australian national douglas crash june douglas aircraft departed perth western_australia hour flight adelaide south_australia crashed minutes nautical miles perth airport occupants killed accident sole survivor died days later worst civil aviation accident australia aircraft flew eastwards outer suburbs perth numerous witnesses observed flying lower altitude usual daily services engines running roughly regular intervals minutes crashed witnesses heard number different engine noises operating normally engine noise ceased replaced loud high pitched scream wrecked engines examined weeks accident significant product found fuel system engines preliminary investigation investigators department civil aviation believed water responsible responsible rough running engine ultimately temporary loss power engines occasion investigators find likely source water occupants board aircraft died multiple injuries burns elderly male passenger survived crash crash site found wandering distressed suffered burns admitted hospital died days later accident subject inquiry chaired supreme_court judge absence evidence indicating source water fuel inquiry dismissed submission water responsible accident inquiry determine cause accident recommendations enhance safety aircraft operations flight photo frank aircraft douglas registered flagship australian national fleet flew time january flown australia february departed perth airport hour flight adelaide board passengers pilots air radio report received advising course climbing feet heard aircraft flew east outer suburbs perth numerous people ground observed flying unusually low heard engines running roughly repeatedly crashed crash number residents farming properties west york heard large aircraft flying low area aircraft trouble noise engines changing significantly times engines operating normally occasion engine noise ceased brief time returned loud high pitched noise resident reported engine noise ceased hear rushing sound scream engines returned residents reported seeing bright flash white light distance followed loud crashing noise closest crash yellow glow major fire minutes set course adelaide douglas operated trans australia airborne perth heading adelaide aircraft set course adelaide captain douglas saw vivid white flash horizon precisely direction heading lasted seconds long draw attention crew members minutes later aircraft passed band fire ground estimated fire nautical miles east perth airport approached aware flying minutes ahead position report concerned vivid white flash ground fire indicate tragedy advised air traffic control observations air traffic control concerned failure report hearing observations vivid white flash ground fire activated emergency procedures asked fly fire determine position advised air traffic control fire york towns nearest crash site search rescue frank young farmer heard sound big aircraft trouble flying low nearby described noise engines terrifying investigated saw bright light flash fire sent teenage sons utility truck york alert police set foot direction fire bright able hurry bush half hour came scene devastation find elderly man state wandering burning wreckage gave explained passenger large aircraft survived crash despite badly burned found alive response air traffic control perth direction crash site known york crash site miles road ambulance crews travelled eastwards way york sighting fire crews eventually guided main road dirt road enabled drive miles crash site crews took aid boxes set foot frank bed leaves survivor built fire help warm comfortable possible stayed survivor went summon help hours ambulance crews arrived administered aid rescue workers constructed covered survivor carried hours cover miles wooded country utility truck carried waiting ambulance frank publicly thanked minister civil aviation great assistance rendered rescue effort night public letter frank minister acknowledged effort sons extremely difficult conditions acknowledged care survivor regretted rewarded seeing survivor recover public letter minister expressed deep appreciation actions night crash world war served royal_australian_air_force raaf navigator minister acknowledged peacetime continued uphold fine traditions raaf fate onboard survivor year old managing director company ltd south australian engineering company oldest person board flight probably experienced air traveller interviewed police hospital perth aware detail final minutes flight said sign fire prior crash announcement passengers seat belts died days crash buried north road cemetery adelaide home town investigators believed aircraft captain survived short time crash body short distance away seat metres ahead wreckage thrown nose aircraft split open impact large tree seat belt broken captain pulled head protect face heat nearby investigators believed survived crash seat belt drag away fire body burnt autopsy showed legs broken died fractured skull examinations performed victims crash pilots died multiple injuries passengers air found died multiple injuries burns victims formally identified remaining victims identifiable buried mass grave perth cemetery passengers fatal flight carrying passengers including died crash ensuing passengers included polish immigrants including infant previously migration camp travelling adelaide anglican bishop bishop charles murray anglican dean newcastle reverend norman blow victor executive charles read limited melbourne stan baker employee petroleum company baker booked fly fatal flight southern cloud finally travelled train instead kenneth douglas managing director motor company douglas secretary pioneer bus company vincent world authority diesel electric locomotives electric traction male passengers female passengers infant investigation investigators department civil aviation began work crash scene day accident found crashed heavily area family property easterly track perth airport point elevation feet sea level aircraft struck tops tall trees descending angle horizontal speed impact estimated miles hour crashed large trees breaking ground violently long wide left wing torn away fuselage aircraft broke burst flames rear fuselage fin rudder affected fire wreckage trail yards long yards wide time impact left wing lower right suggesting turning left heading north east investigators speculated crew turning intention returning perth airport preparing crash landing large clear area north crash site possibly result rough running engines observed flying perth outer eastern suburbs unusually low altitude witness report received nautical miles track perth outer suburbs nautical miles crash site minute crashed witnesses heard large distress reported unusual engine noise including engine noise occasion followed sudden return loud engine noise suggested occasion engines producing power followed resumption power engines investigation team concluded failed reach assigned altitude feet experienced intermittent engine problems severity engine power lost occasion power propellers douglas loses altitude great rate possibly fast feet second feet minute engines propellers numbers suffered substantial damage crash engine propeller number suffered damage investigators determined time impact propellers turning normally engines producing power propeller number engine operating evidence action taken crew propeller number moments impact engines contained evidence internal failure prior impact tested results indicated normal available engines time impact engine number suffered minor external damage dismantled investigation team attempt determine shut crew substantial product found passages fuel flow meter engine number western_australia deputy identified product product formed reaction water suggesting fuel passages filled water months crash detailed examination engine charles engine specialist employed department civil aviation estimated cubic centimetres water involved rain falling crash site engine number removed account water fuel passages examined fuel system engine number discovered months accident conducted test identical flow meter found left water fuel flow passages approximately weeks similar product developed suggested rough running heard witnesses ground caused water fuel reaching engine number steel fuel pump engine number slightly fuel systems engines showed evidence investigators formed opinion rough running heard witnesses ground crew decision shut engine number feather propeller related water fuel reaching engine similarly intermittent loss power engines final minutes flight indicate engines receiving fuel contaminated water found engines vent float fuel chamber crushed extreme fuel pressure inquiries engine manufacturer civil aviation authorities prior experience vent collapsing tests carried australia research laboratories finding suitable explanation crushed flight crash determined occurred flight affected operation engines earliest reports crash site speculated fire struck tops trees trees pieces aircraft left wing torn impact showed signs reported seeing flames sky aircraft struck ground department civil aviation investigators discounted speculation push button engine fire activated likely occurred crash fire australian national ground staff sydney checked fuel tanks presence water prior departure june found subsequently melbourne adelaide check fuel tanks occasions perth immediately prior fatal flight fuel filters engines fuel drain serving cross feed pipe wing centre section checked presence water fuel tanks checked partly night june ground staff pressed time engineer absent illness opinion small water entered fuel tank reach drain aircraft level flight detected immediately years operated knowledge satisfactory time check fuel tanks presence water prior flight day aircraft stationary overnight time checked fuel tanks presence water prior flight day prior final flight received gallons fuel tanker operated vacuum oil company tanker checked presence water morning hours prior supplied fuel dove aircraft suffered engine problems found water fuel department civil aviation performed tests parts fuel system tests engine fuel system showed engine boost pump operating vortex formed engine fuel tank small water present vortex held water suspension prevented entering engine tests showed boost pump turned vortex dissipated water soon find way engine investigators believed