vietnamese war vietnamese war armed conflict socialist republic vietnam democratic war began isolated clashes land maritime boundaries vietnam occasionally involving division sized military formations december vietnam launched scale invasion subsequently occupied country removed government power vietnam war vietnamese communists formed alliance fight regimes respective countries despite open display cooperation vietnamese leadership feared vietnamese communists form federation vietnam dominant force region order attempt vietnamese dominate leadership began vietnamese trained personnel ranks regime newly formed democratic dominated began war vietnam marked attack vietnamese island spite fighting occurred countries leaders vietnam public diplomatic exchanges highlight supposedly strong relations scenes leaders continued fear perceived vietnamese april launched major military attack vietnam shocked assault vietnam launched strike end attempt force government negotiate january vietnamese military withdrew political objectives achieved small scale fighting continued countries china tried peace talks sides country reach acceptable compromise negotiation table end vietnamese leaders decided remove dominated regime democratic pro chinese hostile vietnam december vietnamese troops invaded democratic overran revolutionary army weeks january pro vietnamese people republic established marking beginning year vietnamese occupation period democratic continued recognised united_nations legitimate government armed resistance groups formed fight vietnamese occupation scenes prime minister regime approached factions coalition government democratic begin peace talks heavy diplomatic economic pressure international community vietnamese government implemented series economic foreign policy reforms led withdrawal september informal meeting australian sponsored peace plan representatives agreed power sharing arrangement forming unity government known supreme national council role represent sovereignty international stage united_nations transitional authority tasked supervising country domestic policies government elected people peaceful democratic process peace proved difficult leaders decided participate general elections instead chose disrupt electoral process launching military attacks killing ethnic vietnamese migrants movement defeated people party people revolutionary party win general elections leadership refused accept defeat announced eastern provinces votes drawn avoid outcome leader agreed form coalition government shortly constitutional monarchy restored outlawed newly formed government etymology vietnam war called campaign counter invasion vietnam national south west border background vietnamese history seat empire subjected vietnamese influence early 13th century vietnamese influence spread gradually indirectly early 19th century vietnam exercised direct control gained throne help vietnam rule following death vietnam governed vietnamese administration termed vietnamese province 1830s vietnam attempted culture derived basis society dress religion india china trend vietnamese dominance continued french colonization forced southern cone later delta vietnamese later justified incursions vietnam attempt regain territories lost previous centuries rise communism communist movement vietnam began world war founding communist_party exclusively dominated vietnamese originally meant fight french colonial rule commonly known alias founded lap japanese defeated end world war initiated war independence french time vietnamese forces extensive use territory transport weapons supplies troops relationship lasted vietnam war vietnamese communists transport route staging area attacks south vietnam vietnam guided establishment separate communist_party people revolutionary party allied nationalist movement free order pursue independence accordance geneva negotiating end french domination newly created communist north vietnam pulled soldiers staffed primarily ethnic vietnamese approximately communist went power vacuum vietnamese communists left wake soon filled return young group communist revolutionaries received communist education france changed communist_party later adopted majority coalition formed pot true political institution genesis doctrine heavily influenced ideology anti vietnamese sentiment pro china leader despite anti communist ostensibly pro american camp backed vietnamese anti communist south vietnam communist planned slaughter vietnamese restoration south vietnam revived state vietnamese slaughtered dumped river hands anti communist forces later imitated actions democratic government adopted mysterious term organisation identities leaders remained confidential official head state men control party pot ultimate objective structure state viewed feudal capitalist serving elite place hoped create society based entirely worker peasants radical goals alien concepts masses fact socialist revolution held little popular appeal led pot use ultra nationalist sentiment rule propaganda aimed vietnamese maintain control years rebellion support north vietnam conjunction china essential eventual triumph vietnam war ended relationship process seizing power backed regime headed vietnam strained clashes vietnamese communists forces began early following year pot signed treaty friendship china diplomacy military action fighting building friendly relations conclusion civil war fall april immediately brought new conflict vietnam north vietnamese previously fought leaders newly created democratic continued view vietnam great suspicion believed vietnamese communists given dream creating federation vietnam leader reason government decided remove north vietnamese military forces territory shortly capture april major clash allies revolutionary army invaded vietnamese island barely hours fell claimed territory days later military continued capturing executed vietnamese civilians vietnamese military immediately responded actions launching counter attack removing forces invading island june visit leader pot proposed vietnam country sign treaty friendship begin discussions border disputes discussions claimed vietnam turned offers august vietnam returned island formally recognised sovereignty island following incidents countries attempted improve diplomatic relations series messages exchange visits april vietnamese leaders sent message pot elections president president people representatives premier respectively furthermore vietnamese denounced alleged bombing february reinforcing fictitious claim incident response june leadership sent message provisional revolutionary government republic south vietnam governed south vietnam fall seventh anniversary establishment july following establishment socialist republic vietnam country radio broadcast commentary proclaimed militant solidarity friendship peoples democratic socialist republic vietnam grow constantly month premier pot publicly hinted tensions vietnam told visiting vietnamese media delegation obstacles difficulties relationship countries nonetheless september air service connecting city established december revolutionary organisation sent vietnamese communist_party fourth congress build war end vietnam publicly appeared improving relationships private suspicions countries leadership grew vietnamese perspective patron genuine revolutions south east asia vital exercise control reason north vietnam supported fight regime hope communists adopt pro vietnamese line victory way hopes early north vietnamese military formations operating occupied territories occasionally subjected armed attacks allies vietnamese position inside weakened end war pro vietnamese elements left communist_party pro chinese pot brother law resigned respective positions premier foreign minister september vietnamese prime minister general secretary communist_party optimistic vietnam exercise greater influence private meeting soviet ambassador vietnam november dismissed pot bad people pro chinese policies asserted ascended position premier democratic pot replacement person pro vietnamese orientation vietnam exercise influence events developed months prove mistaken assessment leadership developed fear hatred vietnamese leadership result vietnam historical dominance country perspective vietnamese strategy dominate involved communist parties vietnamese trained reason group north vietnamese trained personnel returned country immediately months following defeat regime pot continued purge government democratic believed soviet vietnamese agents context prevailed leadership war claimed single defeated american democratic began embark war vietnam revolutionary army preparations war vietnam state controlled media vietnam sent messages government democratic second anniversary establishment april april second anniversary fall reply came form military attack vietnamese provinces killing hundreds vietnamese civilians vietnam people army responded moving troops areas attacked june vietnam proposed high level talks discuss outstanding issues june government replied demanding vietnam remove military units disputed areas create zone opposing forces sides ignored proposals