battle seoul battle seoul known chinese new year offensive january fourth retreat korean phase campaign western sector chinese pinyin battle korean war took place december january south korean capital seoul aftermath major chinese victory battle river united_nations command started possibility evacuation korean peninsula learning development china chairman ordered chinese people volunteer army cross 38th parallel effort pressure united_nations forces withdraw south_korea december chinese 13th army attacked south korean army 1st 2nd 5th 6th infantry divisions 38th parallel united_nations forces defenses river river process prevent chinese forces overwhelming defenders eighth army command lieutenant general matthew evacuated seoul january chinese forces captured seoul end battle chinese invasion south_korea united_nations support south_korea idea evacuation soon abandoned united_nations command time chinese people volunteer army exhausted months nonstop fighting start chinese intervention allowing united_nations forces regain initiative korea background people republic china entering korean war late conflict entered new phase prevent north_korea falling united_nations control landing chinese people volunteer army entered korea launched series surprise attacks forces near sino korean border end resulting battles river valley reservoir forced forces retreat 38th parallel december chinese north korean forces north_korea korean western united_states eighth army suffered disastrous defeat river eighth army retreated river setting defensive positions south korean capital seoul eighth army ordered hold seoul long possible general douglas planned series perimeter assumption forces overwhelmed korea general walker commander eighth army killed traffic accident december lieutenant general matthew assumed command eighth army december 38th parallel proposed china december order avoid hostility china weakened earlier battles nearly percent forces rendered combat ineffective unexpected victories forces convinced chinese leadership immediately 13th army victory eighth army river china chairman started offensive forces urging north korean premier kim sung learning plans believed evacuation korean peninsula imminent stretched chinese logistics prevented launching scale invasion south_korea ordered 13th army launch intrusion dubbed phase campaign withdrawal demonstrate china desire total victory korea december china foreign minister formally rejected demanding forces withdrawn korean peninsula prelude locations terrain weather seoul capital city south_korea roughly northern southern halves han river seoul located south 38th parallel battle fought defenses 38th parallel stretches horizontally river mouth korean west_coast town central korea road dubbed route runs south 38th parallel river passes eventually arrives seoul ancient invasion route seoul road ran river connects seoul town finally road runs connects seoul northeast harsh korean winter temperatures low frozen river river crossings eliminated major obstacle attacking chinese forces forces strategies december eighth army stabilized 38th parallel days death walker placed corps corps iii corps eighth army 38th parallel defend seoul corps defend river respectively iii corps guard areas boundary corps marked route defended 1st infantry division west 6th infantry division east south korean forces suffered nearly casualties end south korean units composed raw recruits little combat training days battle general collins army chief staff concluded formations fit outpost duties time eighth army suffering low morale earlier defeats soldiers anticipating evacuation korea eighth army lack fight maintain contact chinese forces resulted lack information chinese troop movements intentions december ordered corps organize new defensive line called seoul line cover han river crossings case forces forced evacuate seoul chinese forces suffering logistics problems exhaustion earlier victories arguing phase campaign december commander need months replace casualties troops critical need resupply rest reorganization chinese logistics system based concept people war native population supplying army ran difficulties indifferent hostile korean population near 38th parallel chinese suffering hunger lack winter clothing responding concern troops conditions limited scope phase campaign pin south korean forces 38th parallel inflicting damage possible noticing units interspersed south korean formations unable support south ordered 13th army destroy 1st infantry division 6th infantry division iii corps following instruction placed 38th 39th 40th 50th corps 13th army 1st 6th infantry division 42nd corps 13th army moved iii corps sector start date offensive set december order advantage night assault moon anticipated low soldiers holiday reasons predicted december likely time new chinese offensive believing destruction south korean forces 38th parallel render forces incapable future promised pull chinese troops line rest refit end campaign battle evening december 13th army launched massive attack south korean forces 38th parallel river river 38th 39th 40th 50th corps managed 1st division routing 6th division sector 42nd corps forced iii corps retreat defenses 38th parallel completely collapsed january ordered evacuation seoul january actions river river december 1st infantry division retreated town southern bank river original defensive position start korean war right flank 1st infantry division 6th infantry division located north southern bank river 1st infantry division planned defend river placing 11th 12th regiments west east respectively 6th infantry division defended route river placing 7th 19th regiments road 15th regiment 1st infantry division 2nd regiment 6th infantry division placed rear reserves south constructed numerous barbed wire obstacles minefields banks river order strengthen defenses maintain troop morale faced south korean defense chinese prepared month offensive weeks operational orders phase campaign issued high command advance elements 39th corps conducting detailed reconnaissance south korean defenses south korean positions thoroughly analyzed chinese commanders engineers artillery officers chinese thrust companies composed specially trained assault engineer teams organized lead attack river preparation chinese artillery units suffered heavy losses air attacks deputy commander han managed bring artillery pieces south korean fortifications december high command issued operational orders signaled start phase campaign 39th 50th corps tasked destruction 1st infantry division 38th 40th corps tasked destruction 6th infantry division acting prediction army headquarters ordered units alert dusk december soldiers drunk new year celebration abandoned posts order escape cold chinese artillery units began shell south korean defenses december blow fell 12th regiment 1st infantry division unit positioning boundary 1st 6th infantry divisions boundary corps river banks 12th regiment flanks composed high cliffs difficult attackers scale regiment strength defend center noticing development 39th corps decided use 12th regiment flanks main points attack order achieve maximum surprise following attack 12th regiment center divisions 38th corps struck flanks 12th regiment 12th regiment caught guard offered little resistance hours regiment cut pieces battery 9th field artillery battalion seized chinese cover fleeing korean soldiers attacking chinese forces penetrated 15th regiment defense firing shot desperate contain chinese breakthrough brigadier general sun 1st infantry division division rear service personnel form assault battalion battalion unable stop chinese advance 11th regiment remaining intact morning january 1st infantry division forced withdraw january chinese attacks 6th infantry division commanders planned original plan called 38th 40th corps attack 19th regiment 6th infantry division right flank bulk chinese forces mistakenly attacked 19th infantry regiment 24th infantry division stationed east 19th regiment poor intelligence chinese charge minefields resulting heavy casualties attackers spite losses chinese pushed 19th infantry regiment exposing right flank 6th infantry division process 1st infantry division action 24th infantry division defenses penetrated chinese forces flanks 6th infantry division advanced southward attempt division midnight new year eve 6th infantry division forced retreat chinese managed intercept elements 6th infantry division south escaped trap chinese lines mountain trails tried inspect morning january greeted fleeing remnants 6th infantry division miles north seoul despite efforts stop retreat division continued flee south personal intervention south korean president division finally stopped retreat night january defenses river river completely collapsed chinese advancing territory chinese stopped advance january actions beginning battle iii corps located east 24th infantry division corps defending 38th parallel north composed divisions iii corps placed 2nd infantry division corps left flank hills north 5th infantry division defended corps center cold winter created great difficulties south korean defenders heavy snow construction roads limiting food ammunition supplies north korean active region caused disruption rear iii corps chinese operational order phase campaign called 42nd corps protect chinese left flank eliminating 2nd 5th infantry divisions cutting road seoul following instructions chinese corps quickly struck midnight new year eve division penetrated flanks 2nd infantry division blocked division retreat route trapped 17th 32nd regiments 2nd infantry division forced retreat disarray corps 5th infantry division division advanced eastward korean rear blocked 5th infantry division retreat route maneuver soon left 36th regiment 5th infantry division surrounded chinese 36th regiment escape chinese lines mountain trails january iii corps lost contact 2nd 5th infantry divisions rest iii corps retreating town january 42nd corps relieved north korean people army kpa corps north launched separate offensive evacuation seoul aftermath chinese attacks 38th parallel worried chinese exploit breakthrough circle entire eighth army lacked confidence troops ability hold chinese offensive morning january major general frank major general john commanders corps respectively ordered evacuation seoul collapse defenses 38th parallel retreat started january january ordered corps retreat seoul line following orders 25th infantry division corps took position west british 29th independent infantry brigade corps dug east east corps ordered withdrawal corps anglo australian 27th british commonwealth brigade covering rear chinese forces managed trap 3rd battalion royal australian regiment 27th british commonwealth brigade attacks 6th infantry division battalion escaped trap wounded midnight january 24th infantry division corps reached seoul line south 27th commonwealth brigade moved corps rear reserves chinese forces lacked ability lay siege city evacuation order caught surprise morning january ordered 13th army pursue retreating forces attacking seoul 24th 25th infantry division british 29th infantry brigade soon bore chinese attacks corps sector 38th corps immediately attacked 24th infantry division american trying withdraw fierce fighting followed 19th infantry regiment division left flank involved numerous hand hand struggles chinese chinese overran company 19th infantry regiment attacks american artillery air strikes soon inflicted casualties return faced heavy chinese pressure 27th commonwealth brigade called cover retreat corps 24th division evacuated seoul night january 27th commonwealth brigade started cross han river morning january entire corps left seoul left flank 24th infantry division british 29th infantry brigade corps involved hardest fighting entire battle 29th infantry brigade action korean war brigade ordered defend areas east seoul line 1st battalion royal rifles covered brigade left flank 1st battalion royal northumberland stationed brigade right flank 1st battalion gloucestershire regiment 1st battalion 21st royal thai regiment covered brigade rear artillery support january contact division 50th corps chinese