hiv aids human virus infection acquired immune syndrome hiv aids spectrum conditions caused infection human virus hiv following initial infection person notice symptoms experience brief period like illness typically followed prolonged period symptoms infection progresses immune system increasing risk common like tuberculosis rarely affect people working immune systems late symptoms infection referred aids stage associated weight loss hiv spread primarily unprotected sex including anal oral sex contaminated blood mother child pregnancy delivery tears transmit hiv methods prevention include safe sex needle exchange programmes treating infected male disease baby prevented giving mother child medication cure treatment slow course disease lead near normal life treatment recommended soon diagnosis treatment average survival time infection years million people living hiv resulted million deaths infected live sub africa discovery aids caused estimated million deaths worldwide hiv aids considered disease outbreak present large area actively spreading hiv believed originated west central africa late 19th early 20th century aids recognized united_states centers disease control prevention cause hiv infection identified early decade hiv aids great impact society illness source discrimination disease large economic impacts hiv aids belief transmitted casual non sexual contact disease subject controversies involving religion including catholic_church decision support use prevention attracted international medical political attention large scale funding identified 1980s signs symptoms main stages hiv infection acute infection clinical aids acute infection initial period following hiv called acute hiv primary hiv acute syndrome individuals develop like illness like illness weeks post exposure significant symptoms symptoms occur cases commonly include fever large tender throat mouth occurs cases presents trunk people develop stage symptoms occur symptoms peripheral syndrome duration symptoms varies usually weeks character symptoms recognized signs hiv infection cases seen family doctor hospital common infectious diseases overlapping symptoms recommended hiv considered people presenting unexplained fever risk factors infection clinical initial symptoms followed stage called clinical hiv chronic hiv treatment second stage natural history hiv infection years years average years typically symptoms near end stage people experience fever weight loss problems muscle pains people develop persistent characterized unexplained non painful group groin months infected individuals viral load absence treatment eventually progress aids small proportion retain high levels cells cells therapy years individuals classified hiv controllers long term group consists maintain low viral load anti treatment known elite controllers elite represent approximately infected persons acquired syndrome acquired syndrome aids defined terms cell count cells occurrence specific diseases association hiv infection absence specific treatment half people infected hiv develop aids years common initial conditions alert presence aids pneumonia form hiv syndrome common signs include recurring respiratory tract caused bacteria fungi parasites normally controlled immune system occur depends partly organisms common person environment affect nearly organ system people aids increased risk developing viral induced including primary central nervous system cancer common cancer occurring people hiv second common cancer cause death nearly people aids initial sign aids associated human cancer occurs frequently aids association human cancer layer lines inner white eye common hiv additionally people aids frequently symptoms prolonged particularly night swollen weakness weight loss common present people aids affected diverse psychiatric symptoms independent transmission hiv transmitted main routes sexual contact significant exposure infected body tissues mother child pregnancy delivery known vertical transmission risk acquiring hiv exposed nasal sweat tears contaminated blood possible infected strain hiv condition known hiv sexual frequent mode transmission hiv sexual contact infected person majority worldwide occur contacts sexual contacts people opposite sex pattern transmission varies significantly countries united_states transmission occurred men sex men population accounting new cases regard unprotected contacts estimates risk hiv transmission sexual act appear times higher low income countries high income countries low income countries risk female male transmission estimated act male female transmission act equivalent estimates high income countries act female male transmission act male female transmission risk transmission anal intercourse especially high estimated act homosexual contacts risk transmission oral sex relatively low present risk receiving oral sex described nearly cases reported act risk estimated receptive oral intercourse settings involving prostitution low income countries risk female male transmission estimated act male female transmission act risk transmission increases presence sexually transmitted appear increase risk approximately sexually transmitted associated somewhat smaller increases risk transmission viral load infected person important risk factor sexual mother child transmission months hiv infection person times higher high viral load person late stages infection rates transmission approximately greater commercial sex workers including pornography increased rate hiv rough sex factor associated increased risk transmission sexual assault believed carry increased risk hiv transmission rarely worn physical trauma likely greater risk concurrent sexually transmitted body second frequent mode hiv transmission blood blood products blood borne transmission needle sharing drug use needle stick injury contaminated blood blood product medical equipment risk sharing needle drug injection act average risk acquiring hiv needle stick hiv infected person estimated act risk following membrane exposure infected blood act united_states drug users new cases hiv areas people drugs hiv positive hiv transmitted blood infected blood developed countries risk acquiring hiv blood extremely low half million improved donor selection hiv screening performed example risk reported million united_states million low income countries half appropriately screened estimated hiv areas come infected blood blood products representing global rare screening possible acquire hiv organ tissue unsafe medical play significant role hiv spread sub africa region attributed medical use world health organization estimates risk transmission result medical injection africa significant risks associated invasive procedures assisted delivery dental care area world people giving receiving theoretically risk infection confirmed cases documented possible insects transmit hiv mother child hiv transmitted mother child pregnancy delivery breast milk resulting infection baby common way hiv transmitted globally absence treatment risk transmission birth vertical transmission accounted cases hiv children appropriate treatment risk mother child infection reduced treatment involves mother taking pregnancy delivery section avoiding drugs newborn taken mother infant decrease risk transmission measures available developing world blood food pre pose risk transmission hiv cause spectrum disease known hiv aids hiv primarily components human immune system cells cells directly indirectly destroys cells hiv member genus family share morphological biological characteristics species mammals infected responsible long duration illnesses long period transmitted single stranded positive sense entry target cell viral converted reverse double stranded dna reverse transported viral virus particle resulting viral dna imported cell nucleus integrated cellular dna host factors integrated virus allowing virus host cell avoid detection immune system alternatively virus producing new viral proteins packaged released cell new virus particles begin cycle hiv known spread cells parallel routes cell free spread cell cell spread employs hybrid spreading mechanisms cell free spread virus particles infected cell enter blood fluid cell following chance encounter hiv direct transmission cell process cell cell spread hybrid spreading mechanisms hiv contribute virus ongoing types hiv characterized virus originally discovered initially referred iii cause majority hiv globally lower compared implies fewer people exposed infected exposure relatively poor capacity transmission largely confined west_africa virus enters body period rapid viral leading abundance virus peripheral blood primary infection level hiv reach million virus particles blood response accompanied marked drop number circulating cells acute invariably associated activation cells kill hiv infected cells subsequently production cell response thought important controlling virus levels peak decline cell counts recover good cell response linked slower disease progression better eliminate virus ultimately hiv causes aids cells immune system allows cells essential immune response body fight kill cells mechanism cell differs acute chronic phases acute phase hiv induced cell killing infected cells cells accounts cell factor chronic phase consequences immune activation coupled gradual loss ability immune system generate new cells appear account slow decline cell numbers symptoms immune characteristic aids appear years person infected bulk cell loss occurs weeks infection especially majority found body reason loss cells majority cells express protein hiv uses gain access cells small fraction cells specific genetic change protein present effectively prevents infection hiv seeks destroys expressing cells acute infection vigorous immune response eventually controls infection phase cells tissues remain particularly affected continuous hiv causes state immune activation chronic phase immune activation reflected increased activation state immune cells release pro results activity hiv gene products immune response ongoing hiv linked breakdown immune surveillance system barrier caused cells acute phase disease diagnosis hiv aids diagnosed laboratory testing staged based presence certain signs symptoms hiv screening recommended united_states services task force people years years age including pregnant women additionally testing recommended high risk includes diagnosed sexually transmitted illness areas world hiv carriers discover infected advanced stage disease aids severe apparent hiv testing people infected hiv develop specific weeks initial infection diagnosis primary hiv measuring hiv positive results obtained testing confirmed different tests children younger months typically inaccurate continued presence maternal hiv infection diagnosed testing hiv dna testing world lacks access reliable testing places simply wait symptoms develop child old accurate testing sub africa population aware hiv status men women sub countries tested represented significant increase compared previous years classifications main clinical staging systems classify hiv hiv related disease surveillance purposes disease staging system hiv infection disease classification system hiv infection classification system frequently adopted developed countries staging system require laboratory tests suited resource restricted conditions encountered developing countries help guide clinical management despite differences systems allow comparison statistical purposes world health organization proposed definition aids classification updated expanded times recent version published system uses following categories primary hiv infection associated acute syndrome stage hiv infection cell count known count greater cubic blood include stage mild symptoms include minor upper respiratory tract count stage iii advanced symptoms include unexplained chronic longer month severe including tuberculosis lung count stage aids severe symptoms include