second battle second battle known battle gut gibraltar naval battle fought night july french republican calendar squadron british_royal_navy ships line larger squadron ships spanish navy french_navy gut gibraltar battle followed closely battle july french squadron anchored spanish port attacked larger british squadron based nearby gibraltar heavy engagement fought calm weather close confines bay british force battered suffering heavy casualties losing gun ship hms retiring repairs sides called reinforcements french receiving support spanish fleet based sent ships line escort french squadron safety arriving july combined squadron ready sail july departing westwards evening british squadron rear admiral sir james having effected hasty repairs set pursuit finding ships falling instructed captains separate attack combined squadron best able fastest ship hms superb captain richard sailed spanish rearguard night fell superb fired ships setting gun real fire capturing saint unable determine friend foe darkness real inadvertently engaged spanish ship san spreading fire ships subsequently exploded enormous loss life second stage battle developed hms took lead british line attacking french ship formidable captain furious protracted engagement suffered heavy damage driven ashore allowing remainder french force return fighting aftermath action towed shoreline gibraltar repairs remainder british squadron restored british blockade french spanish ships returning situation place battle british victory coming soon defeat harbour restore region heavy casualties inflicted spanish contribute weakening franco spanish alliance factor signing treaty brought war temporary halt early following year france despite heavy spanish losses battle celebrated victory widely praised promoted defence ship background battle august french mediterranean_fleet largely destroyed british fleet battle french invasion egypt royal_navy dominant mediterranean_sea army trapped egypt french sought augment depleted forces region sending reinforcements atlantic fleet purchasing ships spanish navy based squadron sailed brest atlantic january failed attempts reach egypt facing large british invasion abandoning effort retiring toulon french mediterranean coast ships line formidable detached squadron subsequently placed command admiral charles orders sail spanish fleet agreed sell ships line french_navy june french frigates arrived port oversee transfer command admiral route learned crew captured brig hms powerful british squadron seven ships line rear admiral sir james lay blockading port concerned squadron took shelter small defended harbour bay heavily fortified british naval base gibraltar informed arrival turned eastwards confront discovering french ships anchored prepared position morning july attacked immediately found ships hampered lack wind heavy fire british squadron inflicted severe damage french ships withdrew shallower water grounding ordered ships follow hms grounded trapped heavy barrage shore wind manoeuvre squadron boats sunk engaged battered hms gibraltar called attack battered british squadron retired gibraltar trapped battered swiftly forced surrender having lost masts men passage squadrons badly damaged reinforcements called sending messenger overland appeal spanish fleet admiral don send squadron escort french force safety assistance spanish admiral agreeing july send powerful squadron vice admiral don juan force consisted gun rate ships line real san gun san gun gun san force gun french ship saint days earlier spanish san_antonio saint french ships purchased spanish navy enter service crew drawn crews frigates supplemented spanish sailors commanded commodore ray squadron frigates spanish french combined squadron sailed july progressing rapidly southwards reaching bay late afternoon saint delayed arrived following morning force anchored close range cannon gibraltar waited finish making necessary repairs ships combined squadron small british force captain richard hms superb frigate hms thames brig hms squadron late battle instead cruised watching spanish fleet sailed initially chased portions franco spanish squadron followed subsequently joining gibraltar british port scene frantic activity supported commissioner captain alexander ball sought repair squadron intercept forces voyage temporarily abandoned yard crew work rest squadron gave orders flagship hms left gibraltar captain requested opportunity repair ship relented crew working day shifts night order bring ship fighting standard believed condition ships mistaken assumption combined squadron sail east weeks prepare sent messages mediterranean_fleet lord keith sea egypt requesting support combined squadron battle july activity ships indicated british observers gibraltar combined squadron sea british working parties repairing squadron efforts arrival light easterly wind favour passage encouraged prepare departure atlantic base following day july gibraltar dockyard band playing popular song heart oak answering strains strike home crowds turned thousands watch coming battle time forces sea dawn july leading spanish ships sails french spanish squadron begun gather rendezvous point point mouth bay set sail pennant flying followed ships line superb hms hms hms frigates thames portuguese smaller vessels expected reinforcements sent lord keith arrive day appeared delayed effect rock gibraltar wind british squadron rounded gibraltar found french spanish ships assembling point light wind prevented rapid movement began slowly combined squadron line battle formation delay departure state captured renamed unable progress jury masts taken tow frigate sighting force instructed return issued orders remainder squadron sail eastwards gut gibraltar following spanish naval tradition disembarked flagship real transferred frigate quit formidable superb rearguard led ships gut combined squadron gathering dusk squadron sight british admiral realised ships slow catch french spanish ships current formation reached comparative safety open ocean wind picking instructed squadron break formation attack rear combined squadron directing orders superb ship fastest immediately set sail regained sight combined squadron rearguard consisted gun ships saint distance sight nautical miles superb facing considerable odds steered superb yards real coming fire vessels franco spanish rearguard simple tactic ship ships combined squadron fired british opponent ordered ships lights added confusion spanish ships squadron moon set night dark contributed spanish gunnery real fired randomly british ship failed strike brief engagement ship accurate firing superb carried real saint british caused severe damage knocking away causing fire break spanish ship deck following broadside fire grew rapidly soon fierce seen observers gibraltar real disabled pushed combat saint combined french spanish crew engaging british vessel approached laid ship close alongside new french ship beginning close heated action ships line exchanged pitch darkness increasing wind minutes battle continued ships cape north_africa wounded ray decided ship longer able contest action hailed superb announce surrendered held pennant rigging giving appearance ship french hands later led attacked repeatedly british ships came night formidable rear combined squadron escaping attack british signal lights safely passed battle superb saint remained prize awaiting arrival rest squadron thames arrived midnight firing saint passed continuing westwards search remainder squadron superb later joined small ships hms remained hand night east combat superb saint fire real control spreading ship darkness vessel stood mistaken crew san british ship despite specific orders captains sure targets san closed burning ship fired real attack prompted response huge warships began close exchange fire brought close real drifted san flames spreading sails witnessing sight god sir look day minutes ships fire spreading vessels fire dangerous british ships rescue attempts men managed escape small boats sailors board real san exploded flames reached central magazines killing crews survivors boats taken aboard captured saint superb handful managed reach rest franco spanish squadron enormous loss life incident worst maritime disasters time formidable remained prize led remainder squadron forward left far rest british force french spanish ships scattered superb attacked rearguard night way separately rendezvous harbour dawn broke july leading british ship line captain samuel hood spotted french ship formidable command captain absence north formidable