surprised overran company counterattack major blake restored battalion position morning attack chinese forces positions exploiting valleys occupied british entire soon came sniper fire chinese repeated attempts capture company restore position brigadier thomas 29th infantry brigade sent company churchill tanks reinforcement reinforcement met machine gun mortar fire chinese resistance immediately churchill tanks devastating assaults surviving chinese troops fled bombardment inch mortars pounder field guns aftermath fighting 29th infantry brigade suffered dead wounded missing chinese dead found position british 29th infantry brigade division fought east 25th infantry division corps started withdraw left flank 29th infantry brigade evacuation plan called coordinated withdrawal 25th infantry division british 29th infantry brigade order prevent chinese rear areas heavy fighting soon coordination american british units impossible 27th infantry regiment 25th infantry division formed rear guard corps 25th infantry division 29th infantry brigade ordered evacuate january 25th infantry division retreated little difficulties withdrawal 29th infantry brigade start dark road completely open american rear guards british units regiment division rear areas set ambush cooper force 8th king royal irish cooper force quickly overran chinese soldiers completely unarmed chinese attacked tanks cooper force bundle grenades torpedoes setting fire desperate hand hand fighting followed soldiers managed escape trap command major major blake captain cooper cooper force killed action british soldiers missing action captured chinese 27th infantry regiment tried rescue trapped british troops stopped rescue order prevent unnecessary losses british 29th infantry brigade left seoul january 27th infantry regiment tactical unit remained city fighting holding engagements seoul 27th infantry regiment crossed han river january january ordered eighth army withdraw han river form new defensive line dubbed line 37th parallel port airfield demolished deny use chinese north korean forces afternoon january kpa corps 38th corps 50th corps entered seoul greeted city flames civilians fled south frozen han river evacuated nearby countryside south korean government seoul reduced essential personnel battle left city little difficulties chinese platoon reached seoul city hall raised north korean flag january ordered 50th corps kpa corps seize instructing units rest northern bank han river january halted phase campaign troop exhaustion prevent repeat landing aftermath casualties moderate battle battle seoul significant success chinese military korea forces morale sunk lowest point war extremely displeased performance eighth army control sudden death walker took immediate steps restore morale fighting spirit forces korea leading eighth army started regain confidence forces ability hold korea evacuation plan abandoned january members initially divided respond chinese intervention korea chinese rejection soon rallied members immediately afterward resolution condemned china passed february opinion historian alexander chinese rejection damaged international prestige built earlier military successes later difficult china join deny support taiwan korean war ultimately ended 38th parallel drag bloody years chinese demand forces withdrawn korean peninsula despite victory completely exhausted fighting nonstop start chinese intervention deputy commander han later reported combat casualties light battle casualties poor logistics exhaustion cost backbone chinese forces phase campaign far_east air forces campaign launched december chinese north korean supply lines chinese unable sustain southward believing forces korea thoroughly unable counterattack finally permitted rest months chinese commanders planning decisive battle spring surprise chinese commanders eighth army soon operation january


battle channels battle channels day confrontation tactical groups yugoslav navy ships coastal artillery detachment naval croatian navy fought november croatian war independence november torpedoed class patrol boat close island split channel adriatic_sea prompting yugoslav naval bombardment island day drifting salvaged croatian civilian boats beached bay day group yugoslav navy vessels deployed split channel organised tactical group bombarded city split retaliation loss return croatian coastal artillery engaged draw artillery fire yugoslav navy deployed group vessels island organised south engaged croatian artillery retreated east joined consisting november combined yugoslav force sailed channel separating islands reach safety yugoslav navy base warships engaged croatian coastal artillery deployed peninsula losing artillery fire process battle marked deployment yugoslav navy channels naval blockade croatian coast imposed september largest croatian navy operation war croatian navy later towed grounded repaired vessel service battle yugoslav navy crewmen croatian gunners civilian sailors split killed thirty yugoslav officers charged relation naval bombardment croatian authorities background following electoral defeat government socialist republic croatia ethnic tensions increased yugoslav people army confiscated croatia territorial defence forces weapons minimize resistance august tensions escalated open revolt croatian serbs centred predominantly populated areas parts eastern croatia followed unsuccessful attempts serbia supported montenegro serbia provinces obtain yugoslav presidency approval operation croatian security forces january skirmish insurgents croatian special police march supported serbia allies asked federal presidency wartime authorities declare state emergency request denied march came control serbian president preferring campaign expand serbia preserve yugoslavia publicly threatened replace serbian army declared longer recognized authority federal presidency end march conflict escalated croatian war independence intervened increasingly supported croatian insurgents prevented croatian police intervening early april leaders croatian revolt declared intention integrate area control known serbia government croatia viewed declaration attempt croatian government responded forming croatian national_guard garde development hampered united_nations arms yugoslav navy blockade adriatic coast introduced september following battle barracks acquired significant stock weapons ammunition including yugoslav navy vessels moored croatian forces naval mines deployed bay rendered yugoslav navy base split inaccessible october croatia declared independence yugoslavia month later croatian national_guard renamed croatian army late saw fighting war yugoslav campaign croatia culminated siege battle days november yugoslav navy stopped convoy twice inspection islands enforced blockade convoy small boats led ferry way resupply retrieve refugees besieged city november coaster manned croatian crew sunk gunfire island order battle despite capture yugoslav navy vessels september croatia coastal defences relied captured coastal artillery mainland nearby islands central included batteries mainland split millimetre guns island millimetre battery near millimetre guns island near coastal artillery batteries islands split millimetre rat island millimetre battery island millimetre battery millimetre battery island captured guns captured removed set additional coastal artillery batteries split additional batteries set tip peninsula coast north battery deployed contained millimetre guns naval commando detachment croatian navy deployed western coastal artillery croatian navy commanded admiral yugoslav navy deployed tactical groups tgs named coast central bases islands deployed sea split north islands consisted class frigate split class fast attack craft class missile boat class torpedo boats class patrol boats including included additional class missile boat deployed sea mainland east consisted deployed western tip island consisted class frigate commanded captain class fast attack craft missile boats class patrol craft yugoslav navy fleet overall command rear admiral timeline november november croatian naval attacked torpedo fired island crew reported explosion bow ship requested assistance started sink dispatched reached shortly transferred crew damaged vessel left drift bow fully submerged containing bodies dead crew members nearly entire night directed gunfire areas draw fire croatian coastal artillery coastal artillery deployed targeted areas return fire additional yugoslav vessels sortied returned base morning split entrance islands time naval gunfire died remained assigned area patrol november november commenced naval bombardment targets split islands order issued aboard split maritime military sector command bases split advised attack based split join bombardment notified maritime military sector commanding officer major general attack said control situation headquarters denied supply electricity european community monitor mission notified promised efforts stop bombardment shortly ordered coastal artillery commence fire near misses coastal artillery fire scored direct hit split attributed rat based battery croatian sources said ordered bombardment retribution loss response difficult position yugoslav navy vessels north led sailed north island draw artillery fire away ships approached split entrance radar contact sailing away split open sea high speed attempting enforce blockade imposed september requested vessel radio stop inspection vessel failed respond fired shots noticed carrying team flying flag europe abandoned pursuit proceeded came fire coastal artillery arrived nautical miles kilometres miles response incoming fire fired millimetre bow mounted gun targets croatian sources said approximately rounds fired striking civilian targets said command acted artillery located outside residential areas fired depth charges rocket land outside range draw greater attention artillery gunners started withdraw east approximately fearing shortest available route mined area split entrance reached eastern tip yugoslav air_force flew low minutes later reportedly shot anti aircraft artillery yugoslav jets sortied targets following naval action morning croatian civilian boats towed partially submerged bay ran aground afternoon linked east island november november tgs started assemble eastern end channel separates islands north cape westernmost tip peninsula relatively slow belonged hit bow engine room respectively millimetre guns assist split turned engage artillery cape sailed north closer shore increasingly thick fog turned attack cape engaged nearby coastal artillery located damaged shooting entire naval force moved north west island sustained heavy damage ran aground bay abandoned sank crew rescued remaining vessels group fleet sailed south western seeking shelter wind strengthened ships approached fired coastal artillery cape forcing turn west engage croatian positions november aftermath yugoslav navy defeated ships sail north split entrance battle largest engagement croatian navy war croatian anti aircraft gunners killed action island according yugoslav navy lost seamen including aboard patrol craft yugoslav air_force lost aircraft pilots rescued helicopter sortied picked sea croatian navy divers later raised towed owned repaired turned croatian navy civilians killed wounded naval bombardment split bombardment damaged archaeological museum split municipality building arena public institute technical school ferries moored port split civilian fatalities crew members croatian authorities charged officers including tried convicted years prison bombardment split later high ranking officer navy arrested naples late travelled nato function croatia charged officers tried officers including convicted acquitted seventeen cases ordered supreme_court croatia irregularities previous trials croatia events november referred battle split split battle split channel events november referred battle channel events spanning days battle channels referred battle adriatic


