vary vary january october american biologist historian salt_lake_city utah faculty member university utah years helped establish school medicine served dean later head department taught young university university pennsylvania worked decade museum comparative harvard_university described species world prolific named new animal species scientific publications specialized spiders relatives relatives ranking prolific history described species spiders species majority north american quantity output matched quality leaving mixed legacy successors pioneering studies indigenous people great basin indigenous names cultural uses plants animals honored colleagues university utah disliked considered mean including students retirement continued write publishing history education home state especially university utah member church jesus christ day saints church early twentieth century quartet popular professors young university teaching evolution biblical criticism resulted controversy university church officials eventually resulting resignation professors despite widespread support student body event described brush biography early life education vary born january salt_lake_city utah parents william henry prominent builder contractor née brown traced paternal lineage english immigrant settling massachusetts bay colony maternal lineage old pennsylvania dutch family born parents young attended day saints high school interested nature initially decided study mathematics art choosing biology brother william eldest children shared scientific interests later teach alongside attended university utah graduating degree subsequently spent years teaching high school college level courses biology geology chemistry physics latin german day saints university authored scientific publications summer studied marine station stanford_university studied university smith fellowship member gamma alpha fraternity honor society studied john henry earned doctorate taxonomic revision wolf spiders north_america reviewed known species north mexico recognizing nominal species distinct recognizable zoologist thomas montgomery regarded monograph decided importance structure male reproductive organs help define genera detailed descriptions species early career university utah professor credit given starting medical training university utah returning hired university utah worked assistant professor professor soon began improving biology courses time high school grade collegiate standards introduced new courses dean university utah school medicine serving summer plans teach summer course university_of_chicago cancelled suffered accident fall breaking leg bones leg university officials decided merge medical school existing department obsolete resigned dean remained faculty member medical students strongly objected school gains past years largely efforts late early involved bitter lawsuit fellow utah professor cardiff cost jobs cardiff botanist hired spring claimed offered salary year hiring offered university cardiff filed suit court initially decided pay wages estranged tension time supporters claimed cardiff involved dismissal dean salt lake noted friction men different nature entirely financial matters arose professor cardiff received appointment march university fired cardiff appointing single new professor head departments july appeal suit overturned cardiff ordered pay costs secured job young university young university hired lead biology department young university university owned operated church jesus christ day saints church period president george sought increase academic standing college professor paul letter written world foremost think years age met equal let drift away oversaw expanded biology course offerings led insect collecting trips students joined pair newly hired brothers faculty joseph henry taught psychology education worked increase intellectual standing university brother william hired teach philosophy academics active members church known teaching modern scientific ideas encouraging lively debate discussion held belief theory evolution compatible religious views promoted historical criticism bible view writings contained viewed context time published essays white blue student newspaper arguing hebrew legends historical writings taken literally essay titled early hebrew legends concluded immature mind lose learning old testament stories true historically believed evolution explained origin organisms human theological beliefs late complaints stake presidents inspired investigation teachings professors essay evolution theological belief considered particularly school officials early brothers offered choice stop teaching evolution lose jobs professors popular students faculty denied teaching evolution destroying faith student petition support professors signed student body sent administration local newspapers change teachings accused professors resigned william remained years elected fellow american association advancement science pennsylvania harvard leaving young employed lecturer george harrison foundation research fellow university pennsylvania march december curator worms museum comparative harvard_university scientific contributions publications included surveys known central_america west_indies descriptions animals collected canadian arctic expedition stanford yale expeditions south_america expeditions uss elected member american society american society served second vice president society america served technical expert board biological survey mid 1930s return utah returned university utah head departments arrived faculty consisted zoologist botanist instructor soon began expanding size diversity biology program time retirement faculty consisted professors seven instructors special university celebrated scientist according sterling course evolution popular campus established journal biological series university utah supervised graduate work students distinguished careers including william stephen later join faculty members secretary treasurer salt_lake_city board conducted surveys region identifying marshes controlled local hunting clubs main source salt marsh city took year long studied european universities museums presided section international berlin later studied biology mexico south_america received honorary doctor science university utah retired honor ceremony held utah society portrait painted donated university book commemorative letters produced university utah alumni association awarded founders day award distinguished alumni university highest honor produced unusual students enthusiasm use accurate tested knowledge caught vision human life mean viewed light man evolutionary background interpreted terms emerging intelligence animal competitors evolutionary race noted colleagues utah lifelong champion scientific method students ideas natural processes explain human existence angus grace wrote greatest cultural contributions ability lead naive student fixed religious convictions gently wide gulf separated trained scientific mind pushing despair illusion influence continued students teachers gradually increasing societal understanding evolution perspectives colleague student stephen stated word especially taught love truth especially scientific honesty compared noted hart scope contributions science personal life death july married salt_lake_city children marriage ended divorce june married salt lake children helen martha sue son mathematician year professor university utah second wife died died salt_lake_city short illness october age survived children grandchildren great grandchildren research work includes publications spanning years majority research concerned taxonomy invertebrates work included titles folklore economics language anatomy philosophy education history member american society botanical club new_york academy sciences boston society natural history biological society washington utah academy sciences taxonomy prolific animals named described species specializing study spiders relatives relatives publishing marine worms insects described species described total new species new genera new families orders taxonomic publications continued appear ranks prolific history survey prolific spider ranked fifth total number described species eighth number species valid taxonomic synonyms previously described species university utah authored works students notable spider scientists famous duo described hundreds species described described spiders known occur native utah leading expert north american describing species worked groups including described nephew joseph prominent fellow regarded influential particularly liked papers authored collecting describing remained author quarrel recognition led abandoning years arthur sent collection specimens panama returned fact published reluctant collaborate colleagues said eventually banned museum comparative later years death student said natural finally got major area study publishing early exclusive researcher north american responsible naming vast majority north american species world addition named species ranking prolific history north_america compilation years making records species north mexico represented nearly increase species recorded previous list published years earlier work described new species contributed articles edition encyclopedia prolific species legacy taxonomy mixed descriptions brief illustrated ways hindered use identification researchers described new species based solely location subtle leg differences known change names subsequently found suspected synonyms species described biologist richard worked later described minimal taxonomy stated taxonomic work central american introduced far problems progress pattern persist decades come wrote admitted alpha main interest naming new species recognized work stone pioneering quality later work studied soft bodied invertebrates described new species new genera worms volume work considered great monuments taxonomy director marine station published utah fauna section editor academic journal database biological william noted indirect contributions including leading multi day specimen collecting trips guiding graduate research stephen worked utah game birds studied nesting birds great salt lake death collection spider specimens donated american museum natural history new_york museum status world largest similarly collection deposited national museum natural history washington helping museum world largest single collection type specimens individual specimens describe species great basin cultural studies early career studied language habits indigenous peoples great basin worked band western document uses plants food medicine construction materials names meanings plants language resulting publication indians utah considered major study single group great basin peoples published surveys animal terms place personal names compilation plant names people later colleagues university utah julian steward known founder cultural ecology steward described work splendid virginia writes experience indigenous great basin cultures facilitated steward cultural studies terms ecological knowledge steward younger probably match elders instructed research valuable steward gave derived names organisms described spider meaning big legs worm meaning hooks language works work extended biology include historical philosophical