robert robert july march american specializing appointed secretary institution time curator birds united_states national museum title held death helped found american union served officer journal editor outstanding descriptive life work birds north middle america volumes lifetime number north american bird species described science technical illustrator paintings outline drawings complement writing published books color names describing birds nomenclature colors color standards color nomenclature world continue cite color studies books biography early life family born mount illinois david née reed oldest children educated common schools native town showed special fondness natural history interest explore nature shooting gun given father drawing life encouraged parents uncle william aunt met julia daughter history north american birds courtship girl known lasted reached age eighteen married october training king expedition age thirteen young wrote commissioner patents seeking advice identification bird seen enclosed sized color drawing turned pair purple letter eventually referred institution replied identifying bird praising boy artistic abilities learn use scientific names birds correspondence mentor protégé continued exchange letters led appointment spring naturalist king survey 40th parallel brief intensive stint training washington learned prepare study skins joined expedition starting sacramento california team explored parts nevada utah territory idaho territory highlight trip stop nevada pyramid lake fall members team reduced funding reasons returned work utah undertaking lasted nearly years collected bird related specimens nests eggs skins served key member great surveys american west observed species western slope sierra nevada written portion king report section published washington years return washington illustrated wrote thomas history north american birds project formally joined supervision curator george brown received job title curator variously department birds titled curator birds death working institution collection approximately thousand bird skins devoted taxonomic relationships north american bird species continued field work collect new specimens making trips home state illinois florida states costa_rica exchanged study skins museums donation loan provided material publications collectors rican national museum exchange specimens articulate served representative years study birds welcomed visits museum colleagues general public alike tours responsibilities involved assembling public exhibits interest accessibility books available displayed examples birds described popular natural histories showed birds known poetry species like found north_america returning favor paid responded letters public identify birds provided artist materials painter california friends colleagues described shy generally publicity colleagues louis provided important collection asian birds charles wallace richmond joined institution night soon tasked writing reviews short pieces samuel tenure secretary assisted aviation research provided calculations wing loading aerodynamic characteristics species like wandering turkey vulture soaring birds robert founding member american union associate editor organization journal prevailed serve officer organization condition required public meetings served vice president september november president november november scientific knowledge expanded quickly second half nineteenth century need system names describe north american birds grew example certain names assigned william catalog deemed robert addressed need publications published competing allen william henry came committee nomenclature classification serving newly founded reconcile systems committee released code nomenclature check list north american birds consistent set rules naming birds described future code settled disagreement species names established today order presentation handbook innovations adopted branches incorporated version international code nomenclature committee work served way birds described identifying subspecies level american embraced descriptive detail european researchers time reluctant adopt enthusiastic supporter nomenclature thinking later life moderate robert corresponding member society london associated iowa academy natural sciences new_york academy sciences indiana society natural history chicago academy sciences foreign member british union member permanent committee international congress vienna honorary member club cambridge massachusetts contributed illustrations articles bulletin short lived club chicago illinois active named honor honorary member lacked formal post secondary education received honorary master degree science indiana university sign gratitude supplying bird specimens museum burned listed title professor annual reports staff despite lack teaching appointment referred particularly writers home state illinois dean profile example expedition robert joined famous alaska expedition john louis john edward curtis number scientists artists month expedition study flora fauna alaska coastline trip yield significant publications family members robert julia son february begun promising career field museum natural history life cut short fatal bout pneumonia robert second born brother john february december nationally prominent bird illustrator worked years united_states geological survey california institute technology los_angeles county museum history science art brothers collaborated illustrations robert drawing john coloring later life death early june robert wife julia moved illinois reduce physical mental stress complete birds north middle america parts appeared built new house acres hectares purchased named place large trees growing property acquired tract acres hectares located country called bird haven developed private nature reserve birds nursery cultivation non native plants skill landscaping tending grounds expertise area demand bird haven city park death severe blow robert robert continued live tending beloved trees shrubs death march age robert buried bird haven julia ashes scattered works robert publication age article course years publish titles printed pages concerning north american birds collaborated volume history north american birds volumes land birds published volumes published water birds north_america time work considered standard work north american primarily contributed illustrations land bird volumes wrote bulk water bird volumes provided color illustrations books peak artistic proficiency late 1870s certain contemporaries instance daniel produced pleasing accurate words biographer daniel lewis best grasp bird coloration country publication manual north american birds robert condensed known continent birds relatively compact pages outline drawings prototype today field guides successful going second edition described chamberlain far away best thing working naturalist bulk use field identification keys depended characteristics bird hand field marks harry characterized quality illustrations rarely excelled beauty accuracy stephen alfred forbes wrote volume work illinois contributions published parts published number papers dealing woody plants region contributed short pieces forest stream magazine edited george bird color books robert published books goal names colors describe birds nomenclature colors appeared relatively small scope illustrating colors proposed simple classification system away evocative names currently popular sought improve expand work discussions secretary new expanded dictionary color published supported advisory committee formed scientific illustrator william henry holmes chairman richard newly appointed assistant secretary members children game inventor bradley devised color wheel use consulted project thought important work include information colors proposed physicist color theorist editor work tension committee broad vision commercial applications project narrow objective naturalist reference book ended collaboration endeavor published color standards color nomenclature financed loan friend colleague work standard reference decades death specialists wide ranging fields food coloring book named colors illustrated painted samples reproduced plates special care taken ensure consistency color reproduction edition prevention fading color samples printed large sheets cut inch half inches bound book book foreword acknowledged assistance brother john john thousand colors named devised imaginative dragons blood red blue paid tribute colleagues including colors like bradley bradley blue field guide pioneer frank samuel descriptions new forms significant proportion output consisted formal scientific descriptions new forms birds new genera species subspecies native central south_america papers short reports dealing single taxon describe tens new forms single publication paper describing species islands manual north american birds new genera new species subspecies subsequent research revised taxonomy birds forms described remain recognized distinct contributions substantial lifetime described new taxa american birds forms described named came outside united_states instance identified new taxon collected earlier mountains new_york area explored specimens collected eugene wrote description subspecies gray naming bird new_england southern canada recognized distinct species specimens collected describe hood large medium tree endemic members called darwin group significant impact charles darwin reasoning evolution emergence new species birds north middle america robert career work bird monumental page birds north middle america published volumes began work direction major objective work resolve problems naming classification scientific literature time identify synonyms dry rigorous technically detailed language book considered accessible general reading public continuing pattern manual earlier review american birds volume featured appendix engraved outline drawings generic characteristics published eighth installment work commonly known bulletin continued work project outlining projected volumes incomplete time death following plan writing completed final volumes birds north middle america color standards color nomenclature works divided time projects decade century color terms extensively bulletin legacy recognition followers emphasized precision description literature accumulation evidence numerous specimens drawn facts opposition called european school time depended personal authority harris calls robert birds north middle america culmination school bird study turn twentieth century began focus bird behavior reproduction strategies aspects living organism fell advances colleagues succeeding generations overwhelming bulletin authoritative new publication replace years accordingly declined importance means study birds birds named include buff known whip poor caribbean subspecies big island subspecies hawk species subspecies genus named consists awarded daniel medal national academy sciences birds north middle america academy elected membership receive william memorial award recognizes exceptional body work birds western hemisphere american association established robert award publications field selected publications robert march american naturalist retrieved january robert new classification north american descriptions new species proceedings academy natural sciences philadelphia retrieved january robert december relation color geographical distribution birds exhibited american journal science 3rd retrieved january robert september relation color geographical distribution birds exhibited