trailing rest squadron close shore bay south north cape wind light coming land long way unable approach french ship left thames better able use wind lead attack formidable jury following battle july hood able rapidly approach french ship coming fire stern guns hood holding delay progress light breeze point hood favour able come close alongside formidable open fire broadside remnants squadron formed intention sailing formidable aid struck calm watch battle south took worst early action shot away hood responded ordering captain thames approach stern frigate repeatedly french ship fire ineffective stern guns hour ships traded mainmast collapsed significantly ship movement formidable able pull ahead slowly light unreliable winds continuing fire stern guns british ship drifting control foremast collapsing ship grounded miles south main opponent disabled continued slowly range approaching sent gig foremast fell overboard instructions combined french spanish squadron visible proceed south attack grounded british vessel hood remove crew set ship fire thames brought close alongside order evacuate ship need arose hood refused order insisted able save ship eventually arrival superb southern horizon decided issue abandoned intention counterattack instead entering harbour squadron followed formidable arrival greeted cheers city population unaware disaster gut gibraltar confusion meant situations lost ships unknown saint arrival anticipated late july aftermath casualties immediate threat gone able direct squadron efforts battered grounded calm sea light winds aided operation assisted thames boats afloat hood ship taken tow thames british squadron turning gibraltar crew rigging series jury masts sails assist process july able sail independently squadron arriving gibraltar later day gibraltar returning squadron greeted cheers gun salute thames remained sea continue blockade remained place end french revolutionary wars march peace british casualties relatively light incurred entirely suffered killed wounded superb men wounded including lieutenant action saint ship directly engaged thames hadn lost single man killed wounded apart ships suffered significant damage including superb thames aftermath battle arranged prisoner exchange crew saint sent return release crew losses combined squadron drastically heavier formidable reported killed number wounded saint casualties reported time considered later historians william james severe far biggest loss board destroyed gun ships crew roughly men known escaped ships loss spanish sailors battle severe losses life single maritime incident time finally damage spanish frigates struck cannon fire night killing man wounding determined ship fired flagship james suggested destroyed gun ships case friendly fire addition spanish gun frigate seen north african coast gibraltar morning july sinking later day severe damage came engaged action explained ship squadron british ships reported engaging frigate night hours darkness encountered battle caught cross fire suffering fatal damage effects britain battle celebrated having deemed removed stain defeat days earlier battle bay awarded thanks houses parliament knight bachelor knight bath pension annually equivalent superb promoted commander captured saint commissioned royal_navy hms san_antonio age small size ship meant suited line service instead stationed permanently portsmouth nearly decades later second battle actions recognised naval general service medal awarded application british participants living france battle represented victory largely based report sent paris strength letter written captain claimed fought thames report superb claimed driven ships completely destroyed driving ship ashore waited nearby hope resuming action reward services represented promoted highly praised later holding number important active commands french_navy outcome battle reversing british defeat july inflicting severe losses spanish fleet trapping proved decisive confirming british control mediterranean_sea french plan reinforce army stranded egypt ruins british invasion fleet free operate interference succeeding capturing country september wider sense emphasized degree royal_navy dominated european waters destroying attempt navies france allies conduct operations sea spain government furious losses suffered little gain began distance alliance france contributing factor signing treaty march ended french revolutionary wars remainder war british maintained undisputed control mediterranean_sea spanish coast blockade preventing french spanish forces putting sea


battle pearl ridge battle pearl ridge december engagement second world war fought australian japanese forces island wider campaign battle took place central sector island shortly australians taken responsibility americans believing ridge held company japanese december australian 25th infantry battalion launched attacked ridge defending force greatly reinforced elements 38th independent mixed brigade closer battalion strength held right advance australians dug overnight repulsed strong japanese counterattack resuming attack december late afternoon japanese swept ridge australians later established observation post ridge commanding views island remainder campaign control artillery fire advanced japanese north south island background strategic situation japanese captured early subsequently built significant base large numbers aircraft troops order protect fortress following allied planners determined key strategy region reduction base needed airfields range decided secure western landing november heavy fighting followed landing large scale japanese counter attack defeated march japanese withdrew subsequently period relative quiet followed forces limited patrolling establishing outposts large scale operations late buildup forces offensive philippines allied planners decided free forces region having australian forces replace area new_guinea new britain advanced australian elements began arriving september november december brigades australian corps took responsibility divisions corps stationed previously allied intelligence reports estimates japanese strength varied considered position australians japanese island troops reported capable conducting effective combat operations continued pose threat allied base mid december period information gathering decided australian corps consisting 3rd division 11th brigade offensive campaign subsequently planned northern central southern sectors island war found australian intelligence estimates significantly error japanese strength preliminary moves initially brigadier john field 7th brigade given responsibility central sector november brigade began operations clear japanese high features sector trail steep terrain covered thick jungle punctuated numerous waterways australians establish small frontage battalion forward trail constituent companies spread singly line ridge line november australian operation campaign following relief americans australian 9th infantry battalion captured japanese outpost feature known australians little george supported machine guns mortars artillery australians killed died wounds wounded attack followed second mid december 9th captured japanese outpost artillery hill shortly australian 25th infantry battalion lieutenant colonel john relieved 9th infantry battalion artillery hill began patrolling operations japanese position pearl ridge feature height offered commanding views entire island according james ridge strongest positions trail dominated high ground empire range japanese ridge observe australian movements west point main east west overland routes island battle australians spent christmas day patrolling forward concert royal_australian_air_force fighters squadron raaf carrying reconnaissance flights ahead position evening japanese launched attack australian companies turned defenders days australian battalion commander formulated plan capture pearl ridge possession enable australians block japanese attempts approach main allied base disrupt movement japanese troops north south axis island ability reinforce isolated pockets believing ridge held companies japanese infantry regiment approximately men withdrawn fighting little george artillery hill australians decided commit battalion capture morning december minutes royal new_zealand air_force guided targets raaf roughly strong 25th battalion carried attack supported artillery machine gun fire companies advancing yard frontage stretching ridge australians companies infantry regiment reinforced men japanese 38th independent mixed