brain lungs count united_states center disease control prevention created classification system hiv updated system hiv based count clinical symptoms describes infection groups greater years age stage time negative hiv test followed days positive test stage count cells aids defining conditions stage count cells aids defining conditions stage count cells aids defining conditions unknown insufficient information available classifications surveillance purposes aids diagnosis stands treatment cell count rises blood aids defining illnesses cured prevention sexual contact consistent use reduces risk hiv transmission approximately long term consistently couple person infected rate hiv infection year evidence suggest female provide equivalent level protection application containing reverse immediately sex reduce infection rates approximately african women contrast use increase risk transmission tendency cause sub africa reduces acquisition hiv men months studies world health organization recommended male method preventing female male hiv transmission areas high rates hiv protects male female transmission disputed benefit developed countries men sex men international society recommend sexually active males discussed option men sex men experts fear lower perception vulnerability men cause sexual risk taking behavior effects programs encouraging sexual appear affect subsequent hiv risk evidence benefit peer education equally poor comprehensive sexual education provided school decrease high risk behavior substantial minority young people continues engage high risk practices despite knowing hiv aids risk infected hiv voluntary counseling testing people hiv affect risky behavior test negative increase use test positive known treating sexually transmitted effective preventing hiv pre exposure treatment people hiv count cells effective way prevent hiv infection partner strategy known treatment prevention associated fold reduction transmission risk pre exposure prep daily dose effective number groups including men sex men couples hiv positive young africa effective drug users study finding decrease risk person years universal precautions health care environment believed effective decreasing risk hiv drug use important risk factor harm reduction strategies needle exchange programs therapy appear effective decreasing risk post exposure course administered hours exposure hiv positive blood referred post exposure use single agent reduces risk hiv infection fold following needle stick injury prevention recommended united_states consists reduce risk treatment recommended sexual assault known hiv positive controversial hiv status unknown duration treatment usually weeks frequently associated adverse effects cases result adverse effects fatigue emotional distress mother child programs prevent vertical transmission hiv mothers children reduce rates transmission primarily involves use combination pregnancy birth infant potentially includes bottle feeding replacement feeding acceptable feasible affordable sustainable safe mothers avoid exclusive recommended months life case exclusive carried provision extended infant decreases risk transmission cuba country world mother child transmission hiv currently licensed hiv aids effective trial date published found partial reduction risk transmission roughly hope research community developing truly effective trials ongoing treatment currently cure effective hiv treatment consists highly active therapy progression disease million people taking low middle income countries treatment includes active treatment therapy current options combinations consisting belonging types classes agents initially treatment typically non reverse plus reverse typical include combinations agents include loses effectiveness world health organization united_states recommends people ages including pregnant women soon diagnosis regardless count treatment begun recommended continued breaks holidays people diagnosed treatment begun desired outcome treatment long term hiv count copies levels determine treatment effective initially recommended weeks levels fall copies checks months typically adequate inadequate control deemed greater copies based criteria treatment effective people year benefits treatment include decreased risk progression aids decreased risk death developing world treatment improves physical mental health treatment reduced risk acquiring tuberculosis additional benefits include decreased risk transmission disease sexual partners decrease mother child transmission effectiveness treatment depends large compliance reasons non adherence include poor access medical care inadequate social supports mental illness drug abuse complexity treatment numbers frequency adverse effects reduce adherence cost important issue needed taking low middle income countries rate adherence similar low income high income countries specific adverse events related agent taken relatively common adverse events include syndrome diabetes especially common symptoms include increased risk disease newer recommended treatments associated fewer adverse effects certain associated birth defects unsuitable women hoping children treatment recommendations children somewhat different adults world health organisation recommends treating children years age children treated like adults united_states guidelines recommend treating children months age hiv counts greater copies year years age measures prevent effective people hiv aids addition improving current disease treatment reduces risk developing additional adults living hiv anti therapy evidence active tuberculosis settings high tuberculosis burden receive therapy skin test help decide needed advised people risk hiv infected given infection weeks age born hiv positive mothers recommended resource limited settings recommended prevent person count cells previously people substantial advised receive therapy appropriate measures reduced rate diet world health organization issued recommendations nutrient requirements hiv aids generally healthy diet promoted evidence shown benefit evidence mixed tentative evidence benefit evidence children reduces mortality improves growth africa compromised pregnant women improved outcomes mothers children intake levels hiv infected adults recommended higher intake iron produce adverse effects hiv positive adults recommended documented alternative medicine approximately people hiv use forms alternative medicine effectiveness established evidence support use insufficient evidence recommend support use medical try increase appetite weight gain hiv aids chronic fatal disease areas world varies people count viral load useful predicted outcomes treatment average survival time infection hiv estimated years depending hiv diagnosis aids treatment available survival ranges months appropriate prevention reduces death rate raises life newly diagnosed young adult years thirds nearly general population treatment started late infection good example treatment begun following diagnosis aids life years half born hiv die years age treatment primary causes death hiv aids cancer frequently result progressive failure immune system risk cancer appears increase count rate clinical disease progression varies widely individuals shown affected number factors person immune function access health care presence particular strain strains virus involved tuberculosis infection leading causes sickness death hiv aids present hiv infected people causing hiv related deaths hiv important risk factors tuberculosis common infection disease increases progression common associated hiv aids aids related non anti treatment long term hiv infected people experience disorders disease conditions like caused hiv treatment hiv aids global approximately million people hiv worldwide number new year million million new million half women million years old resulted million deaths peak million sub africa region affected estimated million hiv cases deaths million occurred region means adult population infected believed cause deaths children contrast regions women compose nearly cases south_africa largest population people hiv country world million life fallen worst affected countries hiv aids example estimated dropped years mother child transmission south_africa decreased improvement african nations improved access therapy south south east asia second affected region contained estimated million cases people living hiv resulting approximately deaths approximately million cases india united_states approximately million people living hiv resulting deaths centers disease control prevention estimated infected americans unaware infection united_kingdom approximately cases resulted deaths canada cases causing deaths recognition aids led nearly million deaths prevalence lowest middle_east north_africa east asia western central europe worst affected european countries estimates russia ukraine portugal decreasing order prevalence history discovery aids observed united_states initial cases cluster drug users homosexual men known cause impaired immunity showed symptoms pneumonia rare infection known occur people compromised immune systems soon unexpected number homosexual men developed previously rare skin cancer called cases emerged centers disease control prevention task force formed monitor outbreak early days official disease referring way diseases associated example disease hiv originally named virus task force set point coined phrase disease syndrome affect heroin users general press term grid stood gay related immune coined determining aids isolated gay community realized term grid misleading term aids introduced meeting july september started referring disease aids separate research groups led robert declared novel people aids published findings issue journal science claimed virus group isolated person aids similar shape human group group called newly isolated virus iii time group isolated virus person presenting swelling neck physical weakness characteristic symptoms aids report group colleagues showed core proteins virus different group named isolated virus associated virus turned iii renamed hiv origins believed originated non human west central africa transferred humans early 20th century appears originated southern evolution virus wild descends endemic subspecies pan closest relative virus old world monkey living coastal west_africa southern western new world owl monkey resistant infection possibly fusion viral resistance genes thought jumped species barrier separate occasions giving rise groups virus evidence humans participate activities hunters vendors commonly acquire weak virus typically suppressed human immune system weeks infection thought virus individual individual quick succession necessary allow time hiv furthermore relatively low person person transmission rate spread population presence high risk transmission channels thought absent africa 20th century specific proposed high risk transmission channels allowing virus adapt humans spread society depend proposed timing animal human crossing genetic studies virus suggest recent common ancestor group dates circa proponents dating link hiv epidemic emergence growth large colonial african cities leading social changes including higher degree sexual spread prostitution accompanying high frequency diseases nascent colonial cities transmission rates hiv intercourse low regular circumstances increased fold partners suffers sexually transmitted infection causing early 1900s colonial cities notable high prevalence prostitution degree female residents eastern thought prostitutes residents city alternative view holds unsafe medical practices africa world war reuse single use mass anti malaria treatment campaigns initial allowed virus adapt humans spread earliest documented case hiv human dates earliest described case aids believed norway beginning july wake independence united_nations recruited experts technicians world assist filling administrative gaps left belgium