chinese pinyin officially city capital populous city state malaysia capital division city situated river southwest tip state island borneo covers area square kilometres population north administrative region south administrative region total people capital administration empire capital ceded james helping empire crushing rebellion town continued receive attention development rule charles construction system hospital prison fort administration centenary celebration world war occupied japanese forces japanese government set camp near hold prisoners war civilian war town survived intact sir charles decided british crown colony remained capital crown colony period formation malaysia retained status state capital granted city status city divided administrative regions managed separate local authorities administrative centre state government located malaysia major food destination tourists main gateway travellers visiting borneo wetlands national park located kilometres city tourist attractions national park wildlife centre world music festival state assembly building fort cat museum state museum city major industrial commercial centres east malaysia etymology use city time arrived theories word derived word cat indian trading port coast generic term china british india trading harbour hindu artefacts seen today state museum source reported city previously known arrived settlement renamed proper kingdom expansion charles renamed settlement unlikely theory based story according story james arrived yacht royalist asked local guide town local guide thinking james pointing cat said word ethnic usually refer cat instead word source stated derived fruit called fruit grows widely malaysia indonesia hill city named fruit called written british woman son 19th century stated derived stream called cat river english river situated foot temple 1950s river shallow deposits river river later filled way roads theory actually means old old chinese administration water supply water borne diseases common epidemic broke later known great cholera epidemic situated present day china street main helped combat disease providing clean water supply increased demand water supply role later replaced water treatment plant road history empire reign sultan muhammad capital founded representative sultan prior founding past capitals founded sultan founded ali early 1820s later ceded territory british james reward helping counter rebellion rebellion crushed november september appointed governor title announced august following sultan ali governorship requiring pay annual sum sultan time seat government administration later continued nephew charles administrative capital centre attention development improvements included system city completed developments including construction hospital prison fort buildings charles wife write autobiography life including descriptions little town looked neat fresh prosperous careful jurisdiction officers reminded box painted toys kept clean child runs distance banks river quarter town inhabited entirely chinese traders exception shops exotic kinds laid tables near pavement choice shops buy india java tea china tiles parts world laid picturesque confusion street palace official residence governor constructed residence built wedding gift wife continued charles succeeded father site government centenary celebration months later administration came close japanese occupied second world war infantry regiment stationed april regiment defended airfield destroyed japanese defence mainly concentrated december conquered japanese forces ruled japanese empire years months official japanese surrender september official surrender signed march japanese operated camp civilian kilometres outside end world war town survived wholly undamaged sir charles later ceded british crown july crown colony period government worked develop improve infrastructure capital british colonial government north borneo singapore federation malaya formed federation malaysia kept status state capital granted city status august july declared city unity malaysia foundation racial harmony existed city cross racial marriages multi racial schools fair scholarship balanced workforce patterns governance capital plays important role political economic welfare population entire state seat state government agencies based state legislative assembly located suburb members parliament mps representing parliamentary city city city representatives state legislature state assembly districts pending local authority city definition city malaysia administered city divided north south administered mayor south commissioner north current commissioner north took august james new mayor south sudden death city obtained city status august administered north city hall south city_council city defined borders district municipality area square kilometres populous district area subdivided sub districts proper proper included city area municipality sub district combined area north city hall south city_council municipal council district council known greater geography located banks river northwestern island borneo limits city include area district containing area approximately square kilometres bounded mount rock peninsula following series survey marks stated schedule city ordinance legal statute city limits extend international airport south northern coast wetlands national park west river estuary east river generally splits city north south highest point city mount peninsula metres sea level located north city centre rapid occurred greater urban extends located climate tropical climate climate classification moderately hot humid times receives substantial rainfall average annual rainfall approximately millimetres populated area average malaysia average rainy days year receives hours sunshine day average average hours sunshine day month january month year times north east monsoon months november february city months june august temperature ranges average temperature early hours morning rises mid afternoon heat index reaches dry season humidity temperature stays constant year affected heavy rain strong winds early hours morning bring temperature rare terms describe people official simplest way people means people english ethnicity malaysian census reports population city population north south consists han chinese non malaysian citizens indian han chinese city areas suburbs mainly han chinese consist people people people people muslim chinese practised buddhism christianity mainly christian practised number small number exist city non citizen coming indonesian area state proximity consist workers british period small population south asian especially exist city running business mainly selling clothes migrants time included dutch_east_indies races neighbour dutch borneo marriages different ethnic backgrounds common city home different ethnic groups languages capital city business cultural centre dialect spoken known language language dialect little different dialect second largest population city han chinese chinese language commonly particularly chinese residents able speak english number special private schools teach english child found city economy main industrial commercial centre state level national level international commercial banks insurance companies establish headquarters branches economy dominated primary sector currently based industry state government want aim transform developed state industrial areas pending industrial estate mixed light industries industrial park mixed light medium industries free industrial zone tech electronics industry intended boost city commercial industrial activity making major growth centre east malaysia indonesia malaysia philippines east growth area hosted numerous national regional international conferences congress trade malaysia global business forum tomorrow leaders summit international association world congress tourism forum routes asia conference chosen permanent host international film festival awards events normally held borneo convention centre port authority kpa established started operation port port annual capacity tonnes operations shifted pending annual capacity million tonnes million tonnes respectively kpa controls oil handles petroleum products historically chinese contributed city economy migration period discovery ore charles administration encouraging migration overseas chinese planting black pepper transportation land roads city jurisdiction maintenance local councils state public works department roads category state roads federal roads major internal roads dual city linked highways towns highways mainly federal roads maintained national public works department city famous number including oldest largest known roundabout roundabout usually efficient handling traffic congestion traffic lights commonly city traffic continues rise city located near equator tendency develop roads monsoon season usually end year coinciding winter northern hemisphere roads leading outside city interior slightly lower quality upgraded highway routes include highway bypass expressway bridge highway public transportation types taxi operating city main taxi red yellow larger painted blue comfortable expensive known executive taxi booking application named launched making city fifth area valley applications main bus terminal launched located south city minutes away international airport minutes city centre terminal serves long distance destination west indonesia bus terminal old bus terminal operating bus companies supposed use new terminal unwilling use facilities ongoing disagreement services available city water like towns connections urban centres settlements water transportation banks river near city centre traditional wooden seen carrying passengers staying river banks short way getting city proper wharf express boats transport areas located east city port known port pending air international airport code main gateway air passengers airport history dates 1940s today airport undergoing major redevelopment airport terminal listed fourth busiest airport malaysia according total passenger movements airport grown rapidly increasing number passengers aircraft movement secondary hub malaysia hub serves flights smaller towns rural areas east malaysia utilities courts law legal enforcement current court complex located contains high_court sessions court magistrate court courts native located city police contingent headquarters located street district headquarters city district police headquarters located road prison complex located borneo street temporary lock ups prison cells found police stations city healthcare types health services city main public hospitals public health type health mobile clinic flying doctor service village clinic main hospital general hospital oldest hospital hospital charles memorial hospital hospital mental hospital built half funded british government opened provides psychiatric services entire state known second oldest hospital main hospital medical specialist centre largest private hospital beds addition large private