american journal science 3rd retrieved january history north american birds land birds little brown boston volume volume volume iii retrieved january special edition published year copies contained plates hand colored robert volume iii king report geological exploration parallel government printing office washington retrieved january robert september catalogue birds north_america proceedings united_states national museum retrieved november robert nomenclature north american birds chiefly contained united_states national museum bulletin national museum robert description new united_states proceedings united_states national museum retrieved january description water birds north_america little brown boston volume volume retrieved january american union code nomenclature check list north american birds new_york retrieved january members committee allen robert william robert nomenclature colors useful knowledge little brown boston colored plates plates outline illustrations retrieved january robert manual north american birds illustrated outline drawings generic characters philadelphia retrieved january robert descriptive catalog birds illinois robert forbes illinois state laboratory natural history springfield ill volume retrieved january robert february scientific results fish commission steamer birds collected islands proceedings united_states national museum retrieved march robert directions collecting birds bulletin united_states national museum retrieved march robert birds report national museum retrieved january robert november descriptions new species islands proceedings united_states national museum retrieved january robert descriptive catalog birds illinois robert forbes illinois state laboratory natural history springfield ill volume retrieved january robert march birds archipelago proceedings united_states national museum retrieved january robert october birds north middle america descriptive catalogue higher groups genera species subspecies birds known occur north_america arctic islands panama west_indies islands caribbean_sea archipelago national museum washington retrieved january robert october birds north middle america national museum washington retrieved january robert december birds north middle america iii national museum washington retrieved january robert july birds north middle america national museum washington robert november birds north middle america national museum washington retrieved january robert color standards color nomenclature washington colored plates retrieved january robert april birds north middle america national museum washington retrieved january robert birds north middle america vii national museum washington retrieved january robert june birds north middle america viii national museum washington retrieved january robert april plea caution use retrieved january


clark thomas clark thomas october september american mycologist known work particularly genus fungi fungi receiving doctorate university went join faculty kansas state university curator new_york botanical garden served editor academic journals published garden involved society america serving positions including president managing editor editor chief scientific journal biography born october utah parents clarke graduating high school enrolled junior college renamed state university following years attended utah state university hoped work supervision botanist settled instead available plant richards received bachelor science utah state university soon drafted army spent years pacific theater world war served technical sergeant laboratory army evacuation hospital cared released philippines near war end war years collections plants fungi butterflies sent institution war finished continued studying fungal started doctoral program harry university noted mycologist richard graduate students time studied fungi committed suicide replaced advisor months doctoral program received doctorate year joined faculty kansas state university assistant professor ultimately advance associate professor kansas worked identification fungi published nearly papers fungal taxonomic fungal flora air plant diseases caused fungi director new_york botanical garden william jacob recruited position curator senior curator senior curator emeritus retirement curator directly responsible loans fungi later added staff garden continued study taxonomy especially genus fungi fungi fungal diversity new_york utah additionally served editor garden publications memoirs new_york botanical garden north american flora flora garden professor biology columbia_university college city university new_york tenure garden deeply involved member society america served managing editor editor chief scientific journal vice president president elect president secretary treasurer society served historian society america generous donor student travel awards died september contributions added thousands records fungi mainly utah garden specimens available study assisted formation major amateur mushroom groups new_york_city area new_york association new_jersey association connecticut association coma helped amateur correctly identify fungal specimens weekends return amateur provided specimens presented detailed history reviewed changes order time publication included keys genera followed list genera literature citation original descriptions type species included genera taxa described carey var carey lineage clark belongs lineage traced famous german mycologist william russell assistant professor university received training joseph charles arthur george francis mason thomas studied thomas went college influence harry study received studied contemporary fellow student richard prominent mycologist students include robert kansas state susan carey columbia_university anna columbia_university columbia_university college penn state studied continues expand university maryland honors received awards honors career president society america north american association award contributions amateur award society america appreciation service society historian secretary treasurer vice president president managing editor editor chief connecticut association coma named annual day mushroom foray appreciation commitment education development amateur new_york botanical garden distinguished service award outstanding contribution advancement outstanding service coma commemorative publication celebrating birthday memoirs new_york botanical garden society america established clark student research travel award member american association advancement science bergen swamp preservation society utah academy sciences eponymous taxa lodge states publications wrote research publications publications vegetation bergen swamp fungi rochester sci king late kansas plant kansas notes fungi kansas trans kansas sci walker additional collections violet north central states plant shields oak seven kansas counties plant kansas notes trans kansas king stem kansas reporter kansas notes trans kansas found kansas trans kansas kansas notes trans kansas stipe wheat kansas plant diseases grasses kansas plant kansas plant diseases grasses kansas plant kansas comparison media trans kansas kansas notes trans kansas kansas notes trans kansas fungi kansas kansas materials methods general results trans kansas kansas iii trans kansas carpenter evaluation control root plant hall inheritance resistance fungus sci kansas trans kansas kansas kansas viii trans kansas patterns production coral mushrooms journal new_york botanical garden fungi associated seed kansas trans kansas flora flora fungi journal new_york botanical garden dedication preface index volumes new_york botanical garden new_york vii kansas notes trans kansas preface index volumes new_york new_york botanical garden algae fungi journal new_york botanical garden warner new species fungi new species michigan michigan new species fred jay new names new taxa fungi proposed fred jay unpublished manuscript new_york botanical garden publications fred jay unpublished manuscript new_york botanical garden jan carey taxonomy morphology new species commemorating birthday new_york studies fungi cultivated ants new genus fungi canadian forest region index tribe tribe tribe flora new north american species carey morphology bull club new species new species carey bull club carey new flora fungi university utah smith low temperature tolerant alpine fungal antagonists parasite eastern north_america white disposition species occurring smith catalog described charles bull new_york state review land plants identification handbook martin bull club new tropical species fungi species species new tropical stud harris fungi collected collaborators highland new_york new_york fungi occurring tropical new highland new_york synopsis new species fungi fungi species utah usa utah usa new_york botanical garden species great basin usa genera stud external links clark expert fungi dead new_york_times


born known american research scientist active multiple fields related applied mathematics assistant professor college medicine fellow harvard society visiting faculty member google mathematical approaches studied evolution range contexts including networks evolutionary theory languages field published scientific articles variety disciplines won awards including mit student prize american physical society award outstanding doctoral thesis research biological physics named technology review recipients presidential early career award scientists engineers early life education grew brooklyn siblings began computer programming age seven father technology entrepreneur owned factory new_jersey child spoke hebrew hungarian making english language studied mathematics physics philosophy princeton earned master degree history university proceeded complete joint phd mathematics harvard mit division health sciences technology advised martin research contributed founding evolutionary theory phd supervisor martin involved researching dimensional structure human field dimensional structure team scientists university massachusetts medical school mit suggested human dna finding explains cell able heavily forming knot invented variant capture called produces wide measure contact point dimensional structure technique combines existing capture generation enabling versus measure contacts work published journal science featured cover illustration following publication quoted saying long known small scale dna double double didn fold cell meters long scientists understood double fit nucleus human cell millimeter diameter new approach enabled probe exactly question served senior author article cell described refined method team describe fundamental organization dna involved analysis corpus million books applying data mining techniques advance new field involved project anglo saxon texts analysis led discovery process irregular increasingly regular time announcement google books approached google director research peter permitted data work contributed google viewer released december makes use ideas produce normalized historical trends sequence letters project published number findings journal science including changing dynamic fame instances literary censorship second world war awards awarded mit student prize work meant assist elderly people balance problems prevent falls cause injury following year listed new change medicine popular mechanics year later named mit technology review magazine american physical society presented award outstanding doctoral thesis research biological physics thesis titled evolution emergence structure doctoral awarded thesis prize recipient director new award named american researchers recipient presidential early career award scientists engineers personal life married following marriage husband wife means hebrew little fire son named daughter outside scientific interests participated modern art collaboration nicholas richard exhibited galleries united_states europe wife founded bears borders nonprofit organisation stuffed toys developing world


