit burton turn published magazine advertisement sale stock exhibit white_house received letter magazine authenticity letter day returned second meeting press smith appointment roosevelt enraged demanded return letter declared burton considered politically democratic senator far patronage concerned president knew bounds office burton long standing feud fourth assistant future senator joseph burton lobbied roosevelt predecessor william replace roosevelt refused remove cause case refused appoint burton friends replace issue burton clashed roosevelt cuba burton cited issue speech order force concessions roosevelt burton joined senators sugar states burton publicly spoke treaty cuba repeatedly privately informed roosevelt support ratification treaty according new_york_times history burton manoeuvres time fully told


amendment united_states_constitution amendment amendment iii united_states_constitution places restrictions soldiers private homes owner consent forbidding practice peacetime amendment response acts passed british parliament buildup american revolutionary war allowed british_army lodge soldiers private residences amendment introduced congress james madison united_states bill rights response anti objections new constitution congress proposed amendment states september december necessary quarters states ratified secretary state thomas jefferson announced adoption amendment march amendment controversial constitution rarely american bar association calling constitution primary basis supreme_court decision text amendment proposed congress reads follows soldier shall time peace house consent owner time war manner prescribed law background british parliament enacted acts requiring american colonies pay costs british soldiers serving colonies requiring local barracks provided insufficient space colonists lodge troops stables boston tea party act enacted acts pushed colonies revolution authorized british troops housed necessary including private homes troops cited colonists grievances united_states declaration independence adoption years comparatively weak government articles confederation constitutional convention philadelphia proposed new constitution september featuring stronger chief executive changes george mason constitutional convention delegate virginia declaration rights proposed bill rights listing civil liberties included delegates including future bill rights james madison disagreed arguing existing state guarantees civil liberties sufficient attempt individual rights unnamed rights unprotected brief debate mason proposal defeated unanimous vote state constitution ratified thirteen states required approve state conventions opposition ratification anti partly based constitution lack adequate guarantees civil liberties supporters constitution states popular sentiment ratification including virginia massachusetts new_york successfully proposed state conventions constitution addition bill rights state conventions specifically proposed provision troops private homes virginia convention patrick henry stated complaints government troops principal reasons connection great_britain troops time peace manner crush proposal ratification 1st united_states congress following state request james madison proposed constitutional amendments based state bills rights english sources bill rights prohibition troops private homes revisions future amendment proposed congress chiefly differed way peace war distinguished including possibility situation unrest peace war executive legislature authority authorize amendment ultimately passed congress unchanged unanimous vote congress reduced madison proposed amendments submitted states ratification september time bill rights submitted states ratification opinions shifted parties previously opposed bill rights supported bill means anti effective criticism anti contrast opposed realizing bill adoption greatly chances second constitutional convention desired anti richard henry lee argued bill left portions constitution federal judiciary direct taxation intact november new_jersey ratified amendments rejecting article regulated congressional pay raises december respectively maryland north_carolina ratified amendments january respectively south_carolina new_hampshire delaware ratified bill new_hampshire rejected amendment congressional pay raises delaware rejected article regulated size house brought total states required process stalled states connecticut georgia found bill rights unnecessary refused massachusetts ratified amendments failed send official notice secretary state february june new_york pennsylvania rhode_island ratified amendments rejected amendment congressional pay raises virginia initially postponed debate vermont admitted union total number states needed ratification rose vermont ratified november approving amendments virginia finally followed december secretary state thomas jefferson announced adoption successfully ratified amendments march judicial interpretation amendment cited sections constitution words encyclopedia history country progressed little conflict american soil amendment little occasion invoked major supreme_court decision amendment primary basis amendment invoked instances helping establish implicit right privacy constitution justice william douglas amendment bill rights partial basis majority decision connecticut cited amendment implying belief individual home free agents state seven opinions sheet tube justice robert jackson cited amendment providing evidence intent executive power wartime hat military powers commander chief representative government internal affairs obvious constitution elementary american history time mind parts world military commander seize private housing shelter troops united_states amendment says war time seizure needed military housing authorized congress times federal court asked law action amendment grounds carey prison officials new_york organized strike evicted prison facility residences reassigned members national_guard temporarily taken place prison guards united_states court appeals second circuit ruled term owner amendment includes tenants paralleling similar cases fourth amendment governing search seizure national_guard troops count soldiers purposes amendment amendment incorporated applies states virtue fourteenth amendment case district court dismissed case grounds state officials aware interpretation recent amendment decision handed federal court february united_states district court district nevada held mitchell city henderson amendment apply municipal police officers soldiers earlier case united_states defendant asked federal rent control law struck storm people violation amendment iii united_states_constitution court declined request later jones united_states secretary defense army unsuccessfully cited amendment justification refusing march parade similar arguments variety contexts denied cases

