canal canal canal south west england opened linking river tone river number abortive schemes link bristol channel english channel 18th early 19th centuries schemes followed approximate route eventually taken canal canal instead built plan link bristol early years operation marred series legal disputes resolved canal company managed river tone navigation agreed canal company tone navigation canal originally terminated basin east later extended floating harbour docks western edge financially disaster extension funded mortgage arrival railways soon started demise canal canal rescued bankruptcy bristol exeter railway despite commercial traffic infrastructure maintained good order canal transport water countryside act provided framework somerset county council start restoration canal leisure facility completed canal reopened docks restored marina connection river canal transports drinking water people history prior building canal navigation towns possible river river tone tone improved obtained acts parliament allowed river parts build locks half locks manage water levels initial work completed improvements including locks continued early 19th century number grand schemes proposed aim linking bristol channel english channel avoiding need navigate sea cornwall devon james survey route run bristol channel exeter following course river tone route robert looked shorter route bay following river river axe asked route william surveyed route exeter group proposed canal linking bristol surveyed william white assistant suggested route bristol channel previous schemes sought parliamentary approval grand western canal bristol western canal respectively authorised economic caused napoleonic wars meant construction begin immediately john surveyed line ship canal mouth river designed ships long tons felt economic situation support projected expenditure million considered modest proposal based original bristol western plans scheme renamed bristol canal authorised act parliament dated company powers raise shares additional required economic concerns meant project start immediately powers bristol section work finally commenced halted injunction authorised route followed act june authorised revised route changed project canal company predicted costs construction shorter canal opposed longer scheme schemes proposed idea channel channel link abandoned james green proposed boat canal capable handling long ton boats instead locks cost thomas revived idea ship canal taken line canal enabling long ton boats reach south coast cost million authorised action occurred finally barge canal beer costing proposed enthusiasm large canal schemes advent iron meant risks navigation south west peninsula reduced construction construction canal began james engineer john senior surveyor bristol scheme incorporated high level crossing river shortened canal join basin constructed change route resulted reverend robert gray obtaining injunction work lower half canal stopped new route properly authorised act time estimated cost risen canal cut clay clay forming naturally channel canal bed clay watertight underlying ground canal miles long included yard embankment feet high short brick built bridges carry roads canal timber swing bridges built provide accommodation crossings farms divided line canal lock set reverse facing gates prevent canal draining level river tone dropped locks main line lock entrance basin final lock connected basin river set reverse facing gates basin drained low tide low level retained maintenance required system metal ball weights metal cylinder weights unique canal built carry streams drainage ditches canal work completed recorded incidents injury death workforce canal company insufficient funds complete work special meeting authorised taking mortgage cover deficit canal obvious competitor river tone navigation managed river tone legal body created purpose act parliament animosity company company maintaining right use tone reach centre maintaining canal scheduled opened january opening delayed january connection river tone january opening celebrations hampered snow bitter cold weather operation early years new canal marred legal disputes river tone connection tone forcibly canal company bank river august announced taking tone evicted william river superintendent cottage despite ruling court king bench action illegal canal company held river high_court judgement february promptly built dam prevent boats reaching river water entering canal removed legal action order court reconciliation finally came late parties proposed new act parliament sale tone navigation canal company obtained july required canal company erect new iron bridge replace existing north town bridge hampered access powers construct lock short length canal french connect grand western canal allowed conduct annual inspection canal resume ownership river canal maintained good order end navigation river easy corporation commissioned number surveys construct floating harbour came bristol exeter railway company obtained act construct railway pass subsequently canal company order protect trade sought act construct floating harbour west extend canal join obtained april works started construction work involved deep cutting albert street west street short tunnel west street entered docks consisted inner basin covered acres outer basin covering acres basins connected lock whilst river ship lock consisting single foot gate barge lock consisting pair foot gates outer basin lock larger ships tons estimated cost scheme escalated nearly raised mortgage new facilities opened march basin locks filled trade increased long tons harbour opened long tons shortly vessels year port canal company hoped opening grand western canal canal increase traffic significantly impact marginal despite commercial success interest payments mortgage company obtained act convert canal railway powers trade railway competition increased company hands receivers early 1850s bristol exeter railway stepped bought canal main attraction dock large volume coal traffic purchased canal dock terms act parliament obtained year included requirement good sufficient water communication towns unlike acquisitions canal seen useful railway network maintained good order years river tone continuing annual reporting defects railway company decline canal increasingly affected water supply problems main source water river tone fed canal order ensure mills upper section function instead water pumped river pumping station river canal yards apart large volumes water discharged canal fortnight dock order free railway company water supply station steam locomotive sheds summer months water round canal gradually railway took trade income dropped years later bristol exeter railway merged great western railway new owners remote interested water supply station dock running canal going concern result canal deteriorated continued annual little hope improvements opening great western railway tunnel brought decline imports coal slate south wales dock canal moved directly provision water railway near enable non stop trains pick water required imperial gallons day extracted tone remaining traffic moved railway commercial boats canal dock wharf north town canal effectively closed closure world war canal remained state minimal maintenance railway company fishermen continued annual infrastructure remained remarkably good order compared closed canals section near michael swimming lessons local school children 1930s second world war route canal employed stop line defensive line followed course canals railway mouth south coast permanent bridges mined demolition chambers bridge prepared demolition small charge chambers east arch containing total explosive anti tank obstacles placed bridge sites locks hinder operations swing bridges removed replaced fixed timber bridges level essential maintenance carried ensure water supply fire fighting prevent flooding physical structure canal damaged enemy action company records traffic receipts bristol exeter railway destroyed bombing raid control canal passed public ownership transport act despite efforts progress removal fixed low level bridges prevented maintenance carried inland waterways association started active interest restoration canal resisted british transport commission lock gates prevent despite team seven men employed maintain infrastructure period maintenance channel enabled canal commercial transport water pumped canal reservoir onwards canal absorbed british waterways board carried annual inspection use motor coach journey locks passing transport act canal classified remainder little drainage channel essential maintenance safe carried soon cutting wall west street albert street collapsed bed canal cleared ensure water reach dock remained blocked years docks small coastal shipping finally closed connection docks stopped british waterways board granted permission cease maintaining canal navigation restoration late 1960s growing awareness benefits retaining canal inland waterways association produced report entitled canal future suggesting canal potential development linear country park county planning officer somerset county council produced second report suggesting funds available maintenance restoration county council duly adopted countryside act provided framework action visit work canal creation national park convinced council wisdom course action higher lower locks listed buildings refurbished british waterways board funding county council funding maintenance cutting provided december council bought dock british railways concrete wall barge lock removed intention restore ship lock council invested restoration included kings standards locks gates lock bridges raised feet allowed prevented bigger boats work deep cutting west street albert street started september jointly funded county council district council direct labour manpower services commission scheme canal dock cutting widen funded district council condition swing bridge caused change policy objections plan replace fixed bridge limited planning application deferred year plan restore canal fully adopted british waterways board county council district council borough council following year scheme supported west country branch inland waterways association offered services recovery group work swing bridges boat anchor rebuilt miles canal available navigation problems decided rest accommodation bridges raised feet rebuilding swing bridges restoration bridges end continued early 1990s canal finally opened current use boating canal encouraged lack link river restrictive point salt water river laden canal contains fresh water risk entering canal salt water allowed fresh canal transport drinking water population canal forms local flood relief system winter taking water river tone western fringe near centre docks tidal basin locks bridges fittings listed buildings marina old warehouse built converted apartments new apartment blocks built nearby commercially active industry located docks animal feed mill forms national cycle network route connecting bath cornwall attracts numerous travellers plans proposed upgrading development visitor centre somerset space walk canal home installation termed somerset space walk scale model million solar system centred sun lock planets located directions space walk designed local man order demonstrate scale solar system interactive way trail walked theatre lock sun morrison supermarket lock sun course vice versa sun town kilometres walk route