battle battle world war battle took place july near village river region modern ukraine russian_empire major clash russian army polish austro hungarian army opening phase offensive polish forces numbering faced russian forces numbering half 46th corps polish forces eventually forced retreat delayed russians long austro hungarian units area retreat organized manner polish casualties approximately fatalities wounded battle considered largest vicious involving polish world war background world war poland fought german empire austro hungarian empire aligned russian_empire polish austro hungary created order exploit divisions serving primary tools restoring polish independence polish arrived vicinity advance central powers summer autumn taking september autumn experienced heavy fighting trying control region known battle took place november russians managed advances taking polish hill expelled polish forces september polish forces held successes defending positions landmarks region known polish called polish allied german speaking troops key hill overlooking area polish hill polish nearby forest polish forest nearby bridge polish bridge key fortified trench line polish soldiers built large wooden camps larger known polish located late autumn winter spring saw major moves sides changed drastically launching offensive june offensive major russian victory greatest austro hungarian defeats opposing forces facing major russian offensive brigade polish deployed brigade held lines advancing polish hill village iii brigade positioned left held lines near village advanced polish position metres facing head advanced russian called eagle nest polish hill hungarian brigade took positions opposite polish right flank hungarian 11th cavalry division opposite left flank polish fall lines drawn line defense drawn polish forest engineer forest second villages camp polish numbered infantry cavalry machine guns mortars artillery units russian forces composed 46th corps primarily infantry division numbered infantry cavalry backed larger artillery force consisting units battle starting june major russian push directed line aim taking position advancing polish staying holding ground russian reinforcements thrown battle major struggles area world war polish forces launched counterattack pushing russians expected bold night june major russian push came july major artillery pre assault advancing russian infantry numbering faced polish troops lines rest held reserve russians stopped heavy machine gun fire forced retreat hungarian forces polish hill pushed russians advancing poles right flank threatened high ground area counterattack poles successful hungarian units retreating polish forces sustained heavy losses fall remaining defense line area polish hill second line polish counterattack launched night july beaten day russian offensive managed push polish forces poles managed temporarily retake polish hill lack support hungarian forces tipped battle russians german reinforcements deployed sent report army headquarters possibility russian breakthrough failed turn tide away eventually july russian offensive forced central powers armies retreat entire polish forces retreat having sustained approximately casualties battle aftermath offensive stopped august reinforcements western despite forced retreat performance polish forces impressed austro hungarian german commanders contributed decision recreate form polish order boost recruitment polish troops limited concessions satisfy aftermath oath crisis arrested disbanded presence later dictator poland battle subject patriotic polish paintings including soldier painting created series drawings sketches dead wounded battle second polish republic monuments mound raised nearby commemorate battle mound stone museum additional raised years military cemetery built fell disrepair rule soviet_union tried traces polish history mound example lowered recent years restoration work taken place polish ukrainian projects notable projects carried polish boy scouts battle considered largest vicious involving polish world war order july wrote heaviest current fights took place recent days


action action naval battle fought german kriegsmarine british_royal_navy southern coast islands norway world war german squadron consisting battleships met engaged british squadron admiral sir william consisting battlecruiser hms renown destroyers short engagement suffered moderate damage germans withdrew background german invasion norway operation began april order prevent disruption invasion british kriegsmarine previously dispatched force vice admiral protect troop convoy landing german squadron consisted battleships heavy cruiser admiral hipper destroyers intelligence suggesting germans ships british sent squadron admiral sir william deny german access neutral norwegian waters laying mines operation prevent german naval movements atlantic_ocean shortly departing german waters april force attacked british bombers damage squadron april admiral hipper german destroyers dispatched german capital ships headed north north_atlantic admiral hipper left met engaged british destroyer hms separated admiral main force german battleships nearby assistance deemed unnecessary admiral hipper sank taking damage return main force caught sight april moved engage battleships force consisted battlecruiser renown remaining destroyers hms hardy hunter destroyers hms destroyer hms hms class renown completely reconstructed lighter machinery increased armour upgraded armament mounted main battery calibre inch guns improved shells greater range dual purpose secondary battery consisting inch inch arranged turrets destroyers rigged laying normal armament removed possessed inch guns destroyers capable ships armed torpedo tubes inch guns class destroyers hardy built destroyer leader additional inch gun german force consisted class battleships main battery guns secondary battery guns close range engagement british force superior distance guns destroyers german firepower greater german force held speed advantage renown having speed knots mph battlecruiser knots mph slower destroyers steam knots mph clearly held advantage renown german force significantly vulnerable attack destroyers battle sighted renown radar german ships cleared action poor weather conditions able engage heavy seas poor visibility prevented squadrons closing range renown began action attacking inch guns german warships returned fire scoring hits renown inch shells shells failed explode hitting british battlecruiser foremast second passing ship near steering gear room time renown struck shells hits damaged german battleship director tower forward range aft turret renown moved fire early sporadic lasted engagement broken minutes waves breaking renown forward turrets action fire coming sides fearing torpedo attack damaged germans increased speed german battleships retreated renown escorts opened fire despite fact destroyers guns sufficient range successfully engage ships germans smaller vessels powerful capital ships result thought heavily determined steer clear thought superior force managed shake british squadron end action sailing west arctic ocean aftermath despite royal_navy winning minor tactical victory kriegsmarine germans considered engagement strategic success fact force delayed long interfering landings action ended force continued search german capital ships british squadron occupied german destroyer transports managed way destroying norwegian coastal defence ships path engagement renown german battleships linked admiral hipper 11th near trondheim returned germany reaching wilhelmshaven april damage repaired


attack attack air raid conducted united_states_navy july weeks pacific war japanese battleship raid main target anti aircraft positions warships naval arsenal attacked navy british_royal_navy aircraft struck airfields tokyo area lightly damaged american aircraft sank destroyer submarine escort vessels damaged small vessels allied pilots claimed destruction locomotives japanese aircraft damage aircraft japanese anti aircraft guns shot american british aircraft background july fleet led admiral william conducted series air raids naval targets japan attacks fleet striking force task force commanded vice admiral john included fleet carriers light carriers escorts thousand aircraft embarked board carriers july aircraft struck airfields tokyo claimed destroyed japanese aircraft ground air japanese aircraft responded attack held reserve mount large scale suicide attacks allied fleet expected invasion country later following raid fleet conducted raids northern july sank large numbers ships destroyed aircraft ground american warships sailed south july joined british pacific fleet main striking force designated task force comprised aircraft carriers escorts july imperial_japanese_navy remaining large warships unable sea shortages fuel dangers attack allied aircraft submarines warships anchored near major naval base locations inland sea smaller warships stationed naval arsenal tokyo bay time battleship moored alongside pier facing northwest covered camouflage intended difficult aircraft spot secondary armament half anti aircraft guns removed nearby hills provide protection naval base battleship boilers lit received steam power submarine auxiliary boiler located pier destroyer docked nearby position able protect battleship anti aircraft guns presence revealed allies photographs taken july raid tokyo area july vice admiral bernard commander met plan raids tokyo area determined sink remnants placed particularly strong emphasis attacking admiral flagship attack pearl harbor december battleship position defended harbor fleet planners assessed aircraft attempted straight level flight needed launch torpedoes suffer heavy losses decided use dive bombing tactics instead naval base mountainous approaches dive bombers limited attack july american british fleet attempted strike naval arsenal targets tokyo area waves aircraft dispatched attack frustrated heavy cloud region attacks canceled aircraft reached tokyo area struck airfields north city caused little damage naval base attacked american fighter defenders respond attacks night july american british warships bombarded city day allied fleet sailed south looking weather better suited conducting flight operations conditions improved morning day air strikes began launch british aircraft dispatched airfields tokyo area size attack considerably reduced planned fuel system board hms victorious contaminated water carrier launch fighters main effort directed naval arsenal designated raid primary target smaller number american aircraft dispatched raid japanese air fields attack began july wave american aircraft attacked anti aircraft batteries naval base succeeded following aircraft attacked bombs pound general purpose bomb struck battleship bridge killing commanding officer rear admiral executive officer men pound bomb later struck detonated near officer mess killing sailors knocking guns direct hit ship inch shell rocket explode addition bombs landed harbor near causing double hull let tons water ship time attack concluded battleship officers men killed overall damage ship later assessed light american aircraft attacked ships docked unfinished class destroyer broke sank bombed submarine destroyed bomb time submarine crew ashore suffer fatalities escort vessels torpedo boat sunk addition losses ships including obsolete destroyer training ships damaged despite proximity damaged british united_states aircraft dispatched airfields claimed destroyed japanese aircraft damaged pilots aircraft claimed destruction railway locomotives allied losses attacks july navy aircraft royal_navy aircraft allied pilots disappointed sunk despite battleship primary target raid aftermath following attacks tokyo bay area july allied fleet sailed away japan attacks main body inland sea july raids sank battleships aircraft carrier warships cost allies aircraft killed fleet elements continued strikes targets japan end war august attack crew removed casualties ship conducted limited repairs ship ballast tanks flooded impression sunk early hours august ordered sea intercept allied force sortie canceled completed preparations leave port report allied ships determined false august ship surrendered navy target ships atomic bomb tests conducted bikini july operation crossroads sank night july


