red fox red fox largest true abundant wild member present entire northern hemisphere arctic circle north_africa north_america listed concern iucn range increased alongside human expansion having introduced australia considered harmful native mammals bird populations presence australia included list world worst invasive species red fox originated smaller sized ancestors middle period north_america shortly wisconsin true red fox represents progressive form direction apart large size red fox distinguished fox species ability adapt quickly new environments despite species produces individuals including subspecies currently recognised divided categories large northern small basal southern asia middle_east red usually pairs small groups consisting families pair young male females having ties young pair remain parents assist caring new kits species primarily feeds small target rabbits game birds reptiles invertebrates young fruit vegetable matter eaten red fox tends kill smaller predators including fox species vulnerable attack larger predators wolves golden large sized species long history association humans having extensively hunted pest centuries represented human folklore mythology widespread distribution large population red fox important animals harvested fur trade small pose threat humans successfully suburban areas terminology females called young cubs pups kits arctic fox small native population northern scandinavia fox range extends european russia red fox fox native western_europe simply called fox british english word fox comes old english derived compare west dutch german turn derives european thick haired tail compare hindi tail tail lithuanian fur tail forms basis fox welsh literally bush likewise portuguese tail lithuanian tail refers bounce animal tail scientific term derives latin word fox gives evolution red fox considered specialised form direction size adaptation skull displays fewer traits species facial area developed adapted purely diet fox origins species origin evolved related chinese lived middle earliest fossil specimens uncovered hungary dating million years ago ancestral species likely smaller current earliest red fox fossils smaller modern populations earliest fossil remains modern species date mid pleistocene association refuse early human settlements led theory red fox hunted primitive humans source food north_america red north american continent waves gene mapping demonstrates red north_america isolated old world counterparts years raising possibility occurred previous valid far north red fox fossils found deposits district medicine hat fossils dating present sites arkansas california colorado idaho missouri new_mexico tennessee texas virginia wyoming ranged far south onset warm conditions range north recently reclaimed american ranges human induced environmental changes genetic testing indicates distinct red fox exist north_america separated northern occurs alaska western canada consists large subspecies southern occurs alpine meadows rocky_mountains cascade range sierra nevada encompasses subspecies clade separated red fox populations glacial maximum possess unique ecological adaptations european introduced portions united_states 1900s recent genetic investigation indicates absence european fox north american populations introduced eastern red southern_california san valley san_francisco bay area appear mixed sacramento valley red fox narrow hybrid zone addition evidence seen eastern red california sierra nevada red fox populations west rocky_mountains east cascade sierra nevada ranges west subspecies subspecies recognised distinct subspecies inhabits sacramento valley identified mitochondrial studies substantial gene pool mixing different subspecies known british red extensively imported germany france belgium possibly siberia scandinavia genetic studies suggest little differences red sampled europe lack genetic diversity consistent red fox highly species red fox covering year time red fox subspecies north_africa divided categories northern large brightly coloured southern grey desert include asian subspecies display transitional features northern red smaller fox species possess primitive traits northern forms smaller maximum sizes attained southern invariably average sizes northern limbs longer ears larger red living middle asia physical traits intermediate northern southern forms description build red fox elongated body relatively short limbs tail longer half body length cent head body length reaches ground standing position pupils oval vertically oriented membranes present eyes closed hind feet lack capable jumping high fences swim normally pairs seven uncommon males smaller arctic fairly narrow elongated small teeth relatively long sexual skull pronounced female red tending smaller males wider nasal regions hard having larger distinguished dogs narrower crowded slender teeth concave convex profiles dimensions red largest species genus relative dimensions red lighter similarly sized dogs genus limb bones example weigh cent unit area bone expected similarly sized dogs display significant individual sexual age geographical variation size average adults measure high shoulder body length tails measuring ears measure hind feet weights range typically weighing males adult red measuring measure print measures length width hind foot print measures long wide speed maximum running speed stride walking normal pace north american red generally lightly built comparatively long bodies mass high degree sexual british red heavily built short continental european red closer general average red fox populations largest red fox record great_britain metre long male killed scotland early fur winter fur dense soft silky relatively long northern fur long dense shorter southern forms northern north american varieties generally guard hairs red fur main colour red silver black cross typical red coats generally bright reddish yellowish stripe weak patterns brown reddish chestnut hairs occurs spine additional stripes pass shoulder blades spinal stripe form cross lower colour flanks lighter coloured chin lower lips throat chest white remaining lower surface body dark brown reddish belly fur turn brick red upper parts limbs reddish black frontal face upper neck bright brownish red upper lips white backs ears black brownish reddish inner surface whitish tail brownish reddish lighter colour flanks underside tail pale grey straw coloured black spot location usually present base tail tip tail white red usually represent stages occur cold regions senses red vision sight mainly movement perception acute able hear black changing flight kilometres mice metres capable locating sounds degree accurately higher frequencies sense smell good weaker specialised dogs scent red pair anal lined open single anal act chambers bacteria convert compounds including oval shaped caudal long wide reportedly presence foot deep reddish smell strongly present angle jaw behaviour social territorial behaviour red establish stable home ranges particular areas fixed use mark territories male fox raises hind leg sprayed forward female fox sprayed ground hind legs mark sites store found food waste time investigating use different allows precisely control position scent mark red live family groups sharing joint territory favourable habitats areas low hunting pressure subordinate present range subordinate number territory subordinates dominant animals young previous year act breeding kits alternatively presence explained response temporary food unrelated assisting reproductive success non breeding guard play groom provision retrieve kits example selection red leave families reach adulthood chances winning territory high stay parents cost reproduction reproduction development red reproduce year spring months prior typically december reproductive organs change shape size time enter period horns double size grow times larger sperm formation males begins august september attaining greatest weight december february period lasts weeks dog mate days accompanied tie hour tie occurs male gestation period lasts days largely dna evidence population indicated large levels mixed litters subordinate pregnant usually fail kits killed dominant female subordinates average litter size consists kits litters kits occurred large litters typical areas fox mortality high kits born blind deaf dark brown fur birth weigh measure body length tail length birth short legged large headed broad mothers remain kits weeks unable period fathers barren feed mothers protective kits known fight defence mother dies kits independent father takes provider kits eyes open days time ear canals open upper teeth lower teeth emerging days later eyes initially blue change amber weeks coat colour begins change weeks age black eye streak appears month red white patches apparent faces time ears erect kits begin leave experiment solid food brought parents age weeks period lasts weeks coats begin coated shiny guard hairs weeks age months kits long legged narrow reach adult proportions age months reach sexual maturity age months bearing litters year age captivity longevity long years wild typically survive past years age behaviour outside breeding season red favour living open densely areas enter escape bad weather dug hill mountain slopes steep banks water bodies ditches depressions rock neglected human environments red prefer dig drained soils built tree roots decades dug years permanently abandon possibly defence mechanism spread disease desert regions use wolves large mammals dug colonies compared constructed arctic red fox overly complex red fox divided den temporary consist small passage cave main entrance leads downwards den numerous tunnels branch depth ranges metres rarely extending ground water main passage reach length standing average spring red clear excess soil rapid movements kicking motions hind legs throwing discarded soil kits born discarded debris forming spot kits play receive food share unlike clean red leave pieces prey average sleep time captive red fox hours day communication body language red fox body language consists movements ears tail body markings certain gestures divided aggressive dominant fearful categories blend rotate flick ears whilst playful individuals ears rise hind legs male females successfully turn ears raise tails horizontal position tips raised upward afraid red submission backs curving bodies legs tails forth ears pointing backwards pressed merely expressing submission dominant animal posture similar curving body approach dominant animals low posture reach evenly matched confront food approach sideways push flanks mixture fear aggression tails arched backs pulling ears launching attack red approach directly sideways tails aloft ears rotated sideways fights red stand upper bodies open threats fights typically occur juveniles adults sex red wide vocal range produce different sounds spanning octaves grade recent analyses identify different sounds produced adults kits majority sounds divided contact interaction calls vary according distance individuals vary according level aggression contact calls commonly heard contact wow wow wow sound approaching frequently heard december february confused territorial calls wow wow wow varies according individual captive recorded answer pre recorded calls pen mates strangers kits begin wow wow wow age days attention red draw close similar chickens adults greet kits noises interaction calls red high pitched particularly animals fox approached dominant animal like aggressive encounters sound similar called occurs season rival males rejecting advances fit categories long drawn sound commonly heard breeding season thought emitted males danger detected bark close quarters long distances kits nursing calls especially loud dissatisfied ecology diet hunting feeding behaviour red highly varied diet soviet_union animal dozen plant species known consumed primarily feed small like mice ground pocket deer mice secondary prey species include birds reptiles insects invertebrates marine mammals fish rare occasions attack young small typically target mammals weight require grams food daily red readily eat plant material areas fruit diet autumn commonly consumed fruits include plant material includes grasses red implicated predation game song birds rabbits young particularly preserves reserves hunting farms ground nesting birds protected raised farms popular consensus important hunting studies investigated role visual cues found visual cues important ones hunting red red prefer hunt early morning hours sunrise late evening typically forage aggregate resource rich environments hunting mouse like prey prey location sound leap sailing high quarry steering mid air tails landing target metres away typically feed late evening hours night extremely food defend catches dominant animals red occasionally commit acts surplus killing breeding season recorded killed black headed peaks dark hours flying conditions unfavorable losses penned game birds substantial red dislike taste nonetheless catch alive present kits study red czech_republic germany found successful hunting long vegetation snow appeared involve alignment fox earth magnetic field enemies competitors red typically dominate fox species arctic generally escape competition red living farther north food scarce support larger bodied red species red species northern limit linked availability food arctic species southern range limited presence red arctic introduced island islands alexander archipelago 1830s 1930s fur companies red invariably displaced arctic male red fox having reported killed resident arctic small island arctic escape competition feeding favoured red species kill kits given opportunity red competitors hunt prey year red species stronger better adapted hunting snow deeper effective hunting catching medium large sized red semi desert areas israel escape competition red restricting rocky cliffs actively avoiding open plains inhabited red red dominate kit swift kit usually avoid competition larger cousins living arid environments red increasing ranges occupied kit human induced environmental changes red kill species compete food den sites grey exceptional dominate red ranges meet historically interactions species rare grey favoured heavily wooded habitats opposed open ones preferred red interactions frequent allowing red grey fox inhabited areas wolves kill eat red disputes areas north_america red fox populations fox ranges tend located outside territories principal cause separation believed active avoidance interactions species vary nature ranging active indifference majority aggressive encounters initiated reports red acting aggressively attacked kits approached seen feeding israel red share habitat golden ranges meet compete near identical ignore tracks territories avoid close physical proximity areas abundant population decreases significantly apparently competitive exclusion red dominate dogs killing kits biting adults death cases known killing dogs entering species compete mouse like prey competition reaches peak early spring food scarce red fox predation accounted deaths dogs amounted dog deaths north western russia red kill small like stone pine young live alongside red isolated sections large possible species tolerate provide food maintain shared cases known driving destroying litters eating kill red sleeping near turn kill young red compete striped large red way stronger jaws easily tear open flesh tough harass smaller size greater speed avoid attacks deliberately food stake attacks killed fox remains found steal traps red preyed chase red deep snow longer legs larger advantage especially depth snow exceeds metre district russia red absent seen occasionally establish permanent territories researchers consider represent considerably danger red wolves north american predators red include canadian occasionally large eagle prey young golden eagles known kill adults range red wide ranging animals range covers nearly million km2 million distributed entire northern hemisphere arctic circle north_africa central_america asia absent iceland arctic islands parts siberia extreme red present new_zealand classed prohibited new organism hazardous substances new organisms act preventing imported australia australia estimates indicate million red range extending continental mainland species established australia successive introductions settlers 1830s british colonies van land early port district new_south_wales early purpose traditional english sport fox hunting permanent fox population established island tasmania widely held devil mainland species successful apex predator generally common areas prevalent primarily behaviour achieved niche feral dog feral cat continent invasive species red fox implicated extinction decline native australian species particularly family including desert rat spread red southern continent coincided spread rabbits australia corresponds declines distribution medium sized ground dwelling mammals including brush tailed species limited areas islands red absent rare local programs exist proven difficult behaviour nocturnal hunting focus management introduction state according government red introduced previously fox free island tasmania posing significant threat native wildlife including eastern program conducted department primary industries water established origin subspecies uncertain absent pleistocene deposits current homeland possible originated following introduction island humans likely fox populations stem repeated introductions animals different mediterranean theory explain subspecies diversity diseases parasites red important europe london uncommon particularly frequent spine infected overly susceptible fall ill acting spreading born mysterious fatal disease near lake noted local red cause possibility considered caused acute form observed captive bred silver individual cases infected known red readily prone species like probably caught fox prey species like caught whilst travelling feed red include uncommon typically found nursing kits specifically targets found important cause red causes extensive hair loss starting base tail moving rest body final stages condition lose fur body weight infected phase disease usually takes months die infection include frequently found ear canal nasal passages species known fur farms known wild species genera known common species found fox lungs fox rarely affects common species include species red including relationships humans folklore mythology red feature prominently folklore mythology human cultures greek mythology fox gigantic fox destined caught fox children celtic mythology red fox symbolic animal thought shape steal butter neighbours later european folklore figure fox originally appeared secondary character poem reappeared saint cloud roman debut england nun priest tale adventures stem actual observations fox behaviour enemy wolf fondness chinese folk tales tell fox spirits called tails known korea japanese mythology fox like spirits possessing magical abilities increase age wisdom foremost ability assume human form speak employing ability trick stories portray faithful guardians friends lovers wives arab folklore fox considered weak animal said death filling abdomen air appear lies awaiting approach prey animal noted authors bible applied word fox false luke fox commonly found native american mythology portrayed constant companion fox companion steals food creation myth fox creators world leave arrival humans tribe believed fox anger captured sun tied hill causing burn great hole ground story tells fox portrayed beautiful woman tricks hunter marrying resume true form leave story tells fox friend wolf hunting earliest historical records fox hunting come fourth century alexander great known hunted seal dated depicts persian process fox viewed hunting man education advocated killing distracted romans hunting dark ages europe considered secondary gradually grew importance great chase lower category quarry gradually hunted chase point late edward royal pack specialised fox period increasingly hunted ground underground edward second duke york assisted climb prestigious master game renaissance fox hunting traditional sport nobility english civil war caused drop deer populations fox hunting grew popularity britain divided fox hunting territories fox hunting clubs formed hunt club popularity fox hunting britain reached peak native north_america red england imported sporting purposes virginia maryland prosperous tobacco american fox hunters considered red species sporting grey species furnished fun reds excitement run far usually kept near home going circuit miles old red generally called age tribute prowess lead dogs day end losing evening fell taking dead stretch thirty miles capture gray men boasted chase old red red widely persecuted human caused deaths highest causes mortality species annual fox kills germany austria sweden finland denmark switzerland norway canada nova_scotia canada minnesota average annual trapping harvest new_mexico fur use red important animals harvested fur trade jackets coats principally cloth coats fur including evening silver popular cross rarely number sold fox exceeds total number overshadowed total number fox purposes silver valued followed cross red respectively early 1900s american fox skins imported britain annually exported annually germany russia total worldwide trade wild red amounted wild caught worth million prices increasing north american wholesale auction prices averaging prices averaging north american red particularly northern alaska valued fur guard hairs silky texture dressing allow mobility red living southern alaska coastal areas islands exception extremely coarse rarely exceed price northern cousins european coarse fur compared north american varieties exceptions far eastern russian inferior north american terms livestock pet predation red occasions prey usually targeted tend physically weakened specimens invariably belonging small breeds vulnerable larger breeds twins vulnerable effectively defend simultaneously small larger lowland cause difficult prolonged labour resulting offspring making risk fox predation born breeding time killed experienced mothers stick closer young red prey domestic rabbits guinea pigs kept open runs allowed range freely gardens problem usually housing robust runs urban frequently encounter cats feed alongside physical confrontations cats usually upper hand cases killing cats usually involve prey cats treat competitors food wild state red generally unsuitable pets supposedly abandoned kits adopted meaning people spring period unlikely abandon young actual rare ones adopted likely kits simply den site kits require constant supervision require milk hour intervals day night destructive leather objects furniture electric cables generally friendly people young captive red fearful humans save reach weeks age maintain wild counterpart strong instinct pose threat domestic birds fed suspicious strangers form bonds cats dogs ones bred fox hunting practical uses encouraged kill rats mice draw ducks close hunting strain truly red introduced russian year period bred generations silver fur farms selecting individuals showed fear humans eventually team selected showed positive response humans resulting population behaviour appearance significantly changed generations controlled breeding longer showed fear humans tails human affection changes accompanied physical alterations included coats ears pups tails similar traits distinguish domestic dogs wolves urban distribution red successful built environments especially lower density suburbs twentieth century established australian european japanese north american cities species british cities 1930s entering bristol london 1940s later established cambridge australia red recorded melbourne early 1930s switzerland starting appearing 1980s urban red common residential suburbs consisting privately owned low density housing rare areas industry commerce council rented houses areas distribution lower average density rely human resources home range average hectares residential areas average hectares estimated london city dwelling potential consistently grow larger rural counterparts result abundant relative predators cities food litter bags diet similar rural behaviour urban red active dusk dawn hunting times uncommon spot day caught roofs houses sheds homes hidden spots urban areas edges city visiting night successfully city tend eat humans eat urban residents deliberately leave food animals finding endearing regularly attract home accustomed human presence warming providers allowing approached cases played particularly young cubs urban fox control urban cause problems local residents known steal chickens disrupt rubbish damage gardens complaints urban local authorities occur breeding season late january early february late april august new cubs developing hunting urban areas banned shooting urban environment suitable alternative hunting urban trap appears viable method killing little effect population urban area killed soon replaced new cubs breeding season moving territory killed effective method fox control deter specific areas inhabit diesel oil cleaning blocking access den locations discourage fox return relationship urban rural january reported fleet relatively urban fox tracked wider study university brighton partnership bbc unexpectedly travelled miles days neighbourhood western edge east sussex rural countryside far eastern edge county continuing journey gps collar stopped suspected water damage setting record longest journey undertaken tracked fox united_kingdom travels highlighted movement rural urban fox populations


