polish pronunciation listen english english second largest oldest cities poland situated river polish lesser poland region city dates 7th century traditionally leading centres polish academic cultural artistic life poland important economic capital crown kingdom poland polish lithuanian commonwealth free city grand 14th century capital lesser poland city grown stone age settlement poland second important city began hamlet hill reported busy trading centre europe establishment new universities cultural venues emergence second polish republic 20th century reaffirmed role major national academic artistic centre city population approximately approximately million additional people living radius main square invasion poland start world war capital germany general government jewish population city forced walled zone known sent german camps nearby return nazi concentration camps like archbishop elevated pope john paul slavic pope non italian pope years year approved sites new world heritage list including entire old town historic centre classified global city ranking high cited europe beautiful cities extensive cultural heritage gothic renaissance baroque architecture includes cathedral royal castle banks river mary largest medieval market square europe home university oldest universities world traditionally poland institution higher learning named european capital culture city host world youth day etymology traditionally derived legendary founder ruler tribe polish archaic form essentially means town derive slavic word meaning judge staff slavic word meaning oak sacred tree associated concept mention prince written dates town existed early 7th century inhabited tribe city official royal capital city english person born living polish history early history begins evidence stone age settlement present site hill legend attributes founding mythical ruler built cave occupied dragon written record city dates described notable commercial centre controlled captured bohemian duke acclaimed ruler poland took incorporated holdings dynasty end reign seat polish government end 10th century city leading centre trade brick buildings constructed including royal castle churches cathedral city entirely destroyed invasion rebuilt practically identical based new location act incorporated high duke following example introduced city rights modelled law allowing tax benefits new trade privileges citizens city ravaged attack repelled thanks new built fortifications king iii poland polish declared western suburbs new city named latin defensive walls erected central section plot set aside order city rose prominence iii poland founded university second oldest university central europe charles university prague king began work campus academy died campus completed city continued grow joint lithuanian polish dynasty capital kingdom poland member league city attracted businesses science arts began flourish royal university ensured polish literary culture city poland golden age 15th 16th centuries known poland golden age works polish renaissance art architecture created including ancient jewish quarter located north eastern old reign artists came work live established printing press city printed work printed poland famous church bell poland named poland cast time younger brother artist court painter von churches district council gave jewish licence right build interior walls western section existing defensive walls walls expanded growth community influx jews king died childless polish throne passed henry iii france foreign based rulers rapid succession causing decline city importance worsened swedish invasion outbreak plague left city residents dead iii swedish house moved administrative capital polish lithuanian commonwealth warsaw 18th early 20th centuries weakened 18th century polish lithuanian commonwealth twice neighbors russia empire prussia austrian emperor joseph changed status separate city district richer jewish families began injunction travel jewish families stayed relatively close historic initiated unsuccessful insurrection town main square spite victorious battle numerically superior russian army resulted final partition poland napoleon captured polish territories austria town warsaw following napoleon defeat congress vienna restored pre war boundaries created partially independent free city insurrection failed resulting city annexed austria grand polish german austria granted degree autonomy defeat austro prussian war politically polish national symbol centre culture art known frequently polish athens polish leading polish artists period resided seminal painter jan laid rest cemetery founder modern polish drama fin evolved modern metropolis running water electric introduced surrounding suburban communities gradually combined single administrative unit called greater outbreak world war august formed small military unit company predecessor polish set fight liberation poland city briefly besieged russian troops november austrian rule ended polish committee assumed power present emergence second polish republic resumed role major academic cultural centre establishment new universities university science technology jan academy fine arts including number new essential schools important cultural centre polish jews youth movement relatively strong city jewish population influential centre jewish spiritual life religious orthodox reform following invasion poland nazi_germany september city general government separate administrative region november capital general government headed frank based city castle nazis envisioned turning completely german city removing jews poles renamed locations streets german sponsored propaganda attempting portray historically german city operation called university professors academics arrested sent concentration camps survivors later released request prominent italians jewish population confined died illness starvation later murdered sent concentration camps including roman film director survivor selected employees work plant short saving camps looted authorities remained relatively undamaged end world war city historical architectural legacy soviet forces entered city january started arresting poles loyal polish government exile served home army war polish people republic intellectual academic community total political control universities soon deprived printing rights autonomy government ordered construction country largest steel mill newly created suburb creation giant owned sealed transformation university city industrial centre new working class drawn contributed rapid population growth effort spanned decades cardinal archbishop successfully lobbied permission build churches new industrial suburbs elevated john paul non italian pope years year placed old town list world heritage sites geography lies southern poland river polish valley foot mountains sea level half way rock polish north mountains south natural border slovakia czech_republic west border ukraine nature reserves combined area hectares acres ecological value areas legally protected western city northern north western borders area international significance known refuge main motives protection area include plant animal wildlife area features landscape city located ecological corridor river valley corridor assessed international significance pan european ecological network city centre situated left northern bank river climate oceanic climate according climate classification system easternmost europe mere north east east north january mean continental nature climate influenced far inland position significant temperature differences seasons average temperatures summer range winter average annual temperature summer temperatures exceed winter drops night day cold nights temperature drop lies near mountains occurrences blowing wind causing temperatures rise rapidly winter reach climate table presents weather data years official reference period according ongoing measurements temperature increased years compared series increase averages months warming pronounced winter months increase january air pollution couple years growing economic meaning individual transport faces problem air pollution city holds place cities ones referring world health organization developed centuries provides showcase setting historic styles architecture city expanded architectural achievements builders reason variations style urban planning easily built earliest nucleus outward having escaped destruction endured poland 20th century wars architectural monuments typically seen historical order walking city centre later districts medieval towns poland historic town hall main square survived poland historic centre includes old town castle included kind list world heritage sites prominent example old town country centuries royal capital poland iii relocated court warsaw district royal road coronation route traversed kings poland route begins church outside northern flank old city walls medieval suburb passes built enters gate leads street main square seat polish royalty overlooking river old town attracts visitors world historic centre places poland included world heritage sites architectural design district survived past retained original form coming medieval times old town home thousand historic sites million works art rich variety heritage architecture includes gothic renaissance baroque buildings palaces churches theatres display great variety color architectural details stained glass paintings sculptures addition old town city district particularly notable renaissance buildings picturesque streets historic jewish quarter located north eastern founded 14th century south east city centre soon wealthy populated area construction imposing properties commonplace important feature medieval major permanent bridge northern arm natural barrier separate old town centuries bridge connected salt lucrative hungarian trade route structure location end modern street dismantled northern arm river filled earth rock subsequently built 1930s officially registered prayer houses spanned old city jewish intellectual life moved new centres like turn led redevelopment renovation development new districts historic buildings central today preserved original form old buildings repaired devastation brought second world war remained recent efforts restoring historic neighborhoods gained new impetus visited area seeing growth jewish themed restaurants bars shops city began expand rule austro hungarian empire new architectural styles developed key buildings 19th early 20th centuries include jan academy fine arts polish state railways original complex railway station city academy economics time radial began appear city undergoing large scale program aimed transforming ancient polish capital sophisticated regional centre austro hungarian empire new representative government buildings multi story houses built time urban planning walls old town polish architects engineers trained vienna major projects era include development university new premises building west old town imperial style planning city development continued return poland independence following world war early modernist style represented palace art house globe style architecture arrived vienna popular end poland regained independence came major change fortunes second important city sovereign nation state began new plans city development commissioned number representative buildings predominant style new projects interpretations art style important buildings constructed style polish include lot building street department store main square municipal savings bank square house note particularly good example interwar architecture city second world war new government turned soviet influence doctrine socialist realism poland countries people enforced involved domains art spectacular achievements field urban design guidelines new trend spelled resolution national council party architects architecture weapon establishing new social order communists ideological impact urban design valued aesthetics aimed expressing persistence power form architecture implemented new industrial district apartment blocks constructed according blueprint wide tree lined avenues