stephen jay stephen jay september american evolutionary biologist historian science influential widely read writers popular science generation spent career teaching harvard_university working american museum natural history new_york hired vincent visiting research professor biology new_york university divided time teaching harvard significant contribution evolutionary biology theory punctuated developed theory proposes evolution characterized long periods evolutionary stability punctuated swift periods branching evolution theory contrasted popular idea evolutionary change marked pattern smooth continuous change fossil record research based land genera contributed evolutionary developmental biology received wide praise book phylogeny evolutionary theory opposed strict applied humans evolutionary psychology campaigned proposed science religion considered distinct fields authorities overlap known general public mainly popular essays magazine natural history books written specialist non specialist april library congress named living legend biography stephen jay born raised community neighborhood northeastern section queens new_york_city father court navy veteran world war mother eleanor artist parents jewish immigrants living working city district years old father took hall american museum natural history encountered idea things recalled moment decided raised secular jewish home formally practice religion preferred called asked directly magazine responded absolutely forced bet existence conventional anthropomorphic deity course bet basically right said honorable position know right real surprised turned conventional god brought father stated father politics different describing political views said tend left center according influential political books read wright mills power elite political writings attending college early 1960s active civil rights movement campaigned social justice attended university leeds visiting undergraduate organized weekly demonstrations outside dance hall refused admit blacks continued demonstrations policy revoked career writings spoke cultural oppression forms especially saw service racism interspersed scientific essays natural history magazine frequently referred interests boy collected baseball cards remained new_york_yankees fan life adult fond science fiction movies poor storytelling presentation science interests included singing boston great gilbert sullivan operas collected rare antiquarian books possessed enthusiasm architecture enjoyed city walks traveled europe spoke french german russian italian alluded tendency weight marriage family married artist lee october met lee students college sons married years second marriage artist sculptor bout cancer july diagnosed deadly form cancer affecting abdominal lining frequently found people exposed rock dust difficult year recovery published column discover magazine entitled median isn message discusses stunned reaction discovering median mortality months discovery describes true significance number relief realizing statistical averages merely useful encompass range variation median halfway point means people die months half live longer potentially longer needed determine personal characteristics placed range given cancer detected early young optimistic best treatments available reasoned favorable half upper statistical range experimental treatment radiation surgery recovery column source comfort cancer patients advocate medical undergoing cancer treatments smoked marijuana help alleviate long periods intense according drug important effect eventual recovery later complained understand humane person beneficial substance people great need simply use different purposes august testimony assisted successful lawsuit hiv activist jim sued government canada right possess use marijuana medical purposes final illness death survived years cancer ended life died lung form cancer spread brain liver cancer unrelated abdominal cancer died home bed set library surrounded wife mother eleanor books loved scientific career began higher education college graduating double major geology philosophy time studied university leeds united_kingdom completing graduate work columbia_university guidance norman immediately hired harvard_university worked end life harvard promoted professor geology curator institution museum comparative harvard awarded title alexander professor following year awarded fellowship american association advancement science later served president news release cited numerous contributions scientific progress public understanding science served president society society study evolution elected body national academy sciences vincent visiting research professor biology new_york university american association named year lifetime work posthumously awarded darwin wallace medal recipients medal awarded years society london punctuated early career developed theory punctuated according evolutionary change occurs relatively rapidly alternating longer periods relative evolutionary stability coined term punctuated idea presented doctoral article published previous year according punctuated revised key pillar central logic theory evolutionary argued punctuated great interest biology generally merely modified neo manner fully compatible known comparisons george simpson work tempo mode evolution describes record characterized gradual change included slow rapid rates evolution emphasize theoretical novelty punctuated argued evolutionary unexpected evolutionary major impact evolutionary biology critics jokingly referred theory punctuated evolution prompted describe evolution evolutionary developmental biology significant contributions evolutionary developmental biology especially work phylogeny book emphasized process encompasses distinct processes terminal additions process slowed organism reach end development terminal addition process organism adds development speeding shortening earlier stages developmental process influence field evolutionary developmental biology continues seen areas study evolution feathers champion biological constraints internal limitations developmental pathways non forces evolution direct adaptations considered higher functions human brain consequence natural selection describe opted features coined term believed feature human mentality essential premise human evolutionary psychology harvard colleague wilson introduced analysis animal behavior including human behavior based framework suggested social behaviors strong evolutionary basis response richard boston area wrote subsequently referenced letter new_york review books entitled open letter criticized wilson notion view human society human action rule explanations aspects animal behavior later wrote range selective stories concepts inclusive fitness selection solve successfully think problem previously greatest block theory social behavior continue success wish represents extension basic realm apply richard wrote influential paper entitled san introduced architectural term evolutionary biology architecture curved area masonry exists arches supporting dome called context found particularly gothic churches visiting venice noted san cathedral beautiful spaces planned architect spaces arise necessary architectural mounting dome rounded arches defined evolutionary biology context mean biological feature organism arises necessary consequence features directly selected natural selection proposed examples include female use brooding chamber shoulder giant irish deer key features human mentality portrayed scholar despite evidence insists best best possible worlds asserted evolutionary view traits things naturally selected criticised granting theoretical space causes developmental constraints relative frequency defined versus features nature remains controversial topic evolutionary biology example approach found lloyd case study suggesting female product shared developmental pathways wrote topic essay male prompted lloyd earlier work evolutionary progress favored argument evolution inherent drive long term progress commentaries portray evolution ladder progress leading bigger faster organisms assumption evolution driving organisms complex ultimately like argued evolution drive complexity life constrained begin simple starting point like bacteria diversity resulting start random walk distribution perceived direction higher complexity life argued easily adapt case parasites review house richard approved general argument suggested saw evidence tendency improve fit particular way life increasing numbers features combine complexes definition evolution incidentally progressive deeply dyed wool progressive embraced method investigating evolutionary process possibly concerned investigations lead neglect details historical biology considered important early 1990s led debate begun apply techniques fossils methods interpreting fossils time rapidly dominant method classification evolutionary biology inexpensive increasingly powerful personal computers possible process large quantities data organisms characteristics time development effective chain reaction techniques possible apply methods analysis genetic features technical work land research land focused early work genus later work concentrated west indian genus according land diversity form entire world described species single genus fact species names exist express real phenomenon incredible morphological diversity shaped like golf balls shaped like main subject evolution form problem diversity amid little genetic difference far tell interesting solve learn general evolution form given extensive geographic diversity later lamented christopher columbus single ended scholarly debate island columbus set foot america influence frequently cited scientists field evolutionary theory paper cited times flagship journal charles darwin george simpson cited considerably respected historian science historian numbers quoted saying strengths scientist long time regarded second influential historian science thomas structure evolutionary theory shortly death published structure evolutionary theory long treatise version modern evolutionary theory film beauty remarked couple years able gather volume view evolution works great represents putting lifetime thinking source book particularly widely read going far long thousand professionals different popular science writings greater chance place way thinking evolution struggled life public figure widely known popular essays evolution natural history magazine essays published series titled view life phrase concluding charles darwin origin species starting january ended january amounting continuous publication essays essays reprinted collected volumes books darwin thumb teeth horse toes smile passionate advocate evolutionary theory wrote subject trying communicate understanding contemporary evolutionary biology wide audience recurring theme writings history development pre evolutionary evolutionary thought enthusiastic baseball fan analyst baseball statistics frequent reference sport essays baseball essays posthumously published book triumph tragedy proud emphasis neo fiercely opposed aspects intellectual descendant evolutionary psychology devoted