battles fort battles fort hebrew refer attempts egyptian army capture fort bar line war attempt took place noon october start operation failed israeli air_force intervention second attempt took place october onset operation men israeli military operation cross suez_canal despite significant setbacks caused poor sea conditions second attack verge success israeli air_force intervened coupled israeli reinforcements repelled egyptian attack background fort northernmost fort israeli bar line unlike bar line fortifications located immediately east suez_canal located mediterranean_sea kilometres south east port fort strongest bar positions strategic location fort control coastal road connecting port east fort exceptional engineering preparations considerable weaponry fort incorporated surrounded barbed wire minefields depth metres october fort garrisoned infantry company tank command captain garrison advantage terrain located narrow strip land bounded north mediterranean south salt marshes main route approach attacker land strip spanned metres widest alternatively fort attacked salt marshes naval landing marshes traversed foot slowly naval landing subject sea conditions prelude attack capturing fort fell responsibility port said sector egyptian military command independent second field army south commander sector major general assigned task capturing fort independent infantry brigade commanded brigadier general tasked capturing position fort committed battalion command lieutenant colonel ali capture following reinforcements obsolete tanks equipped breach israeli minefield amphibious armored vehicles mortar company company group meaning lightning egyptian commando forces company join attack naval landing separated groups group land kilometers east prevent israeli reinforcements reaching fort group land kilometer east attack fort main assault come west carried battalion tanks battalion attack port egyptian control allow company perform landing port said sector supplied assault received october second army informed available resorted renting fishing boats consequently company tasked simply fort attack east carried battle october operation egyptian aircraft participated air strike israeli targets strike tactical bombers attacked fort bombers moderately accurate bombs finding targets landing outside fort perimeter targeted artillery barrage beginning fire preparation underway company moved port said conduct landing east fort time main attacking force began moving positions east port lead breach minefield closely followed combat engineers advance forming battalion platoon amphibious vehicles supported remaining soon lead reached minefield came heavy fire fort garrison soon tanks destroyed damaged combat engineers proceeded breach minefield israeli aircraft began bombing egyptian forces half hours encountering resistance leading destruction tanks vehicles bombed egyptian forces minefield area strip stretching kilometers port fire air fort attack complete halt began retreat ordered battalion assume defensive positions east port repel israeli counterattack company achieved success attack managed land kilometers east fort facing aerial resistance company sailing civilian fishing boats company managed prevent israeli reinforcements reaching fort destroying number tanks vehicles captured israeli soldiers planned attempt attack october battalion carry second attempt took necessary preparations attack canceled heavy israeli aerial attacks port said night october company continued hold positions east days decided withdraw casualties sustained second battle prelude october port said sector reinforced battalion group battalion arrived cairo days later sector received new boats alexandria boats sent necessary maintenance boats engines arrival reinforcements equipment began lay plan attack attempt company battalion occupy positions kilometers east fort supported platoon main attack launched east company company battalion units battalion conduct secondary attack west company remained reserve near port company reinforced company platoon battalion land sea directly israeli fort attack preceded minute long fire preparation presented plan morning october authorized attack informed second army battalion spent night october october preparing attack area fort means patrol groups aerial photographs studying routes approach marshes attacking forces began moving positions october taking advantage darkness secondary attack force took position east port main force reached position east fort marshes waves march extremely difficult cross nature terrain high concentration salt meant soldiers traverse marshes midnight began fort garrison artillery fire range rockets launched naval vessel attack october reinforced company platoon began moving port said preparation landing fire preparation began fort carried brigade artillery additional artillery battalion attack began secondary attack force approaching west opened fire draw garrison attention main force advanced fort spearheaded company managed reach fort surprise garrison soon company verge entering fort naval force bad sea conditions sea state arrived half hour late forced land kilometer west fort joined secondary attack group advance fortification mixed force came heavy fire battalion commander ali killed company east fort finally succeeded fort defenses heavy fire company commander hit times continued lead men secondary force managed reach fort northern sand embankment fighting intense picked radio signal sent garrison commander detailed men position requested immediate assistance especially air support despite initial success achieved reserves fort join attack sunrise israeli aircraft began attacking egyptian troops secondary force bombing runs helicopters attacked main force reinforced fort tank companies came company fort ensuing company leader platoon commander killed caught open ground cover casualties destroyed israeli tanks half tracks battle heavy effective fire inside ceased entering fort company east concentrated israeli tank fire aerial bombardment finally overwhelmed israeli reinforcements proceeded fort opening fire main force consequently egyptian forces east fort attempted retreat marshes attempted retreat dropping smoke area lack visibility caused injuries men retreat marshes sector command contacted egyptian chief staff informed failure attack requested supposedly promised support attack arrived sent protect retreating forces artillery fire provide cover instructed forces retreat original defensive positions east port defend costs october troops retreated lake continued arrive defensive positions israeli repulsed help artillery morning egyptian fighter bombers flew battlefield arriving fort shot ground fire withdrew aftermath second egyptian attempt port said sector launch attack capture fort remained israeli fortification bar line remain israeli control months war captain commander fort led protests israeli government handling war


battle bridge battle bridge armed confrontation occurred united_nations french army elements army occurred seized french manned united_nations protection force observation posts ends bridge crossing river bosnia war seizing bridge took french hostage platoon french subsequently captured bridge support french direct fire armoured vehicles action saw french army bayonet charge korean war french assault elements army republic bosnia opened fire held observation posts accidentally wounding french hostage french soldiers killed battle wounded died wounds later day casualties killed wounded captured following battle forces observed likely engage french deployed city background siege bridge located man land surrounded tall buildings target sniper fire beginning war april shot bridge women died result sniper fire considered victims siege march nato planning new strategy support operations bosnia president jimmy carter army republic bosnia army forces expired fighting resumed struggle gradually widened launched large scale offensive area response attack seized heavy weapons guarded depot began targets prompting commander bosnia lieutenant general smith request nato air strikes nato responded bombing ammunition dump capital pale mission carried spanish air_force armed laser guided bombs response seized hostages human shields variety potential targets bosnia forcing nato end air strikes facing second hostage crisis general smith commanders began shift strategy began forces locations harder attack difficult personnel hostage general michael rose hand established rapid reaction force heavily armed land unit aggressive rules engagement designed offensive action necessary prevent hostage taking enforce peace agreements battle attack soldiers posing french troops captured observation posts ends bridge firing shot wore french uniforms jackets helmets personal weapons drove french armoured personnel carrier stolen troops detained outside city serbs disarmed bridge gunpoint taken unknown destination remained site human shields according colonel commander 4th french battalion time provided 3rd marine infantry regiment serbs took soldiers control threat dirty tricks began act terrorists support react moment comes stop stop french reaction evidence wrong bridge radio silence french post platoon commander captain lost radio contact posts drove bridge find happening met french uniform attempted prisoner quickly turned drove stadium headquarters french responded sending platoon troops 3rd marine infantry regiment capture northern end bridge backed french infantry armoured cars assault force led approached northern edge bridge following usual route convoys french marines overran held cost life private action marked french bayonet charge korean war assault supported millimetre direct fire armoured cars heavy machine gun fire serbs responded mortar bombs fire anti aircraft weapons french wounded clash soldiers killed taken prisoner joined fight accidentally shooting wounding french hostage conclusion minute long remained control southern end bridge french occupied northern end asked truce recover dead wounded threat killing french hostages wounded french soldier immediately released evacuated hospital eventually gave abandoned southern end bridge french soldier held hostage corporal managed escape second french soldier die battle private killed sniper supporting assault jewish cemetery wounded french soldiers died wounds later day soldiers captured action treated prisoners war detained facility aftermath according french officers involving operation action bridge showed attitude changed following battle forces observed likely engage french deployed city lieutenant colonel officer participated operation stated later incident serbs strangely quiet memorial french soldiers killed action unveiled april plaque commemorating day bridge renamed memory women