style renaissance generally regarded revered old polish architecture poland socialist national format course incorporating principles socialist realism introduced communists closely reflect soviet architecture resulted majority works blending critical opinions party increasingly frequent doctrine given marking end currently centre considered monument times period postwar architecture followed mass construction large panel system apartment blocks built outside city centre beauty old new towns examples new style hotel recently listed heritage monuments built later half 20th century revolutions birth republic later half 20th century number new architectural projects completed including construction large business parks commercial facilities infrastructure investments like fast giving city great deal quality solutions blending centuries old heritage good example built multi purpose information exhibition space award winning garden arts multi purpose exhibition theatre complex located historic old town parks gardens parks including dozens gardens forests like park botanical garden park jordan park park located centre city forest park park surrounding districts parks cover hectares city park best known park established place old city walls forming green belt old town consists chain smaller gardens designed styles adorned monuments park area hectares acres length kilometres forming scenic walkway popular jordan park founded jordan public park kind europe park built banks river equipped running exercise tracks swimming pool pond boat rowing water located grounds larger park prominent park founded greatly reduced size rapid real estate development popular destination point end 19th century environment nature reserves total area smaller green zones constitute parts landscape parks board deals protection areas polish jurisdiction landscape park park landscape park park valleys landscape park park natural reserves polish chain programme unique flora fauna landscape western constitute called ecological network including ecological corridor river southern slopes limestone hills provide conditions development vegetation city spaced extended river valley network tributaries including right tributary left rivers valleys bodies water interesting natural wonders governance city_council elected members mayor president elected years election city_council local head government takes place time based legislation introduced june current president elected fourth term members polish national parliament elected constituency city official symbols include coat arms flag seal banner responsibilities president include drafting implementing resolutions city managing city budget employing city administrators preparing floods natural disasters president duties help city_council city managers city 1990s city government reorganised better differentiate political agenda administrative functions result office public information created handle inquiries foster communication city departments citizens large city government introduced new long term program called safer city cooperation police traffic social services fire public safety youth departments subsequently number criminal offences went percent rate detection increased percent total percent period city receiving help carrying program educational institutions local media including radio press districts divided administrative districts degree autonomy municipal government prior march city divided quarters sense identity towns absorbed expanded ancient town centre oldest neighborhoods incorporated city late 18th century include old town contained city defensive walls encircled park district site royal castle cathedral originally divided christian jewish quarters ancient town major districts added 19th 20th centuries include separate town southern bank east city centre built world war notable historic districts city hill home castle cathedral polish kings buried medieval old town main market square metres square dozens old churches museums 14th century buildings university historical centre jewish social religious life old town district home thousand historic sites million works art rich variety historic architecture includes renaissance baroque gothic buildings palaces churches display great variety color architectural details stained glass paintings sculptures market square stands gothic mary built 14th century features famous wooden altar largest gothic world carved church main tower trumpet sounded hour melody announce opening closing city gates ends unexpectedly according legend tune played 13th century invasion guard warning citizens attack shot archer playing breaking moment died story recounted book published late 1920s called kelly won award current divisions introduced city hall april districts assigned roman current iii vii viii map districts city economy poland important economic centres economic hub lesser poland region following collapse communism private sector growing steadily large multinational companies city including google royal dutch shell man general_electric philip morris sabre holdings british german scandinavian based firms city global headquarters polish enterprise software house foreign direct investment reached approximately billion usd trying position europe valley based large number local foreign tech companies unemployment rate percent national average percent second city poland warsaw visited foreigners according world investment report conference trade development emerging city location investment global projects business process world city budget presented mayor november year projected revenue billion primary sources revenue follows municipal taxation real estate properties use amenities transfers national budget state subsidies projected expenditures totaling billion included city development costs city maintenance costs maintenance costs spent education city development costs included road building transport communication combined city infrastructure environment city high bond credit rating population age knowledge innovation community location centres knowledge innovation community sustainable energy european institute innovation technology integrated alliance organisations education research industry sectors created based long standing links cooperation principles excellence partners jointly developed strategy tackle weaknesses european innovation landscape field sustainable energy transport public transport based fairly dense network bus lines operated municipal company supplemented number private operators local trains connect suburbs bulk city historic area turned pedestrian zone horse run block radius pictured historic means transportation city examined museum municipal engineering district old cars buses rail connections available polish cities trains warsaw depart hour international destinations include berlin prague hamburg june september main railway station located outside old town district served public transport airport john paul international airport polish port west city direct trains cover route train station airport minutes annual capacity airport estimated million passengers second largest airport poland million people airport giving airport percent air passenger traffic poland currently airport offers connections operated international national international airport located minutes demographics recorded population according data population comprised population poland population lesser poland selected demographic presented table compiled basis population living permanently larger metropolitan area city encompasses territory inhabitants live middle ages population consisting numerous ethnic groups began grow rapidly doubled counted inhabitants population metropolitan went years early 17th century population reached inhabitants historical census preceding world war declared polish primary language hebrew ukrainian german russian history greatly reduced percentage ethnic minorities living official unofficial numbers differ case people according census declared national identity language religion followed jews people officially numbered estimated statistics collected ministry education reveal adults officially claim minority status students participate programmes designed ethnic minorities population growth religion metropolitan city known city churches abundance landmark historic temples monasteries earned city reputation northern rome past churches comprise places worship built 20th century added addition roman catholicism denominations present include witnesses church polish catholic_church polish orthodox church day saints contains outstanding collection monuments jewish sacred architecture poland influential centre jewish spiritual life outbreak world war religious orthodox reform active nazi german invasion poland serving burgeoning jewish community city total population established early 12th century ruined world war nazis ceremonial objects ammunition equipment general storage facilities stables post holocaust jewish population city end 1940s poland eastern country allow free jewish exit permits conclusion world war contrast forcibly kept soviet jews ussr agreed conference recent time thanks efforts local jewish polish organisations including foreign financial aid american jewish joint distribution committee underwent major serve religious tourist purposes education major centre education institutions higher education offer courses city students university oldest university poland ranked times higher education supplement second best university country founded university renamed commemorate dynasty polish lithuanian kings principal academic asset library million volumes including large collection medieval manuscripts like students academic staff university leading research centres poland famous historical figures connected university include saint john jan jan king john iii pope john paul nobel university science technology established largest technical university poland student enrollment exceeding ranked polish edition newsweek best technical university country year history students graduated master bachelor degrees persons granted degree doctor science obtained qualification doctor institutions higher learning include academy music conceived oldest prestigious central europe major concert venue university economics established university operation agricultural university offering courses initially university academy fine arts oldest fine arts academy poland founded polish painter jan academy dramatic arts academy theology university technology graduates scientific societies branches conduct scientific educational work local scale academy learning scientific society association law students library university polish society polish geological society polish theological society polish section institute electrical electronics engineers polish society radiation main seats culture named official european capital culture year european_union major attraction local international tourists attracting seven million visitors year major landmarks include main market square mary cloth hall castle national art museum bell cathedral medieval gate royal coronation route museums public art galleries main branch poland national museum museum featuring works museums national art galleries museums separated national municipal museums city number art collections public art galleries national museum established main branch poland national museum permanent collections country national art collection hill accessible general public museum features works national art collection located residence polish monarchs royal chambers feature art period furniture polish european paintings display 16th century monumental flemish treasury features polish royal memorabilia applied art 15th 18th century arms eastern collection features turkish tents military accessories national museum richest museum country collections consisting thousand items kept big main building separate divisions museum city popular gallery 19th century polish art collection best known paintings sculptures young poland movement latest division called western european paintings inaugurated major