health facilities borneo medical centre beds medical centre beds healthcare beds education city schools national education system government education institution category managed combined education office government state schools city like malaysian schools schools city divided levels education pre school primary secondary lower upper post secondary excluding established prestigious boarding schools city located secondary schools including oldest known joseph thomas mary like chinese independent schools middle school middle school middle school min lit secondary school international schools international school lodge international school private schools sunny hill school joseph private schools currently public university campuses apart malaysia faculty medicine health sciences building situated general hospital state government moved remaining public university campus long term initiative transform education hub home fledged private university campuses university technology campus branch campus university technology outside australia university campus houses faculty management community college known located city private colleges found city colleges universities university colleges established west malaysia college college borneo open university open university malaysia college private institutions conducting programmes fledged universities apart running courses college conducting programmes institute dynamic management conducting programmes international college advanced technology institution created state government initiative enhance technical training education school college established college facilities operated state owned subsidiary focuses producing human capital tech sector especially development corridor energy libraries state library major information resource centre provides information services public private sectors library serves outskirts main public records addition monitors operations village libraries state funded national library malaysia public libraries include city library village libraries culture leisure attractions recreation spots cultural maintains museums showcasing culture history state museum finest museum asia known oldest historical building exhibits collections indigenous races directly opposite museum hall serves exhibition venue office museum department located right hall islamic museum museums include chinese history museum cat museum timber museum textile museum home malaysia sultan adjacent civic centre historical interesting historical landmarks sites include palace white currently official residence yang fort oldest street main row 19th century chinese located waterfront overlooking river offers city best concentration antique shops main old town includes carpenter street india street old courthouse building sits carpenter street india street undergone major renovation houses tourism board complex interesting areas central business district include street leisure conservation areas numbers leisure spots areas found national park established primary aim marine turtle population covers total area approximately hectares acres comprises lands high tide marks respective islands park comprises coastline sea surrounding islands southwest coast near turtle islands responsible turtle landings park includes island wildlife sanctuary tiny important nesting sites colonies black main beach resort area located peninsula minutes drive area sandy beaches foot imposing jungle covered mountain features world class resort hotels beach resort resort spa hotel resort private beach swimming pool offers jet skiing mountain tennis fitness centres international standard hole golf course designed legendary arnold located nearby attractions include central resort cultural village fishing villages excellent restaurants visitors like adventurous activities activity mount aside perfect places mammals spotted river estuary bay peninsula offers sites bird watching international organisation registered area bay important bird area october march river important ground bird migration numbers birds spotted malaysian nature society branch including variety rare migrants resident birds including white sea eagle numerous natural attractions including national parks notably national park wetlands national park wildlife centre operates rehabilitation program available near national park national park located minutes drive prominent beach resort area home numerous world class beach resorts beaches accessible nearby beach beach borneo highlands resort nearby offers fresh highlands resort experience located metres sea level sights waterfront kilometre long riverside stretching main hotel commercial city downtown designed sydney architects waterfront served food stalls restaurants benches offers excellent views fort new state legislative assembly building waterfront features observation tower open air theatre musical murals vital images filled young baby swinging pipe painted power street city april latest mural painted usual interactive style actual half secured wall enable public holding handle hand baby painted nail wall people place items hand shopping features number shopping include spring boulevard shopping mall plaza lee mall giant mall giant mall giant mall plaza riverside shopping complex genesis parade green heights mall shopping set open city construction continues weekend market located operated saturdays sundays varieties vegetables fruits found including forest produce wild honey plants range local entertainment cinemas located city located inside shopping buildings cinemas owned golden screen cinemas cinemas lotus star star cinemas music host world music festival annual music festival brings performers spectators region world hosted cultural village near mount festival largest musical events malaysia voted best international festivals british based magazine radio stations national radio stations office city include era tea international relations countries set including australia china denmark france indonesia poland united_kingdom sister cities currently sister cities


malaysian pronunciation officially federal territory national capital populous global city malaysia city covers area km2 estimated population million greater covering similar area valley urban million people fastest growing metropolitan regions south east asia terms population economy seat parliament malaysia city home executive judicial branches federal government moved early sections judiciary remain capital city official residence malaysian king situated rated alpha world city cultural financial economic centre malaysia position capital key city federal territories malaysia state central west_coast malaysia 1990s city played host international sporting political cultural events including commonwealth games formula grand prix addition home tallest twin buildings world twin towers iconic symbol malaysia futuristic development history etymology means muddy confluence point rivers join estuary means mud suggestion named river recorded important tin producing settlement river doubts raised lies confluence river river named argued fact river point joined river suggested river mile upstream confluence proposed originally named muddy landing place suggest corrupted word meaning flooded jungle decayed jungle firm contemporary evidence suggestions anecdotes possible corrupted form earlier forgotten early years unknown founded named settlement called chinese miners involved tin mining river 1840s miles north present day led involved tin mining trade region settled upper reaches river quarter 19th century possibly earlier originally small hamlet houses shops confluence river grew town generally accepted established town circa chief aided brother raised funds hire chinese miners open new tin mines miners landed continued journey foot opened point river supplies brought boat collection dispersal point serving tin mines early miners suffered high death toll conditions jungle mines successful tin exported tin mining spurred growth town miners later settled miners formed gangs dominated san dominated based fights different gangs frequent period mainly gain control best tin mines leaders chinese community conferred title chinese chief owner chosen traders arrive sold provisions miners exchange tin important figures early include important group people early period traders sumatra include involved early development important socio religious figures example muhammad beginning modern early small town suffered social political problems buildings wood palm prone fire lack proper plagued town diseases suffered constant threat flooding town civil war fight control revenues tin mines chinese appointed aligned rival chinese gang allied captured burnt ground escaped recaptured march forces defeated help fighters war setbacks drop tin prices led slump furthermore major outbreak cholera late 1870s caused flee town slump lasted late rise price tin allowed town recover late town severely flooded following fire destroyed entire town january year town rebuilt times large persistence frank appointed resident important figures early credited rapid growth development transformation major urban center early chinese settlements east bank river chinese mainly settled commercial centre market square later indian indian muslims resided java street state capital moved strategically colonial administration british resident william douglas decided government buildings living quarters located west river government offices new police built created initially police training known square later centre british administrative offices colonial government offices moved sultan building frank british resident began improving town cleaning streets stipulated buildings constructed brick tile town rebuilt wider streets reduce fire risk bought piece real estate set brick industry rebuilding place eponymous destroyed buildings replaced brick ones new brick buildings characterised foot ways chinese work resulted distinct eclectic shop house architecture typical region expanded road access city significantly linking tin mines city roads include main arterial routes present road road street chinese wide powers par community leaders law reforms implemented new legal measures introduced assembly presided small claims court police force able uphold rule law constructing prison accommodate prisoners time built school major mill street sultan held interest railway line initiated completed increased accessibility resulted rapid growth town population grew development intensified 1880s pressure waste disposal health issues board created responsible roads lighting street functions eventually municipal council chosen capital newly formed states 20th century present area defined expanded considerably 20th century km2 extended encompass km2 time municipality expanded km2 km2 federal territory development rubber industry early 20th century led boom town population increasing previously commercial activities primarily run chinese businessmen richest influential chinese growth rubber