tanks australian_army australian_army tanks world war interwar period second world war cold war present day period army primarily light infantry force tanks mainly direct support role australian_army tanks seen combat second world war vietnam war proved successful despite designs employed considered obsolete australian tanks small number british light tanks operated mainly training purposes 1920s 1930s outbreak second world war led significant expansion australia armoured force large numbers american light medium tanks delivered australia british addition small number australian designed sentinel tanks delivered army type issued combat units armoured divisions capable independent operations formed second world war deployed outside australia individual units later fought japanese pacific regimental strength modern tanks time korean war australian_army rely british tank support 1950s army british tank saw action vietnam remained service replaced german leopard mid-1970s internal debate army continue operate tanks force structure australian government replaced small fleet american tanks army tanks addition types army operated small numbers tank designs training evaluation purposes overview operational use tanks world war established validity tank concept war nations recognised importance tanks industrial resources design build world war britain france intellectual leaders tank design countries generally followed adopting designs australian_army initially bad experiences operating british tanks early stages employment war come realise utility battles post war period sought build armoured force initially australian_army number british vickers tanks american grant stuart tanks later went build design second world war australia armoured forces fought number battles key conflicts second world war vietnam war primarily light infantry force history australian_army tanks mainly direct support role opposed engaging sweeping manoeuvre tanks inter war period world war european countries attempted cavalry parallel australian cavalry shifted military armoured units australian_army like french british russian armies tried methods integrate modern armour traditional horse cavalry formations gradual process experiences final year war battle july later battle august australians fought attack allied divisions including canadian british french forces supported british tanks shown impact tanks battlefield result australian_army sought obtain tanks post war economic measures slow occurring british vickers medium mark tanks build force formation australian tank corps december 1st tank section subsequently formed time militia unit unit based new_south_wales training initially undertaken liverpool military area sydney despite initial developments depression early 1930s largely halted development armour australia limited capability maintained regular tank operated mainly role 1st tank section disbanded november men equipment transferred newly created 1st light tank company based australian_army armoured unit second world war approached 2nd light tank company formed militia unit victoria march equipped vickers medium mark medium tanks light tank companies equipped light tank mark acquired replace mark addition 1st royal new_south_wales serving light horse regiment having converted horses armoured vehicles light cavalry reconnaissance regiment took role machine gun regiment inter war years subsequently saw action second world war 1st armoured regiment equipped infantry tanks second world war armoured formations campaigns outbreak war led significant expansion australia armoured force start war limitations defence act prevented government sending militia fight outside australian territory decided raise volunteer force serve overseas force known second australian imperial force 2nd 1st light horse machine gun regiment members volunteered assigned 2nd machine gun battalion took fighting mediterranean theatre australian_army possessing total fourteen tanks mark mark orders modern types quickly placed britain united_states thirteen light tanks arrived september soon delivered british tanks begin arrive july steps form 1st armoured division armoured vehicles 1st 2nd light tank companies withdrawn equip newly formed school victoria 1st light tank company subsequently expanded form 3rd armoured regiment 2nd light tank company disbanded time divisions 2nd authorised cavalry reconnaissance regiment equipped light tanks scout carriers divisions authorised divisional cavalry regiment regiments eventually formed believed 8th division need armoured support malaya concerns operating tanks jungle cavalry regiments 2nd divisions operating mediterranean theatre italian german forces initially equipped universal carrier trucks progressively british_army equipment carriers operated infantry battalions light armoured tracked vehicle armed light machine guns boys anti tank rifles widely british commonwealth forces world war australian tank corps superseded following formation australian armoured corps july october independent light tank squadrons formed service malaya deployed lack vehicles equip north_africa australian troops force captured january operation compass yielding prisoners field medium guns medium tanks vehicles capture town australians 6th division cavalry regiment number captured italian tanks pressed service lack tanks painting attacked regiment use tanks fighting significant representing time australian forces operated tanks action 6th division cavalry regiment later saw service syria french 7th division cavalry regiment sent cyprus relieving 6th division cavalry regiment july regiment subsequently fought number actions variety armoured personnel carriers light tanks pounder anti tank guns returning australia march 9th division cavalry regiment later served syria australian armoured unit equipped modern vehicles receiving british mark medium tanks stuart light tanks number captured french tanks regiment returned australia early early divisional cavalry regiments converted commando units subsequently fought pacific japanese infantry australian 1st armoured division raised 2nd division originally deployed north_africa late retained australia following outbreak pacific war universal carriers issued armoured regiments early training purposes provide army minimal armoured capability emergency measure arrival tanks ordered united_states 1st armoured division armoured regiments subsequently began grant medium tanks stuart light tanks april following division concentrated northern new_south_wales completed training series large exercises 6th armoured regiment unit division action deploying port bay new_guinea september december squadrons subsequently shipped north coast help break battle lightly armoured stuart tanks proved jungle warfare suffered heavy casualties regiment played important role eventual australian victory fighting december january january remainder division moved area perth western_australia formed iii corps tasked counter perceived threat japanese invasion western_australia 1st armoured division formed key element australia mainland defences threat passed disbanded western_australia september 1st light horse machine gun regiment royal new_south_wales renamed 1st machine gun regiment december march regiment renamed converted 1st motor regiment change short lived changed 1st tank battalion australian 3rd army tank brigade equipped tanks unit 4th armoured brigade designated unit allowing deployed theatre conflict deployed new_guinea august fought japanese battles unit withdrawn australia june unit renamed 1st armoured regiment took amphibious landings support 7th division involved final australian campaigns war borneo australian 2nd armoured division established february 2nd motor division previously 2nd cavalry division armoured division consisted armoured brigade armoured regiments motor brigade consisting motor regiments supported armoured car regiment equipped grant medium tanks stuart light tanks 2nd armoured division disbanded queensland february similarly australian 3rd armoured division established november 1st motor division previously 1st cavalry division armoured division 3rd armoured equipped grant medium tanks stuart light tanks division 3rd motor brigade gradually disbanded march august 3rd armoured division disbanded queensland october result manpower shortages australian_army australian 4th armoured brigade formed january provide armoured support australian_army units operating south west pacific area brigade intended serve single formation role provide pool armoured units units sub units provided augment infantry forces brigade responsible developing doctrine specialised armoured vehicles armoured warfare tropical terrain keeping brigade task providing armoured units formations armoured regiments organised self supporting regimental groups brigade possess reconnaissance infantry supporting elements common world war era armoured brigades elements brigade saw action peninsula campaign attached australian 6th division campaign october end war australian tanks played role borneo campaign series amphibious assaults july australian corps lieutenant general attacked japanese forces occupying island tanks squadron 9th armoured regiment attached 26th brigade group campaign opened landing small island north east_coast fighting continuing june tanks taking advance highways helping secure airfield followed remainder 9th armoured regiment attached 9th division june simultaneous assaults island coast north west borneo squadron took landing supporting 24th brigade advance assisting capture airfield positions road time squadron landed borneo peninsula securing town defensive role terrain inland foot week later australians followed attacks japanese positions north eastern bay 1st armoured regiment armoured squadron special equipment operating tanks attached australian 7th division took battle concluding stage operation landings took place july preceded heavy bombing australian air naval forces landing infantry tanks including tank newly modified frog tanks bridge layer mainly operated small detachments close support troops terrain offered opportunity mobile tactics employed australians