originally known claire wooden barge built william new_york rebuilt renamed brown drydock island new_york transport materials new_york new_jersey connecticut known surviving canal boat remaining wooden canal boats sank deteriorated point salvage operation result breaking apart added national_register_of_historic_places december description barge canal boat line cylinder diesel engines measures feet long feet beam depth hold listed feet listed capacity tons describes having rectangular hull section plan rounded bow stern rise stem slightly prominent bow sides vessel feet high frames single large cargo opening occupies thirds boat length cargo opening covered convex hatch covers stern rectangular low cabin protruding stack history originally known claire built william new_york ship rebuilt brown drydock island acquired brown drydock installed line cylinder diesel engines added stack unspecified later date engine removed direct drive engine rated horsepower operated compressed air final configuration vessel manned man crew ship owned stewart driver canal later partner company opened business company barge transport materials new_york new_jersey connecticut diesel engines added able push barge service moored harbor spring barges began water dragging barge visible water listed registry importance historically significant known surviving canal boat remaining wooden canal boats added national_register_of_historic_places december barges sank connecticut listed national_register_of_historic_places historic status barges concern port authority harbor sunken ships interfered billion dollar redevelopment project years barges deteriorated operation salvage likely result breaking apart action taken report noted prior activity federal transit administration city document barge photos technical description documentation based activity archived state historic preservation office mystic museum


oil tanker oil tanker known petroleum tanker merchant ship designed bulk transport oil basic types oil crude tanker product tanker crude large quantities crude oil point extraction product generally smaller designed refined products points near consuming markets oil classified size occupation size classes range inland coastal thousand metric tons ultra large crude carriers approximately metric tons short tons oil year second terms efficiency average cost oil transport tanker amounts united_states cents specialized types oil evolved naval tanker fuel moving vessel combination ore bulk oil carriers permanently moored floating storage units variations standard oil tanker design oil involved number damaging high profile oil result subject stringent design operational regulations history technology oil transportation evolved alongside oil industry use oil reaches modern commercial exploitation dates james young manufacture early 1850s oil began exported upper burma british colony oil moved vessels river bank poured boat holds transportation britain 1860s pennsylvania oil fields major supplier oil center innovation drake struck oil near pennsylvania break bulk boats barges originally transport pennsylvania oil wooden barrels transport barrel problems problem weight standard barrel weighed pounds representing total weight barrel problems barrels expense tendency leak fact generally expense significant example early years russian oil industry barrels accounted half cost petroleum production early designs sail driven built england river followed oil tank steamer built iron company belgian owners vessel use curtailed belgian authorities citing safety concerns pennsylvania oil fields making limited use oil tank barges cylindrical railroad tank cars similar use today modern oil modern oil tanker developed period robert nobel brothers alfred nobel founded short brothers nobel late 19th century largest oil companies world pioneer development early oil experimented carrying oil bulk single barges turning attention self propelled faced number challenges primary concern cargo away engine room avoid fires challenges included allowing cargo expand contract temperature changes providing method tanks successful oil tanker carried long tons cargo iron tanks joined pipes tank forward engine room aft ship featured set vertical watertight compartments extra ship length overall feet beam feet draft feet unlike later nobel design built small sail sweden way baltic_sea lake lake canals river oil tanker design took large step forward working nobel company british engineer colonel henry swan designed set nobel instead large holds swan design holds spanned width beam ship holds subdivided port starboard sections longitudinal bulkhead earlier designs suffered stability problems caused free surface effect oil cause ship approach dividing ship storage space smaller tanks virtually eliminated free surface problems approach universal today swan nobel point design colonel swan modern oil tanker adopted best practices previous oil tanker designs create prototype subsequent vessels type dedicated steam driven ocean going tanker world ship oil pumped directly vessel hull instead loaded barrels drums tanker horizontal bulkhead features included cargo deck cargo main line added safety ability fill ballast tank cargo ship built britain purchased agent standard oil company sister ships lost grounded fog standard oil purchased sister ships asian trade 1880s saw beginnings asian oil trade idea led moving russian oil far_east suez_canal men marcus samuel broker fred lane prior bids oil canal rejected suez_canal company risky samuel approached problem different way asking company specifications tanker allow canal armed canal company specifications samuel ordered william gray company northern england named capacity long tons ships tank syndicate forerunner today royal dutch shell company facilities prepared singapore hong_kong shanghai fledgling shell company ready standard oil challenger asian market august tanker pass suez_canal time shell merged royal dutch petroleum company steam driven oil compared standard oil case oil sailing era designed able navigate suez_canal size restriction priority closing canal crisis forced oil cape good hope realized bigger key efficient transport typical tanker world war era feet long capacity ultra large crude carriers built 1970s feet long capacity factors encouraged growth hostilities middle_east interrupted traffic suez_canal contributed middle_east oil fierce competition played apart considerations simple economic advantage larger oil tanker crude oil better help meet growing demands oil world largest grt launched year vickers ltd england united_states shipping magnate daniel broke record long tons heavy displacement universe apollo displaced long tons increase previous record holder universe leader belonged world largest built shipyard heavy industries giant ship built capacity length overall metres draft metres tanks square metres deck load draft navigate english channel giant renamed happy giant viking knock converted permanently moored storage tanker sold time renamed scrapped world largest working class europe oceania ships built greek steamship corporation sold ships overseas group sister ships capacity length overall metres cargo capacity barrels double differentiate smaller ships given plus size designation exception pipeline tanker cost effective way oil today worldwide carry billion barrels annually cost transportation tanker amounts pump size categories shell oil developed average freight rate assessment system different sizes independent instrument shell consulted london tanker panel divided groups general purpose tons medium range ships large range enormous ships larger ships larger 1970s prompted system developed tax reasons tax authorities wanted evidence internal billing records correct new_york exchange started trading crude oil difficult determine exact price oil change contract shell companies use system abandoned system later followed oil companies system today flexible market scale takes typical routes lots barrels merchant oil carry wide range ranging crude oil refined petroleum products size measured metric tons crude carriers largest ranging sized vessels ultra large crude carriers smaller ranging vessels generally carry refined petroleum products known product smallest capacities generally work near coastal inland waterways past ships smaller classes longer regarded largest including large crude carriers capacities ships transport barrels oil metric tons way comparison united_kingdom consumed million barrels oil day commissioned 1970s largest vessels built longest ones scrapped remain service meters long great size enter port fully loaded ships cargo shore platforms single point end journey pump cargo smaller designated points coast routes generally long requiring stay sea extended periods seventy days time act hiring ship carry cargo called hired types charter agreements voyage charter time charter charter contract voyage charter vessel loading port discharge port time charter vessel hired set period time perform directs charter acts ship operator manager taking responsibilities providing crew maintaining vessel finally contract total volume cargo carried specific time period specific sizes example specified million barrels year time barrel shipments completed contract known charter party key aspects charter party freight rate price specified carriage cargo freight rate tanker charter party specified ways sum rate rate ton time charter equivalent rate rate sum rate arrangement fixed price negotiated delivery specified cargo ship owner operator responsible pay port costs voyage expenses rate ton arrangements chemical tanker differ sum rates port costs voyage expenses generally paid time charter arrangements specify daily rate port costs voyage expenses generally paid worldwide tanker normal freight scale referred established governed jointly associations london new_york establishes price carrying metric ton product ports world negotiations operators determine price based percentage rate rate expressed given charter party settled rate expressed similarly charter party set rate expressed recent markets market volatile tanker sectors market affected wide variety supply demand oil supply demand oil particular include winter temperatures excess tanker supply fluctuations persian gulf services sustained rise oil prices limited impact demand good year segments tanker market segments good amidst high oil prices tension fears oil supply growing demand main driving force tanker shipping market year demand grew moderately united_states western_europe expanding economies china fueled growth demand despite strengths tanker freight dropped product tanker demand increased economic expansion asia especially china india average time charter equivalent earnings ships decreased compared prior years time charters tended long term time charters executed year period months periods months months periods months average year time charter rate year old tanker metric tons varied day december day september high day september half relatively strong second half rates dropped significantly sudden rise oil production longer transport routes slow steaming high bunker prices led shortage end year overnight rates climbed day day higher numbers recorded demand new ships started