alfred baron alfred thompson tom baron january march commonly known lord english lawyer judge gained degrees mathematics law oxford_university studies disrupted service world war began legal career distinguishing king counsel judge appointment divorce admiralty division high_court justice lord justice appeal years high_court lord appeal ordinary years house_of_lords returned court appeal master rolls position held years retirement wrote books continued offer opinions state common law writing position house_of_lords publicly known judges thanks report affair held high regard judiciary bar public noted bold running counter law time year career judge large changes common law particularly court appeal decisions overturned house_of_lords confirmed parliament passed statutes line appreciated role people judge support individual controversial campaign common law principle precedent comments birmingham master rolls conflict house_of_lords early life studies born january hampshire charles wife née thompson children older brother later noted staff officer british_army younger brother norman director naval intelligence deputy chief defence staff intelligence born months earlier expected died birth small weak nicknamed tom thumb fit pot named alfred great sister baptised april church older brother gordon began schooling national school set national society education poor boys won scholarships grammar school excelled academically winning prizes english essays subjects great authors outbreak world war saw leave join british armed forces replaced female teachers time wanted mathematician new teachers knew mathematics teach instead taught qualified study university college southampton advised stay school apply oxford cambridge years sat examination sixteen awarded year exhibition study mathematics college oxford money live accepted accepted college needed gain entry university meant passing exams including greek taught grammar school managed teach subject pass oxford addition scholarship scholarship hampshire county council worth year arriving favourable impression sir warren president college upgraded exhibition year arranged company year scholarship despite military training early morning evening worked hard studies obtained mathematical half mathematics degree june war service told ineligible serve armed forces heart believed doctor diagnosed tired sending young men die successfully appealed decision enlisted august cadet hampshire regiment sent royal engineers oxford_university officer training corps trained newark temporarily commissioned second lieutenant november old serve armed forces regulations meant allowed serve france nineteen march german_army advanced closer paris unit sent france help stop advance continuous shell fire months company 38th welsh infantry division held section line unit command building bridge allow infantry advance river went days sleep building bridges shortly completed german dropped bomb forcing start unit advanced river canal fell ill hospital days war return oxford february returned college days later initially thought turning applied mathematics decided pure mathematics studied hard participating university numerous societies clubs better focus work graduated mathematical offered job teaching mathematics winchester college year accepted mathematics taught geology despite having studied instead read night found job boring viewing court winchester castle decided like advice warren returned study october thanks warren elected law scholarship worth year finance studies news election brought warren wrote marked man lord appeal day took final examinations june impressed correctly answering questions law property act given royal days gained subjects described abstract subject liking return study bachelor civil law instead attempted gain prize fellowship souls college oxford failed accepted poor pronunciation latin bar admitted lincoln inn november choosing treasurer graduate college advice brother friend frank applied brick court middle temple lane small set chambers run henry accepted began work september taken final bar exam finished final exam came bar examination inn awarding year years called bar june offered years spent receiving small variety clients including work failed pay rail tickets fines time wrote manual railway police giving guidance incidents taxi drivers refused customer destination area specified public carriage office legally obliged wrote article titled quantum statute decision scott accepted law quarterly review published january work steadily increased quality 1920s 1930s making court appearances senior courts high_court justice advised clerk seen county courts leave work lesser members chambers helped edit chapters smith leading cases 13th acted supervising editor 9th edition king bench division moved set chambers brick court earning year notable case ltd successfully argued exemption clause incorporated contract signed counter work judge tried impact said advocate want client win judge don care wins exactly concerned justice worked chancellor diocese chancellor diocese london applied king counsel january appointments announced april sworn april received letters start second world war volunteered old active service instead appointed legal advisor north east region took case gold essex county council changed law hospitals liable professional staff december judge taken ill asked place commissioner regarded trial membership judiciary appointed recorder plymouth february march arguing case house_of_lords taken aside lord chancellor told wanted judge high_court justice admiralty divorce division accepted announcement conclusion trial high_court officially appointed march salary received customary march judge elected lincoln inn treasurer little experience divorce law disliked seen inferior type law good divorce law sworn divorce admiralty division practised divorce law work divorce judge relatively sound decisions overturned appointment lord lord chancellor transferred king bench division thought talents better use jones later high_court judge words welcome home travelled western circuit recalled lord chancellor chair committee looking reform procedure divorce cases continued working judge daily committee committee appointed june published report july reduced time decree decree absolute months weeks second report published november recommending county court judges appointed try cases final report published february recommending establishment marriage welfare service reports received public led invited president national marriage guidance council appointment king bench division allowed hear pension appeals attempted reform principles applied government minister ministry ruled prove injury war service reversing previous state affairs prove injuries war service granted pension james minister allowed judges approve time extensions gather evidence extensions rejected tribunal cases large difference applicants received praise british legion public government refused servicemen rejected courts prior judgment provoked public outcry slogan fit service fit pension british legion chose cases asked let legion present courts sitting heard cases july decided central london property trust ltd high trees house ltd known high trees case milestone english contract law resurrected principle established hughes metropolitan railway app praised criticised lawyers legal high_court judge sentenced people death said time didn worry maintained murder death appropriate penalty cases mistakes appeals system 1950s growing opposition use death penalty royal commission appointed investigate told commission punishment inflicted grave crimes adequately reflect felt great majority citizens later changed mind capital punishment wrote right society thing hang man individually prepared witness answer society court appeal years judge appointed lord justice appeal october sworn october lord justice appeal continued reforming variety areas particularly family law rights deserted wives court appeal heard ruled deserted wife occupying marital home personal licence stay decision provoked disapproval judiciary public correspondent wrote dear sir disgrace mankind let women break homes expect rob worked street hope trouble favour rolls run head don come house_of_lords effectively work case national provincial bank ltd ruled deserted wife licence stay decision unpopular led passing homes act partially restored judgment form statute work favour deserted wife based interpretation married women property act house_of_lords unanimously overruled notable decisions area created basic rules dividing family assets divorce case previously established law gave noted judgment case crane christmas regarded brilliant advancement law later approved house_of_lords partners ltd elaborated resurrected doctrine saying shield sword defend claim create cause action existed decision minister health altered grounds hospital staff found legal precedent set gold essex county council leading judgment ltd miles far_east corporation implemented way judge moment acceptance near method communication like high trees case valid house_of_lords resignation lord offered job law lord period worried appointment reduce chances master rolls lord chief justice accepted formally offered job april appointed april baron county southampton supporters coat arms chose lord sir edward members judiciary bar approved appointment warned slowly reform court time house_of_lords served chairman quarter sessions east sussex time house_of_lords frequently expressed opinions including council case argued opinion despite fact council cases allowed opinion expressed enjoy time house_of_lords clashed frequently known conservative orthodox judge despite reputation fiercely individual judge cases heard house_of_lords fewer lord keith time appointed deputy lieutenant sussex master rolls lord resigned master rolls appointed replace april salary described step pleased appointment preferred time court appeal house_of_lords court appeal judges sit lords suggested way court appeal persuade judge house_of_lords benefit court appeal hears cases house_of_lords greater effect law years master rolls choose cases heard judges sat issues effectively word comparatively cases went house_of_lords time britain highest court law master rolls selected cases felt particularly important hear having american system judges taking cases assigned cases judges expertise particular area law chaired committee investigating ways reduce archive legal documents kept public record office point files civil cases high_court occupied miles final report presented lord chancellor conclusion proposals implemented public record office relieved tons records occupying feet lord chancellor took report heart changes recommended implemented immediately contract law gave leading judgment builders ltd builders ltd hired construction work shop sold building materials finished work repeatedly request money owed phone calls spread months wife spoke respondents said problems work pay owed respondents replied barely cover costs materials accept respondents received money gone bankrupt wife aware judgement modified english case law payment accord satisfaction saying rules payment set aside situations parties fact builders effectively forced accepting lesser meant payment valid shoe lane parking ltd court appeal ruled dealing offer acceptance person automated machine offer machine butler machine tool ltd cell ltd reformed case law relation called battle forms law gave leading judgment cooper holiday cornwall decided lie rest grass outside hotel cooper drove hotel car park seeing ran legs years events brought case cooper claiming damages injuries standard personal injuries year statute limitations instead claimed damages person judgment stated injury inflicted intentionally