genus fossil dating closely related common ancestor old world collectively known represented single species known single partial skull tentatively dated million years ago discovered western saudi_arabia near described comparison living fossil longer face living lacked advanced frontal facial bones found living bony ear tube teeth comparable living discovery help answer questions evolution appearance common ancestors old world discovery known single specimen named stored saudi_arabia unit geological survey type locality place discovered fossil bed middle formation located southwest corner western saudi_arabia close specimen discovered february traveled region search ancient whale dinosaur fossils looking dinosaur fossils area according maps working contained rock layers dated cretaceous found like creature called close relative dated indicated rock layers younger dated maps following day noticed fossil teeth immediately recognized photo teeth philip working fellow expert ancient confirmed tight schedule leave exposed fossil embedded rock days collecting require days work fossil soon recovered joint expedition involving university_of_michigan fossil formally described discovery announced journal nature fossil dated million years ago based comparisons fossils members group includes elephants found nearby fossils similarly aged african deposits date confirmed dating techniques genus comes arabic word arabic collective term species reference region discovered type specimen longer face living closely resembling new world appearance larger possibly size enlarged deep rooted teeth space teeth second crest ridge bone running skull suggest specimen male features shared male old world lacks advanced frontal found living possess bony ear tube found living oldest stem group date lacked fully developed specimen wounds skull indicating preyed large wound right fatal blow bite mark frontal like probably tree time lived red_sea formed new plant animal species arriving nearby arabian phylogeny significance comparative anatomy analysis indicate closely related common ancestor crown known fossil placing common ancestry africa stem include closer similarities crown particularly suggest known fossil closely resembled common ancestor living discovery provided new details human evolution particularly split old world lineage eventually led humans discovery provides new evidence competing facial appearance ancestral crown common ancestor reconstruction based living traits short face rounded similar reconstruction based morphology early basal common ancestor projecting snout tall face like living oldest fossil old world conservative features similar older stem support hypothesis according cautioned geological pressure distorted shape skull according help resolve age split work typically placed divergence genetic based estimates placed early approximately despite predictions genetic tests little fossil evidence found common ancestor favoring later split isolated teeth hinted existence potential basal late oldest fossil old world monkey dates discovery suggested later split genetic data dating later argued significant discovery stem date divergence crown group presence stem taxa fossil record indicate crown groups evolved stem taxa survive millions years crown taxa appear reason fossil record suggest hard minimum boundary divergence dates corresponds appearance crown taxon furthermore pointed material published demonstrated closely related living fossil find seen important find saudi_arabia fossil record region result find university_of_michigan considering collaborative field country