brigade major general actually numbered heavily fortified ridge establishing series weapons pits linked trenches steep terrain able mortars position heavy weapons unable haul bulk water position rely constant resupply foot establishing air posts supply artillery hill australians advanced artillery ridge battalion headquarters established forward attack broad assault companies forward australian commander tactic departure narrow attacks mounted little george artillery hill left australian company company captain wallace bruce advancing managed reach ridge pushing thick bamboo killing japanese terrain lieutenant bruce company far right australian line having stepped artillery hill forced advancing narrow wide japanese able concentrate significant fire north east feature dubbed pear hill confronted deep bomb crater blocked path australians pinned artillery fire brought ridge support attack attempt japanese position proved unsuccessful japanese defenders began rolling grenades slope australians suffered number casualties attack right called company ordered form defensive position await orders australian commander ordered companies centre captain charles company company captain dig left company bruce reached japanese track north eastern ridge dug intention holding position night japanese minor attack company turned artillery small arms following day australians resumed attack ordered company renew assault aiming pear hill right hand australian line required physically draining approach march artillery hill dense tactic proved successful previous day efforts pear hill joined narrow ridge limited australian frontage men cut way thick bamboo weighed marching order heavy weapons including vickers machine guns australians found heavy going took majority afternoon reach crest hill form final assault thirty minute pause followed artillery barrage called japanese defenders right company began draw japanese fire hours company attacked ridge thin saddle late afternoon japanese defenders pulled ridge leaving australians possession heavy fighting company securing main position company north secured secondary position ridge australians dubbed baker australian left western battlefield heavy machine held company advance dark hours japanese began defences position company established limited minor harassment tactics effort locate australian positions company early morning japanese launched strong counter attack south south east company position amidst heavy fighting japanese fought way forward australian pits close quarters fighting ensued hour attack repulsed artillery support light australians sent patrols found ridge abandoned morning early afternoon australians undertook operations ridge finally cleared early afternoon control pearl ridge australians secured point distance miles later facilitate operations island providing australians point artillery observation aftermath course battle australians lost killed wounded japanese bodies found position lying positions steep slopes addition japanese soldier taken prisoner according australian official historian long attack pearl ridge significant gain australians strategically morally having force roughly equal size consisting troops significantly experienced australians previous combat experience years earlier battle bay long argues battle highlighted effectiveness training 25th infantry battalion undertaken prior deploying james supports view stating skilled leadership aggressive nature strong factor japanese loss pearl ridge damaged prestige 38th mixed independent brigade japanese commanders loss poor support artillery mortars james attributes limited infrastructure area lack defensive construction development undertaken following japanese capture island following battle pearl ridge australians launched scale offensive counter japanese resistance island focused southern sector result decision 7th brigade moved central sector southern sector majority japanese forces located subsequently heavy fighting march april 11th brigade brigadier john took control central northern sectors order free troops main offensive south brigade subsequently infantry battalions position pursuing limited advance north attacking ridge january february advancing coast mission brigade maintained battalion group element pearl ridge phase carried extensive patrols forward position artillery 4th field regiment brought foot fire japanese positions control forward observers pearl ridge initially artillery consisted battery short pounders later replaced longer range long pounders effort improve australian line communications sector engineers 16th field company later constructed road haul ridge steel cable point ridge course days light rail system established barges hill pearl ridge terrain ridge australians significant resources bring supplies forces later stationed pearl ridge rate effort required bring stores forward significant concern australian corps commander lieutenant general stanley extent orders commander 11th brigade stipulated advances sector exception patrolling prevent movement japanese reinforcements south information gathering purposes patrols subsequently went native police guides exploiting deep jungle days long distances pushed eastern coast plantation proved successful australians japanese area course weeks japanese killed patrols australians lost killed wounded japanese captured mid april 23rd brigade brigadier arnold took control central sector june new offensive opened area lasted end war august war 25th infantry battalion awarded battle honour pearl ridge battle honour later inherited units royal queensland regiment


operation summer operation summer croatian joint military offensive croatian army croatian defence council took place north west field western bosnia operation carried july croatian war independence war attacking force troops commanded lieutenant general initially encountered strong resistance strong army 2nd corps pushed capturing square kilometres square miles territory consequently road critical supply route self declared republic serbian operation failed achieve declared primary goal drawing units away besieged city placed position capture capital operation storm days later operation summer launched response resumption attacks military pocket united_nations safe areas established bosnia area viewed strategic croatian military effort general staff presented obstacle supply pinned portion military forces international community feared worst humanitarian disaster war point occur overran pocket united_states france united_kingdom divided best way protect pocket background august revolution took place croatia centred predominantly populated areas city parts regions settlements eastern croatia significant populations areas subsequently named republic serbian declaring intention integrate serbia government croatia declared rebellion march conflict escalated croatian war independence june croatia declared independence yugoslavia month followed decision came effect october initiated campaign ethnic croatian civilians non serbs expelled early november fewer ethnic remained protected area known sector south remained sector north croatian national_guard formed yugoslav people army increasingly supported croatian police unable cope situation renamed november establishment military croatia hampered arms introduced september final months saw fighting war culminating battle barracks siege battle january agreement signed representatives croatia fighting sides series unsuccessful united_nations protection force deployed croatia supervise maintain agreement stalemate developed conflict evolved static trench warfare soon retreated croatia bosnia new conflict anticipated serbia continued support series advances restored small areas croatian control siege lifted operation resulted minor tactical gains response successes intermittently attacked number croatian towns villages artillery missiles croatia personnel prepared set new army serbs declared serbian republic bosnia january february march referendum independence bosnia later cited pretext war held serbs set capital march day fatalities war recorded final days march army started attacked april army renamed army state proclaimed held territory fully integrated carried controlled bosnia achieved large scale campaign territorial conquest ethnic backed military financial support federal republic yugoslavia war originally pitted serbs non serbs evolved sided conflict alliance deteriorated war broke declared bosnia state intent eventually joining croatia incompatible aspirations establishing