battle battle october known battle broken bridge took place united_nations offensive river followed north korean invasion south_korea start korean war battle fought australian forces 3rd battalion royal australian regiment elements 17th tank brigade korean people army key bridge river near north_korea october 27th british commonwealth brigade resumed advance crossing river lead battalion arriving australians discovered centre span metre concrete bridge demolished north korean engineers blocking passage river platoon sized reconnaissance patrol crossed river debris destroyed span soon forced withdraw north holding high ground artillery fire subsequently called australians prepared conduct assault evening following clearance nearby company australians sent companies river establish prevent north consolidating position western bank companies subsequently established defensive positions road shortly north korean forces detected forming assault right flank company preparations broken mortars north engaged forward australian companies mortar fire largely ineffective north korean activity increased significantly heavy small arms fire causing number casualties australians evacuated fire boat fast flowing tidal river artillery support called australians response renewed concentrations north preparation assault australians sent platoon river reinforce companies western bank october north companies supported tanks ensuing fighting convoy north korean vehicles including tank motorcycle infantry moved road company intention occupying ridges overlooking river crossing australians ambushed convoy close range small arms fire mortars forcing north flee abandoning vehicles tank successfully shooting way later north korean tank supporting infantry pressed metres company headquarters stopping taking position ridges unaware location australians dawn australians possession called north holding ridges west positions way reported clear companies crossed river eastern bank later morning battle continued morning north finally withdrew abandoning bridge australians background military situation korean war began early morning june following surprise invasion republic korea northern neighbour communist democratic people republic korea numerically superior better equipped korean people army kpa crossed 38th parallel rapidly advanced south easily overcoming south response united_nations decided intervene behalf south_korea inviting member states send forces restore situation consequence american ground forces hastily deployed attempt prevent south collapsing poorly equipped early august forced north known perimeter key allies britain canada australia committed forces initially limited naval contingents largely viewed token efforts diplomatic pressure british agreed deploy infantry brigade july later dispatch second brigade crisis worsened canadians agreed provide infantry brigade battalion arrive december total member states eventually contributed forces australia nations commit units fighting playing small significant united_nations command initially led general douglas forces deployed japan british commonwealth occupation force formed basis australian response fighter bombers squadron raaf flying missions july frigate destroyer committed naval operations time 3rd battalion royal australian regiment preparing return australia prior outbreak war remained japan july australian government announced commit poorly equipped infantry battalion fighting following period preparation training equipment began immediately hundreds reinforcements hastily recruited australia force soon began arriving fill battalion battalion commanding officer lieutenant colonel floyd subsequently replaced lieutenant colonel charles green officer extensive operational experience fighting japanese new_guinea second world war green took perceived inexperience september embarked korea concentrating september joined british 27th infantry brigade garrison formation committed hong_kong british government situation deteriorated perimeter late august bolster eighth army lieutenant general walker commanded brigadier brigade renamed 27th british commonwealth brigade consisted 1st battalion highland regiment 1st battalion middlesex regiment british battalions mustered men ranks brigade short transport heavy equipment integral artillery support rely entirely americans 16th field regiment royal new_zealand artillery arrived january strength nearly men addition gave brigade increased tactical weight allowing australians work familiar environment attached formation command brigade number army units including field artillery battalion tanks tank battalion company combat engineer battalion prelude opposing forces time arrived theatre north broken rapid retreat forces conducting successful amphibious assault breaking perimeter southern tip korean peninsula steady advance began driving north northwards 38th parallel 27th british commonwealth brigade airfield north seoul october vehicles road driving kilometres arrive october subsequently attached 1st cavalry division command major general gay october brigade took 7th cavalry regiment vanguard advance west_coast axis intended north korean capital north suffered heavily preceding weeks continued resist strongly lack accurate maps roads rapid movement difficult advancing forces time platoon american tanks attached battery field guns direct support 27th british commonwealth brigade subsequently moved kilometres capturing october killing north taking prisoners loss man killed wounded brigade passed command 24th infantry division october overall command major general john church 1st cavalry division remained complete capture 27th british commonwealth brigade subsequently ordered seize consequently brigade continued advance north little respite october australians fought major action killing north capturing brigade prisoners loss seven men wounded intending defeat north bring war close forces pushed river chinese border resistance continued met brigade crossed river moved october removed restrictions movement forces south river prepared final phase advance directive joint chiefs staff chinese intervention support north_korea middlesex vanguard lead elements 27th british commonwealth brigade successfully crossed unopposed october assault boats british battalion established defensive position looking main bridge preparation remainder brigade continue advance following day road rail bridges previously damaged subsequently found unsuitable use vehicles armour tidal current prevented light vehicles american engineers attached brigade road bridge kilometres east found damaged 1st division entered town following repairs bridge available 27th british commonwealth brigade light wheeled vehicles october accompanying tanks located ford kilometres upstream able cross point winter approaching british australians encountered cold weather temperature began drop freezing night consequently prior leaving purpose designed american cold weather clothing issued stocks short supply men received equipment second issue arranged days later battle fighting river october afternoon ordered resume lead continue advance major town kilometres north river australians subsequently moved middlesex supported tanks company tank battalion company reached village kilometres south main west_coast road diverged road turning west river continue border australians discovered centre span metre concrete bridge demolished north korean engineers blocking passage river forced halt inch mortars support company brought position provide indirect fire support battalion roughly timber debris bridge sections platoon command lieutenant morrison crossed bridge covered remainder company tanks order far bank river road ran ridge rose metres water advancing foot ridge north came forward hills surrender australians immediately came heavy inaccurate fire north concealed hills surrendering north scattered australians returned fire light aircraft scouting western bank subsequently reported presence north korean companies north overlooking having established north held high ground green ordered morrison withdraw bridge order allow place platoon bringing north korean prisoners united_states_air_force shooting stars subsequently north korean positions river companies instructed prepare assault north korean positions western bank approach dusk prevented second fire plan subsequently arranged american artillery battalion mortars substantial thrust river launched australians meantime green sent company clear town order protect australian right flank command major walter brown reported entering town company subsequently returned bringing prisoners leaving platoon guard american engineers begun constructing ford damaged underwater bridge use following day north korean machine gun sporadically engaged australians left strong concentrations north korean troops detected west bank establishes october bridge considered important advancing eighth army australians determined force passage river platoon company holding ford dusk fell green cross river following morning ford attempt bridge night acting resolved strengthen position companies sent river secure prevent north reinforced consolidating position western bank broken span australians crossed river scaled bank establishing defensive positions sides road crest metres achieving objectives australians spread company captain william left company right commanded major george australians suspected north withdrawn largely winter clothing began dig amid sub zero wind blew kilometres away green deployed remainder battalion eastern bank company north near company east flanking road battalion headquarters located south field american tanks subsequently allocated companies provided rear security battalion night shortly company detected north korean force company size preparing frontal assault called mortar fire break formations number forward patrols withdrawn australians order prevent response north fired mortars australian positions limited effect half hour later north korean shells hit battalion headquarters company positions river rounds landed damp soil field failed explode periodically targeted machine gun fire high posed little threat impression australians withdrawn north failed press attack soon realised mistake heavy small arms fire began north korean activity companies increasing significantly resulted company suffering killed wounded australian right flank exposed following request detached platoon lieutenant john bolster company artillery mortar fire missions ordered australians north response renewed concentrations preparation assault time platoon company lieutenant sent bridge darkness reinforce company dug road leading bridge telephone lines laid australians forward companies despite fighting remained intact battle north korean activity continued night resulted casualties companies unable penetrate forward australian positions dead platoon attacked north moving cover exposed company position resulting australians wounded evening assault pioneer platoon discovered destroyed small north korean arms dump eastern bank river australians subsequently attempted evacuate casualties forward companies relatively light task proved bridge wounded carried hand broken span lowered metres boat borrowed american engineers boat hauled ropes eastern bank river casualties load despite number difficulties majority casualties successfully evacuated means bridge occasionally came small arms fire evacuating final casualty boat came fire north korean sank swept concrete wounded soldier fell fast flowing river battalion drum major sergeant thomas murray subsequently freezing waters rescued murray later awarded george medal actions north korean self propelled gun occasionally shelled armour piercing rounds reports tanks detected evening october north australian companies support tanks ensuing fighting convoy north korean vehicles including tank motorcycle infantry moved road company intention occupying ridges overlooking river crossing likely unaware australian australians held fire entire force field fire close range small arms fire light machine guns rifles grenades mortars convoy subsequently scattered north fled abandoning vehicles tank successfully shooting way north korean dead commanding officer reconnaissance unit 17th tank brigade lieutenant colonel kim carrying number marked maps documents items considerable intelligence value revealed north preparing line defence kilometres away infantry supported tanks later north korean tank supporting infantry pressed metres company headquarters stopping taking position ridges unaware location australians attempt australian engage tank new inch failed weapon subsequently withdrew range tank continued fire randomly remainder night effect reserve company subsequently battle send number forward replace company suspected theirs faulty poorly maintained close engagement north korean armour possible australians simply forgotten safety catches firing position excitement following firm directions good effect number encounters tanks days regardless despite infantry mounted tanks north unable conduct sort organised assault required australians relatively rest night 27th british commonwealth brigade october dawn australians possession large number undamaged north korean vehicles subsequently found positions soon pressed service shooting stars called north holding ridges west positions subsequently attacked way reported clear companies crossed river eastern bank later morning company subsequently took defensive position metres forward company left road company crossed river advanced kilometres occupy dominant