unintentionally steel ltd martin ltd delivered leading judgment subject recovery pure economic loss steel company manufactured steel birmingham factory powered electricity mile away factory martin maintenance work road accidentally unearthed damaged power cable providing factory electricity power factory lost large money damaged goods profits goods steel power question steel claim money martin agreed offered pay damaged goods profit steel goods refused pay damages steel steel power judgment agreed pay losses associated damaged goods money lost steel power counted pure economic loss public policy reasons allow recovery pure economic loss stating judgement statutory utility providers liable damages caused common hazard risk expected tolerate time time claims pure economic loss cases allowed lead countless claims unfair place entire weight comparatively small losses shoulders person cases law leave remedy allowing recover economic losses directly physical damage court appeal decision steel criticised firstly based public policy legal principle secondly main public policy ground decision allowing claims pure economic loss lead countless claims backed evidence house_of_lords eventually ruled junior books pure economic loss affair best known result report affair john secretary state war british government party introduced began having affair time relationship naval embassy soviet_union january contacted police unrelated matter voluntarily gave information relationship police initially investigate crime committed morals ministers concern relationship lasted weeks public knowledge attempted publish memoirs sunday january insisting wrong forced threats legal action story published statement house_of_commons march saying whatsoever miss june contacted chief whip prime minister private secretary informed having affair sent letter resignation prime minister accepted june prime minister time asked lead circumstances leading resignation secretary state war started work june began speaking witnesses day later period inquiry took days involved speaking people concluded primary responsibility scandal lying colleagues greatest error false statement house_of_commons said situation looked wrong way police members parliament security services asking committed adultery asked conduct led ordinary people believe committed adultery analogy divorce law man need committed adultery wife grounds divorce simply believe committed adultery belief destroy trust confidence relationship brought criticism government ministers including sir john attorney general england wales saying mean condemning man basis suspicion evidence final report words long completed summer signed september published days later best seller copies sold hour people outside majesty office buy copies report published daily_telegraph supplement described blue book published report criticised claim rejected said public interest demands facts completely possible higher interest considered interest justice individual national security upheld mark journalist worked story referred existence considered state secret ruling argued government decisions cases legal review writing conflict interests national security hand freedom individual balance court law home secretary person entrusted parliament task parts world national security occasions excuse sorts individual liberty england illness controversy began experience hip leg problems legs shortened inch half learn walk remained good health sign increasing age disabilities came began affect speaking cumberland lodge forgot details case shocking judge noted excellent memory anti boycott postal services south_africa freedom association sought injunction prevent boycott lord granted temporary injunction years later wrote bad workers joined boycott good workers worked normally appeal birmingham later acquitted lord judged men stopped challenging legal decisions listed reasons allowing appeal consider course events action proceed trial men failed mean time money worry expended people good purpose won mean police guilty guilty violence threats confessions admitted evidence convictions erroneous sensible person right actions published law suggest members black community unsuitable serve immigrant groups different moral standards native remarks followed trial riot bristol case threatened sue society black lawyers wrote lord chancellor request firmly retire apologised remarks handed letter lord chancellor detailing resignation effective september july george thomas held dinner honour speaker house attending margaret robert lord howe lord lane william michael christopher july day court prepared dressed official robes company lord chief justice delivered farewell speech lawyers crowded court delivered judgment september george mitchell ltd lock seeds ltd retirement death retirement moved continued work outside court hours presenting awards occasion legal advice february advised patrick statutory duties water suppliers hip troubles resolved replacement march fall later year forced stay home weeks free time hands spoke house_of_lords matters interested supporting amendment abortion act bills designed allow administration companies financial difficulties published final volume autobiography closing chapter year later published landmarks law final book titled leaves library published collection favourite pieces prose subtitled english anthology appeared episode children television programme jim fix helping grant thirteen year old girl wish day health failing suffering spells falling train station advised visit london driven summer agreed taped interview wilson published spectator discussed remarked hanged probably hanged right men proved remarks controversial came time issue justice sensitive topic expressed similar controversial opinion birmingham saying hanging ought retained murder foul shouldn campaigns birmingham released hanged forgotten community satisfied better innocent men remain jail integrity english judicial system november member order merit point weak travel london receive instead representative queen travelled present celebrated 100th birthday january receiving queen queen mother male choir sang happy birthday local church new bell named great tom cast honour specifically occasion point health deteriorated legally blind required hearing aid ventured outside march fell ill rushed royal hampshire county hospital died internal buried home town local churchyard memorial service held westminster abbey june tributes received lord chief justice lord described best known best loved judge history work work judge involved supporting student law societies groups times vice president queen university belfast law society patron legal research foundation united law society commonwealth legal education association spent time vice president society honorary president council protection rural england honorary president glasgow university society acted administrator fund cumberland lodge aware court charity invalid servicemen chairman organisation elected president college university london march presented memorial lecture subject rule law welfare state president english association recognition contributions english prose chairman historical manuscripts commission resigning december gave lectures senate house university london behalf trust titled freedom law success lectures led invited speak events early spoke university college dublin june spoke club meeting birmingham university february gave speech need new equity club university college london gave thirty earl grey memorial lecture king college university durham newcastle university influence religion law end judicial career gave richard lecture subject power addition lincoln inn honorary middle temple gray inn inner temple making person elected honorary court doctor civil law university_of_oxford appointed deputy lieutenant hampshire june foreign travels career travelled variety foreign countries lecture learn legal systems sponsored foundation travel south_africa visit universities court vacation visited universities accompanied son robert wife joan role judiciary press freedom travelled united_states behest american bar association elected honorary member followed trip canada year later guest canadian bar association awarded honorary law doctorate university ottawa life member canadian bar association visited israel travelled poland surprised number female judges badly paid travelled israel lecture hebrew university jerusalem january wife joan travelled india pakistan visiting major cities madras meeting eminent speaking visited canada united_states long vacation addressed conference hall new_york august wife flew south_america month long tour continent sponsored british council couple visited brazil argentina chile peru flying north visit mexico_city january flew malta spoke legal conferences lectures year flew san_francisco fiji finally new_zealand law conference new_zealand lecture conference impressed australian visitor invited speak australian law society annual conference spoke student meeting university sydney previous speaker received slow hand given standing ovation student law society named law society honour way home couple stop delhi gave dinner members indian bar welcomed visit visited canada given honorary degree university travelled india time official visit jones sir john travelled fiji dispute sugar cane australian owners mills permitted condition fee refused contact government way emphasise neutrality situation agreements based contract written end march understand price formula convinced getting bad deal response demand better terms mill owners threatened leave fiji despite criticism sides beginning arbitration process came solution sides creating new formula working prices requiring mill owners inspect accounts report decision impressed foreign commonwealth office invited report banana growing industry jamaica vacation foreign travels lecture english law led described ambassador large common law judicial style noted excellent memory repeating notes exams oxford occasion identifying exact book page text judgment covered particular situation judge attempted decisions law publicly believing public want follow law believed understood cases referred parties defendant short sentences storytelling style speech shown case judgment started old peter coal merchant lancashire business premises scales weights yard national coal board coal took round customers neighbourhood nephew john joseph helped business march old peter wife leg good health nephew anxious hold business old man died went solicitor drew agreement court preferred let counsel talk long wanted grasp situation irrelevant court papers prevent going long sat quietly allowed wind pace known long working schedule served master rolls sat days week required reserved case written weekend expected justices schedule repeatedly warned collins wrote poem brother pray warned rise time tea feel sit late remember fate don sitting seven sit morning unlike judiciary firmly believed press access courts freedom judges believed legal proceedings held public quoting said darkness secrecy sorts things wrong things public judge behave newspapers comment keeps order years president lawyers christian fellowship wrote religion morality morality law christian beliefs affected particularly subject marriage reversed decision children couple wife divorce case believing wife custody children chance saving marriage legacy described influential judge 20th century changes common law legal profession war role affair possibly best known judge belong english judiciary public treating lord court appeal synonymous equally loved controversial appreciated role peoples judge support common man disliked elements bar judiciary uncertainty law created broad sweeping changes common law resurrection reform divorce law common overturned house_of_lords including expansion doctrine fundamental breach set photo production ltd transport ltd let stand occasion agreed judgment situations final case george mitchell ltd lock seeds ltd law related things named reputation judge particular lord scholarship lincoln inn law journal university buckingham law library college oxford studied known law library personal life met future wife mary harvey october aged confirmation daughter vicar attempted court years long time love mary wanting friends dance january finally admitted love returned hampshire pick engagement ring barely months away set date wedding mary diagnosed tuberculosis recovered couple married december wedding cecil henry bishop southampton couple moved london city time affected mary health treatment guy hospital transferred hospital lung removed recovering moved southampton stay parents years visiting weekend fully recovered couple bought house green called fair close son robert born august later dean college oxford teaching chemistry mary developed initial recovery november dying morning met joan stuart widow children john married december accounts happy october suffered massive heart attack survived initial attack died days later october