museums special interest include museum japanese art technology museum jan manor museum devoted master painter life museum manor underground museum main square evocative modern display years history streets activities artifacts followed massively extended excavations started small way found ran eventually half hour ride takes little heralded polish aviation museum considered eighth world best aviation museum cnn featuring aircraft including world war comprehensive display engines essentially complete collection airplane types developed poland activities small museums lesser poland region promoted supported institute culture institute annual heritage days performing arts city famous theatres including national old theatre theatre theatre theatre theatre opera city principal concert hall home orchestra built hosts annual artistic events international significance baroque music contemporary music screen festival popular music festival polish music classical music theatre film festival europe oldest short films events international film festival oldest international art film event poland graphic arts jewish culture festival residence polish nobel literature nobel yugoslav writer lived studied longtime residents include internationally renowned polish film directors roman academy_award winners music opera leading national opera companies stages performances year including ballet musicals main repertoire greatest world polish opera classics opera moved permanent house autumn charge summer festival opera home major polish festivals early music presenting forgotten baroque operas opera runs music old international festival academy music founded known world wide alma mater contemporary polish composer poland winners international competition warsaw alumni academy concerts students guests year music organisations venues include orchestra royal city polish radio choir academic choir mixed choir academic choir university chamber choir string quartet consortium baroque orchestra university brass band chamber orchestra radio tourism according statistics visited million tourists including million foreign travelers grand total visitors spent billion city travel costs pre booked accommodations foreign tourists came great_britain german french spanish italian american visitors closely following tour guide lesser poland visitors bureau indicated statistics recorded considerable number come staying readily available private rooms paid cash especially eastern_europe main reasons visiting city historical monuments recreation relatives friends placing ranking religion business quality hotels usually half offering overnight accommodations average stay nights survey conducted travelers showed enjoyed city polish tourists foreigners stating personally recommend visiting notable points interest outside city include salt mountains south historic city north west preserved nazi concentration camp national park includes renaissance castle awarded number international rankings 1st place city break destinations survey conducted british sports host city men world championship european men championship selected european city sport football popular sports city teams largest following thirteen time polish champion time champion founded oldest poland involved intense rivalry country intense europe known holy war football clubs include time polish champion league rugby club number additional equally valued sports teams including time polish ice hockey champion time women basketball champion marathon thousand participants dozen countries annually held city poland racing driver robert born brought wwe tag team champion ranked women tennis player construction new arena started concerts indoor athletics hockey basketball etc arena ready cost estimated million polish accommodate thousand viewers case concert stage set lower arena facility able seat thousand people bidding host winter olympics bid rejected local referendum majority vote referendum organised wave criticism citizens believed olympics promote city organizing committee spent pay citizen approved logo citizens considered waste public money committee rumoured million unknown expenses international relations contemporary foreign names city referred names different languages city known czech hungarian lithuanian finnish german dutch latin spanish italian french portuguese russian ukrainian languages refer respectively names different languages available twin towns sister cities maintains close relations cities world


market town borough england situated miles county town town situated north river older town sited flanks hills river current flood plain frequent flooding river town built current level flood plain originally named settlement established saxon period mentioned book town granted royal market charter king john england census states borough population town accounts town governed borough council office located town centre town france germany town predicted grow percent south study british government identified towns growth directed years study additional homes mainly east town town growing commuter population located midland main line railway operated east trains trains london international station taking hour giving interchange services history town established anglo saxon period called surrounded wells red lady appear coat arms medieval town housed modest monastic abbey larger monastery abbey near miles river town known church oldest existing building dates manor belonged abbey lincolnshire saxon times monks probably built original church earliest building norman doorway opening later south porch church enlarged addition end 13th century assumed present plan west tower crowned graceful rising feet completed chancel rebuilt given east window years later church restored francis law 20th century church mary built given market charter dated april king john granted abbot monks serving god continuing shall market day week wednesday era lord manor sir christopher sponsor sir francis drake expeditions drake renamed ships golden hind symbol family hotel grade listed building built 17th century known variously hind hotel later golden hind hotel civil war largest substantial conflict area battle minor skirmish town resulted killing officer captain john severe followed included carrying parish priest thomas jones prisoners group civil war home colony little known period bombed world war bomb fell town centre mcdonald restaurant located town evacuated children london originally town railway stations called london road opened closed linked second station midland road operation trains london east midland road dropped station midland road station opened trains serving little later linked london rail accident seven people died injured 1880s businessmen held public meeting build lines group merged similar company newport started lay tracks years plans abandoned lack funds governance borough council july conservative borough borough council covers settlements including town great great little little electoral town comprise castle north east west south west non political divisions areas park constituency includes town surrounding villages urban areas current peter bone borough council covered constituency include east castle great lancaster north east west south european representation east constituency geography geology town sited hills adjoining flood plain river predominantly medieval period combination access fertile flood prone valley soils drier heavier clay rich soils good mixed agricultural base clay rich soils primarily consequence area boulder clay glacial till recent valley sides valley floor deposits largely washed away late glacial period valley extensive deposits laid largely exploited building aggregate century iron ore economically important aspect geology area sands formation marine sand age stage deposited estuary sequence sequence significant amounts sand replaced displaced iron minerals giving average ore grade iron west iron moderately exploited long time high content difficult produced iron poor quality development steel making process basic chemistry combine high quality possible sands strategic resource united_kingdom run world war best developed bulk iron producing processes wholly free dependence imported materials sands share regional dip sediments britain east south east increasingly difficult work progresses east county climate experiences oceanic climate climate classification similar british isles compass nearest towns population expanded rapidly 1960s 1970s agreements signed urban district council london county council greater london council town house spill population london following post world war arrival immigrants commonwealth group nations britain black caribbean indian pakistani community grew small market town represents population borough town economy approximately registered businesses boundaries town centre redeveloped 1970s grew rapidly london borough council adopted town centre action plan traditional economic structure based engineering gradually wholesale logistics service sectors providing new opportunities employment market town major high street chains mainly located town centre shopping centre previously known centre built 1970s borough council looking rebuilding centre major stores want bigger floor spaces fund owns shopping centre currently administration decision future centre expected early town centre shops town retail parks including stores store store town centre town market times week weekly privately organised market businesses operating town include high performance engineering distribution engineering environmental technology energy digital creative media financial business services global brands brand park farm major park home manufacturer homes ltd road industrial estate industrial estates town include park farm road future developments south study government identified towns growth directed thirty years additional homes create additional facilities improve town centre improve infrastructure increase employment opportunities jobs growth target jobs set accompany large scale housing growth plan homes north town accepted british government appeal bee bee developments plan refused borough council result plans major urban extension town mainly east railway station finished town larger new homes built cross site new schools bus stops community centres shops doctor surgery new open spaces railway station developed interchange local buses trains upgrade provide new platform new station buildings outside station new road bridge midland road railway line planned new reach new development plans include development high street road north town areas considered transport dual south links town allows links east west country links town served bus network provided soul brothers local buses linking town centre church street local suburbs villages departing minutes service links town routes include east trains operate direct trains london international railway station departing minutes average journey time minutes railway line connects leicester nottingham derby sheffield leeds north railway station location usage london underground maintenance freight services airports hours drive town including london east birmingham london reached directly train east reached change leicester located miles northwest private flying flight training corporate flights education fourteen government controlled primary schools feed secondary schools include school independent fee paying school cadet force state secondary schools sir christopher school academy technical grammar school school school grammar school school college higher education main campus outreach locations provides education offers courses levels collaboration universities college offers higher education options university students campuses offers courses foundation undergraduate levels professional doctoral qualifications subjects include traditional arts sciences subjects product design advertising culture castle theatre opened site old cattle market brings theatre area facilities local people rooms daily basis local community users include castle youth theatre youth dance public library corner market square