theological writings published articles student newspaper topics historical criticism bible relationship evolutionary theory religious beliefs wrote biography brother william philosopher theologian died years earlier utah philosopher sterling stated biography considerable impact life noted fact book adequately presents thought shows philosophical wrote life worlds study history opinion earliest surveys ancient modern times concept cosmic idea universe contains multiple inhabited worlds retiring devoted significant attention history university utah edited biographical tribute john park influential utah educator 19th century assembled comments reflections park students memories john park praised university utah english professor lewis claimed read citizen utah later career produced authoritative book university utah history years historian eugene campbell called excellent history important western institution university utah contains extensive account university church founded university preceded university utah religious views believed darwin theory evolution including desirable implications brutality nature implied natural selection descent man lower clear devout believed science religion different parts eternal truth reconciled active member church jesus christ day saints church believed animosity religion science stake president george described meeting testified effect laboratories science interesting great extent satisfying intellect satisfy soul man adding bore testimony knew true church jesus christ university oregon doctoral student tim called clearly devout sterling stated spiders different think devout selected works scientific meaning organic evolution utah self published vary memoirs museum comparative harvard college plates vary australian region bulletin museum comparative new species american spiders bulletin university utah north_america bulletin united_states national museum richard historical biographical life philosophy salt_lake_city news press memories john park salt_lake_city university utah press life sciences university utah background history salt_lake_city university utah press university utah history years salt_lake_city university utah press exploration colorado river reprinted utah historical quarterly salt_lake_city university utah press isbn william charles kelly eponymous taxa taxa genus species named listed followed author year naming taxonomic family taxa listed originally described subsequent research reassigned taxa rendered invalid synonyms previously named taxa jones shear smith bond cited works stephen contributions science vary biologist society richard north middle america virginia museum natural history special publications young university years utah young university press isbn angus grace vary educational cultural contributions biologist society


john john july march english amateur botanist named little formal schooling acquired botanical knowledge self study involvement local botanical groups provided venue working class people share knowledge money purchase books founded society botanical society later president larger botanical society covering wide area north manchester botanical discoveries cultivated new plants number writings working class poetry published concerning connection subject working class lived life near lancashire dire poverty time death married years fathered children early life born july john eldest son charles barely man received encouragement early botanical interests later life father grandfather interested birthplace probably barn close home mother claimed born dead revived childhood poor health learned read single year attendance school went work education continued twice weekly evening tuition writing years old james cash journalist amateur botanist chairman manchester society says received education short time started work served charged shillings calendar quarter young employees reading instruction took form employees reading lessons worked avid reader interest obtained copy nicholas book complete said wonderful properties ascribed plants excited strong desire acquainted plants attended working men botanical societies meetings public houses meeting broad church people interests science father members century loose grouping amateur short lived botanical society working men attended meetings group referred manchester society botanist society anne historian 19th century popular science quotes society thomas describes regular place meeting funds books rules sort members body having object common love plants society arranged funds buy books communal use enabling year old read james lee work introduction provided information taxonomy applied plants copied details piece paper pinned commit memory working earned respect abilities sphere collection identification species find moss england met future wife botanical meeting couple married december mary church leadership meetings attended early life movement study initiated george james john john edward met meeting held bridge knowledge held high regard broader working class movement involving study nature natural history developed late 18th century continued evidence suggest period social unrest followed end napoleonic wars saw introduction meetings act gatherings cover activities politically radical samuel witnessed massacre sympathies recounted politics little practically war event taught look restoration good trade finding disappointed year dear provisions work turned neighbours kind politicians parliamentary reform cry attended reform meetings years attended bury samuel presided massacre political meeting attended retained general interest subject radical politics attended manchester mechanics institute supported idea self education according harvey taylor historian lancashire self culture having obtained garden promoted interests founding botanical society september presiding meetings pub plant specimens brought identification read taught science president society years time books purchased society communal use writing december explained society met second monday month usually members charged monthly subscription subscription common societies intended pay books create fund purchase drink pub landlord provided meeting storage space charge long sufficient drink consumed practice known wet rent succeeded president organisation wider geographical base held sunday meetings purpose amateur manchester botanist leo described body united societies district richard led impoverished life like referred general botanical meetings gatherings took place venues manchester newton heath explained purpose societies continually meeting knowledge knowledge education constant application subject noted procedure knowledge changed certainly 1850s possibly early president role select specimens brought meeting identify attendees sat silence describes change necessary previously president taking specimen table gave man left hand telling time generic specific passed round room specimens followed similar manner noise confusion caused person telling neighbour specimen unable talking constrained late years adopt method championed working people print praising self taught skills demanding accorded respect working botanical field example counter accusations john textile workers lancashire ignorant degraded composed verses including song acknowledged obtained meeting words science circles glass produce written works directly relating turned opportunity write flora manchester met independently studying plant life introduced botanical society opinion mere country excellent scientific botanist meeting presented opportunities meet like minded circle men previously solitary pursuit scientific interests studied astronomy charles encouraged son pursuit taking meet robert ward john developed interest subject extent constructed neighbours cash notes constructing asked local man manufacture golden ball represent sun man replied thee charge thee let tell thee fancy folk like thee poor interests despite background dire poverty remarked celebrity botanical circles fame bread remained lifetime sole financial benefit interests came raised new hybrid lily garden sold manchester thomas poverty caused contributing book fund botanical society later paying liquor funds society wider based group concessions demonstrate extent knowledge appreciated occurred despite having pay liquor fund definition took advantage received subscription started attempt alleviate state death march sons daughters received fund left earliest hybrid cultivated raised popular extensively grown varieties death john died march aged probably consequence masked buried march mary church point life upset authorities established church reasons unknown table tomb listed grade monument english_heritage tomb written charles reads commemorated poem written wrote celebrated old lancashire operative died june son james wife alice commemorated


robert robert march september american illustrator known field guides popular books studies reptiles amphibians field guide western reptiles amphibians published considered definitive reference kind owing quality illustrations text professor university california berkeley years curator museum fellow author scientific articles discovery ring species phenomenon textbook example performed extensive research eye reptiles produced nature films supported science education primary grades organized conservation efforts aided passing california desert protection act retirement continued paint collect field notes write books commemorated scientific names species slender endangered tiger early life robert born march california parents née father born wisconsin english descent instructor state normal school published birds agriculture stressing importance education oldest seven children young robert grew learning local birds exploring wildlife northern california mother born switzerland educated normal school sense robert painting pictures robert siblings spare time seven family moved san_francisco bay area father worked agricultural curriculum children taught university california berkeley age family moved southern_california living oaks los_angeles spent time hiking nearby santa mountains exploring wildlife collection bird specimens prepared mounted attended north hollywood high school father taught agriculture robert graduated discovered artistic talents sixteen years old early work consisted cartoons drew illustrations classmates clothing contributed cartoons youth magazines winning awards university early career shortly graduating high school enrolled university california los_angeles ucla initially civil engineering thinking better career option biology unhappy program struggling poor performance health issues related heart problems took leave year half time turned attention natural history persuaded return ucla biology professor returned enthusiasm despite perceived lack job security remarking cautious great depression determined pursue biology meant standing corner tin cup switched major graduated highest honors graduating split time summer job naturalist volcanic national park pursuing graduate school ucla years obtained teaching credentials junior college high school elementary education initially planned study birds eye felt field crowded study reptiles amphibians offered opportunities new research graduate advisor main focus