revolutionary army continued sending soldiers border attack vietnamese towns villages september artillery struck vietnamese villages border villages province overrun infantry shortly divisions revolutionary army advanced kilometers province killed vietnamese civilians angered scale assaults vietnam people army assembled divisions estimated soldiers launch strike december divisions support elements vietnam people air_force crossed border axes objective forcing government negotiate battlefield quickly lost ground combat units pushed vietnamese end december vietnam won clear military victory vietnamese formations marched province stopped short entering provincial capital despite vietnamese retaliation government remained defiant december declared government temporarily diplomatic relations vietnam vietnamese military withdraw sacred territory democratic january divisions kilometers vietnamese government decided withdraw forces failed achieve vietnam political objective withdrawal vietnamese military evacuated thousands prisoners civilian refugees including future leader preparations regime change instead vietnamese force government boasted vietnamese withdrawal major victory democratic comparing defeat april went january victory vietnamese enemy given greater confidence forces people nation communist_party revolutionary army party line people war leadership claimed soldier equal vietnamese soldiers raise million soldiers population million vietnam population million million people left reality leaders simply ignored condition population country vietnam vietnamese poor good physical condition population physically mentally exhausted years hard labour starvation disease addition population great fighting capabilities armed forces countries vietnam estimated soldiers tanks supported member air_force combat aircraft including squadron light bombers comparison army heavy tanks armoured vehicles limited air capability despite facing heavy odds showed signs military continued assault vietnam border regions january forces held portions vietnamese territory began vietnamese outposts province january vietnam started calling military border regions overthrow regime backdrop military clashes january february vietnamese deputy foreign minister trips beijing hold discussions representatives government ultimately proved fruitless january china attempted negotiations vietnam vice premier travelled met strong resistance leaders vietnamese government officials began conducting secret meetings leader eastern military zone plan military uprising backed vietnam period military setbacks experienced revolutionary army eastern military zone prompted pot label region nest order purge eastern military zone perceived contaminated vietnamese pot ordered military units southwest zone eastern eliminate hidden unable withstand attack government committed suicide deputy defected vietnam april government declared vietnam negotiate vietnamese gave ambitions recognised sovereignty pre condition requiring vietnam meet obligations seven month trial vietnamese government immediately rejected demand response divisions penetrated kilometers vietnamese territory vietnamese civilians village province june vietnamese air_force started bombing positions border regions flying bombing sorties day inflicting heavy casualties stage conflict surviving leaders eastern military zone escaped vietnam assembled secret camps purpose forming vietnamese backed liberation army fight regime vietnamese communist_party meeting discuss strategy concluded regime china trying fill power vacuum following withdrawal united_states china identified vietnam main enemy client regime removed conventional military force vietnamese adaptation people war doctrine success security apparatus reflect attitude country leaders vietnam state controlled media stepped propaganda war official newspaper regularly calling international intervention save people domestic terror initiated regime furthermore instead sending messages like previous years vietnamese media changed tone began referring government pot military continued campaign vietnam end june vietnamese military assembled multi division task force launch limited objective campaign vietnamese pushed forces provincial cities prey pulled army moved artillery border continued vietnamese villages happened second half vietnamese leaders devoted energy military campaign regime seeking political support soviet_union briefing vietnamese foreign ministry officials july soviet told government deployed regular army divisions local regiments border vietnam early september informed soviet ambassador vietnam aimed solve fully question beginning vietnam laying political foundation military campaign soviet ships reported unloading military hardware ammunition bay october vietnamese radio broadcast claimed accounts uprisings regime urging members military overthrow pot defect vietnam major turning point course soviet vietnamese sino vietnamese diplomatic relations ultimately vietnamese invasion treaty friendship cooperation signed vietnam soviet_union november guaranteed vital soviet military aid scenario china intervened conflict later november command control headquarters established planned invasion senior general taking control units border areas vietnamese government drafted men military replace earlier losses augment units border new recruits completing training divisions deployed border regions long provinces vietnam shifted divisions based south border december chinese government warned vietnam patience limited vietnam punished behaved fashion nonetheless final piece vietnamese strategy emerged vietnam announced formation united national salvation liberation zones claimed independent communist movement members drawn walks life member commander 4th division chairman central committee previously known provisional revolutionary government consisted defected vietnam regularly sent representatives abroad search support vietnam abandoned people war concept favour conventional military campaign vietnamese military build government democratic busy strengthening armed forces chinese support previous years china provided revolutionary army limited arms ammunition relations vietnam worsened beijing established additional supply routes increased volume military hardware travelled route eve vietnamese invasion estimated soldiers eastern military zone bordering vietnam time branches armed forces significantly strengthened large quantities chinese military equipment included fighter aircraft patrol boats heavy artillery anti aircraft guns trucks tanks additionally chinese advisers military civilian capacities providing support regime invasion december new found strength tested vietnamese offensive consisting divisions crossed border moved town support divisions deployed local routes cut logistical tail units despite enjoying generous support china military withstand vietnamese offensive suffered heavy casualties finally december vietnam launched scale invasion divisions estimated soldiers supported heavy artillery air power initially directly challenged vietnam military conventional fighting methods tactic resulted loss half revolutionary army weeks heavy defeats battlefield prompted leadership evacuate western region country january vietnamese army entered members following day pro vietnamese state known people republic established chief state pen general secretary people revolutionary party leadership political military structures shattered vietnamese invasion forced refuge thailand warmly welcomed thai government despite overwhelming economic challenges brought accompanying refugees thai government sheltered protected camp province new regime tried rebuild country economic social life largely destroyed decades political constant warfare efforts rebuild country severely hampered lack educated qualified personnel educated people fled country murdered regime previous years end year new regime attempts nation building challenged anti vietnamese resistance groups operating western regions country response international community shortly fall vietnamese forces allies january representatives democratic called emergency meeting united_nations security council prince present deposed regime case despite strong objections soviet_union czechoslovakia security council gave chance distanced human rights abuses accused vietnam aggression violate sovereignty demanded countries suspend aid vietnam recognise vietnamese installed regime subsequently seven non aligned members security council submitted draft resolution calling withdrawal foreign forces endorsed china france norway portugal united_states united_kingdom resolution approved strong opposition soviet_union czechoslovakia critics vietnamese actions held invade noble desire stop atrocities committed pot regime consolidate domination february vietnam new regime held summit meeting concluded countries signing treaty peace friendship cooperation article treaty stated security vietnam help defend schemes acts sabotage international forces presence vietnamese troops soil soon soviet_union socialist countries eastern_europe india recognised vietnamese