Third Amendment to the United States Constitution


bad united_states john bad united_states case united_states supreme_court held individual right use force resist unlawful arrest entitled jury instruction effect tribal police officer john bad shot killed tribal police officer attempting arrest bad warrant charge crime allegedly committed outside presence arresting officer supreme_court reversed conviction noting person right resist unlawful arrest case death murder reduced supreme_court held arrest unlawful lack valid warrant case widely cited internet longer considered good law growing number jurisdictions states statute case law removed unlawful arrest defense resisting arrest case received negative treatment holding arrest warrant background common law history english common law long recognized right individual resist reasonable force attempt police officer unlawful arrest offered complete defense force reduce murder charge death ensued case english officials illegally seized man serve king army observed fought free man course fight king men john barry killed trial murder english court ruled officer making unlawful arrest charged queen english court found resisting unlawful arrest death individual result charge instead murder charge united_states separated england common law adopted new american courts right resist unlawful arrest clearly recognized death john kills march john bad fired shots pistol near home pine ridge reservation time bad employed tribal police officer tribe captain charge reservation heard shots asked bad stop office discuss matter bad ordered tribal police officers arrest bad pine ridge agency miles away officers contacted bad refused telling morning officers tried arrest bad shot killed john kills bad claimed kills reached pistol bad fired self defense kills officers arrest warrant offense arrest warrant trial april falls bad tried united_states circuit court district south murder trial bad requested jury instruction allowing jury consider right resist unlawful arrest instead court gave jury instruction stated bad right resist arrest bad right resist arresting officers excessive force making arrest jury convicted bad sentenced death execution date set june opinion court justice delivered opinion unanimous court noted prosecution case defendant case varied presentation facts noted prosecution court find legal basis arrest firing pistol crime officer arrest warrant arrest crime occurred officer presence ruled captain authority order arrest court noted common law individual right use reasonable force resist unlawful arrest said requested jury instruction material error trial court allow court stated common law party resisted arrest officer warrant right arrest course resistance officer killed offense party resisting arrest reduced murder officer right arrest murder officer right arrest reduced fact right officer common law authorized arrest warrant mere committed presence decision lower court reversed case new trial dismissal subsequent developments scholarly response response common law rule appeared questioned law review note advocated rule harvard law professor sam bass warner support uniform arrest act proposed citizen duty submit arrest legal reasonably believed arresting individual peace officer warner explanations reasoning appear accepted question subsequent courts height civil rights movement paul new_york branch american civil liberties union responded unlawful arrest person consistent warner explanations common statutory law 1960s courts began limit right resist unlawful arrest apparently influenced warner model code eliminated right court struck right new_jersey states adopted uniform arrest act majority states model code eliminated right resist unlawful arrest grounds better alternative means resolving issue second resistance likely result greater injury citizen preventing arrest fourteen states allowed citizen resist unlawful arrest internet myths case cited internet sites giving citizens authority resist unlawful arrest claim normally forth connection version state commonly quoted version citizens resist unlawful arrest point taking arresting officer life necessary state sic premise upheld supreme_court united_states case john bad court stated officer killed course disorder naturally accompanies attempted arrest resisted law looks different eyes transaction officer right arrest officer right murder case facts offense committed modern sources citing bad tended discuss issue defense unlawful force contemporary law jurisdictions person use force resist unlawful arrest quote noted appearing text opinion


connecticut indian land claims settlement connecticut indian land claims settlement indian land claims settlement passed united_states congress settlement act ended lawsuit tribe recover acres reservation connecticut sold allegedly violation act commerce native americans non indians settlement act appropriated buy disputed lands transferred lands state reservation federal government trust settlement act permits state connecticut exercise civil criminal regulatory jurisdiction lands laid foundation create resort casino largest casino world revenue floor space time profitable background war dividing captives tribes allied settlers john younger persuaded connecticut colony create acre reservation removing previous places residence connecticut general_assembly voted create acre reservation western group previously custody connecticut eastern given acres present day north connecticut year congress passed act reservation acres connecticut sold remaining acres acre putting money state administered trust account 1970s david pine tree legal assistance non profit law firm joint tribal council tribe maine arrived reservation discuss possibility land claim advised established non profit corporation western indians connecticut inc april finished research presented findings litigation filed suit united_states district court district connecticut case assigned judge joseph named western tribe richard skip leader tribe named defendants enterprises president david acre claim embraced dozen thirty landowner defendants state connecticut sued declined requests defendants involved litigation lawyers defendants jackson king partner brown king class university connecticut school law involved case named defendants served local land conservation commission contacted federal recognition pursued federal recognition parallel land claims litigation applied united_states department housing urban development participate indian housing assistance program march connecticut governor certified autonomous unit government purposes revenue sharing program time thirty tribal members january filed preliminary petition federal tribal recognition bureau indian affairs historian jack previously worked expert witness attorney tom known role joint tribal council tribe act claims authored petition submit recognition application settlement act passage maine indian claims settlement act attorney tom turned attention case october approached king defendants lawyer federally settlement proposed state connecticut turn reservation federal government federal government pay property owners fair market value include land federal reservation deal state retain civil criminal regulatory authority reservation state approved settlement june federal settlement bill included appropriation value acres use buy land landowner defendants legislation provided landowners pay capital gains tax long money real estate senator delivered draft bill senate select committee indian affairs peter taylor committee general counsel noticed bill limit location lands buy settlement funds king prepared map accordance taylor wishes senator william chairman committee began hearings july william solicitor general department interior testified bill viewed recognition process costing money criticized lacking knowledge representative sam supported bill house passed bill october senate passed different version december compromise version passed senate february voice vote house march president ronald_reagan vetoed bill opining state pay cost meet definition tribe king sandy indian rights association began lobbying veto senators committed voting bill veto reagan presidency compromise proposed connecticut contribute road improvements known veto road new set hearings july assistant secretary indian affairs john declared administration object new bill reagan signed new bill law october appeared list federally recognized tribes published department interior federal register aftermath april corporate body voted approve construction high stakes operation barry law partner took lead representing matter connecticut chief state criminal attorney wrote tribe letter threatening shut operation opened planned filed federal preliminary injunction judge peter magistrate ruled favorably land claim granted granted permanent injunction january holding connecticut laws apply reservation hall opened july band supreme_court decision california band mission indians fueled desire upgrade hall casino wake decision congress passed indian gaming regulatory act october concluded required connecticut negotiate tribal state compact good faith state statute permitted non profits state license hold las_vegas nights twice year state statute question lobbied mothers drunk driving request governor acting state attorney general prepared memorandum highlighting differences high school students playing casino games monopoly money scale profit casino denied request creation state failed negotiate november tribe sued state provision subsequently declared unconstitutional tribe florida permitted suits state negotiate good faith days case judge granted tribe summary judgment ordering state resume negotiations conclude compact days second circuit upheld ruling september compact secretary interior october approval april supreme_court declined grant state appeal second circuit ruling senator replaced governor january opposed gambling advised las_vegas night statute way avoid casino repeal law secretary gave final approval compact retained reached charity groups utilized las_vegas night statute brought native american rights fund executive director john defeat proposed bill bill prevailed absent connecticut senate house rejected bill votes secretary approved compact signed financing agreement malaysian partners february construction resort casino opened february year slot machines installed member tribe received million revenue million profit threatened possibility competition non indian gambling offered state share slot machine revenue october issue slot machines left courts original compact provision agreement provided slot machine gambling state revenue sharing cease january tribe state announced deal state gross slot machine revenue year generating billion revenue million net income tribe reservation expansion starting began negotiations purchase additional lands convey lands department interior trust indian reorganization act local towns sued tribes prevent interior department secretary bruce approved tribe request new acres km2 new acres km2 respectively trust supreme_court decision prevents transfers