graduate research biology fringe group sand dwelling american southwest master degree completed studied structure nasal passages documenting detail looped shaped structure nasal passages functions trap preventing sand grains lay buried sand surface completed explored adaptations time published behavior father produced field guides birds providing illustrations father text book bird pressed family garage considered father pioneer sorts extensive use drawings teaching natural history tradition later continue works june married anna rose cooper eventually type text field guides honeymoon spent camping valley southeastern california career hired assistant professor university california berkeley curator museum remain career faculty member teach berkeley wrote new lab created teaching collection taught popular course natural history ring species soon interested occur british_columbia baja california present sierra nevada coast ranges california absent central valley finding berkeley different ones seeing mountains southern_california embarked research program examining color differences california resulting monograph published proposed color varieties previously regarded distinct species actually races subspecies single species locations forms occur creating hybrids partially resemble forms southern edge central valley sierra populations come contact coast range populations instead acting distinct species phenomenon known ring different populations representing different stages process species zoologist arnold called research doubt outstanding study genus american appeared complex focus research widely textbook example evolutionary processes eye early work southern_california desert led series papers 1950s 1970s exploring eye reptiles called eye tiny light sensitive organ forehead associated known influence rhythms aided senior fellowship national science foundation colleagues found eye removed changed behavior active earlier day spent time sun remained active later control studies decades focused eye effects reproductive behavior skull openings fossil like reptiles work implications biology nobel reading work began investigating mammals emphasis effect activity cycles found influence human health proud work calling possibly single piece research gives satisfaction research conservation field guides received fellowship allowed extend studies western united_states collect material begin preparing field appear amphibians western north_america university california press covering canada roughly west praised illustrations book provides information concerning species covered preceding wrote charles maps provided species subspecies detailed accurate far published second field guide amphibians reptiles western north_america hill similarly praised visited islands research expedition studied ecology behavior marine lava expedition roger recalled rest enjoying high adventure remote islands sea rocks thread suspended rod took temperatures marked radioactive enabled locate elusive reptiles later counter produced best known book field guide western reptiles amphibians field guides called classic beautiful scholarly works series committed education conservation appearances series science action traveled asia promote science education chaired elementary school science project recommended science taught children early conjunction sierra club produced educational films nature door room wilderness authored revisions widely textbooks general 5th 6th elements 4th books originally written tracy robert late 1960s concerned impacts increasingly popular road vehicle driving having desert ecosystems southern_california witnessing environmental degradation places studied graduate school actively involved decade conservation efforts colleagues studied diversity organisms areas communicated research bureau land management officials petitioned president jimmy carter limit terrain vehicle use faced opposition riders american magazine called staunch abolitionist war vehicles desert efforts eventually helped secure passing california desert protection act established national preserve elevated tree death valley national monuments protected national parks recognized congress representative george miller times environmental leaders deemed national treasures activism research included field work colombia south_africa australia description mountains southern yellow eyed named honor time berkeley slender tiger years berkeley advisor graduate students including wade fox richard bruce bury retirement berkeley awarded highest faculty honor berkeley citation retirement years retiring remained active painting conservation education continued natural history observations revised known widely field guide wrote non specialist book natural history amphibians student revised field guide california amphibians reptiles new contributions samuel student produced connecting nature naturalist perspective book intended help connect children nature took additional art lessons subject matter include landscapes african wildlife portraits took violin studied decades earlier paintings shown sold galleries museums berkeley palm springs oregon fellow california academy sciences awarded highest honor medal died age home eugene oregon september having declining health previous year survived wife children week death honored scientific newly described species collected field notes comprising bound volumes archived museum book field guide western reptiles amphibians published revised widely considered bible field american referred simply book educated inspired generations impact guide professor samuel sweet santa barbara stated book people went look snakes gather sell pet shops help transition similar situation bird watching look animals leave mifflin company published field guide western reptiles amphibians field guide series including illustrations previous books high quality artwork immediately recognized quality writing biologist david wake university_of_chicago later work berkeley considered defect absence coverage snake bite aid wake noted geographic area covered left gap ranging miles miles wide paired earlier guide eastern reptiles amphibians roger second edition published included changes new species new plates illustrations inclusion endemic species baja california peninsula new common names chosen enhance clarity review sweet remarked imperfect knowledge time field guide indicates clearly taxonomic interpretations tentative life history features remain poorly known concerned impact collecting reduced coverage collecting keeping animals removed section handling snakes edition published included new species new paintings considered keeping date current scientific literature task volume recent publications books bird van valley press birds volcanic national park vicinity van valley press miller birds campus university california los_angeles university california press amphibians western north_america university california press amphibians reptiles western north_america new_york hill press reptiles amphibians san_francisco bay region university california press miller lives desert animals tree national monument university california press field guide western reptiles amphibians 1st boston mifflin second edition edition california amphibians reptiles university california press tracy robert james general 5th new_york hill press multiple names authors list link birds national park national park natural history association natural history amphibians princeton_university press connecting nature naturalist perspective national science teachers association samuel field guide amphibians reptiles california revised university california press films nature door sierra club national press alto california room wilderness lawrence productions san_francisco


richards richards august january commonly referred fred richards american known solving pioneering crystal structure defining concept accessible surface contributed key experimental theoretical results developed new methods garnering journal distinct research areas addition protein included accessibility internal packing proteins chain library high pressure new types chemical nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift index structural characterization effects richards spent entire academic research career yale_university sterling professor molecular department created chaired major centers world study structural biology elected national academy sciences usa american academy arts sciences received scientific awards served head jane coffin memorial fund medical research elected president american society molecular biology society personal biography richards born august new_york_city george richards richards parents old new_england families settled new london connecticut family usually spent summers connecticut giving richards early affinity area continued career yale_university older sisters sarah significant role model fred delighted explosions produced chemistry sets era attended high school phillips exeter academy later recalled excellent science department permitted certain students run laboratories outside class hours attitude played strong role commitment scientific careers learned electronics tried measure universal constant pound strong science interests richards thwarted family expectations choosing mit massachusetts institute technology yale college chemistry undergraduate time interrupted years army described uneventful joined department harvard medical school lab barbara low worked solve ray crystal structure later active protein phase problem solved allow determination protein structure thesis completed studied density content crystals help determine accurate molecular weights proteins went laboratory copenhagen research started classic work absorbed scientific style richards called delightful individual fun jokes science simple inexpensive ingenious experiments richards joined faculty yale_university stayed rest career richards avid enthusiastic sailor addition sailing long_island sound north canadian coast south bermuda atlantic times small crew family friends wife motor utility boat known spelling presumably comment maine accent built chris richards friend colleague editors advances protein chemistry recommended lab avid sailor joined forces wrote dedicated sailor childhood fred took month summer captain major sailing excursion returning lab ready work sailing adventures included avid ice hockey player richards lived connecticut coastal town miles east new haven situated ridge long_island sound fred married twice clark richards daughter clarke sarah richards marine biologist children sarah george grandchildren daughter sarah described lifelong scientist sailor main loves scientific work finished yale_university sailing working shop helping community fred major presence local land conservation efforts committees working projects land water donated acre shoreline property yale museum natural areas described natural forest areas left state property long term protection use biological geological research research career component system december yale_university richards performed simple experiment protein helped change scientific community view physical nature protein molecules particular converted split protein composed parts called protein richards richards developed system laboratory sweden