considerable time fighting creation science intelligent design notably provided expert testimony equal time law arkansas later developed term non overlapping describe view science religion comment realm went develop idea detail particularly books rocks ages fox essay natural history wrote failure universal good record lack insight merely demonstrates nature contains moral messages framed human terms morality subject philosophers students thinking people answers read nature arise data science factual state world teach powers good evil alter preserve ethical manner anti evolution petition scientific dissent spawned national center science education pro evolution counterpart project steve named honor noted public face science appearing television received nova special pbs appearances included interviews cnn nbc today regular appearances charlie rose guest seven episodes dutch talk series glorious accident appeared close friend oliver sacks featured prominently guest burns pbs documentary baseball pbs evolution series board advisers influential children television workshop television contact frequent guest appearances voiced cartoon version television series simpsons episode lisa lisa finds skeleton people believe apocalyptic angel lisa contacts asks test skeleton dna fossil discovered marketing gimmick new mall production phrase objected line script introduced world brilliant paid tribute death season finale memory died days episode aired controversy received accolades scholarly work popular natural history number felt public presentations step mainstream evolutionary thinking public debates supporters detractors dubbed darwin wars commentators john smith eminent british evolutionary biologist strongest critics smith thought vital role adaptation biology critical acceptance species selection major component biological evolution review daniel book darwin dangerous idea smith wrote giving non largely false picture state evolutionary theory smith consistently negative writing review thumb stephen best writer popular science active hope right writing essays like smith welcomed evolutionary reason criticism appeared presenting ideas revolutionary way understanding evolution argued importance mechanisms natural selection mechanisms believed ignored professional result non specialists early writings explanations proven tried imply researchers field works deliberately taken context proof scientists longer understood organisms evolved corrected writings later works documented kim book disagreed richard importance gene selection evolution argued evolution best understood competition genes advocated importance multi level selection including selection genes cell organisms species said deliberately played difference rapid theory punctuated criticism theory punctuated found blind rainbow chapter darwin dangerous idea fauna interpretation fossils book wonderful life emphasized striking morphological fauna role chance determining members fauna survived flourished fauna example role broader pattern evolution view criticized simon conway morris book creation conway morris stressed members fauna resemble modern taxa promoted evolution mechanism producing similar forms similar environmental circumstances argued subsequent book appearance human like animals likely richard noted prior release wonderful life conway morris shared sentiments views publication wonderful life conway morris revised interpretation adopted progressive stance history life richard argued fauna regarded stem groups living taxa subject intense research debate relationship taxa modern established eyes richard disagreed view new suddenly appeared fauna arguing extreme view certainly view inspired rhetoric hard tell words literally holds radically different utterly incompatible standard neo model new body plan new spring existence actually happen ground child born suddenly blue different parents zoologist thinks implications ardent supported notion opposition evolutionary psychology long running public feud wilson evolutionary concerning disciplines human evolutionary psychology opposed richard daniel advocated debates reached climax 1970s included strong opposition groups like study group science people accuses opponents evolutionary psychology radical scientists stance human nature influenced politics science stated motive wilson case cautioned human beings influenced especially personal expectations wrote grew family tradition participation campaigns social justice active student civil rights movement time great excitement success early 1960s scholars wary citing commitments dangerous scholar imagine attain complete neutrality stops personal preferences influences truly falls victim prejudice operationally defined fair treatment data absence preference primary criticism held human explanations lacked support argued behaviors frequently assumed genetic reason supposed nature emphasized behaviors passed culture hypothesis equally plausible deny relevance biology human nature debate biological biological stated human brain allows wide range behaviors flexibility permits aggressive peaceful dominant generous violence general biological represent possible range behaviors equality kindness biological influence increase create social structures permit flourish man author man history inquiry intelligence testing generating greatest controversy books receiving widespread praise extensive criticism including claims investigated methods nineteenth century history psychological testing claimed theories developed belief biological view social economic differences human groups primarily races classes sexes arise inherited society sense accurate reflection biology book reprinted addition new foreword critical review bell curve study conducted claim samuel manipulated skull measurements concluded analysis poorly supported incorrect praised staunch opposition racism concluded find initial reputation era deserved authors study commented didn trust feeling ideological stance supreme version man came bothered mention michael study felt group paper reviewed journal nature recommended degree caution notes couldn measure know average capacities reported represent sample accurately journal stated opposition racism biased interpretation data noted lewis colleagues motivations group association university pennsylvania interest seeing valuable skull collection freed stigma bias group paper critically reviewed journal evolution development philosopher science michael university pennsylvania argues arguments sound errors case number places provided evidence ways 19th century racial philosophers published critique groups paper arguing claims misleading measurements completely irrelevant evaluation published analysis argue statistical methods include exclude averages inappropriate non overlapping book rocks ages forward described simple entirely conventional resolution supposed conflict science religion defines term domain form teaching holds appropriate tools meaningful discourse resolution non overlapping principle divides science cover realm universe fact work way theory religion extends questions ultimate meaning moral value overlap encompass inquiry suggests enjoys strong fully explicit support primary cultural stereotypes hard line sound position general consensus established long struggle people goodwill view criticism example book god richard argues division religion science simple claims religions exist claiming existence definition violate principles science opposes idea religion meaningful ethics values authority claim goes believes says rocks ages similarly philosopher paul argues wrong science questions ethics fact claims science better method religion determining moral principles publications articles publications numerous review publications noted peer reviewed papers books essays major book reviews select number papers listed online books following list books written edited stephen jay including published posthumously death books republished later dates multiple publishers list comprises original publisher publishing date


william charles hill william charles hill july january british leading authority anatomy 20th century best known nearly completed volume series comparative anatomy taxonomy covered living extinct known time detail contained illustrations created wife king edward camp hill school boys birmingham university birmingham went publish works accumulated vast collection specimens stored royal college england early life education william charles hill born july educated king edward camp hill school boys birmingham later obtained degrees university birmingham medical school university birmingham won junior student prizes scholarship obtained primary medical degrees year took role lecturer hill earned honours earned medical school career graduation hill continued role lecturer university birmingham teaching anatomy instead career took shape moved sri_lanka known ceylon chair anatomy professor anatomy ceylon medical college recently named faculty medicine university medical school position allowed pursue studies indigenous people comparative anatomy time began developing private exotic native species consisting variety collection reported included types family red fan star genus leopard hill held position ceylon years returning appointed reader university edinburgh departure ceylon divided london zoo national gardens sri_lanka years later society london remained years left london zoo old office closed preserved biological specimens discarded era working london zoo starting time richard owen came close hill acted visiting scholar university atlanta georgia later jane studied behaviour preparation studies wild hired assistant director national research center atlanta turned position director royal society edinburgh honoured fellow contributions science awarded gold medal brisbane prize retiring royal college england trustee following retirement hill divided time home continued work university relentless work anatomy ended final stages terminal illness suffered years increased illness diabetes publications career hill wrote publications academic journal articles chapters books based primarily observations paper discussed comparative anatomy published works continued published year death focused anatomy behaviour humans mammals hill best known writing comparative anatomy taxonomy volume series aimed include living extinct published edinburgh university series culmination years scientific research thought volume starting covered subjects including native scientific nomenclature structure behaviour books illustrated photographs drawings wife series known breadth depth completed projected volume set hill died leaving unfinished sections final volume written including material taxonomy anatomy hoped widow able follow plans prepare publish died year later series received praise content criticised occasional errors lack selected publications volumes hill best remembered comparative anatomy taxonomy hill comparative anatomy taxonomy edinburgh science edinburgh university press hill comparative anatomy taxonomy edinburgh science edinburgh university press hill comparative anatomy taxonomy iii edinburgh science hill comparative anatomy taxonomy edinburgh science hill comparative anatomy taxonomy edinburgh science hill comparative anatomy taxonomy edinburgh science hill comparative anatomy taxonomy vii edinburgh science hill comparative anatomy taxonomy viii edinburgh science following list selected publications written hill hill phillips new race slender highlands ceylon ceylon journal science hill monograph genus