ultimately successful casualties infantry heavy time regiment involved hard fighting japanese able effective use strong natural defences conjunction minefields anti tank ditches compensate lack anti tank guns fighting coming conclusion tank operations ceased july overall armoured units involved operations overseas acquitted despite significant investment development tank forces ultimately played limited role australian war effort armoured divisions capable independent operations formed world war deployed outside australia individual units later fought japanese pacific regimental strength despite initial delays receiving adequate equipment considerable force subsequently developed late units saw action support infantry new_guinea need quickly deploy units following rapid japanese advance nature terrain south west pacific area bulk australian forces fight meant unable deployed formation threat invasion passed need large armoured formations divisions broken operational brigade remaining end war despite tanks obsolete standards war europe contribution australian armoured corps success later campaigns significant casualties infantry demonstrating role tanks jungle operations proved successful tank jungle fighting australian_army achieving immediate success following deployment new_guinea heavy armour close terrain effectiveness pounder japanese australian tank program development following japan entry war late australian government initially feared invade australian mainland united_kingdom unable spare tank production australia program produce indigenous tank initiated australian tank program designed developed cruiser tank called sentinel tank tank built hull cast single piece tank produced quantity australia built saw action australia armoured divisions equipped time british american tanks lack experience tank design mission sent examine design british officer years tank design experience provided united_kingdom design existing parts available simplified necessary match capacity present australia hull cast single piece turret technique hull tanks era beginning australian armoured corps peak tanks strength majority light medium production vehicles completed june year 3rd army tank battalion equipped squadron tanks modified resemble german tanks filming movie rats appears time squadron purpose completed sentinel tanks evaluation purposes issued operational armoured units australian cruiser tank program terminated july time japanese threat british grant tanks supplied australia middle_east felt australia manufacturing resources better spent railway locomotive production experience operations later led development specialised armoured equipment australian industry use jungle operations south west pacific area range modifications subsequently developed including fitting wire screens metal tracking engine air protect magnetic mines armoured shield hull protect turret ring microphone attached rear act telephone infantry operation equipment deep tank tank called frog capable firing naval mortar bombs known trials undertaken fit air conditioning improve endurance crews tropical conditions limited modifications undertaken grant medium tanks including fitting small number variants trials vehicles following end second world war australian_army 1st armoured regiment reserve formation citizen military forces april adopting designation 1st armoured regiment royal new_south_wales recognition previous history time regiment continued operate tanks based barracks new_south_wales regiment renamed 1st royal new_south_wales battle honours history unit tank regiment established new australian regular army 1st armoured regiment formed tank unit new australian regular army july initially new regiment equipped churchill tanks temporary measure tanks acquired perceived churchill late arrival new platform regiment deployed australia commitment korean war number officers served exchange british formations unit provided machine gunners australian infantry battalions reinforcements infantry rely british tanks armoured support finally began arriving june regiment receiving tanks time british canadian armoured units operating sufficient strength korea scope deployment australian forces number units operated grant medium tanks immediate post war period including 8th 13th victorian mounted rifles 8th 13th 4th 19th prince wales light horse 4th 19th converting withdrawn service later 1st royal new_south_wales merged 15th northern river form 1st 15th royal new_south_wales 1st 15th equipped small number tanks armoured units consequently change structure 1960s resulted change role 4th 19th changing armoured unit reconnaissance regiment armoured brigade headquarters disbanded following additional orders total acquired including tanks armoured recovery vehicles vietnam war 1st battalion royal australian regiment deployed active service south vietnam armoured mobility support initially provided troop squadron 4th 19th prince wales light horse equipped new armoured personnel carrier australian government subsequently increased commitment battalion brigade known 1st australian task force march based province force included squadron tanks october announced expanded infantry battalions additional supporting arms including tank squadron added force february squadron 1st armoured regiment sent vietnam total strength tanks tank troops initially held proved capable operating conditions tank squadron reached strength september years regiment operational squadrons eventually served vietnam providing close support infantry particularly clearance bunker systems value vietnam originally questioned proved powerful weapon offence defence responsible limiting infantry casualties able countryside easily expected vulnerable anti tank weapons mines firepower shock action decisive effect battlefield tanks played significant role battle coral june february squadron relieved squadron june squadron involved fierce action battle village kilometres north australian killed wounded north vietnamese losses included killed wounded captured australia beginning reduce commitment war size reduced infantry battalions tanks continued operations involved heavy fighting long june numerous smaller actions elements regiment subsequently withdrawn vietnam september total served vietnam suffered battle damage repair crewmen killed action post cold war present changes 1st armoured regiment australian_army abolition national service end australian involvement vietnam strength point training severely restricted reinforced reserve 1st 15th 8th 13th continued operate small number early 1970s later equipped later eventually disbanded armoured regiment gave tanks leaving regular 1st armoured regiment tank unit australian_army worn additional vehicles acquired new_zealand british_army stocks fleet need replacement squadron 1st armoured regiment designated medium tank trials unit evaluated german leopard american replacement obsolete leopard judged superior tank gun tanks leopard armoured recovery vehicles medium leopard bridge layer tanks ordered australian tanks designated leopard based leopard built german_army main difference australian german tanks inclusion fire control system equipment allow tank better operate tropics additional storage boxes sides tank improved tanks delivered australia leopard service little way upgrades undertaken 1990s obsolete internal debate army continue operate tanks force structure australian government decided replace small fleet american tanks provide close support infantry operating jungle urban areas years service subsequently replaced aim began entering service seven hercules armoured recovery vehicles acquired saw operational service east crisis regiment placed standby deploy event conflict escalated deployed australia involvement invasion iraq time considered unsuitable deployment high threat environment today 1st armoured regiment based darwin 1st brigade armoured unit australian_army equipped main battle tanks operating aim small number operated school armour training purposes plan reorganisation tanks currently operated 1st armoured regiment split armoured cavalry regiments assigned army combat brigades located brisbane darwin reported plan require acquisition additional hercules order allow formation tank squadrons obstacle variants acquired later date list tanks australian_army following tanks australian_army vickers medium mark vickers light tank mark stuart lee grant lee variants post war converted self propelled artillery australian cruiser tank sentinel tank trials purposes churchill leopard main battle tank aim main battle tank gallery


motor carriage motor carriage mounted half track chassis saw service world war army secondary armament consisted air cooled machine gun local defense produced diamond january april principally served north african campaign served allied invasion sicily subsequent italian campaign late invasion southern france specifications gun motor carriage similar half track shared chassis engine suspension armor fuel tank long wide high weight short tons suspension consisted semi elliptical longitudinal leaf springs wheels vertical springs tracks powered white cylinder gasoline engine compression ratio capable maximum road speed mph power weight ratio ton vehicle operated crew maximum armor inch inches armament consisted equipped rounds ammunition single caliber machine gun equipped rounds ammunition local defense development autumn armored force expanded urgent need self propelled artillery arose track chassis preferred situation required use vehicles immediately available half track selected carry design originally suggested september taken urgency requirement resulted approval adjutant general construction prototype authorized dated october new vehicle designated motor carriage american self propelled guns produced early world war period prototype assembled tested proving ground mechanism parts carriage vehicle mounting tests gun carriage proved fragile terrain problem corrected reinforcing frame mount recommended muzzle blast available early production models early models shield shield added testing gun faced forward like half track models total traverse degrees elevation degrees armored cover fold hood testing accepted production design accepted prototype shipped diamond guide production production vehicle delivered army january total time production ended april service history designed measure better self propelled artillery pieces served tunisia campaign north_africa employed mainly battalions cannon companies infantry divisions soon replaced armored divisions priest fully tracked chassis served units sicily italy occasion sicily company 16th infantry regiment halted german tank attack destroying tanks loss unit later awarded presidential unit citation served late southern france finally declared obsolete july month contractor brown converted half tracks