protein donated christian armour company shared richards researchers richards found separated protein activity activity restored parts test tube autobiographical piece richards wrote discovery came surprise scientific community time retrospect high point career terms excitement experiment showed proteins maintain dimensional order tight binding interacting parts structural information inherent protein later work showing sequence determines structure idea small molecules tightly specifically proteins concept basic companies design drugs today years later protein structure confirmed specific relationships later richards demonstrated active crystals important evidence silence doubts proteins crystals directly relevant biological activity cells crystal structure colleague worked early research structure effort solve dimensional structure spearheaded richards published analyses jointly distinct protein structure determined ray crystals egg united_states later yale group collected data published structure detail resolution coordinates deposited international protein data bank small set structures black white ribbon drawing shows large twisted beta sheet arrows flanked alpha shorter piece starting upper left ending chain break lower right active site groove center drawing involves chain fragment protein computer image shows superimposed structures gold active site hot pink close match structures shows fragment system fold active form richards box david phillips oxford richards developed large optical device called richards box fred enabled build physical models protein structures viewing stacked sheets electron density half mirror photo constructed built brass model rapidly method choice building protein models electron density late 1970s superseded molecular computer graphics programs richards showed sense humor later review developments use construction richards boxes provided correction original complete theatrical stage technique selective illumination sheet plate glass inclined illusion rising sea floating air audience volunteer skeleton richards ended section noting reference known author description required accessible surface molecular packing richards enduring long term scientific interest protein folding packing studied theoretically perspective summarized george rose protein divided seek minimize interaction energy groups concentrate probable geometry guided excluded volume limitations structural motifs seen proteins known structure fred founding influence built observations packing density areas volumes lee richards introduced concept measure accessible surface acid folded protein structures lee richards surface constructed tracing center imaginary ball radius water taken rolls van der surfaces proteins defined surface continuous point associated specific protein nearest lee richards definition widely adopted standard measure accessibility instance evaluate exposure percentage accessible total surface area basis buried surface area method estimating protein protein contacts richards introduced construction protein chemistry contribution reviewed recently richards approach adopted firm mathematical work jay exploration internal packing possible sequences compatible given protein backbone structure protein engineering design richards developed chain library richards increasingly detailed libraries research groups primarily structure modeling protein design richards investigated effects high pressure protein structure egg crystals finding structure robust pressures apart modest size 1990s richards collaborators combination theory experiment investigate packed interior proteins accommodate research areas 1970s succession students lab developed series chemical cross link labels determining position relationships proteins biological membranes richards including general uses exceptionally tight interaction anchored use electron system quickly central method cell biology protein engineering electron david brian developed chemical shift index assignment protein secondary structure richards richards considered standard tool field separately richards developed tools design metal binding sites proteins build new metal site richards named crystal structure entries protein data bank including egg domains channel forming fox richards complex dna administration outside activities department molecular richards founded chaired yale amalgamated medical school university molecular departments considered quickly gained pre eminent stature faculty members national academy sciences tom shared nobel prize crystal structures richards known highly valued mentor friend students faculty colleagues including supportive approach women african americans according jim colleague george rose wrote richards lectures delivered clarity humor deliberately provocative richards worked improve scientific community general instance late 1980s primary author widely circulated letter successfully urged policy atomic coordinates scientific journals individual lobbied successfully let overall publication pressure increased emphasis class papers having promotion committees consider list key papers summary career events fellow laboratory denmark joined yale faculty medical school professor chair department molecular yale_university paul lewis award chemistry member american academy arts sciences founding chair department molecular yale member national academy sciences president society director jane coffin fund medical research prize protein chemistry president american society molecular biology award protein society moore award connecticut medal science highly cited papers articles according web science june lee richards interpretation protein structures static accessibility journal molecular biology richards areas volumes packing protein structure annual review richards chemical shift index fast simple method assignment protein secondary structure richards relationship nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift protein secondary structure journal molecular biology richards proteins use packing criteria allowed sequences different structural classes journal molecular biology richards interpretation protein structures total volume group volume packing density journal molecular biology richards preparation modified separation protein components journal biological chemistry fox richards voltage channel model crystal structure resolution nature richards chemical cross linking problems studies membrane structure annual review lee richards dimensional structure interpretation electron density map nominal resolution journal biological chemistry


william william born charles william july june american naturalist marine biologist explorer author remembered numerous expeditions conducted new_york society deep prolific scientific writing academic popular audiences born brooklyn new_york raised east orange new_jersey left college obtaining degree order work newly opened new_york park given duty caring zoo birds quickly distinguished work zoo skill designing habitats bird population soon series research expeditions increasing length including expedition world document world expeditions formed basis large quantity writing popular academic audiences including account expedition titled monograph published volumes recognition research conducted expeditions granted honorary university course expeditions gradually developed interest marine biology ultimately leading 1930s coast bermuda inventor represented time biologist observed deep sea animals native environment set successive records deepest dive performed human deepest stood broken years later following returned tropics began focus study behavior insects founded tropical research station trinidad named remains operation wright nature centre research continued death pneumonia age william regarded founders field ecology early 20th century major advocates conservation remembered theories proposed evolution regarded having ahead time particularly hypothesis evolution bird flight passed winged stage supported discovery biography early life education charles william born brooklyn new_york son newspaper executive charles sources described child younger brother named john died infancy early life family moved east orange new_jersey began acquire fascination natural world tendency record saw american museum natural history opened year born fostered love nature early influence september began attending east orange high school formally drop charles attending high school commonly known william known point onward high school years developed interest collecting animals particularly receiving gun age sixteen trained order preserve unable collect specimen obtained supply house known trading collectors article published high school description bird called brown appeared january issue magazine harper young people accepted advanced placement columbia_university attending university frequently split time university american museum natural history researchers professors columbia columbia studied henry developed close relationship endure death attending columbia persuaded professors sponsor fellow students taking research trips nova_scotia continued hobby collecting attempting photograph difficult observe scenes birds animals photographs expeditions purchased columbia professors use lectures trips developed interest practice nets haul animals lived deep underwater attempting study died applied receive degree columbia years later granted honorary university employment zoo november frank sponsored associate member american union following month gave professional lecture society called uncle bergen point culture club completed required courses degree science columbia mathematics decided studies favor invitation work new_york park open factors contributed decision including excitement zoo sense studies putting strain family finances appointed position assistant curator assistant curator principal jobs breed rear zoo birds order sustain population placed importance birds given space possible proposed building flying cage size football field eventually built half size originally requested flying cage criticized based inaccurate understanding birds needs ultimately proved successful returned nova_scotia expedition zoo goal collecting marine animals searching tide pools additional following year promoted assistant curator rank curator post held went serve honorary curator august married mary blair rice better known pen blair blair subsequently accompanied expeditions writer frequently assisted writing blair regarded honeymoon trip nova_scotia opportunity collecting following february blair went expedition florida keys suffering throat infection zoo believed warm climate beneficial health expedition introduction tropics developed long standing fascination july request lawyer named louis zoo director william temple regarded potential donor zoo blair went expedition virginia barrier islands intended expedition zoo described honeymoon year end age published thirty articles photographs past year contributions science elected fellow american association advancement science early exploration expeditions december effort bout throat sent expedition mexico following april mexico largely unstable point blair traveled horseback lived tents carried self protection purpose expedition discover identify collect mexico birds described