leave african elite run country second largest group educated experts national groups recruited totaled country author origins aids haiti hiv entry points united_states carried hiv atlantic 1960s virus present united_states early vast majority occurring outside sub africa including traced single unknown individual infected hiv haiti brought infection united_states time epidemic rapidly spread high risk groups initially sexually men sex men prevalence homosexual male residents new_york san_francisco estimated suggesting thousand individuals country infected society culture stigma aids stigma exists world variety ways including rejection discrimination avoidance hiv infected people compulsory hiv testing prior consent protection violence hiv infected individuals people perceived infected hiv hiv infected individuals stigma related violence fear violence prevents people seeking hiv testing returning results securing treatment possibly turning chronic illness death sentence spread hiv aids stigma divided following categories instrumental aids stigma reflection fear likely associated deadly illness symbolic aids stigma use hiv aids express attitudes social groups lifestyles perceived associated disease courtesy aids stigma people connected issue hiv aids hiv positive people aids stigma expressed conjunction particularly associated homosexuality prostitution drug use developed countries association aids homosexuality association higher levels sexual prejudice anti homosexual bisexual attitudes perceived association aids male male sexual behavior including sex men dominant mode spread worldwide hiv remains transmission overall reform marriage population legislation legal people aids marry china economic impact hiv aids affects economics individuals countries gross domestic product affected countries decreased lack human capital proper nutrition health care medicine large numbers people die aids related complications unable work require significant medical care estimated million aids cared elderly grandparents returning work beginning treatment hiv aids difficult affected people work average worker unemployment people hiv aids associated memory problems social isolation employment increases self esteem sense dignity confidence quality life review found low quality evidence treatment helps people hiv aids work increases chance person hiv aids employed affecting mainly young adults aids reduces population turn reducing resources available public expenditures education health services related aids resulting increasing pressure state finances slower growth economy causes slower growth tax base effect reinforced growing expenditures treating sick training replace sick workers sick pay caring aids especially true sharp increase adult mortality shifts responsibility blame family government caring household level aids causes loss income increased spending healthcare study showed households having person hiv aids spent twice medical expenses households additional expenditure leaves income spend education personal family investment religion aids topic religion aids highly controversial past years primarily religious authorities publicly declared opposition use religious approach prevent spread aids according report american health expert matthew titled catholic_church global aids crisis argues cultural changes needed including emphasis fidelity marriage sexual outside religious organisations claimed prayer cure hiv aids bbc reported churches london claiming prayer cure aids based centre study sexual health hiv reported people stopped taking medication direct advice pastor leading number deaths church nations advertise water promote god healing group deny advising people stop taking medication media portrayal high profile cases aids american rock hudson gay actor married divorced earlier life died october having announced suffering virus july year diagnosed notable british casualty aids year nicholas gay politician son late prime minister anthony november virus claimed life british rock star mercury lead singer band queen died aids related illness having revealed diagnosis previous day diagnosed hiv positive high profile cases virus arthur american tennis player diagnosed hiv positive august having contracted virus blood heart surgery earlier 1980s tests hours initial diagnosis revealed aids tell public diagnosis april died result february age photograph gay activist david lay dying aids surrounded family taken april life magazine said photo image identified hiv aids epidemic photo displayed life magazine winner world press photo acquired worldwide notoriety united colors advertising campaign johnson born canadian diagnosed hiv subsequently unprotected sex women diagnosis seven contracted hiv died complications related aids convicted degree murder liable life sentence criminal transmission criminal transmission hiv intentional reckless infection person human virus hiv countries jurisdictions including areas united_states laws hiv transmission exposure charge accused laws enacted hiv hiv aids common aids spread casual contact sexual intercourse virgin cure aids hiv gay men drug users british public thought hiv kissing sharing glass public toilet seat act anal intercourse gay men lead hiv infection open discussion hiv homosexuality schools lead increased rates aids small group individuals continue dispute connection hiv aids existence hiv validity hiv testing treatment methods claims known aids examined rejected scientific community significant political impact particularly south_africa government official embrace aids responsible ineffective response country aids epidemic blamed hundreds thousands deaths hiv conspiracy theories held hiv created scientists inadvertently deliberately operation worldwide soviet active measures operation spread claim united_states created hiv aids surveys significant number people believed continue believe claims research hiv aids research includes medical research attempts prevent treat cure hiv aids fundamental research nature hiv infectious agent aids disease caused hiv governments research institutions participate hiv aids research research includes health sex education drug development research sexually transmitted diseases hiv drugs medical research areas include topics pre exposure post exposure hiv


ascending ascending known acute simply infection usually caused bacteria ascending junction small tends occur partially life threatening regarded medical emergency characteristic symptoms include yellow skin whites eyes fever abdominal pain severe cases low blood pressure confusion initial treatment underlying problem tests treatments necessary usually form relieve word greek vessel signs symptoms person complain abdominal pain particularly right upper quadrant abdomen fever shaking feeling report yellow skin whites eyes physical examination findings typically include right upper quadrant set common findings abdominal pain fever assumed past present cases recently frequency reported includes findings presence shock mental confusion combination symptoms indicates condition development seen commonly elderly presentation directly collapse showing typical features develop causes usually present acute generally cases causes underlying damage altered structure site surgical connection cancer cancer cancer cancer cancer organisms especially elderly undergone previous surgery system parasites liver cause include liver people aids large number organisms known cause aids risk rapidly diminished introduction effective aids treatment medical procedures involving especially prevent recommended undergoing indication receive presence permanent cancer slightly increases risk type needed patent outside pressure diagnosis blood tests routine blood tests features acute raised white blood cell count elevated protein level usually abnormal liver function tests cases consistent raised early stages pressure liver cells main feature tests resemble elevations blood cultures performed people fever evidence acute infection yield bacteria causing infection cases usually hours sent culture common bacteria linked ascending negative positive causes medical imaging given ascending usually occurs setting forms medical imaging employed identify site nature investigation usually easily available identifies stones relatively poor identifying stones help distinguish similar symptoms appears differently better test magnetic resonance uses magnetic resonance imaging comparable sensitivity smaller stones missed depending quality hospital facilities gold standard test involves use passing tube mouth stomach pass small point injected rays taken visual impression system image impacted common frank common ray images known visible areas purposes generally replaced line critically ill patients delay tests acceptable index suspicion high typically achieve drainage common causes suspected performed identify nature obtain tissue sample suspicious masses replace stone disease depends local availability produced liver serves eliminate body water aid formed liver liver cells common stored pressure exerted released time absorbing water dissolved reaches small common located junction circular muscle controls release digestive tract tree normally relatively free bacteria certain protective mechanisms acts mechanical barrier system normally low pressure allows flow freely continuous forward flow bacteria present allow establishment infection constitution protective role contamination absence usually result increased pressure system resulting widens spaces cells lining bringing contaminated contact blood stream adversely affects function cells specialized cells assist preventing bacteria entering system finally increased pressure decreases production results bacteria blood stream gives rise response syndrome comprising fever increased respiratory rate increased white blood cell count presence suspected confirmed infection called immune system capability fight infection function certain immune system cells modifying levels immune ascending assumed organisms migrate backwards result partial decreased function theories origin bacteria portal vein considered likely treatment requires admission hospital administered especially blood pressure low commenced treatment broad spectrum usually necessary known certain causing infection sensitive combinations widely shown effective cases preferred fewer effects added specifically treat especially ill risk continued days drugs increase blood pressure required counter low blood pressure definitive treatment relief underlying usually deferred hours admission patient stable shown improvement need happen emergency case ongoing deterioration despite adequate treatment effective reducing signs infection happens cases common approach involves passing tube stomach identification small tube making cut typically ease flow allow instruments extract common alternatively additionally common balloon stones removed direct instruments including balloons order pull stones caused larger stones require use instrument known mechanical order crush stone prior removal stones large removed broken managed shock wave technique uses acoustic shock waves administered outside body break stones alternative technique remove large stones small known inserted directly stone probe uses electricity generate shock waves break stone rarely surgical exploration common termed performed required remove stone narrowed areas hollow tube keeps open plastic disease permanent self expanding metal longer lifespan pressure cancer drain left plastic tube passes stomach nose allows continuous drainage similar tube passes common directly allows serial ray identify improvement decision aforementioned treatments apply generally based severity findings imaging studies patient improved treatment certain treatments unsafe blood impaired risk bleeding especially increased use medication time significantly prolonged prolonged time fresh frozen administered