died anglo norman royal judge brother walter walter served kings england contributed legal treatise attributed uncle medieval writer praised knowledge law condemned acceptance gifts defendants legal cases group men considered signs professional judiciary england background early life east held lands younger brother walter later archbishop_of_canterbury son walter wife daughters lord suffolk brothers older brothers walter helped careers uncle chief henry_ii married sister brothers roger appear witnesses charters english biographer edward citing earlier works claimed descended younger son robert duke arrived england william accurate lands chiefly norfolk suffolk lands essex count lands held monastic houses east bury career served royal judge english kings henry_ii richard john sent justice east historian barbara said justices knowledge east disputes probably greatest appears royal service confined judicial matters evidence offices surfaced treatise traditionally attributed uncle contributed names seven judges including group royal justices included simon richard william richard walter england richard reign chosen ability ties group replaced previous system local men represent signs professional judiciary collectors eastern england later life death married margaret son paid king pounds right marry margaret died having death yearly income pounds mentions royal judge hell vision work detailed awaited accused accepting gifts sides lawsuits state expert law famous experience law according punishment hell consist having swallow hot coins forced coins death william offered king john fine right custody heir lands fine amounting marks


prosecutor march december fourth attorney general indonesia born east java studied law finding work legal system soon graduating transferring early 1940s reached head court native escaping product help prisoner sentenced way began work prosecutor government moved went january selected prosecutor general indonesia serving april prosecutor general noted trying state ministers generals despite quality prosecutors commission finds lacking subsequent declared father prosecutor office july bust erected outside prosecutor general office early life career born east java dutch_east_indies march tax collector wife took elementary studies school considered better schools native eventually graduating moved modern day studied future state minister graduating went directly working court native hometown years worked locations including eventually rose head serving transferred settling head able lead court peacefully japanese occupation start indonesian national revolution situation unstable nascent army able hold peace riots end dutch began major assault java forced flee south indonesian held areas family assisted man recently sentenced death captive wife later remembered men carried containing related cases children showing vengeance men escaped evacuating later recaptured serving witness escape family went went judge high_court later began work prosecutor rising quickly ranks attributed case demonstrated believed supremacy law prosecutor general later career returned continued work prosecutor january chosen replace prosecutor general indonesia time prosecutor general office division ministry justice minister justice time prosecutor general handled high profile cases going ministers generals politically brought sultan minister portfolio trial involvement coup état sentenced years prison supreme_court justice april investigated head armed forces involvement affair cases included trials revolutionary groups foreigners accused indonesian government oversaw increasing number prosecutors drawn indonesian law schools came conflict minister justice role prosecution took traditional view prosecutor general office control ministry justice dutch colonial period similar station independence hand believed function prosecutor general half executive half judicial demanded cabinet conflict drafting bill explicitly prosecutor general minister justice passed october heavy opposition prosecutors police officers bill fell reigning cabinet collapsed march years dismissed april dismissal reported sources related dropping charges foreigners accused government died prison freed basis time served high_court decision prosecution appeal given prior warning unable palace related time visiting parents wife later noted led disillusioned president regime married times married son married daughter marriage sons daughters died december buried heroes cemetery legacy posthumously declared father prosecutor office july prosecutor general formally recognized letter recommendation number year bust placed prosecutor general office streets named including prosecutors commission stated example prosecutor general firm unwilling allow outside intervention investigations president quality said lacking subsequent following year adam indonesian institute sciences stated prosecutor general like investigating cases corruption keeping politics position subsequent holders office corrupt


edward sir edward cook february september english judge later opposition politician considered greatest eras born middle class family educated trinity college cambridge leaving study inner temple called bar april took notable cases including case earning political favour elected parliament served solicitor general speaker house_of_commons following promotion attorney general led prosecution notable cases including robert sir walter gunpowder plot conspirators reward services chief justice common pleas chief justice restricted use star chamber oath case case declared king subject law laws parliament void violation common right reason actions eventually led transfer chief king bench felt damage restricted definition treason declared royal letter illegal leading dismissal bench november chance regaining judicial posts instead returned parliament swiftly leading member opposition time member parliament wrote campaigned statute substantially restricted ability monarch grant patents authored instrumental passage petition right document considered crucial constitutional documents england bill rights best known modern times described john foundations law reports called single influential series named reports historically highly influential judge england wales statements works justify right silence statute considered actions conflict parliament monarch led english civil war america decision case justify stamp act assistance led american war independence establishment united_states decisions writings profoundly influenced fourth amendments united_states_constitution necessitating sixteenth family background early life surname traced william south norfolk town family relatively prosperous influential members 14th century onwards included sheriff knight merchant pronounced age pronounced origins uncertain theories word river early descended word leader hypothesis attempt disguise word cook father robert lincoln inn built strong practice representing clients home area norfolk time bought granted coat arms minor member gentry mother came family linked law husband father grandfather practised law norfolk area sister married thomas lawyer justice court king bench links earl connection later served edward father later married sister nicholas hare edward born february children seven daughters elizabeth anna margaret known order children born years robert died november widow married robert property trader noted strong business forcing nicholas bacon pay money piece property tremendous influence children learnt prefer men business willing client shaped future conduct lawyer politician judge education bar age began studying free grammar school education based eventual goal age students learned vary sentence verse exactly theme simple attain competent knowledge greek tongue students taught rhetoric based greek centred works homer taught value freedom speech later applied judge accounts relate student applied leaving trinity college cambridge studied years end left gaining degree little known time trinity certainly studied rhetoric program instituted biographers felt intelligence good student record academic achievements found proud cambridge time spent later saying case cambridge oxford eyes soul realm religion learning richly parts realm leaving trinity college travelled london member inn learn basics law including inn provided initial legal education transfer court called bar students educated arguments debates given day discuss dinner table argue court based discussions studied till turned honey sweet tongue completing stage legal education transferred inner temple april inner temple began second stage education reading legal texts taking took little interest theatrical performances cultural events preferring spend time law courts westminster hall listening argue years inner temple called bar april remarkably fast rate progress given process legal education time normally required years study biographer suggests knowledge law excited practice called bar april immediately began practising case court king bench known lord case lord henry landlord home county norfolk case charge vicar client dispute hired harass book common prayer preach gospel area telling like like maintain argued guilty peer realm statement implied tendencies case actually actions judgement given favour research found flaw case counsel worked inaccurate english copy latin statute passages forcing start case case restarted argued commented support people attacking book common prayer implying deeper judge ruled statement meant position strength forced settlement proud actions case later described reports excellent point learning actions year elected reader inn years surprising considering young age likely related conduct lord case reader tasked reading students inn group numbered thirty time quality readings increased reputation lectures statute uses reputation retired house outbreak plague inn accompanied considerable distance journey order talk linked howard family norfolk uncle thomas close links earl norfolk held liberty essentially local prince appointed officials maintained prison executed justice royal power base household particularly network lawyers held estates uncle thomas served steward duke norfolk employed counter lawyers employed crown argued lands owing treason 4th duke defeating direct attacks traveled cardiff answer challenge francis son william 3rd baron uncle law 4th duke sons philip howard half brothers thomas howard 1st earl suffolk lord william howard proved evidence false case dismissed involved classic case