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composite bow composite bow traditional bow horn wood bow horn belly facing archer outer wooden core bow drawn stretched outside horn compressed inside store energy wood length bow strength similar wood self bows similar draw length similar energy delivered arrow shorter bow making composite bow requires varieties material self bow construction takes time finished bow sensitive moisture composite bows known art second millennium bce history recorded developed cultures written tradition originated daily mounted foot bows spread military hunters came contact tribes composite bows asia korea atlantic coasts europe north_africa southwards arabian peninsula india use horn bow remarked homer epic odyssey believed written 8th century bce details manufacture varied cultures initially tips limbs bend bow drawn later tips bone post classical bows usually stiff tips known integral wooden core bow like bows lost importance introduction increasing accuracy guns areas composite bows developed leisure purposes later turkish bows specialized flight shooting distance composite bows korea china tradition revived modern available backs natural man core construction materials wooden core gives bow shape dimensional stability multiple pieces joined animal wood accept construction allows sharp bends designs require use woods different mechanical properties bending sections wood bending limb endure intense stress woods hard normally turkish bows bamboo wood family traditional china composite bows tips need stiff light woods spruce thin layer horn belly bow facing archer water buffalo horn suitable horn hungarian grey cattle goat sheep horn forms cow horn suitable soon use horn store energy wood compression soaked animal laid layers bow strands oriented length bow normally obtained lower legs wild deer domestic traditionally considered inferior wild game higher fat content leading extend farther wood allowing energy storage hide fish gas attach layers bow attach horn belly wooden core attached horn bound lengths months drying bow ready use finishing include thin leather bark protect bow moisture recent turkish bows highly decorated colourful gold leaf strings arrows essential parts weapon system type specifically associated composite bows history advantages composite construction advantages main advantage composite bows self bows single piece wood combination smaller size high power convenient self bows archer mobile horseback composite bows bows shape curves away archer design gives higher draw weight early stages archer draw storing somewhat total energy given final draw weight possible wooden bow shape length draw weight traditional composite bow store energy break draw practical non mounted purposes composite construction offers advantage initial velocity types bow certain limits design parameters appear important claimed superior horsemen specialized art flight combination technical factors composite flight bow better flight shooting higher arrow velocity designed composite bows high draw weight weights usual modern greater density horn compared wood usually advantage constructing composite bows requires time greater variety materials self bows animal lose strength humid conditions quickly ruined rain 6th century byzantine military manual advised cavalry byzantine army armed composite bows bows leather cases dry suggests crafting composite bow week work excluding drying time months gathering materials self bow day dried week peoples living humid rainy regions historically favoured self bows living dry arid regions favoured composite bows medieval europeans favoured self bows hand bows composite usually protected rain humidity prevalent europe origins use associated bows kind seldom survive archaeological record composite bows invented based earlier northern asian bows archaeological investigation limited literary records kind late seldom mention details bows earliest lake culture bce bow shot survived sites culture produced finds horn bone interpreted furniture arrow rests bow ends string loops bows indication bending parts bows included wood finds associated short arrows long bows short culture descendant culture extend mountains successor cultures gave rise migration suggested culture contemporaneous neighbour culture composite bows archaeological evidence known composite bows soon adopted adapted came contact chinese egyptian composite bows found tomb died bce composite bows known china dynasty bce 4th century bce ceased military importance replaced cavalry recorded bows mounted mounted archer warrior composite bow weapon protect warfare incursions notably peoples settled lands classic tactics horse mounted included approach shoot retreat effective response term shot refers widespread horse archer tactic shooting backwards rear horses retreated inflicted heavy defeats romans battle horse army invincible han general ban led successful military expeditions late 1st century conquered far central asia philip son alexander great defeated horse archer armies led roman armies defeated armies occasions twice took capital infantry composite bows difficulty infantry infantry classical greece roman empire composite bows military han dynasty bce utilized composite infantry square formations engagements composite bows main component forces ottoman_empire battle year lost troops replaced technical changes classical times details bow construction changed somewhat time clear developments composite bow led improvements development equipment process involving progressive improvements performance design type represents solution problem creating mobile weapon system capable lightweight projectiles bows bending tips variants bow dominant form asia approximately century bce short weapons centimetres long arrows centimetres long flexible working tips wooden core continuous centre tip stiff tips 4th century bce use ends composite bows widespread end bow arabic persian hungarian finnish mean horn turkish bending section arabic finnish turkish centuries accomplished bone sides bow ends bone strips likely survive burial rest bow bone strips suitable purpose come graves fourth centuries bce found associated time states found persia early imperial rome han china attributes roman identifies tradition bows working tips lasted europe arrival near east tradition possibly introduced found contexts described arabian peninsula composite bows adopted roman empire cold damp normal weapon later roman infantry cavalry units recommends training recruits wooden bows grip new bow type bone reinforcements cover handle bow tips developed central asia 3rd 2nd century bce earliest finds area lake fittings type bow appear right asia korea bows reinforcement grip called composite bows use bows peoples termed type bow han chinese type site frontier post mouth river dated analogy 1st century bce 3rd century arrival tradition bows arrived europe graves region dating 3rd 4th century signal adoption type peoples groups advancing east general bows pairs ear identical respect found roman sites ear greater proportion longer like roman examples bar hill london grip bow sides pair longest edges belly varying shape narrow parallel sides ends bow possessed seven grip ear compared bows ear bow bows lower limbs shorter upper successors greatly impressed neighbours tribes transmitted respect millennium scandinavian saga king says fear romans described histories works changed entire emphasis army heavy infantry cavalry armed bows describes byzantine cavalry bow armed lance armed additional bow superseded modern area hungary type differently shaped grip stayed essentially fourth piece handle bone faces belly parallel sided ends wider profile rounded giving aspect away upper end type examples additional usually added belly ends faces total bow stiff set handle examples measured suggest bow lengths reversed sharply forward angle degrees post classical development fall western roman empire armies byzantine_empire maintained tradition horse centuries byzantium finally fell turks decline military favour guns turkish armies included played major role battle flight remained popular sport istanbul early 19th century surviving documentation use construction composite bows comes china middle_east reforms early 20th century skill composite bow essential qualification officers chinese imperial army composite bow adopted arab world retained use simple self bows persian designs conquest empire turkish type bows widely expansions roughly speaking arabs favoured slightly shorter broader limbs persian designs protective cover painted arab geometric patterns design standardized vast area arab conquests said best arab composite bows manufactured damascus syria surviving treatise composite bow construction written arabic rule fragments bone composite bows found grave goods united arab dating period integral wooden later developments composite bow included separate pieces wood attached wooden core bow strengthened external reinforcement modern bows generally integral wooden lack string bridges string bridge run attachment horn wood hold string little apart bow limbs base allowing rest angle forward string attachment add weight small increase speed arrow increasing initial string angle force draw early stages large string bridges characteristic dynasty bows late bows small string bridges characteristic korean dynasty bows string bridges present artwork time khan modern living traditions composite bows composite bows derive origins culture