reduce bleeding risk difficult obtain access located higher system performed joining happens needed relieve pressure involves identifying passing tube skin generally performed potential complications occasionally attempts experienced doctors preferred continual contamination occur chronic conditions like head requires monitoring repeated tests changing implicated ascending actually originate surgical removal generally recommended people treated disease typically delayed symptoms resolved confirmed clear undergo increased risk pain episodes need related procedures risk death significantly increased acute carries significant risk death leading cause shock multiple organ failure possible severe improvements diagnosis treatment led reduction mortality mortality rate greater patients signs multiple organ failure likely die undergo early drainage treatment causes death following severe include heart failure pneumonia risk factors indicating increased risk death include older age female gender history liver cancer acute failure presence liver complications following severe include failure respiratory failure inability respiratory system blood eliminate carbon dioxide cardiac wound infection pneumonia bleeding lack blood flow heart leading heart attacks western world people majority unaware symptoms years suffer episodes abdominal pain passage digestive tract develop complications acute acute prevalence disease increases age body mass index marker risk increased lose weight rapidly weight loss surgery alterations composition makes prone form stones slightly common women men pregnancy increases risk history jean martin working hospital paris france credited early reports eponymous referred condition fever american surgeon interest condition report colleague formulated carries remained condition generally treated exploration generally performed internal medicine specialists shown generally safer surgical intervention ascending


common long term disease lungs characterized variable recurring symptoms symptoms include episodes chest breath episodes occur times day times week depending person worse night exercise thought caused combination genetic environmental factors environmental factors include exposure air pollution potential include beta diagnosis usually based pattern symptoms response therapy time classified according frequency symptoms forced volume second peak flow rate classified non refers developing type reaction cure symptoms prevented avoiding use long acting beta agents addition symptoms remain treatment rapidly symptoms usually short acting taken mouth severe cases required million people globally million caused deaths occurred developing world begins childhood rates increased significantly 1960s recognized early ancient egypt word greek means signs symptoms characterized episodes breath chest produced lung hard bring recovery attack appear like high levels white blood cells called symptoms usually worse night early morning response exercise cold air people rarely experience symptoms usually response marked persistent symptoms associated conditions number health conditions occur frequently including disease sleep psychological disorders common anxiety disorders occurring mood disorders known causes psychological problems psychological problems lead especially poorly controlled high risk reactions causes caused combination complex understood environmental genetic interactions factors influence severity treatment believed recent increased rates changing factors related dna sequence changing living environment onset age likely genetic influence onset likely environmental influence environmental environmental factors associated development including air pollution environmental chemicals smoking pregnancy delivery associated greater risk like symptoms low air quality factors traffic pollution high levels associated development increased severity half cases children united_states occur areas air quality standards exposure indoor volatile organic compounds trigger exposure example positive association certain types associated children adults association use majority evidence support role review found association disappeared respiratory taken account use mother pregnancy associated increased risk psychological stress pregnancy associated exposure indoor common indoor include dust animal mold efforts decrease dust found ineffective symptoms subjects certain viral respiratory respiratory virus increase risk developing acquired young children certain decrease risk hypothesis hypothesis attempts explain increased rates worldwide direct result reduced exposure childhood non bacteria proposed reduced exposure bacteria increased decreased family size modern societies exposure early childhood prevent development exposure older age provoke evidence supporting hypothesis includes lower rates farms households pets use early life linked development delivery section associated increased risk estimated increased risk attributed lack healthy colonization newborn acquired passage birth canal link degree genetic family history risk factor different genes implicated identical twin affected probability having disease approximately end genes associated separate populations including genes related immune system list genes supported highly replicated studies results consistent populations tested genes associated genetic association study continue found genetic variants cause combined specific environmental example specific single region exposure product exposure come environmental sources including tobacco smoke dogs farms risk determined person level exposure medical conditions called strongest risk factor developing history disease occurring greater rate hay fever associated known syndrome disease individuals certain types experience symptoms risk having increased recent years factors play including decreased respiratory function buildup fat fact tissue leads pro state beta trigger susceptible beta appear safe mild moderate disease cause problems converting individuals stable weeks months suddenly develop episode acute different individuals react factors different ways individuals develop severe number triggering agents home factors lead include dust animal especially cat dog hair mold common cause acute attacks women children viral upper respiratory tract disease psychological stress symptoms thought stress immune system increases response result chronic conducting zone especially subsequently results increased surrounding smooth muscles factors leads bouts classic symptoms typically treatment occasionally change typical changes include increase smooth muscle increase size increase numbers cell types involved include involvement components immune system including diagnosis recognized condition universal agreed definition defined global initiative chronic disorder cells cellular elements play role chronic associated hyper leads episodes chest particularly night early morning episodes usually associated widespread variable lung spontaneously treatment currently precise test diagnosis typically based pattern symptoms response therapy time diagnosis suspected history difficulty breathing symptoms occur exercise viral air pollution confirm diagnosis children age diagnosis difficult young recommended aid diagnosis management single best test measured technique improves following administration supportive diagnosis normal history mild currently acting people use lung function test interfere results single breath capacity help differentiate reasonable perform years follow person controlled challenge involves increasing concentrations substance causes negative means person positive specific disease supportive evidence includes difference peak flow rate days week weeks improvement peak flow following treatment decrease peak flow following exposure trigger testing peak flow variable recommended routine diagnosis useful daily self monitoring moderate severe disease checking effectiveness new helpful guiding treatment acute classification classified according frequency symptoms forced volume second peak flow rate classified non based symptoms precipitated non classified based severity moment clear method classifying different system finding ways identify respond different types treatments current critical goal research chronic condition considered chronic disease term refers specifically combinations disease chronic unlike diseases usually left chronic lead lungs contrast affects acute commonly referred attack classic symptoms breath chest breathing primary symptoms people present primarily severe cases air motion significantly impaired heard children chest pain present signs occur attack include use muscles muscles neck pulse pulse weaker stronger inflation chest blue color skin nails occur lack oxygen mild peak flow rate min predicted best moderate defined min predicted best severe defined min predicted best acute severe previously known status acute respond standard treatments half cases caused air pollution insufficient inappropriate medication use kind distinguishable severe attacks type disease wide peak flow despite intense medication type background controlled sudden severe exercise induced exercise trigger people occurs people people exercise induced common professional athletes highest rates swimmers cross country occur weather conditions common dry cold appear improve athletic performance oral improve endurance strength result worsened workplace commonly reported disease cases reported recognized estimated cases adults work related different agents implicated common grain wood dust latex animals employment associated highest risk problems include spray paint process food nurses chemical workers work animals timber workers induced exacerbated respiratory disease known induced affects reactions occur people affected trouble nasal people affected low generally safe alcohol induced alcohol symptoms people common ethnic groups japanese induced studies found improvement symptoms alcohol known makes cases negative skin test common normal concentrations starts life women commonly affect men usual treatments work differential diagnosis conditions cause symptoms similar children upper diseases considered causes including foreign body rings enlarged neck masses viral produce adults heart failure masses drug induced ace considered populations vocal cord present similarly chronic disease occur chronic age people disease setting differentiated increased increased wall thickness increased smooth muscle level investigation performed sharing similar principles management long acting beta smoking cessation closely resembles symptoms exposure cigarette smoke older age administration decreased likelihood family history prevention evidence effectiveness measures prevent development weak promise including limiting smoke exposure delivery increased exposure large families supported recommended indication early pet exposure useful results exposure pets times inconclusive recommended pets removed home person symptoms said pet restrictions pregnancy breast feeding found effective recommended reducing eliminating compounds known sensitive people work place effective clear annual effects risk recommended world health organization smoking effective decreasing management cure symptoms typically improved specific plan monitoring managing symptoms created plan include reduction exposure testing assess severity symptoms usage treatment plan written advise adjustments treatment according changes symptoms effective treatment identifying cigarette smoke pets eliminating exposure trigger avoidance insufficient use medication recommended drugs selected based things severity illness frequency symptoms specific broadly classified fast acting long acting categories recommended short term relief symptoms occasional attacks medication needed mild persistent disease present attacks week low dose alternatively oral antagonist mast cell recommended daily attacks higher