explain engines operating normally takeoff engine began run roughly time engine boost pumps turned inquiry minister civil aviation thomas white appointed justice william simpson act supreme_court conduct air court inquiry crash inquiry opened perth february justice simpson assisted captain bennett pilot british commonwealth pacific hudson engineer empire commonwealth crown solicitor represented simpson australian national represented george department civil aviation represented henry air pilots association represented francis inquiry sat perth days heard evidence witnesses concluded tuesday february western_australia deputy gave evidence identified product fuel passages engines counsel department civil aviation explained evidence gathered investigation crash indicated water fuel board responsible products found engines numbers rough running engine heard number witnesses intermittent failure engines leading aircraft descending ground level inquiry heard evidence department civil aviation acting chief inspector air accidents raaf douglas pilot described personal experience flight fuel tanks checked presence water prior flight proceeded normally minutes engines began running roughly returned checked water tanks time finding significant water counsel vacuum oil explained impossible water introduced aircraft vigorously rejected theory water fuel contributed crash counsel commonwealth crown solicitor presented evidence fire struck trees counsel widow victims suggested crash caused elevator trim diving position april justice simpson advised minister civil aviation new evidence available minister gave permission inquiry opened inquiry opened melbourne june department civil aviation recently completed tests fuel system tests showed engine boost pump operating vortex engine fuel tank prevented water entering engine tests showed boost pump turned water soon find way engine department civil aviation believed explain engines operating normally takeoff engine began run roughly time engine boost pumps turned justice simpson stated opened inquiry served confirm view loss power water fuel justice simpson report house_of_representatives june new minister civil aviation larry anthony inquiry found suffered total loss engine power occasion followed rapid loss height struck ground evidence allow court determine cause total loss engine power consequently court unable determine cause accident simpson stated satisfied water introduced fuel system sydney melbourne adelaide perth inquiry uncovered air navigation regulations consider contributed accident practice performing fuel drain check immediately required air navigation orders fatal flight feet photographic film carried cargo air navigation orders specified maximum feet photographic film carried inquiry uncovered irregularities safety regulation civil aviation australia irregularities contributed accident justice simpson report contained recommendations deal irregularities fuel companies supply fuel aircraft required check compartment tanker wagon presence water time fuel tanker wagon fuel drained aircraft tanks check presence sample collected transparent vessel allow reliable identification water present pilots regularly fly engine perform monthly checks renewal commercial pilot check carried engine engine common practice house_of_representatives debate report minister larry anthony stated asked fuel companies check tanker wagons presence water relevant air navigation order amended require fuel drained transparent containers stated department intend amend relevant air navigation order require pilots engine perform periodic checks engine considered challenging fly engine engine engine subsequent speculation cause crash investigators department civil aviation believed water fuel tanks responsible rough running engines ultimately led intermittent failure engines inquiry led justice simpson found evidence significant water fuel tanks radio received indicate nature problem crew aware problem inquiry concluded determining cause crash weeks months conclusion inquiry possible explanation crash began employees possibility began piece evidence uncovered inquiry cross examination ground staff reported sunrise morning crash container check fuel filters found lying apron short distance parked inquiry attached significance evidence explore employees believed container drain fuel cross feed drain fuel serves pipe wing centre section cross feeding fuel tanks wing engines wing moments procedure commenced staff member advised telephone wife went answer telephone cross feed closed little fuel ran drain opened employees believed fuel running staff member noticed drain open wind propellers began taxi prior container blown rolled distance apron found morning employees speculated approximately minutes crew aware seriousness rough running number engine decided shut company procedures specified operational problem occurred prior reaching nautical miles east perth aircraft return perth problem occurred reaching flight continue adelaide douglas capable flying perth adelaide engine crew fatal flight decided wait past making radio report engine shut continue adelaide manage fuel usage balance weight fuel wing crew selected operating engines draw fuel number tank complex fuel selection system deliberately inadvertently operating engines connected number tank drain cross feed pipe open atmosphere air drawn pipe causing fuel supply engines engines stop operating propellers fine pitch crew realised engines suddenly failed cross feeding fuel source problem changed fuel selections restored fuel engines causing sudden screaming noise heard witnesses engines burst life propellers fine pitch flying lower altitude usual inadequate height crew arrest high rate descent aircraft struck high ground family property air court inquiry george representing described fantastic suggestion crew cross feeding fuel wing engines wing early stage flight flight superintendent technical superintendent simulated events test flight satisfied time intervals events compatible likely sequence events leading crash plausible explanation accident legal advice possible explanation crash public accidents involving douglas approaching dublin airport ireland approaching airport manchester united_kingdom attributed fuel supply engines supplied cross feed system open fuel tank allowing air drawn cross feed pipe memorials accident hunters proved problem owners kept gates locked stated completion inquiry dig ditch crash site remained buried small memorial loss passengers crew created museum town miles south east crash site memorial includes nose memorial plaque erected main street june anniversary crash aftermath australian national recovered crash beginning people killed accidents aircraft operated late suffered crashes months loss reputation safe airline safety record growing commercial success rival trans australia sent decline taken transport industries limited merged form domestic airline

1950 Australian National Airways Douglas DC-4 crash


flight flight known accident norwegian crash water canada twin airport norway incident occurred april killed people board cause accident strong winds exceeded structure tolerance causing tail rudder crack plane impact occurred seconds seconds crack aircraft crashed water search conducted days find wreck uneven strong winds given airport low prior wind speeds knots recorded accident caused airport permanently closed replaced incident investigated accident investigation board norway published conclusions years later new investigation conducted engineer stated cause accident instead fatigue second investigation came conclusion involved parties supported causes initial report accident flight scheduled flight airport airport operated canada twin aircraft registration serial number delivered april aircraft left airport flight airport landed continued flight leaving flight crew received information wind east end runway varying knots moderate gale plane landed tower stated wind max knots crew commented wind landing stated wind blew directions airport passengers disembarked passengers boarded plane fueled passenger transit total passengers plus pilots weight kilograms including fuel aircraft runway departure briefing captain decided follow company standard procedure climb instead maximum measured wind recorded knots aircraft parked aircraft asked clearance granted air control informed wind west end varying knots eastern wind communicated aircraft varying knots started aircraft airborne having passed half runway witnesses described aircraft climbed quickly started falling climbed quickly entered clouds west airport climb captain wanted flaps contradictory standard procedure involved decreasing flaps sound registered cockpit voice recorder thirty seconds later sounds propellers registered pilot indicates flight difficulty seconds later stopped recording control tower registered distress signal lasted seconds followed loud bang aircraft repeatedly called radio air traffic control center contacted joint rescue coordination centre northern norway dispatched helicopters ships helicopter ship return bad weather soon increased hurricane parts aircraft found nautical miles northwest airport weather improved rescue ship fishing vessels sea king find wreck april ships helicopters parts wreck found allowed searching crew use divers search wreck aircraft found april metres airport eighty percent wreck found area depth deceased captain pilot passengers frank passengers died immediately impact captain body found cause runway airport runs east west ran parallel mountain south tall prior construction performed test flights area concluded unacceptable wind conditions particularly south mountain october introduced self imposed restrictions landing aircraft allowed land wind came south wind speed exceeded knots including gusts additional restrictions introduced following incident january modified november flight took permitted limits restrictions twin operate ground winds exceeded knots aircraft started following report wind speeds knots breach procedure wind changed direction immediately aircraft mechanical technical errors problems prior wind shear caused crack tail rudder caused strong winds acting sides structure shifting winds structural failures caused aircraft crash seconds impact aircraft control seconds seconds