honeymoon blair book titled bird lovers mexico account expedition chapter written blair explanation plan execute vacation wilderness book enthusiastically received second book bird form function published book reworking manuscript submitted henry asked expand major work birds finished form represented new kind nature writing presented technical information bird biology evolution way meant accessible general audience represented important turning point contrast youthful fascination adding animals collection book beginning emphasize importance wildlife conservation killing animals sole purpose collecting book states continued shoot animals necessary purpose examining scientifically longer regarded adding collection valid reason life presented collection grown specimens earlier years collector gift zoo educational research purposes gift life member new_york society year elected fellow new_york academy sciences journal founded specifically place publish research issue journal contained papers written jointly written lee zoo assistant curator birds following year received promotion society placing equal research scientists museum natural history promotion explicitly granted months year purpose research expeditions expedition conducted new privileges beginning february took trinidad venezuela research birds insects expedition captured live birds zoo belonging different species point life forming close friendship president roosevelt roosevelt death admired roosevelt skill field naturalist advocacy conservation roosevelt fame support highly valuable scientific endeavors roosevelt turn admired writing respect natural world roosevelt frequently provided praise books went write introductions books tropical wild life jungle peace february blair traveled british hope roosevelt support possible establish permanent field research station goal expedition find capture bird wings caused considered important link evolution birds reptiles extensive documentation behavior field glasses plans capture return home early blair breaking wrist despite failure obtain sought prize expedition returned live birds species new zoo died escaped long trip new_york summarized expedition book search wilderness enthusiastically reviewed expedition december businessman philanthropist anthony proposed zoo allowed voyage world purpose documenting world financed strongly objected proposal describing evil genius attempting steal away duties zoo zoo ultimately decided favor partly scientific papers produced trip beneficial zoo reputation appointed zoo acting curator birds giving duty caring birds absence blair left expedition accompanied robert bruce job provide illustrations birds book hopefully result expedition crossing atlantic_ocean london gathered supplies need expedition team traveled mediterranean_sea egypt suez_canal indian_ocean ceylon began task documenting native ceylon traveled calcutta goal capturing species live point beginning conflict expeditions finished documentation eastern range refused accompany western range causing leave town continue work western rejoined calcutta sailed indonesia ship took singapore established base operations stage expedition expedition destination island borneo time left conflict grown degree decided expedition sent home response dismissal ill treated beginning expedition subsequent actions express purpose revenge continuing blair traveled java island north borneo sumatra finished java crew sailed north singapore begin exploring malaya malaya portion expedition took burma arrived traveled rail burma succumbed temporarily bout depression days able resume working continue expedition attributed recovery pile penny novels discovered read constantly days portion journey took china visit japan order escape riot surge plague plague riots subsided returned china document local species second visit japan study kept imperial preserves japan given cranes imperial household exchange pair unknown japan expedition completed total months blair crossed pacific san_francisco crossed united_states return home new_york expedition obtained live stuffed specimens nearly sought produced extensive notes behavior seen wild americans europeans observations sexual expedition led biologist correctly understand mechanism aspect sexual selection operates basis observations proposed new evolutionary model ancestry involving period rapid followed typical gradual changes evolutionary model taken granted william time novel idea january blair left intention time history easier obtain divorce areas united_states divorce granted august blair spent minimum requirement months resident obtaining divorce required person demonstrate committed adultery extreme cruelty blair complaint accused claiming expedition threatened commit suicide throwing river shooting roof mouth revolver cutting throat razor little effort contest divorce appear court offer testimony newspapers time reported blair accusations headlines naturalist cruel modern biographers consider likely blair resorted order case divorce week divorce blair remarried door neighbor robin suggesting true reason divorce hand biographers suggested suffered nervous breakdown expedition contributed blair blair departure came shock severely depressed year afterward despite assistance expedition mention monograph preparing based data gathered end monograph essentially complete manuscript text written illustrations provided artists robert bruce accompanied expedition painted environmental scenes illustrations backgrounds painted artists including george edward lodge charles knight louis elaborate nature book color artwork american publisher considered capable publisher chose work george sons london result success publishing artwork john james reproduction illustrations handled companies germany austria illustrations process printed world war began holding completion project years return world war undertook expedition brazil purpose capturing birds zoo expedition important turning point ways far field experience accompanying expedition making introduction role mentor expedition amazed discover number variety organisms living single tree pioneered method studying small area wilderness extended time expedition marked beginning shift study tropical ecosystems traveled georgetown pursuit earlier goal establishing permanent field research station following leads came goal realized george owned rubber plantation river offered use large house property purpose soon researchers moved plantation house known paid visit roosevelt family roosevelt subsequently wrote article station magazine helped build public support station establishment research station enabled research ecology surrounding jungle far detail possible earlier expeditions base operations performed novel type study small area jungle animals inhabit canopy ground second study performed task larger area jungle approximately quarter mile square season brought living specimens zoo time succeeded capturing bird narrowly missed earlier trip unable alive zoo trip new_york summarized discoveries book tropical wild life british inspired researchers plan trips establish field research stations type pioneered eager serve world war considered old regular service roosevelt help secured post training american pilots flight squadron long_island training work halted avoid photographer run airplane landed crashed landing severely injured right wrist second trip wrist healed devastated discover wartime demand rubber entire jungle surrounding house clear cut room rubber trees purpose station study jungle jungle destruction left choice close station return supplies new_york combined earlier loss blair effect losing depression unnoticed mentor expressed concern letter madison grant writing find worried far telling care october opportunity serve war help letter recommendation roosevelt given duty flying aerial photography planes german gun spent time trenches accompanied canadian indian platoon night raid subsequently wrote articles describing war experience magazine atlantic monthly generally exact nature military service clear writings expressed general dismay realities war best known accounts provided opening book jungle peace position society underwent change given title honorary curator birds director newly created department tropical research new position longer duty caring zoo animals freeing devote fully writing research duties curator passed lee assistant curator worked continued rely help treating illness birds caring exotic birds brought expeditions volume monograph published fall ongoing war unclear remaining volumes published volume highly praised reviewers received daniel medal national academy sciences january roosevelt severely ill point wrote hospital bed publication monograph letter letter roosevelt wrote death volume monograph published volumes iii published completed work titled monograph considered reviewers possibly greatest monograph twentieth century helped secure new research station replace offered point outpost new_york based mining corporation enthusiastic new station proved successful conducting detailed analyses wildlife small areas performed discovered phenomenon known mill column ants following endless loop nearly died exhaustion expeditions eager undertake expedition islands intention obtaining detailed data support evolution charles darwin able collect earlier visit harrison williams agreed finance expedition provided foot steam yacht called purpose support crew support crew included number scientists worked previously williams friends inclusion condition williams agreement fund expedition passing sea way fascinated diversity life found floating surface spent days water examine creatures lived expedition lasted days broken day periods forced return panama fresh water coal expedition documented unique ways animals inhabit evolved response absence predators animals generally showed fear humans causing team high degree success capturing live specimens zoo discovered previously unknown bay tower island named darwin bay documented diversity animal life inhabited return new_york expedition continued animals sea pair new devices devised assist pulpit iron cage bow ship enabled examine surface sea closely boom walk foot boom ship suspended book summarized expedition titled world end instant best seller remained new_york_times list months went expedition research station goal continuing detailed documentation tropical ecosystem begun paper finally resulted study published study kind developing field tropical ecology continued battle depression trip earlier loss blair death mother died shortly beginning expedition despite ongoing research desired return time properly fitted scientific research vessel possessed ability animals beneath ocean set second expedition backed williams donors ship expedition steam yacht considerably larger capable sea extended periods time outfitted pulpit boom walk tanks live animals chemicals preserve dead ones developing film studying animals hoped encounter encounter thick sea hoping study crew experienced great success creatures sea coast saint martin pacific encountered strange boundary currents different temperatures containing vast diversity life border sailed border currents days document cause unusual climate south_america recently experiencing study currents effect climate south_america earliest