fossil france known single species assigned genus placed family john howard argued likely came long broad head oriented farther axis foot taxonomy argentine naturalist described overview middle france bone foot ankle joint listed species family related species including species named new genus species review paper louis affirmed probably represented new genus mole noted specific correctly written according appropriate names reference persons refer places derived latin review european john howard wrote lacked features ally commented likely classification mammals susan bell listed member uncertain description largest assigned long species broader noted characters argue classification like living broad flat short head forms noticeably small angle body actual head oriented central axis foot surface head contacts rounded body low nearly square diameter surface body bone lower leg bone large like small lower body larger supposed suggested basis feature internal parts toes reduced distribution known locality near southeastern france knew locality rich filling locality yielded thousands fossils currently dated early middle boundary million years ago known single considered rare distinguished species according species assigned


genus subfamily known single broken skull specimen collected peter caves santa brazil half 19th century described species remained unclear recognized member genus includes species southern brazil nearby argentina probably separate extinct species genus longer found santa similar members genus configuration plate bony plate skull hardly extends forward connection plate main body skull connection relatively low skull furthermore openings extend point short margin living species differ characters including shorter species shape arch upper row long makes largest known species taxonomy danish zoologist peter collected abundant remains mammals village santa brazil death fellow described collections detail publishing monograph collection described numerous new species received little attention afterward species named specific derives greek upwards look means looking upward explain likely refers plate bone plate skull outward understood genus sense different today including species currently currently currently currently currently currently species uncertain wrote species similar concept genus essentially included species characterized presence crest known upper lower excluded species placed classified instead authors placed species conventional taxonomic arrangement species referred decades identity species remained uncertain cases 1990s original material provide definitive identification material review fossil south_america zoologist wrote possibly claim based investigation published paper examining known specimen copenhagen concluded animal instead related living genus currently includes living species southern brazil nearby argentina recognized features differs living species consequently kept distinct extinct species genus unclear relations subfamily widespread diverse south_america southern north_america description known half skull found cave known das compared species large robust skull teeth broad short region skull shaped squared margins occur eastern brazil broader region better developed ridges margins living species broader region position missing known skull depression lowered portion skull connection frontal bones closed shared specimens brazilian similarities bone forms narrow projection absent species plates completely vertical noted margin plate hardly extends forward bridge connects plate body skull feature distinguishes plate living species closely resembles addition connection plate bridge inserted higher arches spread broadly species arches forward plates outward furthermore notch notch plate arch deep shallow openings broad long extending margins upper longer extending shorter wide short margin like longer extending fine openings present margin squared lacks spine middle margin present margin shaped instead longer margin developed upper orange surfaces slightly cutting edge vertical plane low crowned bear arranged pairs opposite divided smaller tooth valley second developed crest near middle tooth relatively large reduced region long plate gap long long broad bridge portion end long broad upper row long broad measurements largest known species distribution habitat known santa genus longer occurs nearest records southeast santa fossil longer occur area precise environmental background santa fossil remains unclear deposited period climatic cooling led higher local diversity