state confronted demands partition country involved croatian war independence limited capacity military aid occasional air raids launched significantly artillery attacks urban centres extent territory controlled change significantly ethnic bosnia happened larger scale major ethnic groups victims motivated violence conflict produced vast number displaced persons estimated million refugees areas bosnia outside control end area total population million serbs fled country croatia hosted large proportion refugees november registered estimated refugees bosnia croatia refugees left homes varied circumstances ethnic violence committed serbs civilians resulted greatest number civilian victims war culminating massacre prelude november siege battle war entered critical stage came close capturing town strategic area june united_nations safe areas established bosnia administration considered forces captured city war intensify cause worst humanitarian disaster war point france divided protecting area called french british opposed citing safety concerns desire maintain neutrality french british troops serving bosnia turn unwilling commit ground troops according david europeans recognized free propose military confrontation serbs relying european powers block french president discouraged military intervention greatly helping war effort french stance reversed president france pressured british adopt aggressive approach denying serbs strategically important croatia chief croatian general staff general considered fall end croatia war effort march washington agreement signed ending war providing croatia military advisors military professional resources incorporated involvement reflected new military strategy endorsed bill_clinton february arms place hired ostensibly prepare participation nato partnership peace programme trained officers personnel weeks january april speculated sources including new_york_times serbian media reports provided advice scenario planning government satellite intelligence croatia american croatian officials denied claims november ended arms bosnia allowing supply arms shipments flowed croatia washington agreement resulted series meetings croatian government military officials held washington november croatian representatives proposed attack held territory bosnia draw force besieging prevent capture serbs officials gave response proposal croatian general staff ordered operation winter day carried croatian defence council main military force contributing defence attack shifted line contact closer supply routes july started operation push capture expanding gains operation spider provided chance extend territorial gains operation winter advancing valley july president croatia president bosnia signed split agreement mutual defence permitting large scale deployment bosnia order battle fielded operational group combined force controlled split corps command lieutenant general operational group comprised approximately troops arranged groups directed troops deployed force areas defending force consisted approximately troops drawn 2nd corps commanded major general 2nd corps supported 7th north corps initially deployed area strong unit late area additionally reinforced following operation leap june brigades deployed deployed units strengthened companies transferred seven brigades 1st corps brigades east corps operation timeline operation summer started july 7th guards brigade advanced north west road town offensive main objective composite company drawn infantry brigade attacked positions right flank advance 7th guards brigade managed forward kilometres miles suspend effort brigade company defeat entrenched defences cover 7th brigade right flank defences prepared line attacked zone particularly prepared defence fortifications shelters covered trenches built establish defence depth obstacles including minefields day force advancing offensive secondary objective met strong resistance troops guards battalion advancing south east mountain rear broke forward defences 3rd serbian brigade push kilometres miles right flank came jeopardy units right held determined defence 1st croatian guards brigade special police 3rd battalion 1st guards brigade blocked holding fortified position mountain 2nd 3rd guards brigades attacking 5th brigade south west little progress 60th guards airborne battalion 22nd sabotage detachment attacked hill south east marginal gains july deployed 2nd battalion 9th guards brigade axis battalion force blocking infantry brigade composite company attacked defences rear advance kilometre miles sufficient allow 7th guards brigade press attack push kilometres miles day reaching kilometres miles imminent threat town sitting significant route capital urgent matter 2nd guards brigade special units corps ordered 5th corps pocket area defend town battalion police ordered bolster defence area police battalion declined deploy claiming general staff authority police 2nd guards brigade reach time contribute defence second day operation 1st guards corps 3rd battalion 1st guards brigade position mountain blocked previous day allowing guards battalion advance kilometres miles threaten road supply north secure high ground south released 1st battalion 1st guards brigade supported anti terrorist unit military police battalion reserve attack positions metre mountain units continued attack achieving little progress 2nd guards brigade advanced kilometre end second day operation summer suffering delays july reinforced axis deploying 4th guards brigade right flank brigade broke defence sector advancing kilometres miles arriving kilometres miles advances area achieved slowly croatian air_force took attack day conduct designed disrupt road network violating fly zone imposed enforced nato operation deny flight 4th 7th guards brigades defeated defences july brigades captured town day time guards battalion 1st supported special police moved north reaching outskirts cutting main route town rest held territory threatened positions rear defence town determined 2nd guards brigade 60th guards airborne battalion 22nd sabotage detachment broke defences troops attacking south captured july aftermath assessed resistance units early battle fierce officers said overall resistance area great attacking forces men killed action wounded approximately square kilometres square miles territory changed hands road vital resupply offensive displaced refugees fled july declared state war president milan stated croatian territorial gains soon reversed cooperation supreme commander colonel general visited day promising restore territory lost month military concluded units western bosnia capable attack analyses military showed saved pocket second time preparing attack points following offensive authorities reported fear panic population caused conviction defend august civil defence authorities ordered preparation evacuation prime minister milan asked government ministers prepare women children started evacuate yugoslavia military largely completed august operation summer failed achieve goal relieving drawing substantial forces away city contain advance 2nd guards brigade ordered remained area beginning following offensive operation storm august capture achievement favourable positions attack large scale preparation operation storm caused shift focus july civilian military leaders milan general mile met personal representative secretary general united_nations agreed plan withdraw prevent expected croatian offensive days later area captured operation summer staging area 4th 7th guards brigades advance operation storm 2nd corps tried retake night august advance direction broke reserve infantry left garrison area reached outskirts town beaten guards battalions