museum independent museum run trust located door castle theatre exhibitions past surrounding villages museum housed victorian swimming pool built cox shoe factory accompanying exhibitions articles shop cafe free entry residents england find trail white painted main street town end trail words fly police later identified individual local frederick related april fool day street hoax sport home football clubs town town rugby club club awarded club seal approval east hall 17th century building great village outskirts town privately owned golf course leisure centres health clubs include school served years club diana club diana closed administrators june reopened available swimming pool courts bar restaurant home local swimming club amateur swimming club train phoenix united_kingdom largest basketball clubs men team currently play division women play division youth teams play ages ranging services centres provide health care facilities hospital equipped procedures large rays investigations long term care primary care accident emergency surgical issues mainly covered general hospital air ambulance provided air ambulance service petition signed thousands local residents towns new built handed downing street prime minister gordon brown power local peter bone february emergency services provided fire rescue service police prison located outside town closed landmarks railway station grade listed building unusual listed buildings year old grade listed forms church silver ladies identical sculptures installed road depict local roman history river townspeople working ryan carter wild things fame born raised birthplace residence notable people including world champion player peter sir david frost broadcaster attended grammar school campus occupied school winner britain strongest man contest lives town scientist kenneth henry zoologist born town paul ambassador king james ottoman_empire born grew town attended school town sports people players born town football players benjamin bill grew town played number teams including liverpool football club town town born town playing town brian hill referee born town olympic lived town went john school england rugby captain bob taylor player jeff taught grammar school infamous football colloquially known pig town home singers peter murphy lived large portion early life musician robin aka politicians alfred arthur allen labour_party brian conservative party authors connected town include born stephen born currently lives town journalist writer jim murray lives author historian bruce lived town death school named sir christopher high scoring fighter pilot edward major lived town mentioned war memorial road named twin towns france germany relations township county new_jersey united_states villages borough twin town partners near bernard near


civil parish market towns district england situated march town north east parliamentary constituency parish large covering hectares history raised island low lying wetland mentioned book town evidence settlement period fires 18th 19th centuries majority town housing dates late victorian period onwards tower parish church medieval building remaining following draining beginning 17th century completed 19th century town economy based agriculture related industry proximity cambridge town emerged commuter town town population time united_kingdom census history early history probably derives celtic meaning wood rid ford derive meaning hill fort suggesting similar site nearby camp town mentioned book archaeological evidence found bronze age iron age settlements area possesses interpreted boundaries saxon evidence preserved chaplain built honey hill reputed refuge fled romans medieval period story known town documented chronicler according legend pious free tenant town joined monastery cathedral begin training monk accused theft imprisoned london legend recounts night vision saint coming miracle heavy chains fell longer dream discovered true free chains wife henry scotland heard miracle assured rogue thief issued writ pardon declared free man medieval period town dominated abbey small dedicated mary built niece king mentioned book existence abbey comparatively poor compared foundations lack royal patronage consequent lack estates result abbey survived wave dissolution monasteries surrendered king commissioners time residence date fourteen local families abbey church unusually save demolition transferred nearby peter paul church area short space parish church abbey church claire abbey idea citing historical documentation clearly defines separate churches range buildings survived mansion known park house demolished site completely vanished beneath streets housing park streets mark boundary walls buildings contain stone originating abbey large portion town destroyed great fire destroyed large portion church leaving sections base tower early modern contemporary later fires destroyed medieval georgian architecture large proportion town listed buildings date victorian period onwards pasture fields outskirts town evidence ridge farming practices threat current building proposals north town runs foot drain large river called drain dutch engineer associated drainage works middle 17th century older buildings town evidence dutch architectural style market town possessed designation earlier market existed town discontinued poor roads small market held friday following axe railway station extension great eastern railway closed march governance town north east parliamentary constituency incumbent conservative stephen constituency considered safe conservative seat liberal held seat town locally governed county council district council town council performing separate functions town historically isle secular jurisdiction bishop power ended liberty act changes 19th 20th centuries following recommendations local government commission england april bulk area merged form isle local government act wider county council police act local government reform isle present small police station situated east park street longer open public geography situated march middle lowest lying area united_kingdom land surrounding town sea level highest point feet sea level parish boundaries land surrounding town largely agriculture drained numerous ditches large drainage rivers near town foot drain known drain sixteen foot drain key turning point road known isle way starting point road suffolk known way town important links cambridge bar hill town centre traffic bypassed disused route extension great eastern railway build march met office recording stations indication rainfall temperature county town cambridge edge shows rainfall national average wider study east region temperatures comparable london united_kingdom census found population increase recorded people living households average number people dwelling census found population town white ethnic group parish large covering hectares average population density dwellings concentrated smaller area outskirts town consisting farmland economy sited particularly fertile agricultural land town local economy largely based industry songs ltd major british root vegetables large facility town hectares cultivation growing company albert sons based scotland produce ltd based major player industry number smaller vegetable producers operate area major employer town ltd company established town late 19th century years manufactured diamond mining equipment overhead cranes company group creating engineered products oil gas nuclear medical industries town main retail outlets situated market hill high street town centre post office branch large supermarket bridge street small supermarket high street town centre generally features specialist non branch shops centre brothers fish chip shop west park street won national chip shop year competition cross keys george inn house town main hotel bed breakfast establishments located high street market hill addition cross keys george ship bridge street honest john south_park street number small restaurants tea shops large supermarket constructed outskirts cost million opened november left following company decision halt opening town following poor financial results april looking retailer store remains religion census found people town stated christian religion religions having religion parish church peter paul situated centre town church site current tower dates building fallen disrepair 19th century majority building result intensive restoration included restoring pitched roof adding new nave arches original new manual harrison harrison organ installed fine example action instrument recent years seen construction new facilities room extension church lists low church branch church_of_england church hosts town catholic congregation church east park street created union methodist united reformed baptist union churches based united reformed building east park street chapel buildings exist town town salvation army citadel east park street education town primary schools primary school created amalgamation school king edward school school opened early months town secondary school community college founded school academy isle college presence town base grove house closed following college merger college west town library run county council sport leisure town football club town founded currently play premier division football association county league town cricket club cricket club founded club senior teams youth teams compete leagues won league going seasons unbeaten town club tennis club airfield kilometres north northeast mainly base north london centre flying school based airfield town swimming pool empress privately owned registered charity run trustees open members booked private hires group sessions home swimming club successes compete division cup competition plans public swimming pool leisure centre proposed council approved proposals development community college government programme include significant leisure provisions expected start new gym situated grounds community college opened culture community town noted annual display christmas lights entirely funded community donations featured bbc look east medieval themed historical festival replaced town traditional festival week town museum run volunteers permanent exhibitions local history railways scout club army cadet force youth football team morning evening women meet king edward centre club meet local fire station annual display plus events town town annual entry bloom competition awarded silver achieved gold town brass band founded competes east brass band association british indie band half man half best known riots davies eyes included song entitled award winning album song virtues town offset best place world suddenly love longer market town lacks presence news song headlines times evening telegraph september month album official release fish chip shop won national fish chip shop year competition brothers owners presented award chef notable residents boxer british lightweight champion george william victoria_cross recipient doctors surgery named sir george south african mining magnate politician soldier john english soldier president alpine club member mount committee dave boy green boxer resident editor sun newspaper joe perry player joseph engineer principal royal opera house transport served local bus routes regular buses nearby towns march city cambridge occasional services nearest railway stations march