installed people republic soviet government praised remarkable victory expressed support regime advance socialism furthermore soviets harshly criticised regime record terror implied imposed china 34th session general_assembly representatives people republic democratic claimed right represent country notified member nations security council sole legitimate representative people response credentials committee decided recognise democratic vote despite blood stained record power accordingly representatives democratic allowed seated general_assembly strong support china january countries established diplomatic relations people republic nearly countries recognised legitimacy deposed democratic time western powers member countries association south east asian nations voiced strong condemnation vietnam use force remove regime thailand shared kilometer mile border historically feared vietnam demanded vietnam immediately remove troops people elect government free foreign intervention indonesia malaysia philippines singapore showed support thailand position furthermore viewed vietnam invasion subsequent occupation received strong soviet support threat region security stability view shared china went far accusing vietnam forcing federation serve outpost soviet global united_states maintained form diplomatic ties democratic showed strong support membership enemy general_assembly echoed immediate withdrawal vietnamese military forces china vietnam february china vietnam invasion attacking sino vietnam border days reached provincial capitals fighting maze tunnels chinese encountered chinese army captured march march reportedly advancing high speed good terms supply lines following day china announced deeper vietnam apparently meeting fierce unexpectedly harsh resistance trained experienced vietnamese forces supplied american technology left vietnam war confident threat invasion success chinese retreated leaving path destruction spanning kilometers wake chinese total losses estimated higher vietnamese compared vietnamese death toll approximately diversion troops facilitated strong resurgence operations making young regime implement conscription requiring vietnam station large portion army sino vietnamese border internal resistance new regime regime removed power january people hoped peace liberty return country reinforced constitution people republic proclaimed specifically stated independent peaceful state power belongs people deep contrast written constitution reality people began despair viewed vietnamese occupation country liberation freed brutality democratic perception reinforced presence vietnamese advisers worked level government example vietnamese adviser cabinet minister adviser deputy ministers furthermore reported final decisions minister receive final approval vietnamese adviser usually dictated policies opposition vietnamese human rights abuses committed vietnamese allies fulfill plan construction project strengthen thai border government people large numbers malaria resist vietnamese occupation regime installed called people unite fight vietnamese brutality experienced deposed regime believed political movement aimed restoring national freedom oppose vietnamese response non communist movements formed fight vietnamese occupation group right wing pro western organisation formed october prime minister son called people national liberation operated refugee camps thai border controlled thousands civilians peak armed branch estimated fighters number lost fighting vietnamese dry season offensive nonetheless continued operate small groups vietnamese allies guerrilla tactics non communist organisation national united independent peaceful neutral cooperative formed known french acronym organization formed severed ties following representation behalf security council leader called general_assembly expel representatives crimes power seat vacant basis vietnamese installed mandate represent people criticised continued recognition specifically thailand enabling chinese arms shipments travel territory supply notorious communist group despite strength effectiveness popularity resistance groups plagued internal divisions caused lack unity leadership struggles corruption alleged abuses human rights early days vietnamese occupation resistance groups limited contact differences enjoyed widespread international recognition organization pressure reform international community backed diplomatic confrontations regime general_assembly urged leadership blood stained image order join forces non communist movements idea forming alliance initially caused certain degree leadership circles groups joining communist organization known brutality nonetheless early son began engaging talks president deposed democratic discuss prospect forming alliance august unity talks organizations appeared collapsed result conflicting interests feared resurgence proposed resistance groups following withdrawal vietnamese troops son demanded lead organization proposed alliance leaders compromised atrocities exiled china reminded rivals autonomy democratic undermined november singapore backing proposed organizations form coalition government equal decision making powers alliance singapore proposal welcomed believed fair deal non communist movements hand rejected idea viewing attempt son knew chinese support available joined terms february met beijing work differences described concession proposed forming coalition government integrating resistance groups institutions associated democratic emphasized parties defend legal status democratic legitimate state representing world stage urging son decided form coalition government june leaders organizations formation coalition government signing thai sponsored agreement established coalition government democratic accordingly inner cabinet consisted president democratic vice president charge foreign affairs son prime minister inner cabinet separate committees responsible national defence economy finance social affairs public health military affairs media democratic held membership general_assembly lacked criteria people territory government supreme authority borders country spite limitations forces armed factions continued fight vietnamese achieve objective bring implementation international conference relevant general_assembly resolutions vietnamese reform withdrawal vietnamese leaders launched invasion remove regime expect negative reaction international community events followed invasion showed vietnamese leaders severely international sympathies cause instead backing vietnam united_nations member countries denounced vietnamese use force moved revive battered organisation governed country brutality military problem quickly evolved economic diplomatic problem vietnam international arena decade vietnam occupied neighbouring vietnamese government regime installed placed periphery international community international community political stance severe impact vietnamese economy wrecked decades continuous conflicts united_states sanctions place vietnam convinced countries united_nations vietnam people republic needed funds denying membership major international organisations world bank asian development bank international monetary fund japan stepped pressure economic aid vietnam warned vietnamese leaders economic aid resume vietnam amended policies sino soviet rivalry problem boat people sweden considered supporter vietnam west considered reducing commitments communist country virtually country cancelled aid addition external pressure domestic policies implemented vietnamese government proven largely ineffective country economic growth building soviet model central economic planning vietnam placed emphasis development heavy industries production agriculture light manufacturing sectors furthermore attempts economy southern vietnam resulted chaos economic output driven general population addition failed economic policies vietnam maintained fifth largest armed forces world million regular soldiers arms stationed consequently vietnamese government spend budget military campaign despite receiving billion military aid annually soviet_union vietnam economic rebuilding efforts avoid engaging conflict local armed resistance groups context international pressure vietnam began withdrawing military forces early withdrawal process lacked international foreign observers simply dismissed vietnam movement troops mere order vietnam unveiled phase strategy known plan authored general led vietnamese campaign phase required vietnamese military capture bases armed groups western border thailand following phases included sealing border thailand destroying local resistance groups providing security population building people revolutionary armed forces foreign observers believed vietnamese army completed phase plan dry season offensive base camps anti vietnamese resistance groups overrun majority vietnamese divisions assigned operations remainder staying major provinces protect local population train armed forces international isolation economic hardships forced vietnam rely soviet_union help chinese invasion february soviet_union provided billion worth military aid