crew control aircraft accident investigation board norway stated report crew landed amounts wind reported definitively taken wind came west pilots reported cause fewer problems directions decided ignore wind exceeding permitted values particular accident investigation board criticized choice knots knots permitted wind speed ground operation far permitted levels airport board commented common cancel flights flights canceled plane landed instead canceled prior landing board commented flight easter influenced pilots sense duty getting passengers destinations aggravated low board commented pilots trust wind data received experienced incorrect wind vary considerably airport plane ground pilots experienced weather better rain showers indications captain wanted rain shower hit accident investigation board concluded cause accident plane climb subject wind succeeded planes construction criteria caused crack tail rudder causing plane aftermath new airport airport opened july regional airport network northern norway operated prior served helicopters replaced previous services services airport suspended immediately incident stated use airport decline concession operate island community receive new airport commented restrictions caused wind forced airline terminate half departures chairman pilots union stated day airline lower number calls regional airports airport airport airport airport stated felt airports located wrong place instance valleys hills mountains stated safety problem regional airports report accident investigation board highly critical norwegian civil aviation administration stating airport built clearly unsuitable regular traffic stated administration overlooked comments test flights area concluded wind conditions area suitable airport commission wrote report conducted investigation stated civil aviation administration proceeded correctly planning airport chosen early location ignored negative comments norwegian meteorological institute favorable report weather area administration failed conduct necessary test flights test wind conditions determined initial recommendation commission commented safety division critical localization airport withdrawn disputes following pressure higher ranks administration commission criticized civil aviation administration conducting investigations following reports low incidents aircraft taken airport accident june brought club island accompanied experimental plane landings offs dropped runway feet experimental craft landing public held close airport norwegian ministry transport communications decided permanently close airport temporarily closed accident opened south island service awarded public service obligation operate route helicopter service uses closed airport reserve airport bad weather second investigation article published newspaper norway english aviation engineer hugh stated cause accident probably fatigue end piece transfer mechanism elevator end piece state failed sooner later ordinary use following discovery wreck grounded twin checked pieces finding defect parts canada sent alert operators twin check component canceled contract operating twin end pieces replaced shortly accident fatigue similar commission chair stated considered end piece cause accident stress tested elevator forces needed cause crack stated board knew fatigue said problems opening new inquiry stated trusted report accident investigation board member parliament president norwegian airline pilots association peter stated accident investigation board new inquiry accident stated report credibility weakened influence canada process june commission reopened case having held meetings commission stated disagreement tail rudder tail plane end piece cracked crucial determining cause accident inquiries investigate tape cockpit sound new technology accident investigation board national laboratory netherlands conduct tests end pieces report national laboratory published march supported conclusion commissions report journalist won award work related controversy pilots union initially critical report july stated supported conclusion addition withdrew critical comments concerning commission officially involved parties supported report


flight flight regularly scheduled domestic passenger flight airport queens new_york_city new_york cleveland ohio march registration flying route crashed poor weather partially inverted position bay shortly lifted runway airplane failed gain lift flying meters ground aircraft runway hit multiple coming rest bay end runway people board killed accident including captain cabin crew members similar accident happened years air ontario flight crashed shortly takeoff regional airport ice accumulated wings airframe passengers crew killed subsequent investigation revealed pilot error inadequate procedures lengthy delays large ice accumulated wings airframe ice disrupted jet increasing drag reducing lift prevented jet lifting runway national transportation safety board concluded flight crew unaware ice built jet delayed heavy ground traffic runway report listed fact aircraft begun takeoff rotation early lower speed standard contributing factor accident investigators found procedures jet encountered delay minutes found fluid airport majority commercial united_states effective minutes accident led number studies effect ice aircraft recommendations prevention techniques flight history jet involved accident series airplane manufactured netherlands engine medium range jet designed transporting passengers particular jet involved accident registered united_states delivered august acquired named american years later august merged amassed total flying hours time accident captain wallace fully qualified pilot commercial aircraft accumulated approximately total flying hours hours initially hired officer later reassigned serve officer captain boeing finally returned captain company new_york_times reported man passengers happy airline happy spoken friends important travelers destinations time proud time record portrayed book cautious pilot officer john hired time accident company records indicate accumulated approximately flying hours hours held flight engineer certificate ratings powered aircraft expired instructor certificate issued august held federal aviation administration license non federal control towers previously served flight engineer boeing boeing flight taylor king king seated aft died crash accident poor weather delays aircraft took jacksonville international airport florida hours accident departure jacksonville delayed poor weather new_york removal baggage passenger decided board jet instrument approach landing uneventful jet significantly delayed air waiting land congestion delayed arrival aircraft gate hour minutes schedule jet arrived gate pilot advised ground mechanic airplane good flight crew disembarked jet use facilities terminal poor weather improve jet type fluid heated water mixture following completion process trucks delayed jet experienced mechanical problems vehicle minutes position prevented aircraft runway following flight crew return truck repaired pilot requested second flight crew perform airplane procedures require following second ground control granted flight permission taxi runway flight crew completed pre flight taxi engine anti ice turned engines taxi captain announced passengers flaps remain taxi worried seeing retracted position placed coffee cup handle reminder position flaps procedure flight crews captain told officer use standard contaminated runway procedures included use degrees flaps decided reduced speed knots weather reports showed night accident coated thin covering snow runway covered thin layer wet snow treated officer described snowfall heavy large told authorities snow sliding jet nose airplane coated layer light positioned wing jet check signs ice times attempted pilot saw evidence contamination wing black strip decided told investigators checked wings maybe times said consider snowfall heavy recall wind blowing snow officer stated looked wings times near time takeoff said looks good black strip clear flight discussed procedures officer suggested pilot aircraft ahead queue wings clear pilot replied cause freeze don want close later officer remarked look stuff pilot replied sand guess sand pilot jet flight northwest flight boeing stated good view flight wing snow fuselage printing wings appeared clear believed snow stopped concerned traffic snowfall second officer shuttle flight landed time flight said boeing picked lot snow quickly post landing finish rain described flight fairly clean airplane said comment clear ice wings fuselage clear snow jet hours schedule suffered delays runway weather created heavy ground traffic reported aircraft waiting permission takeoff investigators estimated plane took minutes taxi gate runway crash following permission takeoff controllers flight crew initiated takeoff procedure officer knots seconds later followed shortly approximately seconds nose gear left ground final report read officer described takeoff normal rotation stated problem evident vibration rate acceleration ambient noise directional control new_york_times reported passengers airplane going fast officer said like lost lift captain attempted level wings crew right rudder manoeuvre aircraft ground avoid water accident report found officer said agree airplane going fly control continued try hold nose impact flat attitude later stated heavy control final report noted officer stated touch power officer later told investigators flight crew primary focus find safe place land seconds left ground plane left wing asphalt feet stick activated crew received stall warnings jet began banking left right left meters ground aircraft struck visual approach slope indicator posts touched approximately feet lifting striking beacon water pump house left wing separated body airplane fuselage impacted edge bay came rest partially inverted position parts fuselage cockpit submerged water confusion likely caused drowning passengers sustained minor injuries injuries life threatening final report read prior impact passengers assume position airplane came rest passengers forward portion cabin upside upright submerged water heads passengers tried seats passengers difficulty locating releasing following accident passengers reported fires forward left aft portions airplane