native central africa animal placed genus family described german zoologist botanist peter simon subspecies head body length medium sized typically males reach approximately shoulder females reach males typically weigh females built yellow grayish brown coat males possess horns measure long prefers grasses tender reed shoots high protein low fiber content dependent water green fulfill water requirement social structure highly flexible large observed dry season hundreds assemble near river males sexually mature age years females conceive year age fourteen months fixed breeding season mating peaks rainy season gestation period seven half months long single born months age inhabits moist woodlands native central african republic democratic republic guinea guinea kenya nigeria animal possibly extinct ivory coast reckless hunting loss habitat result human settlement led significant decline numbers tends survive longer exploited areas compared relatives total populations estimated larger populations occur eastern central africa western africa international union conservation nature iucn rates concern taxonomy scientific animal placed genus family described german zoologist botanist peter simon species including derived members tribe genus order size genus evidence supporting descent small ancestor subspecies recognized known occurs southwestern western central blue occurs southern northeastern democratic republic probably northern synonym subspecies occurs nigeria northern southern central african republic range extends east inhabits northern africa relationship subspecies clear thomas found eastern democratic republic eastern africa synonyms physical description medium sized head body length typically males reach approximately shoulder females reach males typically weigh females tail long sexually males larger females showing prominent markings subspecies largest smallest built yellow grayish brown coat generally large present coat coat strong juveniles darker adults long haired appears yellowish gray richly white color distinct markings observed dark stripe white markings tail pale ring hair eyes lips lower jaw upper throat lacks dark stripes males thicker large oval shaped ears distinguish round bare spot ear apart pair foot survive years tracks slightly smaller southern prominent sign sexual males possess pair short stout horns extend backward forehead hook slightly forward horns measure individuals longer wide spreading horns comparison shortest hooked horns longest horns observed hooked normal curve contrast short stout horns hooks pointing forward length horns individual certain region related population density region extent short horns observed individuals eastern africa populations dispersed longer wide spreading horns found animals valley populations concentrated parasites host parasites notable found small species abdominal cavity species lungs muscles parasites include species common found species ecology behaviour active day seeking cover daytime grazing night large proportion day spent feeding easily camouflage grasses hide running danger threatened usually remain retreat slowly cover defense threat close flee alert hides predators forming defense predators including lions spotted african wild dogs prey shade available females remain solitary offspring form animals female home ranges span hectares acres larger territories males cover hectares acres home ranges overlapping daughters grow distance mothers home ranges territorial males tolerant associate bachelor males absence females females found male territory territorial drive sons start developing horns year half old young males form groups individuals borders territories till mature fourth year large observed dry season hundreds assemble near river prominent forms display animals instead scent marking territory whistle boundaries territory known air nose force body usually number followed bounds behaviour raise alarm raises neck exposing white patch throat keeping tail leaps way similar jumps landing accompanied legs fights begin opponents holding horns low combat stance followed locking horns pushing fights lead deaths diet prefers grasses tender reed shoots high protein low fiber content dependent water green fulfill water requirement study diet mountains national park revealed year preferred species grasses animals fed included species commonly found heavily preferred wet season switched dry season rarely feed include species regularly burnt feeds species places close water sources eats newly species like primarily nocturnal feed daytime study showed feeding peaked dawn late afternoon night feeding peaks observed dusk midnight traverse long way daytime grazing seasonal differences time spent grazing particular area possibly related availability quality grasses association feed growing wheat reproduction males sexually mature age years females conceive year age fourteen months fixed breeding season mating peaks rainy season fights dominance place particular assembly fields males assemble area acres parts grounds main attractions marked reason spots sexually active males females courtship begins dominant male approaching female assumes low head posture females run away pursued male male keen female keeps tongue continue mating march male female attempts mounting mounting males tries flanks tightly stands firmly sign ready mate marked single animals stand resume grazing gestation period seven half months long single born mothers offspring concealed long weeks mother keeps distance nursing usually minutes long involves body infant usually day times night female previous usually separation age months begins grazing alongside mother seeks protection alarmed months mother months age habitat distribution inhabits moist woodlands found kinds habitat northern flooded rich grasses like region woodlands region found susceptible floods adapt remarkably radical seasonal changes widespread habitat requirements margins range shares habitat mountain ranges southern extensively overlap endemic africa native central african republic democratic republic guinea guinea kenya nigeria animal possibly extinct ivory coast widespread western central eastern africa present range extends west east species widespread status uncertain rare nigeria threats conservation reckless hunting loss habitat result human settlement led significant decline numbers tends survive longer exploited areas compared relatives natural like drought major threats populations declined northern degradation construction upstream dams habitat destroyed expansion agriculture settlement deaths occur drowning dry season hunted dogs nets largest horns prized hunters total populations estimated populations decreasing sufficiently low meet near threatened criterion iucn rates concern fourth populations survive protected areas populations declining uncertain national park national park ivory coast mole national parks numbers national park known populations exist seen steep fall populations substantially decreased western africa exist national park river guinea west national park game ranch larger numbers occur eastern central africa protected areas national park central african republic mountains national park falls national park wildlife reserve kenya national park game reserve


central american monkey central american monkey monkey species pacific_coast costa_rica panama restricted northwestern tip panama near border costa_rica central southern pacific_coast costa_rica primarily national parks small monkey orange distinctive white black facial mask diet eating fruits plant materials invertebrates small turn number predators including cats snakes lives large groups typically contain social structures females form dominance males breeding season females sexually mature years males years sexually mature females leave group males remain group entire life central american monkey live years central american monkey population declined 1970s decline believed caused hunting capture kept pets efforts underway preserve species despite threats population international union conservation nature iucn upgraded conservation status endangered vulnerable taxonomy central american monkey member family family new world containing family member subfamily subfamily containing recognized species monkey species occurring outside south_america central american monkey placed genus monkey species central american monkey closely related common monkey bare monkey species form species group given honor fellow danish biologist subspecies central american monkey black crowned central american monkey grey crowned central american monkey lives western pacific portion panama peninsula area costa_rica including national park lives central pacific portion costa_rica largest estimate recently remaining wild population individuals physical description central american monkey differs coloration south american south american tend primarily greenish color central american species orange olive shoulders tail white hands feet orange black cap head black tip end tail males generally lighter caps females face white black eyes black nose mouth subspecies similar coloration differ shade cap northern subspecies living central pacific costa_rica lighter cap southern subspecies lives panama parts costa_rica near panama southern subspecies yellowish limbs adults reach length millimetres excluding tail weight grams tail longer body length considerable sexual average males weigh females males average body weight females average largest brains relative body size central american monkey brain weighs body weight unlike larger relatives spider central american fully tail newborn tail primarily help balance behavior social structure central american monkey moves trees legs lives groups containing adult males adult females juveniles group size tends smaller south american larger new world monkey species group generally numbers mean groups excess occur believed temporary groups average groups contain females males monkey groups home range hectares acres group ranges overlap especially large protected areas national park overlap occurs fragmented areas groups travel day unlike monkey species group split separate foraging groups day individual separate main group engage different activities periods time group dispersed area acres hectares given time group tends sleep trees night months time unlike dominance females females form males group generally related tend form strong form dominance breeding season especially case males age males females dominant social system unique central american south american species females males dominant sex sexes form stable dominance groups central american generally compete fight male rican known close bonds south american species travel feed central american monkey rarely associates white headed appears related fact food central american monkey eats distributed smaller dispersed patches south american result different food distribution impose higher foraging costs central american monkey south american counterparts addition male white headed alert predators devote attention detecting rival males detecting predators relatively time detecting predators south american counterparts provide predator detection benefits impose higher foraging costs central american monkey south american certain bird species associate central american monkey birds follow attempt prey insects small flush national park bird species known regularly follow include double toothed grey headed winged species activity increases wet season harder find diet central american monkey diet includes insects insect larvae especially spiders fruit leaves bark flowers eats small including bats birds tree frogs finds food foraging lower middle levels forest typically thirty feet high thirds quarters day spent foraging food difficulty finding desired food late wet season fewer available unique method capturing tent making bats looks bats looking tents folded leaf finds bat climbs higher level jumps tent attempting bat fallen bat fly away time monkey ground eats central american monkey important seed certain flowers including passion flower significant agricultural pest eat corn coffee fruits eaten include wild fruits communication central american monkey noisy makes travels forest disturbing vegetation moves main calls described smooth bent mask twitter predators predators central american monkey include birds prey cats snakes snakes prey particularly effective predators central american oldest males bear responsibility detecting predators central american monkey gives high pitched alarm cover hear alarm dive cover particularly cautious detect like object including small falling branches large leaves predator detection males particularly important period born spend significantly time near monkey troops period prey significant number newborn animals prey central american monkey include snakes spider reproduction breeding season central american monkey september females come virtually time month breeding season begins males larger extra muscle altered water balance male body caused conversion male male produces grows advance breeding season males group observed fighting access females breeding season attempting force females believed female choice determines males breed females females tend prefer males expand advance breeding season enlarged males generally oldest effective detecting predators case runaway selection males leave group short periods time breeding season order try mate females neighboring groups females receptive males groups resident males attempt repel gestation period months born single week february march typically single infant born survive months largely predation birds infant remains dependent mother year females birth months prior infant independent time new infant born females sexually mature years old males sexually mature years old females leave group reaching sexual maturity males usually remain group entire lives different south american monkey species males disperse group sexes disperse males age tend associate age reaching sexual maturity age choose leave group attempt males group order attain increased reproductive opportunities lifespan central american monkey wild unknown captive specimens known live years monkey species known able live years distribution habitat central american monkey restricted distribution costa_rica panama lives near pacific_coast range covers central pacific costa_rica north western panama lives costa_rica national parks national park national park seen visitors commonly seen parks white headed lives lowland forests restricted secondary forests primary forests partially logged requires forests abundant low mid level vegetation difficulty surviving tall mature forests lack vegetation conservation status believed central american monkey population south american species monkey brought central_america humans evidence theory included small range central american monkey large gap range monkey species study nuclear mitochondrial dna demonstrated central american monkey separate species apparently diverged south american species long ago years ago possibly million years ago popular theory live colombia late migrated central_america ancestors current central american species according theory black migrated central_america time passage panama later closed rising oceans eventually opened wave migration million years ago later migrants ancestors modern populations white headed spider competed earlier migrants leading small range central american monkey black population density estimated square kilometer square mile costa_rica square kilometer square mile panama estimated population central american monkey reduced 1970s believed largely hunting capture pet trade significant efforts costa_rica try preserve monkey extinction project panama tries preserve population province central american monkey listed vulnerable conservation standpoint iucn fact range encompasses square kilometers range fragmented suffers ongoing habitat loss assessment improvement assessment central american monkey listed endangered