hill battalion right flank spite harassment north previous evening cost company casualties american engineers continued work underwater bridge tanks able cross morning water considered deep wheeled vehicles battle continued morning north finally withdrew abandoning bridge australians companies river tanks ford met slight opposition middlesex passed moving south west main road knocked north korean tank blocking advance nightfall linked australians consolidating positions securing safe crossing remainder brigade including wheeled vehicles followed evening north korean patrols attempted harass british australian outposts despite perimeter shelled proved relatively quiet night 27th british commonwealth brigade aftermath casualties australians fighting known battle broken bridge resulted securing river allowing 27th british commonwealth brigade continue advance river north korean casualties included killed captured australian losses included battle fatalities war korea killed wounded dead subsequently interred christian churchyard later moved cemetery captured australians chinese soldier significance recognised time undoubtedly sign events later alter course war weeks october chinese moved divisions people volunteer army river overall command marshal south korean intelligence 13th army group crossed border october penetrated kilometres north_korea subsequent operations october middlesex continued brigade advance involved sharp fight hills west river near village killing north capturing prisoners american aircraft destroyed north korean tanks self propelled guns following day took lead battalion intelligence indicated british australians facing north korean 17th tank brigade equipped tanks north suffered heavy casualties previous fighting river forced adopt cautious tactics result advancing shorter bounds clearing high points route war considered 27th british commonwealth brigade continued pursue north days advance increasingly encountered strong resistance north korean infantry dug tanks self propelled guns support approached river border took lead battalion brigade october kilometres morning aircraft reported large north korean formation consisting battalion sized force infantry supported tanks self propelled guns positioned wooded battle ensued australians strong north korean armoured force defended positions north korean evening following day australians advanced high ground overlooking killing capturing number north skirmishes afternoon town cleared remaining elements 27th british commonwealth brigade opposition north korean casualties fighting heavy australian losses included green wounded stomach artillery fire battle succumbed wounds died days later november


battle battle engagement united_states north korean forces korean war occurred night july village western south_korea fight ended north korean victory intense fighting town took place night morning united_states_army 34th infantry regiment 24th infantry division assigned delay elements north korean people army 4th infantry division advanced south following victories battle battle days regiment north south attempting delay north area terrain formed mountains yellow sea 3rd battalion 34th infantry set defensive perimeter north city nightfall engaged combat superior numbers north korean troops tanks american forces unable north korean armor soon found intense urban fight columns north korean troops spearheaded tanks entered town directions cutting forces fight resulted near destruction 3rd battalion 34th infantry death 34th infantry regiment new commander colonel robert martin background outbreak war night june divisions north korean people army launched scale invasion nation neighbor south republic korea force men moved columns catching republic korea army completely surprise resulting disastrous rout south disorganized ill equipped unprepared war numerically superior north korean forces destroyed isolated resistance south korean soldiers advancing steadily south south_korea forces retreated face invasion june north captured seoul south_korea capital forcing government shattered forces withdraw south united_nations security council voted send assistance collapsing country united_states president harry subsequently ordered ground troops nation forces far_east steadily decreasing end world war years earlier time closest forces 24th infantry division eighth united_states_army performing occupation duty japan command william dean division strength thirds size regular wartime size 24th infantry division equipment reductions military spending following world war spite deficiencies 24th infantry division ordered south_korea mission initial shock north korean advances rest eighth army arrive korea establish perimeter early engagements 24th infantry division battalion assigned korea transport aircraft quickly block advancing north korean forces remainder division transported south_korea ships 21st infantry regiment determined combat ready 24th infantry division regiments 21st infantry 1st battalion selected commander lieutenant colonel charles smith experienced having commanded battalion battle world war july task force smith engaged north korean forces battle delaying north korean infantry seven hours routed forced time 34th infantry regiment set line villages miles south fight delaying action advancing north korean forces 34th infantry regiment similarly unprepared fight ensuing action regiment withdrew engaging enemy 1st battalion left north resisted advance brief disastrous battle 34th infantry unable stop north korean armor equipment arrived penetrate thick armor tank minute fight battalion mounted disorganized retreat soldiers abandoning equipment running away resisting north korean forces forces unable delay north korean force significantly inflict significant casualties enemy battle opening moves having pushed forces north korean 4th infantry division supported elements north korean armored division continued advance road men strong division commander lee infantry regiments supported dozens tanks trained equipped high morale following previous victories giving advantages poorly trained inexperienced americans following retreat scattered 1st battalion 34th infantry retreated rest 34th infantry regiment located town elements 1st battalion 21st infantry task force smith battle brigadier general george 24th infantry division artillery commander ordered 1st battalion 21st infantry hold positions miles south town left 1st battalion 34th infantry sent join time company 3rd battalion 34th infantry ordered probe north city meet advancing elements north korean 4th infantry division major general dean commander 24th infantry division command ordering rest 3rd battalion 34th infantry company regimental commander colonel jay moved north join company newly arrived colonel robert martin friend dean shortly noon 1st battalion 21st infantry ordered withdraw southeast railway supply line open left 1st 3rd battalions 34th infantry time south korean troops civilians abandoned region leaving forces oppose north korean army company 3rd battalion 34th infantry miles north hit north korean small arms fire time martin received message dean north korean tanks significant number north korean trucks large numbers troops located villages moving flank sides martin returned 34th infantry command post 3rd battalion 34th infantry began setting defensive positions miles north command 34th infantry operations officer john battalion briefly retreated north korean scouts began assaulting positions leaving wounded men equipment including wounded captured north hours main north korean force advanced position battalion returned disorder established defensive positions northern western edges town railroad station 1st battalion disorganized equipped engagement day remained defensive positions south town combat dean ordered martin command 34th infantry regiment north korean attack evening july north korean pressure developed west edge town column north korean tanks infantry approached town east column hit shells 63rd field artillery battalion supporting 34th infantry firing white high explosive anti tank shells 63rd field artillery battalion able destroy tanks midnight column 63rd field artillery continued fire white night terrain forces preventing overrun midnight north korean force able cut men including martin rest force lieutenant colonel robert regimental executive officer took command contacted dean requesting additional ammunition july martin returned town supply road reopened hours second column infantry assaulted town northwest tanks head column began destroying vehicles sight buildings suspected americans infantry northwest column began flooding city engaged intense confused battle 3rd battalion 34th infantry regiment streets 3rd battalion managed destroy tanks rockets grenades column able cut companies 3rd battalion rest force martin killed north korean tank fired inch north korean tank time fired main cannon building command 34th infantry regiment hours tank undamaged martin shot weapon obsolete penetrate armor american withdrawal martin death 3rd battalion 34th infantry began increasing numbers north korean troops flooded northwest eastern roads battalion suffered heavy casualties saved continuous fire laid 63rd field artillery battalion units began disorganized retreat town soldiers units running battle command 34th infantry moved 3rd battalion collecting point south town 1st battalion 34th infantry holding blocking position engaged 3rd battalion 34th infantry began pull rally points 1st battalion began come mortar fire north korean forces withdrew engaging happening general dean arrived south town lieutenant general walker observe conflict final elements 34th leave dean ordered 34th infantry regiment retreat river 3rd battalion 34th infantry men lost thirds strength men battalion heavy equipment including mortars machine guns lost north korean radio reported americans taken prisoner town regiment began retreat late afternoon north korean forces moving ridges parallel regiment battalion moved foot truck resting evening july arriving river july setting new defensive positions aftermath 34th infantry pulled river battalions having battles able delay north korean forces hours allowing 21st infantry regiment set delaying action 34th infantry subsequently set defensive fortifications river resting days engaged battle principally charge defense city weakened 21st infantry 19th infantry prepared fight battle resulted near destruction 24th infantry division force badly defeated militarily 24th infantry division accomplished mission delaying north korean forces advancing july time american forces set defensive perimeter river southeast known perimeter perimeter saw phase battle ultimate defeat north korean army battle perimeter robert martin 34th infantry regiment commanding officer battle posthumously awarded distinguished service cross actions decoration awarded korean war