vietnam figure peaked billion period help vietnam implement year plan soviet_union provided sum billion vietnamese government expenditures economic aid ultimately reached billion annually soviet_union provided percent vietnam demand raw materials percent grain imports figures suggest soviet_union reliable ally privately soviet leaders dissatisfied handling stalemate resented burden aid program vietnam country undergoing economic reforms soviet government announced reduce aid friendly nations vietnam reductions meant loss percent economic aid military aid international community deal economic challenges brought changes soviet_union eastern_europe vietnamese leaders decided embark series reforms 6th national party congress december newly appointed general secretary van introduced major reform known vietnamese term renovation order fix vietnam economic problems vietnamese leaders concluded vietnam dire economic situation came result international isolation followed invasion successful needed radical changes defence foreign policy subsequently june vietnamese adopted new defence strategy resolution calling complete withdrawal vietnamese soldiers international duties reduction size army discharge soldiers establishment set ratio military expenditures vietnamese adopted resolution foreign policy aimed achieve vietnam foreign relations main objectives end imposed members integrate vietnam regional international community ultimately attract foreign investment development aid change vietnam ceased regard united_states long term foe china imminent dangerous enemy addition official vietnamese propaganda stopped nato type organisation implement new reforms vietnam support soviet_union started transferring years worth military equipment numbered soldiers vietnamese ministry defense international relations department advised counterparts use available equipment maintain current level operations engage major operations exhaust supplies vietnam estimated troops sensing diplomatic settlement reach vietnamese government began withdrawing forces earnest april july vietnamese soldiers returned home september suffering soldiers killed wounded year occupation vietnam commitment officially remaining vietnamese soldiers pulled armed resistance groups opposed vietnamese installed regime claimed vietnamese troops operating soil long september example non communist groups engaging land grab operations western withdrawal reported clashes elite vietnamese special forces near route march vietnamese units reported entered province defeat offensive despite claims october vietnamese government signed paris peace agreement aimed restore peace vietnam aftermath paris peace agreement january appointed prime minister people republic began peace talks factions coalition government democratic december met france discuss future talks occurred january offered position government condition returned accept offer preparations receive despite failure government able persuade ministers regime return major step restoring peace representatives met time informal meeting july meeting proposed stage plan called cease fire force supervise withdrawal vietnamese troops integration armed factions single army vietnamese foreign minister urged parties involved separate problems internal external aspects begin process restoring peace vietnamese delegation proposed stage plan began internal discussions factions followed discussion involved countries vietnamese proposal won meeting agreements reached second meeting february australian foreign minister evans peace plan bring force establishment national unity government maintain sovereignty elections held facilitate peace agreement eve vietnamese withdrawal april convened meeting national assembly adopt new constitution country renamed state reflect state ambiguity country sovereignty furthermore buddhism established state religion citizens guaranteed right hold private property meantime peace talks factions continued paris peace conference held paris february following withdrawal vietnamese troops informal meeting held supreme national council established safeguard sovereignty initially supreme national council members seats allocated faction pro vietnam people revolutionary party objected proposed arrangement calling instead faction given seats total people revolutionary party seats supreme national council began representing general_assembly bold renamed people revolutionary party people party effort portray party democratic institution renounce revolutionary struggle october factions supreme national council vietnam member nations international peace conference signed paris peace agreement people decades continuous warfare years civil war atmosphere leaders factions remained order include agreement major powers agreed avoid word genocide describe actions government democratic period result criticised paris agreement far perfect failed remind people atrocities committed regime nonetheless paris agreement established united_nations transitional authority accordance security council resolution gave broad mandate supervise main policies administration works government elected november returned participate elections followed son official arrived days later set organisation electoral campaign office november returned flight initially expected arrival uneventful soon flight landed airport met angry crowd shouted insults abuses driven city crowd lined route office threw objects car soon arrived office entered immediately chinese government save shortly angry mob forced way building chased second floor tried hang ceiling fan eventually able escape building ladder face immediately taken airport flew departure participation election doubtful march start mission marked arrival included troops countries officials police civilian employees electoral volunteers mission led june formally established national union party announced register participate upcoming elections furthermore refused forces accordance paris agreement prevent ethnic vietnamese taking elections started vietnamese civilian communities causing hundreds thousands vietnamese flee end forces advanced order gain strategic forces fully deployed months leading elections military patrols attacked entered held territory despite ongoing threats elections won percent vote percent people party clearly defeated refused accept results election defense minister sin song announced eastern provinces supported people party prince leader son agreed form coalition government people party country break september constituent assembly approved new constitution prime minister appointed second prime minister september constitutional monarchy restored head state july government outlawed continuous violations paris agreement significantly government specifically recognised genocide atrocities occurred democratic completely dissolved vietnam world military occupation profound consequences vietnamese foreign policy gaining independence vietnamese communist perspective foreign policy dominated need maintain world order camps communist non communist treaties friendship vietnam signed soviet_union people republic consistent view ideological motivations vietnamese communist leadership proven limited heavily flawed demonstrated condemnation vietnam regime years followed vietnamese government left isolated world efforts rebuild country handicapped lack aid capitalist western nations furthermore presence vietnamese military forces obstacle prevented diplomatic ties china united_states member nations light decline experienced soviet_union socialist countries eastern_europe vietnamese government began repairing diplomatic relations neighbouring countries greater effort vietnam shattered economy invasion china placed sustained pressure northern borders vietnam province regularly shelled chinese artillery september chinese bombardment reached peak rounds fired reduce state hostility border region ultimately relations china vietnamese government dropped hostile references china 6th national party congress december adopted policy august peace plan authored australian foreign minister evans endorsed security council china vietnam moved accommodation early september vietnamese prime minister general secretary van prime minister van travelled china held secret meeting chinese prime minister general secretary chinese communist_party september general trip china thanked chinese government past assistance despite outward signs improvement vietnam diplomatic relations china vietnamese leaders reluctant endorse peace plan weaken client regime factions reached agreement power sharing arrangement outlined informal meeting february vietnam china rapidly moved establish formal diplomatic relations november newly elected vietnamese prime minister travelled beijing met chinese counterpart issued point establishing diplomatic ties countries years formal relations end conflict brought end imposed trade aid place january thai prime minister publicly voiced support vietnam rest gain admission period late early vietnam restored relations member nations result investments countries percent direct foreign investment vietnam aside obvious economic benefits provided peaceful environment guaranteed vietnam national security foreign threats post cold war era soviet aid longer available july vietnam officially seventh member leading officials invited vietnam join ministerial meeting august liaison office upgraded embassy status president bill_clinton announced formal diplomatic relations vietnam july ending vietnam isolation united_states