known study phenomenon known near darwin bay attempt studying sea animals native environment descending ocean diving helmet continued perform helmet expedition documenting previously unknown sea animals addition helmet applied method research pioneered tropics small area ocean sailing circles days intention documenting actions interactions marine life area study yielded collection fish species new science anchored crew noticed volcanic activity island set investigate small cove assistant john van searched active crater observe eruption nearing exhaustion time found observed crater realized air surrounding filled gases narrowly avoided away observing eruption ship days later point expedition recorded numerous birds marine animals killed failing escape lava drawing close attempt animals died return sea failed find thick study primary goals expedition searching way satisfy expedition donors hit idea documenting marine life hudson gorge shore new_york_city applying techniques studying hudson gorge encountered surprising variety sea animals previously thought exclusive tropics shortly return expedition anthony requested produce condensed popular version monograph book resulted titled lives homes known title world released received john medal course writing book reminded experiences expedition included original monograph wrote additional book titled adventures expedition monograph factual account expedition somewhat fictionalized account altered aspects experience order appeal wider audience haiti bermuda went expedition haiti order document marine life ship lieutenant harbor port prince performed helmet examining area coral reefs classifying fish inhabited involved technological innovations watertight brass box house camera underwater photography telephone incorporated diving helmet allowing observations surface instead having notes underwater days team created catalog species inhabiting area nearly long assembled neighboring island puerto_rico past years van published illustrated list species expanded bringing total provided account expedition book beneath seas books receive enthusiastic reviews episodic structure gained experience helmet diving soon enthusiastic advocate believing experienced opportunity later went far suggest homes someday contain underwater gardens experienced help diving helmets point life developing close friendship american romance novelist met little early correspondence survives years novel riders wind devoted novel account young woman falls love eventually marries older strongly resembled married september tendency age conflicting accounts exist old married ranging open marriage expected sexual long life damaged riders wind partially based expedition enjoy current research disliked heat tropics unwilling compromise decided continue marine research bermuda spent honeymoon bermuda governor louis introduced prince george fascinated books prince george persuaded helmet diving governor prince george subsequently offered island acre km2 island east_coast bermuda use research station financial help sponsors planned use new research station island conduct thorough study mile square area ocean documenting living thing find surface depth miles ability research deep ocean methods constrained inherent limitations provide incomplete picture animals living compared knowledge gained deep ocean visitor mars learn fog city pick bits debris street began planning create underwater exploration device use descend depths observe environments directly new_york_times carried articles describing plans called diving bell shape cylinder articles caught attention engineer long admired ambition deep sea explorer convinced design diving vessel capable extreme pressure deep ocean help friend arranged meeting proposed alternative design design called spherical vessel strongest possible shape resisting high pressure good fortune years earlier roosevelt proposed similar idea approved design deal pay sphere equipment return pay expenses ship raise lower sphere owner sphere accompany expeditions named vessel greek prefix meaning deep combined sphere work island conduct series increasing depth coast island people observe deep sea animals native environment lowered ocean steel cable second cable carried phone line occupants communicate surface electrical cable animals outside observations relayed phone line recorded chief technical associate charge preparing specimens obtained total setting consecutive world records deepest dive performed human record set deepest depth feet august lasted broken interrupted year technical problems weather additional difficulty death father left island week order attend father funeral second year long occurred caused lack funds great depression performed work gathered large publicity displayed special exhibit american museum natural history later century progress world fair chicago shared fair hall science obtained publicity articles wrote describing national geographic nbc radio broadcast voice transmitted phone line inside broadcast nationally radio attempted ensure receive credit inventor fellow popular media tended ignore pay attention believing deliberately fame turn lacked patience unpredictable moods felt display proper respect natural world needed experience marine biologist mechanical skill pragmatic concern success managed resolve disagreements work island remain good terms likely romantically involved work island entry personal journal written secret code describing things wished kept secret reads kissed loves unclear knew affair appears minded addition open nature marriage described 1940s interview today woman magazine enjoyed knowledge attractive women continued conduct marine research felt seen wanted expensive knowledge gained worth cost help friend physician henry lloyd conducted expedition west_indies examining stomach contents uncovered previously unknown forms species fish shortly returning set longer expedition waters baja california financed businessman board yacht goal expedition study area fauna means helmet diving team surprised diversity animals encountered went second expedition aboard documenting native wildlife pacific_coast mexico colombia expedition focusing sea animals island birds earlier life attempted document aspects ecosystem described expeditions board books venture book bays emphasized concern threatened habitats dismay human destruction expeditions accompanied longtime assistant john van crane young worked island subsequently associates rest life like crane eventually lover long expeditions time forming close friendship creator wrote half mile don know moral physical qualities lack wonder new world things world proud know return tropics continued use island base operations 1930s onset world war announced ferry linking bermuda new_york soon making final run requiring team hastily abandon station transportation bermuda resumed returned environment slowly transformed war large number military ships docking difficult island reefs destroyed order construct airfield combination construction activity pollution observation sea life impossible appalled destruction finally rented station island military contractor returned new_york loss station bermuda gave compromise finding research station happy content temperate environments began searching home new_england continue writing began searching new tropical research station replace fallen victim like eventually helped purchase small farm near wilmington vermont visited frequently explained magazine interview uncomfortable expeditions agreed careers separate private lives financial assistance standard oil foundation established research station small city venezuela miles west trinidad team station study ecology region recorded inhabitants affected cycle wet dry seasons important study resulted region documentation beetles horns competition males proving horns adaptation sexual selection defense predators research productive felt wet dry cycle impractical research station expanding oil operations region danger destroying local environment reasons return season spring crane returned venezuela search location new field station replace location found known initially intended palace venezuela dictator juan national park palace construction left unfinished death building vast corridors home unlike tropical research stations located lowland regions located described ultimate cloud jungle petroleum spin standard agreed cover cost station finished small portion vast structure team use team began work staying guests government located mountain pass branch known coastal range important migration route butterflies station proved lucrative study insects work broke leg fall ladder forced resulted having leg cast presented new opportunity observing area wildlife request chair transported nearby jungle sat wild animals soon began business noticing presence presented opportunity spend hours time observing pair bat documenting behavior chicks prey item fed parents observations documented behaviors new science including documented example play birds team enjoyed rewarding seasons return reason gave annual report previous seasons produced material needed additional year analyze reality result insufficient funding unstable state politics returned completed technical papers migration patterns birds insects comprehensive study area ecology crane realizing area politics soon end research spring trip trinidad hope finding site research station politics secure finally coup état installed venezuela dictator decided longer continue work venezuela described experiences book high jungle major books january new_york society held celebration commemorate 50th anniversary work point remaining member zoo original staff produced scholarly papers publicity employee letters poured scientists worked admiration influence letter harvard biologist wrote work inspiration particularly monograph books jungle wildlife final years trinidad product crane search potential research station trinidad house hill overlooking valley known bought estate use permanent research station replace renamed estate hill india featured writings later described sense destiny marked introduction estate team worked closely wright owners adjacent spring hill estate provided accommodations water electricity connected initial purchase contained house acres km2 forest surrounding soon realized insufficient research wished conduct purchased neighboring estate known pat contained additional acres km2 donated properties new_york society dollar giving position society research formally began research combined elements different earlier stages research including observations life cycles area birds detailed analyses plant animal small areas forest studies insect behavior insects focus scientific papers produced period marking transition past areas study field local children periodically brought animal specimens asked classify remembering early studies childhood brought specimens american museum natural history happy working seventy fifth birthday retired position director department society director emeritus crane promoted assistant director honor lifetime work naturalist awarded roosevelt distinguished service medal major expedition occurred route taken expedition years earlier intention discovering populations previously studied response human accompanied expedition purpose documenting