adaptations basic design turkish korean bows standardized lost military function popular sport recent turkish bows flight shooting turkish bow ottoman development composite bow presumably brought turkish bows evolved decline military probably best traditional flight bows decoration included delicate beautiful designs gold chinese bow played pivotal role chinese history cultures associated chinese society spanned wide geography time range techniques equipment associated chinese diverse historical sources archaeological evidence suggest variety bow designs existed chinese history 20th century chinese traditional bow arrow making workshop active beginning 21st century revival interest looking construct bows arrows traditional chinese style bow tradition attested inscription stone found near siberia khan holding assembly dignitaries conquest son khan brother shot target tradition lost forbade present tradition emerged independence based types bow mounted fallen revived 21st century composite bows annual festival sports wrestling called hungarian bow hungarian bow fairly long approximately symmetrical composite bow bone shape known graves position bone plates reconstructed modern hungarians attempted reconstruct composite bows ancestors revived mounted competitive sport korean bow traditional korean bow small efficient horn bamboo composite bow korean normally practice range approximately metres bow bow high tension arms bow supposed far cross bow finished bow covered bark fine leather cases shark skin moisture bows use late 1820s persia ancient iran replaced muskets analogous new world bows modern alternative materials american backed bows europeans contacted native americans bows especially area california backing horses newly mounted groups rapidly developed shorter bows given backing layer composite bow horn wood recorded americas horn bows backing recorded european contact modern materials modern traditional composite bows commercially available usually carbon belly easier mass produce easier care traditional composite bows satisfactory materials horn belly bow facing archer shooting including bone compression resistant woods orange materials strong tension silk tough wood like bow facing away archer shooting bow construction techniques


project alberta project alberta known project section manhattan_project assisted delivering nuclear weapons atomic bombing hiroshima nagasaki world war project alberta formed march consisted united_states_army navy civilian personnel including british scientist mission fold design bomb shape delivery air assemble supported testing work army air field utah conducted army air forces base unit project modification carry bombs project completion development training missions project alberta attached composite group north field prepared facilities assembled loaded weapons participated use origins manhattan_project began june world war project concerned producing necessary materials early project director brigadier general created los laboratory known project direction robert design build atomic bombs los laboratory responsibility delivery lay ordnance division headed captain william parsons ordnance division group created responsibility integration design delivery led physicist norman consisted bernard size foot thin man bomb development los reduced number allied aircraft deliver bomb british lancaster american boeing required substantial modification airframe completely redesigned rebuilt carry bomb externally parsons arranged tests carried naval proving ground virginia august available foot scale model thin man dropped results disappointing bomb falling flat spin indicated thorough test program required testing aircraft thin man fat man bomb shapes carried army air field march june testing shifted army air field utah october project controlled scheduling contents tests carried flight test section army air forces base unit project tests supervised november commander frederick head operations assumed responsibility test program test bombs assembled composite group 1st ordnance squadron special aviation army air forces base unit special ordnance detachment tests continued end war august ordnance division fuse delivery groups involved tests detailed live explosives incorporated test bombs groups drawn test program organization project alberta known project formed march absorbing existing groups parsons ordnance division working bomb preparation delivery included delivery group called commander francis birch gun group kenneth development engineering tests group robert fuse development group george engineering group parsons head project alberta scientific technical deputy operations officer military alternate bomb assembly teams fat man assembly team commander roger warner little boy assembly birch philip morrison head pit crew bernard led aerial observation team change aircraft ordnance team robert william army captain james medical expert special members project alberta volunteered mission project alberta consisted army navy civilian personnel army personnel officers lieutenant john enlisted men manhattan_project special engineer detachment navy personnel parsons lieutenant commander edward lieutenant junior grade victor miller remaining civilians 1st technical service detachment personnel project alberta assigned commanded lieutenant colonel peer provided security housing services addition senior officers manhattan_project formally project alberta rear admiral william representative military liaison committee brigadier general thomas deputy operations colonel responsible base development alternate parsons informally known joint chiefs decision making authority nuclear mission manhattan_project united_states_army air forces officials agreed december operations based islands following month parsons held conference officers discuss logistics establishing base february traveled guam bearing letter fleet admiral chester informing manhattan_project point expected composite group based guam struck congestion harbor shortage construction units suggested look good airfields miles north important consideration potentially aircraft toured island commander brigadier general frederick recommended north field agreed hold future use sent supervise construction 6th naval construction brigade air type normally repair provided laboratory instrument work warehouses shop building assembly ordnance administrative buildings overcame problem ship san_francisco port port wanted detailed list sent track ensure delivery needed shipped subject minute change simply designated bomb assembly kit little boy fat man spare shipped destination commencing arranged shipped direct guam usual meet schedule composite group commander colonel paul ground depart april followed air 1st ordnance squadron carefully packed bombs fat man assemblies received project assemblies sets bomb components pit uniforms issued project alberta civilian personnel administered shots project alberta advance party created consisting air_force liaison little boy victor miller fat man rest fat man team prepared case fat man bomb trinity nuclear test parsons warner decided combat use little boy proceed regardless outcome trinity test advance party departed los field new_mexico bus june accompanied major members 1st technical service detachment flew green composite group troop carrier squadron port aerial hamilton field california arrived june accompanied bombers composite group bombardment squadron practice bombing missions airfields japanese held marcus rest advance party prepared little boy assembly facility joined july team edward doll group prepared bomb missions rest project alberta departed following successful completion trinity test july remainder little boy assembly team arrived july followed parsons remainder fat man assembly pit observation firing teams project alberta assembled july members bomb parts arrived july cruiser uss indianapolis major robert captain charles brien 1st technical services detachment little boy assembly active material arrived remainder little boy active material fat man pit bombing hiroshima nagasaki preparations project alberta attack orders proceeded plan little boy ready august fat man ready use soon possible meantime series combat missions flown july targets japan high explosive bombs project alberta flew missions british observer group captain incident occurred bomb released bomb bay strange cargo bomb fell closed bomb bay doors plane came halt shower sparks fire fighters plane bomb foam bomb explode aircraft remove bomb little boy assemblies expended test drops dress rehearsal july repeated july time test dropped near gay assembly hiroshima bomb little boy team completely assembled ready use july final item preparation operation came july orders attack issued general july signature general thomas acting chief staff united_states_army general army george marshall conference president order designated targets hiroshima nagasaki ordered attack soon weather permit august assembly fat man unit complex operation involving personnel pit firing teams prevent assembly building causing accident parsons limited numbers allowed inside time personnel waiting perform specific task wait turn outside building fat man assembly known assembled july expended drop test day followed august dropped day sets fat man high explosive pre assemblies designated arrived composite group army air forces base unit august inspection high explosive blocks found badly cracked assembled rehearsal operational use hiroshima space week crashed burned runway parsons concerned crashed little boy fire cook explosive detonate weapon catastrophic consequences consideration given evacuating personnel island instead decided load powder bags gun breech arm bomb flight gay took long tons overweight near maximum gross weight bomb began minutes flight took minutes parsons command mission parsons assistant second lieutenant morris 1st ordnance squadron way bomb bay gay narrow port held parsons disconnected wires removed breech plug inserted powder bags replaced breech plug wires climbing altitude approach target switched safety electrical internal battery firing mechanism green red bomb fully armed monitored