dose moderate severe oral added treatments lifestyle modification avoidance key component improving control preventing attacks common include smoke tobacco air pollution non selective beta containing foods cigarette smoking second hand smoke passive smoke reduce effectiveness laws limit smoking decrease number people hospitalized dust control measures including air chemicals kill covers methods effect symptoms overall exercise beneficial people stable provide small improvements quality life symptoms people treat divided general classes quick relief treat acute symptoms long term control prevent fast acting short acting line treatment symptoms recommended exercise exercise induced symptoms provide additional benefit combination moderate severe symptoms person tolerate child requires admission hospital additional appear help older selective similar recommended concerns excessive cardiac long term control generally considered effective treatment available long term control forms usually case severe persistent disease oral needed usually recommended twice daily depending severity symptoms long acting beta improve control adults given combination children benefit uncertain increase risk severe effects slightly increase risk antagonists addition typically conjunction evidence insufficient support use acute children appear little benefit added applies adults useful years age preferred add therapy british society similar class drugs alternative chronic treatment mild moderate older children adults medication family known mast cell non preferred alternative delivery methods typically provided dose combination dry powder plastic cylinder mixes medication air making easier receive dose drug equally effective mild moderate symptoms insufficient evidence available determine difference exists severe disease adverse effects long term use conventional carries minor risk adverse effects risks include development mild stature usual options available emergency management prevention emergency management options include oxygen alleviate fall oral recommended days days treatment increases addition treatment moderate severe acute attacks adults results reduction hospital mixture oxygen considered severe cases supported available evidence extreme cases widely add significantly effects beta use acute controversial theoretically useful mechanical ventilation needed people approaching respiratory arrest evidence clinical trials support severe persistent controlled option involves delivery controlled thermal energy wall series increase frequency months appears decrease subsequent rate effects year unknown evidence suggests improve outcomes alternative medicine people like chronic disorders use alternative treatments surveys roughly use form unconventional therapy little data support effectiveness evidence insufficient support usage tentative support use exercise induced recommended treatment insufficient evidence support use air evidence improve symptoms benefit lung function applied equally positive negative generators manual including respiratory maneuvers insufficient evidence support use treating breathing technique controlling result reduction medication use technique effect lung function expert panel felt evidence insufficient support use generally good especially children mild disease mortality decreased decades better recognition improvement care death rate million males million females rates countries fold globally causes moderate severe disability million people million low middle income countries diagnosed childhood half cases longer carry diagnosis decade observed unknown represent harmful beneficial changes early treatment prevent decline lung function children negative effects quality life parents million people worldwide affected approximately people die year disease rates vary countries common developed developing countries sees lower rates asia eastern_europe africa developed countries common economically contrast developing countries common affluent reason differences known low middle income countries mortality twice common boys girls severe occurs equal rates contrast adult women higher rate men common young old children common reason admission hospital following emergency department visit global rates increased significantly 1960s recognized major public health problem 1970s rates developed world mid-1990s recent increases primarily developing world affects approximately population united_states people united_kingdom canada australia new_zealand rates economics average cost related hospital stay united_states children remained relatively stable average cost related hospital stay adults increased frequent primary children adults aged years united_states private insurance second frequent children adults lowest income communities united_states higher rate hospital stays highest income communities history recognized ancient egypt treated drinking mixture known officially named specific respiratory problem circa greek word forming basis modern believed partly related emotions papers modern medicine subject tried explain disease concluded cured chest medical treatment included use drug called connection hay fever referred treatment oral began condition 1950s selective short acting beta came wide use 1960s notable documented case 19th century young roosevelt time effective treatment roosevelt youth large shaped poor health partly related experienced recurring nighttime attacks caused experience death terrifying boy parents 1930s 1950s known holy seven illnesses cause considered psychological treatment based talking interpreted suppressed cry child mother considered treatment depression especially important individuals


potentially life threatening people diabetes happens predominantly type diabetes occur type diabetes certain circumstances results shortage response body switches burning producing acidic bodies cause symptoms complications previously diabetes occur people known diabetes result variety causes illness poor compliance therapy deep breathing confusion occasionally coma typical symptoms diagnosed blood tests distinguished forms presence high blood sugar levels treatment involves correct suppress production bodies treatment underlying causes close observation prevent identify complications medical emergency treatment lead death described introduction therapy 1920s universally fatal carries mortality adequate timely treatment signs symptoms symptoms episode usually evolve period hours predominant symptoms pronounced excessive production abdominal pain severe measure levels notice high blood sugar levels severe breathing deep character state referred abdomen tender point acute abdomen suspected acute coffee ground altered blood occurs minority people tends originate erosion severe confusion coma marked decrease level consciousness physical examination usually clinical evidence dry mouth decreased skin profound cause decrease circulating blood volume fast heart rate low blood pressure observed odor present described compared smell pear drops scent present reflected increased respiratory rate small children relatively prone cerebral swelling brain tissue cause coma loss light progress death occurs children described young adults overall rare adults carries mortality cause frequently occurs diabetes presentation previously known particular underlying problem led episode illness pneumonia tract infection pregnancy inadequate administration pen device heart attack stroke use cocaine young people episodes underlying eating disorder insufficient fear cause weight gain occur previously known diabetes type investigations turn features type diabetes strong family history common african african american hispanic people condition labeled prone type diabetes drugs class generally type diabetes associated remarkably low blood people type diabetes type diabetes result increase levels mechanism arises lack body lack corresponding elevation leads increased release liver process normally suppressed high levels spill taking water potassium process known leads absence leads release free tissue converted process called beta liver bodies serve energy source absence delivery protective mechanism case starvation bodies low turn blood acidic body initially change system system quickly overwhelmed mechanisms work compensate mechanism lower blood carbon dioxide levels form respiratory extreme form observed situations infection demands rise matched failing blood rise resistance normal effects increases way vicious circle result mechanisms average adult total body water shortage addition substantial shortages potassium calcium levels usually exceed common type diabetes form diabetes associated absolute lack production type diabetes production present insufficient meet body requirements result end organ resistance usually amounts sufficient suppress occurs type diabetes condition called prone type diabetes exact mechanism phenomenon unclear evidence impaired action condition treated production resumes person able resume diet tablet treatment normally recommended type diabetes clinical state associated addition release adrenaline leads increased markers absence infection cerebral dangerous probably result number factors authorities suggest result fluid replacement develop treatment commenced likely severe episode likely factors development cerebral low carbon dioxide levels addition increased level factors lead decreased blood flow parts brain swells fluid replacement commenced swelling brain tissue leads raised pressure ultimately leading death diagnosis investigations diagnosed combination high blood blood demonstrated cases blood sugar significantly elevated arterial blood gas measurement usually performed demonstrate requires taking blood sample subsequent measurements ensure treatment effective taken normal blood test taken vein little difference arterial measured blood compared testing blood determination reduce need admission duration hospital admission potentially reduce costs hospital care high levels blood measurement addition blood samples usually taken measure measures kidney function impaired result furthermore markers infection complete blood count protein acute measured given need exclude infection chest usually performed cerebral suspected confusion symptoms performed assess severity exclude causes stroke criteria distinguished presence large amounts blood marked state labeled non state common type diabetes features increased profound concentration blood mild occur state extent observed degree overlap increased result diabetes result alcohol excess starvation states level normal low occur people diabetes reasons poisoning american diabetes association adults stages severity mild blood mildly decreased normal decreased normal person alert moderate mild present severe coma occur statement european society society children uses slightly different mild defined moderate severe prevention attacks prevented known diabetes extent adherence sick day rules clear cut instructions person treat instructions include advice extra sugar levels appear easily diet rich salt means suppress fever treat infection recommendations medical help people diabetes monitor levels seek help elevated management main aims treatment replacing lost suppressing high blood production admission intensive care unit similar high area ward close observation necessary fluid replacement fluid replaced depends estimated degree severe cause shock severely decreased blood pressure insufficient blood supply body organs depressed level consciousness rapid adults repeated children recommended restore circulating volume slower based calculated water shortage possible moderate recommended fluid mild associated mild treated oral observation signs deterioration special unusual consideration shock blood pressure decreased inability heart pump blood blood vessels situation requires admission monitoring central pressure requires central large upper body vein administration