Connecticut Indian Land Claims Settlement


city city united_states supreme_court case concerning amendment rights public employees margin court held public employee constitutional rights violated employer disciplines belief employee engaging protected speech employee actually exercised constitutional rights case brought detective new_jersey police force went distribution center picked lawn sign candidate challenging city incumbent mayor election favor mother actually support candidate officers saw sign told senior officers including police chief strongly supported mayor apparent support candidate demoted beat patrol work officer brought suit alleging violated amendment rights case took decade reach supreme_court time federal district court heard different judges jury verdict favor set aside later summary judgment city favor overturned appeal granted trial writing majority court justice stephen stated department belief court precedent area holds unconstitutional government agency discipline employee work contract explicitly permits discipline engaging partisan political activity long activity agency operations engaging protected speech wrote discipline sent message exercise rights justice thomas wrote opinion joined justice samuel agreed harmed constitutional rights violated legal background amendment guarantees rights freedom speech assembly explicitly mentioned supreme_court held right assembly includes freedom association particularly political association prohibit government passing laws rights taking actions violate bill rights includes amendment originally applied federal government ratification fourteenth amendment allowed application bill rights states incorporation doctrine order better protect rights reconstruction era congress passed second enforcement act request president grant better counter white organizations voting rights black citizens act provided remedy citizens deprived constitutional rights color statute ordinance regulation custom usage state territory district_of_columbia currently codified decision monroe court expanded reach section method checking abuse state officials protected rights amendment protects public employees retaliation employer speaking matters public concern board education court articulated right public employees protected dismissal exercising right free speech supreme_court ruled favor teacher fired writing letter local newspaper critical handling recent bond issue years later protection dismissal extended cover partisan political ideology affiliation burns court recognized government employer wider constitutional latitude decisions government sovereign order adequately limits government employer discretion court developed framework known test consists threshold pass state claim speaking matter public concern second falls employer harm workplace efficiency harm caused right free speech waters churchill court faced differing accounts speech issue question presented court test ought applied employer thought said actually said case revolved nurse dismissed conversation argued said employer thought said justice connor joined justices opined test applied speech employer thought occurred fact determines occur facts case original dispute detective new_jersey police supervisor chief police appointed city incumbent mayor challenged city lawrence year election friendly police chief informally supported campaign vote election live city request sick mother went duty pick lawn sign previous sign stolen officers saw distribution location holding sign talking campaign staff soon notified superiors day demoted detective patrol officer perceived overt involvement campaign district court sued city mayor superior officers federal district court new_jersey claiming rights freedom speech freedom association violated contended actually engaged protected speech department acted belief department demoted basis erroneous belief jury found awarded damages police officials city despite verdict sought judge peter allowed pursue freedom speech claim defense judge allowed freedom association claim considering motions judge aware conflict interest law firm set aside verdict setting new date trial judge dennis judge granted summary judgment defendants freedom speech claim based earlier motions holding engaged protected speech rights violated circuit court appeals reversed judge ruling case instructions allow present freedom association claim consider facts jury trial summary judgment motions judge kevin heard case considering parties motions summary judgment ruled city favor ruled engaged protected speech expressive conduct judge ruled prevail claims perceived speech protected robinson township previous case issue circuit actions protected aided speech judge rejected similar claims freedom association decided office racing commission case sixth circuit held amendment reached perceived political association precedent rely explicitly rejected district judge reject circuit precedent court appeals appeal circuit judge panel judge robert judge judge thomas unanimously held city decision issued judge writing court reiterated judge finding actions picking sign mother constitute protected speech association distinguished case hand sixth circuit ruling noting case employers employees intent non participation partisan politics actual action taken occurred case judge instead found guidance supreme_court holding waters churchill upheld illinois public hospital dismissal nurse comments supervisor colleague despite ongoing factual dispute substance comments found hospital administration reasonable attempt investigate nurse said firing case court said explicitly employees things actually rise level constitutional violation supreme_court following circuit decision petitioned supreme_court requesting hear case court considered petition city reply granted petition day term parties filing parties believed stake outcome case national association government employees fund religious liberty thomas jefferson center protection free expression filed support new_jersey state league municipalities national conference state filed support city united_states government filed brief support motion appear oral argument court granted meaning solicitor general office appearing oral arguments held january oral arguments mark frost arguing immediately met questions justices anthony kennedy asked particular right protected samuel chief justice john roberts questioned rights actually engaged speech justice died decision announced argued constitutional right fired wrong reason frost responded motives government actions individual important case assistant solicitor general arguing behalf united_states favor continued argument stating amendment right adverse action taken employer unconstitutional purpose suppressing political beliefs arguing respondents thomas distinguished political neutrality political argued amendment protects political neutrality conscious choice position protect political person simply care makes particular choice neutral claimed affiliation respondents argued actions constitute unprotected conscious choice neutrality justice questioned purpose amendment saying idea government acted responded called individual right government wrong frost took respond distinction political neutrality arguing little distinction government acting reasons cases opinion court decision authored justice stephen court reversed ruling lower court ruled employer motive material amendment challenges citing waters churchill justice wrote conclude waters government reason counts employer employee desire prevent employee engaging political activity amendment protects employee entitled challenge unlawful action amendment employer makes factual mistake employee behavior court case circuit clear opinion based perceived protected speech lower courts consideration disciplined violating different neutral policies majority provided main arguments support reasoning interpretation line text amendment interpretation better served amendment purpose limiting political patronage interpretation significantly burden employers justice argued unlike fourteenth amendment focuses rights people amendment focuses actions government says congress shall law freedom speech text amendment focuses government abilities laws government actions motives actual actions citizens amendment policy issue law congress actions government official rights guaranteed amendment court supported interpretation recognizing amendment sought prevent government actions protected activity citing court pointed precedent required political affiliation cases change allegiance successful similarly extended logic case potential chilling affect protected speech exists regardless factual basis employer reasoning employees thinking engaging protected activity equally incorrect dismissal correct dismissal considered violation amendment respondents argued finding employers liable factual mistakes place substantial costs employers court rejected argument saying employee need prove acted improper motive referring case like court said employee find difficult prove motive employee point conduct employer intent dissent justice thomas authored dissent justice joined justice thomas argued previous ruling upheld federal law provide cause action constitutional rights violated dissent focused text statute statute provides cause action rights actually violated government maintained exercising amendment rights dissent argued rights violated section claim requires employee engage protected activity employer activity dissent argued section claim valid harm right kind harm thomas provided example law allowing police pull driver cause obviously violate fourth amendment rights stopped people stuck traffic injured damage unconstitutional actions able sue rights violated similarly shown injury violation actual right dissent dismissal wrong reason harm suffered dismissal rights exercised supporting argument dissent cited del dunes argue section claim falls law order draw distinction attempts handled criminal law criminal law impossible attempt trying steal pocket money tried attempt doctrine exists law engaged protected activity police department attempted right fail attempted commentary day oral arguments criticized court assumption exercised amendment rights saying supreme_court miss opportunity sure cases like rare interpreted actions existing amendment precedent necessarily supporting candidate talking people actions protected existing precedent went suggested regardless intended identified supporting campaign punished soon ruling announced decision largely praised writer constitution daily said potential impact case understanding amendment notable similarly economist called good law significant development expanding existing perceived speech actual speech