grow resulting record breaking order shipyards exceeding capacity rising prices result resulted ships demand dropped weakened global economy dramatically reduced demand united_states charter rate large crude carriers carry million barrels oil peaked day dropped day far operating costs ships result tanker operators laid ships owners large oil tanker fleets include corporation management overseas group fleet characteristics oil world fleet terms world total oil increased million million combined oil bulk carriers represents world fleet cargo movement billion metric tons oil shipped tanker crude oil rest consisted refined petroleum products amounted trade year combining carried distance carried oil moved billion metric ton miles oil comparison billion metric tons oil shipped tanker amounted trade year terms carried distance carried oil moved billion metric ton miles oil united_nations keeps statistics oil tanker productivity stated terms metric tons carried metric ton metric ton miles carriage metric ton oil metric tons cargo carried similarly oil responsible metric ton miles carriage main loading ports located western asia western africa north_africa caribbean million metric tons cargo loaded regions main discharge ports located north_america europe japan million metric tons cargo discharged regions flag states international law requires merchant ship registered country called flag state ship flag state exercises regulatory control vessel required inspect regularly ship equipment crew issue safety pollution prevention documents united_states central intelligence agency statistics count oil long tons greater worldwide panama world largest flag state oil vessels registry flag states registered oil singapore china russia marshall islands bahamas flags open considered international transport workers federation flags convenience comparison united_states united_kingdom registered oil respectively vessel life cycle average age oil worldwide years years old years old new oil built accounting million average size new nineteen size rest smaller designs comparison million million million worth oil tanker capacity built respectively ships generally removed fleet process known scrapping ship owners buyers negotiate scrap prices based factors ship weight called light ton displacement prices scrap metal market ships went scrapping process places like india bangladesh million million respectively oil scrapped capacity oil scrapped year ranged million million accounted world total scrapped ship period average age scrapped oil ranged years vessel price new oil ranges million million million respectively vessels cost million million million respectively oil sold second hand million worth oil sold representative prices year include tanker million million million tanker concrete example subsidiary paid million knock tanker cost operating largest large crude carriers currently day current structural design oil generally tanks tank split independent compartments fore aft bulkheads tanks numbered tank individual compartments referred tank number position port starboard center small little space left open bulkheads protection heat fire collision generally forward aft cargo tanks individual tanks room houses pumps connected tanker cargo lines larger generally spans total breadth ship hull designs major component tanker architecture design hull outer structure tanker single outer shell product ocean said single newer double extra space hull storage tanks hybrid designs double double sided combine aspects single double hull designs single world phased accordance international convention prevention pollution ships united_nations decided phase single hull oil marine board national academy science conducted survey industry experts double hull design advantages double hull design mentioned include ease emergency situations reduced practice cargo tanks decreases increased environmental protection cargo discharge quicker complete easier tank washing efficient better protection low impact collisions grounding report lists following double hull design including higher build costs greater operating expenses higher canal port difficulties ballast tank ventilation fact ballast tanks need continuous monitoring maintenance increased transverse free surface greater number surfaces maintain risk explosions double hull spaces detection system fitted cleaning ballast tanks difficult double hull ships double hull said safer single hull grounding incident especially shore rocky safety benefits clear larger vessels cases high speed impact double hull design superior low energy casualties prevents small casualties high energy casualties hulls breached oil spill double hull sea double hull tanker significantly higher designs like mid deck tanker egg tanker pre tanker lower oil column reaches balance sooner gas system oil tanker gas system important parts design fuel oil difficult explosive mixed air certain concentrations purpose system create atmosphere inside tanks oil burn gas introduced mixture air increases lower limit lowest concentration ignited time decreases upper limit highest concentration ignited total concentration oxygen tank reaches upper lower limits converge range disappears gas systems deliver air oxygen concentration volume tank pumped filled gas kept safe state cargo loaded exception cases tank entered safely gas freeing tank accomplished gas concentration inside tank air replaces gas concentration rise lower limit safe cargo operations operations aboard oil governed established body best practices large body international law cargo moved oil tanker ways method ship alongside pier connect cargo marine loading arms method involves offshore single point making cargo connection underwater cargo method ship ship transfer known method ships come alongside open sea oil transferred flexible loaded tanker large enter specific port pre transfer preparation prior transfer cargo chief officer develop transfer plan detailing operation cargo moved tanks cleaned ship change step transfer conference conference covers issues products moved order movement names titles key people shore equipment critical states transfer regulations effect emergency spill procedures watch shift arrangements procedures conference complete person charge ship person charge shore installation final inspection united_states called declaration inspection outside document called ship shore safety items include proper signals signs displayed secure vessel choice language communication securing connections emergency equipment place repair work taking place loading cargo loading oil tanker consists primarily pumping cargo ship tanks oil enters tank inside tank expelled depending local regulations expelled atmosphere discharged pumping station way recovery line common ship water ballast loading cargo maintain proper trim loading starts slowly low pressure ensure equipment working correctly connections secure steady pressure achieved held topping phase tanks nearly topping dangerous time handling oil procedure handled particularly carefully tank equipment tell person charge space left tank independent methods tank tanker crew members open close direct flow product maintain close communication pumping facility decrease finally stop flow liquid unloading cargo process moving oil tanker similar loading key differences step operation following procedures loading transfer begins ship cargo pumps product ashore loading transfer starts low pressure ensure equipment working correctly connections secure steady pressure achieved held operation pumping tank levels carefully watched key locations connection cargo ship constantly monitored direction person charge crew members open close direct flow product maintain close communication receiving facility decrease finally stop flow liquid tank cleaning tanks cleaned time time reasons reason change type product carried inside tank tanks inspected maintenance performed tank cleaned gas free crude oil special crude oil washing cow system cleaning process cow system cargo fixed tank cleaning system remove wax deposits tanks carry washed water fixed portable automated tank cleaning machines clean tanks high pressure water jets widely systems use rotating high pressure water jets spray hot water internal surfaces tank takes place liquid pumped tank tank cleaned provided going prepared entry accomplished pumping gas tank sufficiently expelled tank gas freed usually accomplished blowing fresh air space portable air powered water powered air gas freeing brings oxygen content tank gas fuel oxygen ensures capable specially trained personnel monitor tank atmosphere hand held gas measure percentage present tank gas free hand cleaned manual process known requires entry confined spaces protective clothing designated safety observers possibly use airline special use oil sub types oil evolved meet specific military economic needs sub types include naval ships oil bulk ore combination carriers floating storage units floating production storage units ships ships known united_states fleet commonwealth countries ships provide oil products naval vessels process called underway extends length time naval vessel stay sea effective range prior underway naval vessels enter port anchor fuel addition fuel ships deliver water ammunition rations stores personnel ore bulk oil carriers ore bulk oil carrier known combination carrier ship designed capable carrying wet dry bulk design intended provide flexibility ways firstly able switch dry wet bulk trades based market conditions secondly carry oil leg voyage return carrying dry bulk reducing number ballast practice flexibility design allows gone largely unused ships tend liquid dry bulk trade ships endemic maintenance problems hand specialized design suffers wear tear dry cargo hand components liquid cargo system pumps tend develop problems subjected periods factors contributed steady reduction number ships worldwide 1970s famous september largest british ship lost sea sank pacific typhoon carrying cargo iron ore canada japan floating storage units floating storage units worldwide offshore oil industry receive oil nearby platforms store oil similar system floating production storage unit ability process product board floating units reduce oil production costs offer mobility large storage capacity production versatility created old stripped oil new built hulls shell tanker august example oil tanker knock units usually moored spread system turret style system areas prone severe weather turret system lets unit rotate minimize effects sea swell wind pollution oil devastating effects environment crude oil contains difficult clean years sediment marine environment marine species constantly exposed exhibit developmental problems disease abnormal reproductive cycles sheer oil carried modern oil considered threat environment discussed tanker carry million barrels crude oil times widely known incident spill ship ran aground dumped gallons oil ocean march despite efforts scientists managers volunteers sea immense numbers fish killed considering volume oil carried sea tanker owners organisations argue industry safety record excellent tiny fraction percentage oil carried international association independent tanker owners observed accidental oil decade record low levels previous decade tenth 1970s time oil transported doubled mid 1980s oil source oil according united_states_coast_guard volume oil united_states came tank vessels ships barges facilities non vessels non tank vessels mystery hand actual came oil came kinds vessels detailed statistics shown table tank vessels responsible somewhat number total volume summary rare tank vessels non tank vessels international tanker owners pollution federation tracked accidental occurred according study result routine operations loading cargo cargo taking fuel oil operational oil small resulting metric tons spill hand resulting accidents like collisions hull failures explosions larger involving losses metric tons following spill united_states passed oil pollution act excluded single hull tank vessels gross tons waters onward apart double double sides permitted trade united_states depending age following prestige european_union passed stringent anti pollution packages known iii require entering waters double packages controversial introduced new legal concept air pollution air pollution normal tanker engines operation cargo fires concern large ships run low quality fuel bunker oil highly shown health risk ship fires result loss ship lack specialized gear techniques fires burn days require evacuations nearby residents dangerous smoke