asia crabs studies expedition served basis monograph crabs world published results observations later years important gathering point researchers areas biology visited conduct studies exchange ideas included lincoln griffin david snow snow regular visitor return provided financial assistance snow research devised unusual method determining react visitors terrace decorated statues characters gift visitors recognized characters creations greeted enthusiasm recognize endured left remained active old age age eighty capable climbing slippery tree order study bird nests strength long tree climbing longer practical work conducted laboratory birds nests analyze method construction began afflicted throat syndrome lacking complete understanding caused doctors referred mouth reluctant accept speaking engagements effect voice continued lectures occasion help account final meeting henry describes years gradually succumbed illness eventually nearly incapable speech personal physician hill provides differing account stating remained able assistance day apart periods time mouth temporarily speech accounts agree final years remained fond playing practical jokes visitors retained sense humor days death william died pneumonia june according wishes buried cemetery port spain memorial services held trinidad new_york_city friends parts world attend following death succeeded director department tropical research continued run station rest staff life frequently worried write biography death order prevent possibility left papers journals death donated papers department rare books special collections princeton_university library possession library papers remained inaccessible permission scholars prevented offered access writer carol grant purpose writing biography personality cultural image william famous united_states american naturalist prior days television scientific writer participated popular academic worlds occupied similar role role later occupied stephen jay known figure twenties new_york_city friends numerous known figures period including cartoonist physically handsome traditional sense tended dominate social professional situation enthusiasm intelligence charisma result publicized divorce blair later marriage known stormy relationships women described religious beliefs combination buddhism religion largely result seeking combine sense awe wonder natural world scientific understanding workings highly critical efforts use science justify political socialism belief women inferior men disapproved ideas advocated early 20th century including contemporaries zoo largely fear ideas friends zoo cause divisions staff avid player tennis remained skilled beat early enjoyed included parties theater dancing occasionally cinema troubled relationship superiors zoo particularly constant demands funding staff fact career progressed gradually devoted time caring zoo particular point disagreement returning books borrowed society library occasionally missing years result publicly expressed disagreements defend work criticized high expectations people working expeditions revealed exact characteristics looked potential employees henry recounts incident turned scientist wished work scientist described current duties reasons requesting response request nonetheless exhibited high degree loyalty employees capable meeting standards felt pressure working great announce birthday approaching staff days free work order celebrate occasion scientist working knew fact birthday responded man birthday needs impact work legacy william pioneer field known ecology theory organisms understood context ecosystems inhabit completely new time highly influential method invented analyzing organisms small area wilderness standard method field pioneer field setting precedent researchers follow wilson described work influence choice careers significant influences researchers rachel regarded friend inspiration dedicated book sea writing absorption mystery meaning sea stimulated writing book aided friendship encouragement william renewed emphasis field research time laboratory studies dominant trend biology recent field researchers jane george considered intellectual descendants writing scientific popular audience science accessible general public particularly significant area conservation important early advocates writings dangers environmental destruction helped raise public awareness topic prolific writing popular audience scientists time reluctant hold high accord regarded course career authored articles books including volume monograph total animals named described new species bird species fish fish described conventional manner remaining based visual observations lingering controversy exists validity species described basis visual descriptions observed naming new species requires obtaining analyzing type specimen obviously impossible inside critics claimed fish resulting window strongly odds reputation honest rigorous scientist observations confirmed advances photography unclear fit description known sea animal possibility animals exist remains discovered life deep ocean animals seen analysis phylogeny studies life islands regarded important contributions field evolutionary biology hypothesis ancestors birds passed referred stage wings hind limbs based theory observation embryos modern birds possess long feathers legs regarded noticed leg wings specimens described idea paper published titled stage ancestry birds discussed hypothesis considerable length book origin birds examined bird species closely related studied belonging primitive species hope finding additional evidence leg wings documented failing find evidence ultimately rejected hypothesis remained consensus decades continued advance hypothesis late 1940s hypothesis supported discovery small dinosaur possessed flight feathers hind limbs hypothesis regarded prediction anatomy likely posture richard described looking straight pages animal discovery effect theory leg feathers played important role origin bird flight william tropical research station following william death research station remained operation crane management new william tropical research station research required travel north extended periods little time station running station fallen declared closed wright health began fail old age friends began fear death neighboring estate spring hill lost developers established trust buy estate convert wright nature center property donated newly established wright nature center management wright nature center william tropical research station gradually renovated actively involved research important gathering place scientists popular destination observe populations william studied decades earlier


thomas thomas august november english natural history author early career took kinds work making wood blocks advertisements illustrating children books gradually turned illustrating writing publishing books gaining adult audience fine illustrations history career began newcastle partner business eventually took trained include john anderson luke william harvey turn known painters best known history british birds admired today mainly wood especially small sharply observed humorous known tail pieces book forerunner modern field guides notably illustrated editions life credited technical innovation printing illustrations wood adopted metal tools cut hard grain producing printing blocks integrated metal type traditional result high quality illustration low price life born house village northumberland near newcastle august birthday celebrated 12th parents tenant farmers father john married union jane thomas eldest born john rented small bank employed men attended school nearby village flourish early age showed talent drawing lessons art age newcastle learnt wood metal example marking jewellery family names coats arms workshop engraved series wood charles illustrating treatise measurement devoted entirely wood received prize royal society encouragement arts commerce wood old select late gay illustrating partner workshop joint business prospered newcastle leading service reputation high quality work good service september went london months finding city rude cruel extreme wealth poverty returned beloved newcastle soon time capital gave wider reputation business experience awareness new movements art financially secure married isabella friend children children robert jane isabella elizabeth daughters worked father memoir death period life described newcastle artist thomas sword good man athletic nearly feet high stout possessed great personal courage younger years slow repay insult personal occasion assaulted returning visit turned said paid noted having strong moral sense early fair treatment animals objected docking horses tails performing animals bears cruelty dogs thought war utterly pointless themes echo attention moral themes example shows wounded soldiers wooden legs wars animals background pupils worked younger brother john gained distinction including john anderson luke william harvey robert johnson son later partner robert partners published history intended children reaching adult readership success encouraged consider work natural history preparation spent years wood blocks land birds volume history british birds given detailed knowledge birds northumberland prepared illustrations given task assembling text struggled ended writing text led dispute authorship refused named author end appeared title page explanation end preface proper observe editors work engaged preparing compilation descriptions undertaken subject friend habits led intimate acquaintance branch natural history land birds preface book immediate success published started work second volume water birds disagreement authorship led final split unable control feelings resolve issues quietly partnership ended leaving workshop pay equivalent lawyer fees share workshop equipment assistance brought second volume water birds sole author found task managing continually troublesome book met success volume april american naturalist bird painter john james came britain find suitable printer enormous birds america lively age showed working dog afraid tree stumps dark figures gave copy children fond music northumberland particular especially wanted promote support john encouraged teach pupils masters kind music pupils thomas son robert surviving manuscript picture repertoire 1820s wood waiting death old bony standing tree seen apprentice work echoes william work shows fallen artist broken column died days illness november home buried churchyard wife isabella died years earlier far parents brother john work technique art considered pinnacle medium called wood skill method unlike wood cut technique predecessors grain hard box wood fine tools normally favoured metal cut end grain hard fine allowing greater detail normal dominant method time addition wood face requires low pressure print image blocks thousands prints importantly assembled page metal type ordinary printing single run contrast copper plate engraved grooves face wiped clean ink printing higher pressure required images printed separately text far greater expense use close observation nature remarkable visual memory sharp create accurate extremely small details wood proved strength weakness properly printed closely examined prints seen convey subtle clues character natural subjects humour