variation act variation act act parliament united_kingdom courts ability vary terms trust documents prior 1950s courts willing approve compromise agreements terms meant disputed benefit certain parties minors house_of_lords decided longer permitted creating gap rights settled land act altered flaw affected decision result following report law reform committee introduced variation bill parliament given royal july came force variation act act gave courts near unlimited discretion approve compromise agreements benefit incapable individuals individuals courts able approve agreements individuals protective requirement alterations benefit courts interpreted act scope fairly widely stating variation acceptable benefit mean financial benefit social moral despite initial fears allow tax planners way hide funds create forth fight division parliament act met general approval ability courts alter trustees investment powers act criticised slow expensive result covered trustee investments act background prior 1950s courts commonly accepted approve compromise agreement dispute precise meaning words trust document cases courts benefit certain parties minors real dispute house_of_lords decided power reserved genuine dispute decision caused frustration previously varied court ability create compromise agreement rights granted came settled land act limited right created act january lord chancellor asked law reform committee consider alteration desirable powers court variation settlement interests disability persons particular reference decision report presented parliament november year draft bill drawn introduced member parliament received second reading house_of_lords june given royal july act act gives courts unlimited power exercise jurisdiction form compromise agreements section allowing approve arrangement varying powers trustees managing property subject power exercised people categories incapable change incapable individuals entitled future present people protective classes compromise agreement alterations benefit potential protective limit courts chosen interpret benefit widely increasing powers alter settlement said word benefit confined financial benefit extend social moral benefit section act apply created act parliament wide scope act court appeal ruled word arrangement deliberately widest possible senses cover proposal person forward varying essentially allowing courts right alteration whatsoever despite court appeal noted settlement court permit compromise agreement varied terms trust constituted creation entirely new question proposed compromise agreements certain benefit situation courts agreed chance settlement occasions settlement found member class applies benefit members class court obliged refuse request intentions taken account courts refused alter trust document partially wishes remnant settlement court took opposite view critics feared granting courts unlimited jurisdiction create game chess division legislature allowed tax planners way hide funds act received general approval time later criticised expensive slow regards allowing trustees right alter investment powers act later superseded trustee investments act second class covered section caused problems courts allows court alter trust document person entitled confirmed