circuits members project alberta flew hiroshima mission lawrence instrument plane great dropped measure force blast yield time bernard camera operator observation aircraft equipped special high speed movie camera seconds film order record blast unfortunately forgot open camera film exposed addition members team flew case gay forced land required mission flown planned executed significant problems target area aircraft arrived approximately hours mission departed bomb removed minutes time target minutes later began climb foot bombing altitude bomb run began drop minutes later simultaneously great dropped immediately performed steep degree diving turns great left gay right followed seconds drop primary echo shock waves overtook minute following blast smoke cloud visible crews minutes time miles away footage mushroom cloud taken robert bob took definitive photograph cloud tail gunner position gay gay returned nagasaki parsons curtis met guam august day hiroshima attack discuss parsons said project alberta fat man bomb ready august originally planned pointed weather reports indicating poor flying conditions day storm asked august parsons agreed mission lieutenant philip barnes 1st ordnance squadron assistant project alberta walter lawrence board instrumentation aircraft great william correspondent new_york_times william observation plane big project alberta robert supposed board left aircraft commander group operations officer major james forgotten parachute crew member knew operate high speed camera point aircraft mission instructed radio use weather forced mission advanced days dictated change rendezvous closer target initial cruise altitude feet instead feet considerably increased fuel consumption pre flight inspection discovered fuel transfer pump aft bomb bay fuel tank decision continue bomb require flight removed minutes takeoff reached feet altitude discovered red light black box connected fat man lit indicating firing circuit closed took barnes half hour failed switch caused malfunction correct problem daylight rendezvous point reached photo plane failed appear weather planes reported targets required visual attack parameters waiting photo plane want proceed great radio silence certain aircraft finally mission proceeded photo plane thirty minutes schedule arrived minutes later cloud cover increased area bomb runs minutes fruitless bombing visually commanders decided reduce power conserve fuel divert nagasaki bombing radar necessary bomb run began hours schedule radar fat man dropped visually hole opened clouds photo plane arrived nagasaki time complete mission aircraft diverted okinawa arrived trying vain minutes contact control tower airfield obtain landing clearance nearly ran fuel later activities project alberta test assemblies damaged new explosive blocks flown project shortages components notably chimneys fabricated seven composite group flew bomb missions august word japan surrendered reached following day organized mission assess damage hiroshima nagasaki included personnel project alberta 1st technical service detachment composite group remainder project alberta began packing unused assemblies packed spare components shipped los security reasons components returned united_states dumped sea project alberta scientific technical personnel departed united_states september remained supervise disposal manhattan_project property project alberta discontinued personnel transferred new division began moving base


lord wants lord wants advertisement alfred developed recruitment poster depicted lord british secretary state war words wants wearing cap british field marshal points viewer calling enlist british_army central powers image considered iconic enduring images world war hugely influential image slogan inspired countries united_states soviet_union development prior institution conscription united_kingdom relied volunteers military service outbreak world war recruiting posters britain regular basis napoleonic wars government advertisements contract work handled majesty office passed task publishers white sons order avoid paying government rate newspaper publishers war late number advertising contracts expanded include firms secretary state war awarded sir field advertising agency contract advertise recruits major newspapers field designed prototype page advertisement coat arms king george phrase king country need britain declared war german empire august run page ran day newspapers owned lord prime minister united_kingdom appointed secretary state war currently serving soldier hold post given task recruiting large army fight germany unlike contemporaries expected short conflict longer war requiring hundreds thousands according reacted field advertisement insisting ads end god save king changed original text lord needs following months formed advisory committee men develop newspaper recruiting advertisements ran vertically inches columns wide alfred designed famous image cover illustration september issue london opinion popular weekly magazine taking cues field earlier recruiting advertisement time magazine circulation response requests magazine offered sized copies sale parliamentary recruiting committee obtained permission use design poster form similar poster words country needs figure absolute power emblem british natural subject artwork directly attached recruiting efforts newly forming army advertising worked chose advertisement soldier great war won field memory thousands men country wanted campaign death general gordon brutality efficiency hero new alongside widely regarded figures britain like field marshal field marshal roberts appearance including court dress jacket reminiscent victorian era styles tall built military popular present era earth tactics hard fought victory second boer war represented return military victories colonial era fact poster demonstrates easily visually recognized david image earliest successful celebrity endorsements commercial practice expanded greatly 1920s keith features evoked harsh feared germans british fortune war end war died onboard hms hampshire original versions alfred impact drawing famous image british_army recruitment campaign world war continues considered piece wartime propaganda enduring iconic image war recruitment posters general seen driving force helping bring million men army september publication image saw highest number volunteers enlisted times recorded scene london january posters appealing recruits seen windows commercial great base nelson column covered number variety remarkable lord points big finger want contemporaneous publication use advertising methods enlist soldiers cold eye possible recruit finger british minister war like revolver words want idea stolen advertisement american cigar famous posters history widespread circulation halt decline recruiting use image recruiting posters widespread lady referred field marshal simply poster placement posters including alfred design examined questioned following imperial war museum publication war museum suggested poster non event popular postwar advertising war museum design called word poster official product parliamentary recruitment committee word design popular recruitment poster time having printed times volume image image praised arresting accompanying text far official wording taken speech fitting character henry james novel word recruiting poster developed collective hopes war christmas january volunteer fell book researched james taylor popular belief design influential recruitment tool war claims original artwork acquired imperial war museum poster error image britain popular soldier inspired poster designs taylor says find evidence photographs time poster photograph december taken lancashire yorkshire railway station liverpool clearly depicts depiction recruiting posters effectiveness image viewer attributed called differential rotation effect effect eyes arm hand appear follow viewer regardless viewer orientation artwork historian compared image similar images christ alexander great depicting viewer contact powerful figure pearl james commented analysis agreeing strength lies clever use psychology art historical methods better image resonance capitalized word grabs reader bringing directly message focus engages reader participation war nicholas differs portrayal immediate recruiting statistics myth grown image including ironic parodies poster caught attention year old george basis description big brother posters novel british_army created recruiting image face british_army non commissioned officer african descent image featured coin produced sculptor john royal mint coin year series commemorate centennial war use image criticized pro war light human losses world war violence campaign july original posters known exist went auction originals exist display state library victoria museum brands packaging advertising imperial war museum design corn maze garden centre mark centenary world war image lord hand pointing directly viewer inspired numerous