including small fires water passengers stated escaped large holes cabin lead flight attendant officer escaped hole cabin floor near flight attendant position passengers reported assisting cabin knee deep water walked water climbed wall embankment slid steep hill runway assisted water ground personnel rescue attempts medical operation tower cab coordinator duty time accident stated saw crash site following accident seeing flames sounded alarm port authority new_york new_jersey police responded investigation revealed technical issues emergency telephone found issues hinder emergency response port authority new_york new_jersey police department initially sent vehicles personnel vehicles reported snow fog hampered visibility heading crash site destroyed aircraft member fire crew observed people standing near crash site police divers entered water following crash found alive inside jet water fire fighters continued fire incident commander estimated fire control minutes arrival scene new_york_times reported accident sent thick black smoke airport emergency workers contend snow powerful current bay tense drama rescue continued early hours fire fighters police officers water shoulders helicopters shining wreckage ice covered mound earth end runway slick rescue workers needed metal walk report accident noted medical operation scene described attended conscious life threatening injuries attempts victims appeared drowned lacked vital signs believed revived succumbed cold salt water estimated authorities attended scene crash responded accident site transport injured hospitals additional available near site crash needed report described emergency response effective contributed airplane occupants response emergency medical services personnel coordinated ambulance response times hospitals excessive final report read basic principle treat victims having life threatening injuries available medical resources utilize limited medical personnel manner provide maximum effectiveness safety board aware recent years number victims cold water drowning successfully survived periods underwater including sea water long hour view facts safety board believes emergency response organizations review emergency plans include applying techniques soon sufficient number trained personnel arrive perform mass casualty incidents regardless vital signs present especially cold water near drowning involved traumatic injuries indicate death investigation sent team crash site investigate accident concluded unknown crew ice collected wings disrupted reduced lift inquiry lasted year buildup ice investigators suggested multiple reasons jet unable gain lift accident report states evidence suggest wings airplane flight control systems examined revealed failure prior impact report reads evidence support improper wing configuration airframe system defects deployment speed brakes reasons loss aerodynamic efficiency investigators stated takeoff roll jet abnormal board came conclusion ice built wings contributed largely accident attempting find ice present wings jet board determined airplane properly cleared ice snow procedures gate approximately minutes second time aircraft initiation takeoff airplane exposed continuing precipitation freezing temperatures unable determine ice built wings following second considered highly likely contamination occurred minutes following second accumulation led accident safety board views evidence conclusive primary factor accident reduced performance wing ice contamination safety board evaluated extent decisions procedures flight crew contributed accident read final report cockpit examined engine anti ice switch found position investigations found slight pressure switch ruled contributing factor crash following accident sent maintenance directive ordering engine anti ice switches changed lock selected position investigators found flaw design wings extremely vulnerable ice buildup angle wings small ice devastating effects collaboration investigated effect ice aircraft found ice particles small density particle square centimeter cause loss lift document written accident detailed effect ice wing warned roll begin small ice wings errors flight crew report found flight crew aware poor weather likely cause ice buildup took action check condition wing leading edge upper surface aircraft evaluated ground crew mechanical failure truck investigators reported captain requested indication concerned continuing exposure precipitation request accordance guidance following second flight crew likely satisfied airplane free contamination flight crew aware exact delay encounter takeoff decision leave gate reasonable evident delayed prolonged period conversations crew showed aware probably concerned risk frozen contamination wing found guidance flight crew training sufficient alerted flight crew risk attempting takeoff unaware condition wing guidance flight crews specifically stated captain responsibility exercise caution prior takeoff time exceeds minutes careful examination surfaces conducted detect extent accumulation ice assure takeoff safely compliance existing regulations final report read safety board believes flight crew flight taken positive steps assure contamination free wing entering cabin look wing closer range safety board acknowledges detection minimal amounts contamination sufficient cause aerodynamic performance problems difficult possible inspection observation cabin improved chance seeing contamination prompted flight crew return gate safety board believes flight crew failure precautions decision attempt takeoff unsure wing led accident cause television interview investigators suggested captain faced problem wanted time line jets waiting taxi way parking area meet truck late caused cancellation flight carried tests discover officer unable ice buildup wing jet sliding window cockpit fully open officer able outer eighty percent wing including black strip contrast white surface wing flight crew search build ice sliding window shut accident difficult details wing black strip distorted glass found ice light little difference officer able investigators requested conduct study effects ice contamination pilot technique aircraft evaluated data tests found pilot initiated rotation knots earlier knots instead proper rotation speed knots data cockpit voice recording confirmed officer called rotation speed knots captain rotate knots established rotation called initiated earlier standard procedures investigators focused practices found airport type fluid type type actual jet type preventing buildup ice time accident prohibited use type fluid tests suggested fell reduced friction investigators noted change shorter fact aircraft left vicinity runway come rest cold water surrounding runway accident report criticised fact majority airplane operators united_states relied type protection use type board stated tests shown type type flow wings treated airplane significant amounts initial takeoff ground run stated number views potential uses type use type fluid raises concern time shorter time type fluid certain conditions scrutiny environmental impacts uncertain type fluid runway friction fluid rolls airplane takeoff roll use type fluid result temporary degradation airplane aerodynamic performance reduced stall margin increase drag safety card errors named cause accident investigators found passenger safety briefing cards airplane showed types service doors door installed particular model time examination showed safety card operate types service doors emergency mode normal opening mode failed final report stated contribute fatalities accident conclusion final report published cited probable cause accident failure airline industry federal aviation administration provide flight crews procedures requirements criteria compatible departure delays conditions airframe decision flight crew positive assurance airplane wings free ice accumulation minutes exposure precipitation following ice contamination wings resulted aerodynamic stall loss control lift contributing cause accident inappropriate procedures inadequate coordination flight crew led takeoff rotation lower prescribed air speed aftermath recommendations recommendations including requiring flight crew members appropriate ground personnel responsible inspection transport category wing contamination receive specific periodic training illustrate contamination looks like feels like wing contamination different light conditions ordered establish way inform fight crews type fluid mixture current moisture accumulation rate available time regard airplane collided accident sequence ordered modification replacement pump houses adjacent runway ordered study feasibility building antenna array airport ordered review passenger safety briefing cards ensure clearly accurately depict operation types forward cabin doors normal emergency modes describe clearly accurately remove emergency exit cover report allegations crash featured national geographic channel episode television program air crash investigation air emergency entitled cold case accident compared air ontario flight crashed ontario crew jet program opened saying canadian investigators stunned hear accident mirrored air ontario flight occurred years earlier report crash criticised approaches points including recommending use type fluid type trucks near runway gate crew inspect wings cockpit cabin report concluded competitive pressures caused commercial cut safety standards industry sloppy practices questionable procedures placing pilots difficult situations honourable investigated crash wrote report appeared documentary alleging recommendations report followed accident prevented told documentary report probably sat somebody desk said heard thought god certainly followed recommendations report crash investigator air ontario accident told documentary work investigating crash efforts happen extremely frustrating documentary focused largely allegations air ontario flight flight reported refuted allegations claim received report international conference airplane ground following crash flight air ontario accident began research methods improving practices airports number accidents caused buildup ice described sharply focused effort experts convened virginia international conference ground conference industry methods discussed agreed actions taken long