house_of_lords act house_of_lords act act parliament united_kingdom given royal november act reformed house_of_lords chambers parliament centuries house_of_lords included members inherited seats act removed right compromise act permit ninety hereditary peers remain house interim basis created life peers enable remain house act decreased membership house october march result act majority lords life peers numbers gradually increasing life act august peers senior church_of_england bishops determination governed manchester act background prior 16th century lords stronger houses parliament process gradual evolution combined moments crisis english civil wars transferred political control england crown house_of_lords house_of_commons rising wealth eventually allowed wage civil wars kings gradually reduce power lords prior house_of_lords act power lords diminished parliament acts stripped lords ability block veto adoption bills delay bills year furthermore absolute power comes money bills eighteen years conservative rule labour_party led tony blair won landslide victory general election process inflicting biggest defeat conservatives labour_party years endorsed abolition house_of_lords election platforms changed policy reforming house instead 20th century liberal labour governments proposed bills opposed house_of_lords dominated conservatives 1890s leading delay proposed elections dropping legislative agenda year blair government lords passed government bills times rejection considered contentious european elections bill lords voted times blair stated conservatives hereditary peers elected house_of_commons blair found opportunity implement labour campaign promises reforming lords november opening second session parliament queen delivered annual speech throne speech written ruling party outlines party legislative agenda upcoming year suggested government ruling labour_party pursue reform house_of_lords remarks followed shouts hear hear supportive labour members parliament similar shouts shame shame conservative peers unprecedented queen speech exceptions heard silent parliament house_of_lords bill house_of_lords bill expected face tough fight house_of_lords lords threatened disrupt government bills continued plan abolish right sit house_of_lords earl instance said happy force division clause scotland bill division takes minutes clauses lords plenty means government programme lord forward idea hereditary peers heirs jay reminded house salisbury convention block bill order convince peers vote reform tony blair announced compromise allowing number hereditary peers remain house_of_lords interim basis december conservative leader opposition william rose house_of_commons attack blair plans suggested blair changes indicated lack principles claiming blair wanted turn house_of_lords house suggested conservative party agree constitutional reforms based comprehensive plan principle remarks blair revealed conservative party house_of_lords oppose reforms definitely support secret deal conservative leader house_of_lords immediately removed office protest conservative lords held bench positions resigned january leader house_of_commons margaret introduced house_of_lords bill house_of_commons house_of_commons passed bill vote march day presented house_of_lords debate bill far longer significant amendment bill called amendment named lord speaker house_of_commons amendment place deal agreed prime minister allowed hereditary peers remain members house_of_lords controversies relating bill brought house_of_lords issue regarded language clauses described lord uncertain effects leave position hereditary peers uncertain bill enacted second issue related acts union uniting scotland england kingdom great_britain lengthy debates matters referred house_of_lords committee privileges acts union scottish lords entitled elect representative peers sit behalf house_of_lords act passed allowing scottish peers sit house felt removing scottish representation breach articles government responded articles change election representative peers argued portions treaty entrenched instance scotland england united forever scottish court session remain time coming scotland constituted establishment church scotland secured suggested election scottish representative peers entrenched amended furthermore government argued parliament entirely sovereign supreme change articles union example treaty union joining great_britain ireland required nations united forever nonetheless act parliament ireland independent irish free state entrenched clauses argued open amendment authority parliament committee agreed reported house october bill regard committee second reports considered lords passed bill october session charles son hereditary peer launched protest constitutional implications bill ejected chamber lords settled differences version bill version thereof bill received royal november act parliament act came force day membership house_of_lords house_of_lords act provides firstly shall member house_of_lords virtue hereditary act treats wales chester hereditary titles granted normally heir apparent inherited act provides peers including earl marshal lord great chamberlain peers elected accordance standing orders house exclusion hereditary peers session parliament seats fell vacant lords proceed election act provided hereditary peer entitled vote elections sit house_of_commons member house_of_lords previously hereditary peers disqualified members house_of_commons hereditary peer gain seat provision john act prevents hereditary peers hold titles sitting automatically house_of_lords government agree life titles indicated new hereditary peers toby austin richard william low 1st baron baron low frederick james 1st baron baron francis 7th earl 1st baron baron armstrong jones 1st earl baron armstrong jones additionally life created leaders house_of_lords john julian 2nd baron baron peter alexander 6th baron baron robert cecil baron cecil george patrick john 2nd earl baron southampton shepherd 2nd baron shepherd baron shepherd david james george 3rd baron baron life offered members royal family new hereditary declined meant hold seats house_of_lords prince philip duke edinburgh charles prince wales prince andrew duke york prince edward earl gloucester kent inherited titles fathers election house_of_lords granting royal lords adopted standing order making provision election peers order provided elected labour peers liberal democrat peers peers conservative peers peers serve deputy speakers offices entire house_of_lords elections officers house held october peers elected party held november results proclaimed house october november voters required rank order preference ballot prepared clerk candidates places filled candidates receiving greatest number votes regard ranking ballots effect block voting declared elected ties ranking examined november vacancy occurred highest vote rankings examined case ties original election fill seat procedure occasions subsequent elections november elections held fill elections held voting voting peers ranking candidates order preference preferences desired indicated win election peer receive majority preference votes candidate receives majority candidate fewest number preference votes eliminated votes according second preference marked ballot instant runoff voting process continued candidate receives majority labour proposals remove remaining hereditary peers labour government expected eventually present bill second stage house_of_lords reform removing remaining hereditary peers history attempts set report guardian proposals called house_of_lords reform published order house january foreword jack straw labour introduced constitutional reform governance bill ended elections fill hereditary peers removing attrition order ensure passage bill parliament general election clause dropped bill entirely clauses relating exclusion suspension peers house_of_lords proposals elections seats lords august coalition government david cameron nick dropped plans reform house_of_lords making elected size deputy prime minister liberal democrat leader nick spearheaded push bring changes government wanted members reformed house_of_lords elected served year terms office run election number peers chamber kept title house_of_lords names like senate reformed house rejected peers represent specific region united_kingdom constituted election members european parliament seats filled elections held years remaining members current church_of_england bishops remainder continue appointed hereditary peers removed government scheduled passage bill spring elections taken place effort stalled july conservatives including jacob rebelled government vote house_of_lords reform bill


cambridge water ltd eastern counties leather cambridge water ltd eastern counties leather case english law established principle claims include requirement damage suggested sub set independent debate eventually laid rest metropolitan borough council cambridge water company company responsible providing water inhabitants cambridge surrounding areas purchased outside deal rising demand european directive issued requiring nations european community establish standards presence water united_kingdom found contaminated originated owned eastern counties leather prior knowledge avoided cause harm cambridge water company brought case eastern counties leather case went high_court justice kennedy dismissed claims harm decision reversed court appeal england wales cited obscure decision justify case went house_of_lords decision read lord december countered court appeal decision restoring kennedy dismissal case moving deeper legal points based original decision argued intended harm factor previously law english judiciary stated arguably sub set independent factors led including test harm cases imposed test cases decision cambridge water immediate change law time requiring harm considered cases brought general significant implying independent later concluded case judgment criticised points academics highlight flaws wording leave parts judgment ambiguous selective assessment ignores outside influences facts cambridge water company ltd established private act parliament provide water residents cambridge surrounding area population served risen approximately rising demand company purchased outside constructing pumping equipment integrating water system tests undertaken purchase demonstrated water safe public consumption late 1970s concerns expressed presence water result european directive issued requiring nations european community establish maximum acceptable levels water united_kingdom discovered tested earlier need regulate levels result cambridge water company forced cease pumping water instead find new investigation immediately ensued investigators concluded come eastern counties leather leather agent beginning 1960s gallons chemical year gallons premises time leaking drums carried tipped machines second leaking near drums individually small estimated gallons year collected chalk underlying swept cambridge water company judgment high_court court appeal cambridge water company brought case eastern counties leather high_court justice wanting million damages cost finding new unsuccessful attempt original injunction prevent use argued eastern counties leather liable ways second rule developed case came kennedy dismissed company claims matter held damage reasonably required overseas ltd dock engineering ltd applied test claim applying case hughes lord advocate kennedy found harm reasonably actions fail contained principle person purposes brings lands collects keeps likely escapes damage natural consequence escape requirement use land non natural cambridge water company claim kennedy forced consider meaning non natural setting held use industrial chemicals non natural given industrial site claim succeed use special use bringing increased danger merely ordinary use land use proper general benefit community eastern counties leather created jobs providing benefit community company claim valid kennedy chose consider harm factor cases brought stated fact harm factor decision cambridge water company appealed court appeal england wales claim court composed sir stephen brown reversed kennedy decision despite lack comment claim court addressed ground relying obscure decision found concluding interference natural right incident ownership liability strict kennedy applied unnecessary consider claim valid house_of_lords case appealed time house_of_lords heard lord lord lord lord lord judgment given lord december reinstated decision kennedy high_court justice unlike court appeal decision directly addressed issue addressed court appeal use stating decision based facts case establish rule right clear water strict liability attached right looked relationship particularly treat strict liability liability strict defendant liable taken reasonable care kept control principle defendant liable actions reasonable user takes land took consideration article published newark newark called decision simple case revolutionary doctrine established strict liability outside found similarities principle non natural use reasonable user requirement concluding lead coherent body common law principles rule regarded essentially extension law lord judgment primarily based damage factor cases matter open consideration saying need damage criterion matter principle considered case overseas ltd miller steamship council concluded damage essential determining liability council stated right different cases necessary element determining damages cases necessary element determining liability stating element decision apply original judgment judge stated covered likely escapes liability answer natural anticipated consequences wording implies intended knowledge liability significance judgment significant immediate changes law decision imposed requirement harm cases brought shown defendant recognised judged standards appropriate relevant place time ought reasonably recognised giving rise exceptionally high risk danger escape unlikely escape thought secondly decision state sub set applied requirement harm previously requirement existed academic tom language lord picked judgment particular use likely escapes answer natural anticipated consequences justify argument intended factor suggests appropriate reach interpretation drawing conclusion cases wording cases imply damage relevant consideration reliance newark article criticised attempted justify opinion reference external judgment points original judgment required modification price paid legal uncertainty socially acceptable sees evidence despite newark says significant change law peter professor law university oklahoma argues significant ambiguity judgment cases brought requirement harm defined sufficient harm occur use land non natural substance capable requirements states decision explain precisely treated development law sprung retains separate existence interpreted cambridge water company decision sufficient completely write distinct doctrine later house_of_lords metropolitan borough council