inch naval gun inch naval gun breech loading naval gun royal_navy world war largest heaviest gun british second world war japanese type larger calibre inches british shell heavier gun scaled version inch naval gun developed equip large light cruiser form battlecruiser furious guns built combat furious removed transferred lord class monitors general lord coast bombardment duties rounds fired anger war ended removed service served proving guns tests scrapped survived scrapped design development inch gun genesis insistence lord admiralty admiral fisher biggest possible gun mounted fastest possible ship conceived called large light cruisers carrying inch guns courageous class wanted half sister furious carry bigger gun ordnance company company capable manufacturing large gun began design work designated inch conceal real size derived design inch service gun breech mechanism weighed total long tons half inch gun long tons mounted single gun turret designated inch derived twin gun inch mark turret barbettes furious designed accommodate turret case problems arose inch gun development gun elevate maximum ammunition development gun naturally focused anti ship shells furious fired pound armour piercing capped shell muzzle velocity distance yards fire round minute turret revolving mass long tons slight long tons predecessor guns proved powerful furious light hull available uses trials showed ship handle stress firing admiral sir bacon commander dover patrol conceived plan mount guns inside shell palace hotel bombard naval facilities provided hotel captured upcoming battle planned transport guns english channel torpedo monitors thought decks monitors dual purpose carriage designed guns afloat ashore limited traverse required role elevation increased maximize range concept approved september ordered design new mounts delivery months original concept land use involved special slide traverse ammunition handling elevation hydraulic pump breech hand worked gun installed turf covered concrete dome barrel possible gun mount designed assembled range german artillery moved special broad gauge railway site specially designed wheels section weighed long tons british_army failed capture mounting use monitor simple consisting large connected end gun carriage mount traverse inside fixed gun shield aimed starboard monitor loaded fixed angle fire stresses carriage ship provided powered cranes loading breech mechanism minimize crew workload ammunition parties use muscle power shells deck moved overhead rail hatch deck gun lifted loaded charges kept eighteen steam heated storage tanks mounted forecastle deck funnel moved gun mounted rails sixth charges time reduced rate fire round minutes monitors extensively modified handle gun numerous additional structural supports added underneath gun support weight long tons sides accommodate additional crewmen interior rearranged inch shells loading arrangements service total guns built armstrong furious spare forward gun removed furious march completed ordered converted seaplane carrier second gun removed later converted aircraft carrier new mounts delayed mount lord class monitor general delivered june gun furious turret lifted aboard july general ready begin firing trials august given nickname elephant castle enormous gun mount structure dominated ship profile new mounting designed effort ammunition extend range possible use charges increased weight pounds making total pounds increasing elevation extended range yards existing shells new high explosive shells longer thinner cap ordered shells delivered end war existing stock common pointed capped shells hand furious modified new cap probably shells war general assigned dover patrol august fire targets september large force monitors gathered harass german lines communication anchored bow stern broadside target difficulties dealing tidal currents opened fire railway bridge miles south range yards naval history heaviest shell fired largest gun longest range action date fired shells day found inch gun moved sideways shallow hull caused roll slowed rate fire fired total rounds end war second gun furious spare mounted lord ready combat october fired rounds following day cease fire avoid hitting friendly advancing troops round loaded order came cease fire fired reduced charge minefield total inch shells fired action guns wear general gun measured inch firing effective charges rounds including proof practice indicates gun good comparable british ordnance gun furious turret intended prince eugene modified accept earlier year war ended mounted monitor ordered portsmouth fitted october guns removed monitors december gun furious turret lined inches proving tests inch gun intended cancelled battlecruisers nelson class battleships remained use scrapped guns artillery ranges thames estuary similar duties scrapped mount survived mount spare inch vii gun battleship king george near dover combination named


history cannon history cannon spans years china earliest forms gunpowder artillery time replaced siege engines forms aging weaponry battlefield cannon europe probably islamic wars spain 13th century use documented middle_east time english cannon years war battle period middle ages cannon standardized effective anti infantry siege roles middle ages large cannon abandoned favor greater numbers lighter pieces addition new technologies tactics developed making defenses obsolete led construction star forts specifically designed withstand bombardment artillery cannon transformed naval warfare royal_navy particular took advantage firepower commonplace accuracy cannon significantly improved especially infantry world war considerable majority deaths caused cannon widely world war modern cannon similar second world war including exception naval guns significantly smaller caliber development china prior invention cannon weapons existed compressed air steam invention cannon driven gunpowder developed china like firearms cannon descendant fire lance gunpowder filled tube placed barrel fly flames eventually paper bamboo fire lance barrels originally constructed came replaced metal earliest known depiction sculpture cave dating 12th century portrays figure carrying shaped bombard firing flames oldest surviving gun dated muzzle bore diameter second oldest dated muzzle bore diameter documented battlefield use gunpowder artillery took place january song general han capture city world earliest surviving hand cannon hand cannon dated found held known illustration cannon dated poem iron cannon affair accounts use gunpowder artillery china wrote fired pierce heart belly strikes man horse persons joseph suggests shells described kind chinese mounted bronze iron cast cannon great wall china defend weapon later taken chinese soldiers fighting appear hand cannon battles date archaeological findings battle sites early chinese artillery like shapes includes long range awe inspiring cannon dated found 14th century dynasty treatise development better techniques later cannons abandoned shape early chinese artillery change seen bronze thousand ball thunder cannon early example field artillery red rebellion saw application early arrow firing cannon siege naval warfare southern area conflict following dynasty cannon restricted operations southern border including victory band war elephants cannon way northern border noise great effect addition reportedly killing siege troops deployed variety cannon bombard equally large japanese army despite forces having similar numbers japanese defeated day advantage firepower seven year war korea chinese coalition artillery widely land naval battles islamic world claims battle ain saw use cannon history gunpowder identical ideal composition explosive gunpowder claims known china europe later khan states invading introduced gunpowder islamic world cites early infantry example gunpowder weapons met open acceptance middle_east earliest surviving documentary evidence use hand cannon considered oldest type portable forerunner arabic manuscripts dated 14th century argues based earlier originals report hand held cannon battle ain interprets ibn reporting use cannon siege machines sultan siege super sized troops capture constantinople urban hungarian cannon engineer credited introduction cannon central europe ottoman realm fire heavy stone balls mile sound blast reportedly heard distance miles piece slightly later date dardanelles gun picture cast bronze parts chase breech weighed tonnes parts facilitate work created ali dardanelles gun present duty years later royal_navy force appeared commenced dardanelles operation turkish forces loaded ancient relics projectiles fired british ships british squadron suffered dead bombardment medieval europe europe mention gunpowder composition express terms appeared roger bacon oxford published later describes recipe gunpowder recognized military use substances compose artificially fire launched long distances small quantity material light created accompanied horrible possible destroy town army order produce artificial lightning thunder necessary finely cannon time hand guns probably use gun mentioned conjunction spain artillery masters peninsula enlisted time metal cannon pot loaded arrow like bolt probably wrapped leather allow greater power set touch hole heated wire weapon similar french english years war cannon saw real use european battlefield cannon relatively rare weapon shot large arrows simplistic mentioned english wardrobe accounts preparations battle recounts indicating end battle plain covered men struck arrows cannon balls similar cannon siege year clearly mounted wheels cannon appeared russia defenders period byzantine_empire began accumulate cannon face ottoman threat starting medium sized cannon feet long caliber definite use artillery region ottoman siege constantinople forcing ottomans withdraw acquired cannon laid siege byzantine capital short wide cannon siege constantinople known ottomans ability cast medium sized cannons range pieces able field far surpassed defenders expectations instrumental ottoman advancement arms production somewhat mysterious figure urban hungarian suggest german cannon designed named feet long able stone ball mile master founder initially tried sell services byzantines unable secure funds needed hire left constantinople approached claiming weapon blast walls given abundant funds materials hungarian engineer built gun months dragged constantinople meantime produced cannons instrumental turkish siege forces cannon took hours short supply cannon said collapsed weeks fact disputed reported letter archbishop later unreliable russian chronicle having previously established large miles away undergo process transporting massive artillery pieces giant cannon said accompanied crew men early modern period 16th century cannon great variety lengths bore general rule longer barrel longer range cannon time barrels exceeding length weigh pounds consequently large amounts gunpowder needed allow fire stone balls yards mid century european monarchs began classify cannon reduce confusion henry_ii france opted sizes cannon settled spanish sizes english sixteen better powder developed time instead finely ground powder powder replaced variety coarse grains coarse powder pockets air grains allowing fire travel entire charge quickly uniformly end middle ages saw construction larger powerful cannon spread world effective newer fortifications