canal canal canal system wales built carry coal coast onward transportation coastal ships began life canal linked pits dock near access dock gradually difficult estuary extension authorised progress slow new canal linked harbour built thomas 1820s company harbour port completed served number east port engineer james green advised extending system suggested line inclined planes reach valley green experience inclined planes canals cost complete work sacked canal company finished new route following year canal moderately successful shareholders received company changed port railway amalgamated company running port following year canal port valley railway dock continued export coal coasters years rubbish dump 1950s short section canal restored 1980s structures canal traced landscape route closed railway followed length history area rich coal reserves contains exploit reserves canal system built coal good quality grades mined canal thomas began mining great forest near sought parliamentary approval construct canal expense early act parliament granted february canal run coal pits banks river half mile west built dock southern bank river act included powers divert course road crossed river canal operational built canal miles long channel approximately feet wide wider sections constructed allow barges pass wider section terminal wharf allow barges turned wharf crossed connect coal pits canal served mines years dock river affected new channel sands created affected navigation dock dangerous canal series meetings took place consider situation improved engineers edward martin david davies proposed extension canal valley cross marsh terminate pass providing improved access harbour proposal adopted act parliament passed june created canal company act envisaged upper terminus series canals connect pits levels extraction coal taking place listed total served way terminus built dock owned railroad company special provision including construction lock point new canal cross existing canal newly formed company required complete extension section branch point crossed canal years anthony engineer construction contracted allen canal reached new little progress limited capital raised spent attempts open harbour little success second act parliament obtained extended time limit building canal removed requirement clear river channels harbour allen pressed construction completing routes canal crossing company directors asked engineers john edward examine issue suitable harbour suggested extending canal port construction new harbour sands bach canal allen building southern extension thomas active area iron ore processed new obtained constructed harbour sands dismissed idea connection harbour felt adequate likely volumes coal traffic keen canal link late april built miles canal including lock cross lane cottage northern end joined canal north disused canal southern end short linked terminus harbour newspaper carried reports ceremonial opening april formal opening canal disused traffic going new harbour instead new harbour act parliament dated june created new harbour company powers build harbour bach sands near act included powers build short section canal link line canal new harbour completed community port exist company changed port company act parliament james green extensions construction new harbour begun canal company constructed built port coal levels new lodge branch company planned link new lodge course link port harbour connection eventually opened july canal company asked engineer james green advise extensions system report critical work completed recommended completing link canal new harbour require lock water supplied brook new reservoir constructed valley second report supplied months later recommended extension valley construction inclined planes reach terminus water supply upper sections new reservoir built idea inclined planes innovation green pioneered engineer canal included planes powered water wheels descending bucket mechanism time engineer grand western canal included seven vertical boat lifts inclined plane powered descending bucket mechanism rise final section canal feet inclined planes quicker use water alternative locks wooden prone river flowing replaced iron built slightly higher level provide room river flow locks rebuilt banks canal raised feet allow water level raised required basin walls raised southern end access port harbour required deep cutting constructed completed march locks built followed inclined plane rise feet rise feet henry rise feet level sections canal upper terminus consisted walled basin feet reached october green announced unable complete inclined planes cost company raised capital finish work calling shareholders january dismissed green engineer grand western canal company taken similar action days earlier inclined plane failed work design fault descending bucket construction completed details inclined planes subject speculation largely contemporary documents time construction unknown local writer called stated inclined planes manipulated hydraulic pumps considered great discoveries noted unfinished traffic upper section clear railway engineer robinson described balance hydraulic brakes apparatus check barges descent arrange ones coming pull ones guardian carried eye witness report operation described self acting stated operation time main sources information maps particularly published time canal converted railway clearly twin track henry traffic downhill direction simple system probably employed suggested barge balanced water tank second track easily control speed descent longer narrower included single track recent research suggested powered water wheel waste water running channel order supply lower levels canal subsequent development changes canal extensions completed satisfactory levels traffic carried barges operational size unknown canal shareholders began receive investments year traffic coal shipped port shipped major users consisted success short lived railways started appear region faced threat railway building branch canal company obtained new act parliament port railway company following year port valley railway company formed port harbour company spelling wrong act parliament new company built railway port marsh bed canal opened july extension harbour followed june june main canal replaced railway dock continued transfer coal coastal ships years principal destinations included corporation took lease dock railway built branch ran alongside old canal traffic transferred railway coasters continued transport coal recorded sailing early 1920s bound legacy dock refuse tip 1950s year scheme funded manpower services commission excavated restored dock miles canal dock point course cut south wales railway parts inclined plane final route


ferry ferry pedestrian cycle ferry service river_thames london borough richmond thames london england ferry links northern bank near marble hill house southern bank near house remaining ferry routes london replaced bridge tunnel historical background ferries later bridges crossed river east richmond west pie island lands south river point historically privately held family owners house limits public consequently despite distance nearest crossings little demand cross river services location additionally family licensing rights ferry pie island known ferry family consequently little interest promoting competing service ferry setting action little charles walter marble hill house north bank thames surrounding park purchased public use southern bank near house public right way act parliament resulting increased passenger traffic area local resident walter began hiring boats leisure users opposite marble hill house began operate regular ferry service river point passenger built charging journey legal challenge william champion lord operators nearby ferry took legal action remove right operate ferry won initial case judgement reversed appeal following considerable public interest case public subscription raised funds case house_of_lords ruled favour july legal case resulted considerable publicity culminating release song ferry celebrating case case referring marble hill house recently purchased london county council public enjoyment retired years operating ferry leaving ferry sandy scott current operation ferry currently owned francis operated stan current ferry peace mind designed built limited south wales original display museum ferry currently operates floating north bank thames rudimentary south bank use private leisure craft ferry operates weekends february october ferry service hired july ferry briefly headlines owner francis saved drowning woman found floating thames rescue woman left scene identified local tradition holds tunnel connects house marble hill house paralleling route ferry evidence case ferry marks starting point great river race course ferry right way rowed craft races carefully timed ensure ferry interfere running image gallery