operation pig operation pig unusual transport task conducted royal_australian_air_force raaf operation ordered australian government response national shortage paint house building efforts squadron raaf given task transporting tonnes pig china hong_kong shipped australia squadron completed task week period background following world war australian commonwealth state governments launched joint commonwealth housing scheme address national shortage accommodation scheme private sector house building activities delayed shortage materials including pig needed manufacture paint time available source pig china company acquired tonnes long tons short tons british government tonnes long tons short tons australia remote locations china near border stocks transported capital government eventually gained permission export australia britain supply sufficient meet australia needs months chinese civil war raging time communist forces attacking river boats travelling judged necessary transport pig city air government agreed allow raaf royal_air_force aircraft fly return flights hong_kong arriving hong_kong shipped australia sea government communist forces concerned presence foreigners china australian warned imprisoned landed emergency operation raaf squadron selected transport australia share squadron equipped douglas aircraft responsible time conducting regular flights australia japan carrying personnel supplies australian element british commonwealth occupation force detachment led squadron commanding officer squadron leader john sent australia hong_kong preparation task flying conditions expected difficult aircraft manned highly experienced pilots performed duties navigator radio operator flight engineer flights hong_kong began early time isolated communist forces foreign evacuated city ahead expected occupation communists navigation aids available guide australian aircraft crews use inaccurate road maps navigation kilometre trips hong_kong raaf found flights hong_kong challenging result mountains chinese city expected lack accurate weather forecasts navigation aids australian evacuated early raaf slept british embassy needed overnight city detachment successful flying pig weeks available return flights memoirs attributed success reasonable weather enthusiasm completing task left hong_kong bound australia delivery pig rushed australia board squadron aircraft remainder transported hong_kong sea reported shortage pig overcome pilots involved operation pig received air_force cross new years honours recognition role operation raaf official historian wrote john brief thrilling account team exotic adventure mandatory reading raaf air transport crew room


battle battle mountain battle battle mountain engagement united_nations north korean forces early korean war august september san mountain area south_korea large engagements fought simultaneously battle perimeter battle ended victory large numbers united_states republic korea troops able prevent north korean division capturing mountain area operating defense army 25th infantry division placed 24th infantry regiment 5th infantry regiment san defend peaks hill later known battle mountain followed month long struggle north korean people army 6th division battle mountain changed hands times able secure definite victory capturing forces succeeded mission preventing north advancing battle mountain paving way north eventual defeat withdrawal area battle background outbreak war following june outbreak korean war result invasion republic korea south_korea northern neighbor democratic people republic korea north_korea united_nations committed troops conflict support south_korea united_states member subsequently dispatched ground forces korean peninsula goal pushing north korean invasion preventing south_korea collapsing number forces far_east steadily decreasing end world war years earlier time closest forces 24th infantry division headquartered japan division equipment reductions military spending regardless 24th ordered south_korea 24th infantry division unit sent korea mission initial shock north korean advances delaying larger north korean units buy time allow reinforcements arrive division consequently weeks 1st cavalry division 7th 25th infantry divisions moved position eighth united_states_army supporting units advance elements 24th infantry badly defeated battle july encounter american north korean forces month defeat 24th infantry repeatedly defeated forced south superior north korean numbers equipment regiments 24th infantry systematically pushed south engagements 24th final stand battle completely destroyed delayed north korean forces advancing july time eighth army force combat troops roughly equal north korean forces attacking region new units arriving day north korean advance captured north korean forces attempted perimeter 4th 6th north korean infantry divisions advanced south wide flanking maneuver divisions forced spread units thin line managed penetrate left flank armor superior numbers repeatedly pushing south korean forces american forces pushed repeatedly finally halting north korean advance series engagements southern section country 3rd battalion 29th infantry regiment newly arrived country sustained massive casualties coordinated ambush july opened pass area soon north korean forces took west pushing 19th infantry regiment leaving routes area open north korean attacks formations subsequently able defeat push north flank battle notch august suffering mounting losses kpa force west withdrew days equip receive reinforcements granted sides prepare attack perimeter 25th infantry division eighth army commander lieutenant general walker ordered 25th infantry division major general william defensive positions perimeter southern flank west august 25th infantry division moved line rough terrain west limited choice positions mountain group west readily ground east pass foot mountain ridges san dominated area protected road means north south communication west northwest broken spur ridge dominated feet san river provided excellent observation point surrounding area artillery area road junction 35th infantry regiment set positions northern 25th infantry division defense line 35th regiment line extended point miles west river turned east stream confluence river long regimental line yards twice length regiment typically assigned 1st battalion 35th infantry held regiment left flank west 2nd battalion held regimental right river 3rd battalion redesignated 1st battalion 29th infantry reserve road south quick access line south 24th infantry regiment west 5th regimental combat team division left flank division orders 5th held ground coastal road far san soon ordered close gap 24th infantry northward 5th sent south korean unit men american officers higher slope san north korean troops drove ordered 5th regimental combat team ground late ground firmly north korean hands prelude 6th division 7th division closed attacking 25th infantry division multiple fronts main efforts aimed 24th 35th infantry regiments time north korean 7th division trying penetrate 35th infantry positions 6th division sent strong patrols attacks mountainous middle 25th infantry division line division issued orders subordinate units defensive positions west 2nd battalion 24th infantry trying seize san mountain ridge west battle mountain gorge like valley august 2nd battalion broke contact north withdrew san ridge west 3rd battalion 24th infantry came area help regimental defense sector battle mountain high ground west 24th infantry established defensive line san mountain mass san reaches feet peak called hill miles northwest miles southwest crest ridge line curves northwestward rise mile away bald peak designated hill known battle mountain troops occasionally called hill old bloody battle mountain ridge line narrows rocky troops called rocky northward battle mountain river ground drops sharply long spur ridges troops fought called eastern green peak western north korean held base battle mountain villages miles crest north south mountain trail crossed high saddle north villages west slope halfway battle mountain road gave north advantage mounting supplying attacks area trail system ran battle mountain battle mountain observer look directly north korean held valley time battle mountain north look valley eastward observe 24th infantry command post supply road artillery positions approach trails held crest battle mountain observe rear areas forces seeing advantages holding crest battle mountain fought capture week long battle logistics approach battle mountain difficult east american held west north korean east road climbing halfway base mountain edge valley way ascent foot trail took hours reach reservoir area required hours battle mountain valley floor