medication increases heart pumping action blood pressure guidelines recommend initial large dose unit kilogram body weight administered immediately potassium level known higher level lower lead dangerously low potassium level guidelines recommend delaying initiation administered possible use rapid acting skin mild moderate cases general given unit hour reduce blood suppress production guidelines differ dose use blood sugar levels start falling recommend reducing dose falls recommend addition allow ongoing higher potassium potassium levels severely treatment decreases potassium levels blood cells increased potassium pump activity large shifted potassium lost low blood potassium concentration follows treatment increases risk dangerous irregularities heart rate continuous observation heart rate recommended repeated measurement potassium levels addition potassium levels fall potassium levels fall administration need interrupted allow correction administration solution rapidly improve acid levels blood controversial little evidence improves outcomes standard therapy evidence improve blood actually inside body cells increase risk certain complications use discouraged guidelines recommend extreme smaller amounts severe cerebral cerebral associated coma admission intensive care artificial ventilation close observation administration slowed ideal treatment cerebral established forms cerebral attempt reduce swelling resolution resolution defined general improvement symptoms ability tolerate oral nutrition blood absence blood achieved switched usual hour administration discontinued people suspected prone type diabetes determination acid cells aid decision continue administration long term detected withdraw attempt treatment oral medication type diabetes generally speaking routine measurement measure production recommended genuine doubt type type diabetes occurs people type diabetes annually united_states hospital occur annually result estimated cost billion quarter half total cost caring people type diabetes documented increasing trend hospital risk increased ongoing risk factor eating disorder afford children type diabetes receive diagnosis episode history description attributed german working manchester united_kingdom description gave lecture royal college physicians london drew reports describing main chemical determination condition remained universally fatal discovery 1920s 1930s mortality fallen 1950s entity cerebral described team doctors philadelphia numerous research studies 1950s focused ideal treatment significant proportion studies conducted university tennessee health science center university school medicine treatment options studied included low dose regime need loading dose therapy moderate questions remain unanswered administration severe makes real difference clinical course loading dose needed adults entity prone type diabetes fully described preceding case reports initially thought form maturity onset diabetes young went descriptive names type diabetes diabetes diabetes type diabetes current terminology prone type diabetes adopted


wilson disease wilson disease called wilson disease genetic disorder copper tissues psychiatric symptoms liver disease treated medication reduces copper absorption removes excess copper body occasionally liver required condition wilson disease protein gene single abnormal copy gene present people develop symptoms carriers child gene parents child develop wilson disease symptoms usually appear ages years cases older people described wilson disease occurs people named samuel alexander wilson british described condition signs symptoms main sites copper accumulation liver brain consequently liver disease symptoms main features lead diagnosis people liver problems tend come medical attention earlier generally children teenagers psychiatric symptoms tend twenties older identified relatives diagnosed wilson disease tested turn experiencing symptoms condition received diagnosis liver disease liver disease present increased bleeding tendency confusion portal condition pressure portal vein markedly increased leads blood vessels bleed life threatening fashion accumulation fluid abdominal cavity examination signs chronic liver disease spider small blood vessels usually chest observed chronic active caused liver time develop symptoms people increased risk liver cancer risk relatively low wilson disease people diagnosed develop acute liver failure context destruction red blood cells leads protein production identified liver protein leads accumulation waste products brain person develops confusion coma finally life threatening swelling brain symptoms half people wilson disease psychiatric symptoms initially mild deterioration changes behavior specific symptoms usually follow form slowed movements lack balance common features typical hand masked facial expressions speech lack coordination twisting repetitive movements body appear common wilson disease characteristic described wing beating encountered people wilson absent rest provoked extending arms affected wilson disease comes mutually exclusive categories frontal lobe disorder present impaired judgement executive poor planning decision making present slow thinking memory loss executive signs suggested related closely linked psychiatric disease psychiatric problems wilson disease include changes depression anxiety psychiatric symptoms commonly seen conjunction symptoms rarely manifested symptoms poorly defined attributed causes diagnosis wilson disease rarely psychiatric symptoms present organ systems medical conditions linked copper accumulation wilson disease eyes rings rings sign visible eyes directly lamp examination deposits copper ring copper deposition membrane occur people wilson disease wilson disease associated exhibited brown green anterior posterior lens capsule cause significant visual loss rings occur approximately diagnosed cases symptoms liver problems tubular type disorder handling leads calcium accumulation weakening bones calcium loss occasionally loss essential needed protein synthesis heart weakness heart muscle rare recognized problem wilson disease lead heart failure fluid accumulation decreased pump function cardiac episodes irregular fast slow heart beat failure leading low calcium levels abortion wilson disease gene mapped expressed primarily liver kidney gene codes type transport transports copper incorporates detected abnormal copies abnormal copy percent described populations cases wilson disease small number specific population instance western populations replacement position protein present cases china uncommon found relatively little known relative impact predict later onset predominantly problems according studies normal variation gene modify course disease delaying age onset affecting type symptoms develop gene produces protein active brain tissues appears involved transporting copper role gene initially suspected confirmed condition inherited pattern order inherit parents individual carry affected gene family history condition people abnormal gene called carriers mild medically insignificant copper wilson disease common group hereditary diseases cause copper liver cause young age members group indian childhood endemic copper related example linked gene copper needed body number functions predominantly number copper enters body digestive tract protein cells small copper membrane carries copper inside cells bound carried known trans network response rising concentrations copper called releases copper portal vein liver liver cells carry protein inside cell links copper releases removing excess copper functions impaired wilson disease copper liver tissue form lacks copper termed rapidly degraded copper liver proteins normally causes damage process known chemistry damage eventually leads chronic active deposition tissue liver releases copper bound free copper body particularly eyes brain brain copper deposited basal particularly called nucleus areas normally participate coordination movement playing significant role processes processing mood regulation damage areas chemistry produces symptoms seen wilson disease clear wilson disease causes lines evidence suggest high level free non bound copper direct effect energy supplying red blood cell direct damage cell membrane diagnosis wilson disease suspected basis symptoms mentioned close relative found wilson slightly abnormal liver function tests raised level liver damage significant decreased inability damaged liver cells produce protein likewise time test prolonged liver unable produce proteins known factors levels relatively low wilson related acute liver failure symptoms magnetic resonance imaging brain usually performed shows brain called basal setting demonstrate characteristic face giant pattern totally reliable test wilson disease levels copper blood copper hour period form impression copper body gold standard ideal test liver levels low cases present normal levels people ongoing acute phase protein low found disease related wilson disease combination symptoms rings low level considered sufficient diagnosis wilson disease cases tests needed copper copper low given wilson disease disease copper excess copper carried low wilson disease copper elevated wilson disease collected hours bottle copper free liner levels confirm wilson disease levels strongly indicative high copper levels unique wilson disease observed disease flow liver small children test oral dose administered collected hours contains reliable indicator wilson disease test adults liver investigations indicated wilson disease ideal test removal small liver tissue liver assessed degree copper measure severity copper accumulation level copper dried liver tissue confirms wilson disease occasionally lower levels copper found case combination findings tests lead formal diagnosis wilson earlier stages disease typically shows deposition material increased nucleus areas cell death advanced disease changes observed similar seen cells tissue advanced disease finally main finding acute liver failure liver cells collapse liver tissue architecture seen typically background changes methods detecting copper inconsistent unreliable taken regarded insufficient establish diagnosis genetic testing analysis gene genes linked copper accumulation liver performed confirmed possible screen family members disease clinical family counseling regional genes associated wilson disease important follow help design appropriate screening strategies gene vary populations research genetic testing countries like usa united_kingdom pose problems tend mixed populations treatment general diet low copper containing foods recommended avoidance mushrooms nuts chocolate dried fruit liver medication medical treatments available wilson disease increase removal copper body prevent absorption copper diet generally treatment copper leads copper monitoring copper ensure sufficiently high dose taken problems experience effect treatment drug induced causing joint pains skin nerve condition leading muscle weakness presented symptoms half experience symptoms phenomenon observed treatments wilson usually taken indication commencing second line treatment instead commenced properties recommend line treatment experience extensive agent clinical investigation wilson known activity wilson disease regarded experimental studies shown beneficial effect results returned normal usually form called instead maintain stable copper levels body protein gut cells copper prevents absorption transport liver therapy continued symptoms copper increases rare cases oral treatments effective especially severe disease british anti occasionally necessary treatment injected muscle weeks unpleasant effects pain people instance diagnosed family screening result abnormal test results generally treated copper accumulation cause long term damage future unclear people best treated physical therapy beneficial patients form disease copper treatment months start working assist preventing development result liver effective cure wilson disease particular scenarios risks complications associated procedure mainly people liver failure fail respond medical treatment advanced chronic liver disease liver avoided severe illness benefit demonstrated left wilson disease tends progressively worse eventually fatal early detection treatment affected live relatively normal lives liver damage occurs prior treatment improve permanent history disease bears british physician samuel alexander wilson described condition including changes brain liver wilson work drew reports german termed british william noted john link copper accumulation liver brain occurrence noted simultaneously new_zealand brown working united_states reported effective treatment metal british anti treatment injected available field field able observe treatments offer effective oral agent discovered british john introduced develop clinical use therapy initially appearance netherlands physicians 1970s respectively developed later colleagues university_of_michigan genetic basis wilson disease 1980s 1990s research groups animals hereditary copper accumulation described generally affects liver gene non copper accumulation states indian childhood detected explain genetic origin