port port harbour danish located northern denmark country leading fishing port consists industrial harbour supports area fishing industry facilities cruise ships shipyard fish processing facilities harbour marina open visitors summer months fishing harbour built inner outer sections established supervision hydraulic engineer official inauguration november distinctive warehouses harbour designed opened occasion harbour 25th anniversary anne marie nielsen statue fisherman unveiled harbour expanded east 1950s million expansion took place west increasing shore area square metres shore area square metres harbour expanded east million project facilitate growth port doubling size harbour providing new facilities catches fishing boats registered port authority responsible harbour administration companies supporting danish fish meal industry processing plant wharf harbour adapted accommodate large international cruise ships new berth completed provide facilities oil enhanced facilities fishing industry description port situated bay harbour covers total area consisting land water total length depth harbour consists main basins docks water levels controlled flood gates consists consists pleasure boat harbour area pier pier harbour accommodate ships metres long metres wide draft metres ships metres long draft metres largest vessel visited harbour cruise ship silver cloud length metres moored marina piers open visiting pleasure boats april september port marina summer months facilities fishing boats season municipality official administrator facilities pier include diesel station end pier service building toilets showers washing machines internet access available marina history early history background years discussion fishermen authorities commission finally established 1880s leading early proposal harbour customs inspector accepted pressure fishermen minister interior called engineer prepare new proposal finally led parliamentary approval april followed january basis bid work initiated february south shore outside town work supervised hydraulic engineer reported islands design consisted apart stretched sea outer extensions providing entrance wide harbour covered area basin divided cross piers creating outer harbour inner harbour entrance wide harbour master house fish warehouse customs office built parallel november king viii opened port presence painters decorated facilities flags designed impressive gateway honour fish warehouses designed opened occasion harbour 25th anniversary anne marie nielsen statue fisherman unveiled minister transport announced government funding project expand harbour east involving metres metres basin depth metres designed facilitate fisherman process unloading result harbour expanded east new auction room added metres length metres wide seven phone post war developments approved million proposals expand harbour west german occupation war project postponed wasn construction began rising budget million shore area port expanded square metres shore area enlarged square metres metres harbour expanded east million project facilitate growth port doubling size harbour providing new facilities catches fishing boats registered shore area enlarged hectares shore area hectares new auction room erected fisheries inspection building auction office auction basin port deepened metres west harbour early 1990s port acquired governed harbour status government sold national ownership municipality million investment deepening east basin building new metres depth metres outer new dry dock measuring built wharf additional facilities fish processing including plant completed fishing port denmark largest fishing port europe landings fish primarily herring founded companies supporting danish fish meal industry processing plant located wharf statistics danish fisheries list harbour leading fishing port denmark terms quantity catches value statistics showed year year increase fishing percent total value billion million harbour director bent reported port represented percent fish landed denmark late april meter long landed record tons returning maiden voyage apparently largest catch denmark recent developments harbour currently adapted accommodate large international cruise ships new berth completed existing berth extended continues orders norway plans establishing oil facilities large vessels outer section new port july reported enlarged harbour expected attract large cruise ships year compared dozen smaller ships present larger vessels carry passengers port covering cost work amounted million million new harbour provide new jobs increasing workforce today completion danish yacht herring processing firm reported successful companies town home world producer fish meal fish oil


line line anglo american cruise line based carnival house southampton england operated carnival owned carnival corporation leading operator passenger ships north_atlantic celebrating years operation nova samuel awarded british trans atlantic steamship mail contract year formed british north american royal mail steam company robert famous scottish steamship engine designer builder operate line pioneer liverpool halifax boston route years held blue fastest atlantic voyage 1870s fell rivals white star line line meet competition firm reorganized steamship company ltd raise capital white star joined american owned international marine british government provided substantial loans build needed retain competitive position held blue sinking running mate causes united_states entering world war late 1920s faced new competition germans italians french built large prestige liners forced suspend construction new great depression british government offered loans finish queen mary build second ship queen elizabeth condition merged ailing white star line form white star ltd owned thirds new company purchased white star share reverted line end world war regained position largest atlantic passenger line mid-1950s operated ships united_states canada trans atlantic passenger ships increasingly introduction jet withdrew year round service concentrate cruising summer queens replaced queen elizabeth designed dual role acquired carnival corporation accounted company revenue years later replaced runs queen mary line operates queen_victoria queen elizabeth moment shipping company operate scheduled passenger service europe north_america history early years british government started operating monthly mail cornwall new_york ships carried non governmental passengers cargo black ball line opened regularly scheduled new_york liverpool service ships beginning era american sailing dominated north_atlantic saloon passenger trade lasted introduction committee parliament decided competitive mail operated post office replaced private shipping companies admiralty assumed responsibility managing contracts famed arctic explorer admiral sir william edward appointed steam machinery service april nova led young assembly speaker joseph howe lobbied steam service halifax arrival london howe discussed enterprise fellow nova samuel visiting london business howe associates howe owed returned halifax raise capital howe continued lobby british government rebellions ongoing london realized proposed halifax service important military november released tender north_atlantic monthly mail service halifax beginning april horsepower great western steamship company opened pioneer bristol new_york service earlier year bid monthly bristol halifax new_york service ships horsepower british american pioneer steamship company submit tender george steam company owner bid monthly halifax service monthly halifax new_york service admiralty rejected bid offered begin services early halifax unfortunately know tender deadline returned london started negotiations admiral good friend young officer stationed halifax years earlier offered service beginning steamship investor earlier steamship venture royal william owned coal mines nova_scotia major robert royal_navy supplier steam engines strong backing nova political leaders time london needed rebuild support british north_america rebellion great western protests accepted tender ship liverpool halifax service extension boston service montreal annual later raised add fourth ship departures liverpool monthly winter rest year parliament investigated great western complaints upheld admiralty decision recruited investors including businessmen james sir george burns david ship ready formed british north american royal mail steam company initial capital later increased supplied burns supervised ship construction responsible day day operations equals management structure died younger brother charles assumed responsibilities years detail investors line early life charles liverpool nautical research society second maritime history coastal steamer company voyage halifax begin service montreal months later ocean going class departed liverpool coincidence steamer departure patriotic significance sides atlantic named sailed july maiden voyage performance indicated new era heralded beneficial britain time typical ship weeks cross atlantic reached halifax days hours averaging knots proceeding boston relatively crossings quickly norm line mean liverpool halifax times quartet days hours halifax days hours larger ships quickly ordered replace columbia sank seal island nova_scotia loss life steamship lines led carried saloon passengers sailing years later british government increased annual double frequency additional wooden ordered alternate direct new_york instead halifax boston route sailing lines reduced immigrant trade beginning ships line distinctive red funnel narrow black bands black appears robert responsible feature shipyard glasgow combination previously thomas smith private steam yacht renovation model glasgow museum transport revealed funnels black bands black reputation safety significant factors firm early success lines failed major accidents british american collapsed president gale great western great_britain stranded navigation error orders masters ship loaded speed follow road deliver safe bring safe safety required particular charles constant responsible firm safety discipline new competition american collins line british line started new atlantic steamship services american government supplied collins large annual operate wooden superior best demonstrated blue winning showed iron screw propelled modest speed profitable steamship line carry passengers newcomers suffered major disasters year pressure collins commissioning iron persia pressure factor second major disaster suffered collins line loss steamer pacific pacific sailed liverpool days persia depart maiden voyage seen widely assumed time captain pushed ship limit order stay ahead new likely collided particularly severe winter north_atlantic months later persia inflicted blow collins line regaining blue liverpool new_york voyage days hours averaging knots war supplied ships war service british north_atlantic route suspended liverpool halifax boston service collins fortunes improved lack competition war collapsed carrying mail atlantic reduced congress emerged leading carrier saloon passengers commissioned scotia steamer win blue carried passengers success immigrant trade compete started secondary liverpool new_york service iron screw passengers beginning china line replaced wooden new_york mail service iron screw carried saloon passengers died equally conservative charles assumed role firm retained reluctance change overtaken competitors quickly adopted new technology started build screw propelled express liners matched premier unit scotia responded high speed screw steamer russia followed larger editions companies faced new rival white star line commissioned oceanic sisters new white star record breakers especially economical use compound engines white star set new standards comfort placing dining saloon doubling size rebuilt express fleet new standard rivals 1870s passage times longer white star responsibility mail contracts transferred post office opened bid german lloyd awarded weekly new_york mail services route halifax held went continued receive equivalent paid sea postage years later service awarded seven year contract weekly new_york mail services awarded seven year contract weekly new_york service year panic started year shipping depression strained finances atlantic competitors mail contracts expired post office ended subsidies new contracts paid basis weight rate substantially higher paid united_states post office weekly new_york mail reduced white star awarded mail sailing tuesday thursday saturday liner firms departed liverpool mail new_york steamship