battle grove battle grove minor battles skirmishes fought black hawk war state illinois present day county near grove skirmish known battle oak grove june illinois militia forces fought band native americans battle militia men command adam killed action second battle occurred days later larger fox band command black hawk attacked major john detachment killed militia men second battle known playing role abraham_lincoln short career illinois militia relief company sent grove june helped bury dead statement incident years later writing sources conflict actually won battle called rout sides battle illinois soil black hawk war background consequence treaty governor indiana territory group fox leaders land settlement fox tribes vacated lands illinois moved west mississippi black hawk disputed treaty claiming tribal councils consulted representing tribes authorization lands angered loss birthplace black hawk led number incursions mississippi_river persuaded return west time april encouraged promises alliance tribes british moved called british band warriors non combatants illinois finding allies attempted return iowa events overtook led battle run number engagements followed militias michigan territory illinois mobilized hunt black hawk band prelude days preceding second battle grove raid occurred bureau creek rock illinois rivers major john battalion ordered scene protect settlers presence native americans area report colonel taylor ferry june reached ferry reported taylor taylor ordered cross rock river position ferry additionally taylor ordered set headquarters grove command inexperienced men set grove replace group volunteers led major riley abandoned fort june troops abandoned fort native americans times defeated clashes according soldiers stationed major group crossed rock river june reached small fort grove camped night day second battle grove june black hawk leading band attack apple river fort battle apple river fort besieged small day warriors dispatched gather food horses supplies badly needed band following day group reach grove engage militia forces battles battle grove battle grove battle oak grove occurred june men captain adam wilson company engaged group warriors resulting militia deaths deaths night june captain men grove native americans discovered area night horse stolen day june men pursued native americans southwest came natives killed ensuing skirmish private william fatally wounded militia men wounded man litter began carry cabin way asked group stop rest group stopped men went water rest waited waited large group native americans came short battle followed militia members killed short skirmish natives left area militia men returned cabin buried dead day second battle grove second battle grove occurred june major john men camped grove sunday june learned large group native americans nearby battle pitted large band native american warriors led black hawk spy company militia men company searching area bands warriors sent black hawk trail led grove night militia horses day june men went search animals rest stayed cabin seven native american braves appeared distance troops immediately began pursuing natives fled woods instead reporting sighting native american warriors times course war set ambush militia men forest militia pursued natives woods entered forest natives opened fire volley instantly killed militia men wounded militia retreated formed battle line native forces rest company attempted rescue militia men unable beat native warriors black hawk band attacked militia men forcing force fall cabin barn militia fell men set search horses returned killed native american forces natives continued assault barn cabin attacks cease battle horses killed finally native forces withdrew leaving dead june battle black hawk war illinois soil company lost men wounded horses killed night american reinforcements arrived command general alexander chose pursue attackers instead reported situation colonel taylor black hawk asserted later chose attack warriors blow dealt black hawk band decisive war ending fact opinion native americans grove engagement war day reinforcements arrived captain jacob early detachment reached grove lincoln role abraham_lincoln service black hawk war source questioning major battle sites affiliated lincoln aftermath combat number sources assert june morning second battle members company captain jacob early arrived grove help bury dead soldiers company abraham_lincoln lincoln assisted burial later statement experience connected battle grove fight run lincoln quote appeared william life lincoln lincoln biography abraham_lincoln prairie years lincoln presence run investigation presence grove sources lincoln humorous remark speech congress referenced black hawk war service mentioning run marble facade monument erected commemorating battle valley illinois includes reference lincoln presence soldier statesman martyr abraham_lincoln assisting burial honored dead spot sacred aftermath sources vary concerning exactly victorious battle battle grove like battles skirmishes black hawk war real order strategy early sources indicated battle complete victory state militia declaring battle rout noting lost militia suffered men killed conversely according illinois department natural resources result essentially band approximately warriors routed ill disciplined white troops battle site grove listed national_register_of_historic_places june listing included acre public park stone monument memorial cemetery located cemetery holds interred remains militia died battles grove men initially buried spots grove 1880s local farmers banded collect remains black hawk war dead inter spot beneath memorial


battle battle took place september beginning battle battle formed set piece battle fought september months palestine campaign world war infantry phase battle british_empire 60th division corps attacked captured section line nearest mediterranean coast cover intense artillery barrage including barrage naval gunfire egyptian expeditionary force victory entrenched ottoman eighth army composed german ottoman soldiers began final offensive ultimately resulting destruction equivalent ottoman army retreat remained capture thousands prisoners miles territory hills border modern day turkey end battle desert mounted corps pursued retreating soldiers damascus days later time armistice signed allies ottoman_empire weeks later captured battle 60th division corps advanced cut line ottoman trenches supported moved forward artillery fire lifted forward infantry advanced capture advance forced ottoman eighth army withdraw continuing attack resulted capture eighth army headquarters tactic infantry attack covered artillery fire successful line quickly cut way cleared british_empire cavalry divisions desert mounted corps advance northwards plain cavalry aimed capture ottoman lines communication rear german ottoman armies attacked hills september cavalry divisions reached rear completely encircled ottoman seventh eighth armies battle capture capture battle british_empire infantry divisions right 60th division advanced successfully attack german ottoman trench lines line battles ottoman seventh army headquarters subsequently attacked captured battle background july clear german spring offensive western forced offensive plans palestine failed resulting return trench warfare western coincided approach campaigning season middle_east general commander egyptian expeditionary force anxious september expected capture headquarters ottoman seventh eighth armies road salt reason moving line encourage new indian troops arab allies september line held began virtually sea level point mediterranean coast miles north north ran miles south east plain east hills miles rising height feet sea level hills line fell feet sea level jordan valley continued miles dead sea foothills mountains prelude british plans preparations quarter line stretched miles plain mediterranean_sea corps infantry desert mounted corps cavalry artillery pieces preparing attack remaining quarters line stretching dead sea infantry mounted troops artillery pieces corps force deployed facing seventh fourth ottoman armies concentration surprise speed key elements warfare planned battle begin attack miles long line branch jerusalem railway running north cut line mediterranean mounted divisions corps infantry divisions supported densely deployed heavy siege batteries infantry divisions corps commanded lieutenant general edward advantage total troop numbers times defenders heavy artillery objective 60th division corps consisted british indian army infantry battalions british battalion attack overwhelming strength selected point supported greatest possible weight artillery cut german ottoman line create gap sufficiently wide great mass mounted troops break passing quickly fighting rear seventh eighth armies hills cavalry breakthrough coast corps advance capture headquarters ottoman eighth army sections lateral railway line hills branch valley railway supplied ottoman armies including important railway junction hills infantry divisions continue attack swinging north east right push defenders trenches away coast hills corps 60th division advance north east right 3rd 7th 75th divisions division consisting british infantry british indian army infantry battalion brigade attack defences british 54th east division french palestine defended right corps begin battle hills support main attack corps advancing capture seventh army headquarters blocking main escape route hills attacks force enemy retreat main line communication road branch line valley railway ran alongside pass plain miles away damascus plain site important communication thousands captured cavalry desert mounted corps advanced objectives 4th cavalry division army group headquarters 5th cavalry division australian mounted division plain successful exploitation infantry attack coast desert mounted corps cavalry breakthrough depended mounted corps occupying plain known valley ancient plain armageddon miles ottoman line site important ottoman communications plain links plain jordan valley form round positions held ottoman seventh eighth armies hills plain captured swiftly entire ottoman army west jordan captured british_empire deployments 60th division commanded major general fight ancient battlefield king richard defeated infantry division advance establish create gap line cavalry 60th division advance north east capture cut railway line east evening september 60th division deployed brigade lead brigade miles brigade reserve recently formed 5th light horse brigade attached 60th division positioned initial advance directly 7th division attached 60th division 13th park build crossing brigade royal garrison artillery 2nd light armoured motor battery join division german ottoman forces preparations august central powers army group commanded von consisted organised divisions defending miles long armed rifles light heavy machine guns high number machine guns reflects ottoman army new tables organization high machine gun component german asia estimate fighting strength infantry mounted troops guns estimate miles extending mediterranean coast westwards german ottoman force deployed infantry supported guns remaining miles defended german ottoman soldiers guns eighth army soldiers supported guns headquarters held line mediterranean coast north hills army organised corps 7th 20th 46th divisions asia corps known left wing group commanded german colonel von 16th 19th divisions german battalion groups german detachment 2nd cavalry division reserve asia corps linked eighth army corps coast seventh army iii corps inland facing units british corps battle description fighting 7th 19th 20th divisions held shortest frontage entire army group 7th 20th divisions held total miles trenches 7th division held miles nearest coast 20th division held miles asia corps 19th division held miles trenches inland 46th division reserve miles line near eighth army headquarters divisions highly regarded fighting formations ottoman army 7th 19th divisions fought iii corps gallipoli 20th division fought end gallipoli campaign served year fighting russians eastern regular army division raised stationed palestine referred arab division corps supported majority army heavy artillery counter battery operations ottoman army heavy artillery batteries palestine 75th batteries deployed ottoman line regiments alerted major attack imminent september ottoman army intelligence accurately placed infantry divisions detachment opposite eighth army consequence 46th infantry division moved miles south west new reserve position tire directly ottoman corps line divisions claims ottoman armies suffering greatly strained supply system overwhelmingly outnumbered claimed taking account large number machine guns effective strengths infantry battalions 16th infantry division equal british infantry company men men assigned 19th infantry division battalions men claimed problems supply system february resulted normal daily palestine grains bread boiled beans morning noon night oil defences defences consisted continuous trench system line ottomans dug lines trenches varying depth miles defences centred village stretched coast developed system defences miles beginnings system ran plain suggested defence relying line trenches developed ottoman armies required inch ground fought flexible system better suited situation battle bombardment infantry advance assault artillery barrage hour infantry leave positions