created rule real property common law jurisdictions today case established reputation attorney case reporter famous case case dispute interpretation statute uses followed case dispute common pleas king bench regarded classic example friction courts forward movement contract law argument case formed definition consideration politics thanks work behalf earned favour norfolk secured obtained parliamentary constituency elected members parliament mps support returned february elizabeth solicitor general speaker political old guard began change time member parliament earl leicester died followed sir walter chancellor year later sir francis year lord chief justice died according custom attorney general john succeeded solicitor general thomas succeeding created vacancy law officers crown thanks influence cecil family solicitor general june likely narrow victory owing defence unpopular clients summoned elizabeth cried confirming solicitor general held position briefly time returned tour norfolk discuss election strategy confirmed speaker house_of_commons council having proposed francis thomas following return parliament norfolk held positions speaker solicitor general time post speaker state opening parliament february despite confirmed january house_of_lords ceremony incoming speaker apologised parliament suspended february returned days later having suffered stomach problem parliament intended brief simple black death england threat spain horizon matter impose certain taxes fund queen campaign spanish bills introduced taxes paramount subsidies collected spent war continued idea calm swift parliament rocks religious conflict february james member parliament proposed new bills bishops church_of_england court high commission placed house arrest seven members parliament later arrested bills remained parliament defended francis remaining members parliament speeches opponents cecil government strongest defenders parliament efforts end debate bills cecil pointed queen forbidden bills religion parliament ignored bill went ahead speaker house_of_commons job schedule bills conducted delaying campaign suggesting bill long read morning delegated committee suggestions voted continued talking end parliamentary day action granting day delay government immediately summoned queen clear action bills considered evidence warning accepted action taken bills attorney general april attorney general england wales thanks partnership cecil family francis bacon rival supported robert waged constant war robert cecil control english government position master rolls vacant april expected appointed according convention bacon attorney general reacted actions behalf crown approached queen bacon behalf replied bacon uncle lord considered second best candidate attorney general main prosecutor crown expected bring charges behalf serve legal advisor situation appointed time particular difficulty famine conflict spain war recently broken ireland primarily dealt matters treason cases sir john edward handled religious incidents disputes church_of_england personally john capture continued cecil persisted raid earning national fame march sent defeat growing rebellion ireland given command men november army reduced rest away exchange conquering june faced panel judges members nobility york house charged appointing generals queen permission ignoring orders negotiating leader rebel forces members nobility wished gentle lawyers judges felt differently recommending fines confinement tower london end compromise reached house arrest dismissed government offices immediately began plotting rebellion orders sent weapons rebellious gentlemen gathered essex house hear talk elizabeth mind response cecil began counter plot sir john written published life king elizabeth furious banned book suggesting prelude intended corrupt poor monarch backdrop plot cecil started new investigation book hoping prove involvement publishing interviewed licensing samuel complained dedication reaction decided bring charges treason saying plotted practised pope king spain selling crown england permitting book henry printed published matter end behalf earl present playing thereof great applause giving charges brought incident soon february ordered followers meet essex house day later group led thomas john sent immediately taken hostage failed attempt garner support population london found surrounded essex house burning personal papers surrendered february tried treason earl southampton led case government found guilty executed earl southampton james march elizabeth died james scotland set claim english throne taking title james immediately began new monarch family elizabeth wife travelled scotland meet anne denmark incoming queen high tempered beauty pleased withdrawn strong woman long anna lived lady husband retain queen affection trust attended divine service new king following service took sword bodyguard attorney general james immediately found dealing series real imaginary trial sir walter according william johnson biographers reported case prisoner weaker trial accused person condemned grounds brought trial november charges king government alter religion bring roman foreign enemies invade kingdom government alleged june met lord agreed bring lady stuart great great granddaughter henry vii english throne accept marks spanish government charged supporting stuart claim throne claiming spanish money pleaded guilty evidence confession described weak creature said thing time thing relied case case supports general charges indictment possible reference practices plots invasions said behaviour trial repeatedly criticised weak evidence called notorious traitor law slip tongue way showing guilt found guilty imprisoned tower london decade finally executed generally concluded trial biased strongly assessment varies scottish law review writes fair fame outraged trial notes loyal prosecuted fashion asked guilt king attorney general bound obey significant government prosecution trial main gunpowder plot conspirators westminster hall men indicted january tried lords commissioners conducted prosecution government easy conspirators legal representation speeches eyes world conspirators sentenced death died means judicial appointment important prosecution participated judicial work judicial came elizabeth recorder recorder london position resigned appointment solicitor general common pleas june law requirement elevation chief justice common pleas occurred june conduct noted johnson excellent perfectly upright independent convention day judges held positions pleasure monarch biographer francis bacon noted offensive attorney generals sic transformed admired judges assert chief justice gunpowder plot conspirators evidence support instead traditional time retiring chief justice replaced attorney general court high commission changed position attorney general chief justice allowed openly attack organisations previously supported target court high commission ecclesiastical court established monarch near unlimited power administered mandatory oath deliberately trapped people high commission vastly unpopular common lawyers members parliament idea law challenged authorities appointment richard archbishop_of_canterbury caused issue grow importance according canadian historian zeal hardly fail produce atmosphere principles issues logic judges particularly began unite parliament challenging high commission parliament openly asked opinion high commission practices replied man ecclesiastical temporal shall examined secret thoughts heart secret opinion period notorious suit ran courts known fuller case defendant nicholas fuller fuller clients fined high commission non stated high commission procedure jurisdiction christ anti christ fuller held custody contempt court court king bench argued lay matter high commission claimed fell jurisdiction official role acting end fuller convicted high commission defeat common law response spent summer issuing prohibition challenge high commission november common law judges members high commission summoned king told argue allow decide finding unable argue instead standing merely denying statements group dismissed week later speaking judges argued jurisdiction ecclesiastical courts limited cases temporal matters involved rest left common law point king position relation law authority decide matter brought known case james stated cases express authority law king decide royal person judges delegates king challenged saying king person case criminal treason etc party party ought determined court justice according law custom england stated common law king james replied king law law king king judges bishops judges interpret laws suffer interpret easily laws rejected stating monarch subject individual subject law gained sufficient knowledge law right interpret pointed knowledge demanded mastery artificial reason requires long study experience man attain saved imprisonment cecil pleaded king granted conclusion dispute freely left continued issue prohibition high commission case thomas college physicians commonly known case decision court common pleas ruled cases common law acts parliament utterly void act parliament common right reason impossible performed common law act void meaning disputed years interpret judgment referring judicial review statutes correct render unfair argue meant common law courts power completely strike statutes meaning initial period application case thrown aside favour growing doctrine parliamentary sovereignty initially written william theory makes parliament sovereign law maker preventing common law courts throwing aside reviewing statutes fashion suggested parliamentary sovereignty universally accepted judicial doctrine england wales case met mixed reaction time king lord deeply unhappy nineteenth twentieth century academics scarcely favourable calling doctrine alleged laid extra abortion united_states decision met better reaction legal public campaigns assistance stamp act case given justification legislation madison american case forms basis exercise judicial review united_states article iii constitution uses words void seen direct reference academics edward samuel argued work case forms basis judicial review declaration legislation unconstitutional united_states calls enduring myths american constitutional law theory history pointing point constitutional convention case referenced king bench transferred common pleas succeeded court king bench october advice bacon presumably bacon king felt moved court dedicated protecting rights people dedicated rights king capacity harm diminished bacon point view king bench far position loyal common law monarch case note case dictated writing sermon thomas advocated death king sermon preached published constitute treason king unwilling accept decision instead tried opponents bench surprisingly found guilty refusing admit guilt tortured rack torture torture torture drawn years case case arose writ method transferring ecclesiastical property james case allow richard hold associated revenues actually performing duties april courts bidding held action illegal writing king case letters come unto contrary law letters majesty thereof forth law notwithstanding james called judges furious ripped letter telling know true ancient common law favourable kings law world law advise judges apply studies judges succumbed royal pressure throwing knees prayed pardon defended letter stated case happens shall shall fit judge straw advice bacon long jealous james suspended council forbade going circuit november dismissed post chief justice king bench greeted deep resentment country saw king actions justice reacted sinking deep depression james ordered spend time errors offensive dispersed reports bacon royal favour lord chancellor march set commission purge reports authority expand powers high