company ltd raise additional capital privately held british north american royal mail steam company reorganised public stock corporation steamship company ltd new chairman john burns son firm original founders commissioned steel express liners beginning passenger liner electric lighting purchased new blue winner oregon line firm payments shipyard year commissioned record breakers capable knots starting newly won leadership north_atlantic threatened white star responded twin screw record breakers countered faster blue winners capable knots sooner established supremacy new rivals emerged beginning late 1860s german firms commissioned liners fast british mail liverpool kaiser der lloyd raised blue knots followed succession german record breakers match new german white star rival line merge commissioned profitable celtic class liners moderate speed secondary liverpool new_york service white star joined capitalized american combine international marine owned american line including old line lines trade agreements hamburg america lloyd dreadnought era british prestige stake british government provided annual plus low interest loan million equivalent million pay construction blue winners capable knots firm started new_york service calls italian ports gibraltar year commissioned ships compete directly celtic class liners secondary liverpool new_york route entered lawrence trade purchasing thompson line absorbed royal line years later white star hamburg america ordered trio white star olympic class liners knots class liners knots larger luxurious fast ordered new ship capable knots complete liverpool mail fleet events prevented expected competition sets white star sank maiden voyage white star war losses super liners handed allied powers war line completed european headquarters liverpool moving june year grand neo classical building liverpool headquarters 1960s world war losses began post war rebuilding programme including intermediate liners acquired renamed replace lost running mate southampton replaced liverpool british destination ship express service fleet larger war white star decline having sold despite dramatic reduction north_atlantic passengers caused shipping depression beginning germans italians french commissioned new ships state prestige liners german bremen took blue knots italian recorded knots westbound voyage year french crossed atlantic days knots ordered ton liner record breakers fast fit ship weekly southampton new_york service work hull halted economic conditions white star ltd line white star line experiencing financial difficulties david unfinished hull sitting idle half years passionate plea house_of_commons funding finish ship restart dormant british economy government offered loan million complete hull additional million build second ship merged white star merger accomplished forming new company white star ltd owning thirds capital surplus new combined white star fleet older liners sent included liner white star liners olympic white star majestic sold hull named queen mary replaced express mail service queen mary reached knots blue voyage white star started construction queen elizabeth smaller ship second joined fleet atlantic run queens drydock liner sold scrap series fires second world war queens carried million servicemen credited churchill helping war year large white star express liners queens survived secondary ships lost sunk heavy loss life purchased white star interest company dropped white star renamed line company commissioned cargo liners completed permanent cruise liner retired year especially good position advantage increase north_atlantic travel 1950s queens major generator currency great_britain slogan getting half fun specifically aimed tourist trade beginning took delivery new grt intermediate liners canadian route liverpool new_york route white star motor ship remained service government appointed committee recommended construction project conventional grt liner replace queen mary plan government lend majority liner cost questioned plan june board meeting trans atlantic flights gaining popularity plan changed dual purpose grt ship designed cruise season ultimately ship came service grt queen elizabeth years introduction jet conventional atlantic liners gone retired queen mary queen elizabeth new intermediate liners sold converted cruise ships tried operating scheduled air services north_america caribbean south_america forming ltd british overseas corporation venture lasted house years line purchased house operated cargo passenger ships hotels resorts cargo fleet consisted ships service order flagship passenger fleet year old queen elizabeth fleet included remaining intermediate liners 1950s plus purpose built cruise ships order acquired additional cruise ships disposed intermediate liners cargo fleet war chartered container ship atlantic sunk missile acquired norwegian america line classic ocean liner cruise ships attempted hostile takeover large passenger cargo shipping line formed year objected forced issue british commission filing critical management failure correct mechanical problems commission ruled favour merger decided proceeding acquired lines small fleet cargo vessels organising business years later decided abandon cargo business focus solely cruise ships cargo fleet sold single container ship second atlantic remaining ownership entered year agreement handle marketing sales reservations crown cruise line vessels joined fleet crown banner purchased rights royal viking line royal viking sun rest royal viking line fleet stayed line owner norwegian cruise line mid-1990s ailing company embarrassed late experienced numerous defects voyage season unfinished renovation work claims passengers cost company million reported million loss assigned new ceo line concluded company management issues norwegian acquired house attempted sell substantial investments turn company reputation carnival cruise line carnival corporation acquired million year carnival acquired remaining stock million ultimately carnival sued claiming ships worse condition represented agreed usd million carnival carnival cruise lines designed appeal different market carnival interested rebuilding luxury brand trading british traditions slogan advancing civilization advertising campaign sought emphasise ocean travel continued brand company started project queen mary build new ocean liner cruise ship route carnival largest cruise company followed royal caribbean princess cruises recently separated parent royal caribbean princess agreed merge carnival countered hostile takeover bid princess carnival rejected idea selling resolve issues acquisition european approved merger requiring sale merger completed carnival moved headquarters offices princess cruises santa california administrative financial technology services combined opening carnival house southampton executive control line subsequently transferred carnival corporation united_states carnival primary operating company carnival listed holding company group carnival executive control carnival group activities headquarters based brands including offices carnival house year old replaced north_atlantic queen mary sold continued cruise retired added large cruise ship queen_victoria sister ordered carnival class cruise ship holland america line reinforce traditions small museum board commissioned second class cruise ship queen elizabeth appointed female commander captain ships service changed vessel registry hamilton bermuda time year history company ships registered united_kingdom captains ships registered bermuda marry couples sea weddings sea lucrative market ocean liners queen mary queen elizabeth queen_victoria sailed liverpool commemorate anniversary ships performed manoeuvres including degree turns red arrows performed year later queen elizabeth returned liverpool captain celebrations centenary building june fleet fleet built indicated consisted following ships order acquisition ships period wooden hulls wheels wooden hull persia scotia wheels white star line olympic majestic current


empire empire british steam powered cargo ship originally american ship launched west stint united_states_navy called uss west west built united_states shipping board west boats series steel cargo ships built west_coast united_states world war war effort 24th ship built skinner seattle washington completed calendar days commissioned naval overseas transportation service united_states_navy uss west june overseas trips navy decommissioned returned west ran aground island trying assist vessel distress relatively uneventful merchant career sold brothers steamship company collided irish passenger ship damaged vessels june west sold british interests renamed empire convoy service world war empire initially sailed united_kingdom north_america carrying scrap iron united_states bombed german aircraft march abandoned towed port repairs struck german land dropped bombing raid months repairs began sailing sierra return voyage july collided ship convoy splitting rest war north_america africa empire loaded chemical weapons august scuttled west ireland design construction west ships cargo ships similar size design built shipyards west_coast united_states united_states shipping board emergency use world war given names began word west like west west ships built skinner seattle washington west skinner launched delivered united_states_navy completion later month west built total working days calendar days listed seventh place list fastest built ocean going vessels compiled skinner received bonus completing ship early ship long perpendiculars overall beam draught feet inches mean depth hold grt tons deck displacement ship double reduction geared steam turbine drove single screw propeller giving speed knots equipment included submarine signalling radio military career uss west commissioned naval overseas transportation service june lieutenant commander command successfully completing sea trials west sailed chile carry cargo united_states sailing july west panama canal arrived charleston south_carolina cargo sailed east_coast norfolk virginia arrived september taking load american expeditionary force france sailed october brest france arrived october port cargo armistice signed november ending fighting sailed united_states days later return west post war france employed transport return trips united_states specific information number troops west carried capable carrying unknown west arrow skinner constructed sister ship carried men voyage returned norfolk conclusion second voyage decommissioned days later returned civilian career return united_states shipping board west sailed france southampton new_york route september west carried passengers new_york little known west subsequent civilian career july washington_post carried news report west run aground island french fishing run aground morning july issued distress nearby west steamed aid stranded rocks nearby issued distress crews dispatched reach ship fog waves press time canadian government tender reported way aid ships follow reports indicate damage west sustained escaped fate grt total loss west repaired service november wall_street_journal reported begin service carrying grain galveston texas london west sold brothers steamship company assigned steamship company subsidiary 1930s brothers primarily operated cargo ships gulf_coast caribbean ports little specific