account external dental characters genus revision known forms description new form northern ceylon ceylon journal science hill monograph purple faced leaf ceylon journal science hill slender plains ceylon journal bombay natural history society hill highland ceylon journal bombay natural history society hill notes journal hill blood supply transactions society london hill external anatomy olive monkey proceedings society london hill note taxonomy genus proceedings society london hill caudal proceedings society london hill davies reproductive organs proceedings royal society edinburgh hill davies heart great vessels transactions royal society edinburgh hill booth voice african journal bombay natural history society hill stomach small large form position hill external hill anatomy thomas primitive american transactions american philosophical society new series hill evolutionary biology academic press isbn hill taxonomic status journal human evolution studies hill published article entitled problem ceylon speculated traditional story sri_lanka savage dwarf like called referred isolated species referred java man went suggest fit description elusive known called sumatra supported defunct hypothesis pointing shared similarities islands including comparable wildlife 1950s studied photographs monastery called hand claimed hand decided belonged unknown bones smuggled brought examination concluded bones belonged human reportedly changed mind later declared bones belonged hill published article entitled present position examining evidence available time researchers decided exist evidence conclusive time lost interest matter lack new evidence based studies results march expedition hill concluded remarkable citing older reports dense forests suggested represented subspecies similar western pan despite located nearer eastern pan legacy hill remembered distinguished eminent foremost authority anatomy time consider instead related best old school studied entire biological world considered observations recordings sufficient ends curiosity broad knowledge natural history hill remembered skill noted ability quick accurate sketches features revealed remembered work investigator physician honour species named hill wolf snake society great_britain named hill medal award award given years distinguished contributions responsible describing subspecies black white southern black white subspecies highland subspecies red slender plains slender subspecies grey slender highland slender dry zone slender extensive collection biological specimens included tissues skeletons preserved royal college england personal life hill married wife stranger daughter stranger devoted wife collaborator illustrator works couple preferred small close circle friends hosted friends included best exotic dishes died close year husband hill described memorial published international journal short blue eyes quiet manner strong sense humor particularly remembered help young researchers journal medical described entertaining companion quick ready wit memorial published journal anatomy described friendly tolerant merry man vigorous humane culture having humour good sense natural bred provinces good englishman known value simple citizenship academics held small regard people monarchy atlanta staff members viewed english scholar gentleman viewed colonies step british british hill named field photography travel casual interests included ice cream good eating old buildings wife


british birds committee british birds committee established national bird committee britain claimed sightings bird species rarely seen britain based descriptions photographs video recordings submitted observers findings published annual report journal british birds covers species annually recorded sightings britain fall threshold deemed rarity establishment committee previously included species common better recorded resulted removal committee list scarce migrants committee chairman secretary voting members supported serve advisory capacity inception total people served committee addition assessing annual records rare birds committee conducts regular reviews previously accepted records species species basis ensure consistent advances knowledge bird identification retained determine subspecies accepted records species problematic assessment extreme examples taken years initial observation acceptance committee criticised approach assessing records observer present publishing reasons rejecting validity records placing weight descriptive detail assessing record submissions identification proved particularly difficult leading observers suggest committee sets high standard role status rarity records committee originally known established editors journal british birds original purpose provide means uniform assessment standards applied rare bird records britain prior establishment committee records assessed local bird recording organisations varying standards recent statement british birds committee role given harvey aims maintain accurate database occurrence rare taxa britain order enable individuals organisations assess current status changes patterns occurrence distribution taxa britain contradictory information published exact nature committee status website describes official rare bird records britain basis status tales tribe author mark erroneously describes committee statutory body established act parliament constitution states automatic legal expectation submit records committee assess records birds ireland task carried irish rare birds committee publishes decisions irish birds records assessed included annual reports years ceased request british union records committee regard records isle man contributing british list include records totals ongoing sponsor german optical equipment manufacturer species covered bird species recorded britain regular breeding populations common migrants scarce migrants remaining species list species committee known british birds short website list updated account recent changes committee generally considers records species rare meet criteria inclusion list based numerical threshold addition considering species records rare subspecies considered cases committee considers records birds belong pair group rare species particularly difficult separate committee keeps list species considers review time time makes changes usually species increased frequency longer meet numerical criteria inclusion species removed records preceding years years different criteria review major species committee formation soon committee formation species removed red snow pectoral mediterranean yellow northern golden eagle red marsh records species considered outside normal british range outside scotland red outside wales second species removed purple white buff richard aquatic common admitted committee list declining numbers occurrences species dropped list duck wilson great white black red falcon american golden white white winged black alpine swift red swallow red greenish arctic selection based different criteria previously records britain occasions decade species subspecies removed years long tailed common crane ring billed surf little european bee green winged ring duck short little white tailed eagle american black crowned night rose coloured black committee list species breeding population existed scotland species removed white billed cattle removed species classed scarce british birds publishes separate annual report occurrence species data presented scarce migrants website addition species little long tailed mediterranean common longer qualify scarce migrants structure personnel committee voting members chairman non voting individual non voting secretary assisted assessment records advisory panel set racial identification changing taxonomy group advise records rare subspecies treated published report setting subspecies believed sufficiently occurred justify assessed committee prior partial selection rare subspecies routinely included reports report aimed bring consistency selection future years record species previously recorded britain wild state deals assessment bird identification passes record british union records committee decides species included british bird list committee permanent posts chairman secretary appointed board british birds fixed term appointments year fixed term limit years introduced change chairman year current chairman committee seventh adam previous philip wallace peter grant peter rob committee secretary hudson appointed previous christopher smith sullivan mike rogers usually longest serving record assessing member year balance experience new blood committee usually replacement candidate invites nominations received holds election county bird bird observatory network set criteria membership developed currently widely acknowledged expertise identification proven reliability field track record high quality submissions descriptions scarce rare birds county records committees considerable experience record assessment capacity handle considerable volume work involved assessing upwards records year capacity work quickly efficiently following individuals served records assessment capacity number individuals served committee museum advisory panel committee stated desire members age ranges sexes members date male fact reflected nickname rare men measures exist ensure committee geographic balance membership constitution states attempt provide reasonable geographical spread members having detailed knowledge following areas wales scotland northern england southwest southeast england documentation records including members kept committee archives deposited british trust older data missing committee files originally held editors british birds transferred new owners magazine sold 1960s annual report publications committee publishes annual report rare birds occurring year british birds usually issue published november following year report appeared october issue committee said plans new future years report typically begins introduction significant birds occurring year discussing current issues relating committee work followed list accepted records taxonomic sequence records taxon listed county followed comments occurrence year late accepted records decisions reject previously identified record included section report contains painted illustrations photographs birds report lists records accepted noting significant remain consideration committee publishes frequent committee news items previously called committee news announcements british birds record reviews reviews records year set figure year approximately accepted acceptance rate remained steady years species caused particular problems include black great billed north_atlantic little peter grant estimated tenure chairman approximately accepted records incorrectly accepted incorrectly rejected wallace addressed number criticisms committee including provides little information reasons rarity rejection mcmahon argued committee inform observers records rejected committee reasons view support editor mitchell topic editorials number occasions time time published material illustrating assessment process attempt explain wider audience arrives decisions appeared series called committees files british birds magazine short series published magazine entitled jury featured fictitious rarity accounts subsequent issue accounts committee members stating vote reviews time time reviewed records previously accepted ensure acceptable light improved knowledge species question reviews carried species species basis old world proved particularly need review review greenish records