commission james unable declare incompetent william describes produced justify dismissal accused high words contempt judge declaring chief justice england return politics favour chance returning judiciary elected parliament ironically order king expected support efforts elected sat parliament called king raise revenues topics discussion included proposed marriage prince wales maria anna spain possible military support king son law frederick leading opposition robert thomas john campaigning military intervention marriage prince wales maria anna position head opposition given extensive experience local central government ability speak authority matters economics parliamentary procedure law subsequently sat norfolk june university_of_cambridge unanimous vote elected high steward honorary office chancellor university cecil previously high steward chancellor cambridge university right send representatives parliament matter practical benefit habit naming cambridge including parliament reminded precedence belonged oxford vote house persisted giving cambridge sir thomas interrupted reported suggested bother worrying oxford cambridge given attended university role parliament leading opposition attack patents system criticised judge historically english patent law based custom common law statute began crown granted patents form economic protection ensure high industrial production gifts crown judicial review oversight consideration actual law concerning patents boost england economy edward began encouraging foreign settle england offering letters protection protected guild policy condition train english pass knowledge letters grant monopoly acted passport allowing foreign workers travel england practice trade process continued centuries formal procedures set issue letters patent new industry allowing granting patents highly popular monarch potential raising revenue expected pay heavily patent unlike tax raise method raising crown money public unrest result patent normally directed monarch time system problematic instead temporary specific imported industries long term came common including salt led showdown crown parliament agreed turn power administer patents common law courts time elizabeth revoked number restrictive damaging given string judicial decisions criticising james took throne continued patents create position parliament attack patents according grown like heads grow fast cut succeeded establishing committee grievances body chaired abolished large number followed wave protest patent system march james suggested house_of_commons draw list patents remove time statute prepared passing thrown house_of_lords statute finally passed parliament response establishment sub committee establish freedom speech discuss rights james announced royal things far reach parliament forbade discussing matters state home abroad ignoring ban parliament issued king december authored liberties right discuss matters state claiming rights ancient inheritance subjects england debate sent james rejected instead resolved enter journal required royal presence parliament king reacted tearing page journal declaring razed memories utterly annihilated dissolved parliament imprisoned tower london december released months later liberty resolutions james died march succeeded son charles england high sheriff king prohibited sitting parliament term expired year later following father example charles raised loans parliament imprisoned trial pay judges court common pleas king bench declared illegal chief justice sir dismissed remaining judges succumbed king pressure people refused pay leading case courts confirmed cause given detention prisoner freed offence probably dangerous public discussion result wealthy landowners refused pay loan crown income fell charles expectations forcing fresh parliament march popular anger charles policies mps opposed including young oliver martial law declared continued imprisonment failure pay forced loans soldiers homes private citizens population led famous declaration house englishman castle responded measures insisting forbade imprisonment trial valid prepared resolutions later led corpus act declared force furthermore freeman committed detained prison restrained command king council cause shown writ corpus denied granted man committed detained prison restrained command king council freeman committed detained prison cause stated entitled bail freed addition tax loan levied parliament permission private citizen forced accepting soldiers home john rest committee grievances presented resolutions house_of_lords citing seven statutes cases support argument told lords imprisonment law civil death prison time kind hell lords supportive king charles eventually rejected resolutions insisting trust petition right undertook central role framing writing petition right ongoing struggles martial law civil liberties rejection resolutions seriously concerned accordingly convinced lords meet april order discuss petition king confirming rights liberties royal subjects immediately accepted struggle lords agreed allow committee chaired draft eventual document hearing king sent message parliament forbidding discussing matters state resulting debate led mps unable speak fear king threatening destruction parliament despite fear parliament stood spoke citing historical supporting principle members parliament wished codified parliamentary privilege petition right affirmed sent lords approved document publication met ringing church bells england laying long list statutes broken proclaimed rights liberties free including freedom taxation parliamentary approval right corpus prohibition soldiers houses owner prohibition imposing martial law civilians later passed formal law long parliament constitutional documents english civil liberties bill rights retirement parliament dissolved charles decided govern retired estate miles west london spending time making revisions written works attempt return politics stating petition right left greatest inheritance desire complete writings coupled advanced age factors despite age good health exercised daily following accident horse fell refused consult doctors saying disease drugs asia gold africa doctors europe cure old age instead chose remain confined house medical treatment deathbed council ordered house chambers searched seizing manuscripts later restored permanently lost died september aged lay state month home allow friends relatives view body buried mary church grave covered marble monument lying judicial robes surrounded shields holding coat arms latin inscription monument identifies father children thirteen books second inscription english gives brief chronicle life ends stating come reader live thou die estates including hall passed son henry personal life august married daughter john came long line lawyers judges great grandfather william justice court common pleas having grown nearby knew family asked hand immediately turned eighteen time thirty year old strong practice father accepting offer months married john died leaving daughter son law entire estate clients maintained diary reveals mainly ran household despite independent woman travelling husband acting noted woman value clearly manifested character couple settled manor described catherine legend turret splendid gallery ran length house great hall built massive oaks supported roof grew couple children seven sons daughters sons edward robert arthur john henry thomas edward died young robert knight bachelor married daughter thomas berkeley arthur married elizabeth heir sir george john married daughter anthony bringing hall family henry married margaret daughter richard inherited manor brother john seven daughters son married sarah alexander thomas died infant daughters elizabeth anne elizabeth died young anne married son heir sir thomas married william skinner son heir sir vincent skinner descendants henry include leicester particularly norfolk landowner member parliament agricultural reformer following wife death married elizabeth desirable marriage wealth found bacon pursuing hand acted speed complete ceremony held private house wrong time church morning involved parties prosecuted ecclesiastical law pardon said suggested marrying sir robert cecil uncle funeral lord patron needed ensure continue rise son cecil marrying family years younger hot tempered articulate wrote compatible matched marriage having broken went formidable protagonist buried wife called best wife daughter anne second wife died children second wife daughters elizabeth married john 1st writings best known written work thirteen volumes law reports volume england john marshall writing yale law journal notes principles common law studied examination reports summed legal learning time student common abuse character general criticism writings dry john campbell lives chief justices england said reasoning narrow minded utter contempt method style compositions says reports noting criticism points like man necessarily product age lived faults faults time time loved metaphor literary verbal bacon shakespeare writers day creative critical law writer far superior importance merit predecessors writers general superior succeeded great fixed standard english tongue established common law firm foundation modern lawyer abuse writings man climbs high wall aid shoulders gives friend parting kick face makes final leap reports law reports known reports archive cases participated watched heard started notes law student winter reporting cases october reports initially written seven lost contains law reports draft version england began reporting cases traditional manner copying repeating cases found earlier law reports called bar began attending court cases westminster hall soon drew attention court officials early reports notes told old original reports kept generally chronological order interspersed personal notes court practices entirely chronological career took note earlier cases heard drawn attention written plea roll reference year recorded later editions failed include plea roll reference led reports gained significant academic acclaim writing law quarterly describes works profound influence literature substance english law john baker described single influential series named reports francis bacon rival wrote praise saying sir edward reports errors resolutions contain infinite good decisions cases law time like ship ballast cases modern experience fled ruled time loaned friends family slight public circulation reports formally lifetime select cases published containing famous decisions second volume chronological nature published year chronological fourth published arranged subject fifth published arranged similarly sixth published volumes published died publish single bound copy trace found draft manuscript academics questioned accuracy reports famous case speech brought public consciousness inclusion volume reports usher writing english historical review notes certain manuscripts house throw doubt famous account famous interview reasons given possible later volumes reports published posthumously july officials acting order king seized papers motion house_of_commons restored extant papers eldest son twelfth thirteenth volumes reports based fragments notes decades old original manuscript main work england volume treatise described volume commentary known published ostensibly commentary sir thomas treatise actually covered areas law time volumes published death covered constitutional statutes importance starting law relating criminal law constitutional administrative law respectively reports intended explanation law intentions provide english language students studying law court served alternative roman law lectures university based latin according double vision authority reports illustration actual commentary undoubtedly famous