term short term report conference read better understanding airplane ground anti issues crucial implementation feasible effective safety improvements achieve goal sponsored conference international aviation community exchange thoughts offer recommendation variety issues concerning safe winter operations conference participants discussed problems posed aircraft examined possible solutions reported discussions different types fluid discussed different equipment techniques found pilot command ultimate authority decisions operators provide proper training criteria pilot command base proper decision conference concluded amendment regulations air carriers operated new regulations stated place approved ground anti procedures weather conditions ice snow frost prevailed new rules went effect november developments years followed accident started type fluid effective type type type stick aircraft hours chicago hare international airport introduce facilities runway commonplace aircraft sophisticated systems ground air modern civil fixed wing transport aircraft example boeing use anti ice systems leading edge wings engine air data warm air engines cavity beneath surface anti warm air heats surface degrees freezing preventing ice forming system operate switching aircraft enters leaves conditions ground technologies developing newer technology infrared transmission energy means electromagnetic waves rays infrared invisible travels straight lines heat source surfaces objects significantly heating space air passes infrared waves strike object release energy heat heat absorbed reflected cooler surface infrared energy continually exchanged hot cold surfaces surfaces reached temperature colder surfaces effective infrared transfer heat transfer mechanism substantially faster conventional heat transfer modes conventional convection cooling effect air fluid spray aircraft vehicles improved accident usually consisting large tanker truck containing concentrated fluid water feed fluid according ambient temperature vehicle normally cherry crane allowing operator spray entire aircraft little time possible entire boeing treated minutes single vehicle airport fitted long arms arms wide cross entire runway allow entire place single pass reducing length time runway unavailable notable passengers richard film television actor survived accident similar accidents china eastern flight crashed shortly takeoff jet collected layer frost overnight air florida flight crashed ice built airframe jet pilot error american eagle flight crashed flying conditions october arrow air flight crashed attempting newfoundland contaminated wings air flight crashed near buffalo conditions february


bangladesh bangladesh partly english way commonly known flag carrier bangladesh main hub international airport operates flights secondary international airport international airport airline provides international passenger cargo services destinations april air service agreements countries flies airline headquarters located annual flights transporting tourists non resident workers migrants activities form integral airline business carrier currently facing stiff competition number domestic private international carriers offer greater flexibility targeting bangladesh air transport sector experiencing annual growth rate thanks large number tourists non resident travellers created february enjoyed internal monopoly aviation industry bangladesh decades following founding airline expanded fleet destinations adversely affected corruption peak operated flights international destinations extending new_york_city west tokyo east airline wholly owned managed government bangladesh july transformed country largest public limited company government bangladesh public limited company airline reduced staff begun fleet airline deal boeing new aircraft options bangladesh certified safe fly europe european aviation safety agency successfully passed operational safety airline resumed flights previous destinations asia europe history bangladesh established january bangladesh national airline bangladesh ordinance presidential order initiative launch flag carrier taken employees including boeing commanders seven pilots pakistan international submitted proposal government december following independence bangladesh airline initially called air bangladesh soon changed current february started domestic services initially linking single douglas acquired india following crash february near test flight belonging indian supplied indian government entered fleet replacement shortly additional capacity provided incorporation douglas loaned world council churches turn replaced douglas model leased air operate calcutta route march started international operations weekly flight london boeing chartered british short haul fleet supplemented india march aircraft employed daily scheduled flight calcutta april additional acquired march september year year operation operated flights carrying passengers joined fleet enabling double frequency flight twice daily service boeing added fleet september flight london twice weekly flight began operating operations extended february november december sold bought boeing extend international services mumbai singapore added list international destinations boeing purchased february followed amsterdam following year saw purchase fourth boeing converted public sector corporation governed board directors appointed government airline broke time profit following year international destinations expanded include athens tripoli followed tokyo took delivery douglas joined fleet airline started phase boeing flight network expanded include baghdad paris august faced worst accident flying crashed near killing board long haul fleet supplemented purchase new followed addition singapore air jamaica corporate affairs key people june chairman position held air muhammad managing director chief executive officer ceo kevin john served ceo march april foreign national airline history appointed ceo chosen pool local foreign candidates competitive selection process british citizen years experience working management administrative positions british world resigned ceo positions december citing health issues left office april kyle took office ceo january british national second foreign national hold airline ceo position kevin ownership airline wholly owned government bangladesh corporation inception converted public sector corporation afforded limited autonomy led government appointed board directors authorised share capital increased billion transformed public limited company largest bangladesh 1980s late 1980s president bangladesh time served president early period expansion growth entered era nose diving profits slow growth exacerbated incompetent corrupt management purchases repair bills kept routes operation political reasons research conducted found non flying personnel percent singapore carrier operated fleet times size report described poorly managed subject excessive political interference day day management 1990s fiscal year accounts ministry civil aviation tourism revealed million tax paid government carried showed owed million travel agents proceeds ticket sales likely officials additionally million incentive commissions sales agents violation policies government launched anti corruption drive shortly followed forced retirement employees officials close aides younger brother premier sent jail charges information wealth connection faced growing losses late 1990s onwards government offered percent foreign hoping buyer management carrier proposal demanded decision making rights remain bangladesh government offer ignored outside similar initiative cost million fees positive results 2000s fiscal year carried million passengers growth previous decade rise private domestic carriers bangladesh market share domestic passengers dropped previous years average passengers travelling domestic sector fiscal year period reported biggest annual loss million billion million billion loss reported following year fell millions dollars payments fuel supplier bangladesh petroleum corporation debts rose billion late december public limited company government approved plans turn public limited company split seven public sector organisations restructuring government place voluntary retirement scheme reduce man equipment ratio ratio manpower aircraft industry average time asian operated provided compensation based length service cost government billion borrowed world bank management expected reduce workforce applications received employees expected dismissed little pay met accepted applications affirmed key personnel allowed leave organisation july bangladesh largest public limited company bangladesh earlier suggestions airline renamed bangladesh rejected government sole billion shares intends offer percent private sector retaining majority ownership previous managing director appointed chief executive officer ceo managing director new organisation directors appointed energy commerce finance civil aviation foreign affairs cabinet division cabinet secretary taking role chairman board directors joint secretary civil aviation ministry seven shareholders new september government appointed air commodore replace ceo chair civil aviation authority bangladesh held posts bangladesh air_force following initiative launched employees left organisation set competing airline names proposed airline included air international employees joined previous managing directors president bangladesh airline pilots association heard proposed venture airline profits million million carrier incurred net loss million 2010s losses billion despite government debt billion billion owed respectively loss billion million figures loss billion airline plans fully profitable december owed billion different sources million billion oil company fuel supplier profit billion associated aircraft ground handling aviation engineering aviation training flight catering wholly owned including provides ground handling services airports bangladesh company reported profit billion wholly owned subsidiary set provide flight meals profitable operations supplying food malaysia thai dragon air china southern regent casual orders operating bangladesh eggs chickens profit making subsidiary formed operation november rear farms bird flu detected farms march birds incident