feeling achieved carefully varying depth engraved grooves provide actual black white pattern marks provide texture subtlety created technical difficulty needed ink blocks right ink mixed exactly right thickness press block paper slowly carefully obtain result satisfy surprisingly printing slow expensive created problem readers lacked excellent needed glass study prints especially miniature tail pieces effect wood main method illustrating books century quality attracted far wider readership books expected outset intended children ran workshop developing skills complete task illustration closely involved john explains blocks drawn brother cut rough work pupils showed draw finish designs principle schools renaissance painters sure cases work thomas hand great extent nearly certainly word major works works wood technique known include oliver traveller deserted village thomas william chase best known prints said society bull executed exceptionally large gentleman owned estate north riding yorkshire tail pieces tale pieces small chosen fill gaps ends species articles british birds bird description beginning new page images life movement moral humour sympathy precise observation images tell tale tail ends articles example runaway cart end hawk fills high gap hugh explains runaway cart wonderful mixture action danger boys playing cart horse dog cause drawing wheel extraordinary depiction time shows cart gathered speed boy fallen probably hurt hang shouting fear happened carter hand runs late inn distracted girl accident inn sign looks little like workshop son produced materials shop advertisement cards business materials productions survived best illustrations containing initials book owner editions illustrated span entire creative life created newcastle thomas saint apprentice years edition robert select published brother john later contributed volume edition publisher pictures edition went produce edition dangerous illness turned attention long venture large volume edition eventually published work divided sections short prose moral second reflections story followed prose verse moral lengthy prose reflection verse includes sources poems unnamed authors initially designed wood cut close supervision refined necessary edition method pioneered white line dark light technique lines remain white cut general history general history appeared deals mammals world including animals particularly thorough domestic animals entry describes horse difficulty deciding include especially organise entries hoped arrange animals systematically found rival systems john ray conflicted case changed edition work decided useful animals contribute strength wealth happiness kingdom book coverage erratic direct result sources consulted knowledge british animals available scholarly sources combined george observations livestock antique john english dogs hand swedish naturalist account visit cape good hope cook expedition animals southern cape figure largely book energetic greeted enthusiasm british public liked combination vigorous simple accurate descriptions kinds exotic animals alongside things knew history british birds history british birds great achievement associated published volumes history description land birds history description water birds supplement birds specifically british forerunner modern field guides helped intimate knowledge habits animals acquired frequent country recounts information passed acquaintances local gentry obtained natural history works time including thomas pennant gilbert white translation illustrations frequently reproduced books decorations small placed bottoms pages original worlds depicted small glass necessary examine detail scene adrian writes small comic revelation tiny image giving enormous pleasure inventive funny bleak faithful things saw biographer writes appears sense exactly line needed stop pause analysis reflection image mind hand wood skill later generations pause awe explained innate talent genius came constant habit drawing child learning technique apprentice form signature accompanied words thomas mark tail pieces tiny image scene cottage mistake notes critic suggestion meant looking scene window drawing attention maker adrian writing guardian describes tiny work visual equivalent sorts gags played timeless magical joke tributes portraits tributes came lifetime william began poem thieves composed line genius case writing declared friend reverend dedicated lines thee taught wood art rock flood tree home lively light free suited scene living thing brought life elastic thought years death sixteen year old admirer charlotte wrote poem titled lines celebrated describe scenes comes books illustrated later poet alfred left tribute copy history british birds found lord library gate field half solitary cow child broken slate tell meaning way making point work mere illustration truth experience appeals imagination reader calls forth individual response goes text noted end article dictionary national biography rich collection portraits beginning newcastle painter george gray long owned family art gallery james including literary philosophical society newcastle sits holding middle age held natural history society old age national portrait gallery appears figures left lost child standing wife street leading nicholas church john henry frederick bacon draw small figure create print transferred urban rural setting city background portraits include william dating sits pencil hand dog chair birthplace length seated portrait thomas sword good painting sword national portrait gallery longer thought unsigned painting supposedly yale center british art equally dubious marble portrait bust commissioned edward literary philosophical society copies society according recent biographer came sit sculptor refused portrayed instead wore ordinary coat shirt asked smallpox shown taken presented plaster model finished bust bronze copy rests niche building replaced workshop churchyard saint nicholas british museum length statue left chemist shop designed northumberland street city legacy fame nationwide britain birds grew nineteenth century william named swan honour son robert engraved bird later editions british birds took critic john compared subtlety drawing turner writing way engraved feathers birds thing fame faded illustration widespread mechanical twentieth century artists gwen née darwin continued admire skill work artists paul nash described reminiscent hugh reflecting landscape north east england wrote illustrated books admired appeared gave celebrity lifetime memoir published generation death brought new interest widening respect continued grow attraction contemporaries observations lay accuracy amusement centuries later qualities recognised wealth rarity historical information offer thomas primary school newcastle named works held collections including victoria albert museum newcastle city town centres include streets named blue plaques marking homes workshops


born september indian biologist january principal scientist centre cellular molecular biology india primarily known contributions development universal technology dna method identify bird fish small biological sample satisfy legal evidence requirements court law technology field wildlife routinely india provide species identification service cases wildlife crime received medical university_of_oxford worked areas signal cancer molecular biology applications wildlife conservation recipient national awards including technology award invention award innovation award recognition contribution indian science technology education research career early life education born small village northern indian state grew primarily twelfth standard studied government school completing twelfth standard science group school attended university agriculture technology complete bachelor science agriculture animal research career started research career university agriculture technology worked dna indian rice identification duplicate appointed scientist centre dna continued research dna based identification system received emerging forensic scientist continental award international association forensic sciences university california usa work dna based identification wild animals appointed scientist centre cellular molecular biology invented universal technology wildlife identification later received number international patents national awards including technology award jointly conferred award jointly conferred innovation award received fellowship represent indian scholars nobel meetings physiology medicine year received commonwealth scholarship carry doctoral studies university_of_oxford completed medical university_of_oxford january returned india continue work subsequently principal scientist january remains position visiting fellow max institute infection biology starting january research ambassador promote research collaboration india germany team research area wildlife conservation led endangered endemic species universal technology march claimed invented method called universal technology allowed identification unknown biological sample assignment known species source ability work large range animal species universal technology identify bird fish satisfy legal evidence requirements court law patents relating invention filed countries research papers published journals technique field wildlife currently routinely provide wildlife service india cases pertaining wildlife crime contribution development universal technology recognised indian minister science technology ministry earth sciences written report universal technology international independent animal testing lab new_york uncover noted scandal florida parts america undercover investigations carried investigators revealed half labelled expensive variety method species identification international uncover cited gold standard worldwide universal technology dna february credit dispute universal technology dna came light argued dna technique independently described zoologist paul essentially universal technology utilize standardized short stretch dna mitochondrial specific universal assign identity unknown biological sample particular species claimed described earlier dna patents publication fairly credited argued aware patents visible broader scientific community substantial interval filing grant literature written collections hindi poetry social issues delhi gang rape work showcased association british scholars awards honors notable awards conferred follows merit scholarship national merit scholarship emerging forensic scientist continental award international association sciences fellowship represent indian scholars nobel meetings physiology medicine commonwealth scholarship technology award life sciences jointly conferred societal invention award jointly conferred innovation award fellowship max institute infection biology berlin research ambassador till date selected publications dna evidence current perspective future challenges india forensic science international parker peter novel substrate letters funk john unique genus 19th century got right time round molecular evolution elusive dna reveals mystery forensic science international novel universal establish identity enormous number animal species forensic application molecular ecology notes random dna analysis indian rice identification duplicate aid