suburban area centred old village greater london london borough major historical events taken place settlements dating roman occupation britain discovered archaeological surveys area appears book buildings 14th 15th 16th centuries remain standing restored recent years village originally split old home 17th century mansion house stands estate sold housing 1920s home manor farm forms long lane farm military station raf west opened final use navy exchange naval activities united_kingdom command according census time population census reached census figures marked population decline 1960s 1970s census population reached obtained railway station metropolitan railway line brought rail link london great deal residential development commenced village gradually london commuter belt expanded sale development estate later termed metro land history appears book times translated latin second entry reads manor answers hides men arms englishman hold earl roger land possible villagers hide hide acres cottages meadow pasture village livestock woodland pigs total value acquired book describes land predominantly flat composed london clay exception banks river archaeological surveys carried museum london found system roman fields dating 1st 2nd centuries pottery fragments research suggest area abandoned period following departure romans britain early developments originally divided parish subsequently manor eventually merged form main original lord manor passed william john son john owned century owned family retained possession family major landowners north west middlesex moved 16th century established home owned home farm house family farm bought william edward direct final member family john farm sold estate hill farm family built manor house track long lane originally called hall let farmers renamed manor farm point family renamed home hall manor subordinate named robert owned manor wife joan 14th century appears records robert robert reflecting ownership park owed money roger unable pay land passed john john sir thomas died passed son named sir thomas speaker house_of_commons member parliament middlesex died point son sir richard owner manor sir richard killed fighting richard iii battle field victor battle henry vii named act granted sir richard wife elizabeth life interest manor sir thomas subsequently granted manor sir thomas death manor passed sir john sir john children passed earl devon henry earl granted licence control sir william acting trustee lords manor resided house house stands today site original dated 14th century probably constructed timber subject extensive work lamented time ownership john later sold estate sir wright future lord mayor london current house built brick church mentioned book likely residents travelled nearby services original nave chancel church dated nave extended west bell turret built 15th century brick aisle added pump significant local landmark donated village charlotte water pump stands close village pond intersection road long lane death provisions water pump sunk benefit community village pond pump dug time foot pump sunk accommodate waste construction older pond village filled excavated earth new donated land near church built longstanding servants household residents members church_of_england people allowed live houses time cottages remain maintained local church pump stands coach horses public house licensed sale alcohol 16th century origin house courts 19th century held urban development september following lobbying parish council metropolitan railway opened small halt line railway company reluctant open station area perceived lack demand compromise reached construction halt new stop brought travellers london seeking day rural surroundings nearby villagers sold flowers gardens served visitors parish council later requested shelters passengers platforms built december followed booking original platforms short align train carriages extended halt rebuilt station 1970s marathon event summer olympics london passed way white city stadium result railway gradually moved travelled work london july acres estate auctioned development significantly reducing size roads laid new development warren road drive court road road ivy house road avenue road originally named park road land bordering river designated public open land shops built road houses constructed length road widened dual farm farms estate demolished farm pond listed barn cleared way housing road court marketed garden city military station operated royal_air_force later united_states_navy opened home farm close parish boundary later known raf west site originally british maintenance unit raf records division involved repair aircraft equipment later american vehicles raf south united_states_air_force based station naval activities united_kingdom command leased site ministry defence american naval exchange original village school built high road older children moved village hall temporary council school village school closed infant pupils moved village hall road widened necessitating demolition school building original fox public house village pump remained use december handle removed local council safe keeping returned pump restored partnership local building company similar handle fitted works primary school built followed primary railway line roman catholic secondary school built later expanded site school nearby school opened older children village school boys moved newly opened school girls secondary modern school girls school moved share site school boys school opened grammar school january later comprehensive delays building work meant intake pupils taught mary grammar school hills september village hall designed built church farm opened princess victoria temporary village school hall restaurant second world war went bank polling station police telephone box constructed pump february operational church farm opposite church demolished second world war replaced shops new roads built area population reached risen ford river drive nicknamed splash replaced road bridge middlesex county council bought hall grounds order convert youth centre theatre built hall later named compass theatre theatre director john new building connecting built second world war house military battery established grounds house grade listed head cottage junction road avenue grade listed village library opened site 16th century cottage tea garden orchard borough council installed sided clock commemorating coronation elizabeth_ii library tower having persuaded add sided village pump 1980s church celebrated anniversary formed neighbouring united reformed church united reformed church moved current building previous chapel building proved small growing congregation local company wood scrap metal yard nearby buildings raf station demolished way new housing estate named village navy eventually left base permanently closed site cleared currently undergoing redevelopment residential housing park local library closed complete refurbishment reopened march garden commemorating diamond jubilee elizabeth_ii opened september park garden featuring area benches stone designed local council green spaces team opening scheduled postponed destroyed stone overnight shortly installed local government parish council came rural district absorbed municipal borough remained borough included newly established london borough borough ward conservative john david representing constituency boundary changes general election meant new constituency represented nick population white british according census education primary schools include school junior school primary school secondary schools include school school sports clubs societies sports clubs include cricket club rugby club athletics club amalgamation clubs attracted athletes foundation 1960s district society model engineers formed september originally met old moving hall society held exhibition miniature locomotives field road new society opened june site near coach horses public house remains miniature railway open public saturday month residents association established plays active role community recent years association involved preventing developments association view adversely affected town transport tube station served metropolitan lines west station opened border served central line main line london buses routes serve road long lane intersect centre link area landmarks events moat moat scheduled ancient monument river east road west usually dry summer months moat surrounding location manor house seen excavations site found pottery oven dating 14th 15th century believed manor house centre moat building owned hastings family 16th century moat point interest route mile walk river grand union canal house built sir wright house replaced existing structure dating 14th century later years foreign commonwealth office sports association bought house followed london postal region sports club cricket matches club local teams played grounds house bought local residents 1980s restored leased bristol years lease house open public day year open house london festival festival taken place town originally aim highlighting variety societies groups area festival normally centres charity gala day june groups including scouts church groups schools parade town finishing large grounds house fireworks mark end festival evening festival gala moved grounds school dispute owner house


portuguese pronunciation locally spelled portuguese city northern portugal sub region greater sits sandy coastal plain halfway rivers population municipality time census according census inhabitants living city proper city expanded southwards inhabitants urban area seventh largest urban portugal largest northern portugal permanent settlement dates thousand years ago unrest region led establishment fortified city developed maritime trade routes classical antiquity modern emerged conquest roman republic city fishing fish processing units soon developed turned foundations local economy 11th century fish industry fertile economic base feudal fiercely disputed local early portuguese kings resulted establishment present day municipality subdued monastic power years later importance age discovery merchants proficiency wealth traded globe complex trade routes 17th century fish processing industry rebounded time later dominant fishing port northern portugal known beach resort centuries popular northern portugal influential literary culture artistic patronage music theater legal gambling areas portugal significant textile food industries town retained distinct cultural identity ancient customs writing system farming technique festivals history culture roman conquest discoveries stone tools suggest inhabited lower groups settled coast located 4th millennium early 2nd millennium seven known burial seen hill hill widespread rival tribes led resident populations coastal plain raise town atop hill stood sea protection reinforced successive rings walls trench base hill established 9th 8th century city area covered acres inhabitants location near waterways helped maintain commercial relations mediterranean especially noticeable dominion southern peninsula wars romans aware region rich deposits gold tin leading troops hindered expansion roman republic north river murder opened way roman following years advanced region south crushed armies left ruins region reign people returned coastal plain villa roman fish factories built annexation roman republic trading supported regional economic development roman merchants organized true commercial companies looked monopoly commercial relations fall roman empire populations established countryside mentioned march rule portugal region attacked norman pirates hints indicate norse settlement villa invasions middle ages evolved eventually leading captain county portugal recognized emperor lord following attack christian realms henry portuguese count recognized rule port possessions gained significant power portugal stable kingdom portugal attacked seized port destroyed properties expelled farmers northern area known dos knights belonged military order knights inherited wealth local lower royal southern land location port according chronic portugal throne brother invited knights portuguese throne opportunity destroy king assets lower violently entered king lands destroyed significantly way bread car cross place overthrown king ordered royal land king chronicler explicitly stated port property king honour influential knight godfather king took advantage relationship important people kingdom order recognition located lower honour tried convince king king father took attitude honour descendants went port tribute fishermen king granted charter giving royal land families found municipality known siding old town controlled knights king donated son lord included monastery santa founded king ferdinand confirmed charters privileges uses confirmed john domain monastery town grew stronger people asked king