copies exported united_states early colonial era work printed american edition point english version sixteenth edition commented later legal authorities reports standard textbook united_states recorded law libraries harvard college brown university john jay john adams parsons thomas jefferson influenced john later wrote foundations law jefferson stated whig wrote profound learning orthodox doctrine british liberties described adequate discussion treason work went far offering remedy common law trial procedures work detractors writers criticising incorrect works later factual ecclesiastical law journal notes despite considered supreme legal authority subject covered volume offered legal support opinion ignored pieces case law rejected interpretation centres hierarchy judges monarch parliament making law argued judges common law suited making law followed parliament monarch bound follow legal rules principle justified idea judge professional training political historian theorist referred infinity wisdom mere politicians understand complexity law commentary interpreted deliberately aim write called sort anti textbook work form denied legal knowledge organised original edition reference purposes published index book read lived consulted monument merely written knowledge trained professional mind theory judges natural law known appeal reason reason referring method logic judges striking laws position meant certainty law intellectual beauty way law correct system law eventually sophisticated predictable john similarly thought common law proper law england argued necessarily create judicial discretion alter proper necessarily equal perfect law contract english people known appeal contract thomas francis bacon argued theory proponents natural law created king authority individual judge felt skill unique lawyers law understood reason method lawyers understanding king instructions judges law valid confirmed disapproved king legacy challenge ecclesiastical courts oath seen origin right silence decision common law courts issue prohibition arguments contrary common law found reports dealt crucial blow oath high commission case john later confirmed oath invalid right silence drawing decisions reaching conclusion trial sir roger treason assertion treason defined giving aide comfort king enemies deciding factor finding guilty work case led rise modern contract law actions case led eventual dismissal went way securing judicial independence statute considered steps eventual english civil war landmarks transition england economy feudal capitalist particularly influential united_states american war independence legal public campaigns assistance stamp act case given justification legislation income tax case joseph argument tax income property tax property supreme_court united_states declare wilson act unconstitutional decision ultimately lead passage sixteenth amendment castle doctrine originates statement man home castle shall safe house profoundly influenced fourth amendment united_states_constitution amendment hand influenced petition right strong influence mentor roger williams english theologian founded rhode_island colony north_america early proponent doctrine separation church state character noted great enjoyment working hard law enjoying little latin classics maintained estate law primary concern francis bacon main competitor known philosopher man learning interest subjects notably given copy bacon wrote insults style attitude documented regarded life greatest lawyer time reputation monetary success effective forceful occasionally famous arguments read complete state trials volume early lawyers noted thomas writing lacked pronunciation principal parts roger saying best cry describing court case advocate like bull court insulting parties judges rough rival wrote saying insult misery persons bred enemies technical saw win cases attorney general showed qualities pleasing form determined conviction means power francis writing review portrays strongest characteristic lawyer man having taken point engaged case believes heart soul whilst time conscious weakness ready resort device bolster writers struggled reconcile achievements judge surrounding rejection executive power rights man tenure attorney general noting early career state prosecutor arrogance brutality fortune purchasing estates titles knowledge property law clear titles acquired properties favor year amassed property acquisitions attracted attention government james claimed land proper subject possess requested king permission add acre holdings approval proceeded purchase fine estate castle acre norfolk expensive acres land


john canon lawyer john died medieval english clergyman canon lawyer teachers canon law later oxford_university late john joined household archbishop_of_canterbury walter position household held number ecclesiastical positions earned substantial income walter death john continued serve lawyer hold clerical offices died number writings survive legal career mention john occurs teaching oxford record notes witnessed legal case decided delegated judges bishop lincoln instructors including simon kent possibly nicholas john attested legal teachers oxford oxford teachers thomas later writer chronicle abbey clear john taught thomas thomas john thomas teachers known john early life studied law presumably like early english canon lawyers studied continent returning england teach practice possible served canon lincoln cathedral attested late john member household walter archbishop_of_canterbury walter patrons walter archbishop john employed pleading rome walter behalf case wales returning rome john captured held ransom informed captors passing ensuring capture revenge inform john income marks year meant required large ransom releasing john john eventually rescued john fellow englishman archbishop john held essex june john holding diocese lincoln unclear relinquished position oxford diocese lincoln predecessor office chronicler walter map medieval chronicler thomas monk abbey pleaded case walter later chronicle noted john simon kent canon lawyers archbishop household sided abbey described men roughly school teachers surviving evidence shows simon john frequently found opposing sides cases suggests rivalry canon law papal england king john reign john remained england served papal judge delegate occasions died march august date death recorded medieval work annals felt work richard writings john writings dealing canon law survive canon law writings cited earlier contemporary writers number late twelfth century copy ascribed john form notes lectures later added margins copies combined work college cambridge_university manuscript set student notes lectures time entitled survives british library royal work includes lectures notes john classes simon nicholas addressed learning


hugo black hugo black february september american politician member democratic_party black represented alabama united_states senate served associate justice supreme_court united_states black nominated supreme_court president franklin roosevelt confirmed senate vote democratic senators republican senators voted roosevelt nominees court william douglas black widely regarded influential supreme_court justices 20th century fifth longest serving justice supreme_court history black noted advocacy reading united_states_constitution position liberties guaranteed bill rights imposed states incorporated fourteenth amendment political career black regarded staunch supporter liberal policies civil liberties black consistently opposed doctrine substantive process anti new deal supreme_court cited concept way impossible government enact legislation interfered freedom business owners believed basis words constitution right privacy voting finding connecticut black endorsed roosevelt presidential elections staunch supporter new deal early years hugo black youngest children william black martha black born february small wooden farmhouse alabama poor isolated rural clay county town foothills brother orlando medical doctor hugo decided follow footsteps age seventeen left school enrolled birmingham medical school orlando suggested hugo university alabama school law graduating june moved established legal practice practice successful black moved birmingham specialized labor law personal injury cases consequent defense african american forced form commercial slavery black befriended lane judge connected case lane elected birmingham city commission asked black serve police court judge experience judicial experience prior supreme_court black resigned seat order return practicing law time public service began year term jefferson county attorney years later world war black resigned order join united_states_army eventually reaching rank captain served field artillery assigned europe joined birmingham club time eventually serving president group remained active member life occasionally contributing articles publications february married foster children hugo black attorney sterling foster martha born died black married elizabeth anti catholicism black successfully defended trial murder catholic priest father james black joined shortly thinking necessary political career running senate people candidate black believed needed votes members near end life black admit joining mistake went joined group helped votes black fellow politician friend graves known alabama circles gold dust twins biographers 1990s examined black views religious denominations ball found black group economic anti catholic beliefs newman said black disliked catholic_church institution gave numerous anti catholic speeches election campaign meetings alabama harvard crimson reported black appointment jewish law clerk noting earlier appointed miss annie butt catholic secretary supreme_court designated negro catholic messenger marshall brown board education black associate justices held brown board education segregation public schools unconstitutional represented marshall decade later october marshall african american appointed supreme_court served black court black retirement september united_states price united_states price eighteen members charged murder conspiracy deaths james andrew michael charges dismissed trial court unanimous supreme_court included black reversed dismissal ordered case proceed trial seven men including fellow samuel cecil price wayne roberts found guilty crime including lawrence found guilty including ray cases end senate career black sought election united_states senate alabama following retirement senator oscar democratic_party dominated alabama politics time easily defeated republican opponent winning vote reelected winning vote republican johnson senator black gained reputation investigator example chaired committee looked contracts awarded air mail carriers general walter brown inquiry led air mail scandal order correct termed abuses fraud resulting air mail act introduced black bill later air mail act following year participated senate committee investigation lobbying practices publicly denounced telegram fixing washington visiting advocated legislation requiring publicly register names salaries black chairman senate committee education labor position hold remainder senate career sponsored black bill sought establish national minimum wage maximum thirty hours bill initially rejected house_of_representatives amended version extended black original maximum proposal hours passed black left senate fair labor standards act black ardent supporter president franklin roosevelt new deal particular outspoken advocate judiciary reorganization bill popularly known court packing bill unsuccessful plan expand number seats supreme_court favor black career senator speeches based belief ultimate power constitution came actions anti new deal supreme_court judicial excess view court