information available west movements likely called gulf_coast caribbean ports portions brothers career july sailing new_orleans liverpool rammed irish motor vessel nautical miles north dublin passengers aboard damaged starboard west bow twisted impact vessels liverpool loss life world war june brothers sold west british interests transfer british registry crew newly british ship shipped liverpool line ocean liner new_york halifax galveston texas possession ship sailing port took load scrap iron headed bermuda bermuda west joined convoy halifax liverpool august west lost track convoy continued independently arriving liverpool august west sailed days later arrived september ship transferred ministry war transport renamed empire assigned andrew london manage spending weeks advanced ship system installed repairs empire proceeded mid november set north_america convoy december days heavy weather dispersed convoy empire proceeded independently ship continued beating heavy seas opened number cargo hold ocean water coming faster pumps hold number pump crew cut bulkheads cargo hold number double pumping capacity able ship control long arrive bermuda december temporary repairs empire sailed january halifax baltimore permanent repairs weeks baltimore empire headed roads virginia load scrap iron making way halifax early february sailed february convoy dropped joined convoy slower convoy left halifax day earlier northern_ireland coast convoy escorts broke empire ships sailed irish sea headed destination port empire line ships march bomber luftwaffe attacked column near miss empire force explosion shattered main water injection pipe engine room flooding engine room leaving ship dead water german bomber smoke trailing hit bullets empire hotchkiss mark machine guns headed ireland vessels immediately available empire darkness approached empire crew abandoned ship escorting taking ship machine guns personal belongings crew landed haven empire saved towed officers rejoined ship overnight bombing raid night march german bombers land mines landed empire exploded causing significant damage ship mid august empire completely new crew repaired set liverpool convoy evidently returned liverpool day making way september began seven months including convoy twice setting convoys empire return port unspecified problems convoy sailing problem steering gear caused convoy ship empire scott august empire dropped convoy february march empire extended round trip gibraltar time called neutral spain march march april june crossings interrupted trip december august empire anchor harbour ryan west scotland loaded tons chemical weapons use germans chemical weapons september empire scuttled north_atlantic continental shelf nautical miles miles northwest ireland wreck feet water empire redundant cargo ships admiralty dispose chemical ammunition site north_atlantic empire october october december


grt passenger cargo ocean liner built belfast royal mail lines launched largest ship built shipyard time built replacement ship lost second world war serve route england east_coast south_america wrecked maiden voyage ship built suffer fate insurance largest time marine casualty united_kingdom changing trading conditions decided replace description feet inch long overall feet inches perpendiculars beam feet inches draught feet inches propelled parsons steam turbines double reduction geared driving twin screws developing shaft horsepower propel ship knots holds carriage cargo forward aft total cubic feet internally divided watertight compartments construction double carry crew passengers assessed grt history ordered keel laid october applied passenger certificate ship reported delivery delayed end cost building considerably higher estimated cost order placed built replace highland patriot sunk passenger ship built belfast end war largest built united_kingdom time ship royal mail lines fleet carry built serve lisbon las rio_de_janeiro buenos_aires route launched passenger certificate issued february port registry london official number code letters allocated left london maiden voyage march bound buenos_aires argentina captain final voyage retirement called las islands march rio_de_janeiro brazil march reached buenos_aires cargo long tons meat loaded called cargo loaded carrying crew passengers left april passing south isle isle san course northerly intended adjustments twice orders captain passed point san course altered pass nmi north island lighthouse entrance rio_de_janeiro harbour captain retired bed leaving written orders called ship bearing lighthouse rio_de_janeiro morning speed reduced knots april nmi north intended position adjustment heading course bearing lighthouse obtained point captain called having checked left orders called watch changed incoming watch informed ship course mean pass close rocks shortly fix obtained showed nautical mile north intended position captain called ordered informed arrival island officer took fix unsure accuracy fix returned bridge seen water ahead officer took ship lights order port degrees given followed hard starboard immediately struck rocks located islands islands time grounding broadcast answered brazilian navy sent submarine destroyers scene passengers ordered assisted rescue passengers loss life sea conditions time smooth steam turbines shut power provided auxiliary diesel engines submarine arrived started rescue passengers ships assisted rescue cargo ship refloated compartment flooded bows sent tow nautical miles rio_de_janeiro tow started april making slow progress ship towed stern making knots bows drawing feet water mountain began split forward aft superstructure happened ship passing harbour mouth lay depth feet anchors dropped remaining passengers crew abandoned ship leaving broke bow section remained anchor bay bow section slowly sank noticeably deeper water april finally sank april foremast clear water marking position cargo washed beach salvage bow section officially abandoned june wreck lies feet water stern section drifted aground opposite bay bow section remained passengers baggage salvaged mail carried cargo long tons frozen meat salvaged hopes long tons cases shipped united_kingdom aboard highland brigade salvage operations abandoned decided sell remains scrap stern section towed bay sold steam turbines years generate electricity ship bell small parts including preserved yacht club wreck bow section hazard shipping 1970s demolished difficult dive strong currents area poor visibility busy shipping lane banned declared total loss making ship built lost maiden voyage note paid royal mail lines time biggest marine casualty united_kingdom decided replacement ship built investigation preliminary held rio_de_janeiro british consul general sent report minister transport ordered court formal investigation held held royal courts justice london september charge assisted captains gray evidence heard ship provision rescue equipment board met exceeded required standard course selected deemed correct navigation ship insufficient attention paid compass errors captain master certificate suspended years officer certificate suspended year allowed hold second mate certificate time effective date report release october reunion april reunion held belfast people helped build worked board organised legacy heritage organisation seven people contacted attended reunion coming australia


navigation navigation mile disused canal system hampshire england provided important trading route winchester sea southampton years improvements river authorised act parliament progress slow navigation declared complete known navigation essentially improved river main river channel sections cuts locks bypass difficult sections waters fed river provided important method moving goods particularly agricultural produce coal cities intervening villages completion capable taking shallow barges feet width feet length traffic fairly modest tons freight carried better years boats use following opening london southampton railway traffic declined sharply navigation ceased operate attempts successful proposals link canal form inland route london southampton life likewise come fruition revival interest inland waterways following end second world war resulted tow path alongside canal way long distance popular route navigation preservation society formed 1970s progress slow joint venture environment agency hampshire isle wildlife trust led formation navigation trust years later obtained grant heritage lottery fund funding creation navigation heritage trail project sought conserve interpret remains route provides habitat diverse flora fauna resulted designated european special area conservation site special scientific interest history river commercially important norman times unloading boats recorded stone winchester cathedral built winchester capital city england probably transported water france recorded improvements river bishop winchester funded works consequence granted right levy tolls goods transported river king john considerable trade wool leather centres moved trade declined parts river noted poor condition report commissioners suggested mills built banks construction canal authorised act parliament passed act allowed number rivers case appointed carry work commissioners chosen local justices responsible confirming tolls slow progress work completed built locks artificial cuts bypass difficult sections river created path horses route miles long miles new cuts rest course river followed secondary streams new appointed old ones died navigation effectively owned man edward local people felt exceeding powers obtained second act parliament noted created trading carrying monopoly refuse carry coal goods interfered activities act claimed poor inhabitants winchester act unusual obtained consent created new group commissioners local justices dignitaries empowered set rates tolls owner obliged transport goods established rates sufficient boats owner provide license provide carriage services order locks warehouses erected size boats specified capable carrying tons cargo tolls set moderate group merchants appear leased river period eventually took control additional locks added masonry blocks turf sides single gates half locks lowest lock navigation joined estuary river way southampton water main southampton end miles lock barges worked tide tide rising river tidal lock structure rebuilt set gates facing downstream prevent high tides flooding navigation route map shows navigation deep blue green drained section distinguish river shown light blue deep blue normally represent waterways clarity operation following death ownership navigation bought james married widow sons outstanding owned members family interest paid appears leased tolls according local newspaper report time edward taking navigation carrying long tons freight long tons coal long tons salt long tons tons chalk remaining long tons tons goods average annual income quoted probably included freight charges tolls managed operated barges prospects link navigation canal constructed undertaking valued sold half share agent george sold half moved ireland sole proprietor having bought sleeping partner life navigation monopoly planned end obtained act parliament open navigation use payment appropriate tolls laid act ending setting tolls commissioners act specified years river order appears achieved leased group merchants number