Cambridge Water Co Ltd v Eastern Counties Leather plc


north_carolina north_carolina case supreme_court united_states held age relevant determining police custody purposes year old student enrolled special education classes police suspected committing police investigator visited school interrogated investigator police officer school officials subsequently confessed crimes convicted given warning interrogation opportunity contact legal guardian trial attempts suppress statements given given warning denied grounds police custody case appealed supreme_court agreed hear case north_carolina north_carolina web examining lower court reasoning supreme_court found age considered determining police custody court case instructed lower court new finding custody taking age account background warnings warning explanation suspect rights given law enforcement interrogation stems arizona case based primarily fifth amendment right self defendant custody notified rights warning confession court defendant police custody police free question suspects informing rights statements police investigation year old student attending smith middle school chapel hill north_carolina taken class police officer questioned questioned previously police saw neighborhood home break ins occurred questioning time police learned digital camera matching description stolen item seen possession prompted juvenile investigator assigned case school question arriving school investigator informed police officer detail school members school administration officer interrupted class escorted school conference room subsequently questioned investigator police officer members schools administration minutes prior questioning given warnings opportunity speak legal guardian informed free leave room initially denied wrongdoing confronted stolen camera urging school administrator confessed break ins point confession investigator informed refuse answer questions free leave indicated understood proceeded provide details crime including location stolen property wrote statement investigators request allowed leave catch bus home trial appeal juvenile petitions filed alleged count count breaking entering public defender moved suppress statements evidenced derived arguing interrogated police custody required warnings trial court decided custody motion denied north_carolina supreme_court affirmed divided panel ing extend test custody include consideration age individual subjected questioning police supreme_court granted determine custody analysis includes consideration juvenile suspect age american civil liberties union american bar association national association criminal defense lawyers organizations filed support attorneys general states unincorporated territories filed brief support north_carolina opinion court associate justice wrote opinion court commanded majority court held child age properly informs custody analysis age court dangers applying age custody analysis writing hold child age relevant suspect taken custody ignore real differences children adults deny children scope procedural guarantees adults opinion cited california court held child age affected reasonable person suspect position perceive freedom leave cited court wrote child age generates conclusions behavior perception finally court pointed law reflects idea child judgment adult form legal children class limitations child ability marry parental consent objective test court placed emphasis fact age objective including custody analysis place burden police court repeatedly emphasized custody analysis objective test thompson court wrote inquiries essential determination circumstances surrounding interrogation second given circumstances reasonable person felt liberty terminate interrogation leave scene set players lines actions reconstructed court apply objective test resolve ultimate inquiry formal arrest restraint freedom movement degree associated formal arrest court wrote consideration age involved consideration specific mindset individual court held age objective factor affects reasonable person perceive freedom leave dissent associate justice samuel wrote opinion justices primary objection dissent ruling majority inconsistent main rule need clear rule easily applied cases argued decision shifted custody determination simple test inquiry account characteristics emphasized age characteristic affect subject interrogation future cases court tasked adding additional characteristics custody determination distinguishing suspect age personal characteristics reception subsequent developments case attracted differing opinions legal community professor northwestern university school law characterized ruling huge noting police longer able choose question young suspects school order avoid giving warning practice characterized juvenile law center praised ruling statement line settled research basic common sense legal director concurred stating ensure students rights protected decision step direction analysts troubled decision leave landscape law enforcement john charles thomas representing national district attorneys association concluded pressure basically caution warning time professor stephen george_washington university agreed ruling pressure police adopt strategy doubt warnings opined little practical difference young people facing police questioning reality warnings doubtful young people understand exactly means understand choices long run doubt fewer confessions opinion