deployment hour known corps zero hour preliminary bombardment preliminary attack 53rd division corps hills battle bombardment artillery trench mortars machine guns began firing german ottoman second lines trenches corps siege batteries fired opposing batteries destroyers hms hms opened fire trenches north intense bombardment closely resembled western bombardment continued half hour guns deployed yards artillery organised weight targets heavy artillery aimed counter batteries guns inch targets range field artillery barrage places infantry advance held field artillery bombarded ottoman line infantry advance arrived pounders royal horse artillery batteries lifted form barrage infantry extreme range barrage began firing range yards extended yards guns elevated firing range extended rate yards yards minute systematic attempt artillery cut wire leading units cut hand carry way crossing corps attacks 60th division attack coast proceeding 75th division right attacked defences fighting way tire captured right 75th division 7th division advanced north eastwards north tire attack defences west 3rd division right 7th division advanced rapidly seized line defences road division turned eastwards flank attack defences foothills 54th east division right 3rd division french detachment left achieved objective establishing acting firm pivot rest british infantry line experienced strong resistance asia corps 60th division breach ottoman line brigade capture minutes artillery bombardment began brigade indian infantry battalions attacked columns right column led 50th rifles captured prisoners machine guns advancing rate yards minute artillery barrage captured succeeding lines trenches prisoners seven machine guns shortly prisoners captured west infantry following rifles captured prisoners machine guns left column consisting 2nd guides caught ottoman artillery barrage caused casualties leading companies reached intact ottoman wire crossed ottoman trench lines captured prisoners bridge carried coast road strongly defended brigade infantry right column able capture company established northern mouth miles ottoman line providing cavalry safe passage northwards brigade captured line defences prisoners advancing yards north starting point suffering casualties wire beach removed reserve battalion 30th 5th cavalry division pass minutes later brigade having captured providing cavalry required breakthrough advance northwards 60th division turned north east 5th light horse brigade right flank brigade ordered advance north machine gun section attached battalion infantry reserve prior order advance machine gun sections formed artillery barrage leading troops brigade column crossed causeway turning eastwards objectives capture advance sur miles north captured 22nd battalion london regiment brigade objective prior advancing road battalions supported pounder batteries brigade royal field artillery ottoman defenders coastal sector telephone communication ottoman cut minutes later german ottoman reserves ordered forward eighth army commander reported von army group headquarters ottoman 7th division corps eighth army fight 19th division attack ordered infantry regiment advance support eighth army rearguard formed soldiers 7th division armed machine guns artillery guns soldiers 20th division armed machine guns seven artillery guns desperate attempt hold british_empire attack established 7th 20th divisions continued fight retiring 7th division establishing divisional headquarters eventually 19th division forced retreat corps retreat tire having lost artillery enemy broken lines spite counter attacks assistance operations impossible aware british_empire infantry advancing headquarters tire captured dusk begun headquarters north having finally completely cut news reports corps capture brigade 5th light horse brigade brigade approached south west number aircraft bombed town combined effects aerial attack approaching infantry resulted occupants leaving traveling road brigade 22nd battalion london regiment infantry right captured railway station town light infantry held prisoners field guns captured 5th light horse brigade commanded brigadier general 2nd new_zealand machine gun squadron attached instructed commander 60th division bypass strongly defended cut main road australian french cavalry brigade moved left clear infantry battle enemy machine gun fire opposing brigade rode north eventually position controlling road lieutenant machine guns 5th light horse brigade guarding road saw long column approaching south light horsemen opened fire stopped column road brief discussion ottoman troops guns surrendered yards north town aftermath end day 60th division captured objectives including town site eighth army headquarters hard march miles starting line time eighth army commander fugitive army disarray right flank exposed headquarters desert mounted corps near miles north successfully riding gap created infantry plain evening september general commander corps issued orders continuation advance objectives 60th division september position facing generally north north road right north east left north 60th division brigade moved objective capturing railway tunnel near miles north east rifles squadron composite regiment corps cavalry section machine guns inch formed advance guard quickly pushed small ridges rifles entered having captured prisoners occupied intact tunnel shortly brigade took defensive line north road right brigade village september 5th light horse brigade squadron guarding prisoners advanced cut railway squadrons reached railway mile north blew line brigade ordered north instead brigade concentrated having captured prisoners machine guns september corps destroyed right wing ottoman line capturing prisoners guns remnants eighth army escaped captured day desert mounted corps plain north hills september corps suffered total casualties killed captured prisoners guns vast quantities ammunition transport exception asia corps eighth army destroyed


battle battle day clash fought village near town september croatian war independence battle initiated platoon croatian national_guard croatian garde ambushed croatian forces conducting reconnaissance patrol deployed reinforcements extract ambushed platoon failed reach surviving members platoon held ran ammunition surrendered killed captors buried mass grave fate reconnaissance platoon known croatian authorities months adding fuel volatile atmosphere city ambushed unit originally based tension erupted week later blockade capture yugoslav people army serbian barracks commemoration service held years later exploded killing wounding croatian authorities declared incident terrorist attack contributed croatian government decision launch operation pocket day background ethnic tensions serbs worsened electoral defeat government socialist republic croatia croatian democratic union croatian yugoslav people army serbian confiscated croatia territorial defence croatian weapons minimize resistance august tensions escalated open revolt croatian serbs centred predominantly populated areas approximately kilometres miles north east split parts eastern croatia january serbia supported montenegro serbia provinces unsuccessfully tried obtain yugoslav presidency approval operation croatian security forces request denied skirmish insurgents croatian special police march prompted ask federal presidency wartime authority declare state emergency request backed serbia allies request refused march serbian president preferring campaign expand serbia preserve yugoslavia croatia federal unit publicly threatened replace serbian army declared longer recognized authority federal presidency threat caused abandon plans preserve yugoslavia favour expansion serbia came control end march conflict escalated fatalities early april leaders revolt croatia declared intention areas control serbia viewed government croatia regions beginning croatia regular army bolster defence croatia doubled police numbers effective croatian police force strong special police comprising battalions organised military lines organised reserve police battalions companies lacked weapons response deteriorating situation croatian government established croatian national_guard croatian garde expanding special police battalions professional guards brigades ministry defence control commanded retired general martin guards brigades comprised approximately troops reserve police expanded attached reorganised brigades independent battalions guards brigades units fully equipped small arms lack heavier weapons poor command control structure brigade level shortage heavy weapons severe resorted world war weapons taken museums film studios time croatian weapon consisted small arms purchased abroad previously owned police replace personnel lost guards brigades new strong special police established prelude following skirmish march predominantly populated area east town road remained generally control croatian authorities early july insurrection spread entire area towns north northern slopes development threatened croatian use road range croatian artillery near rebels declared serbian autonomous western western expanded territory control include town significant transport route belgrade motorway nova severed western comprised major settlements order address croatian forces launched offensive early august objectives offensive capture towns consolidate territory western offensive failed arrival croatian reinforcements line control remained close proximity towns timeline september deployed company 1st battalion infantry brigade order reinforce police defences area violence western september croatian forces attacked villages south killing policemen civilians september company reconnaissance platoon tasked gun truck scouting area village platoon encountered resistance reached village ambushed croatian troops platoon gun truck disabled troops abandoned took shelter nearby house learned ambush deployed force extract reconnaissance platoon relief force consisted rest company supported special police unit reserve police reinforcements reinforcements unable reach reconnaissance platoon running low ammunition stalemate continued morning september croatian forces explosives demolish portion house reconnaissance platoon sought cover members reconnaissance platoon killed fighting remaining seven run ammunition surrendered croatian forces surrounded house killed captors aftermath force sent reinforce extract reconnaissance platoon took casualties total croatian losses fighting immediate aftermath amounted killed fate reconnaissance platoon immediately known croatian authorities relatives troops months adding fuel volatile atmosphere city brigade originally based tension erupted week later blockade capture barracks denied knowledge fate croatian soldiers details deaths known december croatian forces recaptured december operation bodies january soldiers bodies civilians mass grave village soldiers interred february according intelligence reports period owned houses demolished retribution killings area following arrival united_nations protection force implement plan areas affected fighting political settlement reached area adjacent road especially remained unsafe numerous attacks road resulting deaths injuries included attack croatian police patrol august left policemen dead wounded september croatian authorities placed commemorative plaque site ambush planned laying ceremony mark second anniversary event september ceremony progress exploded site killing injuring wounded included member killed members brigade incident described croatian authorities act terrorism came heels series artillery resulted croatian government losing patience situation contributed launching operation pocket following day croatian authorities prosecuted people connection killing prisoners war convicted sentenced years prison person tried convicted connection bombing sentenced years prison chapel mary built initiative parents soldiers killed commemorative plaque containing names killed placed chapel events commemorated annually civilian military representatives attending feature film titled number based events released title film refers number house troops took shelter september