bird flu bangladesh services notable flight schedule poor customer service faced strong criticism major international airports including london airport international airport failure maintain flight schedules airport operator wrote providing evidence showed achieved minimum usage allocated landing slots required international air transport association regulations summer expect slot summer look airports wished continue serving london following discussions obtained landing slots summer condition achieved usage delays continued september london direct flight aircraft diverted landed sufficient fuel remain holding pattern following arrival hours scheduled time september article published times labelled worst performer flights delayed average hours united_nations advised staff fly citing safety security concerns unreliable flight schedules clear staff flew risk ineligible claims insurance newly appointed managing director said unaware directive admitted face problems managing flight schedules expected situation improve aircraft coming months signed agreements provide infrastructure support revenue accounting services airline launched advance seat reservation system website airline offers online meal selection option passenger choose meals vegetarian meals asian vegetarian meal child meal muslim meal served board flight classes class service operated business class cabin boeing arranged configuration economy class cabin set configuration narrow body boeing business class set configuration economy class arrangement older configuration economy class business class flight amenities magazine branded september monthly magazine previously known prior published media group magazine available english covering topics bangladesh destinations english language newspapers available board aircraft newer boeing equipped modern flight entertainment seat fitted personal touch screen displays provided loaded movies songs games high resolution moving maps live flight information languages english launched flight duty free sales march branded duty free products include watches children gifts chocolate tobacco launched kit children board include coloring books dolls puzzle frequent program launched frequent program named loyalty club november offers rewards benefits mileage bonuses extra baggage lounge access priority check airports july frequent program members agreement signed upgrade system solution comply rules set deadline december member switch systems enabled major provide online check facilities reducing need queue check attempts improve customer service adoption able reduce costs briefly stopped system government suspended operation local subsidiary following court order allegations money suspension lasted month lifted writ appealed high_court signed agreement german company air enabling tickets purchased world cargo operates cargo service cargo holds passenger aircraft ship freight international destinations established cargo village international airport cargo packaged labelled loaded aircraft air cargo industry bangladesh grew fiscal year cargo operations remained private operators best aviation air bangladesh produced growth previous year private operators increased share cargo market responsible handling total tonnes cargo expense foreign saw reduction shares respectively foreign handled total cargo taking remaining passenger service management corruption cargo investigation uncovered irregularities number middle_east operations deprived government millions dollars revenue officials found extending special privileges main freight exchange bribes smuggling foreign currency gold bars reported taken place cargo village employees number arrests perpetrators evaded punishment lack evidence pressure union destinations november serves destinations international carrier air service agreements countries leaving room expansion lacks aircraft airline operates flights destinations middle_east destinations south south east asia london rome europe airline announced intentions commence flights china summer board director criticised expansion poorly planned commercially viable new_york manchester operated flights john kennedy international airport new_york_city brussels new_york prestigious destination kept operational despite heavy financial losses maintain landing slot cancelled difficult regain curb losses reduced service flight week routed manchester airport travel demands community north england april inaugural flight manchester landed manchester airport route federal aviation administration placed civil aviation authority bangladesh category meet international civil aviation organization standards according international aviation safety assessment program placed additional restrictions country flying assistant director scathing remarks opinion article monthly travel tourism supplement news magazine weekly holiday meant continue flying expand alterations routes changing transit brussels manchester fined rules flights new_york routed brussels warned replace december according experts aircraft equipped safely cross atlantic refused permission flight brussels enter citing safety concerns ailing aircraft route flight diverted international airport canada passengers provided alternative airline options complete journey canadian authorities inspected aircraft gave clean bill health aircraft returned passengers eventually admitted mistaken apologised error incident end route losing flight owing use obsolete decided axe route number regional domestic routes curb huge losses incurred airline month october directed government resume flights new_york given october extended earlier deadline march resume flights airport airport authority lost landing slot permanently resumption flights united_states place depending upgrading category category flights annual islamic pilgrimage undertaken thousands bangladesh predominantly muslim population sole airline permitted government provide flights pilgrims king international airport year commencement flights inaugurated high ranking government officials including times prime minister government opened service private tour operators time initial private flights plagued delays outgoing return flights postponed long days caused bangladesh government return flights monopoly handling flights troubles state minister civil aviation tourism resigned complaints set high took unprecedented step removing business class seats dedicated flights accommodate economy class passengers procedural irregularities agencies delayed confirmation pilgrims cancel flights owing lack sufficient passengers situation resolved unable offer required number flights cope passengers june government approved year policy aiming alleviate problems encountered previous years flights begin leaving bangladesh international airports international airport international airport tender wet lease aircraft additional flights reached agreement air deal fell august air demanded advance payment instead previously agreed services australia selected following tender fill gap left air wet leased boeing air nigeria months operate flights saudi_arabia boeing leased orient thai june experienced difficulties providing scheduled services carrier gave priority transportation pilgrims season aircraft flown regular flights despite airline reported profit billion season highest results services started fleet vintage douglas douglas aircraft fleet domestic operations commenced acquisition aircraft flying passengers base shortly boeing chartered british joined airline fleet allowing begin international flights purchased douglas aircraft singapore provide services long haul routes british entered fleet late coming replace mid-1990s switched choice long haul routes series aircraft powered ordered joined fleet june retained elderly fleet aircraft banned countries notably usa safety concerns decades sole aircraft served airline consistently noteworthy mechanical problems marked contrast record domestic operations operated routinely service technical trouble incident government minister disembarked flight travelled road learned aircraft january leased boeing domestic regional routes eighteen months acted replacement douglas international fleet delivery modern boeing started remainder fleet domestic regional sectors retired fleet contains second douglas come production line produced following purchase new acquired cost million aircraft built making latest acquisitions oldest aircraft fleet fleet difficult maintain flight schedule aircraft suffered mechanical problems leading flight delays number aircraft remained grounded owing lack spare parts longer manufactured parts difficult source deal signed january year contract german company maintenance airline operates maintenance facilities international airport carries maintenance work checks 2000s request proposal acquisition wide bodied aircraft replace fleet renewal plans airline expected shelved government attempt acquire new aircraft plans submitted purchase new wide bodied boeing aircraft total cost billion boeing arranged finance purchase provided guarantee given bangladesh government bureaucratic delays perceived lack commitment government boeing lost interest plans cancelled similar attempt purchase medium haul aircraft domestic service postponed march tender dry lease aircraft years sole response tender came star aviation united arab public limited company renewed attempts new generation aircraft replace fleet november boeing offer supply boeing options delivered boeing options delivered provide similar aircraft lease interim period beginning average price aircraft quoted million offer supply series aircraft lower price boeing manage fleet short run floated tender january purchase dry lease options purchase aircraft march management unveiled plan generation wide bodied aircraft boeing commercial total cost billion including boeing average price million unit boeing seat million unit delivered deal acquisition aircraft signed boeing april included memorandum understanding purchase boeing delivered making initial instalment million remaining cost based bank finance syndication local banks finance balance june year placed firm order boeing took options aircraft type total order aircraft valued billion 2010s leased boeing aircraft mainly routes european destinations cover interim period delivery new boeing