end situation era charter reform king granted new charter town hall square town gained granted significant self government involved portuguese discoveries fishermen 16th century fishermen started work maritime activities pilots crew portuguese ships high nautical knowledge fishermen region known fish newfoundland reign john iii art renowned sought lisbon das shipyard high technical skills single houses dominated town landscape indications multiple rich architecture social class gentlemen associated richer architecture square 17th century industry area fortress sheltered bay population relation activity building ships merchant navigation period relevant urban expansion civic center town hall chapel area old town main church located fishermen neighborhood starting new urban center beginning 18th century decline shipyard activities portuguese coast shipyard started work construction fishing vessels significant increase fisher community middle century main activity reign joseph country middle economic crisis started rapid development royal academy sciences lisbon noticed overwhelming notoriety coast considered expert fishermen cape vincent sizable number fishermen ships high sea fishing result considerable quantity caught fish community following royal provision queen mary inspector general reorganized town layout new civic center monumental city hall streets infrastructure built provided potential new business sea modern city rich peculiar high quantities ends beaches sheltered bay cape santo brought ocean currents lead monks choose sea searching skin bone problems 18th century people went concerns 19th century town popular summer destination wealthy province portuguese large sandy beaches development theaters hotels renowned refined literary culture artistic patronage music theater intellectual february critical impact community seven wrecked storm fishermen killed metres shore fishing created severe social problems fishermen emigration fishing industry lost importance developed popular holiday destination northern portugal textile food industries appeared endured years 20th century rail connection opened inland region national highways linking city opened project waterfront drafted events led major growth 1930s 1960s developed cosmopolitan style service sector city northern portugal main urban centres focal point larger area includes geography occupying area km2 lies rivers wider perspective halfway rivers northern coast portugal bordered north municipality northeast east nova south west shoreline atlantic_ocean rocky cliffs common features downstream estuary disappear giving way coastal plain plain located old marine plateau sandy soil coastal lands forming sand dunes currently preserved northern wandering coast cape santo tip referred hill hill rise landscape despite modest rise plain makes easy reference points horizon mountain chain known rates divides municipality distinctive areas coastal plain hills forests abundant soils sea influence landscape dominated plain low hills hill interior easily recognizable municipality large rivers abundant small water streams exist courses permanent river feeds source stream located base hill beach alto river source base reaches atlantic rio alto beach land springs wells common underground water close surface forest areas suffer strong demographic pressure intensive agriculture forests important parishes surrounded rates flora distinguished oak european holly 18th century monks planted characterized civil parish past atlantic forest trees oaks ash trees trees oak rocks entire coastline home large populations fish rocks dunes form rich ecosystems threatened holiday makers sports waterfront construction climate climate classified mediterranean climate climate classification system gentle summers mild winters influenced atlantic_ocean average temperatures temperature extremes recorded airport records started range average days year days year city possesses considered region subject northern portugal uncommon snowfall winter winds normally blow south southwest rain concentrated winter months azores high influences air resulting dry air summer topography distance sea influences precipitation short distances urban area receives millimetres millimetres rain year city countryside millimetres prevailing northern winds known arise summer midday dry summer mass hot wet air brought south western maritime winds creates city characteristic fog covering coast afternoon sun demographics native called rendered english according census inhabitants year lived city number goes adjacent satellite areas taken account ranking seventh largest independent urban area portugal million people ranging urban area population density km2 rural suburban areas density km2 rural areas away city tend scarcely populated near summer resident population city triples seasonal movement neighbouring cities draw beach homes seasonal use highest greater youngest city region birth rate mortality rate unlike urban areas greater satellite city significant occurs urban expansion area 18th century centuries fishing community norman origin ethnic common practice today cosmopolitan town people originating valley settled coastal northern districts 20th century ancient immigration portuguese arrived significant numbers independence late 1970s people diverse biggest immigrant communities chinese russians population entire municipality grew increased period urban population grown number families increasing considerably considered developed district city future district quality living infrastructure development light rail metro minutes distance prompted new residents originating near cities led real estate development double resident population medium term practice system fishing community maintained local ethnic characteristics cultural data indicate fishermen settling period coast portugal beaches portugal wrote fishermen race portuguese coast entirely different mediterranean type saxon type hand man interior farmer character research considered result mixture jews book races europe distinguished having greater usual degree broad faces unknown origin broad jaws migrated places population growth notice tended create associations abroad dos house brazil rio_de_janeiro south_africa toronto canada rio_de_janeiro community known wanting peoples origins including portuguese born regions community emigrated brazil returned refused lose portuguese governor ambition develop fisheries suggested creation colony fisher classes affairs fisher areas strong cultural influence half population descent economy economy driven tourism gambling hotels restaurants manufacturing construction fishing business census companies headquartered primary sector secondary despite weight greater international trade weak represented departures arrivals coverage rate arrivals departures suppressed mark activity rate grown citizens unemployed june noted internationally energy industry world commercial wave farm located coast wave park wave farm machines project failed replaced project new offshore wind farms distinct company operating company headquartered developed solar system combining solar energy heat pump generate energy fact seaside city shaped economy fishing industry fishing vessels day canning industry city fish market beach agriculture gathering fields tourism result geography tourism related industries relevant economy days fisheries lost importance mean value fish landed times significantly higher average vessels capacity fishing productivity comparatively higher national average traditional canning factory production exported deals high end brands fish markets japan united_states united_kingdom france italy scandinavia austria singapore australia export market brands include henry seventh largest construction company portugal joint venture royal producer systems large companies based city manufacturing industry important employer textile industry low productivity income industries located city rates employers include blanket industry wood industries rates initiatives municipality industrial industrial park city outskirts motorway coast farm fields developed technique increases agricultural yields large rectangular depressions dug sand dunes banks surrounding depression cultivated banks south east west trees northern slope act prevailing northern wind garden crops grown central depression ancient region production specialized goods substituted significant share production exported western european markets inland valley region committed milk production corporation headquarters largest dairy products milk producer company peninsula located departments exhibition park laboratories largest agricultural project northern portugal government governed municipal city_council composed municipal assembly exists legislative body municipality free elections end period right wing parties governed city city_council governed cds cds saw popularity suffer abrupt decline political party hand year achieved absolute majority votes municipal elections members centre right social centre left right wing social popular cds mayor elected votes holds majority public offices municipal assembly administrative parishes assembly singly elected comprises members holding seats cds left wing northernmost municipality metropolitan area north commuter town association municipalities valley neighbouring cities important modern demographic links establishment county portugal administrative military unit stretched sea hills established municipality election town hall judge boundary exemption town achieved broad self government 16th century restricted borders created split town disputed town hall time expanded approach medieval boundaries south expansion areas 18th 19th centuries fisher populations spite centuries old requests incorporated municipality inland parishes rio historically disputed origin coat arms unknown certainly local traits symbolism coat arms consists golden sun silver moon middle golden cross completed anchor silver arms representing safety sea cross ring falls golden anchor arms representing faith divine protection crest silver towers city status flag broken blue white different coat arms flag population criticized consisted golden shield covered red net sea black boat flag plain red population accept new symbols years later old ones restored urban morphology located coastal plain sea hills city parts districts districts turn formal administrative structures known civil parishes south city extending combine city started inland town extended coast nucleus centre city grew 14th century narrow twisted streets lined single family homes historical district old buildings sixteenth century house church main church old town hall 14th century seventeenth century solar dos house captain eighteenth century houses fishermen grouped south coast cove fisher district developed 18th century structure narrow streets parallel coast city centre dominated service sector shopping streets avenue central square tipped city hall municipal departments banks services middle square west stands granted town national monument representing municipal emancipation beach district north town densely occupied continuous area beach district known nova area city high rises largest nova floors metres high complete tallest building portugal year today tallest buildings close hand districts latest expansion inland derived old village formed main nucleus settlement 14th century farmers set coast divided santa second largest portugal construction started old areas modest development possess different residential small central areas quarter symbol lighthouse sample 19th century iron art northernmost urban coastal district residential nature exception santo known keeps untouched fishing character recognized family homes grown spontaneous way diverse religious buildings 18th century baroque churches prominent church das church fishermen church curious lighthouse hand church jesus denote preference style end 19th century revival style seen beaches parks beach stretch forming sheltered bays divided rocks rich beaches city family oriented beach summer period crowded away city core santo crowded beaches located