legislation passed large congress senate career black consistently opposed passage anti legislation black lead wagner anti bill pittsburgh post gazette reported motion end defeated headed tom texas hugo black alabama shook hands appointment supreme_court soon failure court packing plan president roosevelt obtained opportunity appoint supreme_court justice conservative van retired roosevelt wanted replacement evangelical new dealer reasonably young senate region country court final candidates solicitor general stanley reed hugo black roosevelt said reed fire want appointment time position black candidate south senator voted roosevelt major new deal programs roosevelt admired black use investigative role senate shape american mind reforms strong voting record early support dated reed later appointed supreme_court reed justice appointed roosevelt appointed harry august roosevelt nominated black fill vacancy tradition senator nominated executive judicial office confirmed immediately debate black nominated senate departed tradition time instead confirming immediately referred nomination judiciary committee black criticized presumed cultural roots membership public judiciary committee recommended black confirmation vote august year day senate considered black nomination rumors relating black involvement surfaced senators democratic senators tried defeating nomination conclusive evidence black involvement available time hours debate senate voted confirm black republicans democrats voted black alabama governor graves appointed wife graves fill black vacated seat month pittsburgh post gazette investigated black past ray won pulitzer prize series articles revealing black involvement controversy soon subsided criticism highly partisan polls showed attacks little effect public opinion black black addressed public concerns person join later resigned rejoined senator dropped time abandoned completely discontinued association organization resumed expect black close friends walter francis white black executive secretary help critics appointment chambers florida early case black ruled favor african american criminal defendants experienced process violations helped concerns rest supreme_court career soon black started court advocated judicial restraint worked court away social economic matters black vigorously defended plain meaning constitution rooted ideas era emphasized supremacy legislature black role supreme_court limited prescribed early years supreme_court black helped reverse earlier court decisions taking narrow interpretation federal power new deal laws struck earlier upheld black joined supreme_court william douglas douglas voted alongside black cases especially involving amendment soon black ideological foes black senior associate justice supreme_court relationship justices justice black involved bitter dispute justice robert jackson result ridge coal local united workers case court ruled favor black voted majority jackson coal company requested court case grounds justice black workers represented black law partner years earlier supreme_court rules justice entitled determine jackson agreed petition denied refused approval black participation case ultimately court unanimously denied petition justice jackson released short statement justice joined indicated jackson voted deny petition approved black participation case limited grounds justice entitled determine case attracted little public comment chief justice stone died rumors president harry appoint jackson stone successor led newspapers investigate report ridge controversy black douglas allegedly leaked newspapers resign jackson appointed chief ultimately chose fred position justice black approved order barred federal district court texas investigation significant voter fraud irregularities democratic primary election united_states senator texas order effectively confirmed future president johnson apparent victory texas governor black later clashed fellow justice 1960s warren clerk called feud basic court 1950s tenure chief justice coincided red scare period intense anti communism united_states cases supreme_court considered upheld validity laws passed era example american communications association court upheld law required labor union officials membership communist_party black claiming law violated amendment free speech clause similarly dennis united_states court upheld smith act crime advocate advise teach duty necessity government united_states law prosecute individuals joining communist_party black writing public opinion protest conviction communist hope times present pressures fears later court restore amendment liberties high preferred place belong free society beginning late 1940s black wrote decisions relating establishment clause insisted strict separation church state notable declared state sanctioned prayer public schools unconstitutional provoked considerable opposition especially conservative circles efforts restore school prayer constitutional amendment failed died replaced earl warren members court new deal liberals black liberal wing court warren douglas william arthur said court role congress voted warren court occasionally took line key cases notably connecticut established constitution protected right privacy finding right implicit constitution black wrote dissent good able men spoken written duty court constitution tune times reject philosophy black prominent ideological opponent warren court john marshall replaced justice jackson disagreed issues including bill rights states scope process clause man vote principle black distinctive members supreme_court history influential justices diverse earl warren william black essential components history black love history rooted lifelong love books led belief historical study necessary prevent repeating society past mistakes black wrote power power supreme_court justices history tells tempted judges second black commitment involved words constitution restrict roles judiciary black justices supremacy country legislature legislature denying people freedoms black wrote constitution provides changing process judges people chosen representatives black lecture colleagues liberal conservative supreme_court importance acting limits constitution black led enforce rights constitution attempting define meaning scope extent right black expressed view bill rights opinion case california saw significant opinion written consider bill rights 18th century jacket provisions thought outdated true designed meet ancient kind human emerged century century excessive power sought expense judgment people nation lose liberty long bill rights like survives basic purposes interpreted enforced respected follow believe original intention fourteenth amendment extend people complete protection bill rights hold court determine provisions bill rights enforced degree great design written constitution judicial restraint black intensely believed judicial restraint reserved power making laws liberal colleagues saw created legislation conservative justice john black justice worn judicial robes sense limitations black advocated narrow role interpretation justices opposing view justices social engineers constitution black opposed constitutional liberties literal historic plain meaning saw liberal colleagues condemned actions right conservative horsemen 1920s 1930s struck new deal legislation black forged majority decision morris cleared path georgia state legislature choose governor race democrat republican howard black voted majority strict construction uphold state constitutional provision colleagues douglas according douglas georgia tradition guarantee victory trailed thousand votes general election returns douglas saw issue continuation earlier decision gray struck georgia county unit system kind electoral college choose governor black argued constitution state choose governor business write laws fit day task interpret constitution black explained black noted advocacy approach constitutional interpretation took literal reading provisions bill rights believed text constitution absolutely question calling judicial interpretation leading reputation strict text constitution absolute limitation authority judges constitutional matters confines text judges broad mandate enforce constitutional provisions regardless current public sentiment feelings justices black refused join efforts justices court sought abolish capital punishment united_states efforts succeeded temporarily term immediately following black death claimed fifth fourteenth amendment reference life capital crimes meant approval death penalty implicit bill rights persuaded right privacy implicit ninth fourteenth amendments court decision conviction use black said fourth amendment talk protects privacy privacy broad abstract ambiguous concept constitutional right privacy found constitution justice black rejected reliance called mysterious uncertain concept natural law according black theory vague arbitrary merely allowed judges impose personal views nation instead argued courts limit strict analysis actual text constitution black addition opponent living constitution theory dissent wrote realize good able men spoken written strains duty court constitution tune times idea constitution changed time time court charged duty changes reject philosophy constitution makers knew need change provided amendments suggested people elected representatives submitted people selected agents ratification method change good fathers somewhat old fashioned add good seen black david example influential judge years black insisted judges rely intent plain meaning constitution words phrases drawing history period deciding case black additionally called judicial restraint usually seen court decision making justices court supremacy legislature public policy making legislature denying people constitutional freedoms black stated legislature fully clothed power govern maintain order black held expansive view legislative power state federal vote judicial review state laws struck commerce clause previously 1920s 1930s court interpreted commerce clause narrowly striking laws grounds congress authority supreme_court overturned affirmed broader interpretation commerce clause black consistently voted majority decisions example joined smith united_states lumber heart atlanta united_states cases black ruled federal government instance partially south_carolina court upheld validity voting rights act attempt protect voting rights african americans act required state population african american obtain federal approval changing voting laws black wrote law providing states pass state laws adopt state constitutional amendments compelled federal authorities approve policies constitutional structure government render distinction drawn constitution state federal power meaningless similarly oregon mitchell delivered opinion court holding federal government entitled set voting age state elections law federal jurisdiction black large contribution majority opinion younger harris case decided black year court given rise known younger according doctrine important principle called respect federal courts state courts federal courts intervening ongoing state proceedings absent compelling circumstances case famous discussion black calls discussion black proper respect state functions recognition fact entire country union separate state governments belief national government fare best states institutions left free perform separate functions separate ways black early supporter man vote standard set baker support view baker predecessor case green civil rights senator black anti bill tenure bench black established record sympathetic civil rights movement joined majority judicial enforcement racially restrictive similarly unanimous brown board education court struck racial segregation public