hood event hood event turkish incident july following invasion iraq group turkish military personnel operating northern iraq captured led away heads interrogated united_states military soldiers released hours turkey protested united_states apologized turkish commission set investigate incident later issued joint statement regret addition defense secretary wrote letter turkish prime minister expressing sorrow incident hood event damaged diplomatic relations turkey united_states marked low point turkish relations incident received comparatively little coverage united_states major event turkey citizens saw deliberate insult nicknamed hood event background turkey long viewed northern iraq large population possible national security threat 1980s 1990s turkey fought workers party group operating mainly southeastern turkey people killed millions displaced war established bases iraq syria turkish fears intensified iraqi gained autonomy gulf war civil war broken turkey deployed troops monitor main factions turkey able use military threats force neighboring syria expel leader united_states able decisively northern iraq american protection iraqi evolved successful semi autonomous region pressure helped lead peace deal major iraqi factions patriotic union democratic_party iraq parties officially swore independence turkish government remained sufficiently concerned continued troops northern iraq iraq war turks come american foreign policy region threat matters helped election justice development party election led immediate increase tensions america especially parliament decision send turkish troops iraq eroded turkish relations parliament members justice development party members april weeks fall baghdad dozen turkish special forces arrested tribal village minutes north according time weekly world news magazine wearing civilian clothes intended infiltrate iraq humanitarian convoy order region level turkey reasonably send force intercepted american forces claimed received prior knowledge group colonel bill brigade commander responsible region took place accused turks having links iraqi ethnic turkish militia forces effort turks merely day food security comfort escorting iraqi turkish border following months turkey continued policy sending small groups soldiers iraqi ostensibly search bases according economist turkey began iraqi raid july soldiers united_states_army airborne brigade raided held iraqi city seemingly acting intelligence tip individuals plotting assassinate iraqi governor province instead housed members iraq turkish special forces soldiers including colonel majors promptly arrested turkish sources refer soldiers commanded major unknown number individuals detained raid thirteen later released apart turkish soldiers released intense diplomatic activity british citizen named michael chance town seek half iraqi daughter custody kept fortnight trying conditions negotiations turkish military immediately threatened measures including closing turkish military flights stopping use southern air base sending troops northern iraq delegation turkish military diplomatic officials immediately left saturday discuss matter americans according turks american commanders celebrating independence day following direct protests turkish prime minister vice president dick turkish foreign minister secretary state turkish soldiers released hours captivity aftermath hood event greater impact turkey west large agreed government interpretation story received comparatively little coverage outside middle_east turkish newspapers loudly condemned raid referring forces nicknames ugly americans day incident chief general staff turkey declared hood event caused crisis confidence turkey event periodically gets coverage turkish media mass circulation daily keeping new press involved parties new details recently key witness investigation alleged event response discovery documents clandestine network iraq connection archives hood event inspiration turkish action film valley wolves iraq film opens depiction identical incident following fictional story turkish protagonist seeks retaliation american commander responsible incident claims municipal government buildings fire forces april turkish daily newspaper reported turkish special forces soldiers captured army filmed deed records sent digital records turkey historical records terminated newspaper reported party fact search records unable find turkish ministry public works declared ministry archives holds historical deed records ottoman era operations involved retired department intelligence chief general staff republic turkey claims book named secret archives captured raid local leaders assassinated died suspicious traffic accidents


battle grove battle grove known battle yellow creek black hawk war took place present day county illinois june incidents indian raids settlers apple river captain james left group volunteer militia pursuit native party group clashed june near yellow creek ensuing battle descended bayonet knife fight militia men killed severely wounded chest fighting dead eventually interred memorial cemetery grove illinois stone monument erected memory killed war background angered loss birthplace prior disputed treaties black hawk led number incursions mississippi_river beginning time persuaded return west april encouraged promises alliances tribes british moved british band warriors civilians illinois finding allies attempted return iowa ensuing events led battle run number engagements followed state militias wisconsin illinois mobilized hunt black hawk band conflict known black hawk war following confrontation war run exaggerated claim warriors sweeping northern illinois destruction sent shock waves terror region small skirmishes ensued battle bend fought days clash grove public confidence militia low prelude june attacks occurred fort blue party native americans crossed west mississippi_river near group continued apple river looting stealing horses way including incident way apple river dozen horses stolen small raiding parties stealing food supplies black hawk band men women children camped marshes southwestern wisconsin similar incident days later injury death prompted reaction white militia area rising anxiety levels white settlers caused captain james gather volunteers area disturbances recruited men apple river fort traveled eastward men rose dawn june started following trail band stolen horses militia marched pounding rain finally caught battle caught band native americans june open area near yellow creek miles east grove illinois initially militia clear shot rushed cover wooded area near creek militia men observed likely west_point hill shots men immediately return fire fight eventually descended bayonet knife battle militia charged returned fire killing stephen howard militia force charges woods thomas stabbed neck george killed action charge resulted severe wounds shot chest death militia man michael according account battle native american warriors killed militia lost men forces outnumbered group forced withdraw retreat left took horses stolen journey apple river aftermath allowed militia men draw native american blood revenge result battle inconclusive respect original purpose stopping native american raids area men militia returned illinois bearing warriors slain battle helped raise public opinion militia disastrous defeat run battle yellow creek coupled battle bend helped demonstrate militia stand defeat black hawk warriors killed battle grove eventually interred memorial cemetery grove graves located beneath large stone monument dedicated militia men killed black hawk war battlefield believed located yellow creek northwest william original land claims north present day unincorporated town grove illinois


attacks fort blue attacks fort blue separate incidents occurred june black hawk war incident area residents attributed killing band warriors concluded planned join black hawk war white settlers second incident occurred east fort raiding party estimated large warriors attacked militia men investigating noises heard night members militia stationed blue killed attack bodies badly mutilated attacks followed increase tension hall sisters released fort blue june sisters kidnapped indian creek massacre brought blue party militia leader henry dodge suspicious took prisoner later released tension white settlers increased attacks lent belief set join black hawk war white settlers illinois michigan territory attacks fort expected happened fort blue served supply center remaining days war background consequence treaty governor indiana territory group fox leaders land settlement fox tribes vacated lands illinois moved west mississippi_river chief black hawk disputed treaty claiming tribal councils consulted representing tribes authorization lands angered loss birthplace black hawk led number incursions mississippi_river beginning time persuaded return west april encouraged promises alliance tribes british moved called british band warriors civilians illinois number engagements followed state militias wisconsin illinois mobilized hunt black hawk band conflict ensued known black hawk war prelude hearing black hawk return settlers northern illinois southern wisconsin hastily constructed forts construction fort began settlement blue wisconsin construction fort commenced black hawk found allies attempted return iowa events overtook led battle run battle likely