turnaround time supply trains battle mountain hours dispatch runner required hours battle mountain come places trail steep set ropes hold trail north korean night patrols constantly cut telephone lines wire men difficult dangerous job trying maintain wire communication units mountain food water ammunition frequently short units tops peaks bringing dead seriously wounded difficult sides litter bearing teams men carry wounded man mountain medical aide needed administer care trip man critically wounded accompanied groups protect north korean trail critically wounded men died reaching medical care administered possibility factors lowered morale 24th infantry units fighting battle mountain men afraid wounded die reaching adequate medical care north korean troops time dead wounded peak forcing sides bury casualties shallow graves peak 24th infantry supporting artillery field artillery battalion valley south august artillery moved farther rear battery remained creek bed north regimental engineers worked improve trail running northeast main road engineers intended use evacuation road artillery necessary improve road net regimental sector better movement troops supplies road known engineer road august gap yards wide area 24th infantry 5th infantry regimental combat team south 24th infantry performed previous engagements sent national police area day placed gap ensuring north able exploit holes line battle opposing 24th infantry battle mountain 6th division engaging task force august division originally numbered suffered casualties far fighting perimeter brought south forcibly neighboring towns ranks south fought ordered north dispatched rearguard soldiers shoot attempted desert defect surrender 24th infantry repulsed attack mountain line 24th infantry came morning august north overran company positions northern spur battle mountain killed company commander day lieutenant colonel paul roberts succeeded lieutenant colonel george cole command 2nd battalion 24th infantry day north attacked company battle mountain routed officers collect men bring position police ran fight remained defensive positions american officers threats physical force position mile gap line north existed 24th infantry lines close day unknown number north moving august 6th division intensified efforts capture battle mountain began sending stronger attacks capture peaks face attack company company commander men abandoned position battle mountain reaching mountain fled reported erroneously company commander killed position surrounded overrun north basis american artillery mortars fired concentrations position fighter bombers sorties attacked crest battle mountain bombs rockets machine guns forcing remaining men battle mountain held hours time declined offer north surrender platoon company men left position mountain soon attack progressed regimental left patrol company position san captured commanding officer 15th regiment killed minutes later trying escape patrol removed intelligence reports body day fighting battle mountain north drove police 24th infantry left flank san 24th infantry troops continued positions ignoring commands officers stay place african american white officers infuriated wrote sworn statements situation severe stayed positions given bronze star medals devices far outnumbered fighting 5th enters fight alerted 5th regimental combat team commander colonel john prepare force 5th infantry attack san retake morning august 1st battalion 5th regimental combat team attacked 24th infantry boundary secured southernmost ridges mountain light north korean resistance evening strong force north drove 1st battalion 5th infantry mountain august 1st battalion 5th infantry attacked heights hours later company seized highest ridges changed boundary line 5th regimental combat team 24th infantry giving responsibility southern ridges 5th battle mountain 24th night north launched 1st battalion 5th regimental combat team prevented consolidating position morning august company tried secure high ground yards southwest peak link company unable north considered san ridges important committed substantial resources defending attacked nearby 5th regimental combat team daily north company position battle situation similar north korean troops rocky extended san took cover air strikes pounds bombs little effect time aircraft departed north battle positions elements 24th infantry able extend southward join company 5th regimental combat team north korean resistance august attack farther north mountain ridge battle mountain area battle going poorly 24th infantry company lost battle mountain heavy artillery fire struck crest preparation infantry counterattack planned regain mountain north hot sultry weather climbing steep slope difficult company august north korean troops left summit fire aircraft artillery mortars north placed mortar fire crest prevented company consolidating position situation continued mid afternoon north korean platoon came trenches eastern slope mountain surprised platoon company attack company hearing firing started leave positions drift hill north swiftly peak officers tried assemble companies eastern slope elements company left position day american air artillery mortar tank fire concentrated battle mountain companies prepared counterattack retake attack launched soon slow progress midnight halted wait daylight shortly dawn august companies resumed attack company moved mountain company supplying base fire north korean grenades wounded troops causing rest retreat orders frustrated commander eventually returned hill hours later small north korean force worked right flank company withdrew hill company position orders fighting continued battle mountain day august police units arriving reinforce companies american south korean troops finally secured possession battle mountain mainly supporting fire mortars targeting north korean avenues approach western slope day north hill times repulsed time 3rd battalion 24th infantry units continued come apart fire battalion commander complained needed officers men line situation area caused walker alert 1st provisional marine brigade reserve unit possible movement dispatched august companies casualties withdrew hill suffered casualties fight company police took charge peak north korean troops continued attacking 24th infantry line weaknesses august company beat north korean attacks battle mountain coming long ridge extending point fights flight air_force aircraft caught north korean soldiers open immediately bombed north korean force destroyed survivors task force baker comprising company platoon company 24th infantry police company defended battle mountain time special command established isolated battle mountain area extended regimental battle days air strikes continued rack north korean prevent forming attack battle mountain august attack 3rd battalion 24th infantry relieved 1st battalion battle mountain area august 1st battalion withdrew reserve company remained battle mountain task force baker day august north korean attacks continued day north korean company sized attack struck companies dawn night north korean mortar fire fell company battle mountain midnight north korean infantry force appeared rear area captured command post men company left positions battle mountain firing attack began morning august north directed attack company overran positions daylight kept company supplied ammunition curtain artillery fire sealing approaches north main positions prevented substantial reinforcements entering fight day august artillery fire air strikes north occupying company old positions evening company lost ground august north attacked company men left flank company position quickly abandoned positions soon entire company retreating leaving north possession mountain captain lawrence company commander left men command post included wounded stayed later given bronze star medals daylight august air strikes came battle mountain artillery mortar tank fire valley concentrated north korean held peak wounded soldier came mountain hidden hours cut escape reported main body north withdrawn wooded ridges west peak better cover leaving small covering force mountain company point reserve unit 3rd battalion support attacked heights retook poor defensive positions repaired logistical difficulties continued troops 24th infantry consistently captured battle mountain way artillery mortar tank fire crest air strikes employing peak infantry attacked hill beneath east slope summit supporting mortars set base fire heights barrage infantry arrived point short crest mortar fire lifted infantry moved rapidly stretch usually find abandoned north stalemate battle mountain changed hands august agreement exact number times intelligence sergeant 1st battalion 24th infantry estimated peak changed hands times subsequent research suggests actual number august end month north korean troops attacked mountain night peak changed hands times hour period usual pattern north night 24th infantry recapture day type fluctuating battle resulted relatively high losses artillery forward observers equipment period august seven forward observers members observer liaison section field