industry led influx foreign capital new companies industries established companies previously based singapore found presence world war captured imperial japanese army january occupied city august commander chief japanese seventh area army singapore malaysia surrendered british administration following atomic bombings hiroshima nagasaki grew war rubber tin crashes emergency malaya preoccupied communist federation malaya gained independence british rule ceremony declaration independence held stadium prime minister malaya remained capital formation malaysia september malaysian houses parliament completed edge lake gardens worst race riots record malaysia took place called incident refers occurrence violence members chinese communities violence result malaysian dissatisfied socio political status riots caused deaths people led major changes country economic policy promote economic development achieved city status settlement malaysia granted status independence later february federal territory ceased capital city declared new state capital celebrated years local council new federal territory flag anthem introduced february declared federal territory seat federal government administrative judicial functions government shifted retained legislative function remained home yang constitutional king geography geography characterised huge valley valley bordered mountains east minor ranges north south west term translates muddy confluence located confluence rivers located centre state previously rule state government separated form federal territory governed directly malaysian federal government location west_coast malaysia wider flat land east_coast contributed faster development relative cities malaysia municipality city covers area km2 average elevation climate weather protected mountains east indonesia sumatra island west tropical climate climate classification warm sunny abundant rainfall especially northeast monsoon season october march temperatures tend remain constant exceeded fallen typically receives minimum rain annually june july relatively dry rainfall typically exceeds millimetres month flooding frequent occurrence heavy especially city centre downstream areas smoke forest fires nearby sumatra cast region major source pollution city open burning motor vehicles construction work governance administered corporation sole called federal capital commissioner april awarded city status executive power transferred lord mayor appointed current mayor office july local government local administration carried city hall agency federal territories ministry malaysia responsible public health waste removal management town planning environmental protection building control social economic development general maintenance functions urban infrastructure executive power lies mayor city hall appointed years federal territories minister system appointing mayor place local government elections suspended districts districts serve administrative subdivisions city hall authority politics home parliament malaysia hierarchy authority malaysia accordance federal constitution stipulated branches malaysian government consisting executive judiciary legislative branches parliament consists upper house house senate lower house house_of_representatives economy surrounding urban areas form economically fastest growing region malaysia despite relocation federal government administration certain government institutions bank malaysia national bank malaysia companies commission malaysia commission diplomatic missions remained city city remains economic business centre country centre finance insurance real estate media arts malaysia rated alpha world city global city malaysia according world cities study group network infrastructure development surrounding areas international airport creation super corridor expansion port reinforce economic significance city malaysia malaysia exchange based city forms core economic activities july market stood billion gross domestic product estimated million average annual growth rate percent capita average annual growth rate percent total employment estimated service sector comprising finance insurance real estate business services wholesale retail trade restaurants hotels transport storage communication utilities personal services government services form largest component employment representing percent total remaining percent comes manufacturing construction average monthly household income usd usd years prior making higher national average terms household income distribution households city earned usd month compared entire country earned usd month large service sector evident number local foreign banks insurance companies operating city global islamic financing hub increasing number financial institutions providing islamic financing strong presence gulf financial institutions world largest islamic bank bank kuwait finance house apart jones company keen work malaysia set islamic exchange trade funds help raise malaysia profile gulf city large number foreign corporations host multi national companies regional offices support centres particularly finance accounting information technology functions countries largest companies headquarters based december excluding companies listed forbes based important economic activities city education health services advantages stemming high concentration educational institutions provide wide ranging courses numerous public private medical specialist centres hospitals city offer general health services wide range specialist surgery treatment locals tourists growing emphasis expand economic scope city service activities research development supports rest economy malaysia home years important research centres rubber research institute malaysia forest research institute malaysia institute medical research research centres expected established coming years tourism tourism plays important role city service driven economy large worldwide hotel chains presence city oldest hotels hotel majestic sixth visited city world million tourists year tourism driven city cultural diversity relatively low costs wide shopping variety mice tourism mainly encompasses conventions expanded recent years vital component industry expected grow malaysian government economic transformation programme kicks completion new size centre notable trend increased presence budget hotels city major tourist destinations include square house parliament street national palace tower national museum central market city gallery national monument religious sites mosque plays host cultural festivals procession temple year celebration silver carrying statue lord consort city beginning temple way caves neighboring entertainment hub city mainly centred golden triangle encompassing sultan road bars beach club republic wine bar restaurant hard rock cafe bar jungle thai club located retail shopping retail fashion hub malaysia shopping malaysia contributed billion usd billion percent billion tourism receipts malaysia premier shopping destinations location beneath twin towers apart district highest concentration shopping includes pavilion plaza low times square lot plaza plaza area hosts dining outlets illegal activities district shopping complexes including village shopping centre mid valley subdivision north west city proper home outlets country cluster locally operated like multi screen cinemas curve power centre apart shopping complexes designated numerous zones city market locally manufactured products commonly known street features pre independence buildings straits chinese colonial architectural influences malaysian ministry tourism introduced mega sale event shopping malaysia mega sale event held times year march december shopping encouraged participate boost leading shopping destination demographics populous city malaysia population million city proper population density inhabitants square kilometre densely populated administrative district malaysia residents city colloquially known centre wider valley covering estimated metropolitan population million populace includes country major ethnic groups chinese indians city mix different cultures including indigenous races east malaysia peninsula malaysia historically predominantly chinese city destruction civil war river described frank purely chinese village existed time noted quarters near chinese area sketch map drawn recently component city increased substantially dominant group large number considered originally indonesian archipelago began arriving 19th century arrived late 20th century fought civil war chose settle war population estimated thousand capital following decade saw rebuilding town showed considerable increase large construction railway line connecting census uncertain accuracy gave figure inhabitants chinese chinese indian estimate population inhabitants chinese began settle significant numbers government employment expansion city absorbed surrounding rural areas lived population doubled increasing proportion chinese dropped process continued independence growth largely civil service later implementation new economic policy encouraged participation urban industries business population reached million chinese indian number increased chinese outnumbered census compared census according department statistics excluding non citizens percentage population reached chinese population indians notable phenomenon recent times increase foreign residents rose city population census census figures include significant number illegal immigrants rapid development triggered huge influx low skilled foreign workers indonesia burma thailand bangladesh india pakistan sri_lanka philippines vietnam malaysia enter country illegally proper permits birth rates declined resulted lower proportion young people proportion years old category fell slightly hand working age group increased elderly age group years old increased diverse city places worship catering multi religious population islam practised primarily indian muslim communities buddhism practised mainly chinese indians traditionally adhere chinese indians christianity census population muslim buddhist hindu christian chinese religion follower religions non religious malaysia principal language residents generally english large proportion adopting language strong presence especially business compulsory language taught schools prominent spoken local majority chinese population major dialect spoken tamil dominant local indian population indian languages spoken include telugu hindi language variety languages spoken people indonesian descent architecture architecture mixture old colonial influences asian traditions islamic inspirations modern architecture mix relatively young city compared southeast asian capitals manila colonial buildings built end 19th early 20th centuries buildings revival tudor neo gothic spanish style architecture modified use local resources local climate hot humid year prior second world war usually stories functional shops ground floor separate residential spaces upstairs built old city centre shop houses