disease disease type disease affect tract mouth signs symptoms include abdominal pain bloody severe fever weight loss complications occur outside tract include skin eye feeling tired skin commonly occurs disease greater risk cancer disease caused combination environmental immune factors genetically susceptible individuals results chronic disorder body immune system attacks tract possibly directed immune related disease appear disease immune system triggered body exact underlying immune problem clear state half overall risk related genes found involved tobacco times likely develop disease begins diagnosis based number findings including appearance wall medical imaging description disease conditions present similarly include syndrome disease surgical procedures cure disease treatment options help symptoms maintain prevent newly diagnosed brief period time quickly improve disease medication prevent important treatment stopping smoking people disease admitted hospital year half disease require surgery disease point year period surgery little possible necessary address certain checking cancer recommended years starting years disease begun disease affects people europe north_america common asia africa historically common developed world rates increasing particularly developing world 1970s disease resulted deaths disease slightly reduced life tends start teens twenties occur age males females equally affected disease named bernard colleagues mount hospital new_york described series patients terminal small area commonly affected illness signs symptoms people disease symptoms years prior diagnosis usual onset years age occur age nature disease depth tissue involvement initial symptoms subtle people disease experience chronic recurring periods ups abdominal pain initial disease usually lower right area accompanied especially surgery bloody nature disease depends small involved typically results large volume result smaller volume higher frequency consistency range solid severe cases individual movements day need night visible bleeding common disease seen setting bloody movements typically come bright dark red color setting severe bleeding add discomfort symptoms caused common disease abdominal pain severe areas persistent indicate small disease involving stomach association greater context disease associated primary type discomfort prominent disease pain suggestive anal area anal skin common disease accompany disease opposite end tract mouth affected non healing rarely stomach involved disease cause symptoms including difficulty upper abdominal pain disease like chronic diseases cause variety symptoms children growth failure common children diagnosed disease based inability maintain growth manifest time growth children disease growth fever present greater uncommon older individuals disease manifest weight loss usually related decreased food intake individuals symptoms disease feel better eat lose appetite people extensive small disease weight loss addition involvement disease affect organ systems interior portion eye known cause blurred vision eye pain especially exposed light involve white eye condition called lead loss vision disease affects result increased risk decrease acid gets result ratio increases resulting increased risk disease associated type disease known group diseases characterized joints muscle disease divided types type affects larger weight bearing joints knee common shoulders second type involves small joints hands feet involve spine leading entire spine involved simply joint involved symptoms include painful warm swollen stiff joints loss joint mobility function disease involve skin blood system common type skin manifestation presents raised tender red usually appearing underlying tissue characterized skin typically painful disease increases risk blood painful swelling lower legs sign deep difficulty breathing result condition immune system attacks red blood cells common disease cause fatigue pale appearance symptoms common ends fingers result disease finally disease increases risk bones individuals increased risk bone people disease iron chronic disease common iron chronic blood loss reduced intake persistent leading increased levels restricting iron absorption disease commonly affects terminal factor complex absorbed seen particularly common surgery remove involvement absorption nutrients including disease affects stomach production factor reduced disease cause complications reportedly common stroke peripheral depression people issues small syndrome similar symptoms oral cavity people develop forms geographic tongue migratory higher prevalence general population cause exact cause unknown disease combination environmental factors genetic genetically complex disease relationship genetic risk factors immune system understood considerable detail individual risk makes small contribution overall risk approximately genetic data direct assessment immunity indicates malfunction innate immune system view chronic caused immune system tries compensate innate immune system genetic component siblings known people times likely develop general population found associated gene known gene followed discovery point thirty genes associated biological function known example association gene involved protein response documented genes increase risk developing disease considerable overlap recent wide association studies shown disease genetically linked disease immune system prevailing view disease primary cell disorder newer theory results impaired innate immunity later hypothesis describes impaired contributes impaired innate immunity leads sustained induced response load high theory caused response gene implicated disease induce hinder body ability attack invasive bacteria study human immune system traditionally evolved presence parasites inside body lack thereof modern standards weakened immune system test subjects reintroduced harmless parasites positive response current thinking taking advantage host weakened layer inability clear bacteria walls symptoms different strains found tissue different outcomes therapy resistance suggest disease disease umbrella diseases related different number studies suggested role subspecies map causes similar disease disease cattle gene involved genetic associated diminished ability map gene reduce innate immunity tissue ability resist infection map map associated high production studies linked specific strains disease invasive common people ability strong compared non strains high invasion ability block step allows survival bacteria induction drives strains replicate extensively inducing large amounts mouse studies suggested symptoms disease syndrome underlying cause samples taken patient groups found produce elevated levels experimental introduction mice found produce widespread pain associated syndrome associated diseases regional temporal variations illnesses follow associated infection cold chain hypothesis bacteria species contribute disease statistical found advent use united_states parts europe rise disease apparent connection disease bacteria genetic markers individuals genetic factors individuals infection produces protect bacteria causes variety secondary relationship specific types bacteria disease remains unclear environmental factors increased world indicates environmental component associated increased intake animal protein milk protein increased ratio consume vegetable proteins appear lower disease consumption fish protein association smoking increases risk return active disease introduction united_states 1960s associated dramatic increase hypothesis drugs work digestive system ways similar smoking associated stress claimed disease concrete evidence support claim found studied produce effects immunity consumed greater amounts patients taken confirm diagnosis certain characteristic features seen point disease shows pattern meaning span entire depth wall outcome seen highly active disease usually abrupt transition unaffected tissue characteristic sign known skip microscope affected characterized focal type cell typically occurs area cells infiltrate leading derivatives known giant cells found cases specific disease disease cheese like appearance microscopic examination characteristic associated tuberculosis chronic damage evidenced branching change tissue type example cell involves development cells typically found small key parts system diagnosis diagnosis disease challenging number tests required assist physician making diagnosis battery tests possible complete certainty approximately effective disease tests effective disease small particularly difficult traditional allows access lower portions small introduction capsule aids diagnosis giant cells common finding disease common classification disease type disease typically tract categorized specific tract region affected disease small connects large large accounts percent cases manifest accounts thirty percent cases large accounts remaining percent cases particularly difficult distinguish disease causes stomach small called causes patches half small called disease attack digestive tract mouth individuals affected disease rarely fall outside classifications presentations areas disease categorized behavior disease progresses vienna classification disease categories disease presentation disease penetrating disease causes lead changes caliber penetrating disease creates abnormal structures skin disease disease causes causing best test making diagnosis disease allows direct terminal identifying pattern disease involvement occasion travel past terminal varies person person procedure perform taking small samples tissue laboratory analysis help confirm diagnosis disease involves terminal required making diagnosis finding distribution disease involvement suggestive disease utility capsule uncertain appearance seen approximately cases disease representing areas separated narrow areas healthy tissue tests small follow suggest diagnosis disease useful disease involves small allow direct terminal beginning evaluate remainder small result follow ray suspension images taken time useful looking small inserted image rarely work disease advent remain useful identifying small pass detection case contrast performed substances useful evaluating small useful looking abdominal complications disease small magnetic resonance imaging option imaging small looking complications expensive readily available blood tests complete blood count reveal commonly caused blood loss leading iron usually caused disease absorption rarely occur levels help assess iron contributing rate protein help assess degree important raised iron total iron binding capacity easily interpreted chronic disease