secure delivery brand new airline initial million loan granted chase wearing new carrier took delivery boeing late october delivered boeing delivered boeing went airline took possession late november boeing named handed carrier february fourth named joined fleet march following government approving million loan million provided bank rest standard chartered bank retired entire douglas fleet february operating special birmingham farewell flight kuwait carrier operated separate aviation enthusiasts scenic flights birmingham february flights day scrapped locally phased carrier leased boeing aircraft march airline plans expand fleet aircraft allow route expansion newly leased dash aircraft carrier resuming swing domestic flights cox april aircraft dry leased smart aviation company period years operated regional flights initially supposed resume november failed unable find aircraft modern word refers originating sanskrit word given flying machine mentioned ancient literature logo painted tail white inside red circle logo designed painter initial dark blue line extending aircraft windows covering tail section replaced 1980s dark green red lines matching colours bangladesh flag remained decades went exercise unveiled new logo designed applied leased boeing aircraft following change government forced revert original branding new brand image endorsed incoming government carrier adopted new modern revised version applied new boeing delivered late given headquarters building landmark sculpture depicting headquarters commercial area current february bangladesh fleet included following aircraft historical fleet carrier operated following aircraft accidents incidents november aviation safety network records accidents incidents bangladesh leading fatalities


flight flight registration scheduled domestic passenger flight brazil july overran runway heavy rain crashed nearby express warehouse adjacent shell filling station passengers crew aboard died people ground surpassed flight deadliest air disaster brazilian territory remains deadliest aviation accident involving proper worldwide deadliest accident involving aircraft family time later surpassed bombing flight crashed egypt october fatalities accident investigated brazilian air_force accidents investigation prevention center portuguese final report issued september concluded accident caused errors committed pilots flight aircraft crew aircraft serving flight serial number registration powered engines built february entered service march flying peru later serving fleet pacific aircraft owned aviation entering service january april aircraft flown hours cycles aircraft dispatched thrust mechanical device help slow airplane landing number right engine jammed said statement fault landings mechanical problem recorded july day accident reported aircraft difficulty braking runway day fatal accident thrust number engine confirmed july flight command experienced cockpit crew consisting captain pilot pilots flying years captain nearly flight hours career pilot hours flying experience flight chronology plane departed international airport local time utc local time utc flight landing airport crash flight cleared land runway reviews government officials surveillance videos showed despite aircraft touching normal touch point runway slow normally crossing far end runway knots aircraft bearing left continued end runway runway elevated surrounding area aircraft momentum carried traffic adjacent washington major clearing road aircraft exploded impact story express facility resulting large fire killing everybody board instantly express building contained offices warehouse located adjacent shell gas station runway recently resurfaced water grooves cut reduce danger flight data recorder information recovered crash released brazilian authorities showed immediately prior touchdown thrust climb position engine power governed flight computer system seconds prior touchdown warning issued flight computer system advising pilots thrust recommended idle reverse thrust position aircraft system engine power governed directly thrust position moment touchdown armed position according system logic flight controls order automatically deploy touchdown armed position thrust close idle position shows immediately warning flight computer recorded left thrust rear position thrust left engine right thrust controlling engine disabled thrust remained position theory forth pilots noticed right engine remained system unlike aircraft manufacturers automatically controller changes engine settings pilots thought right engine idle power realizing logic thrust pulled idle position automatically pilot pulled left engine thrust idle disconnected system computer right engine power idle right engine thrust climb time right engine accelerated climb power left engine deployed thrust resulting thrust condition resulted loss control crash ensued deploy landing run right thrust idle setting required automatic deployment aviation safety brazil increased scrutiny following mid air collision september amazon flight legacy brazil aviation crisis singled having safety issues relating operations wet weather location runway characteristics traffic serves runway metres long counterpart rio_de_janeiro airport shorter runway airports receive type traffic ranging small private planes boeing affect landing distance aircraft approach speed weight presence speed knots higher normal result increase runway length needed stop aircraft wet weather significantly reduce braking performance aircraft leading increase minimum runway length requirement pilots called airport aircraft carrier runway short length pilots told feet runway february brazilian judge briefly banned flights boeing boeing aircraft airport aircraft banned manufacturer stated braking distance shorter banned aircraft pilots complained water accumulating runway reducing aircraft braking performance occasionally causing planes judge claimed runway needed metres longer aircraft operate safely time brazil national civil aviation agency claimed safety conditions runway airport adequate objected decision spokesman stating injunction stands cause total chaos claiming passengers day airport authorities appealed decision resulting overturned following day appeals court overruled ban types planes saying harsh severe economic safety concerns prevent planes landing taking airport runway reopened popular pressure aviation consultant said interview aftermath airport reopened july alternative runway flights including bra transferred international airport major airport closure main runway ongoing investigation accident july presidency chief staff announced plans significantly reduce number flights operating plan included banning days connection charter international flights reduction number private jets airport operate direct flights certain cities brazil plan called study expansion current airports construction airport metropolitan area state crime scene investigators terminated search remains july date bodies recovered site identified medical office passengers investigation investigation carried brazil accidents investigation prevention center data flight data recorder cockpit voice recorder downloaded national transportation safety board united_states commencing july respectively based preliminary data july cautioned operators ensure thrust set idle released august shows pilots aware wet runway conditions thrust pilots comments suggest deploy unable slow aircraft crew error ruled investigation brazilian public safety ministry released november concluded pilots mistakenly left engine idle right thrust working fact necessary engines order work said national civil aviation agency closed airport night plane landed heavy rains airport authorities shared blame runway properly constructed grooves drain away excess contributing crash plane manufacturer provided warning pilots braking system failing failed properly train pilots act correctly emergency final report september years accident announced results official investigations report shows thrust control engines position accelerate idle proved mechanical human failure cause accident report suggests accident flaw power control plane engines kept thrust acceleration regardless actual position circumstances mechanical failure aircraft second hypothesis pilot performed procedure different provided manual thrust irregular position configuration human error accident addition positions thrust report points factors contributed accident high volume rain day formation runway absence report blame length runway accident response crash president ordered days national mourning pan american games rio_de_janeiro brazilian athletes wore black remembrance victims flags participating countries flown half mast july matches involving brazilian athlete team started minute silence matches started minute silence players wore black brazilian formula driver black stripe helmet european grand prix commemorate victims stripes helmet red bull racing drivers david mark small brazilian flags helmets referring accident marched crash site july blaming government failure invest airport infrastructure crash protesters demanded president legal action november police investigation completed pages took months research produced people heard federal prosecutors director flight safety officer company dos convicted attempt air transport security mode march took management air services newly established national civil aviation agency investigation accident killed people revealed february federal judge saw action restricting landing planes rainy days received document like standard technical study according complaint study presented standard guarantee theory security landing operations airport study indicated landings forbidden case track water depth greater accident plane july revealed study standard obligation follow according testimony federal judge federal public ministry document fundamental federal court release runway landings equipment brazilian federal public ministry federal laid criminal charges director brazilian national civil aviation agency time disaster directors dos director flight safety vice president operations accused air transport safety allowing aircraft land heavy rain short recently resurfaced runway cutting grooves channel away excess trial began withdrew charges lack evidence second charge documentary dismissed november march judgement handed charges company responsible paying compensation tragedy launched lawsuit brazil million million according attorneys representing responded brazilian court filing accepts responsibility laying blame disaster cockpit crew airline poor state runway notable passengers passengers aged brazilian social democracy party federal politician member leader opposition chamber deputies brazil aged chairman football team sport club attorney sport club known air crash investigation australia new_zealand asia air emergency air disasters united_states produced hour crash episode entitled deadly reputation poor reputation airport specifically runway pilots gallery