drew inspiration straits chinese european traditions way new developments standing today old market square areas independence coupled rapid economic growth 1970s 1990s islam official religion country resulted construction buildings local islamic flavour arise city buildings derive design traditional items buildings islamic geometric motifs integrated designs building signifying islamic restriction imitating nature drawings examples buildings complex islamic centre buildings islamic arts museum malaysia national built place worship complete dome fact place science knowledge metre tall twin towers tallest twin buildings world designed resemble motifs found islamic art late modern architecture began appear economic development old buildings house razed way new ones buildings glass shells exist city prominent examples twin towers convention centre central business district today shifted city centre new tall buildings modern architecture fill skyline according world tallest urban projection council tall buildings urban habitat ranked 10th cities buildings metres combined height metres high rise buildings parks lake gardens acre botanical garden recreational park created malaysian parliament building located close official residence british colonial administration sited park includes butterfly park deer park garden garden bird park southeast_asia largest bird park parks city include sculpture garden park lake gardens metropolitan lake gardens forest research institute malaysia queen lake gardens botanical gardens equestrian park west valley park near international park forest reserves city forest reserve city centre oldest forest reserve country acres forest reserve acres forest reserve acres heart city centre oldest virgin forests world city forest areas home number fauna species particularly goats birds park close vicinity park initiated opened sir emergency time education according government statistics literacy rate highest rate state territory malaysia malaysia language instruction subjects english compulsory subject english language instruction mathematics natural sciences certain schools schools provide tamil languages instruction certain subjects level education demands different skills teaching learning ability contains education institutions high schools elementary schools institutions city older years girls school relocated renamed garden international school victoria institution methodist girls school methodist boys school convent john institution private secondary school high school high school home university malaya established oldest university malaysia oldest region ranked best university malaysia 32nd best asia 3rd southeast_asia recent years number international students university malaya risen result increasing efforts attract international students universities located include international islamic university malaysia university international medical university open university malaysia university open university university college branch campus national university malaysia university technology malaysia metropolitan state surrounds form greater universities notably branch campuses university nottingham malaysia campus located national institute sciences university malaysia campus national defence university malaysia located army base southern central established major centre military defence technology studies institution covers studies field army navy air_force culture arts hub cultural activities events malaysia centres national museum situated highway collection comprises artefacts paintings collected country islamic arts museum houses seven thousand islamic artefacts including rare exhibits library islamic art books museum collection concentrate works middle_east includes work asia china southeast_asia cultural craft complex coupled museum displays variety textile metal craft products information production process portrayed format complete historical facts technique traditionally engineered equipment processes shown pottery making intricate wood carving silver weaving cloth patterns cloth boat making royal ultra modern visitor centre allows tours conducted museum gallery factory workshop school hard knocks participants taught create dish traditional tools methods premier performing arts venue hall resident orchestra malaysian orchestra consisting musicians world features regular concerts chamber concerts traditional cultural performances performing arts centre west established centres performing arts notably theatre music film screening country housed local productions supporter local regional independent performance artists highlights sing song music featured malaysian singer songwriters cultural backgrounds west east malaysia days performances workshops national art gallery malaysia located acre site neighbouring national theatre national library architecture gallery incorporates elements traditional architecture contemporary modern architecture national art gallery serves centre excellence trustee national art heritage art gallery centre fine art situated city centre near houses exhibitions works local foreign artists holds malaysia international festival annually event hosted annually city fashion week includes international brands local designers centre new media innovation creative industry development region hosts international creative industry event asia asia local regional international experts creative industry involved creation development delivery interactive content arts community applications forefront convergence media art culture communications sports recreation numerous parks gardens open spaces recreational purposes total open space recreational sport facilities land use city increased significantly percent square kilometres acres square kilometres acres touted host cities formula world championship open wheel auto racing grand prix motorcycle grand prix races held international circuit neighbouring state formula event contributes significantly tourist arrivals tourism income evident asian financial crisis despite cities asia suffering declining tourist arrivals tourist arrivals increased increase tourist arrivals street circuit constructed host city grand prix motor racing event hosted official asian basketball championship city basketball supporters malaysia national basketball team final finish team best performance date city home malaysia dragons champion basketball league team plays home games stadium grand prix csi star international equestrian event held annually city annual event draws world riders prized horses malaysia annual sport events hosted city include tower run tower international base jump circuit international marathon stages tour cycling race annual malaysia open super series tournament held considerable array sports facilities international class hosting commonwealth games facilities including main stadium running track football field hockey stadium swimming pools located national sports complex swimming pools located lake gardens football fields local sports complexes swimming pools tennis courts scattered suburbs courts usually included community halls house current headquarters asian football confederation built acre complex suburb golf courses including golf country club malaysia civil service golf club golf course city numerous large private fitness centres run celebrity fitness fitness true fitness major star hotels birthplace began december group british colonial officers began meeting monday evenings run fashion patterned traditional british paper chase hare hosted session elected beijing host city winter olympics host city winter youth olympics media newspapers including daily opposition business digital papers based daily newspapers include star new straits times sun mail malaysia metro tamil newspapers published daily example daily sin daily china press tamil malaysia opposition newspapers based headquarters malaysia state media public government terrestrial television stations subsidiary media corporation media media corporation houses private commercial terrestrial television stations programmes broadcast english chinese tamil city home country main pay television service satellite television service broadcasts local international television channels cnn international asia pacific bbc world news star world fox movies premium hbo asia based arab news network launched new english speaking channel called english boost international viewership broadcast centres based phoenix hong_kong based television broadcaster announced plans expand regional business partnership local satellite provider march time international listings events magazine launched 24th global city featured aspects popular culture movies television music books television series set include tale cities starring movies set include police story super cop starring starring sean catherine jones children men starring owen twin towers depicted flames seconds referenced episode simpsons entitled gets famous man stated powerful tidal wave killed people books set include life fake peter carey democracy joan notable local films featured background location patriot mat maria isabella gangster drift gangster gangster local films featured historical era malaya streets warrior mentioned songs local malaysian artists kit road streets poetic tom featured music video single dancing south korean boy band super junior destinations amazing race asia amazing race games set including include levels game silent assassin levels playstation game reality game set february april aired asia apprentice asia launched commercial radio stations licensed cover great valley market federal government radio stations list transport like asian cities driving main mode city connected highways capital malaysia comprehensive road network leads rest malaysia terms air served airports main airport international airport aviation hub malaysia located kilometres south city airport sultan airport known served main international gateway opened connects city direct flights destinations continents world main hub national carrier malaysia low cost carrier reached airport rail link service takes minutes travelling car bus highway hour air asia low cost carrier flights fly main terminal kilometres served extension buses sultan airport chartered flights air public transport rest valley covers variety transport modes bus rail taxi despite efforts promote usage public transport rates low percent population public transport public transport set rise opening light metro extension lines june rail transport encompasses light metro commuter rail airport rail link served separate rail operators brand service meet city extend parts valley rapid rail rapid main rapid transit hub interchange station rail systems hub railway service provides rail services far singapore south hat thailand north largest public transport operator valley malaysia rapid rail rapid bus rapid brands service malaysia entire bus network valley metropolitan area increase passenger numbers improve public transport system malaysia adopted hub spoke system provide greater cut need buses rapid rail operator light metro lines valley line line line 1st phase valley mass rapid transit project line completed providing faster efficient ride city centre distinctive white red major city extensively running natural gas hailed taxi stands streets known charge high rates foreigners served port located southwest city port largest busiest country handling million foot equivalent units cargo international relations twin towns sister cities