near camping park rio alto beach chosen given difficult access privacy offered sand dunes city park entirely includes hills island small ponds stream lake shaped man great lawn areas buildings popular place cycling stretches freeway lake private sponsored park woodland kept essential rural values location landscaping environmental improvements lake damaged construction high speed roads woodland expected public hill iconic views city countryside religious forested hill sanctuary foot hill church summit throw hill slope rates park adventure camp sport activities canopy foot horse terrain vehicles mountain countryside green belt includes web parishes rates rates santo main rural communities tiny villages located urban notorious diverse old country estates hunting park known bread eaten high temperatures hills located respectively hill thousand years major culture cities saint thought lived second hill middle ages rates small town middle ages developed monastery established count henry site older temple gained importance legend saint peter rates bishop central site portuguese way saint james monastery rates church remains oldest best preserved monuments portugal classified national monument bordering rates christian pilgrimage destination 20th century maria died gained fame saint pope john paul northern sandy land municipality farming area supplying european markets goods old times population attributed legends magical virtues effects springs ancient fountain associated feminine water deity guardian enchanted treasures culture contemporary life busiest shopping district cater daily needs residents visitors main street shopping street 18th century pedestrian area earliest portugal model portuguese cities later similar developments pedestrian streets old traditional buildings renowned jewellery known portugal people observe variety festivals year major celebration holiday dedicated saint peter decorated night june population streets compete carnival population like football supporters defending preferred quarter families emigrated united_states known come time simply spectacular feelings excitement community present festival easter monday festival remnant pagan festival called ivy festival family held woods carnival traditional festival old carnival balls masked people gathering late 1970s led 1980s expensive carnival waterfront remains organized events celebrated spontaneously people gather parade dos despite having sort advertising media coverage spontaneous carnival dos started attract thousands people waterfront beach area popular tourists locals alike dos beaches iconic avenue bars way beach square filled nearby square north small lively square bars younger meet going lgbt friendly history late 1990s held northern portugal pride city north held gay pride festival ended climbing rental prices organized hit club portugal writers 19th century gathering sessions famous writers closely associated city city remembered birthplace main writers portuguese language wrote life work hotel wrote work diana bar currently beach library modern times city gained international prominence literary festival writers portuguese spanish speaking world gather variety presentations annual award best new release latin american writer associated city entertainment performing arts casino gaming entertainment venue 1930s second casino revenues million popular million customers casino bars live performances bar theater restaurants including cuisine local portuguese inspiration 19th century dozen gambling venues café café david café universal hotels historic hotel built 1930s arresting modernist building siding hotel oldest town running 19th century 19th century hotels found city hotel universal theatrical tradition traced italian operas portuguese comedies presented theatre built das developed cultural youth group amateur theatre encouraged local drama space known auditorium houses local school music symphony orchestra resident orchestra festival event established music hall residence musical pops orchestra arena portuguese style horse shows concerts important run local known great run north late july runs held 18th century style gala runs young students museums history municipal museum houses archaeological finds exhibits relating history city oldest ethnic museums portugal exhibit won european museum year award possesses ancient sacred art boats archaeological finds roman inscriptions culture pottery themed museums exist santa museum religious theme museum nucleus church saint peter rates archaeological nucleus museum located museums open fisherman home lighthouse small art galleries housing contemporary works art located casino exhibits paintings finest portuguese artists art gallery bordering municipal museum arts cooperative created purpose execution cultural activities artistic creation rates historical countryside route stops starting square baroque chapel rates old rates township house springs wind water mills ways houses municipal city archive planned interested tracing family pedigree chart city records culture derives different working classes influences arriving maritime route baltic_sea mediterranean film popularized unique portuguese fishing community country 1940s local expression means upwards represents operation inhabitants form writing system restricted number symbols combined form complex symbols rudimentary visual communication system signature mark belongings merchants wrote books credit fishermen religious rituals marking door catholic near hills beaches table church marriage magical significance protecting symbol family mark children family mark form youngest son inherit father symbol commonly families related viking traditions specific genre boat characterized wide flat deep helm diverse boats different sizes uses shapes notable believed derived viking long stern bow sail boat carried carvings mark boat identification magical religious protection sea according tradition day youngest son heir family old brittany denmark expected care parents old women govern family men usually away home fishing traditional dress fishermen dress fishery motifs white black red owner dresses include urban women children caps include population divided different depending boat fisheries caught apart farmers went sea searching rule groups remained distinct mixed marriages forbidden fishermen hill reference point fishermen sea sunday pilgrimage lady good health covers distance church hill cape santo saint rock mark fishermen believe saint andrew saint seen souls fishing souls sea helped fisheries marriages procession cape occurs dawn day november groups men women wearing black holding lamps chapel beach august pinnacle fishermen feast assumption occurs carefully arranged boats fireworks mid september das festival century old pottery fair cuisine traditional ingredients local cuisine locally grown vegetables fish fish traditional cuisine divided categories poor fish ray wealthy fish famous local dish main ingredients fish gives dish potatoes eggs boiled sauce fishery dishes include rice fish stuffed rice steamed boiled popular dishes include white beans served dry rice long bread appeared fast food restaurants specializing portuguese chicken found road areas city sports city developed number sporting venues hosted national european world championships different sports population sport high rate compared national average popular sport association football city home professional football club play north city park stadium surrounding football fields main stage people championship football clubs compete rates swimming second practised sport international meeting long course pool european winter calendar meeting occurs city pool complex belonging municipal company runs sports venues found north city tennis academy municipal pavilion complex property club notorious city competes sports hockey basketball auto racing athletics small clubs sports exist club united clubs exists baseball american football respectively beach volley popular sports time practiced portugal marina near offers sea activities developed local yacht club naval trophy linking organized club rally portugal yacht racing sailing event west coast saint peter grand prix occurs city streets summer national calendar portuguese athletics federation marginal waterfront grand prix annual event aiming funding national association half marathon aims promotion city sport activity population cycling hosts spring classic april mountain bike events common links golf course racing shooting camp outskirts location suitable urban areas board culture meet beach recreation area audiences especially popular communities considered charismatic area country media est est appeared 1990s major weekly newspapers local newspaper dedicated local news internet editions local radio stations radio broadcast online stations programming include local news sports feature depth look city news interviewing guest weekends radio airs chinese programming daily radio station newspaper belong group company offers news services neighbouring cities education higher education limited history availability superior school industrial studies management founded school based campuses united single campus new campus square metres acres includes facilities auditorium research space offers undergraduate post graduate education academic choices centered industrial engineering industrial design engineering management human resources corporate finance public independent schools city outskirts public education municipality provided school districts rates school districts arrange schools 9th grade different municipality headed 6th 9th grade schools district private schools primarily run catholic parishes groups school agriculture eminent independent schools large facility school children syndrome jesus studied developed writing style reopened school year planning leading catholic school high schools 10th 12th grade situated school section city centre independent school outskirts offers secondary education created maintains outlook industrial commercial school created municipal library established anniversary death housed current building small suburban library branches diana bar library extension posts municipal library little quarter population intermediate superior level qualifications level percent infrastructure healthcare security healthcare structure santa holy house mercy opened hospitals city hospital state run hospital private public hospital suffers lack bed spaces underwent expansion works ongoing plan build modern hospital border cities serve population municipalities health centre public primary care building extensions main suburbs municipal police established country administrative police force acts solely municipality reports directly mayor city responsible countryside crime considered calm zone categories offense violent crime particular practically non existent crime consists minor homes stores cars national sea borders controlled dos east city motorway national headquarters military administration instruction battalion military administration reorganization army services onwards gained material transport services increasing range functions troop numbers transport served transportation network employs maritime aerial terrestrial travel terrestrial access infrastructure composed national freeways national roads system light rail metro airport bus terminal marina harbour daily public transportation city provided private owned companies central terminus urban long distance buses provide mass transit surrounding region city countryside region spain wholly urban transportation network lines oldest bus network operating city owned francisco airport better known airport located south city busiest international airports portugal serves greater officially known small sized meters long aviation small planes line metro links airport services standard shuttle station metro trains link city airport line operates railway opened closed way metro railway network expanded reached closed entirely rail trail city connected road north south axis motorway reached nova east west axis south north city order cross lost average long distances national roads system acquired municipal interest cuts city half north south direction originating northern suburbs city south travel downtown starting interior municipality traditional road system city composed roads run parallel direction sea seen following avenues dos dos hand run parallel coast growth city inland northwards ring roads important seen urban belt road foreign relations sister cities european_union city france germany malta received partnership european cities golden stars town european commission brazil major cities rio_de_janeiro november 8th built town links city hold dos voluntary associations immigrants rio established dos south_africa toronto canada partnership rio established brazilian actress president rio_de_janeiro chamber parliament age frequently seen rio dos visited 21st anniversary sister community rates parish regular program based affection strong cultural historical connections towns established settlers rates establishment brazil regional government island autonomous region municipality established cooperation protocol diverse fields cooperation human technical resources protocol signed visit president island sister cities