schools black remained determined south supreme_court adopt position immediate alexander holmes county board education black wrote court majority opinion united_states roosevelt decision intern japanese americans west_coast world war decision example black belief limited role judiciary legislative executive actions led saying unnecessary possible reasons prompted order form black tended favor law order civil rights activism led read civil rights act narrowly example case reversing convictions sit protesters arguing limit scope civil rights act said unfortunately think special privileges law black felt actions like protesting singing marching good causes day lead supporting evil causes later sister law explained black mortally afraid protesters black opposed actions civil rights vietnam war protesters believed courts second responsible social black said vigorously opposed efforts extend amendment freedom speech speech conduct amendment black took approach amendment believing words amendment said congress shall law black rejected creation judicial tests free speech standards tests clear present danger bad tendency gravity evil balancing black write amendment wholly reach federal power believe federal agencies including congress court power authority subordinate speech press think important interests believed amendment erected wall separation church state career black wrote important opinions relating church state separation delivered opinion court board education held establishment clause applicable federal government states black majority opinion board education held government provide religious instruction public schools delivered opinion affirmed states use religious tests qualifications public office similarly authored majority opinion declared unconstitutional states require official prayers public schools justice black regarded leading defender amendment rights freedom speech press refused accept doctrine freedom speech curtailed national security grounds new_york_times united_states voted allow newspapers publish pentagon papers despite nixon administration contention publication security implications opinion black stated amendment founding fathers gave free press protection fulfill essential role democracy press serve governed governors government power censor press abolished press remain forever free government press protected bare secrets government inform people free press effectively expose deception government word security broad vague invoked fundamental law embodied amendment rejected idea government entitled punish speech likewise argued laws freedom speech unconstitutional members supreme_court rejected views black interpretation attract support justice douglas believe individuals right speak pleased delivered majority opinion florida conviction protesters demonstrated government property des supreme_court ruled students right wear form protest schools writing believed fourteenth amendments state federal government authority regulate censor content speech believed person right speeches engage demonstrations black took narrow view constituted speech amendment conduct deserve speech example believe flag burning speech street new_york wrote passes belief federal constitution bars state making deliberate burning american flag offense similarly california court held wearing jacket words fuck draft speech protected amendment asserted activity mainly conduct little speech justice black held view court literally enforce constitutional guarantees especially amendment free speech clause labeled activist willingness review legislation arguably violated constitutional provisions black maintained necessary cabin judicial power reasons votes case george prohibited illinois bar refused communists refused testimony political ideology black quoted stating indicated remotely belief country oppressive right revolution exercised contrary entire course life disclosed record devotion service country willingness defend security risk life time war later willingness defend freedoms risk professional career time peace public interview reflecting important contributions black dissent california list spoke great earliest opinions chambers florida criminal procedure black adopted narrower interpretation fourth amendment colleagues warren court united_states court held violated fourth amendment guarantee search seizure argued fourth amendment protected items physical searches concluded telephone conversations scope amendment consequently justice black originally believed constitution require exclusion illegally seized evidence trials wolf colorado claimed rule command fourth amendment created rule evidence later changed mind joined majority ohio applied state federal criminal investigations indicated support based fifth amendment guarantee right self fourth amendment guarantee searches wrote persuaded fourth amendment standing bar introduction evidence seized violation commands instances black took fairly broad view rights criminal defendants joined supreme_court landmark decision arizona required law enforcement officers warn suspects rights prior consistently voted apply guarantees fourth fifth sixth eighth amendments state level black author landmark decision ruled states provide attorney criminal defendant afford court held requirement applied federal government bill rights applicable states incorporation question notable aspects justice black view entirety federal bill rights applicable states originally bill rights binding federal government supreme_court ruled baltimore according black fourteenth amendment ratified incorporated bill rights binding states particular pointed privileges clause state shall enforce law shall privileges citizens united_states proposed term privileges encompassed rights mentioned amendments constitution black theory incorporation supreme_court ruled california fifth amendment guarantee self apply states period time hugo black disciple john claim rights appendix opinion justice black analyzed statements framed fourteenth amendment reaching conclusion fourteenth amendment particularly privileges clause plain application bill rights states black theory attracted support justices frank murphy william douglas achieved support majority court prominent opponents black theory justices john marshall argued fourteenth amendment incorporate bill rights merely protected rights implicit concept ordered liberty standard justice established earlier connecticut supreme_court accepted argument fourteenth amendment incorporated entirety bill rights agree fundamental guarantees applicable states 1930s 1940s 1950s amendment rights free exercise religion freedom speech deemed sufficiently fundamental supreme_court incorporated 1960s court chief justice warren took process making guarantees bill rights binding states court failed accept black theory total incorporation end result close black advocated today parts amendments extended states seventh amendments grand jury clause fifth amendment eighth amendment protection excessive bail guarantee sixth amendment interpreted criminal composed members unanimous process clause justice black known rejection doctrine substantive process supreme_court justices accepted view process clause encompassed procedural guarantees fundamental fundamental rights argued process included substantive component addition procedural component black believed interpretation process clause broad dissent charged doctrine substantive process takes away congress states power laws based judgment wisdom transfers power court ultimate determination instead black advocated narrower interpretation clause dissent analyzed history term process law concluded correct meaning phrase government proceed according law land according written constitutional statutory provisions interpreted court decisions black view process drew reading british history process meant persons tried accordance bill rights procedural guarantees accordance laws black advocated equal treatment government persons regardless wealth age race black view process restrictive sense equal procedures extend substantive process accordance black views black tie procedural process exclusively bill rights tie exclusively bill rights combined explicit provisions constitution black colleagues shared interpretation process clause chief rival issue issues advocated substantive view process based natural law challenged action shock conscience violate british concepts find violation process law john largely agreed highly critical black view indicating continued black insistence process concept fundamental voting rights black supreme_court foremost defenders man vote principle delivered opinion court holding constitution required congressional districts state approximately equal population concluded constitution command representatives chosen people states means nearly man vote congressional election worth likewise voted favor extended requirement state legislative districts basis equal protection clause time black believe equal protection clause poll taxes unconstitutional court ruling harper virginia board elections use poll tax qualification vote criticized court exceeding limited power interpret original meaning equal protection clause giving clause new meaning believes represents better governmental policy equal protection clause late 1940s black believed fourteenth amendment process clause constitutional prohibition state governmental actions basis race manner black saw race characteristics suspect categories addressed protected equal protection black believed equal protection clause introduced means state action action involved civil rights racial discrimination black maintain view death saying race discrimination litigation strict scrutiny state action litigation black reserved power change meaning scope process legislature retirement death justice black admitted national naval medical center maryland august subsequently retired court september suffered stroke days later died september services held national cathedral persons attended justice black wishes coffin simple cheap displayed service costs burial reflective worth human remains present remains interred arlington national cemetery supreme_court justices buried arlington harry andrew william arthur joseph marshall potter stewart william douglas oliver holmes chief justice william howard chief justice earl warren chief justice warren chief justice william justice black buried right main cemetery entrance hill yards monument black identical size shape tens thousands military arlington says simply hugo black captain army president richard_nixon considered friday fill vacant seat changed mind american bar association found friday nixon nominated lewis confirmed senate legacy hugo black twice subject covers time magazine august united_states senator october associate justice art robert black appeared great americans series postage stamp issued united_states postal service oliver holmes associate justices later marshall joseph story louis william justice hugo black stamp hugo black day cover congress passed law sponsored ben designating new courthouse building district court northern district alabama birmingham hugo black united_states courthouse extensive collection black personal judicial papers archived manuscript division library congress open research justice black honored exhibit bounds law library university alabama school law special hugo black collection maintained library black served supreme_court thirty years making fifth longest serving justice supreme_court history senior longest serving justice court unprecedented years death chief justice stone april retirement september longest serving associate justice acting chief justice occasions stone death took office june death september warren took office october warren courts