nicknamed land malaysian states island borneo state territory certain level autonomy administration immigration judiciary malaysian peninsula states situated northwest borneo bordering state northeast indonesian portion borneo south surrounding independent state capital city economic centre state seat state government cities towns include census malaysia state population climate tropical abundant animal plant species state prominent cave systems national park river longest river malaysia dam largest dams southeast_asia located tributaries mount highest point earliest human settlements date years ago caves state trading relationship china 8th 13th century came influence empire 16th century state governed family 19th 20th centuries world war state occupied japanese years ceded british crown colony july granted self government british following founding members federation malaysia established september alongside north borneo singapore expelled federation malaya malaysia west malaysia federation opposed indonesia led year indonesia malaysia confrontation state experienced communist state exhibits notable diversity ethnicity culture language head state governor known yang head government chief minister government system closely modelled westminster parliamentary system earliest state legislature system malaysia state divided administrative divisions districts english official languages state official religion state museum oldest museum borneo state known traditional musical instrument world music festival premier music events malaysia state malaysia celebrate festival abundant natural resources economy strongly export oriented mainly oil gas timber oil palm industries manufacturing energy tourism etymology official explanation word derived word means popular unofficial explanation acronym words uncle sultan surrender gave james explanation flaws territory named arrival word existed vocabulary formation malaysia history visited west mouth caves located kilometres southwest years ago borneo connected mainland southeast_asia landscape caves drier exposed caves surrounded combination closed forests bush swamps rivers able survive hunting fishing gathering edible plants evidenced discovery modern human skull nicknamed deep skull deep trench uncovered tom oldest modern human skull southeast_asia skull probably belongs year old adolescent girl asian giant bone developed fossil dated found nearby burial sites inside caves area caves designated national park archaeological sites discovered central southern regions excavation tom unearthed series chinese near date song 8th 13th century possible important period importance declined dynasty port deserted dynasty archaeological sites include song districts empire 16th century area known known portuguese great island borneo influence empire self governed sultan early 19th century loosely governed territory control empire authority coastal regions held semi independent leaders interior mainly dominated tribal wars fought people aggressive territorial expansions following discovery ore region known representative sultan began develop area production increased demanded higher taxes led civil unrest chaos sultan ali sultan ordered uncle sultan restore order time james british explorer arrived initially requested assistance matter refused agreed request visit signed treaty surrendering september bestowed title governor james effectively founded white dynasty death dynasty ruled area expanded territory northwards death succeeded nephew charles johnson turn succeeded son charles condition charles rule consultation brother james charles signed treaties strategy expand territorial boundaries region ceded james extended river near acquired later added expansion completed ceded government divided divisions corresponding territorial boundaries areas acquired years division headed resident recognised independent state united_states united_kingdom state issued currency dollar malaysian context viewed dynasty ruled years white dynasty adopted policy protect interests indigenous population overall welfare government established supreme council consisting chiefs advised aspects governance general council meeting took place supreme council oldest state legislative assembly malaysia people hired militia dynasty encouraged immigration chinese merchants economic development state especially mining agricultural sectors western restricted entering state christian missionaries tolerated piracy slavery banned borneo company limited formed involved wide range businesses trade banking agriculture mineral exploration development original residence james house built chinese gold miners leadership bang destroyed residence james escaped organised bigger army charles supporters days later army able cut escape route chinese rebels chinese rebels annihilated months fighting subsequently built new government house river presently known anti faction court defeated notable rebellions successfully include led leader leader named result series forts built consolidate power include fort completed charles established museum oldest museum borneo centenary celebration rule new constitution introduced limit power allow people play greater role functioning government draft constitution contained irregularities including secret agreement drawn charles british government officials ceded british crown colony return financial compensation family japanese occupation allied liberation government leadership charles established preparations event war british withdrawn defending forces returned singapore regime decided adopt earth policy oil installations destroyed airfield held long possible eventually destroyed japanese forces decided seize british borneo guard eastern flank campaign facilitate invasion sumatra west java japanese invasion force led landed december days campaign conquered december british forces led lieutenant colonel lane decided retreat dutch borneo bordering weeks fighting dutch borneo allied forces surrendered april japanese invaded charles left sydney australia officers captured japanese interned camp remained empire japan years months north borneo formed single administrative unit named northern borneo japanese 37th army headquartered divided provinces respective japanese provincial governor basically japanese retained pre war administrative machinery assigned japanese government positions administration interior left native police village japanese supervision typically receptive japanese indigenous tribes maintained hostile attitude policies compulsory labour forced deliveries firearms japanese resort strong measures chinese population chinese state generally considerable number chinese moved urban areas accessible interior contact japanese allied forces later formed special unit sabotage japanese operations southeast_asia beginning march allied commanders borneo established bases operation hundreds indigenous people trained launch japanese intelligence gathered operations helped allied forces headed australia borneo operation led surrender japanese australian forces september followed official surrender ceremony aboard australian corvette day immediately placed british military administration april british crown colony war government resources rebuild charles willing hand power heir apparent anthony nephew son differences wife tried discredit anthony trying install daughter throne decided sovereignty british crown bill forth council state legislative assembly debated days bill passed narrow majority versus votes supporters bill european officers opposed bill caused hundreds civil servants resign protest sparking anti movement assassination second colonial governor sir duncan stewart anthony opposed territory british crown linked anti groups especially assassination sir duncan stewart anthony continued claim sovereignty british crown colony july banished colonial government allowed return years later nostalgic visit malaysia anti movements ceased clamp colonial government anthony relinquished claims throne legal avenues council self government federation malaysia prime minister federation malaya announced plan form greater federation singapore called malaysia plan caused local leaders wary intentions view great development malaya borneo states general fear strong political institution borneo states subjected malaya political parties emerged protect interests communities represented january commission formed gauge support federation february april commission met people received groups commission reported divided support borneo population interpreted figures percent support federation drafted point agreement safeguard interests federation september council passed resolution supported federation condition interests people compromised october political parties formed united supported formation malaysia officially granted self government july later formed federation malaysia malaya north borneo singapore september malaysian federation drawn opposition philippines indonesia people party clandestine communist organisation philippines indonesia claimed british borneo states federation leader people party instigated revolt december prevent joining malaysian federation seized defeated british military forces sent singapore claiming revolt solid evidence opposition malaysian federation indonesian president ordered military confrontation malaysia sending armed volunteers later military forces indonesia malaysia confrontation confrontation gained little support thousands members went underwent training communist_party indonesia confrontation period british troops stationed australian new_zealand troops replaced president indonesia negotiations restarted malaysia indonesia led end confrontation august new agreement signed required wished cross border border pass endorsed border control posts formation peoples republic china ideology started penetrate chinese schools communist group formed origins middle school group succeeded liberation league later activities spread schools trade unions farmers activities mainly concentrated southern central regions successfully penetrated political party named united peoples party tried realise communist state constitutional means confrontation period resorted armed struggle government min notable leaders following government started establish new villages road prevent community helping communists formally set north communist_party surrendered chief minister significantly reduced strength communist_party directed china mid-1960s called armed struggle government continued delta communist_party signed peace