fossil united_states species genus known jaws isolated teeth site early million years ago nevada species scattered united_states japan europe classified subfamily extinct family rare widespread group adapted relatively dry habitat characteristic large high crowned large gap furthermore approach pattern distinct features distinguish including rectangular shape fourth lower larger roots lower taxonomy member diverse family extinct appeared middle million years ago north_america existed end europe survived little longer end distinctive known discovered named based fossils early germany later discoveries expanded range similar taxa colleagues reviewed identified second related genus early germany czech_republic japan scientists named new subfamily house japanese named separate species identified north_america nevada nevada late south possible second species late nebraska north american nebraska general widespread generally rare group distinctive tendency large size colleagues suggested distinct probably preferred drier habitat scientists recognized subfamily summary north american lawrence placed group tribe subfamily described derived described new genus species kent smith richard nicholas generic adds greek indicating similarity related genus specific honors savage work fossil mammals assistance smith paper scientists argued favor description large large japan similar size high crowned shows series traits characteristic high crowned thick divided form long gap lower higher crowned including rectangular shape barrel shaped teeth similarly oldest smaller lower crowned known material consists number lower jaws isolated length second lower ranges width fourth upper recorded specimen deciduous precursor tooth characterized major separated valleys second upper square similar size structure additional incomplete prominent lower fourth lower lower high crowned teeth like upper teeth bear valleys lower lacks additional present larger longer wide differ little wider long little smaller rounded narrower located tooth closed margins valley open opens centrally located iii opening absent roots fewer shows large projecting forward distinguishes apart associated jaw muscles forward point mental opening reaches level root mental small opens near ventral shelf located near dorsal shelf present inner surface bone distribution ecology local fauna monarch mill formation churchill county nevada fauna dates early land age makes youngest known occurrence helps close gap known geographic range north american nevada nebraska found include species


known simply eastern black white black white black white type old world monkey native west central east africa including guinea nigeria kenya species consists subspecies differ appearance distinctive appearance alluded long white fringes hair run black trunk known mantle face framed white hair large white tail found deciduous forests species cope habitat disturbance prefers secondary forest close rivers lakes previously thought eat leaves eats seeds fruits able digest plant material high content specialised stomach eat plant species time preyed birds prey mammals common leopard lives social groups individuals groups normally include dominant male females offspring females mating system initiated vocal communication gestation period months born pink skin white fur adult coloration months known dawn chorus males method long distance communication territorial boundaries makes uses body movements facial expressions communicate listed concern international union conservation nature iucn widespread locally threatened areas decline great list higher category threat subspecies found kenya listed endangered survive degraded forests areas common logged areas ones threatened hunting skin etymology alternative common names including eastern black white magistrate black white refers mantle long silky white fringes hair run body native monkey scientific derives greek meaning mutilated refers lack discovery taxonomic classification discovered german naturalist explorer trip wrote species con seen europe berlin garden individuals purchased dealer subfamily known leaf eating group old world asia africa subfamily split groups africa leaf asia odd group african divided color behavior ecology genera black white red olive black white king lists seven subspecies species world validity mountain uncertain listed recognised review paper international union conservation nature iucn western occurs eastern nigeria edge western range south west river found highlands west rift valley reaches river river blue gorge mountains black white found highlands east rift valley hills found hills south forest occurs western kenya south northern black white found range kenya eastern black white occurs kenya mount kenya range found kenya forests surrounding mount mount morphological difference subspecies pronounced southeastern northwestern western intermediate subspecies gradual change physical description distinctive black long white fringes silky hair known mantle ornamentation sides body tail bands mantle start shoulders extend connect lower tail long ends white varies covers tail features vary color subspecies example tail gray white tail covers half length tail makes tail mantle color ranges white cream yellow face framed white hair cheek hairs thigh white stripe born pink skin white hair hair skin age months attain adult coloration male usually gain coloration females male typically weighs kilograms female weighs kilograms head body length averages centimetres males centimetres females like small thumb sexual subspecies males larger teeth females reverse true significant difference distribution habitat distributed africa ranges nigeria west kenya northern east lives deciduous forests mainly inhabits forest savannah woodlands extend highland forests found forest habitats primary secondary near fresh water gallery forests particularly common forests close rivers lakes high elevations found elevations high metres species prefers secondary forests old growth forests given choice likely prefers forests increased number food trees weaker chemical defenses species found swamps human habitats plantations frequented monkey deficiencies ecology primarily descend ground forage travel rests half day foraging travelling common activity dawn groups leave sleeping trees return dusk day long rest periods periods moving feeding activities including playing performed lesser extent despite reputation exclusive leaf mainly eats leaves fruit diet variable eat bark wood seeds flowers aquatic plants soil concrete buildings food item diet varies area time year factors like protein levels leaves influence food choices intermittently travel longer distances access plants higher levels nutrition leaves usually half diet fruits occasionally eaten depending season foraging leaves prefers young ones old fruits prefers eat serve reduce competition eat fruits number plant species diet specific site like able digest leaves plant fibers large multi stomach contains bacteria certain areas like prefers foods high fiber content easily extracted specialized stomach preyed crowned hawk eagle eaten birds prey eagle common known hunt leopard possible predator behaviour social structure lives stable social groups usually containing members groups usually contain male females juveniles populations groups containing males common multi male groups males tend aggressive dominant males expelled groups multi male groups contain father son pairs unrelated males males groups live outside males bachelor groups females groups cohesive related rarely disperse groups possibly break apart males hand usually leave adults start solitary bachelor groups gain entry social group periphery displacing group male low quality diet dispersed distribution food resident social structure female living group dominance style rank relations relationships relaxed friendly rare signals dominance physical aggression group usually harmful rarely conflict important interactions occurs females adult males rarely groom groups strictly territorial groups aggressive populations groups defend core areas exist small home range resources mates encounters males engage direct indirect mate defense like defending female resources males participate inter group encounters female aggressive encounters groups usually involve chases displays physical contact reproduction based mating system mating males females half time mating walk near potential partner low intensity mouth tough males hold female body place individuals group outside group recorded multi male groups male mate females gestation period lasts days month interval newborn relies mother support grow older returning mothers attention groups females group handle infant comfortable mothers males normally don pay attention weeks old eat solid food weeks weeks fully longer need hold mothers communication notable mainly night dawn males sound carried mile normally dominant male multiple males group long distance communication regulate inter group direct physical contact foraging male starts neighboring males start respond calls regardless identity focusing collective vocal displays familiarity variation males signal status group fighting ability male advertise body size actual exaggerated males possibly alarm group movements females mild distress distress like infant danger females sub adults scream tongue mild aggression addition different body movements displaying fringe fur facial expressions touches conservation status live dry gallery forests ground threatened species iucn lists concern locally threatened parts range widespread species thought declining fast place higher category threat subspecies classified different categories listed endangered small range risk hunting hills mountains forest listed data hills hasn recorded 1960s unlike species survive habitat degradation thrive degraded forests logging increase number preferred food trees abundant logged areas ones complete forest clearance causes dramatic declines numbers complete forest caused decline years threatened hunting meat skin meat sells skins sold fashion tourist trade