initiated purpose review establish records particular late autumn winter grey previously accepted greenish fact species common race records examined rejected review arctic records begun aim determining greenish mistakenly accepted review completed results published review records initiated review resulted species removed british list accepted records yorkshire identified year female descriptions cornwall october fair isle june considered sufficiently watertight permit continued acceptance added british list following individual yorkshire subsequent records late 1990s reviewed accepted records concluded sussex unacceptable stand records hampshire kent reviewed review found unacceptable following record remaining record breeding pair previously accepted britain found unacceptable leading removal british list occurred review records commenced continued 1990s results review published previously accepted records rejected meeting modern identification standards following split species accepted records reviewed proved eastern following split species committee reviewed accepted records concluded western eastern remainder evidence available firm decision committee previously stated regard western proven eastern announcement rescinded decision desert records reviewed concluded newly split asian desert african desert review american pacific golden records begun purpose evaluating individuals previously accepted american pacific definitely assigned species vice versa results small decrease number accepted american golden small increase number accepted published committee report comment detailed paper subject prepared published review records commenced review results published established racial identification number adult previously accepted species level review aim begun late 1990s preliminary set results review published previously accepted individuals rejected including thought hybrid red backed results second review published previous racial withdrawn committee felt able assign race number recent individuals stressed adult birds committee report mentions article preparation review black conducted aim assigning individuals eastern western races possible possible records western eastern shown occurred review records took place 1970s resulting seven records rejected review black headed records initiated results published previously accepted records judged possible confusion grey headed review turtle dove records took place concluded accepted records longer stand review lesser records begun completed concluded accepted records species longer regarded acceptable autumn overwhelming majority records committee continued accept spring summer period spring records light new information appearance european spring committee decided remain accepted committee revised assessment criteria male pine birds previously considered hybrids acceptable requiring overall greater level precision descriptions reviewed past records light changes following reviews underway review past records reviews royal records review great white establish race review review records eastern race review records aimed determining race review determine individuals race suggested reviews conducted records great older records different temporal occurrence pattern recent birds large numbers billed records english south coast 1960s desert establish racial problematic records records received committee processed year published annual report british birds records prove problematic species taken committee years come decision particularly case species subspecies question new britain examples include northern britain accepted long stint britain cornwall accepted britain date record accepted occurring black britain yorkshire accepted second set notes came light records accepted records accepted leaf records earliest accepted occasionally decisions delayed non factors notably loss royal mail file britain lesser short field records including pale individual isles proved difficult following occurrence trapped individuals fair isle suffolk accepted records short accepted prolonged consideration prior publication grant stint identification paper number proved difficult assess paper covering cases published included accounts bird fair isle originally thought britain red stint turned bird suffolk stint observers time believed western fact previous paper details early claims red stint acceptable records wilson elegant number eastern lesser apparent north african common consideration problematic records particular problems number rare dark storm seen photographed southwest approaches believed observers storm eventually rejected similar species ruled martin garner subsequently wrote critical review decision arguing evidence points bird having storm dark storm species recorded north_atlantic argued advisory panel assessment record fault critical evidence prompted relatively recent discovery north_atlantic storm committee instead heavily views single expert seen kent believed observers britain herald rejected committee noted bird clearly amazing decision sparked number letters british birds questioning committee stance strict officially accepted having occurred years identification birds accepted soft followed period referred following acceptance birds waters published paper arguing birds likely occurrence britain southern south polar brown unresolved series reports south polar eventually rejected assessed years birds isles accepted belonging species bird remains consideration criticisms level detail required approach single observer records raised question level detail required committee description acceptable high similar points keith mike light rejection record reed wrote british birds question decision suggested committee assessing bird descriptions ignoring obvious evidence saying committee point wood trees david walker owen david andrew criticised committee similar grounds relation approach assessment rare citing herald claim example moss taylor expressed concern adopting strict approach records birds seen explained approach assessment single observer records committee explained understood geographical social circumstances likely people likely find rare birds cautious observers high proportion single observer records policy watch patterns closely review observers past records regular basis approach attracted criticism chairman wallace written subject magazine wallace believes committee observers automatically rejects records observers able sighting mentions specific observers live remote parts northern scotland member claimed accept single observer record species new britain photographic evidence regardless track record observer graham bell member writing response article accused committee adopted suspicions arguing competent observer moves country abilities change observers wallace claimed contributed debate stating informed consider single observer record submitted supported photograph contrasted attitude national committees arguing result approach rarity statistics invited reply public request declined bay conducted detailed review controversial identification seen bay northumberland coming conclusion believed observers summer slender billed identification accepted british union records committee leading addition species british list record currently reviewed establish earlier decision upheld review records including ascension sighting set undertake review rare bird records years immediately prior establishment purpose review ensure records onwards cut date category british list birds subjected similar level scrutiny records species considered time assessed related species recorded times records rare species particularly unusual circumstances termed sore original documentation unavailable review lost records review based solely published accounts birds notable outcome review record previously identified magnificent review concluded bird fact ascension individual species identified europe small results review published records reviewed rejected unacceptable included claimed white tailed eagle broke chicken run garden stole chicken little european late december record black record white april spring pine furthermore issues found identification britain western fair isle led reject record western recorded times subsequently britain remains national list final report hints prospect records immediately prior incorrect fell outside review single known case fraud involving record submitted public autumn pepper essex claimed recorded garden doubts record raised reviewed record decided stand pepper revealed magazine record deception protest perceived secrecy surrounding rare birds county principal works annual reports


september september british zoologist born scotland father agent mother managed women home influenced maria gordon studied geology university graduating received scholarship studying abroad years returning scotland achieved doctorate university lecturer university world war worked military hospitals britain researching helping work military hospitals interest topic following years joined king college london lecturer chair female chair college remained role chair professor years research work parasitic gave lectures subject period years gave broadcast lectures schools biography born september father worked advocate agent france belgium spare time amateur scientist interested astronomy mother thompson granddaughter george thompson founded managed women home unemployed women siblings sister silhouette artist whilst concert pianist brother author encouraged maria gordon studied geology university receiving distinction awarded scholarship chance study year richard munich afterward joined research station relocated quick laboratory george returned assistant john arthur university assistant thompson university college whilst worked thesis studies submitted university receiving doctorate years promoted lecturer whilst given leave absence help war effort world war worked military hospitals liverpool southampton knowledge help war office recalled university college thompson taken new role university acting head department joined king college london lecturer arthur promoted reader years later julian resigned chair stepped role held title professor remain retirement female chair king college department produced notable academics francis retiring worked undergraduate textbook introduction study fell ill published eventually dying stroke september book completed edited work worked university war hospital william royal army medical corps diagnosis treatment pair forms identified simon discovered periods weeks making difficult longer carrier found men carriers prone depression longer fit soldiers published academic papers primarily parasitic species especially reputation skill lecturer stemmed time university college gave broadcast talks schools numerous lectures reputation repeated lecture years teaching included lectures diseases spread flies good prevention flies breeding stop set research centre non medical research centre britain recognition 1930s genus named recognition work 50th anniversary women university awarded women honorary retired elected professor emeritus kings college fellow society london served council select books introduction study oxford press journals