pronounced locally town metropolitan borough city greater manchester england population town census lies course brook miles west manchester motorway area historically lancashire provided evidence roman anglo saxon activity including roman roads completion canal allowed expand small village cottage industries important town based cotton manufacture iron working brick making extensive coal mining later expansion came second world wars large urban estates built region today consideration world heritage site including scheduled monument significant town historic centre conservation area history mentioned pipe roll claim hugh fee knights nearby variations alias alias spelling early documents suggests saxon origin old english form means cleared place cultivated settled anglo saxon chronicle contain references early history roman roads run area connecting manchester passes near common present day road follows course roman road passes northern area near little roman coins found near quarry dated head man found moss named man originally thought years old discovery man examined dated approximately 2nd century british period later fell control anglo controlled area manchester defeated british battle chester edward elder rebuilt fortifications manchester captured land rivers making kingdom middle ages area covered forests populated grew settlement adjoining ancient corn mill close location present day road bridge farms lancashire small tenants dependent secondary employment john cows young cattle cow hire valued commonly recorded use manchester political social commercial history ancient modern states fifth land lower average surrounding areas estates originally largest manor seven ancient estates created william held family norman knight named fought death rhodes manor remained son family time adopted village family june substantial manor granted family held late 14th century passed family 16th century family family added manor small area land west estate richard later married death estates passed family john son sir thomas earl family descended sir richard illegitimate son thomas prominent lawyer served master rolls lord keeper great seal lord high chancellor england john succeeded died succeeded second title duke given devised navigation system carried son duke francis build canal duke purchased manor near manor manor death succeeded george 1st duke estate inherited son francis changed surname earl purchased manor recorded saying found god place drunken rude people morals new hall designed edward built francis earl plans held victoria albert museum queen_victoria visited hall edward vii queen visited edward prince wales july hall hospital world war world war housed american soldiers preparing day lancashire hall badly damaged fire demolished industrial revolution coal mined long ago originally bell pits coal area tend fairly thin downwards north south deeper mining necessary 17th century onset industrial revolution growing use steam power rapid increase demand coal duke mines supplying surrounding districts transport inefficient expensive mines suffered persistent flooding solution problems build canal underground canal mines canal boats carry long tons time times cargo horse possible cart duke estate manager obtained act parliament empowering begin construction planned route directly avoiding river james brought technical expertise suggested varying route proposed canal away manchester second act secured included cross built relatively quickly time work commenced september boat crossed july canal opened stone considered major engineering achievement writer said finished thing kingdom europe boats places underground places river communicating waters scheduled monument entrance duke underground mines entrances built years apart allowed access boats largest carry long tons coal entrances allow access miles underground canal levels linked inclined planes burgeoning village hub commercial activity duke employed service wide range industries including boat making mining local quarry supplied limestone constructed junction road road quarry supplied building materials region including stone construct accommodate workers needed industries duke built extra housing cottages diary entry wrote area visited appearance considerable town grace built hundreds houses year adding considerably number green thriving centre industry death duke estates inherited nephew george later duke canal coal estates placed control trust rest estates inherited duke son francis changed surname earl mines ceased production trust village began change duke warehouse works green demolished brook memorial fountain duke built bricks works chimney industry dominated decline sir burton opened clothing factory east lancashire road built art style factory employed people modern history housing act large estates built council veterans world war larger change area came end second world war city forced inhabitants little land left new houses built urban district project people scheme included new facilities shops schools housing estate built 1970s north green world war flying bomb landed house near dam anti aircraft operations room built 1950s unused building exists wooded land west town site new hall governance 11th century township parish county lancashire originally ecclesiastical parish poor law union area township included local board health local board health small township included borough local government act urban district created township area local board health formed township urban district small detached parts civil parish inside civil parish added civil parish town hall opened june urban district gained acres land civil parish gained area little urban district parts added borough urban district borough gained small urban district local government act urban district status abolished metropolitan district following review parliamentary representation greater manchester boundary commission england recommended creation modified constituency incorporating new constituency called south united_kingdom general election represented house_of_commons barbara labour_party member constituency election south geography stands feet sea level sheltered foot middle coal measure running approximately northwest southeast area village lies course brook cuts ridge ridge forms northern edge valley area bordered north east lancashire road south liverpool manchester railway canal larger towns lie east southeast respectively west area largely bordered chat moss open fields forest cut directly area underlying measures coal proved important development area settlement began grow parts area indicated climate generally temperate like rest greater manchester mean highest lowest temperatures slightly national average annual rainfall millimetres average hours sunshine hours respectively national averages according office national statistics time united_kingdom census ward population male female fifth populous ward densely populated ward higher proportion married couples children years old single married married households included married couples children dependent children non dependent children lone parent households children households occupied living aged academic qualifications attained level qualification children aged people aged time education ward lowest levels unemployment april economically active population unemployment benefit comparing figure area considered affluent parts reported crimes thousand population crime rate lower average stands thousand population economy early industries weaving cottage industry cotton spun spinning wheels hand operated people homes produce cloth merchants purchase cloth selling hotel known old inn little industry main tourist destination commuter town area large hotels old hall public house restaurant price chain restaurant group landmarks village designated conservation area lancashire county council road area covered acres land included listed buildings house telephone gates list increased listed buildings area canal restored civic trust local council ready visit elizabeth_ii canal passes iron mines years stained water bright orange removal currently subject million scheme hall early medieval manor house grade listed building current hall dates extensively rebuilt 19th 20th centuries old hall grade listed building near road post medieval building said signs moat remain parts currently considered world heritage sites area includes scheduled monument parts green canal royal society announced plans restoration garden new hall open garden transport following act parliament branch line opened london north western railway station required demolition cottages cut earl additional branch line opened branching line green railway station green opened cater mainly manchester lines important transport coal area including common lines closed axe partially reclaimed city_council recreational pathways early public transport included horse bus service terminus nearby stocks hotel electric service founded south lancashire company education sunday schools established england built cottage close present day courthouse founded thomas bury manager 3rd duke children taught luke cooper duke employ sunday schools established area children attending schools francis built day school later known mark school demolished construction motorway replaced new school road opened october area contains number primary schools including limited christ king primary school lane primary school primary school secondary schools include school fold school college campus nearby urban district college campus learning resource specialist media centre year olds provides access internet books resources learning suite hair beauty performing arts theatre sports hall fitness suite religious sites chapel church built family practised area notable preacher matthew mayer later services held locations area methodist chapel built road foundation stone mark church laid june george francis son francis designed architect george gilbert scott church consecrated july bishop chester john bird church tower home mechanism clock workshops green clock strikes times originally miss end dinner break churchyard cut rock sourced following proposed hotel development area church designated conservation area sports golf club founded earl estate park area clay shooting club west development proposed land near subject public inquiry rejected local council sustained campaign local public services home office provided greater manchester police nearest police station little public transport greater manchester passenger transport executive statutory emergency fire rescue service provided greater manchester fire rescue service notable people notable people include actress helen cherry television commentator kenneth harry played leading role development official statistics second world war born brought arthur thomas mathematician born march ryan caused controversy bought victorian mansion outskirts village million demolished build new house cost million