agreement government malaysia caused reopen negotiations government led peace agreement october peace restored final group communist laid arms politics government head state yang known state governor position largely symbolic nature appointed yang king malaysia chief minister head government generally leader party commands majority legislative assembly state appointed chief minister elected representatives known state state assembly passes laws subjects jurisdiction parliament malaysia land administration employment forests immigration merchant shipping fisheries state government constituted chief minister cabinet ministers assistant ministers protect interests malaysian federation special included constitution malaysia power control entry residence non non lawyers reside practice law high_court independent high_court malaysia chief minister consulted appointment chief judge high_court native courts receives special grants federal government charges sales tax natives enjoy special privileges employment public service scholarships university business permits local governments independent local authority laws enacted malaysian parliament major political parties divided categories native non muslim native muslim non native parties include members group political party united peoples party established followed national party snap major political parties appeared political stronghold ruling alliance party later successor coalition formation malaysia stephen snap chief minister following landslide victory local council elections ousted help malaysian federal government causing constitutional crisis political climate state stable court affair political coup initiated uncle led coalition coup unsuccessful able retain chief ministerial status state election held members council state legislative assembly directly elected voters election marked beginning ethnic domination politics year north communist_party formed mounted warfare newly elected state government party dissolved signing peace agreement saw birth following merger parties party later backbone coalition based party snap fragmented splinter parties leadership crises originally held state elections national parliamentary elections chief minister delayed dissolution state assembly year prepare challenges posed opposition parties solve seat newly admitted snap party state malaysia hold state elections separate national parliamentary elections democratic action party west malaysia based party open branches party derived majority support urban centres state election largest opposition party formed coalition islam malaysia parties active state malaysia based component parties coalition especially active politics administrative division divisions unlike states west malaysia divided divisions districts division headed resident currently state divided divisions districts divisions divided districts headed district officer district divided headed administrative officer currently districts state development officer division district implement development projects district state government village known village local governments jurisdiction ministry local government community development list divisions districts shown table security paramilitary armed forces regiment formed regime known rangers regiment helped state taken warfare japanese emergency communist communists regiment famed jungle tracking skills following formation malaysia regiment absorbed malaysian military forces known royal ranger regiment neighbouring north borneo british responsibility foreign policy handed british exchange military protection security responsibility australia new_zealand formation malaysia malaysian federal government solely responsible foreign policy military forces country territorial disputes seen territorial disputes including malaysia neighbours indonesia china ownership islands south china sea dispute district settled dropped claim territory claimed james ali exclusive economic zone border issues settled indonesia environment geography total land area nearly square kilometres lies northern latitudes eastern makes percent total area malaysia contains large tracts tropical abundant plant animal species state kilometres coastline interrupted north kilometres coast separated borneo ranges high hills mountains central mountain range borneo north highest near source river steep mount mount mount highest point hills national park known world largest underground chamber chamber located inside national park attractions park include deer cave largest cave passage world cave longest cave system southeast_asia national park world heritage site generally divided coastal region low lying flat large areas swamp wet environments beaches include beaches beach hawaii beaches hill region accounts inhabited land cities towns found ports built distance coast rivers close coastline hills stretch right south china sea region mountainous region borneo border highlands north major rivers river river river river river main river flowing river longest river malaysia measuring kilometres including river tributary north river river river drain bay tropical geography climate experiences monsoon seasons northeast monsoon southwest monsoon northeast monsoon occurs november february causing heavy rainfall southwest monsoon sees rainfall climate stable year average daily temperature varies morning afternoon having lowest average temperatures comparison major towns additionally hours sunshine hours day areas receive sunshine hours day humidity usually high exceeding percent annual rainfall varies centimetres centimetres spanning days year percent land accounts percent land area found coastal regions percent land area covered swamp forest divided geological regions shield extends southwest river near forms southern tip region extends northeast river forming central northern regions oldest rock southern formed lower times youngest rock region found geological formation central northern regions started late cretaceous period types stone found central northern sandstone landscapes biodiversity coastline covered forests forms percent total forested area commonly found areas major trees found include palm swamp forests cover percent forested land concentrated southern lower valley main trees swamp forests species forest occupies percent total forest area forests occupy mountainous areas plant species studied medicinal properties highest concentrations species unit area world state species mammals species birds species snakes species species amphibians state accounts percent mammals percent birds percent snakes percent endemic species species largely found totally protected areas tree species species species species palm state habitat endangered animals including borneo elephant monkey wildlife centre nature reserve wildlife sanctuary noted protection programmes national park notable turtle conservation initiatives common activity national parks national park hills national park national park national park known coral reefs national park flowers national park oldest national park known species pitcher garden pitcher plants state bird state government enacted laws protect forests endangered wildlife species including forests ordinance wild life protection ordinance natural parks nature reserves ordinance protected species green turtle flying wild life protection ordinance natives given hunt restricted range wild animals possess kilograms meat forest department established conserve forest resources state following international criticism logging industry state government decided forest department created forestry corporation biodiversity centre set conservation protection sustainable development biodiversity state conservation issues percentage current forest cover controversial chief minister claimed state percent forest cover percent cabinet minister claimed forest cover percent government planned preserve percent forest cover coming years forest department held forest cover percent contrast foreign media asserted lost percent forest cover mere percent percent cover left according wetlands international percent forests percent swamp forests cleared times higher total rate asia times swamp asia gradually depleted demand driven logging industry introduction palm oil plantations issue human rights international environmental issue swiss activist entered affected life indigenous tribes especially heavily dependent forest produce led indigenous tribes 1980s 1990s logging companies lands cases native customary rights lands given timber plantation companies permission locals indigenous people resorted legal means rights high_court fully reinstated land claimed people overturned partially case served precedent leading rights upheld high_court following years mega dams policy dam dam projects submerged thousands hectares forest displaced thousands indigenous people proposed dam project delayed ongoing protests local indigenous tribes government new chief minister started action illegal logging state economy state economy abundant natural resources primary sectors mining agriculture forestry accounted percent state economy main contributors manufacturing industry food wood based products basic metal products products services sector includes cargo transportation services air transport tourism average annual gross domestic product growth rate percent annual growth volatile ranging percent percent standard percent contributed percent malaysia years leading largest contributor percent percent grown million million billion billion rising times time capita jumped soaring times highest capita malaysia state government able maintain fiscal seven years supported oil gas industry accounted percent state revenue attracted billion billion foreign investments percent investments went corridor energy score score second largest economic corridor malaysia strongly export oriented economy susceptible global prices total exports percentage percent total trade exceeds percent natural gas exports accounted half state total exports crude petroleum exports accounted percent palm oil timber accounted percent total exports currently receives percent oil royalty percentage oil production paid mining company lease owner oil territorial waters majority oil gas deposits located offshore basin basin world largest tropical hardwood timber constituted percent total malaysian log exports united_nations statistics estimated exports average cubic metres year chinese banking corporation bank foreign bank open branches apart domestic banks european middle eastern asian north american banks local branches based companies involved economic sectors holdings ann holdings yang holdings group consumer price index highly malaysian inflation averaging percent high percent low percent income inequality shown significant changes fluctuating saw reduction poverty rate percent percent unemployment rate slipped percent percent energy energy responsible generation transmission distribution electrical power operational dams dam dam dam feasibility study planning derive