results causes include medication treatment disease like lead result testing evaluated identify diseases differentiate disease furthermore increasing amounts levels man man anti anti associate disease behavior surgery aid disease low levels associated disease studies required determine significance association comparison common disease symptoms disease diseases affect similar symptoms important differentiate diseases course diseases treatments different cases possible tell difference case disease classified differential diagnosis conditions similar symptoms disease includes tuberculosis disease anti drug syndrome disease syndrome excluded changes disease excluded specific anti negative absence management cure disease possible prolonged achieved cases possible prevented symptoms controlled medication lifestyle changes changes eating habits eating smaller amounts reduction stress moderate activity exercise surgery generally shown prevent adequately controlled disease significantly restrict daily living treatment disease symptoms active involve treating acute problem maintaining lifestyle changes certain lifestyle changes reduce symptoms including adjustments diet proper smoking cessation include higher levels fiber fruit associated reduced risk rich total meat increase risk smoking increase disease stopping recommended eating small meals frequently instead big meals help low appetite manage symptoms balanced diet proper portion control fatigue helped regular exercise healthy diet sleep food diary help identifying foods trigger symptoms people follow low fiber diet control symptoms especially foods cause symptoms find relief eliminating protein found cow milk protein found wheat specific medication acute treatment uses treat infection normally reduce normally anti drugs symptoms treatment enters maintenance goal avoiding symptoms prolonged use significant effects result general long term treatment alternatives include minority able maintain treatment require drugs suggested change flora continuous use pose risk treat symptoms disease include acid given severe attacks disease biological avoid long term use decrease treat people gradual loss blood tract chronic leads professional guidelines suggest routinely monitoring adequate disease control usually improves chronic disease iron require treatment iron guidelines vary iron administered problems include limitation possible daily increased growth bacteria advise iron line works faster fewer effects unaffected reducing absorption guidelines advise oral iron line iron reserved fail adequately respond oral iron considerably cheaper agree severe treated iron blood reserved unstable relatively poor safety profile lack long term cost surgery cured surgery disease eventually case partial surgery required complications disease respond drugs surgery usually comes site removed healthy ends rejoined come locations tissue builds cause form small allow pass easily lead necessary years patients options treatment portion statistical significance versus cases involvement cases operation rates respectively indicating safe effective treatment selected people involvement disease relatively common nearly found site join surgery inspected usually disease activity graded score scoring system post operative disease disease mild disease graded moderate severe graded fewer result lower grade based score treatment plans designed patient best chance managing disease short syndrome short gut syndrome simply short gut caused surgical removal small usually develops patients half small removed main include weight loss short syndrome treated changes diet feeding mineral treatment cases surgery considered number centres offering procedure small comes high risk chance infection rejection acid following surgery disease terminal removed leads development excessive usually thought inability terminal type acid recognized alternative medicine half people disease tried alternative therapy include fish oil scientists suggested research needed effective found effective treat disease china frequently western society time evidence insufficient recommend use frequently germany treatment disease clinical trials exist demonstrate effective studies effect medical disease disease chronic condition cure characterised periods improvement followed episodes symptoms treatment people achieve healthy weight mortality rate disease relatively low vary severe people experience episode continuous symptoms usually people remain disease free years decades people live normal lifespan disease associated small increase risk small cancer complications disease lead mechanical complications including typically occurs narrow blocking passage contents develop loops skin walled concentrations infection occur abdomen area responsible common cause disease increases risk cancer area example individuals disease involving small higher risk small cancer similarly people relative risk developing cancer screening cancer recommended years studies suggest role prevention cancer involving agents suggested preparations individuals disease risk reasons including decreased food intake risk increases following small individuals require oral increase intake severe cases total nutrition people moderate severe disease referred assistance nutrition major significant complications disease include free rare cases fatal disease problematic pregnancy cause adverse outcomes mother consultation disease measures cases occurs pregnancy certain lower sperm count adversely affect man fertility percentage people disease determined norway united_states similar foundation america cites number cites disease common northern countries higher rates northern areas countries disease thought similar europe lower asia africa higher jews disease begins commonly people teens people 50s 70s rarely diagnosed early childhood usually affects female children severely males slightly women men disease parents siblings children people disease times likely develop disease twin studies find disease chance disease increasing europe history diseases described scottish physician kennedy described polish surgeon distinguished tuberculosis poland called disease polish bernard american new_york_city mount hospital described fourteen cases submitted american medical association terminal new clinical entity later year colleagues gordon published case series regional clinical entity precedence alphabet later known worldwide literature disease research evidence supports hypothesis subspecies map cause disease disease result researchers looking map option treating map examined results unclear tentatively beneficial map studied anti map appears effective mice cattle map apparent effects trials human pending common parts world rare uncommon areas people carry worms alter response causes disease trials extracts worm showed promising results people numerous studies demonstrate activation exert biological functions tract activation animals shown strong anti effect system novel means treatment numerous disorders including diseases like disease small trials looked medical evidence required determine good evidence useful bring maintain


known disease skin membranes organs commonly affects children skin disease causes small joint pain abdominal pain kidney involvement loss small amounts blood protein usually goes unnoticed small proportion cases kidney involvement proceeds chronic kidney disease preceded infection throat infection blood vessels characterized deposition immune complexes containing exact cause phenomenon unknown usually resolves weeks requires treatment apart control cases cause kidney damage cases signs symptoms abdominal pain known classic occur cases joint pains abdominal pain include fourth criterion occurs cases necessarily typically appear legs seen arms face trunk abdominal pain character accompanied blood joints involved tend knees hands feet possible causes permanent percent evidence kidney involvement mainly form blood quarter sufficient quantities noticeable laboratory tests problems organs central nervous system brain spinal cord lungs occur common skin patients develop kidney involvement evidence visible blood half protein eighth severe cause syndrome swelling low protein content blood continue long time patients develop chronic kidney disease high blood pressure occur protein loss high blood pressure features kidney performed predict progression advanced kidney disease adults likely children develop advanced kidney disease small vessel complexes complement component deposited levels high identical findings young adults predominant children typically affects disease involves skin tissues joints tract diagnosis diagnosis based combination symptoms diseases cause symptoms blood tests elevated levels kidney involvement raised levels raised protein rate results specific count raised distinguishes diseases low cause doubt cause skin skin performed distinguish diseases cause appearances demonstrates protein complement system blood vessel wall overall complement levels normal basis symptoms possible distinguish series comparing patients patients symptoms found indicative abdominal digestive tract age presence sensitivity predicting kidney performed establish diagnosis assess severity suspected kidney disease main findings kidney increased cells deposition blood filtered white blood cells development changes indistinguishable observed develop group virus numerous drugs linked usually reaction include ace anti agent diseases reported associated link cases traced causes exact cause unknown features deposition abnormal wall blood vessels leading uncertain main cause digestive tract bone decreased removal abnormal circulation suspected provide explanation abnormal behaviour related condition characteristics presence acid long region complement regions half mainly majority elaborate sugar chains connected oxygen process thought prone sugar followed acid sugar chains appear exact reason known classification multiple standards exist defining including american college classification chapel hill consensus conference reported criteria sensitive recent classifications european league society classification include mandatory criterion following findings abdominal pain predominant deposition confirmed skin acute joint involvement evidenced presence blood protein treatment needed abdominal joint pains uncertain needs treatment controlling symptoms patients receive therapy high spontaneous recovery rate generally avoided given early disease episode duration symptoms shortened abdominal pain improve significantly chance severe kidney problems reduced evidence suggests decrease likelihood developing long term kidney disease evidence kidney damage normally prompt kidney treatment indicated basis appearance sample treatments ranging oral combination followed include occasionally overall good patients study showing recovery occurring children adults respectively having needed treatment children condition cases usually months initial attack common older children adults kidney involvement adults kidney involvement progresses end stage disease children series patients developed advanced kidney disease presentation features changes tubular predicted progression children exhibit features experience long permanent findings severity symptoms focal marked cellular crescent formation number important factor determining patient develop chronic disease eventually need equivalent replacement therapy kidney found patient disease kidney cases fail completely requiring resumption occurs children adults usually follows upper respiratory tract infection half affected patients age occurs twice boys girls children children year making common children cases occur year studies found fewer cases occur summer months history disease named german nephew teacher described 1860s associated involvement english physician william robert described disease respectively disease fallen william recognise underlying mechanism