artillery battalion casualties lost radios vehicles process defense san south battle mountain 1st battalion 5th regimental combat team nearly continuous action week month time master sergeant company 5th regimental combat team posthumously won medal honor actions august forward position directed artillery fire attacking north korean force point personally kept company abandoning positions wounded returned forward position continue directing artillery fire engaged north korean troops killed 5th regimental combat team regained area counted dead north vicinity likely killed end august fighting mountains west remained stalemate secured definite advantage september push 6th 7th divisions troops primarily attempted breakthrough 25th infantry division positions rivers september offensive 6th division continued attacks area north korean artillery mortar fire fell battle mountain san period september strong local attacks patrols north korean troops 1st battalion 5th infantry succeeded gaining complete possession southern parts san given observation valley north rear areas instability 24th infantry necessary order send regimental reserve company north 24th infantry sector road protect right flank 5th regimental combat team position company collected 24th infantry night morning sent units navy entered battle line destroyers standing south coast gave illumination night directing low hanging clouds san destroyer station continuously supporting ground action fire inch guns artillery aerial observer directed naval gunfire fire direction center september north korean attack succeeded driving american troops battle mountain 25th division ordered lieutenant colonel george 3rd battalion 27th infantry regiment retake peak rear areas 24th infantry vicinity companies 24th infantry follow secure crest regained september 3rd battalion battle mountain september company reached engaged hand hand combat north company followed crest dug north drove companies slope estimated companies north korean troops held crest battle mountain companies protected flanks 3rd battalion suffered heavy casualties days fighting afternoon september american counterattack force dropped high ground recaptured september yards east battle mountain artillery mortars air strikes north korean position battle mountain stalemate word came 25th division 3rd battalion 27th infantry vicinity needed perimeter action failure 3rd battalion 27th infantry hold high battle mountain attacks september 24th infantry stopped trying retake battle mountain company 24th infantry company engineer combat battalion dug hill east beneath battle mountain fortified position barbed wire fields placed registered artillery mortar fires approaches position regimental commander planned contain north battle mountain artillery mortar fire north battle mountain attacked lower american defensive position times subsequent nights attacks driven month constant battle north gained held possession crest battle mountain defensive fires 24th regiment attached artillery contained unable exploit possession peak attack battle mountain possession north set gain control southeast hours september force north korean men attacked companies 24th infantry attacks repulsed men leaving positions company strength men remnant company withdrew company position crest find company relatively minor attack left hill hold handful men remaining lost soon heaviest attacks subsided 25th division walker ordered release 5th regimental combat team september engagements perimeter continuing fighting north necessary reserves evening 1st 2nd battalions 27th infantry moved river battlefield relieve 5th regimental combat team 27th commander colonel john assumed command regimental zone september 3rd battalion 27th infantry broke battle mountain day rejoined regiment took place southern end line september 5th regimental combat team began moving september arrival passed eighth army reserve mid september eighth army army engaged north korean forces nearly points perimeter weeks heaviest fighting war barely turned north korean great offensive main axes attack approaches landing counterattack collapsed north korean line forced fronts september 25th infantry division fighting north korean forces lines north korean strong points existed heights battle mountain san felt division advance roads mountainous center division clear believed key advance 25th division lay center north held heights kept 24th infantry regiment daily attack 27th infantry left 35th infantry right roads held positions advance situation 24th infantry improved carry plan organized composite battalion sized task force september command major robert commanding officer 3rd battalion 35th infantry ordered attack battle mountain day mission restoring 24th infantry positions september task force repeatedly attacked heights heavily supported artillery fire 8th field artillery battalions numerous air strikes north korean automatic fire heights drove assaulting troops time heavy casualties day company 27th infantry suffered casualties 24th infantry battle mountain force abandoned effort drive north korean peaks failure september task group dissolved day north korean withdrawal september discovered north abandoned battle mountain night 1st battalion 24th infantry moved occupied right 35th infantry began moving forward light resistance reached high ground hidden north korean soldiers spider holes shot 1st battalion soldiers rear day 1st battalion captured 2nd battalion captured long ridge line running northwest river north held strongly division left 27th infantry heavy fighting trying forward north withdrew area night september 7th division withdrew south river 6th division elements cover entire covered 6th division 7th crossed north river morning september 6th division withdrew positions san units rapidly pursued north passing battle mountain positions longer strategic importance aftermath 5th regimental combat team suffered killed wounded missing battles perimeter 24th infantry suffered killed wounded captured missing time perimeter figures split portions regiment fought battle mountain accounted wounded killed fought august engineer battalion supporting 24th infantry suffered killed wounded north korean troops suffered heavily fight casualties attack mid september 7th division reduced men loss committed perimeter 6th division returned north_korea loss percent strength large groups troops divisions captured attempted return north_korea including north korean troops attacking force reduced end fights continued problem 24th infantry facto segregated unit statistics compiled eighth army found 25th infantry division 25th infantry august compared 27th infantry 35th infantry regiment criticized poor performance battle weeks earlier late august began investigating unit behavior found poor performance starting bring units division considered regiment weak link chain poor performance battles battle mountain suggested walker regiment disbanded troops replacements units field virtually officers enlisted men regiment supportive idea walker declined feeling afford lose regiment


operation pamphlet operation pamphlet called convoy pamphlet convoy operation world war conducted january february transport australian_army 9th division home egypt convoy involved transports protected japanese warships trip indian_ocean australian coastline allied naval task forces 9th division boarded ships late january convoy operation began february contact allied japanese ships 9th division arrived australian ports late february losses enemy action operation initiated british united_states governments agreed australian government request 9th division transferred australia ending second australian imperial force role north african campaign division seen extensive combat north_africa needed bolster forces available planned offensive operations pacific return australia 9th division jungle warfare important contribution operations conducted new_guinea late background infantry divisions units assigned corps second australian imperial force transported middle_east took campaigns german italian french forces following outbreak pacific war corps headquarters 6th 7th divisions returned australia early bolster country defences movement troops designated operation australian government agreed british requests temporarily retain 9th division middle_east exchange deployment additional united_states_army units australia britain support proposal expand royal_australian_air_force squadrons year 9th division played important role battle july second battle october november division suffered casualties engagement pursuit retreating axis forces factors influenced decision australian government october recall 9th division australia firstly government commander australian military forces general thomas wanted relieve 6th 7th divisions combat new_guinea campaign considered 9th division better prepared responsibility militia forces army units secondly commander allied forces south west pacific area general douglas pressing australian governments reinforcements conduct offensive operations japanese positions factors influencing decision desire concentrate