detractors argued navigation poor condition hoping force water rights mills traffic declined act allowed raise tolls years later held meeting winchester explaining needed raise tolls meeting asked postpone bill year return year tolls rent spend repairs remaining cent interest estimated value navigation obtained act parliament year later raised tolls commissioners reduced freight charges time resulting operation profitable barge owners decline raised pay improvements receipts year operation london southampton railway opened receipts obtained tolls freight moved independent carriers point gave control navigation members family son managed banker called took given notice quit family despite having good job refused eventually obtained shares family members started legal action remove railway competition caused sharp drop receipts payments shareholders ceased replaced clarke manager canal returned won action brought short lived navigation ceased operate january month tolls collected outstanding dated original construction plan buy southampton fell attempt buy navigation patrick estate agent created company called navigation ltd capital unable establish owned company traded extensions life canal proposals link canal canal provide inland route london southampton initiated canal company months started work main line survey proposed route progress occurred committee investigated link canal december interest switched link meeting held southampton chaired mayor included james committee scheme link bristol salisbury onwards london soon died away link considered time called london southampton ports junction canal routes surveyed different engineers costing main focus providing safe route london southampton view war france time threat shipping coastal route prices rising number canal schemes difficulty time resulted hold grand surrey canal proposed main promoter suggested easily extended join previous scheme received attention time portsmouth southampton london junction canal winchester pass join canal speed construction suggested mile summit tunnel replaced mile railway tunnel built course widely costs project discussed original estimate railway built tunnel built opponents suggested cost nearer john estimated tunnel line cost opponents argued real intent improve water supply canal line pockets george owner navigation considerable interest scheme shares early opposition land mill owners report indicating higher costs project dropped final proposal experiments carried electric traction pull barges scheme mile canal river_thames join winchester ton barges pulled engines fed overhead wires system operational france came proposal closure navigation ceased operate january lock remained use enable barges reach mill west end main river channel start cut bridges navigation owned navigation condition deteriorated manager notified days repair bridge replied winchester highway board navigation help transfer responsibility county council board carried temporary repairs agreed navigation meet cost repairing properly reopened following year threatened legal action state bridge point agreed navigation income sold county maintain bridges successfully applied diverted overturned appealed decision diversion sanctioned doubts legality action subsequently near southern end near northern end maintenance carried formation boards responsibility drainage channel passed hampshire board work carried maintain integrity responsibilities later passed southern water authority reside environment agency 1960s value leisure began recognised deputy county clerk hampshire walked end end members association decided challenge legality invite local authorities navigation ran assume responsibility maintaining organisations southampton county borough council borough council winchester rural district council winchester city_council construction locks southern water authority resulted water levels restored significant parts navigation powers navigation acts parliament obtained repealed restoration newer technologies road rail led navigation falling lengths system drained allowed vegetation increasingly difference canal river obvious possible identify remains original locks threat remains construction motorway posed spurred winchester tenants residents association local branch inland waterways association action suggesting restored groups later operated navigation preservation society formed little progress environment agency hampshire isle wildlife trust promoted formation navigation trust committed remains restoration standards request heritage lottery fund united_kingdom funds restore known navigation heritage trail project funding granted year restoration project began work included widening college lock construction bypass channel lock assist movement fish aquatic fauna navigation designated european special area conservation site special scientific interest rich diversity wildlife found system historical importance route official head canal wharf winchester south wharf mill grade listed water mill dating college walk spans river eighteenth century stone bridge grade listed bridge channel splits river flowing west navigation east wharf accessed wharf bridge oldest surviving bridge navigation dating close manager house warehouse stables survived navigation flows past grounds winchester college uses rowing practice rowing use winding basin remains catherine hill lock contains modern mechanism location water powered located west lock passes catherine hill iron age hill fort plague pits common graves victims plague passes southampton railway line winchester junction operational diverted junction motorway originally site bridge carried road winchester replaced concrete tunnel late 1930s junction road new winchester bypass built navigation motorway constructed following line bypass crossed navigation tunnel reduced original plans motorway destroyed pound building small area ancient chalk controversial time removal winchester bypass ran west catherine hill close navigation conversion grassland brought valley canal western edge continues lane end lock briefly river yards south junction bay originally control levels water meadows east river modern installed north 19th century controls flow drain main channel east navigation follows river channel bridge modern maps label drain river stretch created time construction canal provide water water meadows farming water meadows continued closure navigation labour intensive method land management controlled flooding meadows deposition water enabled land produce crops hay year grazing sheep cattle demonstrations techniques flood meadows carried occasionally lock lock built river section called place lock lock extra flow compared locks explain erosion taken place resulting circular area water upper lower gates bridge river navigation diverged mill junction building stands bridge modern construction located point crosses western bank south site single gates probably ensured mill adequate head water village lies east drain splits western channel rejoining river mill eastern channel continuing relief channel locks navigation called lock college lock navigation river junction intake water treatment works yards river continues straight ahead cut begins turning sharply right soon remains lock reached include trap design gates included near structure allow surplus water pass clearly shown drawing dating single gates probably maintain water levels mill remains allow water return river channel gates modern navigation runs embankment yards feet high reaches lock moved railway line built repaired chamber built bricks locks turf sided bridge carries tail lock having widened built head lock station environment agency measure flow level water navigation turns west passing railway line loops return eastern railway runs northern edge railway form works reach lock unusual included bypass channel excess water lock locks gates lock navigation river channel bay river leaves navigation following course west channel horse bridge carried river supply water mill cut began little south lock head bridges road crosses river navigation river channel mill mill large storey building demolished 1920s years demolition water turbines inch inch diameter installed retained demise mill hope generate power village community groups looking possibility restoring water turbines generate electricity lock lock called lock supplied water adjacent water meadows built dressed stone best preserved original modern lock change level resulted fast flowing cut channel lock little south fish house bay navigation crossed river mill stream way main river eastern bank carried river navigation point dry line occupied vegetable garden section preserved navigation east sewage treatment works point crossed railway lengths filled follows approximate route navigation actual railway bridge built originally arches navigation landowners replacement necessary bridge demolished replaced embankment large diameter concrete tube provided sufficient size carry navigation reinstated lock lock house lock called lock reflects fact lock keeper cottage structure long disappeared navigation passes east southampton airport east river channel valley country park waterways covert small wood contained duck lock nearby called pond lock sandy lock little water section main supply cut springs section channel periodically blocked occupation bridges replaced earth sandy lock barbed wire possibly dumped wartime defences airport dismantled final lock section bridge lock shortly modern crossing motorway cut main river passes road current bridge constructed replaced bailey bridge erected second world war single arched stone bridge dating early nineteenth century original course road restored final lock sea lock visible remains location seen mill west forms outdoor activities centre main building canoe shop centre set late 1960s registered charity navigation officially continued downstream wharf tidal section way long distance follows eastern bank river way remains bridge rebuilt twice construction time river passes bridge railway bridge built sets round iron columns supporting structure main channel retains original appearance forms west line flora fauna navigation supports rich flora fauna benefit year grant funded restoration project regular monitoring publishing reports document annual reports populations birds bats water butterflies produced occasional reports aspects environment agency produces fisheries reports project number engineering works carried banks trees cut reduce shade encourage growth marginal vegetation case water survey concentrated sections work carried butterfly survey tended cover navigation containing marginal plants placed banks project tried avoid installation vertical faces prevent wildlife banks necessary combat erosion built oak placed edge recognition fact people use exercise dogs dog installed provide easy access water dogs owners encouraged allow dogs swim locations conserve bank places water surveys followed best practice described water conservation handbook recorded evidence brown rat american populations carrying work counted sightings bat survey recorded common soprano bats bat boxes erected near evidence fisheries survey recorded large numbers young atlantic salmon lower river fish provided wild recorded near winchester large population brown trout monitored time distribution found variable points interest