january known von swedish pronunciation swedish botanist physician zoologist modern system naming organisms called nomenclature known epithet father modern taxonomy writings latin rendered latin born countryside southern sweden received higher education university began giving lectures lived abroad studied published edition netherlands returned sweden professor medicine sent journeys sweden find classify plants animals continued collect classify animals plants minerals published volumes time death acclaimed scientists europe swiss philosopher jean sent message tell know greater man earth german writer von wrote exception shakespeare know longer living influenced strongly swedish author august wrote reality poet happened naturalist called prince north second adam considered founders modern ecology author indicate authority species names older publications found instance manual new_zealand flora remains comprise type specimen species following international code nomenclature sole specimen known examined writing species description biography childhood born village sweden child later adopted family siblings anna maria samuel long line peasants priests amateur botanist lutheran minister small village daughter rector samuel year birth grandfather samuel died father rector family moved house brother samuel eventually succeed father rector write manual sisters early years liking plants flowers particular upset given flower immediately spent time garden showed flowers told names soon given patch earth grow plants father ancestry adopt permanent surname ancestors naming system scandinavian countries father named father admitted university family adopted giant tree lime tree swedish grew family homestead spelled born named father family son spelled documents publications early education father began teaching basic latin religion geography early age seven decided hire tutor parents picked son local like writing autobiography better calculated child talents develop years begun sent lower grammar school rarely studied going countryside look plants reached year lower school taught daniel interested noticed interest gave run garden introduced state doctor teacher gymnasium botanist interest helped develop interest medicine age acquainted existing botanical literature remarks journal read day night knowing like hand book herbs flora entered studied mainly greek hebrew theology mathematics curriculum designed boys preparing year gymnasium father visited ask professors son studies progressing dismay said boy scholar believed suggesting future medicine doctor offered live family teach physiology accepted offer university studies showed subject taught classify plants according system taught sexual reproduction plants according age enrolled university registered latin form later latin publications professor natural scientist physician historian offered lodging use library included books gave student free admission lectures spare time explored flora students sharing interests august decided attend university advice believed better choice wanted study medicine based recommendation professors taught medical faculty younger undoubtedly good professors older interested teaching longer gave public lectures stand anatomy lectures best state met new professor theology amateur botanist received home allowed use library richest botanical libraries sweden wrote thesis plant sexual reproduction attracted attention selected lectures university young man second year student lectures popular addressed audience people june moved house tutor youngest children friendship continued botanical expeditions winter began doubt system classification decided create plan divide plants number began writing books later result example genera produced book plants grown botanical garden assistant returned university march degree medicine started giving anatomy lectures tried lectures prevented december gave private medicine december disagreement wife mentor house relationship appear suffer christmas returned home visit parents time years mother disapproved failing priest pleased learn teaching university expedition visit parents told plan travel journey detailed results exploration lost fire seven years hope find new plants animals possibly valuable minerals curious customs native people scandinavia vast april awarded grant royal society sciences journey began expedition turned travelled foot horse bringing journal botanical manuscripts sheets paper pressing plants near found great quantities later known favourite way examine flower rock particularly interested main diet common economically important animal travelled clockwise coast gulf making major inland incursions returned month long kilometres expedition october having gathered observed plants birds rocks region limited biodiversity described previously unidentified plants basis book flora expedition latin names describe organisms developed system flora ideas nomenclature classification practical way making modern flora account covered species classification system included described species geographical distribution taxonomic notes attributed flora example botanical genre flora writing botanical historian described flora classic delightful works expedition flash insight classification mammals observing lower horse road traveling remarked knew teeth kind animal placed able work perfectly natural system arrangement led small group students funded governor expedition catalogue known natural resources discover new ones gather intelligence norwegian mining activities doctorate relations worsened accepted invitation student spend christmas holiday family father mining inspector let visit mines near father suggested bring dutch republic continue tutor annual salary time dutch republic revered places study natural history common place doctoral degree interested accepted april set netherlands doctoral degree medicine university way stopped hamburg met mayor showed wonder nature possessed remains seven headed quickly discovered fake jaws feet skins snakes suggested manufactured monks represent beast revelation upset mayor observations public mayor dreams selling enormous sum ruined fearing wrath leave hamburg quickly reached began working degree immediately time known awarding instant degrees little week handed thesis cause malaria written sweden defended public debate submitted june titled hypothesis nova inaugural thesis medicine new hypothesis cause intermittent presented concluded malaria arose places clay rich soil known wrong cause having microscope good parasites spread breeding water collected right predicting traditional chinese medicine including use potential source drug derived principal drugs step oral examination patient weeks took degree doctor age summer met friend peter departure decided die survivor finish work weeks later drowned canals amsterdam unfinished manuscript classification fish left complete publishing scientists met netherlands showed manuscripts brought sweden manuscript described new system classifying plants saw impressed offered help pay printing additional monetary contribution scottish doctor manuscript published acquainted respected physicians netherlands tried convince career offered journey south_africa america declined stating stand heat instead convinced visit botanist visit impressed guest knowledge decided stay winter stay helped helped books working george philip miller jacob august stay met george iii director dutch east india company owner rich botanical garden estate impressed ability classify plants invited physician superintendent garden agreed stay winter accept immediately offered compensate offering copy sir natural history jamaica rare book let stay accepted september moved personal physician curator paid year free board lodging agreement winter year practically stayed till wrote book preface described experience time life portion declared public garden april local authority named eventually claimed biggest playground europe july travelled england expense went london visit sir collector natural history cabinet visit garden keeper philip miller taught miller new system plants described miller fact reluctant use new nomenclature preferring classifications joseph john ray applauded miller dictionary conservative actually retained dictionary number pre discarded retained modern fully changed system edition dictionary miller ultimately impressed started arrange garden according system traveled oxford_university visit botanist jacob failed publicly fully accept new classification system men remained correspondence years dedicated quo non later genus tropical tree honor returned bringing specimens rare plants year published genera described genera plants shortly supplemented genera work led book catalogue botanical holdings botanical garden wrote months completed july published contains use describe genus pitcher plants stayed october new style left house return sweden illness kindness dutch friends obliged stay months longer holland set sweden way home stayed paris month visiting return left sweden return sweden returned sweden june went entered engagement months later moved stockholm find employment physician possible support family found patron acquainted count helped work physician admiralty time stockholm helped found royal swedish academy science academy drawing lots finances improved sufficient support family received permission marry fiancée wedding held june seven months later gave birth son years later daughter born subsequent year gave birth died days old later children appointed professor medicine university responsibility medicine related matters soon changed place professor medicine responsible botanical garden thoroughly reconstruct expand natural history instead october year wife year old son followed live days appointed professor undertook expedition island provinces students university look plants useful medicine travelled stayed june sailed students stayed month returned expedition found previously plants observations expedition later published written swedish like flora contained botanical observations observations concerning culture summer published books flora fauna flora strictly botanical book fauna created temperature scale named scale inverted compared today boiling point freezing point inverted scale present standard summer commissioned government carry expedition time swedish province set june returned august expedition primary companion student accompanied previous journey described findings expedition book published year returning journey government decided expedition southernmost province journey postponed felt busy given title chief physician swedish king adolf frederick mark great respect year elected member academy sciences berlin spring finally journey commissioned government brought student way visit brothers sisters father died previous year expedition similar previous journeys aspects time ordered find best place grow swedish trees trees military rifles journey successful observations published year rector university rector university starting period natural sciences important contribution time teach students travelled places world collect botanical samples called best students lectures normally popular held botanical garden tried teach students think trust anybody popular lectures botanical saturday summer students explored flora fauna vicinity published book contained complete survey taxonomy system earlier works contained information journal travels maintain botanical garden time normal upper class women wet nurses babies joined ongoing campaign end practice sweden promote breast feeding mothers published thesis frederick physician student based experiences tradition period essentially idea presiding reviewer student translated french sur les suggested children absorb personality wet nurse milk admired child care practices pointed healthy babies compared europeans employed wet nurses compared behaviour wild animals