caused builders fort blue accelerate pace construction week clash run indian creek massacre occurred south fort blue near present day ottawa illinois attack teenage girls kidnapped raiding band girls rachel hall released june fort blue party helped secure release party included important chiefs commander michigan territory militia henry dodge arrived company retrieve girls suspicious took prisoner attempt secure alliance good behavior vicinity blue chiefs soon released friction white settlers residing area increased indian agent henry tried calm situation gifts despite attempts tension exploded violence days later attacks incident near fort blue occurred william attacked killed native american warriors june according witness statement directly preceding attack fort blue june argument william wife man exchange man threatened kill husband working miles away fort blue attacked jefferson smith detailed retrieve water spring near fort ambushed small party warriors shot twice stabbed neck spear companion shot times managed escape life smith fled fort leaving gun horse fort settlers correctly attackers warriors black hawk british band miles away lake second attack occurred june weeks incident attack large war party attacked blue members militia green george force killed eyewitness accounts estimated size group warriors night second attack june strange noises heard vicinity fort force green left fort horseback investigate previous night disturbances miles east fort blue came black hawk band guided fort sympathetic force killed immediately green broke fort safety view fort occupants horse shot underneath green surrounded war party killed eyewitness accounts indicate body badly mutilated aftermath following murder people area quickly suspected involved exacerbated fear nation set join chief black hawk band white settlers michigan territory illinois loyalty question possibility war emerged deaths green force questioned warriors captured braves members prophet band took credit killings location death michigan territory near present day blue wisconsin following death mounted troops riders fort traced band responsible attack recently abandoned camp wisconsin river search ended buried high piece land overlooking fort northeast green body buried fort force remains laid prairie days retrieved fort residents frightened venture far building june general henry dodge captain james gentry arrived fort blue gentry company purpose conduct reconnaissance operations ended finding body lieutenant force beneath tree miles east fort early histories indicate force body badly mutilated missing force buried near fort main trail miles east fort fully expected attack fort blue following incidents came violence occupants fort left confines june june dodge left detachment fort time june attack fort target black hawk war end war fort blue served primarily supply center militia continued pursuit black hawk wisconsin


battle battle second world war battle took place january battle malaya notable naval engagement sinking battleship prince wales battlecruiser december effort royal_navy intercept japanese convoy shipping peninsula japanese convoy approaching detected reconnaissance aircraft january attacked multiple times allied aircraft landing troops allies suffered heavy casualties japanese lost single aircraft royal_navy committed destroyers later day break japanese landings despite larger japanese escort force sailing cover darkness able locate convoy anchored detected find darkness ships attempted fired convoy escorts destroyer sunk early morning hours january background sinking prince wales opening stages campaign left task japanese convoys gulf submarines royal netherlands navy surface ships occupied escorting allied convoys ceylon dutch_east_indies dutch recorded success sunk december probably december sank destroyer coast borneo vessels damaged sunk early weeks losses high dutch submarines little stem japanese advance amphibious landing originally planned japanese lines communication british forces singapore southern expeditionary army group decided land rest 18th division instead believing allied defences formidable ground forces captured january lacked strength break australian defences january convoy departed bay ground forces proceed transports canberra carrying troops airfield battalion assigned bring airfields operation escorted 1st escort unit formed torpedo squadron consisted light cruiser flagship rear admiral class destroyers squadron augmented class 1st division class submarine 11th submarine division converted patrol boats air attacks malaya command anticipated japanese force soon reinforced naval convoy suspicion confirmed january royal_australian_air_force raaf lockheed hudson aircraft sighted miles north spotted japanese convoy radio jammed news reach higher command landed singapore raf decided attack convoy available aircraft attack delayed afternoon allow crews vickers torpedo bombers squadron raf squadron raf rest night missions decision use elderly ships daylight came shock pilots restricted relative safety night sorties following day invasion air attack carried nos squadrons nos squadron raaf hudson bombers took singapore early afternoon january fighter escort composed hurricanes japanese landings progress hours time planes arrived japanese naval force air cover consisting 1st 11th squadrons single fighter despite heavy opposition transports bombed men equipment beach lost attack including commanding officer squadron shot second wave set singapore consisting seven squadron squadron arrived escort seven hurricanes late british set escorts reach hurricane lost wave nos squadrons participated raids killed seven wounded captured returning pilots congratulated air vice marshal paul promised daylight attacks unnecessary raid consisting squadron raf flying sumatra attacked shortly losing number entire crews fourth raid bristol squadron raf set later day got far singapore sunset aborted mission despite claims scored multiple hits transports cruiser transports escorts damaged hit splinters killed wounded smaller ships untouched naval battle rear admiral commander naval forces singapore ordered combat ready warships elderly destroyers hms vampire attack shipping later night commander william captain vampire command lieutenant commander bernard davies destroyers departed singapore charge ships headed north initial intelligence reports assessed japanese strength defending convoy dozen destroyers revised downward pair destroyers based inaccurate reporting surviving raf 1st escort unit prepared surface attack based incorrect intelligence report british light cruisers sea oriented ships patrol sectors north led ships archipelago coast brilliant altered course northeast search area north archipelago dark clouds obscured moon turned speed knots mph keeping island ensure ships horizon vampire saw japanese destroyer probably spotted return allied ships continued course minutes later located japanese ship dead ahead point blank range decided attack discovery inevitable short range increased speed knots mph simultaneously firing torpedoes distance metres torpedo missed ahead yards passed underneath middle patrol zone trying identify destroyers attacked failed alert japanese ships allied presence midst minutes giving location nautical miles away return fire resumed search transports reducing speed knots reduce visibility wakes half hour later shallow water approaching transports spotted allied destroyers altered course north clear increased speed knots turning southeast east vampire sighted destroyer port bow ship astern vampire minor course adjustments fire torpedoes range yards vampire missed having spotted allied ships time altered course come allied destroyers signalled confirm identities receiving reply japanese ship illuminated allied ships finally opened fire despite smoke screen laid ships ordered ships return fire inch guns retiring southeast maximum speed fired guns hit engine room hit fractured main auxiliary steam lines engines causing ship dead water lose electrical power constantly making small changes course throw japanese gun layers ship hit japanese ships battle allied japanese accounts gunnery action difficult reconcile particularly allied destroyers recorded times firing torpedoes fired rounds vampire range yards muzzle blast rear gun mounts circuit breakers main electrical causing complete electrical failure ship electrical service restored minutes ship series smaller electrical failures minutes resumed firing vampire longer visible targeted instead range metres firing rounds opened fire yards away ships observed target slowing time enemy destroyers spotted vampire fled lost sight vampire minutes later subsequently opened fire vampire reported fire considerable time told japanese ships fired rounds allied destroyers failing hit vampire reported sunk rescued officer ratings water officer ratings died battle japanese pursue vampire reached singapore morning aftermath handed rescued seamen troops following day seen believed executed retaliation losses sustained japanese ambush australian 18th battalion occurred south time naval action davies officers ratings managed reach shore way singapore shot japanese able finish landing troops contributed impression significant forces australian defenders subsequent withdrawal heavy losses suffered allied aircraft virtually eliminated ability influence subsequent ground battles report japanese incompetence night fighting important result battle details subsequent night java survived assessment influenced allied thinking stunning victory nighttime battle island august flipped allied beliefs japanese ability night fighting heads