actions file sharing actions file sharing legal actions internet service providers subscribers singapore singapore based company virtually sub licensed japanese anime early january took action downloaded anime alleged copyright infringement tracked addresses consent sought disclose personal details subscribers subordinate courts took personal data affected sent letters demanding payment place litigation individuals contacted opted settle court anime community considered actions controversial sudden heavy handed especially discovered youngest person threatened years old response dropped pay sued letter approach favour cease halted active enforcement rejected courts lost lawsuit trying obtain customer data january appealed decision high_court singapore ruled required release data directly japanese anime studios subsequently studios started legal actions observers predicted high_court decision set precedent online privacy singapore making difficult copyright legal action case raised issues individual privacy intellectual property free use internet actions attracted widespread criticism singapore international attention press coverage coincided similar actions consumer file sharing music united_states actions company licenses releases anime local regional consumption company tracked people believed illegally releases singapore method employed recording_industry_association_of_america riaa united_states like riaa hired american tracking company obtain addresses respective countries track months singled website major source downloads tracked users data apply reveal personal information associated address writing release personal information customers application hearing august succeeded application result required reveal identities users revealed didn revealed user data reviewing rights lost appeal pacific internet represented law firm cases major including application originated addresses recorded sent letters demand people associated addresses tracked letters requested monetary compensation downloads company licensed material recipients asked contact week pay settlement fees face legal action recipients sign non disclosure agreement promise destroy copies downloaded anime stop material august representative said intended obtain search illegally downloaded anime necessary company initially believed unlike countries mere warning letters stop downloads singapore letters sent mainly people downloaded popular series man speculation online community company collect approximately million individuals court settlements responded require pay uniform main factor considered deciding level compensation demand individual confirmed addresses disclosed result court orders estimated collected cover enforcement costs company director peter subsequently revealed compensation payments paid subscribers personal data justified company actions stating according statistics singapore highest rates illegal anime downloads world wanted reduce september director stephen sing announced company internet forum longer send letters demand internet users stopped illegal beginning enforcement drive weeks later installed online warning system developed generated cease intended alleged company obtain subscribers information directly relied forward subscribers sing vowed rely weekly reports generated continue anti piracy drive resort legal action respond january high_court handed ruling appeal held pacific internet release names alleged illegal directly japanese anime studios light decision peter said company role shift active enforcement assisting studios possible courses action reactions company actions attracted national media attention harshly criticised anime community sudden severe anime fans outraged issuing legal threats children young years old believed children unable differentiate legal illegal widespread calls online forums boycott products blamed approximate fall video digital video disc dvd sales illegal response anime fans fall sales products inferior translated released later online versions subsequently attributed inaccurate censorship laws mature themes anime fans translated japanese dialogue hired response board film said ask subtitles changed merely classified content distributors ensure accurate subtitles addition problems quality scheduling criticisms directed strategy poor public relations received support anti video piracy association singapore making demands compensation stephen sing mocked criticised posting comments online forum considered messages posted sing nickname included busy people sic serve right sing labelled hated man singapore anime community members wanted poster face circulated online openly office sing asserted threats arson assault death filed police report expressed regret remarks disaster wrong said written feeling frustrated dismissed remark expression joy threats lawsuits having months ago revealed weeks earlier sunday_times article condemned online responses propaganda spread lynch noted revealed home addresses employees placed quarter page advertisement straits times august explain actions allegations online community passed work sing admitted partially true hired anime fans taken easy way copied word word subtitles downloaded sing explained released anime company realise anime fans paying mistake reported time translation house release melancholy september found contain translations strongly resembling earlier release sent media saying sing directors shareholders defunct company games shared corporate address raided police selling game consoles unauthorized modifications information confirmed press wrote letter media explaining games affiliated way members online forum expressed selling anti shirts created video parody entitled holocaust uploaded youtube video sharing websites website established giving details recycling drive joined exchange black awareness ribbon wear protest people action took place august intense police scrutiny considered western observers rarity singapore online group defense set provide support facing legal action raised funds hire collective lawyer law corporation represent suits filed november anime studios charged interest settlements paid instalment plan press release company denied required interest payments september subscribers received letters negotiated paid news conference said forced payment fined company explained profit enforcement process intended donate charity excess received release financial money collected close proceedings august attempt address criticisms late releases began offer video demand website users legally download unlock digital rights management anime episode seven days mid november cease initiated reached users japan france united_states form digital millennium copyright act notices announced shortly sent error japanese commentators suggested enforcement action step right direction november website service action main page replaced angry message company legal actions experts interviewed representatives local media said likely singapore pacific internet subordinate courts decision august initiated legal action internet service provider pacific internet sought pacific internet disclose personal information subscribers closed door hearing held august subordinate courts district judge earnest ruled pacific internet reveal subscribers personal information believed correct party application despite having permission prosecute behalf japanese anime studios decision came surprise quickly announced intent appeal denied court order warned right privacy defence copyright infringement light decision represented drew said assessing options given different decisions rendered court revealed application instructed lawyers attend hearing week deadline appealing application passed failure contest application perceived subscribers voluntary breach privacy later declared gave consent assisted application release information customer remained unaffected rare district judge earnest released page judgment explaining court denial request pacific internet client information compared demands order provides right search premises seize evidence prior warning seen extreme circumstances held copyright holders exclusive bring applications satisfied evidence harvested identification anime licensed license respect mobile suit seed granted exclusively company judge noted letters presented court authorised anti video piracy association singapore act copyright holders ordered pay pacific internet legal costs high_court appeal appeal subordinate courts decision began october justice high_court ceo mark representatives japanese studios including tokyo animation flew singapore testify behalf japanese companies intended file lawsuits fail high_court approved addition parties appeal judgment january justice ordered pacific internet release subscribers information japanese companies parties case explicitly denied access information upheld district judge decision correct party asked release data result directed company pay pacific internet legal costs following ruling settled planned recover settlement ruling set precedent online privacy singapore making difficult copyright legal action developments subsequent action anime studios early august seven months high_court ruling previously entertainment entertainment sunrise tokyo initiated legal actions like represented sent letters demand payment pacific internet subscribers asking users enter discussions studios seven days supported appeal pacific internet consulted beginning legal actions settlements reported range person august reported contractual talks anime studios track singapore months later anime studios filed writ summons subordinate courts heavy hearing speculated begin legal fees ranging bearing media movies games suits closely watched public reported effort unsuccessful primary copyright holder similar actions singapore media owners april makers dallas buyers club successfully obtained court order major reveal customers allegedly downloaded illegal copies movie samuel law corporation represented makers sending demand letters subscribers asking written offer damages costs second reported instance major legal action taken media company individuals singapore alleged illegal legal opinions analysis case covered extensively country newspapers straits times singapore lawyers interviewed said anime fans strong defence proof videos presented analysis thomas legal academic writing today questioned legality threatening criminal prosecution maintained attorney general power prosecute indication authorised conduct behalf opined improper combined demand compensation threat criminal prosecution letters alleged illegal activity company threatened punishment associated offence distributing materials noted cited legal provision intended regulate people file sharing monetary gain casual consumer burton associate professor national university singapore faculty law suggested anime fan downloaded episodes able rely fair dealing defence charge copyright infringement criteria pursuing line defence proving download subsequently boosted undermined commercial viability anime industry anime fans internet raise funds lodge legal challenge methods internet user created invitation forum considering going court allegations illegal downloads fans legal advice library relevant material letter straits times pointed deciding settle court afforded protection lawsuits initiated companies anime industry following district judge earnest ruling pacific internet lawsuit expressed belief breach spirit telecommunications competition code protects subscribers information prohibits release lawyer interviewed think actions improper spokesman development authority announced found compliance code andy straits times editor expressed concern private entities use intellectual property laws chilling effect free speech called privacy laws quickly enacted