bay bay known black striped black backed forest dwelling native western southern africa described british zoologist john edward gray subspecies identified bay reddish brown moderate size sexes reach centimetres shoulder sexes vary considerably weights typical weight range kilograms sexes possess pair horns measuring centimetres notable feature pronounced solid stripe black extending head tail bay nocturnal animal tends remain solitary pairs observed leopard main predator bay mainly prefers fruits feed animal matter bird eggs females conceive age eighteen months breeding occurs year gestation lasts days following generally single offspring born lifespan bay averages years bay prefers old growth primary forests historically range survival bay threatened human settlement agricultural expansion preference old growth forests habitat degradation bay common species classified near threatened international union conservation nature natural resources iucn taxonomy etymology scientific bay bay classified genus family described british zoologist john edward gray generic probably comes combination new latin word meaning head greek word meaning crest specific latin word referring surface object common comes word dutch mean owing tendency seek cover bushes bay known black striped black backed phylogenetic study divided distinct giant east african red west african red bay classified giant yellow backed anne university colleagues constructed subfamily based mitochondrial analysis showed giant group bay formed clade sister clade similarly yellow backed form clade sister bay probably evolved pleistocene million years ago possible species paper identified subspecies bay gray western bay found western africa thomas eastern bay found central africa description bay moderately sized typical head body length centimetres sexes reach centimetres shoulder sexes vary considerably weights typical weight range kilograms sexual species remarkable females larger males tail black outside white inner parts centimetres long tail eastern bay terminates white sexes possess pair horns measuring centimetres ward recorded maximum horn length centimetres horns females generally narrower sexes bright reddish brown coat ventral parts flanks reddish brown legs dark brown notable feature pronounced solid stripe black extending head tail stripe narrower females nocturnal nature bay large conspicuous eyes observed eyes nostrils patches white fur sharp contrast dark reddish face juveniles dark coat develops stripes chestnut reddish brown colour gradually face marked dark region nose forehead separated rest face light brown furrows extending eyes eyes lips chin white spots seen head crest hair dark brown eastern bay larger heavier western bay larger ears darker dorsal stripe wider lighter colour eastern bay bay similar red readily distinguished bay resembles bay size colour ventral paler dorsal stripe starts shoulders instead head additionally body posture horn characteristics species differ large extent bay remarkably similar black dorsal stripe begins shoulders widens cover stripe white bay easily told apart black fronted lack stripes ecology behaviour bay nocturnal animal consequently little known patterns day bay rests trees tends remain solitary pairs observed bay exhibits remarkable depends heavily sense smell foraging detecting potential danger individuals communicate leopard main predator eagles prey bay alarmed individual leap flee diet bay mainly prefers fruits feeds large fruits species wild spherical fruits fruits eat oil orange ones olive like ones green resemble pods bay extracts pulp seeds making sound seeds large smaller seeds species study found soft seeds plants gore preferred reports bay birds feeding legs wings embryo eggs remains african beetles ants dog food serve supplement captive individuals reproduction females conceive age eighteen months breeding occurs year clear peaks known study recorded birth peaks maximum abundance fruits central africa peak january february lasts eighteen hours male pursues female continuously male outward receptive female allow male mount shifting tail gestation lasts days following generally single offspring born infant weighs nearly grams coat dark reddish brown brighter reddish brown chestnut colour develops months weeks birth infant kept concealed dense vegetation mother away offspring start taking solid food weeks occurs half months lifespan bay averages years habitat distribution bay prefers old growth primary forests home ranges females square kilometres large males twice size females occurred lowland forested areas warm moist guinea bay found moist forested islands forests guinea northeastern bay native countries western southern africa central african republic democratic republic guinea guinea guinea nigeria sierra feared extinct threats conservation bay historically range study extinction bay reserve held responsible elimination species reserve survival bay threatened human settlement agricultural expansion preference old growth forests habitat degradation habitat bay depleted large extent bay unlike species found significant numbers classified near threatened international union conservation nature natural resources iucn washington convention cites species appendix rod east iucn specialist group estimated total population significant population occurs national park protected areas bay occur include national park national park national park reserve national park special reserve central african republic national park guinea national park national park national park national park national parks


known red type small monkey found panama colombia predominantly black white reddish spends time trees come ground occasionally lives groups number individuals generally include adults gender eats variety foods including insects fruits plant parts insects fruits account majority diet important teeth adapted trees eat easily available variety reproductive methods common single adult female group active mate multiple adult males group gestation period days gives birth single infant twins males contribute significantly care sexual maturity reached years live years classified concern iucn taxonomy like new world monkey classified family included family includes anthony russell reverted older classifications considered separate family member genus genus containing recognized subspecies philip classified subspecies cotton resides exclusively colombia based fur coloration morphology ear size recent research indicates taxa differ sufficiently considered separate species physical description common small monkey length millimetres excluding tail smallest central american monkey tail length millimetres males average weight grams females slightly larger average average weight grams fur black yellow pale legs feet chest face nearly bare head reddish fur triangle shaped patch head tail chestnut red black tip behavior like unlike new world come ground occasionally normally special circumstances acquire certain foods tree reach group size generally common groups consist adult gender adults migrate groups groups degree territorial defense population colorado island panama range square kilometer areas population density square kilometer average ranges meters day home range size varies hectares hectares communication occurs visual gestures recorded include loud soft sharp notes long body displays reveal white coloration standing hind legs tend associated aggression females signal willingness mate rapidly tails unlike canopy climbing descending vertical tree generally avoids large vertical supports travel prefers thin branches ascending descending long leaps extent uses large vertical supports travel uses ascending descending generally avoids small medium size monkey species white headed night monkey avoidance spatial respect temporal case night monkey active daylight hours night monkey active night rarely observed vicinity appears result avoiding interactions larger generally attempts escape birds prey approach regardless bird presents true danger ignore bird prey double toothed follows apparent effort feed small animals disturbed diet similar species birds panama share similar use calls help find favorable food sources different patterns activity competition similar food sources active shortly dawn tend rest middle day active minutes daylight remain active remaining daylight hours hour sunset diet varied diet includes fruits insects green plant parts diet varies study paul estimated diet insects fruit entirely trees items study colorado island showed fruit insects green plant parts including large amounts elephant ear tree study showed diet equally split insects fruit unlike adapted trees eats easily accessible generally hunts insects making quick movements thin flexible supports contrast generally feeds large vertical tree study drank water flowers believed drink tree holes similar species reproduction birth year peak april june single infant twins born uncommon twins months gestation period believed days similar period ranges days average days longer periods occur twins weigh grams born fully infant fur colored differently parents infant black fur body tail blaze white face infant coloration reduces visibility white associated aggressive displays species mating occurs males contribute heavily parental care typically adult female group active active females mate multiple males given opportunity males carry groom females older siblings contribute infant care prefer carried parents siblings mobile weeks begin eating solid food weeks independent weeks fully weeks sexually mature years live years distribution habitat lives types forest including primary secondary forest dry moist tropical forest panama prefers secondary forests moderate humidity occurs central eastern panama range extending slightly west panama canal zone common atlantic coast panama pacific_coast abundant atlantic coast areas near canal zone modified man occurs metropolitan natural park urban park panama city colombia occurs pacific_coast west south rio san_juan eastern boundary range colombia thought rio reported east including las national park older sources report species occurring southern costa_rica likely erroneous conservation status international union conservation nature concern population declining habitat loss hunted captured pet trade panama study panama concluded population higher areas human access limited human activity panama positive negative effects populations hunting decreases population cutting mature forest agriculture provides areas secondary growth beneficial


campbell dwarf campbell dwarf species genus given common thomas honour campbell collected specimen july distinguished closely related smaller ears dark fur crown campbell dwarf typically narrow dorsal stripe compared grey fur stomach wild breeding season campbell dwarf varies location example breeding season begins middle april end april captivity fixed breeding season breed frequently year females usually sexually mature months age gestation period typically days campbell dwarf species active year campbell dwarf feed plant insect material campbell dwarf inhabits horizontal vertical tunnels semi central asia mountains autonomous areas province northeastern china listed concern international union conservation nature iucn native china russian federation taxonomy naming campbell dwarf species type species named campbell described july inner exact location given word dry lake exact clear thomas described type specimen synonyms species common names applied campbell dwarf including striped campbell campbell dwarf commonly confused common names describe subspecies american biologist described subspecies found mountains siberia physical description typical wild campbell dwarf long tail length captivity larger commercial pet food fruits provide nutrition food found commonly wild lips white fur rest fur face grey brown dark narrow dorsal stripe runs center neck tail surface hands feet white ensure animal stays warm colder climates countries wild captivity campbell dwarf scent mark territories skin located ears use communication campbell dwarf distinguished similar looking smaller ears dark patch crown head certain dorsal stripe campbell dwarf narrower shorter darker fur stomach campbell dwarf grey white campbell dwarf turn white winter grey fur smaller breadth larger campbell dwarf tolerant lower temperatures laboratory experiment showed campbell dwarf resist temperatures low withstand temperatures low campbell dwarf lower temperatures constantly exercising tries find sheltered location unlike relies campbell dwarf cheek extension mouth extending mouth way rear legs food transferred inside contains large number dermal extends structure skin days age cheek fully grown carry objects size seed cheek extend shoulder blades restrict movement campbell dwarf prone genetic develop lungs develop animal exposed chemical having slow insignificant response bright lights humans having low population density field studies allow scientists study entire populations wild lifespan laboratory experiment average lifespan male campbell dwarf captivity days female days different experiment kept captivity born summer lived average years young provided widely varied early life likely suffer digestive problems mature possible wild lack food causes life captive greater wild diet campbell dwarf eat variety different foods balanced diet consists protein fat constant access fresh water natural habitats dwarf feed exclusively plant materials captivity campbell dwarf required nutrition commercially available food designed specifically typically contain mix dry grains nuts seeds fortified minerals excess particular seed lead digestive problems forms addition commercially prepared seed mix balanced diet campbell dwarf captivity includes regulated variety fresh vegetables fruits dark rich minerals wild vegetables yarrow leaves good sources protein helps prevent captivity occasionally eat high protein contents boiled egg whites small pieces clean cooked chicken sources extra protein eat wheat grain seeds teeth campbell dwarf stop growing like regularly growing skin mouth causing pain smooth young wood trees apple willow readily species genus pet stores sell wooden designed captivity certain food items commonly consumed humans toxic avoided completely captivity completely days age campbell dwarf digest milk dangerous cause severe green vegetables contain large water severe effects small animals contribute acute failure high level chocolate sticky foods butter cheek lead lead death wild campbell dwarf vary population range total different species plants identified consumed population common species species plant identified consumed population common campbell dwarf natural predator worms breeding breeding season campbell dwarf begins april begins end april beginning distribution ranges ends late september early october captivity campbell dwarf breed year fixed breeding season large number born summer months wild litters produced year average offspring litter captivity females litters year offspring litter captivity gestation period campbell dwarf days shortest gestation period recorded captive female days male likely assist female birth male pull offspring birth canal clean collect food mother offspring offspring born body mass approximately claws formed eyes closed rate young develop differs depending distribution range differences usually longer day open day birth completely open days development process occurs days development fur grows crown abdomen young usually coat fur seven days development offspring born captivity shorter development time born wild specifically growth development head body tail hind feet day sooner found wild days development captivity young half mass parents captivity females sexually mature months age forms days prior birth offspring mating female typically larger compared females live females females males fight getting know partner females shorter gestation period days hybrids captivity campbell dwarf able produce live offspring hybrids hybrids suitable pets breeding hybrids cause health problems inherited diseases genetic information similar genetic health problems easily inherited offspring widespread breeding distribution hybrids threaten existence pure species subspecies ecosystem ultimately lead extinction subspecies litter smaller generations produced young commonly begin inherit problems habitat campbell dwarf inhabit central asia mountains autonomous areas province northeastern china contain horizontal vertical tunnels tunnels leading nesting area deep ground usually deep lined dry grass sheep wool share northern parts share species save digging campbell dwarf found living chinese striped long tailed dwarf types different avoid fighting type food live campbell dwarf live near areas human civilization found warm winter like main predators eagle owl eagle fox common falcon distribution areas females males males higher risk predators quickly status conservation listed concern international union conservation nature iucn population distribution size large major widespread threats species known increasing number livestock areas distribution central asia small risk destroyed arid areas distribution reduction water sources minor concern protected areas