protest split protest split street protest yugoslav people army held split croatia protest organised croatian trade union association shipyard joined workers companies city residents split radio broadcast appeals help protesters marched streets ultimately protest drew supporters march ended picket building headquarters split time protesters demanded end imposed blockade village broke building soldier killed gunshot reportedly fired crowd organisers protest arrested month later tried military court convicted released months later prisoner exchange protest caused withdraw portion military equipment previously based split secure locations increase combat readiness blockade lifted negotiations days protest background following electoral defeat government socialist republic croatia ethnic tensions worsened yugoslav people army confiscated weapons croatia territorial defence order minimize resistance august tensions escalated open revolt croatian serbs centred predominantly populated areas parts eastern croatia unsuccessful attempts serbia supported montenegro serbia provinces obtain yugoslav presidency approval deploy croatian security forces january skirmish insurgents croatian special police march supported serbia allies asked federal presidency grant wartime powers declare state emergency request denied march came control serbian president preferring campaign expand serbia preservation yugoslavia publicly threatened replace serbian army declared longer recognized authority federal presidency threat caused gradually abandon plans preserve yugoslavia favour expanding serbia end month conflict escalated fatalities intervened insurgents prevented croatian police taking action early april leaders revolt croatia declared intent integrate area control viewed government croatia region serbia beginning croatia regular army effort bolster defences doubled police personnel effective force strong special police croatian view role revolt gradually evolved january initial plan croatian president win support european community united_states croatia disregarded advice seize barracks storage facilities country stance motivated belief croatia win war protest immediate cause confrontation split blockade village croatian authorities established new police station imposed april village surrounded commanded colonel forces cutting access preventing delivery supplies called public bring siege end protest took place split organised croatian trade union association shipyard response earlier statement protest started shipyard workers ultimately drew approximately people shipyard factories split protest march city carrying croatian flags protest march grew number citizens joined following radio broadcast messages calling support order prevent yugoslav navy intervening ships equipped water cannons ships access port protesters building housed command centres military maritime district yugoslav navy time protesters demanded lifting blockade withdrawal armoured personnel carriers parked building croatian flag building protest crowd assaulted armoured personnel carrier managed remove machine gun mounted vehicle protesters hoisted croatian flag building singing croatian anthem crowd broke building macedonia killed shot fired crowd end afternoon crowd removed yugoslav flag building moved away dispersed aftermath fatalities soldiers wounded death sparked demonstrations capital june protesters accused responsible murder croatian government refused express regret killing serbian media pointed young death proof government revived fascist controlled croatia world war mayor split claimed fired building croatian state attorney office contradicted claiming killed crowd building investigation launched case dropped lack evidence security service split run colonel identified organisers protest killing occurred arrested june trial military court august convicted sentenced half years prison group imprisoned november exchanged prisoners war protest commemorated annually split monograph covering event issued wake protest increased combat readiness garrison split withdrew artillery personnel split bases located away coast furthermore military maritime district ordered garrisons stock water prepare power generators use supply electricity cut evacuated split january agreements ending battle barracks siege lifted days protest negotiations weeks blockaded village arrangement proved short lived units led attacked destroyed substantial village attack began croatian forces refused surrender croatian leader milan instances openly sided serbs rapidly escalating croatian war independence


battle battle major battle fought easter offensive vietnam war took place long province south vietnam april end north vietnamese leaders decided launch major offensive south vietnam objective destroying army republic vietnam units capturing territory possible order strengthen position paris peace march north vietnamese army divisions smashed zone marking commencement easter offensive quickly overwhelmed south vietnamese units corps tactical zone rapid collapse south vietnamese forces northern provinces south vietnam north vietnamese forces began preparing offensive targeting long province delta region april 5th division opened attack defended 9th infantry regiment days fighting vastly outnumbered south vietnamese forces supported american air power forced abandon positions background december following defeat south vietnamese forces operation son north vietnamese leadership decided launch major military offensive south vietnam known easter offensive combined north vietnamese forces employed combined arms tactics heavy weapons radical departure low intensity guerrilla warfare previous years north vietnam eventually equivalent army divisions leaders seek win war outright objective gain territory destroy units south vietnamese military possible order strengthen position paris peace talks easter offensive began march north vietnamese divisions drove attacked south vietnamese positions corps tactical zone consisted south vietnam northernmost provinces caught surprise south vietnamese general ordered newly created 3rd infantry division withdraw river april colonel van surrendered 56th infantry regiment camp enabled north vietnamese american fire base fight city captured north vietnamese army april following south vietnamese units northern provinces south vietnam control north vietnamese forces turned attention delta region formed iii corps tactical zone offensive objective combined communist forces zone capture capital long province committed infantry divisions mission 5th 7th 9th divisions north vietnamese support came form artillery formation artillery command armored regiment armored regiment independent regiments regiment unit group 5th division initiate offensive taking 9th division assigned 7th division ordered block national highway prevent reinforcements reaching prelude late december intelligence iii corps tactical zone detected buildup north vietnamese formations border neighbouring obvious preparations major communist offensive way south vietnamese commanders unable predict enemies intentions january 5th division reported taken positions city located kilometres west south vietnamese intelligence detected presence 7th 9th divisions respectively january south vietnamese army mounted operation aim destroying main force divisions based specifically area death general commander iii corps tactical zone helicopter accident