united_states united_states united_states supreme_court case court ruled dual japanese citizen convicted treason united_states acts performed japan world war born california japanese parents japan war broke stayed japan war returning united_states arrested charged treason having american prisoners war claimed found guilty treason lost citizenship japan argument rejected courts including supreme_court ruled fact retained citizenship war originally sentenced death sentence life imprisonment eventually released prison deported japan barred returning united_states background born california september japanese born parents born citizenship place birth japanese parents finishing high school traveled japan father merchant remained japan enrolled university registered officially japanese national japan attack pearl harbor drew united_states japan world war took job interpreter mining metal processing plant allied prisoners war laborers early population camp included captured american troops end war renewed passport explaining away having registered japanese national claiming acted returned enrolled university southern_california october saw los_angeles department store recognized war reported encounter fbi june arrested charged multiple counts treason arising alleged abuse american trial appeal trial presided district judge william defense conceded acted american argued actions relatively minor event constitute treason united_states citizen time having lost citizenship confirmed japanese prosecution argued known citizen owed allegiance country birth citing statements officials applying new passport evidence intended citizenship judge instructed jury found genuinely believed longer citizen found guilty treason course jury reported times judge insisted time continue trying reach unanimous verdict end september jury found guilty thirteen counts treason sentenced death consequence conviction treason citizenship revoked passing sentence said reflection leads conclusion worthwhile use life traitor defendant proved serve example weak moral fiber tempted commit treason united_states appealed judge panel ninth circuit court appeals unanimously upheld verdict death sentence granted united_states supreme_court oral arguments supreme_court heard april opinion court decision issued june supreme_court upheld treason conviction death sentence court opinion written associate justice william douglas joined associate justices stanley reed robert jackson court majority held jury trial justified concluding lost given citizenship japan war court added american citizen owed allegiance united_states found guilty treason matter lived actions committed country claimed citizen given nature actions majority found trial judge acted imposing death sentence dissent chief justice fred authored opinion joined associate justices hugo black burton dissent concluded years consistently demonstrating allegiance japan united_states matter law basis justices reversed treason conviction subsequent developments october president dwight sentence life imprisonment plus fine sentence transferred federal years later october president john kennedy official acts assassination ordered released prison condition leave united_states banned returning flew japan december japanese citizenship arrival sought permission travel united_states visit parents grave efforts unsuccessful late living quietly relatives japan


secretary state home affairs brien secretary state home affairs brien test case english law sought irish nationalist earlier year declared legally invalid march suspected irish nationalists britain arrested police sent irish free state restoration order ireland act art brien challenged detention test case divisional court case eventually went court appeal house_of_lords decided illegal irish free state independent nation british acts parliament longer applied decision effectively led immediate release brien detained individuals sued british government false imprisonment government pushed restoration order ireland act limited money pay eventually received brien arrested found guilty imprisoned background following irish war independence irish free state set independent british dominion covering island ireland brief civil war pro free state forces members irish republican army wanted independent nation cover entire island status irish free state confirmed forced underground supporters united_kingdom working openly irish self determination league free state government shared names supporters british authorities kept close eye february march provided information individuals said widespread plots irish free state prepared british soil march police britain arrested living britain including art brien head sources disagree numbers giving approximately eighty approximately arrested men placed special trains sent liverpool transferred dublin royal_navy destroyer later british citizens art brien born england ireland day arrests publicly house_of_commons labour jack jones started debate subject afternoon home secretary said directly ordered police arrest members restoration order ireland act consulted attorney general considered legal divisional court days arrests deported men art brien got contact sir patrick hastings member parliament labour_party noted march hastings represented brien divisional court consisting justice justice apply writ corpus brien test case allow release initial hearing hastings unable provide brien prison required writ corpus considered time hearing resumed april managed obtain hastings argued irish free state independent nation british laws governing act effectively repealed addition home secretary power order individual detained overseas control happened court eventually declared issue writ corpus act prevented issuing writ colony possessing court issue writ ireland possessed court english divisional court act hastings attempted argue writ issued home secretary failed home secretary actually possess brien court appeal house_of_lords decision appealed court appeal argued april court appeal reversed divisional court decision court decided restoration order ireland act repealed irish free state independent nation came existence addition proper home secretary order detention overseas control happened completely appropriate issue writ corpus home secretary physically brien considered responsible home secretary accordingly ordered produce brien court appealed house_of_lords decided led lord jurisdiction hear appeal rule english law writ corpus issued court appeal superior court attempt brien custody simply letting prison finally released aftermath brien immediately sued british government false imprisonment avoid liability government prepared restoration order ireland act claims damages imprisoned labour_party prepared limit compensation remove entirely tribunal set lord assess damages eventually paid art brien arrested soon release convicted released

R v Secretary of State for Home Affairs, ex p O'Brien