resulting development cannon siege engines siege towers widely wooden battery towers took similar role siege towers gunpowder age siege hold large caliber cannon addition lighter pieces notable effect cannon warfare period change conventional fortifications wrote wall thickness artillery destroy days castles immediately obsolete cannon use importance battlefield rapidly declined instead majestic towers walls new fortresses thicker sloped towers lower increasing use brick stone new defenses known star forts characteristic shape featured cannon batteries device forts england star forts soon replaced castles europe eventually americas end 15th century technological making cannon mobile wheeled gun carriages common invention facilitated transportation artillery result field artillery viable began emerge alongside larger cannon intended better gunpowder improved cast iron projectiles meant relatively light cannon deadly art war observed true small artillery harm heavy artillery case english field guns scottish siege artillery firing twice rounds despite increased cannon slower rest army heavy english cannon required horses transport animals transporting moved walking pace relatively slow speed lack organization discipline tactics combination pike shot dominated europe innovations continued notably german invention mortar thick walled short gun shot upward steep angle mortars useful fire walls defenses cannon found use dutch learned shoot bombs filled powder setting bomb fuse mortar problem single firing technique set fuse bomb placed fuse charge practice resulted fuse blown bomb causing blow mortar danger double firing developed fuse turned gunner fuse touch hole simultaneously required skill timing especially dangerous gun failed fire leaving bomb barrel accidentally discovered double lighting process heat firing light fuse sweden emphasized use light cannon mobility army created new formations tactics artillery discontinued pounder heavier cannon field artillery preferring instead use cannon manned men gun called serviced persons abandoned replaced pounder pounder operated men pulled horses army use special cartridge contained powder shot sped loading increased rate fire additionally pioneered use shot infantry essentially filled musket balls time thousand cannon battlefield increased number cannon army dramatically cannon thousand infantry regiment assigned pieces decided arrange artillery batteries instead enemy infantry cavalry heavy guns battle proved effectiveness changes army particular artillery defeating count severely outnumbered able fire times artillery losing ground infantry linear formations battered cannon fire low morale men broke rank fled time came idea aiming cannon hit target gunners controlled range cannon measuring angle elevation gunner quadrant cannon sights measuring tools aiming largely half 17th century french engineer introduced systematic scientific approach attacking gunpowder fortresses time field commanders notorious careful forward supported fire key feature system allowed length time siege prolific builder star forts idea depth defense face cannon principles followed mid-19th century changes armaments necessitated greater depth defense provided years prior world war new works began break radically away designs 18th 19th centuries lower tier 17th century english ships line usually equipped cannon guns fired pound solid shot weigh pounds cannon capable firing heavy metal balls force penetrate meter solid oak distance largest ships close range cannon fired shot discontinued 18th century end century principles long adopted europe specified characteristics royal_navy cannon acceptable defects severity united_states_navy tested guns measuring firing times termed proof powder water detect leaks adopted royal_navy lower muzzle velocity round shot fired cannon intended create wooden splinters hitting structure enemy vessel believed deadly shorter weighed quarter equivalent long gun example pounder weighed ton compared pounder long gun weighed tons guns easier handle required half gunpowder allowing fewer men crew manufactured usual naval gun counted ship line rated number guns result classification royal_navy vessels period misleading carried cannon listed 1820s greater emphasis placed accuracy long range gunfire weight broadside initially successful widely adopted disappeared royal_navy 1850s development steel cannon william george armstrong joseph american_civil_war great turkish siege constantinople display centuries battle british fleet dardanelles operation artillery hit british ship killing sailors total cannon claimed lives prompting british retreat sultan gifted queen_victoria ton dardanelles gun cannon siege constantinople contrast weapons western cannon 19th century larger destructive accurate fire longer range example american wrought iron muzzle loading american_civil_war effective range pounder napoleon renowned reliability firepower flexibility relatively light weight range cannon crucial napoleon rise power continued play important role army later years french revolution led riots rebellions led general assaulted paris paul jean appointed defend capital outnumbered disorganized republicans desperate napoleon arrived reorganized defenses realizing cannon city held ordered bring guns artillery park major cavalry fought way recently captured cannon brought napoleon poorly trained men attacked october calendar france time napoleon ordered cannon fire mob act known slaughter effectively ended threat new government time famous popular public figure generals recognize artillery potential napoleon cannon batteries introduced changes french artillery improving significantly making finest europe tactics successfully french example battle guns fired total inflicting severe casualties russian forces losses numbered killed wounded total battle napoleon final battle french army artillery pieces british battlefield muddy caused cannon bury ground firing resulting slow rates fire effort required adequate firing position force wet earth despite sustained artillery fire proved deadly engagement especially french cavalry attack british infantry having formed infantry squares took heavy losses french guns cannon fired fell eventually french ceased assault taking heavy losses british cannon musket fire practice casting lines inside cannon barrel applied artillery frequently gave cannon stability improved accuracy earliest rifled cannon armstrong gun invented william george armstrong boasted significantly improved range accuracy power earlier weapons fired armstrong gun reportedly pierce ship explode inside enemy vessel causing increased damage casualties british military adopted armstrong gun impressed duke cambridge declared speak despite significantly advanced predecessors armstrong gun rejected soon integration favor muzzle loading pieces use types gun effective wooden ships capability pierce armor ironclads reports slight problems armstrong gun higher cost older muzzle selected remain service instead realizing iron difficult pierce breech loaded cannon armstrong designed rifled muzzle loading guns proved successful times reported believers present ironclads obliged confess artillery ranges plates sides wooden ships superior cannon western world brought tremendous advantages warfare example war china 19th century british battleships bombarded coastal areas fortifications safe reach chinese cannon similarly shortest war recorded history anglo war brought swift conclusion british battleships cynical attitude recruited infantry face powerful field artillery source term cannon fodder concept soldiers food powder mentioned william_shakespeare early henry 20th 21st centuries cannon 20th 21st centuries usually divided sub categories given separate names widely types modern cannon mortars guns extremely large custom designed cannon constructed modern artillery variety roles depending type according nato general role artillery provide fire support defined application fire coordinated maneuver forces destroy suppress enemy referring cannon term gun incorrectly military usage gun cannon high muzzle velocity comparatively flat trajectory opposed types artillery mortars lower muzzle usually fire indirectly artillery early 20th century infantry weapons powerful accurate forcing artillery away lines despite change indirect fire cannon proved highly effective world war causing casualties onset trench warfare months world war greatly increased demand fired steep angle better suited guns hitting targets trenches furthermore shells carried larger amounts explosives guns caused considerably barrel wear german_army took advantage beginning war french world war marked use paris gun longest ranged gun fired caliber gun germans bombard paris capable hitting targets away second world war sparked new developments cannon technology rounds hollow charge projectiles proximity marginally significant world war era legend german gun launched battle ordered use allied armor devastating british tanks armored design proximity fuse emerged europe late december known american artillery christmas present german_army employed primarily battle proximity effective german personnel open disperse attacks great effect anti aircraft projectiles proximity european pacific theaters operations flying bombs planes respectively anti tank guns improved war british primarily pounder pounder guns end war pounders proven effective german tanks pounders entered development german tanks continuously upgraded better main guns addition improvements example iii originally designed gun mass produced cannon counter threat russian powerful gun introduced way larger cannon despite improved guns production iii ended tank match furthermore replaced tanks following initial anti tank success german forces battles north_africa soviet_union improved tank mounted version multiple variations entered service adapted tank main gun anti tank gun powerful guns service world war capable destroying allied tank long ranges despite designed fire steep angle descent fired directly 11th marine regiment battle reservoir korean war field batteries fired directly battalion chinese infantry marines forced time dig chinese infantry