extinct pleistocene buenos_aires province argentina known single upper jaw features distinctive placed genus discovered formally described defined group includes group characterized progressive reduction complexity morphology single known high crowned flat crowned distinctive lacking ridge connects middle anterior configuration ridge probably lived wet habitat taxonomy discovered deposit san southeastern buenos_aires province context suggests locality slightly million years old south american land age making oldest known single known specimen collections initially referred genus currently known island northeastern brazil established new genus species publication journal generic combines american michael ancient greek mouse specific honors biologist fossil number features suggest relation group includes south american marsh rat living relatives extinct share high crowned morphology features assessed indicate lifestyle shows similarity considered placing genera distinctive morphological features justify placement separate genus group genera encompasses small diversity tribe group species distributed mainly south_america including nearby islands islands antilles tribes recognized subfamily encompasses hundreds species found south_america southern north_america largest subfamily family members include mainly north_america description right upper jaw upper broken preserved including plate flattened portion arch moderately worn indicating adult individual length width largest known extinct height roots including large large inner smaller ones outer presence second root variable character occurring shows significant characters margin upper visible suggesting short configuration plate shows features distinguish relatives plane crowns relatively high main high parts crown crowns lower higher rest crown closely related species relatively simple lacking additional ridge developed shallow present dividing uniquely anterior connects rest crown absent structure missing young individuals usually develops result wear adults middle broadly connected median connects middle pair attached complete present descending median slightly configuration median complex unique posterior connected margin unlike present situated directly margin ecology found association remains animals including fishes turtles frogs birds including live area extinct unidentified probably lived wetland habitat relatively warm moist climatic conditions limited material known permits animal natural history likely fed hard plant material related similar extant species


mammals madagascar mammals known madagascar middle known piece jaw teeth earliest known showing modern pattern characteristic mammals interpretations differed proposal places group known mammals southern continents favor closer northern mammals specifically species known late cretaceous including species known nearly complete skeleton represent completely new group mammals known teeth closely related found india argentina teeth represent different kind fragment known remains interpreted described middle million years ago northwestern madagascar known single lower jaw fragment teeth probably interpreted showing pattern characteristic modern mammals oldest known pattern led propose ancestors mammals arose south generally assumed north colleagues alternatively proposed clade cretaceous australia developed independently mammals clade expanded recently discovered species argentina australia bishops disagreed interpretation proposed different models example russell colleagues proposed related fact similar michael colleagues excluded placed remaining close deposits produced yielded reptiles mammals cretaceous basin northwestern madagascar produced rich late cretaceous fauna including mammals found team david taxa similarly aged south american indian animals parts fauna consists taxa known isolated teeth single reasonably complete skeleton related recent madagascar fauna list mammals madagascar fossils come latest cretaceous member formation teeth complete damaged form known material described teeth high crowned curved contains deep filled deep pit appears closely related indian known argentina teeth fully described represent different tooth positions like identities tooth poorly understood larger lower crowned teeth complete lower crowned surface oriented crown consists shaped ridge parts separated deep second tooth represent completely different unknown group preserving identified common nearly contemporaneous deposits tooth records remains disputed known south_america africa australia tooth recognizable lower identified group led alexander instead argued tooth related primitive group possibly related known cretaceous addition teeth formation yielded nearly complete articulated skeleton immature cat sized fully described complete known skull damaged unusual preserved upper lower jaw project forwards separated lower upper jaws large gap shows primitive features presence bones small bone placed upper jaw deep arch hand derived traits like presence developed far end upper arm bone absence rim dorsal upper margin opening receives head small lesser upper leg bone reduced contact smaller lower leg bones heel bone abstract identified member group includes closest extinct relatives derived early cretaceous argentina colleagues instead refused place existing higher order group claimed represents major new clade


river slow species slow native northern central highland region island borneo species originally thought slow population study museum specimens photographs identified distinct facial markings helped differentiate distinguished high contrast black white facial features shape width stripes facial markings species named river runs native habitat slow nocturnal species primarily eats insects tree fruit toxic bite unique feature evaluated international union conservation nature iucn likely listed vulnerable placed higher risk category conservation status assessed primarily threatened habitat loss illegal wildlife trade taxonomy phylogeny species slow genus family museum specimens animal previously identified slow described english naturalist richard slow single species slow view refined distinguishing slow species identifying subspecies including slow slow elevated species level molecular analysis showed genetically distinct review museum specimens photographs attributed resulted subspecies species additionally recognized new species distinct nominate subspecies newly recognized elevated species showed significant differences coloration patterns face analysis patterns suggests diverged evolution organisms living geographic region geographic barriers account divergence named river runs native habitat near type locality original specimen originally collected october baron von near province east borneo housed american museum natural history new_york consists male skin skull head body length physical description like slow tail round head short ears moist naked surface nostrils nose broad flat face large eyes like species lack second upper distinguishes slow feet second digit smaller rest big toe hind foot opposes toes gripping power second toe hind foot curved uses nails straight possesses specialized arrangement lower teeth called ventral elbow small swelling called clear animal uses defensively face mask differs ways dark ring eyes rounded pointed edges stretches arch extends far jaw second stripe eyes occasionally shaped compared rectangular stripe seen neighboring species light band fur ears usually intermediate width compared narrow wide bands seen species compared contrast dark black white features ears covered hair generally naked overall fur generally longer compared based limited number specimens species long weighs distribution found central northern borneo range extends south rivers indonesian province east malaysian province respectively north southern mount malaysian province found coast range spans borneo east west range overlaps east neighboring species habitat ecology like slow nocturnal eating primarily insects tree fruit likewise species toxic bite unique feature found slow produced elbow mixes activate toxic bite predators applied fur form protection threatened slow bite delivering wound slow reluctant release bite likely maximize transfer face mask help species identify potential mates distinguishing species serve anti predator strategy making eyes appear larger conservation assessed iucn listed vulnerable species divided distinct species new species faces higher risk extinction accordingly expected listed vulnerable likely assigned higher risk category borneo forests lost making habitat loss greatest threats survival illegal wildlife trade major factor parts commonly sold traditional medicine viral videos youtube promote exotic pet trade slow species protected commercial trade appendix convention international trade endangered species wild fauna flora cites