australian_army single theatre increasing difficulty finding replacements 9th division casualties given army manpower shortages political difficulties associated implementing reforms permit militia units serve outside australian territory concerns prolonged absence australia affect morale 9th division soldiers october australian prime minister john british prime minister winston_churchill request 9th division returned australia cable stated owing australia manpower shortage demands war pacific longer possible provide reinforcements sustain division middle_east british government initially resisted request grounds 9th division required upcoming offensive october days battle churchill stating australia needed division pacific fit state participate offensive operations november president franklin roosevelt wrote proposing send additional army division australia australian government agreed retain 9th division middle_east acting advice responded roosevelt november rejecting suggestion requested 9th division returned november commander 9th division major general informed general alexander commander chief middle_east command decision return division australia churchill subsequently told australian government december prepared recommend roosevelt 9th division returned resultant diversion shipping reduce size build united_states military personnel britain north_africa men cable churchill stated shortage shipping 9th division heavy equipment need remain middle_east december roosevelt wrote suggest 9th division remain middle_east final defeat axis forces north_africa roosevelt informed united_states_army 25th infantry division transferred australia december following messages government sought advice necessary 9th division return heavy equipment informed necessary supplies sourced american resources unit arrived australia replied churchill roosevelt december stressed need return 9th division australia soon possible good army losses tropical diseases prepare future pacific message agreed leave division heavy equipment middle_east requested travel items necessary quickly enter combat south west pacific debate took place december churchill informed shipping available late january transport division small portion equipment australia preparations 9th division role second battle ended november november division travelled palestine road units arrived december settling camps located 9th division undertook period rebuilding training soldiers granted leave december formal parade involving entire division conducted airport preparations return 9th division australia began late december december unit commanding officers middle_east informed commands return australia movement code named tight security instituted operation junior personnel needed informed told units transferred egypt members initially believed fighting mediterranean preparations continued obvious units undertake long sea voyage 9th division artillery tanks heavy equipment transferred ordnance depots early january 16th month division began moving suez_canal area embark movement 9th division took place groups spent days transit camp vehicles handed british authorities royal_navy preparations movement 9th division australia late large troop ships allocated task british chiefs staff committee initially proposed churchill sail indian_ocean protective escort eastern indian_ocean range japanese warships based singapore judged risky especially likely movement soldiers kept secret transporting division escort violated long standing policy assigning capital ship protect troop convoys region accepted australian government november chiefs staff committee decided escort convoy specify comprise voyage indian_ocean began embarking troop ships january ships assigned carry troops home converted ocean liners france amsterdam queen mary armed merchant cruiser hms queen bermuda provided escort embarked australian soldiers suez_canal ports small troop ships load simultaneously process staged convoy vessels sailed separately northern red_sea near british destroyers hms hero greek destroyer transferred mediterranean_fleet guard troop ships attack japanese submarines passed red_sea queen mary ship complete loading left port january anchored days later soldiers board endured hot conditions resumed journey load embarked entire 20th brigade january france completed loading departed egypt january amsterdam queen bermuda sailed february overall australians embarked queen bermuda converted liners carried france amsterdam board sailed queen mary total personnel remained middle_east ships departed egypt figure steadily reduced march ships convoy morning february passed later day destroyers left convoy passed cape replaced heavy cruiser hms light cruiser hms serve ocean escorts captain james commander queen mary served convoy commodore large converted liners sailed line abreast formation queen bermuda position varied based time day situation convoy maintained speed knots liners typically sailed higher speeds independent constrained maximum queen bermuda maintain entering indian_ocean convoy sailed south east ships course avoiding collisions frequent turns placed heavy demands watch keeping officers found shifts exhausting troops endured uncomfortable conditions crowded troop ships morale high entertained sports sun gambling 9th division officers enjoyed somewhat better conditions frustrated ranks convoy arrived evening february anchored refuel supplies served secret supply base allied ships indian_ocean australian soldiers told took place ships sailed afternoon february strong escort force provided guard convoy travelled eastern indian_ocean dangerous stage journey force british eastern fleet sailed near troop ships force comprised battleships hms resolution revenge light cruiser hms mauritius destroyers australian soldiers pleased warships sailing near ships february force later patrolled horizon convoy convoy neared western australian port escort reinforced dutch cruisers jacob van destroyers van ships arrived february amsterdam queen bermuda harbour troop ships dropped anchor roads western australian members 9th division disembarked ships loaded supplies mail queen bermuda left convoy remaining passengers transferred amsterdam resulted considerable board liner remainder voyage australian waters australian government concerned safety troop ships australian waters meeting held february advisory war council considered recommending soldiers moved east_coast rail decided option informed limited capacity trans australian railway months personnel instead council recommended convoy continue given maximum protection possible presence japanese submarines australian coast tight security measures instituted convoy arrived civilian communications western_australia east_coast cut days asked media report movement 9th division confidential briefing february told journalists slept weeks concerns safety convoy convoy sailed february escorted australian light cruiser adelaide jacob van met ships task group february great australian bight force comprised heavy cruiser australia american destroyers uss helm dispatched sydney february escort troop ships adelaide dutch warships left convoy shortly escort amsterdam melbourne liner docked afternoon february task group escorted remaining ships sydney passing south tasmania escort strengthened jacob van french destroyer route converted liners arrived sydney february completing operation pamphlet loss despite official secrecy concerning convoy large crowds assembled points sydney harbour watch ships arrive queen mary anchored head liners officially announced 9th division returned australia speech delivered house_of_representatives march members 9th division given weeks leave men assembled home state capital took welcome home march marches conducted acknowledge division service middle_east advertise war loan drive following marches division assembled training camps far north queensland jungle warfare 9th division saw action japanese forces campaign september division returned middle_east task fallen experienced militia units works consulted john bravery 9th australian division south melbourne australia oxford_university press isbn john australia wars melbourne oxford_university press isbn day david reluctant nation australia allied defeat japan melbourne oxford_university press isbn marcus peter war sea naval maryland naval institute press isbn gill royal australian navy australia war series navy volume 1st canberra australian war memorial paul government people australia war series civil volume canberra australian war memorial mark magnificent 9th illustrated history 9th australian division sydney allen isbn lloyd hall richard john war canberra national library australia isbn long years war history australia war canberra australian war memorial australian government printing service isbn australia war series army volume iii 1st canberra australian war memorial peter sea war australian new_zealand troop convoys world wars korea vietnam new_south_wales publishing isbn thomas chronology war sea naval history world war 3rd revised maryland naval institute press isbn war sea volume period balance london