electrical energy coal fired power plant thermal power station natural gas total capacity state power generation expected reach empowering state energy exports electric neighbouring west indonesia alternative energy sources tidal solar wind micro dams explored potential generate power corridor energy score established planning development far exploit abundant energy resources state dam dam dam coal based power plants develop high priority industries aluminium glass steel oil fisheries livestock timber tourism regional corridor development authority government agency responsible managing score entire central region covered score include major areas near plans developed industrial park food hub administrative centre score focus resource based research development tourism tourism plays major role economy state contributing percent state tourism board responsible tourism promotion state ministry tourism private tourism sectors united tourism federation convention bureau responsible attracting conventions conferences corporate events held borneo convention centre foreign visitors come indonesia philippines singapore china tourism award held years recognise best tourism sector state world music festival region premier world music event attracting people yearly events held regularly international film festival asia music festival borneo jazz festival borneo cultural festival borneo international festival major shopping complexes include spring boulevard lee centre city shopping boulevard imperial mall plaza shopping capital mentioned retirement destinations malaysia infrastructure overall level infrastructure development relatively low compared malaysia ministry infrastructure development communications responsible infrastructure development industrial estates main agencies responsible implementation development percent urban areas supplied electricity percentage rural areas supplied electricity increased percent percent terms coverage fixed telephone line percent percentage people mobile phones percent computer usage percent year percentage people internet percent urban areas percent rural areas state owned private limited responsible constructing towers information systems responsible implementation development information technology post offices mini post offices mobile post services mail delivery coverage rural areas percent water board water board responsible management water supply respective areas state owned management manages water supply rural water supply department manages water supply remaining areas percent rural areas fresh water supply transportation total kilometres connected roadways half kilometres paved state routes kilometres dirt tracks built timber plantation companies kilometres gravel roads kilometres paved federal highway primary route pan borneo highway runs road condition presently unsatisfactory danger spots sharp bends blind spots erosion found road funds federal budget allocated upgrade roads score economic corridor roads built major hydroelectric dams major cities towns provide public transportation services buses bus service available travel neighbouring areas indonesia uses dual left hand traffic rule allows motorists turn left exit clear international airport main gateway airport serves limited number international flights smaller airports airport airport airport airport airport airport provide services domestic destinations number remote serving rural communities state serving flight routes malaysia air asia aviation company owned state government provides private chartered flights flight services state government servants primary ports jurisdiction malaysian federal government busiest port mainly handling products standard cargo shipping remaining ports respective state port authorities ports include industrial port industrial port combined primary ports million freight weight tonnes river networks combined length kilometres centuries rivers primary means transport route timber agricultural goods moving export country major ports port main hub river located kilometres river mouth handling mainly timber products initiation industrial port total port declined express boats important means transport rivers rail lines laid logistical challenges dispersed population state healthcare major government hospitals general hospital hospital hospital district hospitals public health rural government owned hospitals private hospitals medical specialists centre medical specialists centre specialist medical centre medical tourism destination indonesian visitors malaysia government university produces medical graduates state society set promote care home settings hospital mental hospital access good quality healthcare challenge rural communities villages located outside operational areas health flying doctor service available month village health promoters stationed remote villages provided weeks aid basic health care training variety traditional medicine practices communities doctor patient ratio state lower world health organisation recommendation doctor patients year doctors serving public sector private sector specialists medical officers house officers state education overall literacy rate percent today state percent literacy rate malaysian ministry education responsible primary secondary education oldest schools established thomas school mary school joseph school government secondary schools international schools chinese independent schools considerable number indigenous students enrolled chinese schools government pre school education state public universities malaysia campus malaysia campus malaysia set campus study centres private universities university university technology campus training given priority supply skilled workforce score economic corridor community colleges teacher training colleges teachers training college oldest kind malaysia total teaching workforce state library known largest library state public village libraries found towns cities malaysian census population making fourth populous state malaysia large area lowest population density malaysia stands people km2 average population growth rate year percent percent population urban percent population reside rural areas crude birth rate individuals crude death rate population infant mortality rate live people called sub ethnic groups distinct language culture lifestyle cities larger towns populated predominantly chinese smaller percentage migrated home villages employment opportunities generally major ethnic groups chinese minor ethnic groups include indian registered workers working domestic workers plantation manufacturing construction services agriculture total number illegal immigrants high people term commonly refer people term context malaysian federal government recognised use term official forms son soil refers indigenous groups malaysia group people generally enjoy special privileges education jobs finance political positions refers indigenous groups malaysia excluding highest number borneo numbering people known sea large majority christianity originally inhabited areas basin following military expeditions gradually moved northern regions settlements usually form defensive unit past prevalent today remains ritual symbol households past recognised status hierarchy rich brave ordinary people slaves era society formal offices regional chief paramount chief observe traditional rituals beliefs festival dead harvest festival chinese chinese traders came 6th century chinese population today consists communities originated immigrants era migrants worked labourers inside gold mines variety dialect groups found chinese people celebrate major cultural festivals hungry ghost festival chinese new year majority chinese christians chinese settled near river area later form brought settle near river chinese later went work coal mines oil fields chinese influenced later communist_party china adopting ideology nationalism traditionally fishermen chose build settlements villages river banks today migrate urban areas work public private sectors known silver brass crafts wood carvings typical villages located riverside near fort mosque foot mount theories origins proposed james applied term time coast dwelling indigenous muslims muslims tribe islam theories claim came archipelago instance java sumatra arabs middle_east cultural religious conversions indigenous people native come coastal town traditionally live tall houses adopting lifestyle villages worked fishermen boat builders originally practised celebrate festival today muslims mainly stayed southern municipality known land traditionally live steep limestone mountains consist sub ethnic groups speak mutually accepted english languages common language known musical instruments gigantic drums bamboo percussion instrument known like traditional settlements construct community meetings majority practice christian faith means people language includes numerous tribes live upstream interior tribes stay near drainage basin river murals known boat building known musical instruments bamboo band people known production rice majority christians religion islam official religion federation official state religion constitution amended yang head islam state assembly pass laws islamic affairs provisions islamic policies formulated establishment islamic state agencies possible islam bill enabled setting courts jurisdictions child custody inheritance criminal cases state appeals court courts formed state malaysia christians muslims earliest christian missionaries propagated church_of_england followed roman catholics years later missionaries took place chinese immigrants spreading indigenous christian denominations borneo evangelical mission borneo indigenous people adopted christianity retain traditional religious rites muslims come ethnic groups buddhism chinese folk religion predominantly practised chinese minor religions religious sites languages english sole official language chief minister stephen opposed use language new chief minister adopted language english official languages changed medium instruction schools english today english courts state legislative assembly certain government agencies november chief minister announced state adoption english official language language known main language indigenous tribes different dialect spoken peninsula language widely spoken percent population language major spoken percent population different language chinese generally use standard chinese use different culture exhibits notable diversity ethnicity culture language culture influenced coastal areas substantial cultural influences came chinese british cultures important tradition custom longer observed christianity plays important role daily lives changed ethnic identities people indigenous group abandon nomadic way life jungle marriages common state cultural village located foot mount known living museum showcases ethnic groups carrying traditional activities respective traditional houses cultural performances presented state museum houses collection artefacts pottery tools ethnic