took heavy casualties forced retreat tendency create larger caliber cannon world wars reversed recent years united_states_army example sought lighter versatile replace aging pieces towed selected successor world war era cannon time entered service use today turn slowly replaced weighs nearly half transported helicopter opposed requires land based artillery powerful long ranged accurate naval guns neglected despite smaller past cases having replaced cruise missiles class destroyer planned armament includes advanced gun system pair guns fire long range land attack weighs pounds circular error probability mounted rocket increase effective range nmi longer range paris gun barrels water cooled capable firing rounds minute gun combined firepower turrets class destroyers firepower equivalent conventional reason integration cannon main armament united_states_navy ships satellite guided munitions fired gun far expensive cruise missile better alternative combat situations cannon larger caliber machine gun smaller field gun mechanisms automatically load ammunition faster rate fire artillery approaching case guns surpassing machine gun traditional minimum bore types cannon lowest caliber pieces remained world war nations use rapid fire cannon light vehicles replacing powerful heavier tank gun typical chain gun mounted bradley armored vehicles largely replaced machine guns aircraft greater firepower airborne cannon appeared world war airplane carry cannon heavier machine guns standard armament variously mounted wings high forward fuselage fire propeller propeller hub low number cannon aircraft lower rate fire cannon machine guns continued widely early war greater probability hitting enemy aircraft cannon effective heavily armored bomber aircraft eventually integrated newer fighters usually carried cannon numerous variants widely war nearly modern fighter aircraft armed derived counterparts second world war largest heaviest powerful airborne cannon military united_states type cannon surpassed specialized artillery pieces carried capable generating high volume fire limited ammunition carried weapons systems mounting reason deliberately designed relatively slow rates fire extend time employed battlefield requiring resupply ammunition rate fire modern ranges rounds minute rounds minute systems multiple barrels guns rates fire thousand rounds minute fastest rate fire rounds minute


winchester model model model pump action manufactured winchester western division corporation produced gauge military version ability bayonet fixed end barrel close quarter combat history winchester model introduced low cost replacement model small number weapons acquired united_states_army military style model essentially weapon civilian version bayonet model succeeded winchester model repeating arms company manufacturer winchester firearms production model ceased went bankrupt description winchester model came barrel lengths inch inch fixed choke win choke screw choke tubes system gauge manually operated slide action shotgun slide action known pump action means shotgun moving bolt system operated wooden composite slide called fore end fore end located underside barrel moves weapon hold maximum rounds total tubular magazine chamber action means external hammer spur firing pin strikes shell powder round model shotgun utilize bolt locking secured barrel extension winchester shotgun incorporate company patented system quick change tube allow easy replacement bayonet bayonet attached end barrel military version model primary uses bayonet model close combat guarding prisoners riot duty commonly bayonet model bayonet world war ended large surplus army decided springfield standard issued rifle bayonet fit springfield rifles instead getting rid army decided newer compatible model bayonet ventilation ribs army late invasion iraq iraq war model phased favor variants model standard capacity model shell tubular magazine model defender increased capacity model shell tubular magazine shells seven shells model police increased capacity variant model defender barrel magazine tube model marine increased capacity variant model defender polished barrel magazine tube model riot standard capacity model barrel rifle sights steel barrel magazine marked riot barrel williams model standard model marketed model hunting inch barrel built choke shell tubular magazine model slightly updated version shell tubular magazine model defender increased capacity variants model seven shell tubular magazine model marine increased capacity variant model barrel magazine tube model variants model model length stock barrel produced canadian firearms market model budget version marketed department stores birch stock fixed choke etc ranger model budget version marketed sporting goods stores plain stock etc users czech_republic model defender small numbers czech armed forces peru model defender special forces russia august march winchester private security companies united_states model ranger note correction order smaller youth version model


air air ground weapon hammer french precision guided developed comprises frontal guidance kit rear mounted range extension kit matched dumb bomb weapon integrate different types guidance units different types bombs basic version features kilogram bomb plus hybrid navigation system ins global positioning system gps guidance variants add infrared laser guidance increase accuracy versions kilogram kilogram kilogram bomb bodies entered service french air_force naval aviation given hammer highly extended range chosen commercial reasons english acronym french french pronunciation development program started pour french defense agency launched international competition design weapon contract awarded initial lot gps ins bomb kits expected time delivered enter service following year test campaign flight main performances variant started december ended july demonstrating excellent results campaign showed need change aerodynamic features weapon compensate delays deliveries france ordered dual mode gps ins guided enhanced kits integration fighter bombers gps ins guided version completed qualification tests july missile test range version performed night launch fighter bomber test range december according weapon launched range target hit meter version successfully test fired january laser guided variant air launched time june cost according french senate des prix des cited daily total cost program including development costs delivery kits basis weapon cost times cost comparable american manufactured larger quantities kits reasonable expect drastic reduction price french larger contracts signed economies scale achieved defence budget presented senate reported project cost unit cost including development costs variants comes variants according size type guidance current model features bomb matched nose mounted guidance kit rear mounted range extension kit containing rocket enlarged fins tested proposed version guidance basic version combines data global positioning system gps receiver navigation system ins unit achieving metres circular error probability weather variant complemented metric day night fair weather version adds infrared guidance matches target area target model stored memory metre version uses laser guidance instead allowing hit moving targets precision qualified april october versions given designations ins gps version smart bomb unit ins gps version ins gps version system renamed hammer appealing export customers operational use order placed total units deliveries started year delay development second order units placed end year deliveries reached afghanistan combat debut april war afghanistan fighter fired support ground troops libya march reported missile fired destroy air_force light ground attack trainer jet challenge fly zone civil war runway plane landed airport april reported missile fired destroy tank range libya bombs fired referred hammer weapon impressed campaign date incorporating precision guidance kit propulsion system design eventually available use standard bombs weighing version currently service cites range capability high altitude low level launches axis angle weapons fired individual targets single pass trigger press libya represents opportunity french air_force employ targeting pod navy gave system combat debut afghanistan late operators current operators egypt france morocco


multiple gun motor carriage multiple gun motor carriage world war united_states_army self propelled anti aircraft weapon light tank chassis equipped guns produced near end developed based light tank chassis original design improved designated accepted service army anti aircraft units world war improved variant auxiliary engine spare barrels guns world war saw action european theater operations assault gun allies air supremacy skies europe korean war role specifications similar specifications long wide high weight powered twin model engine installation achieve speed mph range vehicle operated crew development evolved gun motor carriage project based armored force requirement light anti aircraft vehicle based light tank chassis trials successful production requested project stopped ordnance department light tank chassis phased production project fading away armored force needed light anti aircraft vehicle new project called based new chassis prototype overall layout gun turret rear engines middle chassis minor including angular gun shield instead straight accepted service gun motor carriage order production models sent production start august year produced end war auxiliary engine generator operate guns main engine shut fixtures carrying spare gun barrels service history order completed requirements anti aircraft weapons changed chassis diverted produce light tank served europe world war army time arrived luftwaffe driven skies allied air power found use assault gun role performed delivered countries lend lease military aid program served korean war purpose world war defense north korean forces perimeter fighting later fighting korea guns especially effective chinese mass infantry charges north_korea decided phase vehicles chassis turrets mounted light tank chassis produce comparable vehicles iii anti aircraft tank