fossil bat genus pleistocene china known number lower jaws initially identified living species recognized separate species larger living closely spaced lower robust groups lower relatively low processes equally high average length taxonomy chinese young describe fossil bats fossil site locality famous man mention recorded description new material layer cave site identified widespread living species basis lower jaws layer reassigned previously identified paper described population new species examining collections polish academy sciences place species group considered unlikely ancestral living specific refers chinese philosophical concept description described species basis damaged intact fourth second large member group large germany robust generally resembles mental opening outer jaw located lower second lower process projection low rounded connected process nearly horizontal ridge contains slight raising compared process slender base angular process lower corner jaw robust higher process distinctly higher process preserved large smaller group placed closely distinguishes species fossil european species including robust surrounded developed shelf crown shape clear outer margins crown triangular edge straight saddle shaped resemble robust particularly groups teeth total length ranges averages specimens process high averaging length row averaging range recorded locality locality contains smaller identified locality pleistocene age million years old contains species bats addition


pronounced small found eastern southern africa sole member genus described german zoologist august von small reaches centimetres shoulder weighs kilograms coat yellowish gray reddish brown acts efficient camouflage rocky habitat unlike thick coarse coat hollow hairs horns short present males typically measure centimetres typically nocturnal active mainly night rests middle day late night animal greater extent individuals opposite sexes exhibit long term lifelong pair bonding mates tend stay close metres times males form territories hectares acres stay partners offspring primarily prefers young plants fruits flowers gestation lasts months following single born peak spring early summer leaves mother turns year old inhabits places characterised rocky terrain sparse vegetation range extends northeastern northern east south_africa south coastal international union conservation nature natural resources iucn concern major threats survival habitat inaccessible unfavourable hunting significant numbers occur private nearly populations occur protected areas range taxonomy etymology scientific sole member genus classified family species described german zoologist august von vernacular pronounced compound words rock phylogenetic study showed closely related evolved nearly million years ago based study subspecies identified peter treat independent species publication description small reaching centimetres shoulder head body length typically centimetres weighs kilograms sexually females slightly larger heavier males tail measures centimetres prominent facial features include brown forehead short ears marked black prominent near eyes white lips chin horns short present males typically measure centimetres maximum recorded horn length centimetres coat yellowish gray reddish brown acts efficient camouflage rocky habitat white unlike thick coarse coat hollow hairs damaged hairs coat significant adaptation saves animal steep falls provides effective extreme climates characteristic mountain habitat study showed occur larger numbers hair coarse hair turns erect especially animal ill temperature increases feature unique walks tips cylindrical blunt grip ground enabling animal climb jump rocky surfaces subspecies vary coat colour golden yellow cape golden cape populations tend largest males exhibit largest females ecology behaviour typically nocturnal active mainly night rests midday late night animal tends active nights morning sunlight warm animal like exhibits greater extent individuals opposite sexes form pairs dies mates tend stay close metres times instance turns keeping predators feeds face danger hop metres away danger social groups include small family members solitary individuals greet social meetings males form territories hectares acres large size depends rainfall patterns stay partners offspring males generally females form large nearly metre centimetres deep borders territories form marking thick black substance measuring millimetres vegetation rocks territories study revealed twigs marked study showed plants near borders neighbouring territories particularly preferred marking main whistle given pair duet means communication anti predator response predators include black backed eagle leopard martial eagle spotted eagle birds familiar pale winged red winged yellow observed feeding diet primarily prefers young plants fruits flowers grasses eaten mainly wet season form minor portion diet plants preferred depend mainly plants water bodies meet water requirement stand reach tall branches metres ground individuals observed climbing trees height metres reproduction seasonal time mating occurs varies geographically females sexually mature time year old males slightly longer mature mating behaviour extensively observed gestation lasts months following single weighing slightly kilogram born peak spring early summer place dense vegetation newborn carefully hidden months protect view predators mother times day visits gradually offspring grows males protective offspring keeping watch males predators months leaves mother turns year old lives years habitat distribution inhabits places characterised rocky terrain sparse vegetation times food occurs altitudes high metres mount occur high population favourable habitats extending large area individuals occur square kilometre mountains national park habitat typically rocky long stretches grassy terrain consequently population density typically individual square kilometre occurs significant numbers eastern southern africa range extends northeastern northern east south_africa south coastal smaller populations occur northern western highlands central african republic southeastern democratic republic plateau east national park nigeria feared extinct threats conservation international union conservation nature natural resources iucn concern hunted meat leather hair major threats survival habitat inaccessible unfavourable hunting compete livestock frequent areas populations lower altitudes vulnerable elimination rod east iucn specialist group estimated total population significant numbers occur private nearly populations occur protected areas mountains national parks east west national parks kenya north south national parks national park national park national park


common vampire bat common vampire bat small leaf bat native americas extant species vampire bat legged white winged vampire bats species known parasitic mammals common vampire bat mainly feeds blood livestock approaching prey night sleeping uses razor sharp teeth cut open skin hosts laps blood long tongue species highly dominant adult males defend groups females social bat species number cooperative behaviors social food sharing feeds livestock carrier common vampire bat considered pest conservation status categorized concern international union conservation nature iucn wide distribution presumed large population tolerance degree habitat modification unlikely declining nearly rate required qualify listing threatened category taxonomy common vampire bat classified saint species received scientific names given current thomas classified subfamily species legged vampire bat white winged vampire bat species compose true vampire bats opposed false vampires family bat species feeding blood warm animals common vampire bat feeds blood species primarily feed birds species resemble common vampire bat distinguished longer thumb extant member genus fossil species described physical description common vampire bat short haired silver gray fur darker fur deeply lower lip flat leaf shaped nose developed thumb wing climb prey assist animal bat averages long wingspan commonly weighs grams weight drastically increase single feeding relatively large snout reduced accommodate large fewest teeth bats upper lack keeps razor sharp bats completely lost ability maneuver land vampire bats exception run unique instead propel forward wings powerful legs ability likely evolved independently bat lineage pads thumb function like sole capable directions temporal sequences making jump bat pushes pectoral limbs body pectoral limbs stabilized common vampire bats good able distinguish different optical patterns use vision long range orientation bats developed senses smell hearing highly sensitive low frequency nasal passages relatively large signals fly mouths open navigation identify metal strip wide distance centimetres moderate compared bats range habitat common vampire bat found parts mexico central_america south_america found far north kilometres south mexico united_states border fossils species found florida states bordering mexico common vampire common bat species southeastern brazil southern extent range northern argentina central chile west_indies bat found trinidad prefers warm humid climates uses tropical subtropical woodlands open foraging bats trees caves abandoned buildings old wells mines vampire bats bat species tend dominant sites occupy highest places leave bat species vacated spots behavior feeding common vampire bat feeds primarily blood particularly livestock cattle horses vampire bats feed wild prey like prefer animals favor horses cattle given choice female animals particularly targeted males vampire bats hunt night track prey feed distance bat target lands jumps ground usually targeting flank neck prey heat sensors nose help detect blood vessels near surface skin animal skin teeth biting away small laps blood tongue lateral grooves adapted purpose blood kept protective host fend bats feeding uncommon bats feed host exception mothers offspring mating reproduction male females compose group called dominant male mates females offspring males male vampire bats guard sites attract females females switch female releases egg mating usually lasts minutes male bat mounts female posterior end teeth holds folded wings vampire bats active year number peak rainy season females birth offspring pregnancy following gestation period seven months young raised primarily females mothers leave young hunt young feed returning young accompany mothers hunt months fully months female offspring usually remain groups adulthood mothers die occasional movements unrelated females groups leads formation multiple groups male offspring tend live groups years old forced resident adult males cooperation food sharing common vampire bats studied lab field predicted association help field study conducted costa_rica vampire bats frequently switched trees non mean genetic groups low food sharing observed wild occurred close cousins higher observed food sharing mothers feeding pups non maternal sharing events biased suggesting vampire bats prefer help relatives non maternal food sharing better explained frequency interaction controlling food sharing observed association greater food sharing appears require social bonds require development long periods time familiar bats food given bat bat best predicted food given bat sharing obvious longer time spans found cooperation vampire bats participate mutual bats groom simultaneously clean strengthen social bonds bats groom share food suggested bat assess size partner abdomen determine needs eat relationship humans according centers disease control prevention bats example bats submitted testing captured obviously weak sick captured cat cases reported united_states year caused bat bites highest occurrence vampire bats occurs large populations found south_america danger human population livestock joseph government trinidad found infected vampire bat march soon proved species bat including common vampire bat capable extended period time artificial infection external symptoms fruit bats genus later shown demonstrate abilities stage bats continue behave normally breed finding bats transmitted people animals thought fantastic ridiculed bats clumsy unable fly makes likely come contact humans evidence possible virus host purely airborne transmission direct physical contact victim bat fear bats avoid handling having living space wild animal medical attention given person awakens discover vampire bat sleeping quarters possible young children fully presence bat bite unique properties vampire bats found positive use medicine genetically engineered drug called uses properties shown increase blood flow stroke patients