south vietnamese forced retreat achieving objective february march south vietnamese units patrolling international border detected increased communist activity area notably presence 5th division area north long province march south vietnamese task force operating discovered huge depot contained large quantities assault rifles machine guns rockets anti aircraft guns ammunition base area province base area province march reconnaissance company 7th division revealed unit surveying portion road long preparation march april enemy prisoners documents captured south vietnamese army revealed 7th 9th divisions coordinating efforts unidentified target movements communist forces near south vietnamese border months clearly indicated major offensive making whereabouts communist thrust topic concerned south vietnamese intelligence officers previous communist invasion route surrounded bases war zone iron triangle south vietnamese military intelligence reached consensus target communist easter offensive reinforce perception april 24th independent regiment overran fire support base long defended elements 49th infantry regiment 5th infantry division kilometres northwest attacks long outposts diversion designed cover main thrust long province initiate campaign long 5th division numbering soldiers ordered long northernmost town supported north vietnamese artillery command soldiers armored regiment soldiers small district town situated route home people members tribes task defending entrusted 9th infantry regiment 5th infantry division commanded colonel supported 1st cavalry squadron 1st regional force battalion elements ranger battalion prior battle 9th infantry regiment occupied special forces compound south end airfield kilometres west district center district headquarters defended south vietnamese regional forces soldiers operated japanese built fortified bunker system located north airfield assist 9th infantry regiment military provided seven advisers advisory team 9th regimental headquarters led lieutenant colonel richard assisted major albert captain mark smith communication specialists sergeant class howard hull sergeant kenneth additionally captain george major thomas operated north end airfield attached district headquarters fall beginning april sharp increase activities national highway connects long province april south vietnamese regional force units clashed times resulting fatalities french owner rubber plantation reported communists established field telephone lines northwest district colonel colonel reluctant send reconnaissance patrols area april 9th reconnaissance company operating west destroyed came contact elements main force units evening 3rd battalion 9th infantry regiment captured enemy soldiers ambush operation prisoners revealed regiment 9th division unit moving south prepare assault april 5th division moved border stage main attack assault opened heavy barrage artillery rocket mortar fire targeting headquarters 9th infantry regiment district compound simultaneously mounted attacks 5th infantry division areas operations indirect fire south vietnamese positions long province mainly targeting following artillery barrage infantry supported tanks attacked west initial assault tried overrun south vietnamese regimental compound located south end despite onslaught south vietnamese soldiers held ground fought desperately hold enemy bay south vietnamese lowered fired directly enemy infantry formations moving rubber trees situation stabilized south vietnamese forced retreat small compounds north south ends town intensity attack revealed true intentions communists lieutenant general commander iii corps tactical zone american advisor major general james realized long focus communist offensive order halt communist advance directed available tactical support aircraft immediately south vietnamese air_force fighter bombers united_states_air_force 8th special operations squadron based attack aircraft aircraft carrier uss aircraft thailand began flying skies south vietnamese tactical support aircraft directed north vietnamese formations american advisers ground fighting intensified colonel ordered 1st cavalry squadron commanded lieutenant colonel withdraw fire support base alpha reinforce refused saying surrender unit instead angered captain mark smith reportedly threatened destroy 1st cavalry squadron american air power squadron didn fight recognition smith combat experience knowledge vietnamese language allowed control situation point smith virtually controlled south vietnamese forces moments later elements ranger battalion 3rd battalion 9th infantry regiment notified regimental command post broken fighting way 1st cavalry squadron began moving west border rest tanks armored personnel carriers afternoon april 5th division launched major ground assault west try break defenses southern compound american cobra stopped formations tracks supporting north vietnamese tanks destroyed forced pull despite having suffered casualties result air strikes continued assaults evening order deal onslaught smith continued direct targets hand planning surrender desert ordered soldiers open gates command compound night north vietnamese artillery command continued bombarding south vietnamese positions assault morning april south vietnamese forces reported hearing sound tanks moving southern end district airfield launched attack southern support tanks infantry initially managed breach south vietnamese lines attack soon stalled gained clear advantage afternoon elements regiment forced way compound gates air strikes stopped advancing stage 9th infantry regiment absorbed significant number casualties soldiers left wounded hospital bunker defenders cut outside help heavy calibre north vietnamese anti aircraft guns effectively prevented resupply flights area attempt save brigadier general commander 5th infantry division ordered task force north reinforce 9th infantry regiment task force consisted 2nd battalion 52nd infantry regiment 1st battalion 48th infantry regiment units transferred 18th infantry division late march serve border screen general forces lieutenant colonel commander task force ordered 2nd battalion advance unit ambushed junction national highway route unable withstand superior firepower forced withdraw prevent task force evacuating pursued task force bombarded bases heavy artillery day afternoon april south vietnamese inside slightly reinforced 3rd battalion 9th infantry regiment men 1st cavalry squadron alpha refused surrender furthermore wounded south vietnamese soldiers able fight way defensive perimeter await wave attacks night south vietnamese compound descended chaos north vietnamese artillery scored direct hit hospital bunker killing large number wounded men later round rockets struck south vietnamese artillery compound striking ammunition storage bunker exploded eastern district tried penetrate defense line beaten realizing situation hopeless took uniform told surrender april ground assault north west support heavy artillery tanks armored personnel carriers closed ran opened gate surrendered south vietnamese soldiers tried surrender returned positions smith stopped south vietnamese officer raising white shirt 9th infantry regiment completely overwhelmed overran southern compound superior numbers tactical air support called order clear way strikes formations west strikes prevent complete control district aftermath fight cost sides true extent north vietnamese casualties largely unknown exposure american firepower communist forces undoubtedly suffered heavy losses nonetheless successful capture exceeded communist expectations thought south vietnamese hold longer seat provisional revolutionary government capital communist occupied territories south vietnam south vietnamese efforts hold district lost thousand soldiers killed captured soldiers actually reached captured seven american advisers embedded french journalist taken prison camp province released july february americans released accordance paris peace accord communist formations turned attention provincial capital april brigadier general ordered task force abandon bases destroy heavy weapons vehicles withdraw following failed attempt reinforcing 9th infantry regiment task force tried break national highway ran large ambush soldiers task force week reach north vietnamese positions main road late april 9th division attacked airfield kilometres north elements 7th infantry regiment defending area unable hold ordered destroy equipment join south vietnamese units provincial capital step north vietnamese offensive battle