tribes materials local cultures museum building preserves french architecture museums include islamic heritage museum chinese history museum cat museum textile museum art museum king howe medical museum regional museum series preserved forts built regime fort fort emma fort fort alice resort allow visiting guests overnight stay participate traditional daily activities include wooden houses main carpenter street notable streets india street notable textile products indian muslim mosque found vicinity fine arts crafts craft council local ethnic crafts pavilion houses workshop demonstrates wide range craft making skills known include ethnic chinese pottery artists society established promote local cultures arts form paintings artists post war prefers scenery nature traditional dances traditional daily activities drawing themes dug guitar best known traditional musical instrument played queen elizabeth official visit introduced world asian traditional performing arts japan traditional musical instruments types bamboo oral tradition culture indigenous groups generations passing life lessons traditions values younger generation stories told repeatedly elders younger ones storytelling sessions special occasions traditional performances traditional practices dances vocal oral narratives epic storytelling borneo literature bureau existed encouraged documentation local cultures local authors publications english chinese native languages bureau replaced dan advocated publication language documentation oral traditions malaysia customs council gazette published government recorded variety news related economics agriculture gazette published today story warrior printed earliest text publications borneo written novel malaysia indigenous traditions source writing chinese authors cuisine notable dishes state include state known layer cake ethnic group different styles preparing cooking eating food modern technology altered way cooking native dishes examples ethnic foods rice wine palm raw fish mixed lime juice traditional food marketed tourism product examples locally grown franchise stores sugar singapore chicken rice coffee international foods western food indonesian food indian food middle eastern food found media government popularly believed exert influence media examples newspapers based sin daily daily_news borneo post borneo 1990s major newspapers negatively portrayed timber detrimental state growth development indefinitely suspended publishing caricature prophet muhammad daily new brown sister law british prime minister gordon brown set report website london based short wave radio station named radio free provide alternative news views free influence government radio existed broadcast chinese english based radio stations cats tea holidays festivals observe number holidays festivals year apart national malaysia day celebrations state celebrates self government day july state governor birthday ethnic groups celebrate festivals open house tradition allows ethnic groups join celebrations state malaysia declare celebration public holiday state malaysia gazette celebration public holiday religious groups free hold major towns cities festivals states malaysia declare good friday public holiday festival month long celebration held august commemorate elevation city status city day held conjunction year sports sent teams participate british_empire commonwealth games asian games athletes started representing malaysia state sports council formed raise standard sports host malaysian games second time games state overall champion games sent teams representing malaysia southeast asian games contributed olympic medal total medals won malaysia emerged overall champion consecutive years malaysia games state sent athletes participate special olympics world games stadium state stadium stadium unity stadium state hockey stadium football association founded won malaysia cup malaysia premier league


town district indian state tamil town named presiding deity temple recorded history known medieval period 9th century ruled different times medieval later later empire british india independence struggle later independent india governor general launched salt march parallel march launched protest sales tax levied salt extraction comes assembly constituency member tamil legislative assembly years constituency member parliament years town administered municipality covers area km2 town population district till district town fertile delta region salt extraction cultivation major roadways major mode transportation nearest airport airport located away town etymology legend named presiding deity temple hindu temple dedicated place earlier known meaning place oldest scriptures originated 7th century canonical work mentions place hindu legend place giving place according hindu legend seventh avatar god believed visited sins committed war demon king preserved place called near according tamil legend locked gates temple saints enter locked temple request sang hymns praising gates opened hymns locked gates history recorded history found inscriptions temple inscriptions date reign indicating grants temple 13th century saint wrote book born continued empire region emerged centre reign fall reign 13th century region caught power struggle royal patronage continued temple rule region modern day district briefly captured french troops led district annexed british french failed subdue king british period district salt transported port long canal channel constructed road transportation facilities towns limited india independence struggle launched march india west_coast protest sales tax levied salt extraction close associate later independent india governor general carried salt march parallel east_coast starting modern day group having people like started madras presidency tamil coast town making illegal salt april group arrested british india independence continued district later newly created district geography average elevation located coast bay swamp located parallel river flowing south easterly direction confluence emergence nose nose shaped stretch pleistocene period rise rocks region increase sediments area river migrated northwards lesser marine activity shore presence nose north sri_lanka south causing weak shore currents quality ground water poor compared northern shores tamil presence marine semi marine origin sediments images satellite shows coastal town inland modern times sea modern times analysis indicates considerable region occurrence number modern day fresh water channels river draining swamp total area swamp km2 width northwestern width western wildlife reserve located extreme eastern portion swamp northern tip swamp continuous source fresh water south west monsoon summer season swamp salt extraction marine based industries swamps filled periodical high tides occur moon days june swamp sanctuary important staging area water birds demographics economy according census population sex ratio females males national average total age males females scheduled scheduled tribes accounted population respectively average literacy town compared national average town total households total workers comprising main agricultural labourers house hold industries workers marginal workers marginal marginal agricultural labourers marginal workers household industries marginal workers religious census muslims christians following religions primary economic activities region salt manufacturing fishing salt water culture agriculture spread acres km2 coastline including small medium large salt manufacturers according estimates tonnes salt produced annually region salt industry employs people major private companies like salt manufacturing units salt manufacturing traditional occupation town overshadowed cultivation 90s major banks indian bank bank indian overseas bank private banks like bank city union bank branches municipal administration politics administered second grade municipality originally declared grade municipality august promoted second grade municipality august municipality elected councillor municipality revenue villages functions municipality departments general administration engineering revenue public health town planning departments control municipal commissioner supreme executive head legislative powers body members legislative body headed elected assisted deputy town district january district created separate district comes assembly constituency member tamil legislative assembly years elections assembly seat won times elections anna twice elections indian national congress times elections current constituency party constituency following assembly current member parliament constituency parliament seat held indian national congress times elections won seat times elections won times elections won seat law order maintained sub division tamil police headed deputy superintendent police station town special units like prohibition enforcement district crime social justice human rights district crime records special branch operate district level police division headed superintendent police landmarks temple ancient hindu temple dedicated located temple shrine form known dance pose similar swan according legend king named obtained deity receive image hindu god tricked king duplicate images king chose right image later installed temple remaining images installed temple temple temple temple temple temple seven images believed possess different dance styles temples classified meaning temples seven dance moves twin festivals celebrated moon days tamil month july august thai january february attract large number pilgrims tamil pilgrims holy dip round year holy dip considered similar worship salt memorial built memory salt march india independence movement prominent landmark tourist destinations town medicinal forest point wildlife bird sanctuary located point distance historical light house temple located distance lady good health located distance town transport education utility services municipality roads cement roads roads roads roads municipality maintains bus stand local long distance buses bus primary mode public transport town railway branch line connecting ending line opened passenger traffic railway line discontinued turn affects economy town nearest railway station located located away town nearest airport airport located away elementary schools middle schools high schools higher secondary schools university started university model college government college town college offers arts science related courses electricity supply regulated distributed circle tamil electricity board water supply project municipality approved commissioner municipal administration water obtained hand pumps located parts town door door collection garbage workers municipality metric tonnes solid waste collected town day municipality underground drainage system current system disposal tanks public comes circle limited india state owned internet services provider apart provides internet service government hospital private hospitals town park park parks maintained municipality