norway norway norwegian airline operated focusing charter airline operated boeing aircraft operated douglas aircraft airline flew single scheduled route oslo airport london airport contract air europe expense peak norway employees company struggled financially lost million norwegian nok terminating operations having profit airline established based investors april having originally intended operate charter flights mediterranean area australia early investor soon sold company suffered main contractor sun tours going bankrupt airline moved british charter market air europe holding company bought norway october allowed norwegian company start flying air europe route oslo wet lease operation addition international destinations london air europe went bankrupt march causing norway temporarily halt operations sterling came new strategic minority owner started alliance key goal secure concessions fly scandinavian capital cities oslo stockholm copenhagen permission granted instead norway started service oslo london operations ceased october board filed bankruptcy history establishment norway established april holding company hell holding investors largest business model operate charter flights norway mediterranean eighty percent market carried foreign believed prefer norwegian carrier willing pay company initial share capital nok million established head office main base airport separate companies organized established aircraft lease airline aircraft owner companies paid million united_states dollars boeing delivered new boeing commercial shares aircraft owning companies offered public percent annual return investment investment model based tax advantages share capital expanded nok million september australia bought percent stake replaced chairman hired managing director original plans start operations october postponed late delivery aircraft revenue flights commenced february delivery airline passenger boeing city trondheim airline second city delivered month leased monarch percent company initial business flying contract sun tours replaced march company lost nok million deficit nok million following year cover losses airline issued private placement nok million public issue nok million airline retained single aircraft operation late staff employees revenue form single aircraft cover airline planned acquire aircraft profit nok million nok million sun tours filed bankruptcy late stated bankruptcy came convenient time short term norway fly sun tours customers expense norwegian travel guarantee fund deficit aircraft european charter market week norway signed contract fly aircraft london airport new issue shares nok million took place june company stated intent list trondheim stock exchange appointed chairman air europe airline september need new capital contracts ended november high demand aircraft aviation regulations hindered norway wet aircraft crew limited dry crew jobs employees mid october air europe planning purchase norway bought share held percent ownership norway announced october lease aircraft air europe year contract aircraft november march airline continue hoc charters aircraft march deal involved united_kingdom based international leisure group purchase percent share norway private placement nok million air europe announced december start scheduled service oslo london intended offer cheaper flights scandinavian system british operations started norway airline seat passengers class layout norway announced brand air europe scandinavia paint aircraft air europe albeit flag norway air europe simultaneously started services copenhagen stockholm london oslo london route immediately achieved eighty percent cabin factor percent sales business class capacity doubled november daily round trips routes flown behalf air europe london rome gibraltar malta occasionally aircraft services london routes year achieved percent market share norway july lost accumulated nok million new shares worth nok million issued finance continued operations norway applied permission operate charter route oslo malaysia boeing application dismissed ministry transport communications protect route copenhagen singapore route necessary norway aircraft according company necessary generate profit created new jobs mean time sent charter passengers scheduled flights london onwards british carriers malaysia dismissal appealed minister transport communications lie christian democratic_party issue political issue cabinet conservative party progress party favor increased airline industry issue complicated common aviation policy scandinavian counties largely established protect interest international services cabinet opened discussion governments sweden denmark conservative party stated response danish swedish authorities allowing charter services thailand seen competing route resigned november issues norway european_union reply application airline reached non public settlement september right purchase norway airline aircraft norway lost nok million january airline won contract fly personnel norwegian armed forces airline priced half million lower busy bee operations started april secured sufficient business airline order aircraft contract additional charter flights week received concession operate scheduled flights oslo copenhagen stockholm london similar concession granted safe stated intense competition route difficult start service year concession required norway foreign citizens board representatives sat board resign concession valid progress party called law changed norway applied route bergen london air europe fell financial distress terminated operations march resulted norway having ground aircraft operations commence creditors aircraft bank bank holding companies aircraft remained grounded military contract started april norway lease aircraft externally operate charters aircraft freed end april allowing services commence april originally aircraft expired april respectively norway april contract involved flying norway greece spain portugal turkey air europe bankruptcy cost norway nok million required company reduce staff employees aircraft fully utilized second occasionally operated star tour british cooperation denmark sterling bought share norway mid july announced partnership included controlled owned percent stake sterling percent remaining owned sterling applied concessions operate capital triangle oslo copenhagen stockholm held monopoly routes intended capture leisure market capital regions sterling hindered owning norway norwegian corporate legislation bank gradually largest norway airline owned percent company july shareholders meeting july appointed chairman non norwegian board members replaced september government changed policy military air transport april involved transport people annually transferred scheduled services resulting norway losing opportunity extend engagement military route oslo london introduced october weekly services increasing october partner launched alliance group use bowler hat common symbol routes arrived late evening flights trondheim bergen departed months airline achieved percent cabin factor london route ministry rejected december airline application flying stockholm copenhagen december british airline dan air established oslo london route meet price competition launched discounted business class tickets course months late late capacity oslo london doubled air introduced service airport norway lost nok million norway replaced aircraft douglas aircraft leased owners boeing aircraft meant find new marketed prices fallen month agreement signed norway march british norway announced march sterling employees norway october group started negotiations june safe air scandinavia join alliance prior roll reservation system july norway included default searched travel agents phone airline price quote foreign april permitted fly passengers scandinavian capitals tap portugal delta air lines started flying passengers extensions existing routes negotiated agreements scandinavian agreements continued hinder norway flying routes ministry transport communications received applications operate oslo scandinavian capitals norway safe sterling air norway airline board voted october file bankruptcy aircraft grounded october official reason crisis airline industry unacceptable combined norwegian authorities lack willingness grant airline concessions airline lost nok million start year failed profit norway entered negotiations air holland purchase airline deal fell december days bankruptcy dan air terminated operations safe decided start flying route days dan air closure schedules published newspaper slots british permission granted days service started days later organization established company based outside main operative base airport head office later moved outside oslo main base moved oslo airport peak company employees based norway time bankruptcy company employees flight staff air europe ceo rod lynch stated air europe extension norway percent lower operating costs percent lower british lynch emphasized lack trade unions key holding costs air europe claimed thirty percent market share passengers oslo london norway single class service route marketing claimed offered business class service airline served warm flight meal drinks level business class airline hoped attract business travelers travel reasonable fare attracting leisure travelers better service norway pioneered smoke free flights norway destinations norway operated single scheduled service oslo london route flown times week round trips day sundays round trip day route saw average passengers year fleet norway operated following aircraft