pointed denied thought activism played role choice term class organisms species published species work internationally accepted starting point modern botanical nomenclature volume issued second volume followed august year book contained pages published volumes described species year king dubbed knight order polar star civilian sweden knight order seldom seen wearing order felt noisy bought farms year bought neighbouring farm spent summers family initially small storey house new larger main building added garden grow plants grown botanical garden began constructing museum hill moved library collection plants fire destroyed threatened residence necessitated initial release book expanded reprinted times tenth edition released edition established starting point nomenclature equivalent species swedish king adolf frederick granted nobility took von shortened version german particle von signifying noble family coat arms prominently features favourite plants given scientific honour shield coat arms divided thirds red black green kingdoms nature animal mineral vegetable classification centre egg denote nature continued phrase latin borrowed reads extend fame deeds inscribed personal motto books gifted friends continued teaching writing reputation spread world corresponded different people example catherine russia sent seeds country corresponded austrian empire doctor botanist communicated research findings descriptions example little animals hitherto unknown greatly respected showed great interest work named genus source great distance met final years relieved duties royal swedish academy science continued work usual years stepped rector university december declining health years troubled illness suffered disease called fever survived thanks care developed year stroke partially suffered second stroke losing use right leaving memory able admire writings recognise author december stroke greatly weakened eventually led death january despite desire buried buried cathedral january library collections left widow children joseph banks english botanist wanted buy collection son refused moved collection died inherited collection having husband son tried sell banks longer interested instead acquaintance agreed buy collection acquaintance year old medical student james edward smith bought collection plants insects shells letters books smith founded society london years later von ended son married son died aged descendants daughters time professor rector university taught devoted students called promising committed students botanical expeditions places world help help varied influence rector grant scholarship place expedition gave instructions look journeys abroad collected organised new plants animals minerals according system gave collection journey finished thanks students system taxonomy spread world having travel outside sweden return holland british botanist william notes new system possible collect organise new specimens died expeditions early expeditions christopher year old pastor wife children journey boarded swedish east india company ship headed china reached destination dying tropical fever island year widow blamed making children causing prefer sending younger unmarried students later died expeditions including years expedition finnish born set second north_america spent half years studying flora fauna pennsylvania new_york new_jersey canada returned bringing pressed flowers seeds north american species described species brought cook expeditions japan daniel living house time student fond promising oldest daughter hand marriage recommendation travelled england met english botanist joseph banks banks joined james cook expedition oceania journey james cook followed resolution bound places oceania south_america expeditions south_africa famous successful peter embarked year expedition stayed south_africa years travelled japan foreigners japan forced stay island outside nagasaki hard study flora manage persuade bring different plants found plants gardens returned sweden year death major publications edition printed netherlands page work time reached 10th edition classified species animals species plants names time supplemented familiar composed generic followed specific epithet case given serve label refer species higher taxa constructed arranged simple orderly manner system known nomenclature partially developed brothers years earlier use consistently work including genera said scientific community decline health early publication editions went different directions swedish scientist murray issued section separately labelled 13th edition 13th edition entire appeared parts work widely known england following translation latin botanical society system vegetables species species fully species rite genera cum published volume work prime importance primary starting point plant nomenclature exists today genera genera published plant genera editions published important fifth edition divided plant kingdom classes included plants concealed reproductive parts algae fungi summary thinking plant classification nomenclature work previously published publications forming plan reform foundations include classes printed holland genera simultaneously released stockholm collections end lifetime collection considered finest collections natural history objects sweden collection built museum university supplied material donated crown prince adolf relation museum private collection steady flow material pupils incorporated private collection museum felt work reflecting harmony nature said earth museum wise creator divided chambers turned estate world museum april parts town destroyed fire private collection subsequently moved barn outside town shortly single room stone building close near resulted physical separation collections museum collection remained botanical garden university material needed special care alcohol specimens ample storage space moved private collection museum private collections suffered seriously damp mice insects von son inherited collections retained death shortly von death son confirmed mice caused horrible damage plants mould caused considerable damage tried rescue neglect suffered father later years added specimens activity reduced augmented scientific value original material botanist james edward smith purchased nearly private scientific effects widow daughter transferred london material private collection transported england thirty fish specimens preserved alcohol sent later lost london smith tended neglect parts collection added specimens gave specimens away following centuries collection london suffered enormously hands scientists studied collection process disturbed original arrangement labels added specimens belong original series withdrew precious original type material material studied scientific career belonged collection queen publications referred museum collection donated grandson king adolf museum important collection respect husband king adolf sources known museum wet parts alcohol collection later donated royal swedish academy sciences today housed swedish museum natural history stockholm dry material transferred taxonomy establishment universally accepted conventions naming organisms main contribution taxonomy work marks starting point consistent use nomenclature 18th century expansion natural history knowledge developed known taxonomy system scientific classification widely biological sciences previous zoologist system material contributed later development scientific classification system classified nature hierarchy starting kingdoms kingdoms divided classes turn orders genera singular genus divided species singular species rank species recognized taxa lower unnamed rank acquired names variety subspecies modern taxonomy includes rank family order genus rank kingdom class present original system based shared physical characteristics simply differences higher animals use significantly changed conception principles credited establishing idea structure classification based characteristics intended reflect natural relationships underlying details concerning considered scientifically valid characteristics changed expanding knowledge example dna unavailable time proven tool considerable utility classifying living organisms establishing evolutionary relationships fundamental principle remains sound influences economic beliefs applied science inspired instrumental general early enlightenment adherence older economic doctrine additionally state supported export navigation acts investment capital ceilings wages cash grants state licensed producer views mankind according german biologist question man origin began helped future research natural history man describing humans described plant animal classified humans later called beginning edition time opportunity examine noted similarities man pointed species basically anatomy speech found differences placed man category meaning classification received criticism jacob ground describe human like man letter replied placed man term human form man learns know let words apply seek world generic difference man follows principles natural history absolutely know tell single called man vice versa brought ought virtue law discipline theological concerns putting man level lower higher position man assumed great chain second bible says man created image god humans distinctly separately designed mean created image god accept conflict world views caused asserting man type animal century greater ongoing creation evolution controversy began earnest publication origin species charles darwin criticism felt needed explain clearly 10th edition introduced new terms including replace giving humans new classification received criticism natural historians believed demoted humans place rule nature believed man belongs animal kingdom included book said vent wrath animals theology decree man soul animals mere believe better advised animals soul difference nobility strange people distant lands added second species genus based figure description publication published swedish historian states new human species described actually native people clad skins colonial settlers appearance exaggerated accounts early editions known legendary creatures included phoenix dragon like collected catch category thought trying offer natural explanation world tried debunk creatures purported remains dragons wrote derived rays asked swedish east india company search find signs existence reclassified races edition subdivided human species varieties based continent skin colour white european red american brown asian black african tenth edition detailed stereotypical characteristics variety based concept classical antiquity changed description skin tone yellow additionally created taxon wild monstrous humans unknown groups abnormal people commemoration birth especially centennial years marked major celebrations appeared numerous swedish postage stamps numerous statues countries world society london awarded medal excellence following approval sweden university college merged january university things named include genus crater earth moon street cambridge massachusetts mineral commentary andrew white wrote history warfare science theology eminent naturalist time wide observer close atmosphere lived moved saturated biblical theology thinking end life advanced hypothesis species genus constituted creation species edition quietly left strongly orthodox statement species insisted earlier works warnings came catholic protestant sides mathematical applied editions published placed historical figure jesus aristotle napoleon adolf_hitler order standard author